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| ==== Front |
| Genes (Basel) |
| Genes (Basel) |
| genes |
| Genes |
| 2073-4425 |
| MDPI |
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| 10.3390/genes14051121 |
| genes-14-01121 |
| Editorial |
| Special Issue: Lipid Metabolism, Adipogenesis and Fat Tissue Metabolism: Gene Regulation |
| https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4059-1362 |
| Skrzypski Marek * |
| https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0715-0223 |
| Kołodziejski Paweł A. * |
| Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland |
| * Correspondence: marek.skrzypski@up.poznan.pl (M.S.); pawel.kolodziejski@up.poznan.pl (P.A.K.); Tel.: +48-618466081 (M.S.); +48-488466085 (P.A.K.) |
| 22 5 2023 |
| 5 2023 |
| 14 5 112111 5 2023 |
| 16 5 2023 |
| © 2023 by the authors. |
| 2023 |
| https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
| This research received no external funding. |
| ==== Body |
| pmcLipid metabolism is pivotal in controlling energy homeostasis. Impaired lipid metabolism is a hallmark of numerous health problems, including adiposity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and several types of cancers [1]. This Special Issue, which encompasses six original works and two review articles, aimed to focus on recent advances regarding contributions related to gene-regulated mechanisms responsible for lipid metabolism regulation, adipogenesis, and biological functions of adipose tissue. |
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| Growing evidence demonstrates that the lipid metabolism of peripheral tissues is modulated by peptide hormones [2]. Leciejewska et al. focused on the role of the spexin hormone in controlling the development and metabolism of muscle cells [3]. The authors demonstrated that spexin promotes the replication of the skeletal muscle cell line C2C12 and the differentiation of these cells into muscles. Their results showed that spexin may be involved in controlling the metabolism and formation of muscles. Another peptide hormone, adropin, was studied by Jasaszwili et al., who demonstrated that it stimulates lipolysis in 3T3–L1 and rat primary adipocytes [4]. Furthermore, it was shown that adropin upregulates the expression of adiponectin while suppressing the expression of visfatin. This study indicated that a decline might contribute to the regulation of metabolism through direct interaction with mature white adipocytes. |
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| There is growing evidence that the metabolism of lipids is influenced by genetic variability, different miRNAs, and epigenetic modifications [5,6]. Alanbaei et al. revealed an association between ANGPTL3 gene variants and levels of irisin and lipid metabolism and insensitivity to insulin in Arab individuals from Kuwait [7]. Płatek et al. attempted to identify epigenetic modulations related to high levels of FGF-21 in obese non-diabetic individuals [8]. This study found that obese individuals with increased levels of FGF21 are characterized by alerted methylation in several genes encoding for a protein involved in regulating FGF-21 expression, its receptors, and cofactors. Furthermore, this study identified several miRNAs that may contribute to regulating FGF-21 expression and production in obesity. Hicks et al. used combined miRNome and transcriptome data to provide detailed characterization of miRNA-regulatory networks implicated in the development and functions of adipose tissue in the chick peri-hatching period [9]. Meanwhile, in their study, Małodobra-Mazur et al. investigated the influence of different fatty acids on the adipogenesis of subcutaneous- and visceral-derived mesenchymal stem cells [10]. This study identified metabolic differences between subcutaneous and visceral fat depots and showed that oleic acid has the most notable effect on adipogenesis. |
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| This Special Issue also includes two review articles. Our research group discussed the potential role of selected peptide hormones discovered in the present century (adropin, apelin, elabela, irisin, kisspeptin, MOTS-c, phoenixin, spexin, and neuropeptides B and W) in controlling the formation and biology of white and brown adipocytes [11]. Furthermore, Dixon et al. summarized and elaborated on recent evidence highlighting the importance of lipases and nuclear receptors, PPARs, and liver X receptor (LXR) in obesity, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [12]. |
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| In conclusion, the experimental data published in this SI significantly improved our knowledge of the role of peptide hormones in controlling lipid metabolism in adipose tissue and other peripheral tissues such as muscles. This SI also sheds light on the importance of miRNAs expression and epigenetic mechanism in controlling lipid metabolism, adipose tissue development, and its endocrine and metabolic activity. We believe the published results will play a key role in future research aiming to identify new diagnostic and therapeutic tools in lipid metabolism abnormalities and adipose dysfunction. |
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| Conflicts of Interest |
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| The authors declare no conflict of interest. |
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| Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
| ==== Refs |
| References |
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| 2. Zhang D. Wei Y. Huang Q. Chen Y. Zeng K. Yang W. Chen J. Chen J. Important Hormones Regulating Lipid Metabolism Molecules 2022 27 7052 10.3390/molecules27207052 36296646 |
| 3. Leciejewska N. Kołodziejski P.A. Sassek M. Nogowski L. Małek E. Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E. Ostarine-Induced Myogenic Differentiation in C2C12, L6, and Rat Muscles Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022 23 4404 10.3390/ijms23084404 35457222 |
| 4. Jasaszwili M. Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E. Wojciechowicz T. Strowski M.Z. Nowak K.W. Skrzypski M. Adropin Slightly Modulates Lipolysis, Lipogenesis and Expression of Adipokines but Not Glucose Uptake in Rodent Adipocytes Genes 2021 12 914 10.3390/genes12060914 34199277 |
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| 7. Alanbaei M. Abu-Farha M. Hebbar P. Melhem M. Chandy B.S. Anoop E. Cherian P. Al-Khairi I. Alkayal F. Al-Mulla F. ANGPTL3 Variants Associate with Lower Levels of Irisin and C-Peptide in a Cohort of Arab Individuals Genes 2021 12 755 10.3390/genes12050755 34067751 |
| 8. Płatek T. Polus A. Góralska J. Raźny U. Dziewońska A. Micek A. Dembińska-Kieć A. Solnica B. Malczewska-Malec M. Epigenetic Regulation of Processes Related to High Level of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Obese Subjects Genes 2021 12 307 10.3390/genes12020307 33670024 |
| 9. Hicks J.A. Liu H.-C. Expression Signatures of MicroRNAs and Their Targeted Pathways in the Adipose Tissue of Chickens during the Transition from Embryonic to Post-Hatch Development Genes 2021 12 196 10.3390/genes12020196 33572831 |
| 10. Małodobra-Mazur M. Cierzniak A. Pawełka D. Kaliszewski K. Rudnicki J. Dobosz T. Metabolic Differences between Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipocytes Differentiated with an Excess of Saturated and Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Genes 2020 11 1092 10.3390/genes11091092 32962087 |
| 11. Kołodziejski P.A. Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E. Wojciechowicz T. Sassek M. Leciejewska N. Jasaszwili M. Billert M. Małek E. Szczepankiewicz D. Misiewicz-Mielnik M. The Role of Peptide Hormones Discovered in the 21st Century in the Regulation of Adipose Tissue Functions Genes 2021 12 756 10.3390/genes12050756 34067710 |
| 12. Dixon E.D. Nardo A.D. Claudel T. Trauner M. The Role of Lipid Sensing Nuclear Receptors (PPARs and LXR) and Metabolic Lipases in Obesity, Diabetes, and NAFLD Genes 2021 12 645 10.3390/genes12050645 33926085 |
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