src/encoding/binary/varint.go

// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

package binary

// This file implements "varint" encoding of 64-bit integers.
// The encoding is:
// - unsigned integers are serialized 7 bits at a time, starting with the
//   least significant bits
// - the most significant bit (msb) in each output byte indicates if there
//   is a continuation byte (msb = 1)
// - signed integers are mapped to unsigned integers using "zig-zag"
//   encoding: Positive values x are written as 2*x + 0, negative values
//   are written as 2*(^x) + 1; that is, negative numbers are complemented
//   and whether to complement is encoded in bit 0.
//
// Design note:
// At most 10 bytes are needed for 64-bit values. The encoding could
// be more dense: a full 64-bit value needs an extra byte just to hold bit 63.
// Instead, the msb of the previous byte could be used to hold bit 63 since we
// know there can't be more than 64 bits. This is a trivial improvement and
// would reduce the maximum encoding length to 9 bytes. However, it breaks the
// invariant that the msb is always the "continuation bit" and thus makes the
// format incompatible with a varint encoding for larger numbers (say 128-bit).

import (
	"errors"
	"io"
)

// MaxVarintLenN is the maximum length of a varint-encoded N-bit integer.
const (
	MaxVarintLen16 = 3
	MaxVarintLen32 = 5
	MaxVarintLen64 = 10
)

// AppendUvarint appends the varint-encoded form of x,
// as generated by [PutUvarint], to buf and returns the extended buffer.
func AppendUvarint(buf []byte, x uint64) []byte {
	for x >= 0x80 {
		buf = append(buf, byte(x)|0x80)
		x >>= 7
	}
	return append(buf, byte(x))
}

// PutUvarint encodes a uint64 into buf and returns the number of bytes written.
// If the buffer is too small, PutUvarint will panic.
func PutUvarint(buf []byte, x uint64) int {
	i := 0
	for x >= 0x80 {
		buf[i] = byte(x) | 0x80
		x >>= 7
		i++
	}
	buf[i] = byte(x)
	return i + 1
}

// Uvarint decodes a uint64 from buf and returns that value and the
// number of bytes read (> 0). If an error occurred, the value is 0
// and the number of bytes n is <= 0 meaning:
//   - n == 0: buf too small;
//   - n < 0: value larger than 64 bits (overflow) and -n is the number of
//     bytes read.
func Uvarint(buf []byte) (uint64, int) {
	var x uint64
	var s uint
	for i, b := range buf {
		if i == MaxVarintLen64 {
			// Catch byte reads past MaxVarintLen64.
			// See issue https://golang.org/issues/41185
			return 0, -(i + 1) // overflow
		}
		if b < 0x80 {
			if i == MaxVarintLen64-1 && b > 1 {
				return 0, -(i + 1) // overflow
			}
			return x | uint64(b)<<s, i + 1
		}
		x |= uint64(b&0x7f) << s
		s += 7
	}
	return 0, 0
}

// AppendVarint appends the varint-encoded form of x,
// as generated by [PutVarint], to buf and returns the extended buffer.
func AppendVarint(buf []byte, x int64) []byte {
	ux := uint64(x) << 1
	if x < 0 {
		ux = ^ux
	}
	return AppendUvarint(buf, ux)
}

// PutVarint encodes an int64 into buf and returns the number of bytes written.
// If the buffer is too small, PutVarint will panic.
func PutVarint(buf []byte, x int64) int {
	ux := uint64(x) << 1
	if x < 0 {
		ux = ^ux
	}
	return PutUvarint(buf, ux)
}

// Varint decodes an int64 from buf and returns that value and the
// number of bytes read (> 0). If an error occurred, the value is 0
// and the number of bytes n is <= 0 with the following meaning:
//   - n == 0: buf too small;
//   - n < 0: value larger than 64 bits (overflow)
//     and -n is the number of bytes read.
func Varint(buf []byte) (int64, int) {
	ux, n := Uvarint(buf) // ok to continue in presence of error
	x := int64(ux >> 1)
	if ux&1 != 0 {
		x = ^x
	}
	return x, n
}

var errOverflow = errors.New("binary: varint overflows a 64-bit integer")

// ReadUvarint reads an encoded unsigned integer from r and returns it as a uint64.
// The error is [io.EOF] only if no bytes were read.
// If an [io.EOF] happens after reading some but not all the bytes,
// ReadUvarint returns [io.ErrUnexpectedEOF].
func ReadUvarint(r io.ByteReader) (uint64, error) {
	var x uint64
	var s uint
	for i := 0; i < MaxVarintLen64; i++ {
		b, err := r.ReadByte()
		if err != nil {
			if i > 0 && err == io.EOF {
				err = io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
			}
			return x, err
		}
		if b < 0x80 {
			if i == MaxVarintLen64-1 && b > 1 {
				return x, errOverflow
			}
			return x | uint64(b)<<s, nil
		}
		x |= uint64(b&0x7f) << s
		s += 7
	}
	return x, errOverflow
}

// ReadVarint reads an encoded signed integer from r and returns it as an int64.
// The error is [io.EOF] only if no bytes were read.
// If an [io.EOF] happens after reading some but not all the bytes,
// ReadVarint returns [io.ErrUnexpectedEOF].
func ReadVarint(r io.ByteReader) (int64, error) {
	ux, err := ReadUvarint(r) // ok to continue in presence of error
	x := int64(ux >> 1)
	if ux&1 != 0 {
		x = ^x
	}
	return x, err
}