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# ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜[[text-classification]]

[[open-in-colab]]

<Youtube id="leNG9fN9FQU"/>

ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์–ด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์œผ๋กœ, ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์— ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ” ๋˜๋Š” ํด๋ž˜์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ์‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ, ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์‹œํ€€์Šค์— ๐Ÿ™‚ ๊ธ์ •, ๐Ÿ™ ๋ถ€์ • ๋˜๋Š” ๐Ÿ˜ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์„ ์ง€์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ์—์„œ ํ•™์Šตํ•  ๋‚ด์šฉ์€:

1. [IMDb](https://huggingface.co/datasets/imdb) ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹์—์„œ [DistilBERT](https://huggingface.co/distilbert/distilbert-base-uncased)๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์ธ ํŠœ๋‹ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ํ™” ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ์ง€ ํŒ๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
2. ์ถ”๋ก ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŒŒ์ธ ํŠœ๋‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

<Tip>

์ด ์ž‘์—…๊ณผ ํ˜ธํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์™€ ์ฒดํฌํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด [์ž‘์—… ํŽ˜์ด์ง€](https://huggingface.co/tasks/text-classification)๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

</Tip>

์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—, ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์„ธ์š”:

```bash
pip install transformers datasets evaluate
```

Hugging Face ๊ณ„์ •์— ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์—…๋กœ๋“œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์— ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋ฉด, ํ† ํฐ์„ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธํ•˜์„ธ์š”:

```py
>>> from huggingface_hub import notebook_login

>>> notebook_login()
```

## IMDb ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ธฐ[[load-imdb-dataset]]

๋จผ์ € ๐Ÿค— Datasets ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ IMDb ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

```py
>>> from datasets import load_dataset

>>> imdb = load_dataset("imdb")
```

๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค:

```py
>>> imdb["test"][0]
{
    "label": 0,
    "text": "I love sci-fi and am willing to put up with a lot. Sci-fi movies/TV are usually underfunded, under-appreciated and misunderstood. I tried to like this, I really did, but it is to good TV sci-fi as Babylon 5 is to Star Trek (the original). Silly prosthetics, cheap cardboard sets, stilted dialogues, CG that doesn't match the background, and painfully one-dimensional characters cannot be overcome with a 'sci-fi' setting. (I'm sure there are those of you out there who think Babylon 5 is good sci-fi TV. It's not. It's clichรฉd and uninspiring.) While US viewers might like emotion and character development, sci-fi is a genre that does not take itself seriously (cf. Star Trek). It may treat important issues, yet not as a serious philosophy. It's really difficult to care about the characters here as they are not simply foolish, just missing a spark of life. Their actions and reactions are wooden and predictable, often painful to watch. The makers of Earth KNOW it's rubbish as they have to always say \"Gene Roddenberry's Earth...\" otherwise people would not continue watching. Roddenberry's ashes must be turning in their orbit as this dull, cheap, poorly edited (watching it without advert breaks really brings this home) trudging Trabant of a show lumbers into space. Spoiler. So, kill off a main character. And then bring him back as another actor. Jeeez! Dallas all over again.",
}
```

์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•„๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

- `text`: ์˜ํ™” ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ
- `label`: `0`์€ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ, `1`์€ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

## ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ[[preprocess]]

๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” DistilBERT ํ† ํฌ๋‚˜์ด์ €๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€์„œ `text` ํ•„๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

```py
>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer

>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("distilbert/distilbert-base-uncased")
```

`text`๋ฅผ ํ† ํฐํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œํ€€์Šค๊ฐ€ DistilBERT์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๊ธธ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธธ์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์ž๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์„ธ์š”:

```py
>>> def preprocess_function(examples):
...     return tokenizer(examples["text"], truncation=True)
```

์ „์ฒด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹์— ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด, ๐Ÿค— Datasets [`~datasets.Dataset.map`] ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด `batched=True`๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹ `map`๋ฅผ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

```py
tokenized_imdb = imdb.map(preprocess_function, batched=True)
```

์ด์ œ [`DataCollatorWithPadding`]๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ˆ์ œ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ธธ์ด๋กœ ํŒจ๋”ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ , *๋™์  ํŒจ๋”ฉ*์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐ์น˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธด ๊ธธ์ด์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ํŒจ๋”ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํšจ์œจ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

```py
>>> from transformers import DataCollatorWithPadding

>>> data_collator = DataCollatorWithPadding(tokenizer=tokenizer)
```

## ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ[[evaluate]]

ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์ค‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๐Ÿค— [Evaluate](https://huggingface.co/docs/evaluate/index) ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋กœ๋“œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘์—…์—์„œ๋Š” [accuracy](https://huggingface.co/spaces/evaluate-metric/accuracy) ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆญ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆญ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๐Ÿค— Evaluate [quick tour](https://huggingface.co/docs/evaluate/a_quick_tour)๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”):

```py
>>> import evaluate

>>> accuracy = evaluate.load("accuracy")
```

๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ `compute_metrics` ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ณผ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋„๋ก [`~evaluate.EvaluationModule.compute`]๋ฅผ ํ˜ธ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

```py
>>> import numpy as np


>>> def compute_metrics(eval_pred):
...     predictions, labels = eval_pred
...     predictions = np.argmax(predictions, axis=1)
...     return accuracy.compute(predictions=predictions, references=labels)
```

์ด์ œ `compute_metrics` ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ค€๋น„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

## ํ›ˆ๋ จ[[train]]

๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ›ˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—, `id2label`์™€ `label2id`๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” id์™€ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์˜ ๋งต์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์„ธ์š”:

```py
>>> id2label = {0: "NEGATIVE", 1: "POSITIVE"}
>>> label2id = {"NEGATIVE": 0, "POSITIVE": 1}
```

<Tip>

[`Trainer`]๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํŒŒ์ธ ํŠœ๋‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, [์—ฌ๊ธฐ](../training#train-with-pytorch-trainer)์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํŠœํ† ๋ฆฌ์–ผ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์„ธ์š”!

</Tip>

์ด์ œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค! [`AutoModelForSequenceClassification`]๋กœ DistilBERT๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ณ์˜ค๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ” ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ” ๋งคํ•‘์„ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜์„ธ์š”:

```py
>>> from transformers import AutoModelForSequenceClassification, TrainingArguments, Trainer

>>> model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(
...     "distilbert/distilbert-base-uncased", num_labels=2, id2label=id2label, label2id=label2id
... )
```

์ด์ œ ์„ธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋งŒ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด ๋์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

1. [`TrainingArguments`]์—์„œ ํ•˜์ดํผํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. `output_dir`๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ €์žฅํ•  ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ Hub์— ์—…๋กœ๋“œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด `push_to_hub=True`๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์—…๋กœ๋“œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Hugging Face์— ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.) ๊ฐ ์—ํญ์ด ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค, [`Trainer`]๋Š” ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์ฒดํฌํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
2. [`Trainer`]์— ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์ธ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ชจ๋ธ, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹, ํ† ํฌ๋‚˜์ด์ €, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ธฐ ๋ฐ `compute_metrics` ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
3. [`~Trainer.train`]๋ฅผ ํ˜ธ์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ํŒŒ์ธ ํŠœ๋‹ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.

```py
>>> training_args = TrainingArguments(
...     output_dir="my_awesome_model",
...     learning_rate=2e-5,
...     per_device_train_batch_size=16,
...     per_device_eval_batch_size=16,
...     num_train_epochs=2,
...     weight_decay=0.01,
...     eval_strategy="epoch",
...     save_strategy="epoch",
...     load_best_model_at_end=True,
...     push_to_hub=True,
... )

>>> trainer = Trainer(
...     model=model,
...     args=training_args,
...     train_dataset=tokenized_imdb["train"],
...     eval_dataset=tokenized_imdb["test"],
...     processing_class=tokenizer,
...     data_collator=data_collator,
...     compute_metrics=compute_metrics,
... )

>>> trainer.train()
```

<Tip>

[`Trainer`]๋Š” `tokenizer`๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์  ๋งคํ•‘์„ ์ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ •ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

</Tip>

ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๋ฉด, [`~transformers.Trainer.push_to_hub`] ๋ฉ”์†Œ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ Hub์— ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

```py
>>> trainer.push_to_hub()
```

<Tip>

ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํŒŒ์ธ ํŠœ๋‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ [PyTorch notebook](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/notebooks/blob/main/examples/text_classification.ipynb) ๋˜๋Š” [TensorFlow notebook](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/notebooks/blob/main/examples/text_classification-tf.ipynb)๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”.

</Tip>

## ์ถ”๋ก [[inference]]

์ข‹์•„์š”, ์ด์ œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํŒŒ์ธ ํŠœ๋‹ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ์ถ”๋ก ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!

์ถ”๋ก ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค:

```py
>>> text = "This was a masterpiece. Not completely faithful to the books, but enthralling from beginning to end. Might be my favorite of the three."
```

ํŒŒ์ธ ํŠœ๋‹๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์ถ”๋ก ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ [`pipeline`]๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ • ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ `pipeline`์„ ์ธ์Šคํ„ด์Šคํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”:

```py
>>> from transformers import pipeline

>>> classifier = pipeline("sentiment-analysis", model="stevhliu/my_awesome_model")
>>> classifier(text)
[{'label': 'POSITIVE', 'score': 0.9994940757751465}]
```

์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, `pipeline`์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ† ํฐํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  PyTorch ํ…์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

```py
>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer

>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("stevhliu/my_awesome_model")
>>> inputs = tokenizer(text, return_tensors="pt")
```

์ž…๋ ฅ์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  `logits`์„ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

```py
>>> from transformers import AutoModelForSequenceClassification

>>> model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("stevhliu/my_awesome_model")
>>> with torch.no_grad():
...     logits = model(**inputs).logits
```

๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํด๋ž˜์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ `id2label` ๋งคํ•‘์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

```py
>>> predicted_class_id = logits.argmax().item()
>>> model.config.id2label[predicted_class_id]
'POSITIVE'
```