---
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:5700
- loss:TripletLoss
base_model: thenlper/gte-small
widget:
- source_sentence: Perchloric acid (HClO4) is considered one of the stronger acids
in existence. Which of the following statements corresponds most accurately with
strong acids?
sentences:
- Who argued that if an organization did not affect a public then there was no need
for a practitioner to consider that public in its communications?
- 'Glycogen breakdown in exercising muscle is activated by:'
- The collision theory of reaction rates does not include
- source_sentence: 'In Aristotle’s terminology, incontinence is when:'
sentences:
- 'This question refers to the following information.
The pair of excerpts below is written by explorer Christopher Columbus and the
Dominican Bishop of Chiapas, Mexico, Bartholomew de las Casas.
Source 1
Indians would give whatever the seller required. . . . Thus they bartered, like
idiots, cotton and gold for fragments of bows, glasses, bottles, and jars; which
I forbad as being unjust, and myself gave them many beautiful and acceptable articles
which I had brought with me, taking nothing from them in return; I did this in
order that I might the more easily conciliate them, that they might be led to
become Christians, and be inclined to entertain a regard for the King and Queen,
our Princes and all Spaniards, and that I might induce them to take an interest
in seeking out, and collecting and delivering to us such things as they possessed
in abundance, but which we greatly needed.
—Christopher Columbus: letter to Raphael Sanchez, 1493
Source 2
It was upon these gentle lambs . . . that from the very first day they clapped
eyes on them the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers
and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days. The pattern established at
the outset has remained unchanged to this day, and the Spaniards still do nothing
save tear the natives to shreds, murder them and inflict upon them untold misery,
suffering and distress, tormenting, harrying and persecuting them mercilessly.
We shall in due course describe some of the many ingenious methods of torture
they have invented and refined for this purpose, but one can get some idea of
the effectiveness of their methods from the figures alone. When the Spanish first
journeyed there, the indigenous population of the island of Hispaniola stood at
some three million; today only two hundred survive. Their reason for killing and
destroying such an infinite number of souls is that the Christians have an ultimate
aim, which is to acquire gold, and to swell themselves with riches in a very brief
time and thus rise to a high estate disproportionate to their merits.
—Bartholomew de las Casas: A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 1542
Which of the following would best account for the differences between the interactions
of the Spaniards and the natives as described in the two accounts?'
- 'For Plato, ordinary sensible objects exist and are knowable as examples or instances
of Ideas or "Forms" that do not exist in our ordinary sensible world. Forms do
not exist in the sensible world because:'
- A solution of a weak base is titrated with a solution of a standard strong acid.
The progress of the titration is followed with a pH meter. Which of the following
observations would occur?
- source_sentence: Which of the following causes more deaths globally each year (as
of 2017)?
sentences:
- About what percentage of survey respondents from China report having paid a bribe
in the last year to access public services (such as education; judiciary; medical
and health; police; registry and permit services; utilities; tax revenue and customs;
and land service) as of 2017?
- ' In response to the objection that it would be wrong to prohibit the manufacture
and sale of fatty foods and tobacco products, de Marneffe argues that'
- Which of the following about meiosis is NOT true?
- source_sentence: What is 'unilateral acts'?
sentences:
- Which of the following statements is true concerning the population regression
function (PRF) and sample regression function (SRF)?
- Find the maximum possible order for some element of Z_8 x Z_10 x Z_24.
- What is jus cogens?
- source_sentence: 'This question refers to the following information.
"Those whose condition is such that their function is the use of their bodies
and nothing better can be expected of them, those, I say, are slaves of nature.
It is better for them to be ruled thus."
Juan de Sepulveda, Politics, 1522
"When Latin American nations gained independence in the 19th century, those two
strains converged, and merged with an older, more universalist, natural law tradition.
The result was a distinctively Latin American form of rights discourse. Paolo
Carozza traces the roots of that discourse to a distinctive application, and extension,
of Thomistic moral philosophy to the injustices of Spanish conquests in the New
World. The key figure in that development seems to have been Bartolomé de Las
Casas, a 16th-century Spanish bishop who condemned slavery and championed the
cause of Indians on the basis of a natural right to liberty grounded in their
membership in a single common humanity. ''All the peoples of the world are humans,''
Las Casas wrote, and ''all the races of humankind are one.'' According to Brian
Tierney, Las Casas and other Spanish Dominican philosophers laid the groundwork
for a doctrine of natural rights that was independent of religious revelation
''by drawing on a juridical tradition that derived natural rights and natural
law from human rationality and free will, and by appealing to Aristotelian philosophy.''"
Mary Ann Glendon, "The Forgotten Crucible: The Latin American Influence on the
Universal Human Rights Idea,” 2003
Which one of the following statements about the Spanish conquest of the Americas
is most accurate?'
sentences:
- 'Statement 1 | If T: V -> W is a linear transformation and dim(V ) < dim(W) <
1, then T must be injective. Statement 2 | Let dim(V) = n and suppose that T:
V -> V is linear. If T is injective, then it is a bijection.'
- If the finite group G contains a subgroup of order seven but no element (other
than the identity) is its own inverse, then the order of G could be
- 'This question refers to the following information.
"One-half of the people of this nation to-day are utterly powerless to blot from
the statute books an unjust law, or to write there a new and a just one. The women,
dissatisfied as they are with this form of government, that enforces taxation
without representation,—that compels them to obey laws to which they have never
given their consent,—that imprisons and hangs them without a trial by a jury of
their peers, that robs them, in marriage, of the custody of their own persons,
wages and children,—are this half of the people left wholly at the mercy of the
other half, in direct violation of the spirit and letter of the declarations of
the framers of this government, every one of which was based on the immutable
principle of equal rights to all."
—Susan B. Anthony, "I Stand Before You Under Indictment" (speech), 1873
Which of the following statements best represents the criticism of Andrew Carnegie
found in this cartoon?'
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
---
# SentenceTransformer based on thenlper/gte-small
This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [thenlper/gte-small](https://huggingface.co/thenlper/gte-small). It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.
## Model Details
### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Base model:** [thenlper/gte-small](https://huggingface.co/thenlper/gte-small)
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 512 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 384 dimensions
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
### Model Sources
- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)
### Full Model Architecture
```
SentenceTransformer(
(0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel
(1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)
```
## Usage
### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)
First install the Sentence Transformers library:
```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```
Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("Alexhuou/embedder_model_FT")
# Run inference
sentences = [
'This question refers to the following information.\n"Those whose condition is such that their function is the use of their bodies and nothing better can be expected of them, those, I say, are slaves of nature. It is better for them to be ruled thus."\nJuan de Sepulveda, Politics, 1522\n"When Latin American nations gained independence in the 19th century, those two strains converged, and merged with an older, more universalist, natural law tradition. The result was a distinctively Latin American form of rights discourse. Paolo Carozza traces the roots of that discourse to a distinctive application, and extension, of Thomistic moral philosophy to the injustices of Spanish conquests in the New World. The key figure in that development seems to have been Bartolomé de Las Casas, a 16th-century Spanish bishop who condemned slavery and championed the cause of Indians on the basis of a natural right to liberty grounded in their membership in a single common humanity. \'All the peoples of the world are humans,\' Las Casas wrote, and \'all the races of humankind are one.\' According to Brian Tierney, Las Casas and other Spanish Dominican philosophers laid the groundwork for a doctrine of natural rights that was independent of religious revelation \'by drawing on a juridical tradition that derived natural rights and natural law from human rationality and free will, and by appealing to Aristotelian philosophy.\'"\nMary Ann Glendon, "The Forgotten Crucible: The Latin American Influence on the Universal Human Rights Idea,” 2003\nWhich one of the following statements about the Spanish conquest of the Americas is most accurate?',
'This question refers to the following information.\n"One-half of the people of this nation to-day are utterly powerless to blot from the statute books an unjust law, or to write there a new and a just one. The women, dissatisfied as they are with this form of government, that enforces taxation without representation,—that compels them to obey laws to which they have never given their consent,—that imprisons and hangs them without a trial by a jury of their peers, that robs them, in marriage, of the custody of their own persons, wages and children,—are this half of the people left wholly at the mercy of the other half, in direct violation of the spirit and letter of the declarations of the framers of this government, every one of which was based on the immutable principle of equal rights to all."\n—Susan B. Anthony, "I Stand Before You Under Indictment" (speech), 1873\nWhich of the following statements best represents the criticism of Andrew Carnegie found in this cartoon?',
'If the finite group G contains a subgroup of order seven but no element (other than the identity) is its own inverse, then the order of G could be',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 384]
# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
```
## Training Details
### Training Dataset
#### Unnamed Dataset
* Size: 5,700 training samples
* Columns: sentence_0, sentence_1, and sentence_2
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
| | sentence_0 | sentence_1 | sentence_2 |
|:--------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| type | string | string | string |
| details | - min: 3 tokens
- mean: 44.65 tokens
- max: 512 tokens
| - min: 3 tokens
- mean: 44.72 tokens
- max: 512 tokens
| - min: 3 tokens
- mean: 47.14 tokens
- max: 512 tokens
|
* Samples:
| sentence_0 | sentence_1 | sentence_2 |
|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| This question refers to the following information.
"When the Portuguese go from Macao in China to Japan, they carry much white silk, gold, musk, and porcelain: and they bring from Japan nothing but silver. They have a great carrack which goes there every year and she brings from there every year about six hundred coins: and all this silver of Japan, and two hundred thousand coins more in silver which they bring yearly out of India, they employ to their great advantage in China: and they bring from there gold, musk, silk, copper, porcelains, and many other things very costly and gilded.
When the Portuguese come to Canton in China to traffic, they must remain there but certain days: and when they come in at the gate of the city, they must enter their names in a book, and when they go out at night they must put out their names. They may not lie in the town all night, but must lie in their boats outside of the town. And, their time expired, if any man remains there, he is imprisoned."
Ralp... | This question refers to the following information.
Although in Protestant Europe, [Peter the Great] was surrounded by evidence of the new civil and political rights of individual men embodied in constitutions, bills of rights and parliaments, he did not return to Russia determined to share power with his people. On the contrary, he returned not only determined to change his country but also convinced that if Russia was to be transformed, it was he who must provide both the direction and the motive force. He would try to lead; but where education and persuasion were not enough, he could drive—and if necessary flog—the backward nation forward.
—Robert K. Massie, Peter the Great: His Life and World
Based on the above passage, what kinds of reforms did Peter the Great embrace? | This question refers to the following information.
Now, we have organized a society, and we call it "Share Our Wealth Society," a society with the motto "Every Man a King."…
We propose to limit the wealth of big men in the country. There is an average of $15,000 in wealth to every family in America. That is right here today.
We do not propose to divide it up equally. We do not propose a division of wealth, but we do propose to limit poverty that we will allow to be inflicted on any man's family. We will not say we are going to try to guarantee any equality … but we do say that one third of the average is low enough for any one family to hold, that there should be a guarantee of a family wealth of around $5,000; enough for a home, an automobile, a radio, and the ordinary conveniences, and the opportunity to educate their children.…
We will have to limit fortunes. Our present plan is that we will allow no man to own more than $50,000,000. We think that with that limit we will be able to ... |
| This question refers to the following information.
An Act to place certain restrictions on Immigration and to provide for the removal from the Commonwealth of Prohibited Immigrants.
…
3. The immigration into the Commonwealth of the persons described in any of the following paragraphs in this section (hereinafter called "prohibited immigrants") is prohibited, namely
(a) Any person who when asked to do so by an officer fails to write out at dictation and sign in the presence of the officer a passage of fifty words in length in a European language directed by the officer;
(b) Any person in the opinion of the Minister or of an officer to become a charge upon the public or upon any public or charitable organisation;
…
(g) Any persons under a contract or agreement to perform manual labour within the Commonwealth: Provided that this paragraph shall not apply to workmen exempted by the Minister for special skill required by Australia…
Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 (Australia)
Whereas in ... | This question refers to the following information.
"My little homestead in the city, which I recently insured for ￡2,000 would no doubt have shared the common fate, as the insurance companies will not make good that which is destroyed by the Queen's enemies. And although I have a farm of 50 acres close to the town, no doubt the crops and premises would have been destroyed. In fact, this has already partly been the case, and I am now suing the Government for damages done by a contingent of 1,500 natives that have recently encamped not many hundred yards from the place, who have done much damage all around."
Letter from a British citizen to his sister during the Anglo-Zulu War, South Africa, 1879
Incidents such as those described by the author of the letter were used by the British government to do which of the following? | If the price of a product decreases with the price of a substitute product remaining constant such that the consumer buys more of this product, this is called the |
| The term 'marketing mix' describes: | ____________________ are those who address the same target market but provide a different offering to satisfy the market need, for example Spotify, Sony, and Apple's iPod. | The anatomic location of the spinal canal is |
* Loss: [TripletLoss](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#tripletloss) with these parameters:
```json
{
"distance_metric": "TripletDistanceMetric.EUCLIDEAN",
"triplet_margin": 5
}
```
### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: round_robin
#### All Hyperparameters
Click to expand
- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
- `do_predict`: False
- `eval_strategy`: no
- `prediction_loss_only`: True
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 8
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 8
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
- `torch_empty_cache_steps`: None
- `learning_rate`: 5e-05
- `weight_decay`: 0.0
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
- `max_grad_norm`: 1
- `num_train_epochs`: 3
- `max_steps`: -1
- `lr_scheduler_type`: linear
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.0
- `warmup_steps`: 0
- `log_level`: passive
- `log_level_replica`: warning
- `log_on_each_node`: True
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
- `save_safetensors`: True
- `save_on_each_node`: False
- `save_only_model`: False
- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
- `no_cuda`: False
- `use_cpu`: False
- `use_mps_device`: False
- `seed`: 42
- `data_seed`: None
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
- `use_ipex`: False
- `bf16`: False
- `fp16`: False
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
- `half_precision_backend`: auto
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
- `tf32`: None
- `local_rank`: 0
- `ddp_backend`: None
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
- `debug`: []
- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
- `past_index`: -1
- `disable_tqdm`: False
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
- `label_names`: None
- `load_best_model_at_end`: False
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
- `fsdp`: []
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
- `deepspeed`: None
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
- `optim`: adamw_torch
- `optim_args`: None
- `adafactor`: False
- `group_by_length`: False
- `length_column_name`: length
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
- `push_to_hub`: False
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
- `hub_model_id`: None
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
- `hub_private_repo`: None
- `hub_always_push`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
- `include_for_metrics`: []
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
- `fp16_backend`: auto
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
- `mp_parameters`:
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
- `full_determinism`: False
- `torchdynamo`: None
- `ray_scope`: last
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
- `torch_compile`: False
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
- `optim_target_modules`: None
- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
- `eval_on_start`: False
- `use_liger_kernel`: False
- `eval_use_gather_object`: False
- `average_tokens_across_devices`: False
- `prompts`: None
- `batch_sampler`: batch_sampler
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: round_robin