---
license: apache-2.0
base_model: ProsusAI/finbert
tags:
- financial-sentiment
- social-media
- reddit
- wallstreetbets
- text-classification
pipeline_tag: text-classification
language:
- en
---

# WSB-FinBERT

A FinBERT model fine-tuned on r/wallstreetbets text for three-class sentiment
classification (negative / neutral / positive).

Off-the-shelf financial sentiment models are trained on formal financial English —
earnings calls, analyst reports, newswire. Retail social-media text is a different
register: irony, slang, emoji, and self-deprecation. On the held-out set below,
vanilla FinBERT scores **below the majority-class floor**, i.e. worse than ignoring
the text entirely. This model is a domain-adaptation check on that gap.

This is the frozen checkpoint behind the results reported in *Beyond the Volume of Attention:
Domain-Adapted Sentiment and the Content of Retail Investor Discussion* (ICAIF '26) — not a
retrained copy. The replication package for that paper is distributed separately; this
repository is the model only.

## Labels

| id | label |
|---|---|
| 0 | negative |
| 1 | neutral |
| 2 | positive |

## Usage

You do not need to download anything by hand. `transformers` fetches the weights on first use
and caches them under `~/.cache/huggingface/`, so the first call takes a moment (~440 MB) and
every call after that is instant.

```
pip install transformers torch
```

```python
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForSequenceClassification
import torch

model_id = "AnonymousResearchICAIF/wsb-finbert"
tok = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(model_id)

text = "NVDA printing again, loaded calls for next week"
inputs = tok(text, return_tensors="pt", truncation=True, max_length=128)
with torch.no_grad():
    probs = model(**inputs).logits.softmax(-1)[0]

print({model.config.id2label[i]: round(p.item(), 3) for i, p in enumerate(probs)})
```

A continuous sentiment score in [-1, 1] is formed as `P(positive) - P(negative)`. This is the
`sentiment_wsb` variable used throughout the paper — the sign gives the direction and the
magnitude gives the confidence. **Use `max_length=128`**: that is what the model was trained
with, and longer inputs are truncated to it.

For many texts at once, batch them rather than looping:

```python
texts = ["...", "...", "..."]
batch = tok(texts, return_tensors="pt", truncation=True, max_length=128, padding=True)
with torch.no_grad():
    p = model(**batch).logits.softmax(-1)
scores = (p[:, 2] - p[:, 0]).tolist()
```

## Training data

2,503 r/wallstreetbets posts and comments mentioning a fixed universe of AI-related
tickers, labelled for sentiment by an LLM teacher (Claude) and split 70/15/15
stratified by label with seed 42 — 1,752 train / 375 validation / **376 test**.
The sample is stratified across tickers and balanced 50/50 between the first and
second halves of the collection period.

## Training procedure

| | |
|---|---|
| Base model | `ProsusAI/finbert` |
| Max sequence length | 128 |
| Learning rate | 2e-5 |
| Epochs | 4 |
| Train batch size | 8 |
| Weight decay | 0.01 |
| Warmup ratio | 0.1 |
| Seed | 42 |

## Evaluation

On the 376 held-out texts:

| Model | Accuracy | Macro F1 |
|---|---|---|
| **WSB-FinBERT (this model)** | **0.524** | **0.495** |
| Vanilla `ProsusAI/finbert` | 0.410 | 0.400 |
| Majority-class baseline ("always positive") | 0.434 | — |

Cohen's κ = 0.252.

Per-class (this model):

| label | precision | recall | f1 | support |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| negative | 0.448 | 0.312 | 0.368 | 96 |
| neutral | 0.513 | 0.513 | 0.513 | 117 |
| positive | 0.557 | 0.656 | 0.603 | 163 |

## Limitations

- **Absolute accuracy is modest.** 52.4% on a three-class problem is only ~9 points
  above the majority-class floor. The gain over vanilla FinBERT (+11.4 points) is the
  meaningful result; the model is not a strong standalone classifier.
- **Labels are LLM-generated**, not human gold standard. They inherit the teacher's
  biases. They do correlate with *past* five-day returns, as a text-only annotator
  should, and show no positive correlation with *forward* returns (no evidence of
  look-ahead leakage).
- **Narrow domain.** Trained on r/wallstreetbets text about a small universe of
  AI-related tickers over a specific period. Generalisation to other subreddits,
  other sectors, other periods, or to formal financial text is untested and unlikely.
- **Positive skew.** The forum's labels run ~1.7 to 1 positive and the model inherits
  this (51.1% of predictions positive vs 43.4% in truth). Use within-entity demeaning
  if the level matters for your application.
- Not investment advice; not suitable for trading decisions on its own.