In 1984, the Bialik Institute published Kramer's Frishman the Critic, with an introduction by  Avinoam Barshai. Barshai wrote: "Shalom Kramer was one of the Hebrew essayists and critics who marked their writing with a powerful personal impression. His essays are essentially profiles, in which the image of novelists, poets, critics, and publicists throbs... In his comprehensive essays, his ability to convey the nature of the author and his writing to his readers stands out. In many of the essays he examined the social background that served as the author's literary matrix, taking note of the relation between the writer and his social environment. For this reason he preferred realism in literary writing ... Though when he discussed any writer he was usually capable of directing himself to the essence of the subject of his criticism, seeking to understand him according to his own tendencies in his creation.

Shalom Kramer


In the introduction to On Criticism and Critics: Chapters on the History of Hebrew Criticism, a posthumous edition of Kramer's writing (published by the Hebrew Writers' Association, in cooperation with Eked, 1980),  editor Haim Toren, wrote: “These essays on eighteen critics and those on 'The Limits of Criticism' and 'Pathways in Hebrew Criticism,' are the product of the work and study of a critic and essayist, a man of culture and stature. They provide excellent material for scholars and students, who wish to expand and deepen their knowledge of the history and development of Hebrew criticism, both its struggles and its victories... This book, along with those that Kramer published during his lifetime, reveals a creative figure, who managed to illuminate, explain, and analyze literary works, and literary, social, and educational problems with the intuition of a fine pedagogue, a man of good taste, reason, good judgment, and high standards, who expressed himself in deep-rooted, clear, and polished Hebrew style.

Shalom Kramer


In the introduction to A Minute of Hebrew  (published by the Ministry of Education and Culture, the Department of Adult Education, 1980), Abba Bendavid wrote: “Shalom Kramer was an outstanding man of literature and an enthusiastic teacher. In every area of his activity – literary criticism, teaching, and education – he showed what was beautiful, important, and unique in literary works to his readers and listeners, making the works attractive to them... He did not write in the dry, professional style of experts in literature but rather with the colorful expressiveness of a true author.”

Shalom Kramer


Awards and recognition

Shalom Kramer


In 1970 he won the Wallenrod Prize, awarded for work published in Moznayim, the journal of the Hebrew Writers Association, of which he was an editor.

Shalom Kramer


Below are English translations of the titles of his works, which are all in Hebrew.

Shalom Kramer


The Rejected Critic (1946), on the life of Abraham Uri Kovner.

Shalom Kramer


The Changing of the Guard in our Literature (1959).

Shalom Kramer


Realism and its Breakdown: on Hebrew Authors from Gnessin to Appelfeld (1968).

Shalom Kramer


Changes in the Language of David Frishman (1973).

Shalom Kramer


The Language of Authors: I. Yakov Klatzkin; II. Dov Sadan (1975).

Shalom Kramer


Faces and Manner: Essays on Poetry and Poets (1976), “From Bialik and Tchernichovsky to Dan Pagis.”

Shalom Kramer


On Criticism and Critics: Chapters in the History of Hebrew Criticism (1980).

Shalom Kramer


A Minute of Hebrew: a Selection of Language Lessons Broadcast on the Voice of Israel (1980).

Shalom Kramer


Frishman the Critic, a Monograph (1980).

Shalom Kramer


Kramer edited volumes of Peretz Smolenskin, Moshe Leib Lilienblum, Sh. Shalom, Yehoshua Tan-Pai, Y. H. Ravnitzky, and Shlomo Shpan.

Shalom Kramer


List of publications by Shalom Kramer, in the International Library of Israel

Shalom Kramer


Gaurenopsis is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Gaurenopsis


Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Gaurenopsis


Joseph O'Donnell D'Anhetan or José O'Donnell y Anhetan (1768–1836) was an Irish-Spanish general who commanded troops from the Kingdom of Spain against Imperial France during the Peninsular War.

Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan


His father was Joseph O'Donnell O'Donnell and his mother was María Ana de Anhetan.

Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan


Joseph O'Donnell D'Anhetan was the brother of two other generals who also fought during the Peninsular War, Henry O'Donnell, 1st Count of la Bisbal and Carlos O'Donnell as did his three other brothers, Leopoldo and Francisco, both of whom were killed during the war, and Alejandro.

Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan


His father having enlisted him as a child cadet in the Irlanda Regiment in 1777, he was forced to abandoned his studies at the Royal Military and Mathematics Academy of Barcelona when his regiment, garrisoned at Ceuta, came under siege in 1790.

Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan


In 1808, O'Donnell was second-in-command to Pedro Caro, 3rd Marquis of la Romana during the escape of the Northern Division from Denmark. Promoted to colonel at the end of that year, O'Donnell was given command of the Princesa Regiment, remaining with La Romana throughout the May 1809 campaign in Asturias. His younger brother, Carlos O'Donnell, would later serve under La Romana.

Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan


In 1809, O'Donnell led the 698-strong Cavalry Brigade, made up of four squadrons of the

Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan


Olivenza Regiment and one squadron of the Santiago Regiment of General Blake's Army of Aragon at the Battle of María.

Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan


He was beaten by Nicolas Godinot at Zújar in 1811. After the loss of Valencia in January 1812, he ably reorganized the fragments of the Spanish army.

Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan


While Captain General of Murcia, he suffered a severe defeat at the hands of Jean Isidore Harispe at Castalla in July 1812, a defeat that led to his brother Enrique O'Donnell having to resign from the Regency Council at Cádiz and he, himself, requesting an inquiry into the defeat. In the meantime, the following month he was commissioned to organise the Reserve Army and was finally fully exonerated of any fault for the defeat at Castalla.

Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan


He was promoted to lieutenant general in 1815.

Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan


Gates, David (2002). The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War. London: Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-9730-6.

Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan


Oman, Charles (1996). A History of the Peninsular War Volume IV. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole. ISBN 1-85367-224-6.

Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan


Oman, Charles (1914). A History of the Peninsular War Volume V. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan


Smith, Digby (1998). The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill. ISBN 1-85367-276-9.

Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan


"Real y Militar Orden de San Fernando 200 Años: Familia de Héroes" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 January 2014.

Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan


The first season of the Showmax Original soap opera series Wura premiered on 23 January 2023, and concluded on 13 July 2023, with a total of 100 episodes. Shortly after Wura hit 50 episodes, the producers spoke with The Guardian Saturday Magazine, about its plan for the first season to reach over 200 episodes., it was announced that Wura would have only 4 episodes released from Monday to Thursday for 25 weeks. On 13 July 2023, the Showmax announced the end of season 1, shortly after the release of the 100 episodes "Blabbermouth". On 13 November 2023, showmax announce the release date for its second season.

Wura season 1


Wura tells the story of Wura Amoo-Adeleke, the ruthless CEO of the fictional Frontline Gold Mine, and the perfect wife, a mother of two, who will do anything to maintain her ground in the gold mining industry. In her family, Wura is faultless and a saint, but when it comes to running her business, she becomes that ruthless lady, who doesn't care whose ox is gored in her path to get what she wants.

Wura season 1


In the Iperindo community of Osun State, where Wura's mining business is located in Iperindo town, live poverty-stricken residents, many of whom work at the mine, including the Kuti family. The Kuti family, consisting of Pa Kuti, Iyabo Kuti, and their children, Olumide, Ebunoluwa, and Tumininu the adopted child, been found close to a river as a baby by her late adoptive father, Pa Kuti.

Wura season 1


Principal photography of the series set location in Iperindo, a community in Atakunmosa East local government in Osun State, a state in southwestern Nigeria. The community discovered gold first in 1945. In 2017, its gold deposit was evaluated at $5 billion. According to Nigerian Entertainment Today author Anjolaoluwa Abiosun, “its community is plagued with poverty and a lack of basic amenities, including access to potable water, motorable roads, and functioning health facilities”.

Wura season 1


On 22 April 2023, shortly after Wura hit 50 episodes, the producers spoke with The Guardian Saturday Magazine, about its plan for the first season to reach over 200 episodes. On 13 June 2023, following the release of episode 82 in its 1st season, one of Tinsel directors, Ben Chiadika joined the production team, led by Rogers Ofime as a director.

Wura season 1


The cast was reported when season 1 began, with a line-up of Scarlet Gomez, Yomi Fash Lanso, Ray Adeka, Iremide Adeoye, Toluwani George, Oluwaseyi Akinsola, Ropo Ewenla, Ego Ihenacho, Martha Ehinome, and Lanre Adediwura as main cast. With Carol King, Tersy Akpata, Olawale Gold, Rhoda Albert, Muyiwa Donald, Toluwanimi Adekanmbi, Jare Martins, Taiwo Ibikunle, Ayorinde Babatope, Misi Molu, Odufeso Olajumoke, Obadare Akinade, Adekunle David, Chukwuebuka Ude, Audrey Edak Harrison, Aweodein Adeola, Modesinuola Ogundiwin, Casey Edema, Miracle Gabriel, and Mofe Stephens as supporting cast.

Wura season 1


Premiere and release

Wura season 1


On 19 January 2023, The Ọọ̀ni of Ifẹ̀  (King of Ife), Oba Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi hosted a private screening at his palace of the first few episodes of the Showmax original series in Osun State. The King wives, Olori Tobi Philips Ogunwusi, Olori Aderonke Ademiluyi Ogunwusi, Olori Afolashade Ogunwusi, and Wura stars Scarlet Gomez, Yomi Fash-Lanso and Ego Iheanacho, alongside other cast and crew members where in attendance.

Wura season 1


The king at the official premiere, described the show, saying: “The show was very well put together and professionally done”, and added to the remark by saying: “I’m very impressed and I rarely get impressed with things. I love the naturalistic effect of the series. It premiered to me at the palace and I could barely find any faults. I have to give the entire crew some major credit. The story is very well scripted and that’s the typical determination you find in any Nigerian. It’s a show that will impact society not only in Ife. I look forward to watching the rest of it because it’s very obvious that it’s a series that will address a lot of societal ills and will engage the citizenry as a whole.”

Wura season 1


Salomón Torres Ramirez (born March 11, 1972) is a Dominican former professional baseball player. He began his career in 1993 with the San Francisco Giants, and also played for the Seattle Mariners, Montreal Expos, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Milwaukee Brewers.

Salomón Torres


San Francisco Giants

Salomón Torres


Torres is best known for starting the last game of the 1993 season for the Giants, when he gave up three runs over 3+1⁄3 innings to the arch-rival Los Angeles Dodgers. The Giants, winners of 103 games that season, finished in second place behind the 104-win Atlanta Braves, at that time in the National League West division. Though he was then in his first month as a Major Leaguer, some Giants fans blamed Torres for ruining a promising season and apparently never forgave him; those fans continued to heckle him when he returned to San Francisco as an opposing player. Said Torres: "They come to the park and they pay my salary, so they have the right to heckle me. If that's going to make them feel better and get over what happened in 1993, OK. But it's time to move on.... I don't think I was treated fairly by some of my teammates. And I still don't think I'm being treated fairly by the fans."

Salomón Torres


Mariners and Expos and first retirement

Salomón Torres


The Giants traded Torres to the Seattle Mariners in mid-1995 for Shawn Estes and Wilson Delgado.  After two years with the Mariners, he was claimed off waivers by the Montreal Expos in mid-1997.  After ending the 1997 season with a 9.82 ERA, Torres retired and returned to the Dominican Republic to coach for the Expos' Dominican Summer League team.

Salomón Torres


Comeback with Pirates

Salomón Torres


In 2001, Torres decided to make a comeback, and spent the year playing in the Dominican Winter League and in South Korea. He signed with the Pittsburgh Pirates in January 2002, spending most of the year with the Triple-A team in Nashville before being called up in September. He split the 2003 season between starting and relief work before being moved to the bullpen full-time in 2004. On April 20, 2003, Torres hit Chicago Cubs right fielder Sammy Sosa in the head with an errant fastball that shattered his helmet.

Salomón Torres


He served as the Pirates setup reliever in 2006, before closer Mike González was injured. That year, his 94 pitching appearances led the major leagues and tied the Pirates record held by Kent Tekulve. González was traded to the Atlanta Braves before the start of the 2007 season, making Torres the Pirates' top choice for closer entering the 2007 season. After blowing four saves for the Pirates, he was demoted from the closer role and replaced with Matt Capps.

Salomón Torres


Torres was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers on December 7, 2007, for Kevin Roberts and Marino Salas. After beginning the 2008 season as a middle reliever, Torres was moved into the closer's role when Éric Gagné was put on the disabled list, a role Torres kept for the rest of the year. Torres struggled mightily towards the end of the season, however. On September 18, Torres blew a 4-run lead to the Chicago Cubs, giving up 4 runs with two outs and nobody on in the bottom of the 9th. He posted an ERA over 8.00 in the month of September.

Salomón Torres


His season, though, was relatively solid: 28 saves in 35 chances, 51 strikeouts in 80 innings of work, an ERA of 3.41, and a record of 7–5. During his time in Milwaukee, he introduced a new strike-out pitch in which he dropped down to a side-arm delivery.

Salomón Torres


During the middle of the 2008 season, Torres stated in an interview that he wasn't sure about his future in baseball, and on November 11 Torres told Brewers GM Doug Melvin that he was retiring from the game.

Salomón Torres


In February 2024, it was announced that Torres would take on the role of pitching coach for the newly established Tri-State Coal Cats in Huntington, West Virginia, part of the Appalachian League.

Salomón Torres


Torres is a Jehovah's Witness. He is married to Belkis Denia Donato and has three children.

Salomón Torres


Career statistics from MLB · ESPN · Baseball Reference · Fangraphs · Baseball Reference (Minors) · Retrosheet   · Baseball Almanac

Salomón Torres


"Sad and Lonely and Blue" is a song written by Stevie Wright and George Young, recorded by their band the Easybeats in 1965. The song was written in response to the group being labelled as "pop musicians" from their previous singles "She's So Fine" and Wedding Ring" along with their debut album Easy. The song is based around a 12-string guitar riff played by guitarist Harry Vanda and sees influences in both British rhythm and blues and jangle pop. Released as a single on 4 November 1965, it was a chart failure compared to their previous releases, only reaching number 21 on the Kent Music Report.

Sad and Lonely and Blue


Background and composition

Sad and Lonely and Blue


By mid-1965, the Easybeats had established themselves as the most popular band in Australia, owing to their two top-ten singles "She's So Fine" and "Wedding Ring", both upbeat pop songs regarding love. Their popularity in Australia was comparable to Beatlemania, and the press dubbed this phenomenon as "Easyfever" in response. In September of that year, their debut album, Easy was released. Eight out of the 14 songs on the album were composed by lead vocalist Stevie Wright and rhythm guitarist George Young, also establishing them as songwriters. Most of the material on that album was upbeat pop in the vein of the aforementioned two singles, deriving inspiration primarily from Merseybeat and British rhythm and blues. However, some band members grew dismayed over their music being labelled as pop.

Sad and Lonely and Blue


"Sad and Lonely and Blue" was written in an effort to steer away from this labelling, written with "complex harmonies" from Wright, Young and lead guitarist Harry Vanda, along with a catchy melody. On the song, Vanda plays a twelve-string electric guitar, giving it a distinct "Byrds-esque" feel of jangle pop, while simultaneously incorporating rhythm and blues elements from their debut single "For My Woman (1965). As performed by the Easybeats, "Sad and Lonely and Blue" was written in the key of B major, characterized by Vanda's alternating guitar strokes, to which bassist Dick Diamonde provides a counter-melody in between strums. Lyrically, the song revolves around longing for a partner, complete with themes of heartbreak and loneliness, departing from the previously positive lyrics of their previous songs.

Sad and Lonely and Blue


"Sad and Lonely and Blue" was released as the Easybeats fourth single on 4 November 1965, backed by "Easy As Can Be", a song boasting influences from both rhythm and blues and folk rock. Released through Albert Productions and distributed by Parlophone, the single was what Young described as "sort of a bomb for us". At the time of the single's release, Australia did not have a unified national record chart and instead, every major Australian city had their own chart, which meant that airplay of the single was never concentrated across the whole country at the same time. In the estimations of David Kent's retrospective Kent Music Report, the song only reached number 21 nationally, as opposed to both "She's So Fine" and "Wedding Ring" which were top-10 singles.

Sad and Lonely and Blue


It was the Easybeats' lowest charting since their debut "For My Woman", which reached number 33, and would remain their biggest chart failure until 1967's "The Music Goes 'Round My Head". The low charting amidst the height of their popularity has sometimes been attributed to the single's overall somber mood, which resulted in Young stating that the band gave in, "giving the kids what they wanted", with the follow-up single "Women (Make You Feel Alright)" (1966). "Sad and Lonely and Blue" and its B-side were included on the February 1966 EP Easy As Can Be, before being included on their second studio album It's 2 Easy on 24 March 1966.

Sad and Lonely and Blue


Apter, Jeff (2020). Friday on My Mind. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-76087-494-0.

Sad and Lonely and Blue


Baker, Glenn A. (2018). The Easybeats Songbook (PVG). Wise Publications. ISBN 978-17-875-904-03.

Sad and Lonely and Blue


Baker, Glenn A. (1980). Utterances Of Terminal Easyfever (CD). Albert Productions. APM1/2.

Sad and Lonely and Blue


Kent, David (2005). Australian Chart Book 1940 – 1969. Turramurra, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book Pty Ltd. ISBN 978-064-644-43-90.

Sad and Lonely and Blue


Tait, John (2010). Vanda & Young: Inside Australia's Hit Factory. University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 978-1-74223-217-1.

Sad and Lonely and Blue


A Frenchman (Russian: Француз, romanized: Frantsuz) is a 2019 Russian black-and-white historical drama film directed, written, and co-produced by  Andrey Smirnov.

A Frenchman


The film takes place in 1957. It tells about the French student Pierre Durand, who goes to Moscow for an internship, where he gets acquainted with the Bolshoi Theatre ballerina and photographer, thanks to whom he immerses himself in the cultural life of Moscow.

A Frenchman


In August 1957, three young left-wing Parisians — Nicole, Jean-Marie, and Pierre — meet for the last time at a café on the banks of the Seine. Jean-Marie is departing to serve in the Algerian War, while Pierre, a student of Russian descent, travels to the Soviet Union for an academic internship.

A Frenchman


Upon his arrival in Moscow, Pierre Durand takes up residence in the dormitories of Moscow State University (MGU). He studies Russian literature and conducts research for his thesis on the work of French ballet master Marius Petipa. During his stay, he befriends Valery Uspensky, a photography student at VGIK (the All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography). Valery introduces Pierre to Kira Galkina, a ballerina at the Bolshoi Theatre. Due to the relative cultural openness of the Khrushchev Thaw, Pierre — a Frenchman fluent in Russian — is received with curiosity and interest by Muscovites. Through his new acquaintances, Pierre becomes immersed not only in the official Soviet culture but also in its unofficial, underground life.

A Frenchman


As Pierre becomes closer to Kira, he develops romantic feelings for her, leading to subtle rivalry with his friend Valery.

A Frenchman


Parallel to his academic pursuits, Pierre is on a personal quest to find his biological father — a former White Army officer named Tatishchev. In 1931, Pierre’s mother, a descendant of an old Russian noble family, had a brief affair with Tatishchev, resulting in her pregnancy. Concealing the pregnancy, she took a post at the Soviet trade mission in Berlin, from which she eventually escaped and emigrated to Paris.

A Frenchman


With the help of former Smolny Institute alumni who had spent years in the Gulag, Pierre eventually locates Tatishchev, who is now working as a night watchman in a provincial town. It is revealed that, following the evacuation of White forces to Constantinople, Tatishchev remained in the RSFSR. He somehow survived the Red Terror in Crimea and lived freely into the early 1930s, even enjoying holidays at the seaside. His occupation prior to his first arrest remains unclear. Tatishchev was imprisoned multiple times throughout the 1930s and 1940s but ultimately survived the Gulag system.

A Frenchman


When Pierre and Tatishchev finally meet, the aging officer expresses astonishment that his son has become a communist, seeing it as a bitter irony. Tatishchev confides in Pierre a personal revelation: as a talented mathematician, he claims to have mathematically proven the existence of God. Not long after their meeting, Tatishchev passes away.

A Frenchman


Pierre returns to Moscow, only to learn that Valery has been arrested. Soon afterward, he departs for Paris.

A Frenchman


Anton Rival as Pierre Durand, French student

A Frenchman


Evgenia Obraztsova as Kira Galkina, ballerina of the Bolshoi Theater

A Frenchman


Evgeniy Tkachuk as Valery "Valera" Uspensky, photographer

A Frenchman


Aleksandr Baluev as Tatishchev

A Frenchman


Mikhail Efremov as Valery Uspensky's dad

A Frenchman


Roman Madyanov as Chuhnovsky

A Frenchman


Nina Drobysheva as Olga Obrezkova

A Frenchman


Natalya Tenyakova as Maria Obrezkova

A Frenchman


Thomas Alden as Louis

A Frenchman


Anna Neverova as Marusya

A Frenchman


Alexander Zamuraev as Alcoholic

A Frenchman


Manuel Sinor as Restaurateur

A Frenchman


The film was written and directed by Andrey Smirnov, and co-produced by Elena Prudnikova, Smirnov, and ValeryTodorovsky.

A Frenchman


A Frenchman won the Nika Award for Best Feature Film and Best Director, along with other awards.

A Frenchman


Sepp Kuss (born September 13, 1994) is an American professional cyclist who rides for UCI WorldTeam Visma–Lease a Bike. He won the 2023 Vuelta a España, becoming the first American to win a Grand Tour since Chris Horner in 2013. Kuss is the second cyclist to win a Grand Tour and finish all three Grand Tours in a single season, after Gastone Nencini in 1957.

Sepp Kuss


Born in Durango, Colorado, Kuss started as a mountain biker and won three collegiate national championships at the University of Colorado Boulder. After transitioning to road cycling in 2016, Kuss progressed from amateur races to the WorldTour within two years, establishing himself as a climbing specialist. Media outlets have described Kuss as a "super-domestique" for his support of team leaders Primož Roglič and Jonas Vingegaard in winning a combined six Grand Tours. Kuss won individual stages at the Tour de France (2021) and Vuelta a España (2019, 2023) as well as the general classification at the 2018 Tour of Utah and 2024 Vuelta a Burgos. His 2023 Vuelta victory completed Team Jumbo-Visma's unprecedented sweep of all three Grand Tours in a single season.

Sepp Kuss


Early life and background

Sepp Kuss


Sepp Kuss was born on September 13, 1994, in Durango, Colorado to parents Adolph and Sabina Kuss. Adolph was the coach of the United States Ski Team from 1963 to 1972, and a professor of exercise science at Fort Lewis College. A significant figure in developing the outdoor sports reputation of Durango, he was inducted into the Colorado Snowsports Hall of Fame in 1990. His mother Sabina also taught Nordic skiing.

Sepp Kuss


Kuss excelled in many outdoor sports as a child, including trail running, skiing, and whitewater kayaking. His favorite sport as a child was ice hockey. In fourth grade, his parents enrolled him in Durango Devo, a youth mountain bike program that has produced other significant cyclists such as Howard Grotts, an Olympian in 2016, and Christopher Blevins, winner of the short track event at the 2021 UCI Mountain Bike World Championships. Kuss committed to cycling as his primary sport during his senior year of high school.

Sepp Kuss


In 2013, Kuss enrolled at the University of Colorado Boulder, where he continued mountain biking. Kuss won three national titles at the cycling collegiate championships in XC (2014 and 2015) and Short Track (2014). Kuss also competed internationally, racing at the 2014 UCI Mountain Bike World Championships in Lillehammer, where he finished 36th in the under 23 cross country race. The next year, at the 2015 championships in Andorra, Kuss finished 48th in the same event.

Sepp Kuss


During a university cycling team interview, when asked about his favorite type of racing, Kuss said "XC is my thing but I enjoy road races too," and stated that his cycling ambitions were only to "take cycling as far as I can once I finish my degree."

Sepp Kuss


In Kuss's own words, he "slowly gravitated to road racing" over the course of college. After being introduced to road cycling through a collegiate cycling club, Kuss decided in 2015 to split his effort between road and mountain biking. On the road, he raced with an amateur team sponsored by Intermountain LiveWell. In an interview, Kuss stated he was drawn to road cycling because of "the longer, steeper climbs, those longer efforts," which he felt suited his skills better than mountain bike courses.

Sepp Kuss


In 2016, Kuss joined the amateur Gateway Harley Davidson / Trek team, and decided to focus fully on road cycling. He increased his training volume and consistency, and worked to adjust to the style of modern road cycling, which he found more dynamic than the "time trial"-like efforts of mountain biking. His first win on the road came in the Redlands Bicycle Classic, where Kuss beat former UCI WorldTour riders Lachlan Morton and Janier Acevedo on the stage 2 summit finish to Oak Glen.

Sepp Kuss


Kuss's surprise win drew the attention of professional teams. In May, Kuss raced at the Tour of the Gila, where he again demonstrated his climbing potential with a fourth place finish on the opening stage climb to Mogollon. Following the race, where Kuss finished 14th overall, Rally Cycling announced they were signing Kuss for the remainder of the 2016 season.

Sepp Kuss


Rally Cycling (2016–2017)

Sepp Kuss


In Kuss's first stage race with Rally, the Tour de Beauce in Canada, he won a mountain stage and finished 6th overall. For the remainder of the 2016 season, Kuss travelled to Europe for his first block of international road racing, including riding the Tour de l'Avenir with the US national team. In a 2020 interview, Kuss recalled "being absolutely blown away, physically and mentally, by the toughness of European racing."

Sepp Kuss


At the 2017 Tour of California, Kuss finished 10th on the difficult stage 5 climb to Mount Baldy. This drew the attention of LottoNL–Jumbo director Merijn Zeeman, who reached out to Kuss for physiological testing. Kuss followed up with strong results for the rest of the 2017 season, including a second overall finish at the Tour of Alberta. Just days after his 23rd birthday, Kuss signed a two-year contract with LottoNL-Jumbo, to ride in the UCI WorldTour starting in 2018. In just two years, Kuss had transitioned from a collegiate mountain biker to the highest level of road cycling. He signed his first WorldTour contract while still a college student—he completed his degree in advertising at UC Boulder in late 2017.

Sepp Kuss


LottoNL-Jumbo (2018–present)

Sepp Kuss


2018–2019: Adjustment to WorldTour

Sepp Kuss


Kuss struggled to start his first season with the Dutch team, getting frequent DNFs as he adjusted to WorldTour racing. In August, Kuss returned to the US for the Tour of Utah. On stage 2, Kuss attacked with 45 km to the finish, catching the day's breakaway and riding solo to win the stage and go into the overall lead. Kuss attacked again on stage 5, a difficult queen stage ending at Snowbird, winning by over 30 seconds, before cementing his victory with another solo attack to win the final stage 6. Kuss finished with 3 stage wins, the mountains jersey, and the overall victory in what The Salt Lake Tribune called "the most dominant performance in the history of this event."

Sepp Kuss


Following his performance in Utah, Kuss was selected to ride in the 2018 Vuelta a España, his first Grand Tour. LottoNL–Jumbo management did not typically select neo-pros to Grand Tour teams, but they made an exception for Kuss. Kuss rode as a domestique, leading the peloton in the mountains for team leader Steven Kruijswijk, who finished the race in fourth overall.

Sepp Kuss


Kuss rode in the 2019 Giro d'Italia, supporting Primož Roglič who finished the race third overall. In August, Kuss returned to the Vuelta a España. On stage 15, Kuss attacked from the breakaway on the final climb to Puerto del Acebo, riding solo for the final 6 km to claim his first Grand Tour stage win. Kuss also supported Roglič throughout the race, who would go on to win the general classification. The race established Kuss as one of Roglič's key mountain domestiques, a partnership that would continue in many future Grand Tours.

Sepp Kuss


2020–2022: Mountain super-domestique

Sepp Kuss


In 2020, Kuss won stage 5 of the Critérium du Dauphiné, riding away from a group of strong climbers on the final climb in Megève. Later that month, Kuss was officially selected for his first Tour de France, as part of a Jumbo-Visma squad that cycling media called a 'super-team' led by Roglič, Tom Dumoulin, and Steven Kruijswijk.

Sepp Kuss


During the Tour, Kuss established himself as a 'super-domestique', and was widely noted for his ability to assist team leader Roglič in the mountains and stay with the race leaders deep into climbs. Kuss finished the race in 15th overall, the best American debut performance at the Tour since 2013, when Andrew Talansky finished 10th. Kuss continued to support Roglič in the 2020 Vuelta a España, who won the race for the second consecutive year.

Sepp Kuss


In 2021, Kuss again rode the Tour de France. On stage 15, Kuss broke away from a group of 20 riders with 5 km to go on the Col de Beixalis, the stage's final climb. Kuss maintained his lead for the 15 km that followed the summit, winning the stage 23 seconds ahead of Alejandro Valverde. It was the first Tour de France stage win by an American since Tyler Farrar won stage 3 in 2011. Kuss, who lives in Andorra, said after the stage that he knew the climb well from training, and had been particularly motivated to win so close to home.

Sepp Kuss


During the 2021 Vuelta a España Kuss and his teammates rode in support of Roglič, who was aiming to win his third consecutive Vuelta title. Kuss started the race well, holding the King of the Mountains jersey for the first two stages. On the decisive stage 17 to Lagos de Covadonga, where Roglič won the stage and took the overall lead, Kuss showed his own climbing strength by winning the sprint for second place and denying bonus seconds to Roglič's rivals. Roglič went on to win the race, while Kuss finished eighth overall, his first top 10 in a Grand Tour.

Sepp Kuss


As a warmup for the 2022 Tour de France, Jumbo-Visma sent their primary favorites Roglič and Jonas Vingegaard to the Critérium du Dauphiné, while Kuss was given team leadership and the opportunity to target the overall win at the Tour de Suisse. Kuss was in contention, sitting 10 seconds back from the lead after stage 4, but prior to stage 5 the entire team withdrew from the race due to a COVID-19 infection.

Sepp Kuss


During the Tour, Kuss rode in support of Roglič and Vingegaard as the team sought to challenge two-time defending champion Tadej Pogačar. After Roglič and key mountain domestique Steven Kruijswijk both crashed out of the race, the burden of defending Vingegaard in the high mountains fell primarily on Kuss. On stage 17, Kuss led Vingegaard up the final climb to Hautacam, passing Vingegaard off to teammate Wout van Aert before Vingegaard attacked to win the stage and secure his overall lead. Vingegaard held both the yellow and polka dot jerseys to the end of the race, with Jumbo-Visma also winning the points classification with Van Aert.

Sepp Kuss


2023–present: Grand Tour champion

Sepp Kuss


Kuss started the 2023 season at the UAE Tour, where he finished 5th overall. Following an injury to teammate Wilco Kelderman, Kuss was selected as his replacement for the Giro d'Italia, changing plans with less than a month before the race. At the Giro, Kuss rode in support of Roglič, who won the general classification. Kuss was widely credited as Roglič's top domestique, particularly for his role on stage 16, where Roglič was distanced by João Almeida and Geraint Thomas. Kuss's pace-making helped limit the gap, a performance one cycling journalist described as helping to "save the Giro for his leader."

Sepp Kuss


In July, Kuss rode in the Tour de France, this time helping Vingegaard win a second consecutive title. This marked the sixth time Kuss had supported his team leader to a Grand Tour victory. Despite crashing hard on the penultimate stage, Kuss finished in 12th overall, his best result at the Tour.

Sepp Kuss


In August, Kuss was named to the startlist of the Vuelta a España, his third Grand Tour of the year, riding alongside both Roglič and Vingegaard as Team Jumbo–Visma attempted to become the first team to sweep the Grand Tours in a single season.

Sepp Kuss


At the Vuelta, Kuss's team took a disappointing 11th place in the opening stage time trial, which featured rain and multiple teams crashing. On stage 6, Kuss won by 26 seconds after attacking from a large breakaway group and riding solo for the final 2.5 km. The victory moved him into second in the general classification, eight seconds behind breakaway companion Lenny Martinez. Two days later, Kuss finished a minute ahead of Martinez on the difficult final climb to Xorret de Catí, moving into the lead of the race. On stage 13, Kuss's teammate Vingegaard won the stage, with Kuss taking second and Roglič third; this placed the Jumbo-Visma team in the top 3 positions of the general classification. Despite losing time to his teammates, notably being dropped by both on stage 17 to Alto de L'Angliru, Kuss successfully defended his lead for the remainder of the race. After his win, Kuss was celebrated for multiple milestones: he became the first cyclist to ride all three Grand Tours and win one in the same season since Gastone Nencini in 1957, the fourth American to win a Grand Tour, and the first American since Chris Horner in 2013. His win also completed Jumbo-Visma's historic sweep of the Grand Tours, the first team to do so in a single season, along with sweeping the Vuelta podium—an achievement The Guardian described as "unprecedented dominance."

Sepp Kuss


Following the Vuelta, the fitness-tracking app Strava announced Kuss had set 808 KOMs—a virtual trophy for the fastest time on a segment—across the year, the most of any professional athlete. In total, Kuss' logged activities on the app covered 29,007 kilometres (18,024 mi) and 547,019 metres (1,794,682 ft) of elevation gain. This included setting multiple KOMs in every Grand Tour of 2023.

Sepp Kuss


In 2024, Kuss was originally named in his team's start list for the Tour de France, but was scratched before the race began due to a COVID-19 infection. Despite the interruption to his preparation, Kuss won his next race, the Vuelta a Burgos. He took the race lead on stage 3, winning on the mountain-top finish, then defending to take the overall win by 5 seconds over Max Poole. Kuss started the 2024 Vuelta a España, but was unable to defend his title and finished the race in 14th place.

Sepp Kuss


At the start of the 2025 season, Kuss and his team announced that he would be returning to his "super-domestique role" rather than taking a leadership role during stage races. Kuss cited pressure and lack of results during the 2024 season as reasons for the shift. Kuss rode in the Tour de France, and was active in breakaways as well as pacing for team leader Vingegaard, who finished second overall.

Sepp Kuss


Kuss is of Slovenian and Italian descent, with his great-grandparents immigrating from Europe to Colorado in the 1800s. Kuss speaks German in addition to English.

Sepp Kuss


In 2022, Kuss married Noemí Ferré Fernández, a Spanish former professional cyclist. In 2024, Kuss and Fernández had their first child. They live in Andorra, a popular location for cyclists due to its high altitude and famous climbs. Kuss is known for setting climbing records on local climbs during training.

Sepp Kuss


General classification results timeline

Sepp Kuss


Sepp Kuss at Cycling Archives

Sepp Kuss


Sepp Kuss at ProCyclingStats

Sepp Kuss


Sepp Kuss at Cycling Quotient

Sepp Kuss


Sepp Kuss at CycleBase

Sepp Kuss


Sepp Kuss at MTB Data

Sepp Kuss


Sepp Kuss at InterSportStats

Sepp Kuss


Sugar Camp is a town in Oneida County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,694 at the 2010 census. The unincorporated community of Sugar Camp is located in the town

Sugar Camp, Wisconsin


Sugar Camp was known as 'Robbins' until the 1940s.

Sugar Camp, Wisconsin


According to the United States Census Bureau, and other sources, the town has a total area of 98.0 square miles (253.9 km2), of which 88.9 square miles (230.2 km2)  is land and 9.1 square miles (23.7 km2)  (9.33%) is water.

Sugar Camp, Wisconsin


The community is served by Sugar Camp Elementary School, which is part of the Three Lakes School District.

Sugar Camp, Wisconsin


As of the census of 2010, there were 1,694 people, and 729 households residing in the town. The population density was 17.2 people per square mile (6.7/km2). There were 1,579 housing units at an average density of 16.1 per square mile (6.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.9% White, 0.3% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.2% Black and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population.

Sugar Camp, Wisconsin


There were 729 households, out of which 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.1% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.9% were non-families. 18.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.87.

Sugar Camp, Wisconsin


In the town, the population was spread out, with 19.7% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 28.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.3 males.

Sugar Camp, Wisconsin


The median income for a household in the town was $37,118, and the median income for a family was $44,635. Males had a median income of $35,156 versus $24,405 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,135. About 4.0% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.8% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over.

Sugar Camp, Wisconsin


The Rhinelander-Oneida County Airport (KRHI) serves Sugar Camp, the county and surrounding communities with both scheduled commercial jet service and general aviation services.

Sugar Camp, Wisconsin


Town of Sugar Camp, Wisconsin website

Sugar Camp, Wisconsin


Sugar Camp Community website

Sugar Camp, Wisconsin


Kouroukan Fouga, or Kurukan Fuga, was the constitution of the Mali Empire created after the Battle of Krina (1235) by an assembly of nobles to create a government for the newly established empire, according to the Epic of Sundiata. According to oral tradition of the jelis of Mali and Guinea, the Kouroukan Fouga established the federation of Mandinka clans under one government, outlined how it would operate and established the laws by which the people would live. The name Kurukan Fuga is a toponym, translating to "clearing on granite/lateritic rock", referring to the plain near where the narrative has Sundiata Keita present the charter. This is often claimed to have been near the town of Ka-ba (present day Kangaba), following the interpretation of Djibril Tamsir Niane, but other scholars have argued that oral histories more commonly place the event at nearby Dakajalan.

Kouroukan Fouga


The "Manden Charter, proclaimed in Kurukan Fuga", was inscribed in 2009 (4.COM) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity kept by UNESCO.

Kouroukan Fouga


The earliest extant versions of the Epic of Sundiata were collected in the 1890s, and the first close transcription dates to 1967. As an instance of oral history, the epic does not exist in a fixed form.

Kouroukan Fouga


An attempt to "reconstruct" the Kouroukan Fouga from oral tradition was made in 1998, in a regional workshop held in Kankan, Guinea, with the aim of publishing and preserving the oral history related to the area's djeli or griots. Assisted by modern communicators and Guinea linguists under the supervision of Siriman Kouyaté, the workshop transcribed and translated the laws and edicts preserved in different regions from the core of the Mali Empire.

Kouroukan Fouga


This was one of the first faithful transpositions of oral legend into European tradition inspired writing. Djibril Tamsir Niane in an interview went as far as claiming the reconstruction was a "declaration on the rights of man" drafted "in 1236".

Kouroukan Fouga


The English version of the charter was re-published by Mangoné Niang, Director of CELTHO/UA (Niamey), with a short commentary prepared by Siriman Kouyaté, as an annex to the "Working Documents" for the "Inter-generational Forum on Endogenous Governance in West Africa" organised by Sahel and West Africa Club / OECD in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, from 26 to 28 June 2006. According Niang's introduction, it states: "The traditionists are those who [recited] the text; then it has been transcribed and translated, with the help of Guinea linguists and under the supervision of Mr. Siriman Kouyaté – Magistrate and traditionist (his family is guardian of the Sosobala, in Niagasole, Guinea). Afterwards S. Kouyaté structured The Charter, without falsifying the essential point, talking here about the modern juridical texts with a view to make it readable for contemporaries". Niang lists ten "traditional communicators" on whose authority the text was reconstructed. Siriman Kouyaté, the author of the reconstruction, is listed as one of the ten authorities. Niang adds that "the original text in Malinke is available on the digital data bank ARTO". The ten sources are listed as follows:

Kouroukan Fouga


Siaka Kouyaté, Niagassola, Siguiri (Guinea),

Kouroukan Fouga


Lamine Kouyaté, Loïla, Mandiana (Guinea),

Kouroukan Fouga


Damissa Sékou Diabaté, Siguiri (Guinea),

Kouroukan Fouga


Koulako Touré, Faranah (Guinea),

Kouroukan Fouga


Mamady Kante dit Konkoba, Dinguiraye (Guinea),

Kouroukan Fouga


Old Koita, Kérouané (Guinea),

Kouroukan Fouga


Sekouba Condé, Dabola (Guinea),

Kouroukan Fouga


E. Oumar Camara, Kankan (Guinea),

Kouroukan Fouga


Abdoulaye Kanouté, Tambakounda (Senegal),

Kouroukan Fouga


Siriman Kouyaté, Niagassola, Siguiri (Guinea).

Kouroukan Fouga


The reconstructed Kouroukan Fouga, as published by Kouyaté, contains 44 edicts. They are divided into four sections concerned with Social Organization (edicts 1-30), Property Rights (edicts 31-36), Environmental Protection (edicts 37-39) and Personal Responsibilities (edicts 40-44).

Kouroukan Fouga


The Kouroukan Fouga divided the new empire into ruling clans (lineages) that were represented at a great assembly called the Gbara. There were 16 clans known as the Djon-Tan-Nor-Woro (quiver carriers) responsible for leading and defending the empire. There were also 4 clans known as the Mori-Kanda-Lolou (guardians of the faith) who guided the ruling clans in matters of Islamic law. There were 4 nyamakala clans (people of caste) who had the monopoly on certain trades, which included but was not limited to smelting, woodworking, and tanners. Lastly, there were 4 clans of djeli (masters of speech) who recorded the history of the empire through song. Combined these would make up the 29 seat Gbara at the plain of Kouroukan Fougan (named after the event where Sundiata "divided the world"). The 30th seat was likely occupied by the mansa's djeli called the belen-tigui (master of ceremonies), or may have been reserved for a female monitor since the constitution states women are to be represented at all levels of government (edict 16).

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 7 institutes the sanankuya (a type of cousinage or joking relationship that is a longstanding West African social tradition) as a civic duty.

Kouroukan Fouga


Kouyaté in his commentary draws attention to paragraph 20, dealing with the humane treatment of slaves, which states: Paragraph 20 states: "Do not ill treat the slaves. You should allow them to rest one day per week and to end their working day at a reasonable time. You are the master of the slaves but not of the bag they carry."

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 1: The Great Mande Society is divided into sixteen clans of quiver carriers, five clans of marabouts, four groups of "nyamakalas" and one group of slaves. Each one has a specific activity and role.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 2: The "nyamakalas" must devote themselves to tell the truth to the chiefs, to be their counsellors and to defend by the speech the established rulers and the order upon the whole territory.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 3: The five clans of marabouts are our teachers and our educators in Islam. Everyone has to hold them in respect and consideration.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 4: The society is divided into age groups. Those born during a period of three years in succession belong to the same age-group. The members of the intermediary class between young and old people, should be invited to take part in the making of important decisions concerning the society.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 5: Everybody has a right to life and to the preservation of physical integrity. Accordingly, any attempt to deprive one's fellow being of life is punished with death.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 6: To win the battle of prosperity, the general system of supervision has been established to fight against laziness and idleness.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 7: The sanankunya (joking relationship) and the tanamannyonya (blood pact) have been established among the Mandinka people. Consequently, any contention that occurs among these groups should not degenerate the respect for one another being the rule. Between brothers-in-law and sisters-in-law, between grandparents and grandchildren, tolerance should be the principle.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 8: The Keïta family is nominated reigning family upon the empire.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 9: Children's education behooves the entire society. The paternal authority in consequence falls to everyone.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 10: We should offer condolences mutually.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 11: When your wife or your child runs away, stop running after them in the neighbour's house.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 12: The succession being patrilinear, never relinquish power to a son when one of his father's brothers is still alive. Never relinquish power to a minor just because he has goods.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 13: Never offend the Nyaras (the talented).

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 14: Never offend women, our mothers.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 15: Never beat a married woman before her husband has tried to correct the problem.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 16: Women, apart from their everyday occupations, should be associated with all our managements.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 17: Lies that have lived for 40 years should be considered like truths.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 18: We should respect the law of primogeniture.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 19: Any man has two parents-in-law: We have to hold them in respect and consideration.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 20: Do not ill treat the slaves. We are the master of the slave but not the bag he carries.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 21: Do not follow up with your constant attentions the wives of the chief, of the neighbor, of the marabout, of the priest, of the friend and of the partner.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 22: Vanity is the sign of weakness and humility the sign of greatness.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 23: Never betray one another. Respect your word of honor.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 24: In Manden, do not maltreat the foreigners.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 25: The ambassador does not risk anything in Manden.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 26: The bull confided to your care should not lead the cattle-pen.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 27: A girl can be given in marriage as soon as she is pubescent without age determination.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 28: A young man can marry at age 20.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 29: The bride-dowry is fixed at 3 cows: one for the girl, two for the father and mother.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 30: In Mande, divorce is tolerated for one of the following reasons: the impotence of the husband, the madness of one of the spouses, the husband's incapability of assuming the obligations due to the marriage. The divorce should occur out of the village. (The French version published in 1998 does not include this article, but splits article 34 into two, numbering the intervening articles differently).

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 31: We should help those who are in need.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 32: There are five ways to acquire property: buying, donation, exchange, work and inheriting. Any other form without convincing testimony is doubtful.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 33: Any object found without a known owner becomes common property only after four years.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 34: The fourth heifer born is the property of the guardian of the heifer. One egg out of four is the property of the guardian of the laying hen.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 35: One bovine should be exchanged for four sheep or four goats.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 36: To satisfy one's hunger is not robbery if you don't take away anything in your bag or your pocket.

Kouroukan Fouga


Preservation of Nature

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 37: Fakombè is nominated chief of hunters.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 38: Before setting fire to the bush, don't look down at the ground, raise your head in the direction of the top of the trees to see whether they bear fruits or flowers.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 39: Domestic animals should be tied during cultivation and freed after the harvest. The dog, the cat, the duck and the poultry are not bound by the measure.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 40: Respect kinship, marriage and the neighborhood.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 41: You can kill the enemy, but not humiliate him.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 42: In big assemblies, be satisfied with your lawful representatives.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 43: Balla Fassèkè Kouyaté is nominated chief of ceremonies and main mediator in Manden. He is allowed to joke with all groups, in priority with the royal family.

Kouroukan Fouga


Article 44: All those who will transgress these rules will be punished. Everyone is bound to make effective their implementation.

Kouroukan Fouga


Prompted by the publication of the Kouroukan Fouga, in 2003 Malian historian Youssouf Tata Cisse published the "Hunter's Oath", supposedly sworn by Sundiata's troops upon his coronation in the capital Dakadjalan. The Malian government soon began promoting the historicity and importance of this oath, an entirely different document from the Kouroukan Fouga charter, and submitted it to UNESCO for inclusion on its list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. In 2009 UNESCO duly listed the "Manden Charter, proclaimed in Kurukan Fuga", but the description of the charter clearly referred to the entirely separate "Hunter's Oath". In October 2009 the Malian government newspaper celebrated the listing as a victory for the country over neighbors coveting Mali's cultural heritage.

Kouroukan Fouga


Historical significance

Kouroukan Fouga


According to Nick Nesbitt (2014) of Princeton University, the Mande Charter is a non-tribal, modern, universalist human rights charter created in 1222. As a universal human rights charter of African modernity, Nesbitt indicates that it predates the universal human rights charters of European modernity (e.g., Spinoza, Kant, French Revolution, Age of Enlightenment, Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1793) by hundreds of years.

Kouroukan Fouga


In comparison to the Magna Carta, Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae, and Code Noir, Nesbitt indicates that the Mande Charter is an axiom, without grounding, universalist, vitalist (e.g., soul, spirit), and egalitarian, which states: “Every life is a life” – as in, “Every life is one life.” As an axiom, Nesbitt indicates content (e.g., race, gender, wealth, language, class, or any other form of entitlement) of inequality is absent from it; rather, content of equality is present – every individual human life is valued equally.

Kouroukan Fouga


In contrast to negative formulations (e.g., “Thou shalt not” in the Hebrew Bible), Nesbitt indicates that the basis for the modernity found in the Mande Charter, as a universal human rights charter that is also deductive and systematic, is its positive formulation, which expresses intent to establish an ideal realm rooted in fraternity, equality, freedom, and justice. Nesbitt indicates that its principles of universal human rights are drawn from a foundational concept of human dignity.

Kouroukan Fouga


Amid an enslavement system that was introduced along with Islam, and predating the declarations of 1776 and 1789, Nesbitt indicates that the Mande Charter was the earliest declaration to seek abolition of enslavement, beyond moral assertion, through the establishment of an emancipatory government.

Kouroukan Fouga


Historian Francis Simonis has observed that the Kankan workshop did not invite any Malian griots, perhaps due to a perceived rivalry between Mali and Guinea over claims to the legacy of the Mali Empire. The resulting text, not coincidentally, emphasizes the importance of the Kouyate family, who organized the meeting. Jan Jansen takes this one step further, labeling both the Kouroukan Fouga and the Hunters' Oath acts of historical "bricolage" (essentially 'DIY') rather than credible documents. Simonis and Jansen also see the widespread acceptance and historicization of the documents as potentially alienating to non-Mande citizens of both Mali and Guinea.

Kouroukan Fouga


Manden Charter, proclaimed in Kurukan Fuga (UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, accessed 2024-10-22)

Kouroukan Fouga


Cissé, Youssouf Tata (2003). La charte du Mandé et autres traditions du Mali. Paris: Albin Michel. p. 64 Pages. ISBN 2-226-13736-X.

Kouroukan Fouga


Jansen, Jan (2016). "À la recherche d autochtonie  Pourquoi les Maliens acceptent la Charte du Manding et la Charte de Kouroukanfougan". Mande Studies. 18: 57–73.

Kouroukan Fouga


Ki-Zerbo, J & D.T. Nianie (1998). UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (Abridged ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 277 Pages. ISBN 0-520-06699-5.

Kouroukan Fouga


Mangoné Niang, The KURUKAN FUGA Charter: An example of an Endogenous Governance Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Inter-generational Forum on Endogenous Governance in West Africa, 2006

Kouroukan Fouga


Simonis, Francis (2015). "Le griot, l'historien, le chasseur et l'UNESCO". Ultramarine. 28: 12–31.

Kouroukan Fouga


Edmond Armen Nazaryan (Bulgarian: Едмонд Армен Назарян, born 19 January 2002) is a Bulgarian Greco-Roman wrestler of Armenian descent. He won the silver medal in the 60 kg event at the 2022 World Wrestling Championships held in Belgrade, Serbia. Edmond is also a four-time medalist, including two gold medals, at the European Wrestling Championships.

Edmond Nazaryan


In 2018, Nazaryan won the bronze medal in the boys' Greco-Roman 45 kg event at the Summer Youth Olympics held in Buenos Aires, Argentina. In the bronze medal match he defeated Arslanbek Zakirbayev of Turkmenistan.

Edmond Nazaryan


He won the gold medal in the 55 kg event at the 2020 European Wrestling Championships held in Rome, Italy. He defeated Vitali Kabaloev of Russia in his gold medal match.

Edmond Nazaryan


Nazaryan won the silver medal in the 60 kg event at the 2022 European Wrestling Championships held in Budapest, Hungary. He won the silver medal in the 60 kg event at the 2022 World Wrestling Championships held in Belgrade, Serbia.

Edmond Nazaryan


Nazaryan won the gold medal in the 60 kg event at the 2023 European Wrestling Championships held in Zagreb, Croatia. He defeated Victor Ciobanu of Moldova in his gold medal match. Nazaryan won one of the bronze medals in the 63 kg event at the 2024 European Wrestling Championships held in Bucharest, Romania.

Edmond Nazaryan


Armen Nazaryan is his father, a two-time Olympic Champion in Greco-Roman wrestling.

Edmond Nazaryan


Edmond Nazaryan at the International Wrestling Database

Edmond Nazaryan


Edmond Nazaryan at Olympedia

Edmond Nazaryan


Ana Lucia Araujo (May, 7, 1971) is an American historian, art historian, author, and professor of history at Howard University. She is a member of the International Scientific Committee of the UNESCO Slave Route Project. Her scholarship focuses on the transnational history, public memory, visual culture, and heritage of slavery and the Atlantic slave trade.

Ana Lucia Araujo


Araujo was born and raised in Brazil. She earned her undergraduate degree in Fine Arts from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil (1995), and a MA in history from Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil (1998). She moved to Canada in 1999 and obtained a PhD in Art History from Université Laval (Québec City, Canada) in 2004. Her main advisor was David Karel (1944-2007). In 2007 she also earned in cotutelle a PhD in history (Université Laval) and a doctorate in Social and Historical Anthropology from École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (Paris, France). Her advisors were Africanist historian Bogumil Jewsiewicki and Africanist anthropologist Jean-Paul Colleyn.

Ana Lucia Araujo


Araujo received a postdoctoral fellowship from FQRSC (Fonds québécois de la recherche sur la société et la culture) in 2008, for the project titled: "Right to Image: Restitution of Cultural Heritage and Construction of the Memory of the Heirs of Slavery" but moved to Washington DC to take a tenure-track position of assistant professor in the Department of History at Howard University. She was tenured and promoted to associate professor in 2011, and became a full professor in 2014. She lectures throughout the United States, Canada, Brazil, Portugal, South Africa, France, United Kingdom, Netherlands, and Argentina, in English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish.

Ana Lucia Araujo


2025-26 The Clark Institute Fellowship, The Clark Institute

Ana Lucia Araujo


2025 John Solomon Guggenheim Fellowship

Ana Lucia Araujo


2025 Heinz Heinen Fellowship, Bonn Center for Dependency and Slavery Studies, Universität Bonn

Ana Lucia Araujo


2024 American Council of Learned Societies HBCU fellowship

Ana Lucia Araujo


2023 Great Immigrants Award Honoree, Carnegie Corporation of New York

Ana Lucia Araujo


2022-23 Getty Research Institute Senior Scholar, Los Angeles, CA

Ana Lucia Araujo


2022 Member of the School of Historical Studies, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ

Ana Lucia Araujo


2021 Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, London, UK

Ana Lucia Araujo


2021 American Philosophical Society Franklin Research Grant

Ana Lucia Araujo


2017–present Member of the International Scientific Committee of the UNESCO Slave Route Project

Ana Lucia Araujo


2025 Guggenheim Fellowship

Ana Lucia Araujo


Araujo's work explores the public memory of slavery in the Atlantic world. Araujo's first book published in French, Romantisme tropical: l'aventure d'un peintre français au Brésil, examines how French travelogues, especially the travel account of French artist François-Auguste Biard (1799-1882), Deux années au Brésil, contributed to constructing a particular image of Brazil in Europe. In 2015, the University of New Mexico Press published a revised, translated version of this book as Brazil Through French Eyes: A Nineteenth-Century Artist in the Tropics.

Ana Lucia Araujo


Araujo has written many books and articles on history and memory of slavery, including Public Memory of Slavery: Victims and Perpetrators in the Atlantic World (2010), Shadows of the Slave Past: Memory, Slavery, and Heritage (2014), Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade: A Transnational and Comparative History (2017), Slavery in the Age of Memory: Engaging the Past (2020), and Museums and Atlantic Slavery (2021).

Ana Lucia Araujo


Public Memory of Slavery, Araujo's first book in English, studies the historical connections between Bahia in Brazil and the Kingdom of Dahomey in the modern Benin, during the era of the Atlantic slave trade, and how in these two areas social actors are engaging in remembering and commemorating the slave past to forge particular identities through the construction of monuments, memorials, and museums. Echoing her research in Dahomey and the Atlantic slave trade, her comments on the movie The Woman King were featured in Slate and the Washington Post. Araujo underscored that the movie misrepresented King Gezo (1818–1859) as attempting to end Dahomey's slave trade.

Ana Lucia Araujo


In her second book, Shadows of the Slave Past (2014), Araujo continued to focus on the processes of memorialization of slavery and the Atlantic slave trade in the Americas, with a particular emphasis on Brazil and the United States, by focusing on the sites of embarkation in Africa such as the House of Slaves in Gorée Island, and ports of disembarkation in the Americas such as Salvador and Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, as well as Charleston and New York City in the United States, plantation heritage sites, the commemoration of the great emancipators Lincoln (United States) and Princess Isabel (Brazil), and the commemoration of slave rebels such as Zumbi, Chirino, and others in the Americas.

Ana Lucia Araujo


Her book Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade: A Transnational and Comparative History (2017) is a comprehensive history of the demands of financial and material reparations for slavery and the slave trade in the Atlantic world. The book emphasizes the long history of demands of reparations for slavery from the period of slavery to the present, by exploring these demands in countries such as the United States, Brazil, Cuba, and the Caribbean. By surveying the work of several activists and organizations such as Belinda Sutton, Queen Audley Moore, James Forman and the Black Manifesto, the Republic of New Africa and the rise of the Caribbean Ten Point Plan, Araujo insists on the central role of Black women in formulating demands of financial and material reparations for slavery.

Ana Lucia Araujo


In Slavery in the Age of Memory: Engaging the Past (2020) she discusses the controversy regarding the construction and removal of monuments commemorating slave owners and slave traders, and how slavery is represented in George Washington's Mount Vernon and Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. Araujo often intervenes in the public debates discussing the removal of Confederate monuments in the United States, by arguing that their removal is not about erasing history, but about battles of public memory. She has also emphasized that the removal of monuments related to slavery is a global trend. Her work has addressed the removal of monuments and memorials during the worldwide protests which erupted after the murder of George Floyd on May 27, 2020.

Ana Lucia Araujo


Her most recent book explores the role of gifts in the Atlantic slave trade, by following the trajectory of a precious silver ceremonial sword fabricated in the French port of La Rochelle to be offered as a gift to an African slave trader in the West Central African port of Cabinda (in today's Angola) in the late eighteenth century, and one century later was mysteriously looted from Abomey, the capital of the Kingdom of Dahomey (in today's Republic of Benin) by the French army hundreds of miles away.

Ana Lucia Araujo


A public scholar, Araujo's work has been featured in the New York Times, the Washington Post, Le Monde, Radio Canada, Radio France, National Geographic,O Público, and other media outlets around the world. Her op-eds have also appeared in the Washington Post, History News Network, Newsweek, Slate, and Intercept Brasil.

Ana Lucia Araujo


Réparations: Combats pour la mémoire de l'esclavage (XVIIIe-XXIe siècle). Paris: Seuil, 2025. ISBN 978-2021591637.

Ana Lucia Araujo


Humans in Shackles: An Atlantic History of Slavery in the Americas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2024. 677 p. ISBN 9780226771588.

Ana Lucia Araujo


Esclavages: Représentations et cultures matérielles.. co-edited with Myriam Cottias and Klara Boyer-Rossol. Paris: Éditions du CNRS. ISBN 9782271151162.

Ana Lucia Araujo


The Gift: How Objects of Prestige Shaped the Atlantic Slave Trade and Colonialism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2024. 230 p. ISBN 1108839290.

Ana Lucia Araujo


Reparations for Slavery: A Transnational and Comparative History. London: Bloomsbury, 2023. 2nd edition. 360 p. ISBN 1350297666.

Ana Lucia Araujo


Museums and Atlantic Slavery. Oxon and New York: Routledge, 2021. 132 p. ISBN 9780367530082.

Ana Lucia Araujo


Slavery in the Age of Memory: Engaging the Past. London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2020. 272 p. ISBN 978-1350010604.

Ana Lucia Araujo


Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade: A Transnational and Comparative History. London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2017. 288 p. ISBN 978-1350010604.

Ana Lucia Araujo


Romantisme tropical: l'aventure illustrée d'un peintre français au Brésil. Quebec: Presses de l'Université Laval, 2008. 282 p. ISBN 2763786022.

Ana Lucia Araujo


English translation: Brazil through the French Eyes: A Nineteenth-Century Artist in the Tropics. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2015. 264 p. ISBN 0826337457.

Ana Lucia Araujo


Portuguese: Romantismo tropical: Um pintor francês nos trópicos. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. 248 p. ISBN 85-314-1647-7

Ana Lucia Araujo


African Heritage and Memories of Slavery in Brazil and the South Atlantic World. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2015. 428 p. ISBN 1604978929.

Ana Lucia Araujo


Shadows of the Slave Past: Memory, Heritage, and Slavery. New York: Routledge, 2014. 268 p. ISBN 0415853923.

Ana Lucia Araujo


Politics of Memory: Making Slavery Visible in the Public Space. New York: Routledge, 2012. 296 p. ISBN 0415526922

Ana Lucia Araujo


Paths of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Interactions, Identities and Images. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2011. 476 p. ISBN 1604977477

Ana Lucia Araujo


Crossing Memories: Slavery and African Diaspora. Coedited with Mariana P. Candido, and Paul E. Lovejoy. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2011. 308 p. ISBN 1592218202.

Ana Lucia Araujo


Public Memory of Slavery: Victims and Perpetrators in the South Atlantic. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2010. 502 p. ISBN 1604977140.

Ana Lucia Araujo


Living History: Encountering the Memory of the Heirs of Slavery. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009. 290 p. ISBN 1443809985

Ana Lucia Araujo


Memory of Slavery and the Problem of Reparations in Brazil in "Brazil Initiative Lecture Series," Watson Institute, Brown University, Providence, RI, February 7, 2018.

Ana Lucia Araujo


Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade: A Transnational and Comparative History. Book presentation at the School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington DC, February 15.

Ana Lucia Araujo


Sites of Disembarkation and the Public Memory of the Atlantic Slave Trade in " International conference The States of Memory of Slavery: International Comparative Perspectives. La mémoire de l'esclavage dans tous ses états. Perspectives internationales comparées," École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France, October 22–23, 2015 (video).

Ana Lucia Araujo


Le corps de l’esclave: mémoires et patrimonies blessés (in French) at the International seminar «Éprouver le Brésil. Mémoires, marges et subversions», organized by CÉLAT (Université Laval) and the Harriet Tubman Institute (York University), held at Université Laval during the Black History Month, on February 26, 2015 (video).

Ana Lucia Araujo


Spilios Livanos (Greek: Σπήλιος Λιβανός; born 20 September 1967) is a Greek politician. On 5 January 2021, he was appointed Minister for Rural Development and Food in the cabinet of Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis. He resigned on 7 February 2022, after footage emerged of controversial remarks he had made about the 2007 Greek forest fires.

Spilios Livanos


Nana station (Thai: สถานีนานา, pronounced [sā.tʰǎː.nīː nāː.nāː]) is a BTS skytrain station, on the Sukhumvit Line in Khlong Toei and Watthana Districts, Bangkok, Thailand. The station is on Sukhumvit Road at Soi Sukhumvit 9, east of Nana intersection (Soi Sukhumvit 3). It is surrounded by a variety of hotels and facilities for foreign tourists. The red-light district and the Nana Plaza area are also in walking distance from the station.

Nana BTS station


Tourist information office

Nana BTS station


Maybe an Artist, a Graphic Memoir is a memoir written and illustrated by Liz Montague and published by Random House Studio. In it, Montague tells about the difficulties she went through as a teen with dyslexia, her usage of art as a way to communicate her feelings and how eventually had her cartoons published on The New Yorker.

Maybe an Artist


The School Library Journal praised the memoir's cover, noting its similarity to Norman Rockwell's Triple Self-Portrait and saying it "grabs [the reader's] attention right away." While the reviewer believed the pacing to be slow "until it ends quickly," they overall appreciated how it depicts someone young with dyslexia using art to express themselves and how it felt "poignant but ultimately sweet and uplifting." Publishers Weekly gave the book a starred review and called it "an inspiring journey of self-discovery, self-expression, and self-love."

Maybe an Artist


Kirkus Reviews praised Montague's writing and art saying she "maintains a youthful voice throughout" and noting how it is matched by the "soft color palette and clean white background." They conclude by calling it "[a] delightful combination of text and images delivered with humor and heart." The Booklist' reviewer called Montague's art "simple and flat," and compared the way characters express themselves through "eye rolls" to that of Mo Willems' pigeon character, saying it "works beautifully with the tone of the book." They concluded by saying that "this will speak to many readers who feel like they aren't being heard."

Maybe an Artist


Tungi is a village in Nalanda district, Bihar, India.

Tungi, Bihar


A system in a package, or system in package (SiP), is a number of integrated circuits (ICs) enclosed in one  chip carrier package or encompassing an IC package substrate that may include passive components and perform the functions of an entire system. The ICs may be stacked using package on package, placed side by side, and/or embedded in the substrate. The SiP performs all or most of the functions of an electronic system, and is typically used when designing components for mobile phones, digital music players, etc. Dies containing integrated circuits may be stacked vertically on the package substrate. They are internally connected by fine wires that are bonded to the package substrate. Alternatively, with a flip chip technology, solder bumps are used to join stacked chips together and to the package substrate, or even both techniques can be used in a single package. SiPs are like systems on a chip (SoCs) but less tightly integrated and not on a single semiconductor die.

System in a package


SIPs can be used either to reduce the size of a system, improve performance or to reduce costs. The technology evolved from multi-chip module (MCM) technology, the difference being that SiPs also use die stacking, which stacks several chips or dies on top of each other.

System in a package


SiP dies can be stacked vertically or tiled horizontally, with techniques like chiplets or quilt packaging. SiPs connect the dies with standard off-chip wire bonds or solder bumps, unlike slightly denser three-dimensional integrated circuits which connect stacked silicon dies with conductors running through the die using through-silicon vias. Many different 3D packaging techniques have been developed for stacking many fairly standard chip dies into a compact area.

System in a package


SiPs can contain several chips or dies—such as a specialized processor, DRAM, flash memory—combined with passive components—resistors and capacitors—all mounted on the same substrate. This means that a complete functional unit can be built in a single package, so that few external components need to be added to make it work. This is particularly valuable in space constrained environments like MP3 players and mobile phones as it reduces the complexity of the printed circuit board and overall design. Despite its benefits, this technique decreases the yield of fabrication since any defective chip in the package will result in a non-functional packaged integrated circuit, even if all other modules in that same package are functional.

System in a package


SiPs are in contrast to the common system on a chip (SoC) integrated circuit architecture which integrates components based on function into a single circuit die. An SoC will typically integrate a CPU, graphics and memory interfaces, hard-disk and USB connectivity, random-access and read-only memories, and secondary storage and/or their controllers on a single die. In comparison an SiP would connect these modules as discrete components in one or more chip packages or dies. An SiP resembles the common traditional motherboard-based PC architecture, as it separates components based on function and connects them through a central interfacing circuit board. An SiP has a lower grade of integration in comparison to an SoC. Hybrid integrated circuits (HICs) are somewhat similar to SiPs, however they tend to handle analog signals whereas SiPs usually handle digital signals, because of this HICs use older or less advanced technology (tend to use single layer circuit boards or substrates, not use die stacking, do not use flip chip or BGA for connecting components or dies, use only wire bonding for connecting dies or Small outline integrated circuit packages, use Dual in-line packages, or Single in-line packages for interfacing outside the Hybrid IC instead of BGA, etc.).

System in a package


SiP technology is primarily being driven by early market trends in wearables, mobile devices and the internet of services which do not demand the high numbers of produced units as in the established consumer and business SoC market. As the internet of things becomes more of a reality and less of a vision, there is innovation going on at the system on a chip and SiP level so that microelectromechanical (MEMS) sensors can be integrated on a separate die and control the connectivity.

System in a package


SiP solutions may require multiple packaging technologies, such as flip chip, wire bonding, wafer-level packaging, Through-silicon vias (TSVs), chiplets and more.

System in a package


Advanced packaging (semiconductors)

System in a package


System on a chip (SoC)

System in a package


Hybrid integrated circuit (HIC)

System in a package


System in Package (SiP) Multi-Chip Modules Technology - PCB Technologies

System in a package


Space Station Simulator, later renamed Skybase, is an educational video game developed by UK-based studio Maris Multimedia and published by Maris Multimedia, Focus Multimedia in the United Kingdom, and, under the Skybase name, Piranha Interactive Publishing. It was released on May 17, 1998. The game allows the player to build a realistic space station of their own design using various International Space Station modules designed by the space agencies of countries around the world while learning more about each module. The player can then simulate the launch of the modules, and view the station from both inside and outside. While the game was positively received by reviewers for its graphics and educational value, it was criticized for a lack of interactivity when the space station is actually built.

Space Station Simulator


The game proceeds in three phases: the player designs and builds the station of their choice, then can roam around the interior.

Space Station Simulator


Edge described the game as "not some crappy pictures-and-text multimedia effort", calling it a "brilliant guide to a complex and specialized subject". PC Review stated that the game was both "absolutely full of information" and "visually impressive", though they criticized some technical terms that assume a level of prior scientific knowledge, and the lack of ability to do anything on the station after it is constructed besides drift around. The publication nevertheless thought that it was a good value. Boot magazine also rated the game highly, writing that "packed with a wealth of information and tons of stunningly sharp visuals, Space Station Simulator soars". The game was recommended by PC Authority, who commended the game on its "well-organized interface" and a lack of American bias, treating the modules of all countries with equal levels of detail.

Space Station Simulator


The game was reportedly used to familiarize actual ISS astronauts to the station prior to them inhabiting it.

Space Station Simulator


Official website (archived)

Space Station Simulator


Oakley is a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States. It is within the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area. The population at the 2020 United States census was 43,357. Oakley was incorporated in 1999, making it the newest incorporated city in Contra Costa County.

Oakley, California


The name "oak" comes from the abundance of oak trees, while the suffix "-ley" comes from the Old English word for "field" or "meadow".

Oakley, California


The name Oakley is of Old English origin and its meaning is "meadow of oak trees". This aptly describes the area when first settled and to some extent even today. However, if not for the flip of a coin and cribbage board the community may have been named Dewey. City founder Randolph C. Marsh wanted to name the city Dewey, after Admiral George Dewey, in honor of the latter's success at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War. His friend Joel D. Wightman preferred the name "Oakley" because the terrain was largely meadows and oaks. To determine which name would prevail they battled it out over a game of cribbage. Marsh may have lost the game and the right to name the city but he ensured his immortality by choosing downtown street names whose first initials spelled "Marsh" — Main, Acme, Ruby, Star and Home.

Oakley, California


Archeologists have found prehistoric sites in the Oakley area. One substantial shell mound was discovered early in the 20th century near what is now the eastern edge of town. The Northwest Information Center of the California Historical Resources Information System monitors the archeological investigations undertaken in Oakley. Around three dozen such projects have been completed in the past 25 years, yielding only four prehistoric sites in the city. However, the information center believes there is a high possibility that other prehistoric sites remain within the city. To enable further archaeological excavation, the site referred to as Simon Mound was purchased by the Archaeological Conservancy after many of the ancient settlement places had already been destroyed by urban encroachment. Simone Mound has provided bones and fragments from burial sites starting around 1000 A.D. and is near a similar Conservancy preserve, the Hotchkiss Mound.

Oakley, California


The first accounts of identifiable cultural community in the west delta are attributed to the Bay Miwoks, who occupied the region between 1100 and 1770 AD. The Bay Miwok people, usually called the Julpunes or Pulpunes by European explorers, were organized into "tribelets"—political units that included several fairly permanent villages and a set of seasonal campsites arrayed across a well-defined territory.

Oakley, California


Incursions of the Spanish Empire into the Oakley area began in the 1770s. The first group to enter the present-day city limits was the De Anza expedition of 1775–76. However, after a failed attempt to find a route through the tule swamps to the Sierra, the De Anza expedition returned to Monterey. Subsequent expeditions by the Spanish did not result in colonization. Europeans settled in the Delta in the 19th century, but were killed by malaria and smallpox.

Oakley, California


Oakley's first post office was established in 1898.

Oakley, California


Oakley became an incorporated city in 1999.

Oakley, California


Geography and environment

Oakley, California


According to reports provided by Money.com, Oakley experiences 21.16 inches (537 mm) of annual rainfall with an average high temperature in July of 96.0 °F (35.6 °C) and an average low temperature in January of 40.0 °F (4.4 °C). Oakley experiences 52% clear days throughout the year.

Oakley, California


Oakley's western border is California State Route 160. The City of Antioch adjoins Oakley on the west, the city of Brentwood adjoins Oakley on the south, and Bethel Island lies to the east. The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta forms the northern boundary. The southwestern skyline is dominated by Mt. Diablo.

Oakley, California


The City of Oakley is a general-law city, as opposed to a charter city, formed under state legislative statutes and governed by a body of laws in the state Constitution. Oakley operates under a council-manager form of government.

Oakley, California


The Oakley City Council consists of five non-partisan council members elected by district. Oakley's city council members are considered part-time because, aside from being council members, they have full-time jobs. This part-time nature of the council opens up opportunities for ordinary citizens who are working in the private sector to participate.

Oakley, California


At the first council meeting in December, the mayor is selected by a majority of the city council from among currently serving council members. At this time a vice mayor is also selected.

Oakley, California


In 2017, Oakley had 19,906 registered voters with 9,921 (49.8%) registered as Democrats, 4,705 (23.6%) registered as Republicans, and 4,371 (22%) decline to state voters. Records show that 662 Oakley voters are registered Independents, with an additional 55 registered Green Party members.

Oakley, California


Oakley has had vineyards since the late 1800s. Early Portuguese and Italian immigrants found the climate amenable and planted thousands of acres of vineyards.

Oakley, California


Nearly 80 percent of Oakley's roughly 700 acres (2.8 km2) of vineyards are planted in Zinfandel. Oakley's grape harvest can conservatively be estimated at 2,000 tons. These grapes are distributed to a number of local wineries.

Oakley, California


The BNSF Railway runs through town from east to west. This line also carries Amtrak California's Gold Runner service. In March 2023, the decision was made to close the Amtrak Antioch–Pittsburg station and replace it with Oakley Station.

Oakley, California


California State Route 4 used to run right through town from Antioch to Brentwood on Main Street. From 2000 to 2008 a Bypass was constructed from California State Route 160 to Marsh Creek Road south of Brentwood to extend the freeway from Antioch. Oakley relinquished Hwy 4 through downtown to the state in 2012, and is now connected through the Laurel Rd exit.

Oakley, California


Oakley is part of the East Contra Costa Bicycle Plan, which has existing facilities in Oakley as well as plans for further expansion.

Oakley, California


Oakley first appeared as a census designated place in the 1970 U.S. census.

Oakley, California


The 2020 United States census reported that Oakley had a population of 43,357. The population density was 2,732.7 inhabitants per square mile (1,055.1/km2). The racial makeup of Oakley was 45.9% White, 8.4% African American, 1.0% Native American, 9.5% Asian, 0.7% Pacific Islander, 16.9% from other races, and 17.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 36.7% of the population.

Oakley, California


The census reported that 99.7% of the population lived in households, 0.2% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0.1% were institutionalized.

Oakley, California


There were 13,045 households, out of which 45.6% included children under the age of 18, 61.1% were married-couple households, 6.6% were cohabiting couple households, 19.9% had a female householder with no partner present, and 12.4% had a male householder with no partner present. 13.6% of households were one person, and 6.0% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.31. There were 10,628 families (81.5% of all households).

Oakley, California


The age distribution was 26.7% under the age of 18, 9.0% aged 18 to 24, 28.0% aged 25 to 44, 25.3% aged 45 to 64, and 11.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.1 males.

Oakley, California


There were 13,379 housing units at an average density of 843.2 units per square mile (325.6 units/km2), of which 13,045 (97.5%) were occupied. Of these, 77.2% were owner-occupied, and 22.8% were occupied by renters.

Oakley, California


In 2023, the US Census Bureau estimated that 17.8% of the population were foreign-born. Of all people aged 5 or older, 69.5% spoke only English at home, 21.0% spoke Spanish, 3.0% spoke other Indo-European languages, 5.7% spoke Asian or Pacific Islander languages, and 0.8% spoke other languages. Of those aged 25 or older, 88.5% were high school graduates and 23.2% had a bachelor's degree.

Oakley, California


The median household income was $132,067, and the per capita income was $43,879. About 4.9% of families and 6.6% of the population were below the poverty line.

Oakley, California


The majority of the city is in the Oakley Union Elementary School District (K–8), while there are pieces in Knightsen Elementary School District and Brentwood Union Elementary School District. Those portions are also within the Liberty Union High School District. Additionally, a western portion is in a K-12 school district, Antioch Unified School District.

Oakley, California


Oakley Elementary School

Oakley, California


Gehringer Elementary School

Oakley, California


Laurel Elementary School

Oakley, California


Vintage Parkway Elementary School

Oakley, California


Iron House Elementary School

Oakley, California


Orchard Park School (K–8, located in Antioch USD)

Oakley, California


Almond Grove Elementary School

Oakley, California


Summer Lake Elementary School (starting the 2019–20 academic year)

Oakley, California


O'Hara Park Middle School

Oakley, California


Delta Vista Middle School

Oakley, California


Orchard Park School (K–8, located in the Antioch Unified School District)

Oakley, California


The Oakley branch of the Contra Costa County Library system is located in Oakley.

Oakley, California


Joe Mixon, Houston Texans running back, 2024 - former Cincinnati Bengals running back 2017–2023.

Oakley, California


Nguyen Do, poet, editor, and translator, relocated from San Francisco to Oakley.

Oakley, California


Lisa Joann Thompson, dancer, actress, choreographer, starred in In Living Color, Fame L.A. and Motown Live, lived in Oakley during her high school years.

Oakley, California


Malik Izaak Taylor, known professionally as Phife Dawg (or simply Phife), was an American rapper and a member of the group A Tribe Called Quest, relocated from New York to Oakley.

Oakley, California


U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Oakley, California

Oakley, California


Local News (Eastcountytoday.net)

Oakley, California


Oakley Local News (Oakley Press)

Oakley, California


(Oakley Events EastCountyLive.com SPOTLIGHT) Archived April 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine

Oakley, California


Honor the Light is the fourth EP by Swedish singer Zara Larsson. It was released on 1 December 2023 by Sommer House and Epic. The EP was announced on 22 November 2023 and peaked at number one on the Swedish Albums Chart. It was preceded by the singles "Memory Lane" and "Winter Song".

Honor the Light


Background and release

Honor the Light


Ahead of her fourth studio album, Venus, Zara Larsson announced a holiday-themed EP titled Honor the Light. The EP was released on 1 December 2023 via Sommer House and Epic Records. Two tracks, "Memory Lane" and "Winter Song", were pre-released on 24 November. The EP includes six songs, including Swedish-language tracks such as "Tänd Ett Ljus" and "Sankta Lucia". On 6 December 2023, "Silent Night" was sent to radio station, serving as the third single.

Honor the Light


"Memory Lane" is an original song co-created with Swedish folk-pop duo First Aid Kit. Their vocals previously appeared on an alternate version of "I Need Love" from Larsson's Poster Girl (2021). In this track, the trio crafts a nostalgic yet uplifting ode to the streets of Stockholm, blending past and present in a lyrical winter stroll. The lyrics express gratitude toward one's former self—the person who endured and grew, making the current self possible. "Winter Song" is a tender reinterpretation of the seasonal classic by Sara Bareilles and Ingrid Michaelson. Alongside this cover, the EP includes songs rooted in Swedish Lucia traditions as well as renditions of more widely recognized Christmas carols. Each track was designed to align with the three-part Honor the Light concert series planned for December 2025, where Larsson will also perform acoustic versions of songs from her past discography in a more intimate, unplugged style.

Honor the Light


All tracks were produced by Act Social.

Honor the Light


Zara Larsson – lead vocals, background vocals

Honor the Light


Act Social – bass, drum machine, keyboards, synthesizer (all tracks); guitar (tracks 2–6), background vocals (2, 3)

Honor the Light


Astrid Granstrom – background vocals (tracks 1, 4, 5)

Honor the Light


Esther Kirabo – background vocals (tracks 1, 4, 5)

Honor the Light


Isabelle Gbotto – background vocals (tracks 1, 4, 5)

Honor the Light


Marlene Lindahl – background vocals (tracks 1, 4, 5)

Honor the Light


Matilda Gratte – background vocals (tracks 1, 4, 5)

Honor the Light


Act Social – production, engineering, vocal engineering, programming, arrangement

Honor the Light


Joe LaPorta – mastering

Honor the Light


Stephanie D'Arcy – engineering (tracks 3, 4)

Honor the Light


Joy Deb – vocal engineering (tracks 1, 4–6)

Honor the Light


Sophia De Mira – engineering assistance (tracks 3, 4)

Honor the Light


List of number-one singles and albums in Sweden

Honor the Light


Flesselles (French pronunciation: [flɛsɛl]; Picard: Fléchèle) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Flesselles, Somme


Flesselles is situated on the D933 road, some 8 miles (13 km) north of Amiens. Nearby towns include Montonvillers to the east.

Flesselles, Somme


The 17th–18th-century château, with vestiges of the ancient 14th-century fortress at the base of its tower.

Flesselles, Somme


Since October 2011  the „école primaire“ in Flesselles has a Comenius-partnership. Declared school-partners are the Volksschule Altomünster (Germany/Bavaria) and the „Primary School“ in Crook (England). The project-topic is „Healthy Active Citizens Across Europe“.

Flesselles, Somme


Max Lejeune, French politician was born at Flesselles in 1909.

Flesselles, Somme


Communes of the Somme department

Flesselles, Somme


Official website of the commune (in French)

Flesselles, Somme


Lorna Reynolds (17 December 1911 – 4 July 2003) was an Irish writer, editor, and professor.

Lorna Reynolds


Early life and education

Lorna Reynolds


Reynolds was born in Jamaica in 1911 to staff sergeant Michael Reynolds in the Royal Engineers and his wife Teresa Hickey. She was one of five children. Her father died when she was ten.

Lorna Reynolds


In 1912, her family returned from the Caribbean to live in Birr, County Offaly. After three years they moved to Dublin, Ireland.

Lorna Reynolds


Reynolds was educated in the Dominican College, Eccles Street. She went on to get her three degrees from University College Dublin. Reynolds studied English and graduated with a BA in 1933, her MA in 1935 and finally her PhD in 1940. She then became a lecturer in UCD where she worked for thirty years.

Lorna Reynolds


In 1966 Reynolds was appointed Professor of Modern English at University College Galway. She worked as an editor as well as her academic work. She was editor of the University Review and co-edited several volumes of Yeats Studies with Robert O’Driscoll of the University of Toronto. Reynolds wrote a biography of Kate O’Brien, her lifelong friend. She also wrote poetry and short stories, and was a contributor to The Bell, Poetry Ireland Review, Arena, The Lace Curtain and Botteghe Oscure. Her recipes were published in 1990. She was responsible for organising the J. M. Synge centenary conference in 1971. She took a sabbatical to Toronto due to her work with O'Driscoll where she was attached to St. Michael's College.

Lorna Reynolds


Also an activist Reynolds mobilised a campaign to try to restore the Georgian theatre in Eyrecourt, County Galway, she was a member of the Women's Social and Progressive League in the 1940s as well as involved in the Anti-Censorship Board. Reynolds was also very involved in the UCD Women Graduates' Association. She returned to Dublin when she retired in 1978. She died in 2003 and is buried in Clonoghill Cemetery, Birr.

Lorna Reynolds


Kate O'Brien: A Literary Portrait

Lorna Reynolds


Tasty Food for Hasty Folk (1990)

Lorna Reynolds


Robert O'Driscoll; Lorna Reynolds (1975). Yeats and the theatre. Maclean-Hunter Press. ISBN 978-0-7705-1228-6.

Lorna Reynolds


The Untold Story: The Irish in Canada (1988)

Lorna Reynolds


Lorna Reynolds, ed. (1945). The Land of Poetry: An Anthology for Irish Schools. The National Press.

Lorna Reynolds


Padráic Colum Back in Dublin by Lorna Reynolds

Lorna Reynolds


Tony Bareham (1991). Charles Lever: New Evaluations. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 127–. ISBN 978-0-389-20964-5.

Lorna Reynolds


International Association for the Study of Anglo-Irish Literature (1 June 1977). Place, personality, and the Irish writer. Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 978-0-06-490727-9.

Lorna Reynolds


Lorna Reynolds (Winter  1995). "Across the Shannon: Experiences of Galway". The Irish Review (17/18). Cork University Press: 40–46. JSTOR 29735775.

Lorna Reynolds


Clare Midgley (15 March 1998). Gender and Imperialism. Manchester University Press. pp. 106–. ISBN 978-0-7190-4820-3.

Lorna Reynolds


Duponchelia fovealis is a species of moth of the family Crambidae described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1847. It is endemic to the area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, and the Canary Islands, but has extended its range to other parts of Africa, Europe, the Middle East and North America.

Duponchelia fovealis


Adult wingspan is about 20 mm. The moth flies from May to June, depending on the location.

Duponchelia fovealis


The larvae feed on various plants. Hosts include a wide range of mostly herbaceous ornamental plants and field crops, such as Anemone, Anthurium, Begonia, Cyclamen, Euphorbia, Gerbera, Kalanchoe, Limonium, Rosa, certain aquatic plants, corn, cucumbers,  peppers, pomegranate, tomatoes, and certain herbs.

Duponchelia fovealis


Invasive pest in the US

Duponchelia fovealis


The first record of Duponchelia fovealis in North America was in California where live larvae were detected in a shipment of begonias at a Home Depot in the city of Concord in Contra Costa County from the city of San Marcos in San Diego County (CDFA, NAPIS, 2005).  In the spring of 2005, this species was discovered in three greenhouses in southern Ontario, Canada.  In July, 2010, four male moths were collected in a pheromone trap in San Diego County, California. It is not known at this time if there is an established population.

Duponchelia fovealis


On November 1, 2010, the USDA-AHIS announced this moth was present in at least 13 U.S. states.

Duponchelia fovealis


Waarneming.nl (in Dutch)

Duponchelia fovealis


Lepidoptera of Belgium

Duponchelia fovealis


Duponchelia fovealis at UKMoths

Duponchelia fovealis


Duponchelia fovealis - pest of peppers, begonias and other ornamentals

Duponchelia fovealis