{"text": "Donald George Powell (born 10 September 1946) is an English musician who was the drummer for glam rock and later hard rock group Slade for over fifty years, from 1966 until he was dismissed by Dave Hill in 2020.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5091dd38", "title": "Don Powell", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Powell", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5091dd38.json"}}
{"text": "Powell was born in Bilston, near Wolverhampton, in 1946. His parents were Walter and Dora Powell; Walter was a steelworker, and Dora made electrical components. He has three siblings, a brother and two sisters. He attended Villiers Road Primary School from 1950 to 1957 and started to play drums for the Boy Scouts in 1958. He then attended Etheridge Secondary Modern School for Boys from 1957 to 1962, and studied metallurgy at Wednesbury Technical College in 1962.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5091dd38", "title": "Don Powell", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Powell", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5091dd38.json"}}
{"text": "He joined The Vendors in 1963, who in 1964 changed their name to The 'N Betweens; then to Ambrose Slade in 1969; and a few months later, on 24 October 1969, shortened that to Slade.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5091dd38", "title": "Don Powell", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Powell", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5091dd38.json"}}
{"text": "A long-time fan of Ringo Starr, Powell contributed the foreword to the 2016 book Ringo Starr and the Beatles Beat by Alex Cain and Terry McCusker. As the drummer with Colonel Bagshot, McCusker toured with Slade in the 1970s and the two have remained firm friends.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5091dd38", "title": "Don Powell", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Powell", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5091dd38.json"}}
{"text": "Powell collaborated with Lise Lyng Falkenberg on his biography since 2006, in part using the notebooks and diaries he kept due to his problems with short-term memory following his 1973 accident. The biography, titled Look Wot I Dun – My Life in Slade was released via the publisher Music Sales Ltd in October 2013. It covers in detail Slade's long career and Powell's life, which included booze-ups with Ozzy Osbourne. In 2013, Powell created his own website, and in early 2014 he published his diary entries for 1977 and 1978.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5091dd38", "title": "Don Powell", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Powell", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5091dd38.json"}}
{"text": "In February 2020, Powell announced that he had been fired by email by Dave Hill and would be forming Don Powell's Slade to perform Slade songs. The reason for Powell being dismissed wasn't officially given at the time. Noddy Holder eventually confirmed the reason for Powell being fired was because he had missed a few gigs because of an injury; on 28 December 2018 when at Peterborough station, he snapped tendons in both of his legs and was hospitalised for five weeks, eventually returning to performing again on 1 November 2019.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5091dd38", "title": "Don Powell", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Powell", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5091dd38.json"}}
{"text": "Powell had worried about his leg relapsing while on stage, and just two days after returning to the band following his injuries was advised by doctors that he would be crippled for life and be unable to walk if he did not stop drumming, but he refused and so Dave Hill reacted by firing him. According to Holder, many fans turned against Hill, and it affected him personally. Soon after departing from Slade, Powell's website mentioned that he was fit enough to play drums again. He formed \"Don Powell's Slade\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5091dd38", "title": "Don Powell", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Powell", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5091dd38.json"}}
{"text": "On 8 June 1973, Powell collapsed with heat exhaustion at the end of a show in Birmingham. He spent the night in hospital but was declared fit to play the following morning when discharged.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5091dd38", "title": "Don Powell", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Powell", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5091dd38.json"}}
{"text": "At 1am on Wednesday, 4 July 1973, when Slade were popular in Europe and number one in the UK Singles Chart with \"Skweeze Me, Pleeze Me\", Don Powell was severely injured in a serious car crash at Compton Road West, Wolverhampton, in which his 20-year-old fiancée, Angela Morris was killed instantly. On a bend in the road, the car hit a hedge and a road sign and then smashed into a wall. Powell fractured his skull, smashed several teeth, broke both of his ankles and five of his ribs. Surgeons had to drill into his skull to ease the internal pressure and he was unconscious for six days but he eventually pulled through, finding the best therapy to be work.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5091dd38", "title": "Don Powell", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Powell", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5091dd38.json"}}
{"text": "Both Powell and Morris had been flung out of the car so it was impossible to tell who had been driving. Powell was unable to attend Morris's cremation six days later on 10 July. He left the hospital on 30 July; by mid-August, he was back recording with the group. When the Top 5 hit \"My Friend Stan\" was recorded, Powell was walking with the aid of a stick and had to be lifted onto his drum-kit. The accident left Powell with no senses of taste and smell, and he still has severe problems with his short-term memory, whilst his long-term memory has remained unaffected.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5091dd38", "title": "Don Powell", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Powell", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5091dd38.json"}}
{"text": "Don Powell Band site", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5091dd38", "title": "Don Powell", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Powell", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5091dd38.json"}}
{"text": "Holsloot is a village in the Netherlands and is part of the Coevorden municipality in Drenthe.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b24b67d3", "title": "Holsloot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holsloot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b24b67d3.json"}}
{"text": "Holsloot was first mentioned in 12BC, and means \"hollow ditch\". The village developed after the Verlengde Hoogeveensche Vaart was dug, and is a linear settlement. The pub near the bridge became the centre of the village.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b24b67d3", "title": "Holsloot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holsloot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b24b67d3.json"}}
{"text": "Joanna Rutkowska (born 1981) is a Polish computer security researcher, primarily known for her research on low-level security and stealth malware, and as founder of the Qubes OS security-focused desktop operating system.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d42232af", "title": "Joanna Rutkowska", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Rutkowska", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d42232af.json"}}
{"text": "She became known in the security community after the Black Hat Briefings conference in Las Vegas in August 2006, where Rutkowska presented an attack against Vista kernel protection mechanism, and also a technique dubbed Blue Pill, that used hardware virtualization to move a running OS into a virtual machine. Subsequently, she has been named one of Five Hackers who Put a Mark on 2006 by eWeek Magazine for her research on the topic. The original concept of Blue Pill was published by another researcher at IEEE Oakland in May 2006 under the name VMBR.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d42232af", "title": "Joanna Rutkowska", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Rutkowska", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d42232af.json"}}
{"text": "During the following years, Rutkowska continued to focus on low-level security. In 2007 she demonstrated that certain types of hardware-based memory acquisition (e.g. FireWire based) are unreliable and can be defeated. Later in 2007, together with team member Alexander Tereshkin, presented further research on virtualization malware. In 2008, Rutkowska with her team focused on Xen hypervisor security. In 2009, together with a team member Rafal Wojtczuk, presented an attack against Intel Trusted Execution Technology and Intel System Management Mode.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d42232af", "title": "Joanna Rutkowska", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Rutkowska", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d42232af.json"}}
{"text": "In April 2007, Rutkowska founded Invisible Things Lab in Warsaw, Poland. The company focuses on OS and VMM security research and provides various consulting services. In a 2009 blog post she coined the term \"evil maid attack\", detailing a method for accessing encrypted data on disk by compromising the firmware via an external USB flash drive.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d42232af", "title": "Joanna Rutkowska", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Rutkowska", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d42232af.json"}}
{"text": "In 2010, she and Rafal Wojtczuk began working on the Qubes OS security-oriented desktop Xen distribution, which currently  utilizes Fedora Linux as the admin qube. The initial release of Qubes 1.0 was completed by September 3, 2012.  Its main concept is \"security by compartmentalization\", using domains implemented as lightweight Xen virtual machines to isolate various subsystems. Each compartment is referred to as a qube, which operates as a separate virtual machine. The project refers to itself as \"a reasonably secure operating system\" and has received endorsements by numerous privacy and security experts. It is fairly unique in its capabilities, having a design informed by research on proven vulnerabilities in the trusted compute base (TCB), that are unaddressed in most common desktop operating systems.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d42232af", "title": "Joanna Rutkowska", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Rutkowska", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d42232af.json"}}
{"text": "She has published seminal works on systems trustability, most recently Intel x86 Considered Harmful and State Considered Harmful - A Proposal for a Stateless Laptop. Rutkowska has been invited as an esteemed presenter at security conferences, such as Chaos Communication Congress, Black Hat Briefings, HITB, RSA Conference, RISK, EuSecWest & Gartner IT Security Summit.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d42232af", "title": "Joanna Rutkowska", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Rutkowska", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d42232af.json"}}
{"text": "Invisible Things Lab - corporate website", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d42232af", "title": "Joanna Rutkowska", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Rutkowska", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d42232af.json"}}
{"text": "CNET news - Vista Hacked at Black Hat", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d42232af", "title": "Joanna Rutkowska", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Rutkowska", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d42232af.json"}}
{"text": "SubVirt: Implementing malware with virtual machines", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d42232af", "title": "Joanna Rutkowska", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Rutkowska", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d42232af.json"}}
{"text": "Chapman's zebra (Equus quagga chapmani), named after explorer James Chapman, is a subspecies of the plains zebra from southern Africa.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_82ad199b", "title": "Chapman's zebra", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman%27s_zebra", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_82ad199b.json"}}
{"text": "Chapman's zebra are native to savannas and similar habitats of north-east South Africa, north to Zimbabwe, west into Botswana, the Caprivi Strip in Namibia, and southern Angola.  Like the other subspecies of plains zebra, it is a herbivore that exists largely on a diet of grasses, and undertakes a migration during the wet season to find fresh sources of food and to avoid lions, which are their primary predator. Chapman's zebras are distinguished from other subspecies by subtle variations in their stripes. When compared to other equids in the region Chapman's zebras are relatively abundant in number, however its population is now in decline largely because of human factors such as poaching and farming. Studies and breeding programs have been undertaken with the hope of arresting this decline, with a focus on ensuring zebras bred in captivity are equipped for life in the wild, and that non-domesticated populations are able to freely migrate. A problem faced by some of these programs is that captive Chapman's zebra populations experience higher incidence of diagnosed diseases than non-domesticated populations because they live longer, and so are less likely to die in the wild from predation or a lack of food or water.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_82ad199b", "title": "Chapman's zebra", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman%27s_zebra", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_82ad199b.json"}}
{"text": "Chapman's zebras are single-hoofed mammals that are a part of the odd-toed ungulate order. They differ from other zebras in that their stripes continue past their knees, and that they also have somewhat brown stripes in addition to the black and white stripes that are typically associated with zebras. The pastern is also not completely black on the lower half. Each zebra has its own unique stripe pattern that also includes shadow stripes. When foals are born, they have brown stripes, and in some cases, adults do not develop the black colouration on their hides and keep their brown stripes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_82ad199b", "title": "Chapman's zebra", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman%27s_zebra", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_82ad199b.json"}}
{"text": "In the wild Chapman's zebra live on average to 25 years of age, however that can live to be up to 38 years of age in captivity. Males usually weigh 270–360 kg (600–800 lb) and stand at 120–130 cm (48–52 in) tall. Females weigh about 230–320 kg (500–700 lb) and stand as tall as the males. Foals weigh 25-50 kg (55-88 lb) at birth. Adult zebras can run at up to 56 kilometres per hour (35 miles per hour) and have strong eyesight and hearing which are essential evolutionary defence mechanisms.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_82ad199b", "title": "Chapman's zebra", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman%27s_zebra", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_82ad199b.json"}}
{"text": "Chapman's zebras have been observed to spend a large portion of their day feeding (approximately 50%), and primarily consume low-quality grasses found in savannas, grasslands, and shrublands, however they occasionally eat wild berries and other plants in order to increase protein intake. While they show a preference for short grasses, unlike some other grazing animals they also eat long grasses and so play an important role by consuming the upper portion of long grass that has grown in the wet season to then allow for other animals to feed. Young foals are reliant on their mothers for sustenance for approximately the first 12 months of their lives as their teeth are unable to properly breakdown the tough grasses that the adults eat until the enamel has sufficiently worn away.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_82ad199b", "title": "Chapman's zebra", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman%27s_zebra", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_82ad199b.json"}}
{"text": "During the dry season Chapman's zebras tend not to stray too far from a water source as they frequently have to drink. During the wet season however, the zebras will join together in large herds consisting of many harems and migrate in order to find abundant food sources to feed on after the relatively sparse dry season They also try to avoid other animal migrations so as to lower competition for food. As they only require lower-quality foraging, Chapman's zebras prefer to migrate to areas with a greater density of food, and will prioritise quantity ahead of quality. By optimising foraging density and avoiding other foraging species, Chapman's zebras are able to sustain large populations which rapidly deplete foraging areas forcing them to continue migrating. In addition, Chapman's zebras also exhibit a cyclical daily movement whereby they prefer grasslands during the day and woodlands during the night so as to avoid lions, which are their main predator. They frequently move around and actively avoid areas where they recently observed lion activity.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_82ad199b", "title": "Chapman's zebra", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman%27s_zebra", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_82ad199b.json"}}
{"text": "Chapman's zebras are highly sociable animals that live in herds of up to tens of thousands of individuals. The larger herd is composed of harems with permanent members; consisting of one herd stallion, one to six females, and their offspring. They rarely exhibit aggressive behaviour towards each other or other species. Males without a harem have also been observed to form long term cliques of their own with other bachelor males which has been shown to improve their social skills. Stallion-stallion groups are uncommon, and in the cases where they do form they are short-lasting. The females stay in the same harems all of their lives.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_82ad199b", "title": "Chapman's zebra", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman%27s_zebra", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_82ad199b.json"}}
{"text": "Chapman's zebras spend time resting during the day and are more active at dusk. This is most likely a defensive behavioural trait as predators are more prevalent at this time of day, and so it is beneficial for members of the herd to be more vigilant at these times. On occasion a small group will rush at a potential predator in an attempt to deter it from attacking, however in general Chapman's zebras prefer to avoid any such conflicts.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_82ad199b", "title": "Chapman's zebra", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman%27s_zebra", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_82ad199b.json"}}
{"text": "Within their harems there has been observed hierarchical social structures which dictate things such as the movements of the group, through to how they care for their offspring. High-ranking mares in particular exert pressure on the group in order to promote the survival of their own foals. When foraging, Chapman's zebras rely on the dominant member of the harem to lead them to water and food sources. The success of high-ranking harem members at leading the group to food and water determines whether they maintain leadership into the future, and shows how the zebras value stability in their respective groups. Leadership roles can change over time however. Older mares often have a higher social rank than younger harem members. Lactating females are also able to initiate movement within a harem which in turn can sometimes influence the movements of the whole herd. When a pregnant mare gives birth her foal assumes the same social status within the harem as her.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_82ad199b", "title": "Chapman's zebra", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman%27s_zebra", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_82ad199b.json"}}
{"text": "From a young age foals are able to recognise the scent and sound of their mother and form bonds together that last into adulthood. This ability to recognise other zebras does not diminish into adulthood where they are able to differentiate amongst other group members. This is essential for creating stability within groups, which lowers inter-group competition for resources and thus improves survival. In captivity has been shown that Chapman's zebras form unique relationships with different keepers and that they alter their behaviour depending on which keeper is interacting with them.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_82ad199b", "title": "Chapman's zebra", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman%27s_zebra", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_82ad199b.json"}}
{"text": "Males will typically fight one another in front of a group of females before they mate with them, with the highest-ranking mare in the harem the first to mate. The gestation period for Chapman's zebras is around 12 months, after which time the female will give birth to a single foal. The foal is soon able to walk with the rest of the group. This is essential for its survival, as it ensures that the mother does not have to leave it behind for the good of the other members of the harem. Each subsequent pregnancy follows a shorter period between births than the one before it as the mare become more adept at raising her foals. Male zebras that are members of the harem but not the father of the foal have been reported to practise infanticide. This has been observed in particular in captivity where zebras from different social groups are kept in close proximity. It is also possible for Chapman's zebras to be bred via an equine surrogate, as was first done in 1984.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_82ad199b", "title": "Chapman's zebra", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman%27s_zebra", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_82ad199b.json"}}
{"text": "While not considered a threatened species, Chapman's zebras are extinct in Lesotho. Total numbers have declined approximately 25% in recent years due to human activities including farming, hunting, poaching, and droughts exacerbated by climate change. Human settlements also affect population sizes by interrupting migratory patterns and thus limiting the availability of dense food sources necessary for the sustenance of large herds. This blocks routes for the migrations of zebras and so they cannot find food as readily. There is evidence that wildlife corridors could be used to protect migratory movements by linking up ecosystems, and that the zebras would be able to adapt to these new migration paths.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_82ad199b", "title": "Chapman's zebra", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman%27s_zebra", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_82ad199b.json"}}
{"text": "Other conservation efforts have taken place in an attempt to stabilise the population. A program at the Majete Wildlife Reserve undertook a captive breeding and reintroduction program, however it is unknown whether the zebras have the abilities required to survive in the wild, having been raised in captivity. Research at the Werribee Zoological Park aimed to create a more realistic environment for the zebras so that they can be more seamlessly reintroduced, and to then provide guidance for other breeding programs around the world. However, one particular issue in breeding programs is how to safely replicate the threat of predators so that the zebras are prepared for the wild. This threat affects a number of aspects of their lives, such as when they eat, when they rest, and when they move. As yet no solution has been found.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_82ad199b", "title": "Chapman's zebra", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman%27s_zebra", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_82ad199b.json"}}
{"text": "Like other herbivores Chapman's zebra are susceptible to hydatidosis, a parasitic disease, but it is not often attributed as a cause of death. Infected zebras can live undiagnosed for many years without symptoms and it is not considered a serious threat. Chapman's zebras are also carriers of nematode parasites which reside in their large intestine and cause an infection called helminthiasis, which can be fatal if left untreated.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_82ad199b", "title": "Chapman's zebra", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman%27s_zebra", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_82ad199b.json"}}
{"text": "In captive populations where life expectancy is longer, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) or equine Cushing's disease causes excessive hormone production in zebras which commonly leads to other painful chronic conditions. A growing body of research is finding ways for zoos to better identify and treat PPID so as to improve the life expectancy and quality of life of not just Chapman's zebras, but all equids. Captive populations can also uniquely develop flexure deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint, or club foot, a condition not observed in non-domesticated populations and one that is best treated through surgery.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_82ad199b", "title": "Chapman's zebra", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman%27s_zebra", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_82ad199b.json"}}
{"text": "Paul Roesel Garabedian (August 2, 1927 – May 13, 2010) was a mathematician and numerical analyst. Garabedian was the Director-Division of Computational Fluid Dynamics at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University. He is known for his contributions to the fields of computational fluid dynamics and plasma physics, which ranged from elegant existence proofs for potential theory and conformal mappings to the design and optimization of stellarators. Garabedian was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1975.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a40cf32", "title": "Paul Garabedian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Garabedian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a40cf32.json"}}
{"text": "Education and career", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a40cf32", "title": "Paul Garabedian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Garabedian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a40cf32.json"}}
{"text": "Born in  Cincinnati, Ohio, Garabedian received a bachelor's degree from Brown University in 1946 and a master's degree from the Harvard University in 1947, both in mathematics. He received his Ph.D., also from Harvard University, in 1948 under the direction of Lars Ahlfors. It was at Brown University that he met his longtime colleague and collaborator, Frances Bauer.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a40cf32", "title": "Paul Garabedian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Garabedian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a40cf32.json"}}
{"text": "In 1949 Garabedian joined the faculty at the University of California as an Assistant Professor and became associate professor in 1952. In 1956, he moved to Stanford University as a professor of mathematics. In 1959 he moved to the Institute of Mathematical Sciences [later renamed the Courant Institute] at New York University. In 1978 he was appointed the Director-Division of Computational Fluid Dynamics at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University. In a long and fruitful academic career, Garabedian supervised 27 Ph.D. theses.  The first was in 1953 (Edward McLeod) and the last came in 1997 (Connie Chen).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a40cf32", "title": "Paul Garabedian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Garabedian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a40cf32.json"}}
{"text": "Sloan Fellowship, 1961–63", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a40cf32", "title": "Paul Garabedian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Garabedian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a40cf32.json"}}
{"text": "Guggenheim Fellowship, 1966", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a40cf32", "title": "Paul Garabedian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Garabedian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a40cf32.json"}}
{"text": "Fairchild Distinguished Scholar Caltech, 1975", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a40cf32", "title": "Paul Garabedian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Garabedian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a40cf32.json"}}
{"text": "NASA Public Service Group Achievement Award by NASA Langley Research Center, 1976", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a40cf32", "title": "Paul Garabedian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Garabedian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a40cf32.json"}}
{"text": "Boris Pregel Award, New York Academy of Sciences, 1980", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a40cf32", "title": "Paul Garabedian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Garabedian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a40cf32.json"}}
{"text": "Birkhoff Prize of the AMS and SIAM, 1983", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a40cf32", "title": "Paul Garabedian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Garabedian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a40cf32.json"}}
{"text": "Theodore von Kármán Prize, SIAM, 1989", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a40cf32", "title": "Paul Garabedian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Garabedian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a40cf32.json"}}
{"text": "Partial Differential Equations, 2nd ed., Chelsea Pub. Co. (1998). ISBN 0-8218-1377-3", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a40cf32", "title": "Paul Garabedian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Garabedian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a40cf32.json"}}
{"text": "Magnetohydrodynamic Equilibrium and Stability of Stellarators, with F. Bauer and O. Betancourt. Springer-Verlag (1984). ISBN 0-387-90966-4", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a40cf32", "title": "Paul Garabedian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Garabedian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a40cf32.json"}}
{"text": "Supercritical Wing Sections II, with F. Bauer, D. Korn and A. Jameson. Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, Springer-Verlag (1975), ISBN 0-387-07029-X.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a40cf32", "title": "Paul Garabedian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Garabedian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a40cf32.json"}}
{"text": "Garabedian's Curriculum Vitae", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a40cf32", "title": "Paul Garabedian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Garabedian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a40cf32.json"}}
{"text": "Paul Garabedian at the Mathematics Genealogy Project", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a40cf32", "title": "Paul Garabedian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Garabedian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a40cf32.json"}}
{"text": "New York Times obituary", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a40cf32", "title": "Paul Garabedian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Garabedian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a40cf32.json"}}
{"text": "The Most Beautiful Boy in the World (Swedish: Världens vackraste pojke) is a 2021 Swedish documentary film about Björn Andrésen and the effects of fame thrust upon him when he appeared in Luchino Visconti's 1971 film Death in Venice. Andrésen was just 16 when the film came out, and was unprepared for instantly becoming an international celebrity.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32d7828c", "title": "The Most Beautiful Boy in the World", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Beautiful_Boy_in_the_World", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32d7828c.json"}}
{"text": "The title of the documentary derives from a remark that Visconti made about Andrésen at the premiere of Death in Venice in London.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32d7828c", "title": "The Most Beautiful Boy in the World", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Beautiful_Boy_in_the_World", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32d7828c.json"}}
{"text": "The Most Beautiful Boy in the World premiered at the 2021 Sundance Film Festival on January 29, 2021. It received a nomination for the World Cinema Documentary Grand Jury Prize at the festival. The film was released in US theaters on September 24, 2021.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32d7828c", "title": "The Most Beautiful Boy in the World", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Beautiful_Boy_in_the_World", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32d7828c.json"}}
{"text": "On Rotten Tomatoes, the documentary holds an approval rating of 78% based on 54 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The website's critics consensus reads, \"The Most Beautiful Boy in the World tells an undeniably familiar cautionary tale, but it's no less unbearably tragic in the telling.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32d7828c", "title": "The Most Beautiful Boy in the World", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Beautiful_Boy_in_the_World", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32d7828c.json"}}
{"text": "The Beautiful Boy – 2003 book by Germaine Greer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32d7828c", "title": "The Most Beautiful Boy in the World", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Beautiful_Boy_in_the_World", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32d7828c.json"}}
{"text": "\"The Most Beautiful Boy In The World\" TRAILER on YouTube", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32d7828c", "title": "The Most Beautiful Boy in the World", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Beautiful_Boy_in_the_World", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32d7828c.json"}}
{"text": "The Most Beautiful Boy in the World at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32d7828c", "title": "The Most Beautiful Boy in the World", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Beautiful_Boy_in_the_World", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32d7828c.json"}}
{"text": "The Most Beautiful Boy In The World at Rotten Tomatoes", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32d7828c", "title": "The Most Beautiful Boy in the World", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Beautiful_Boy_in_the_World", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32d7828c.json"}}
{"text": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008  is a compilation album of songs that were popular in Australia. It was released on 29 March 2008.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Leona Lewis – \"Bleeding Love\" (4:24)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Rihanna – \"Don't Stop the Music\" (4:29)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Timbaland featuring OneRepublic – \"Apologize\" (3:06)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Alicia Keys – \"No One\" (4:15)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Chris Brown – \"With You\" (4:14)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Britney Spears – \"Piece of Me\" (3:32)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Soulja Boy – \"Crank That (Soulja Boy)\" (3:44)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Sean Kingston – \"Me Love\" (3:26)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Rogue Traders – \"I Never Liked You\" (3:29)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Delta Goodrem – \"Believe Again\" (4:08)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Maroon 5 – \"Won't Go Home Without You\" (3:51)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Avril Lavigne – \"Hot\" (3:23)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Fergie – \"Clumsy\" (4:02)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Colbie Caillat – \"Bubbly\" (3:18)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Mika – \"Big Girl (You Are Beautiful)\" (4:08)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Powderfinger – \"Nobody Sees\" (4:13)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Shannon Noll – \"In Pieces\" (3:34)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Good Charlotte – \"Misery\" (3:50)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "The Presets – \"My People\" (3:50)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Fall Out Boy – \"I'm Like a Lawyer with the Way I'm Always Trying to Get You Off (Me & You)\" (3:33)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Leona Lewis – \"Bleeding Love\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Rihanna – \"Don't Stop the Music\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Timbaland featuring OneRepublic – \"Apologize\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Alicia Keys – \"No One\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Britney Spears – \"Piece of Me\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Soulja Boy – \"Crank That (Soulja Boy)\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Sean Kingston – \"Me Love\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Rogue Traders – \"I Never Liked You\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Delta Goodrem – \"Believe Again\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Maroon 5 – \"Won't Go Home Without You\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Mika – \"Big Girl (You Are Beautiful)\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008 peaked at #1 on the ARIA Compilations chart and ended up selling over 140,000 copies to be certified double platinum", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_102870fb", "title": "So Fresh: The Hits of Autumn 2008", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fresh:_The_Hits_of_Autumn_2008", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_102870fb.json"}}
{"text": "Concepción Rodríguez (born September 19, 1986) is a Panamanian professional baseball player. He is named after Dave Concepción.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_261229da", "title": "Concepcion Rodriguez", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepcion_Rodriguez", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_261229da.json"}}
{"text": "Rodríguez was a member of the Panama national baseball team at the 2009 World Baseball Classic and 2019 Pan American Games Qualifier.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_261229da", "title": "Concepcion Rodriguez", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepcion_Rodriguez", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_261229da.json"}}
{"text": "Career statistics from MLB   · Baseball Reference (Minors)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_261229da", "title": "Concepcion Rodriguez", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepcion_Rodriguez", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_261229da.json"}}
{"text": "The Kyū Shiba Rikyū Garden (旧芝離宮恩賜庭園), also known as Kyū Shiba Rikyū Onshi Teien (\"Former Shiba Villa Imperial Gift Gardens\") is a public garden and former imperial garden in Minato ward, Tokyo, Japan. The garden is one of four surviving Edo-period clan gardens in Tokyo, the others being Koishikawa Kōraku-en, Rikugi-en, and Hama Rikyu Garden. Kyū Shiba Rikyū is often regarded as the most beautifully designed garden in Tokyo, and was once called the \"most beautiful\" scene in Japan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e3b562bb", "title": "Kyū Shiba Rikyū Garden", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%AB_Shiba_Riky%C5%AB_Garden", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e3b562bb.json"}}
{"text": "The site of the Kyū Shiba Rikyū Garden was originally part of Tokyo Bay. The land was reclaimed between 1655 and 1658. In 1678 the site was used for the official samurai style residence of Ōkubo Tadamoto (1604–1670), member of the Ōkubo clan and an official of the Tokugawa shogunate. The residence garden was designed by garden designers from the Odawara Domain, until 1614 under the rule of daimyōs from the Ōkubo clan. The garden was then known as Rakujuen. At that time, the garden included a beach to Tokyo Bay, however, as Tokyo expanded the sea next to the garden was reclaimed, and there is no connection to the ocean anymore. A remaining ocean water inlet is not used.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e3b562bb", "title": "Kyū Shiba Rikyū Garden", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%AB_Shiba_Riky%C5%AB_Garden", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e3b562bb.json"}}
{"text": "The residence changed ownership throughout time, and around 1860 belonged to the Kishū family of the Tokugawa clan. In 1871 the ownership changed again to the Arisugawa-no-miya clan. In 1875, the Imperial Household Agency purchased the residence and it became the Shiba Detached Imperial Villa and in 1891 a European style guest house was constructed.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e3b562bb", "title": "Kyū Shiba Rikyū Garden", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%AB_Shiba_Riky%C5%AB_Garden", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e3b562bb.json"}}
{"text": "In the Great Kantō earthquake on September 1, 1923, all buildings and trees on the site were destroyed by fire. Subsequently, in January 1924, the site was donated to Tokyo City as part of celebrations preceding the Shōwa period (1926 to 1989) of Emperor Hirohito.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e3b562bb", "title": "Kyū Shiba Rikyū Garden", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%AB_Shiba_Riky%C5%AB_Garden", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e3b562bb.json"}}
{"text": "The garden was rebuilt and opened to the public on April 20, 1924. In 1979 the Government of Japan designated the garden as a place of scenic beauty and special historic interest. The size of the garden, however, was reduced to make space for the railway tracks on the north side.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e3b562bb", "title": "Kyū Shiba Rikyū Garden", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%AB_Shiba_Riky%C5%AB_Garden", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e3b562bb.json"}}
{"text": "The garden has an area of 43,070.53 m2. There is a circular path around the central pond Sensui (9,000 m2), which is the focus of the garden. Originally this was a salt water pond, however, as the land around was reclaimed the pond was converted to freshwater. The pond includes four islands, the central Nakajima and the smaller Ukishima, Oshima, and Yukimi-toro. Two bridges allow crossing of the pond via the larger island Nakajima. Oshima is close to the shore and can also be crossed. The inspiration for the pond originates from West Lake in Hangzhou, and the rocks on the central island represent the mountains of West Lake. One corner of the pond includes a sandy beach area named Suhama, although swimming is not recommended.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e3b562bb", "title": "Kyū Shiba Rikyū Garden", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%AB_Shiba_Riky%C5%AB_Garden", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e3b562bb.json"}}
{"text": "The highest point of the park is the Oyama hill, from which a dry waterfall made from stone named Karetaki flows. A stone lantern provides supposedly a good spot for snow viewing, although Tokyo rarely gets snow nowadays. Notable is also the wisteria trellis in the picnic area, especially when the wisteria blooms at the beginning of May.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e3b562bb", "title": "Kyū Shiba Rikyū Garden", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%AB_Shiba_Riky%C5%AB_Garden", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e3b562bb.json"}}
{"text": "Besides the garden office there is also a Japanese Archeryrange and a children's playground. The garden is surrounded by High-rise buildings and Skyscrapers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e3b562bb", "title": "Kyū Shiba Rikyū Garden", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%AB_Shiba_Riky%C5%AB_Garden", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e3b562bb.json"}}
{"text": "Plants found in the garden include Japanese black pine, camphor trees, azalea, Persea, Japanese iris, Platycodon grandiflorus, Crinum latifolium, Japanese wisteria, leopard plant, and spider lily.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e3b562bb", "title": "Kyū Shiba Rikyū Garden", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%AB_Shiba_Riky%C5%AB_Garden", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e3b562bb.json"}}
{"text": "Wildlife include little egrets, Eastern spot-billed ducks, and carps, seasonally also tufted ducks, northern pintails, and common pochards.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e3b562bb", "title": "Kyū Shiba Rikyū Garden", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%AB_Shiba_Riky%C5%AB_Garden", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e3b562bb.json"}}
{"text": "The park is located at 1-4-1 kaigan, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105–0022, close to the JR Hamamatsuchō Station Exit 1, or a five-minute walk from Daimon Station. The garden is also close to the Hamarikyu Gardens and the Tokyo World Trade Center.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e3b562bb", "title": "Kyū Shiba Rikyū Garden", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%AB_Shiba_Riky%C5%AB_Garden", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e3b562bb.json"}}
{"text": "Parks and gardens in Tokyo", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e3b562bb", "title": "Kyū Shiba Rikyū Garden", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%AB_Shiba_Riky%C5%AB_Garden", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e3b562bb.json"}}
{"text": "Tokyo Metropolitan Park Association", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e3b562bb", "title": "Kyū Shiba Rikyū Garden", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%AB_Shiba_Riky%C5%AB_Garden", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e3b562bb.json"}}
{"text": "Court is an electoral ward in Barry, Vale of Glamorgan, Wales. It is represented by councillors on Barry Town Council and the Vale of Glamorgan Council.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fee52599", "title": "Court (Barry electoral ward)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_(Barry_electoral_ward)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fee52599.json"}}
{"text": "The Court ward covers the south of the Gibbonsdown area of the town, northeast of Barry town centre, but stretches south as far as Holton Road. There is a Gibbonsdown ward which borders to the northwest.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fee52599", "title": "Court (Barry electoral ward)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_(Barry_electoral_ward)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fee52599.json"}}
{"text": "According to the 2011 census the population of the ward was 4,748.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fee52599", "title": "Court (Barry electoral ward)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_(Barry_electoral_ward)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fee52599.json"}}
{"text": "Town Council elections", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fee52599", "title": "Court (Barry electoral ward)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_(Barry_electoral_ward)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fee52599.json"}}
{"text": "The Court ward elects three councillors to Barry Town Council.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fee52599", "title": "Court (Barry electoral ward)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_(Barry_electoral_ward)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fee52599.json"}}
{"text": "In May 2017, the ward's Labour Party councillor Bronwen Brooks became leader of Barry Town Council. Ward councillor Richard Bertin was the only Independent councillor elected to the council.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fee52599", "title": "Court (Barry electoral ward)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_(Barry_electoral_ward)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fee52599.json"}}
{"text": "County Council elections", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fee52599", "title": "Court (Barry electoral ward)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_(Barry_electoral_ward)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fee52599.json"}}
{"text": "Court is a county electoral ward, electing two county councillors to Vale of Glamorgan Council.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fee52599", "title": "Court (Barry electoral ward)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_(Barry_electoral_ward)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fee52599.json"}}
{"text": "On 4 May 2017, the Court ward elected two Labour Party county councillors to the County Council. Former councillor Richard Bertin came third.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fee52599", "title": "Court (Barry electoral ward)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_(Barry_electoral_ward)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fee52599.json"}}
{"text": "The Court ward was represented by two Labour councillors between the 1995 and 2012 elections, with Cllr Bertin being elected in 1999 on a Labour ticket. He resigned from the Labour Party in 2010 after a Labour Party Welsh Executive Committee Disciplinary hearing. He was re-elected as an Independent councillor at the May 2012 elections.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fee52599", "title": "Court (Barry electoral ward)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_(Barry_electoral_ward)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fee52599.json"}}
{"text": "Cadoc (electoral ward)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fee52599", "title": "Court (Barry electoral ward)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_(Barry_electoral_ward)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fee52599.json"}}
{"text": "Alone is a solo piano album by jazz musician Bill Evans, recorded in the fall of 1968 for Verve Records, featuring a particularly notable 14+-minute performance of the jazz standard \"Never Let Me Go\". Evans contributed notes to the album, including the following statement:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "Perhaps the hours of greatest pleasure in my life have come about as a result of the capacity of the piano to be in itself a complete expressive musical medium. In retrospect, I think that these countless hours of aloneness with music unified the directive energy of my life. At those times when I have achieved this sense of oneness while playing alone, the many technical or analytic aspects of the music happened of themselves with positive rightness which always served to remind me that to understand music most profoundly one only has to be listening well. Perhaps it is a peculiarity of mine that despite the fact that I am a professional performer, it is true that I have always preferred playing without an audience. This has nothing to do with my desire to communicate or not, but rather I think just a problem of personal self-consciousness which had to be conquered through discipline and concentration. Yet, to know one is truly alone with one’s instrument and music has always been an attractive and conducive situation for me to find my best playing level. Therefore, what I desired to present in a solo piano recording was especially this unique feeling.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "Alone was recorded at Webster Hall in the East Village of New York City, during six recording sessions in September and October 1968. A Steinway & Sons concert grand piano model D-274 was chosen by Evans for this recording. Three of the songs Evans included on the album (\"Here's That Rainy Day\", \"A Time for Love\", and \"On a Clear Day You Can See Forever\") had appeared on Clare Fischer's recording Songs for Rainy Day Lovers, which was released the previous year, 1967. Evans would later record Fischer's own \"When Autumn Comes\" from this same album on his live 1973 recording The Tokyo Concert.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "Not issued until April 1970, a year and a half after it was recorded, Alone was Evans's first commercially released single-piano solo album, following in the footsteps of his 1963 Verve recording Conversations with Myself (featuring three pianos overdubbed) and his 1967 Further Conversations with Myself, also on Verve (with two pianos overdubbed). Alone has been reissued in various forms with additional tracks and alternate takes from sessions on September 23 and October 8 and 21.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "In 1971, the album won the Grammy Award for \"Best Jazz Performance, Small Group.\" The award was presented by none other than Duke Ellington and accepted on Evans's behalf by Quincy Jones.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "In The History of Jazz, critic Ted Gioia refers to Alone as a \"glorious solo album ... with an incomparable exposition of 'Never Let Me Go,'\" featuring \"subtle shades and gradations, almost a jazz equivalent of Bach's Goldberg Variations, in which the smallest details were shaped with infinite care.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "Evans biographer Peter Pettinger writes: \"His playing on the album conveyed a feeling of unaffected nobility. ... There was much oscillation between keys a major third apart, except on the supremely paced 'Never Let Me Go,' which built and arched consistently in one tonality and unified mood.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "Another Evans biographer, Keith Shadwick, adds: \"Because of the absence of all other accompaniment, Evans can be as flexible as he needs to be and takes appropriate advantage. He adopts the simplest of approaches: exposition, improvisation, resolution. He also allows himself complete freedom of invention harmonically, rhythmically, and melodically. ... [T]he resulting power and logic [are] largely due to his certain vision and thorough preparation. ... His inspiration [on 'Never Let Me Go'] is palpable.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "Of the five songs recorded for the album, all for the first time by Evans and none of them originals, \"Midnight Mood\" by Joe Zawinul was the only one that remained a regular part of the pianist's repertoire. Various live trio recordings of it exist from the years 1974-75, including on the album Since We Met, and 1979–80.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "This performance of \"Here's That Rainy Day\" by Jimmy Van Heusen was transcribed by Jed Distler and recorded by the French classical pianist Jean-Yves Thibaudet on his album Conversations with Bill Evans (London/Decca, 1997). \"Never Let Me Go\" became sufficiently associated with Evans that Tierney Sutton included a vocal performance of it on her Evans tribute album, Blue in Green (Telarc, 2001).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "The writer Kazuo Ishiguro named his acclaimed 2005 science fiction novel Never Let Me Go after seeing the title on the sleeve of this album.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "\"Here's That Rainy Day\" (Jimmy Van Heusen, Johnny Burke) – 5:21", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "\"A Time for Love\" (Johnny Mandel, Paul Francis Webster) – 5:06", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "\"Midnight Mood\" (Joe Zawinul, Ben Raleigh) – 5:20", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "\"On a Clear Day (You Can See Forever)\" (Burton Lane, Alan Jay Lerner) – 4:48", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "\"Never Let Me Go\" (Ray Evans, Jay Livingston) – 14:32", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "Additional tracks on 1988 CD reissue:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "\"Medley: All the Things You Are/Midnight Mood\" (Jerome Kern, Oscar Hammerstein II)/(Joe Zawinul, Ben Raleigh) – 4:11", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "\"A Time for Love\" (Johnny Mandel, Paul Francis Webster) – 6:56", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "The 2002 CD reissue includes other alternate takes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "Helen Keane – producer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "Val Valentin – director of engineering", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "Sid Maurer – art direction", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "Nancy Reiner – cover art", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "Mickey Leonard – supervising consultant", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "Jazz Discography Bill Evans Catalog", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_993e910f", "title": "Alone (Bill Evans album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(Bill_Evans_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_993e910f.json"}}
{"text": "Caron Bowman is an American artist, born in West Palm Beach, Florida, to parents from Roatan, Honduras. She works within a diverse spectrum of mediums including drawing, fibre art, painting, public art, and multimedia. Influences seen throughout her artwork include graffiti art, hard-edge painting, and surrealism.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6af396a1", "title": "Caron Bowman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caron_Bowman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6af396a1.json"}}
{"text": "Caron Bowman is a multi-disciplined artist, arts activist, curator and historian. Her work spans various techniques including drawing, fibre art, painting, and installations. As a BIPOC public art consultant, she has created art in public places programming for the City of West Palm Beach Downtown Development Authority. Bowman is a director of Street Art Revolution, a public art collective and design firm specializing in providing public art, civic design, and sculpture. Bowman has a Bachelor of Arts degree in History and a Master of Arts degree in Exceptional Student Education.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6af396a1", "title": "Caron Bowman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caron_Bowman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6af396a1.json"}}
{"text": "Utilizing a Florida aesthetic as a source of inspiration, her artwork is about the intensity of color, curved lines, and daring patterns unified into one language. She utilized automatic drawing techniques in order to develop her style.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6af396a1", "title": "Caron Bowman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caron_Bowman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6af396a1.json"}}
{"text": "In 2013, Caron Bowman was a featured artist in the Wynwood Miami Mix Art Fair.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6af396a1", "title": "Caron Bowman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caron_Bowman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6af396a1.json"}}
{"text": "Bowman was selected by the Bombay Sapphire Corporation to be included in the Bombay Sapphire Artisan Series. The series is a showcase for emerging artists in the United States.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6af396a1", "title": "Caron Bowman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caron_Bowman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6af396a1.json"}}
{"text": "Bowman's artwork has been profiled by the Chagall Museum and the Hiroshima Museum of Art. In 2014, Bowman was also selected as a finalist for the Smithsonian American Latino Museum Campaign. The Beck's corporation selected Bowman as a semi-finalist for the Beck's Green Box augmented reality series.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6af396a1", "title": "Caron Bowman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caron_Bowman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6af396a1.json"}}
{"text": "Rapper Kendrick Lamar, in association with Creative Allies, showcased Bowman's artwork in New York City at the Galapagos Art Space in 2011. Bowman has been profiled in publications including The American Latino Museum, The 2012 and 2013 Los Angeles African American Heritage Guide, Tom Joyner Foundation, and Nick Knight's – SHOWstudio.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6af396a1", "title": "Caron Bowman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caron_Bowman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6af396a1.json"}}
{"text": "Luca Scarsini (born 14 July 1993) is an Italian rugby union player. His usual position is as a Prop and he currently plays for Lyons Piacenza in Top12", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_64915299", "title": "Luca Scarsini", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Scarsini", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_64915299.json"}}
{"text": "Born as a loose-head prop, he now plays as tight-head prop, behind able to play in both scrum sides. Growing up in Rugby Udine youth team, he stands out so that he is called to attend the \"Ivan Francescato\" Academy in Tirrenia, disputing the Six Nations Under 20s Championship and the World Rugby Under 20 Trophy with the Italy national under-20 rugby team. After the tournament, in the summer of 2012, he moves to Brescia region, earning his first Italian Championship with Rugby Calvisano. In 2014, he contributes to the conquest of yet another Italian Championship of Excellence and participates in the World Rugby Tbilisi Cup 2014 with Italia Emergenti.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_64915299", "title": "Luca Scarsini", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Scarsini", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_64915299.json"}}
{"text": "During the summer of 2016, he moves to Petrarca Padova and, in 2018, he strongly contributes to the victory of the Italian champion title, earning his third personal Italian title after the two obtained with Rugby Calvisano.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_64915299", "title": "Luca Scarsini", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Scarsini", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_64915299.json"}}
{"text": "For 2014–15 Pro12 season, he was named Permit Player for Zebre. From 2020 to 2022, Scarsini played for Lyons Piacenza in Top12.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_64915299", "title": "Luca Scarsini", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Scarsini", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_64915299.json"}}
{"text": "It's Rugby France Profile", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_64915299", "title": "Luca Scarsini", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Scarsini", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_64915299.json"}}
{"text": "The Palace Theatre is a Grade II listed building in Swansea, Wales, located at the northern end of High Street and recognisable for its distinctive wedge shape. It is Wales' oldest surviving theatre.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_25e58638", "title": "Palace Theatre, Swansea", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Theatre,_Swansea", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_25e58638.json"}}
{"text": "Originally built in 1888 as a traditional music hall, the building was known as The Pavilion from 1883 to 1892, The Empire from 1892 to 1900, and then as The Palace in 1900 after a takeover by William Coutts, who also operated the city's Shaftesbury Hall, which was known as Swansea's \"home of dancing\" at the time. From 1912 it was known as the People's Bioscope Palace, bioscope being an early term for moving picture technology.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_25e58638", "title": "Palace Theatre, Swansea", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Theatre,_Swansea", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_25e58638.json"}}
{"text": "In the early years of the 20th century, stars such as Lilly Langtry, Marie Lloyd and Dan Leno filled the venue. Charlie Chaplin performed at the palace when he was 10 years old in 1899. In the 1920s and 30s the venue started holding live theatre events, before shifting into film from the 1930s to 1950s.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_25e58638", "title": "Palace Theatre, Swansea", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Theatre,_Swansea", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_25e58638.json"}}
{"text": "The building is one of just two purpose-built music halls left standing in the whole of the UK, and was the first place in Wales to show a silent picture. It remained undamaged by the blitz that destroyed much of Swansea city centre during the Second World War. Sir Anthony Hopkins made his first professional stage appearance there in 1960 with Swansea Little Theatre's production of Have A Cigarette.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_25e58638", "title": "Palace Theatre, Swansea", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Theatre,_Swansea", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_25e58638.json"}}
{"text": "The venue later operated as a bingo hall, and as a private gay club. The ground-floor bar and lounge was also used as a licensed pub for many years, before closing in 2006. Eventually the theatre was sold for £300,000 to a property company, but in 2010 it was still derelict and actor Edward Fox joined a campaign to have it restored.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_25e58638", "title": "Palace Theatre, Swansea", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Theatre,_Swansea", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_25e58638.json"}}
{"text": "In October 2013 the BBC reported on issues with the building. The Theatres Trust warned that the building \"may fall down\" if it did not receive any investment, Swansea Council cabinet member for regeneration Nick Bradley told the BBC that renovation would be very expensive, and as a result any Council or Government intervention was unlikely. He warned that regarding costs of redevelopment, \"£1m wouldn't even touch it.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_25e58638", "title": "Palace Theatre, Swansea", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Theatre,_Swansea", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_25e58638.json"}}
{"text": "In 2014, a new campaign for redevelopment of the site was launched on Facebook.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_25e58638", "title": "Palace Theatre, Swansea", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Theatre,_Swansea", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_25e58638.json"}}
{"text": "In April 2014 Swansea Council made £75,000 available to the owners to carry out work on the High Street theatre, which had been named as one of the 10 most endangered Victorian and Edwardian buildings in England and Wales. The Victorian Society called it \"a victim of urban decay\". The council funds were earmarked for \"emergency works\", including making the building watertight, removing vegetation and removing loose brickwork that could be deemed \"unsafe\". By September 2014 the council issued a reminder to the owners that the work needed to be completed promptly.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_25e58638", "title": "Palace Theatre, Swansea", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Theatre,_Swansea", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_25e58638.json"}}
{"text": "In 2018 the derelict theatre was identified as having become \"at the hub of the city's street sex trade\", after residents of High Street complained that they were no longer able to walk past the building in safety. In July 2019 the future of the theatre was discussed as part of a public \"Emergency Summit\", organised by Swansea Council, South Wales Police, Geraint Davies MP, and voluntary sector organisations. The summit was prompted by a spate of incidents in the city including an assault on 20 July on High Street which saw the death of a 54-year-old man. Swansea Council stated that it was yet to secure a development partner for the then privately owned Theatre. According to the Theatres Trust it remained \"in a poor state of repair and extremely vulnerable\", although developments \"provided hope that a viable solution, which includes community use and preserves the main body of the auditorium, could be found\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_25e58638", "title": "Palace Theatre, Swansea", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Theatre,_Swansea", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_25e58638.json"}}
{"text": "In September 2019 the Mid and West Wales Fire and Rescue Service were called out to the theatre amid reports of smoke coming from the ground and fourth-floor windows of the building. Responders dealt with a fire, but did not initially comment on whether the incident was suspicious. In late 2019 and early 2020 a plan emerged to save the former theatre, which would see it transformed into offices with community and performance space provided. In 2024 the building reopened after a 5-year renovation, and is operated by Tramshed Tech but owned by Swansea Council.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_25e58638", "title": "Palace Theatre, Swansea", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Theatre,_Swansea", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_25e58638.json"}}
{"text": "Theatre in Wales: The Palace", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_25e58638", "title": "Palace Theatre, Swansea", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Theatre,_Swansea", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_25e58638.json"}}
{"text": "Pavilion Repertory Theatre (new name for \"The Palace\")", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_25e58638", "title": "Palace Theatre, Swansea", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Theatre,_Swansea", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_25e58638.json"}}
{"text": "Andreas Beikirch (born 29 March 1970 in Hilden, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a German professional racing cyclist.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dfade78b", "title": "Andreas Beikirch", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Beikirch", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dfade78b.json"}}
{"text": "Andreas Beikirch at Cycling Archives (archive)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dfade78b", "title": "Andreas Beikirch", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Beikirch", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dfade78b.json"}}
{"text": "Benjamin Franklin Flanders (January 26, 1816 – March 13, 1896) was a teacher, politician and planter in New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1867, he was appointed by the military commander as the 21st Governor of Louisiana during Reconstruction, a position which he held for some six months. He was the second and, as of 2025, the last Republican mayor of New Orleans.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a5b8964c", "title": "Benjamin Flanders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Flanders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a5b8964c.json"}}
{"text": "Flanders was born in Bristol, New Hampshire. At the age of twenty-six, he graduated from Dartmouth College in Dartmouth, New Hampshire.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a5b8964c", "title": "Benjamin Flanders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Flanders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a5b8964c.json"}}
{"text": "In January 1843, he moved to New Orleans and read law under Charles M. Emerson. The following year he left this study to become a schoolteacher and principal. In 1845, Flanders became editor of New Orleans Tropic, a local newspaper. In 1847, he married Susan H. Sawyer in Bristol, New Hampshire. She returned with him to New Orleans, where they had six children together.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a5b8964c", "title": "Benjamin Flanders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Flanders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a5b8964c.json"}}
{"text": "Flanders became active in politics, elected as a Democratic alderman representing the 3rd Municipal District of New Orleans, serving from 1847 to 1852. In 1852, he was selected as the secretary and treasurer of the New Orleans, Opelousas and Great Western Railroad, a position he held until 1862. In 1861, he fled New Orleans, leaving his family behind. He had opposed secession, and sentiment against Unionists was very strong.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a5b8964c", "title": "Benjamin Flanders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Flanders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a5b8964c.json"}}
{"text": "Flanders made his way to Cairo, Illinois; Columbus, Ohio; and eventually, New York City. He did not return to New Orleans until April 1862, when the city was captured by Union troops.  On July 20, he was appointed by the military government as New Orleans City Treasurer. He served until his election to Congress on December 3, 1862. He was elected along with Michael Hahn as at-large Representatives of Louisiana, assuming the seat left vacant after J. E. Bouligny's term expired in 1861. Flanders and Hahn were not seated in Congress until the last fifteen days of their terms on February 17, 1863.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a5b8964c", "title": "Benjamin Flanders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Flanders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a5b8964c.json"}}
{"text": "On July 13, 1863, Flanders was made the Captain of Company C, 5th Regiment Louisiana Volunteers, a Union Army unit.  He was honorably discharged in August 1863, when he was appointed a Special Agent of the United States Treasury Department of the Southern Region by Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase. He held this position until 1866. While in office, he generated commissions for the government by selling confiscated cotton from Confederate plantations. The Department of Treasury controlled licensing of cotton brokers, trying to regulate the market, but a black market flourished for the lucrative sale of cotton.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a5b8964c", "title": "Benjamin Flanders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Flanders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a5b8964c.json"}}
{"text": "In 1864, Flanders campaigned for governor and finished in third place behind Michael Hahn and Fellows. He was appointed by Republicans as the first Supervising Special Agent of the Freedmen's Bureau, Department of the Gulf. At the same time, he led the movement to create a local Republican Party in Louisiana. He formed the 'Friends of Universal Suffrage' with other Louisiana Unionists (known as scalawags to opponents), as well as free men of color (who had been free before the war) and freedmen; they were working to gain black suffrage and to repeal the Louisiana Black Codes. These laws had been passed to control the movement of freedmen. Fearful of the black majority in many Louisiana districts, most white Democrats opposed giving freedmen suffrage, especially after Confederate veterans were temporarily disenfranchised unless they took a loyalty oath. The tension over the rights of freed slaves escalated into the New Orleans riot of 1866, in which whites attacked blacks.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a5b8964c", "title": "Benjamin Flanders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Flanders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a5b8964c.json"}}
{"text": "In 1867, General Philip Sheridan, Commander of the 5th Military District, which included Louisiana and Texas, removed elected Governor James Madison Wells for not responding to the riots appropriately and for not advancing the rights of freedmen. Sheridan appointed Flanders as Governor of Louisiana. About six months later, on January 1, 1868, Major General Winfield Scott Hancock, as the new military commander of Louisiana, removed all radical Republicans from state offices. Governor Flanders resigned on January 8 and was replaced by General Hancock's appointee, Joshua Baker.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a5b8964c", "title": "Benjamin Flanders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Flanders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a5b8964c.json"}}
{"text": "In 1867, he appointed Monroe Baker as mayor of St. Martinville, Louisiana who may have been the first African-American to serve as mayor in the United States.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a5b8964c", "title": "Benjamin Flanders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Flanders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a5b8964c.json"}}
{"text": "In 1870, Governor Henry C. Warmoth, elected as part of the Reconstruction era civil government, appointed Flanders as Mayor of New Orleans. He was later elected to a full two-year mayoral term, serving until 1873.  That year, President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Flanders as Assistant Treasurer of the United States. Flanders ran unsuccessfully in 1888 as a Republican candidate for Louisiana State Treasurer; by that time, the Democrats controlled most statewide elected positions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a5b8964c", "title": "Benjamin Flanders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Flanders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a5b8964c.json"}}
{"text": "Flanders retired to his Ben Alva plantation in Lafayette Parish. He died there in 1896. His remains were interred at Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a5b8964c", "title": "Benjamin Flanders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Flanders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a5b8964c.json"}}
{"text": "Flanders remains the most recent Republican mayor of the city of New Orleans.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a5b8964c", "title": "Benjamin Flanders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Flanders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a5b8964c.json"}}
{"text": "The unincorporated community that grew up around his Lafayette Parish plantation west of Youngsville is sometimes known as Flanders. A road into the community, New Flanders Road, was renamed Ambassador Caffery Parkway in 1975 and is now a major thoroughfare in Lafayette.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a5b8964c", "title": "Benjamin Flanders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Flanders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a5b8964c.json"}}
{"text": "Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a5b8964c", "title": "Benjamin Flanders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Flanders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a5b8964c.json"}}
{"text": "National Governor's Association biography", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a5b8964c", "title": "Benjamin Flanders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Flanders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a5b8964c.json"}}
{"text": "State of Louisiana - Biography", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a5b8964c", "title": "Benjamin Flanders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Flanders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a5b8964c.json"}}
{"text": "Sonia Scurfield, (née Onishenko; September 19, 1928 – June 14, 2018) was a Canadian philanthropist. She was the co-owner of the Calgary Flames hockey team from 1985 to 1994. She became the second woman, and the only Canadian woman, to have her name engraved on the Stanley Cup when the Flames won the National Hockey League championship in 1989.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_51943212", "title": "Sonia Scurfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Scurfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_51943212.json"}}
{"text": "Early life and education", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_51943212", "title": "Sonia Scurfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Scurfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_51943212.json"}}
{"text": "Sonia Scurfield was born on September 19, 1928, to Ukrainian immigrant parents, John Onishenko and Motia (Stupka) Onishenko. She was educated at the University of Saskatchewan, graduating in 1949 with a Bachelor of Arts as a lab technician. Afterward, she completed one year at the University of Manitoba where she earned a Bachelor of Social Work.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_51943212", "title": "Sonia Scurfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Scurfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_51943212.json"}}
{"text": "She married Ralph T. Scurfield, on July 24, 1954, in Edmonton, Alberta. Together they raised seven children in Calgary, Alberta. Ralph Scurfield was part of the original consortium that bought the Atlanta Flames in 1980 and moved them to Calgary, and Scurfield inherited his interest upon his death.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_51943212", "title": "Sonia Scurfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Scurfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_51943212.json"}}
{"text": "WREE (92.5 MHz) is a commercial FM radio station broadcasting a classic hits format. Licensed to Urbana, Illinois, United States, the station serves the Champaign-Urbana area.  The station is owned by Saga Communications under licensee Saga Communications of Illinois, LLC, and operates as part of its Illini Radio Group. The station calls itself \"Rewind 92.5.\"  The playlist ranges from hits of the 1960s to the 1990s, switching to Christmas music for part of November and December.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b356bb8f", "title": "WREE", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WREE", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b356bb8f.json"}}
{"text": "WREE has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 16,000 watts.  The transmitter is on 1700 East Road at 900 North Road in Philo.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b356bb8f", "title": "WREE", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WREE", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b356bb8f.json"}}
{"text": "The station signed on the air on December 4, 1967.  Its call sign was WTWC and it originally broadcast on 103.9 MHz.  It had an easy listening format, including songs from the adult contemporary and country music charts as well as soft instrumentals.  In the 1980s, the station broadcast oldies during the day and album rock music at night. The slogan was Oldies by Day, Rock by Night.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b356bb8f", "title": "WREE", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WREE", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b356bb8f.json"}}
{"text": "The station changed formats in May 2005. The switch left Champaign without an oldies station until March 2013, when WUIL flipped from active rock to oldies-based classic hits and brought back the callsign WKIO. For a time, WCFF broadcast Chicago Bears football games.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b356bb8f", "title": "WREE", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WREE", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b356bb8f.json"}}
{"text": "On January 25, 2015, WCFF changed its callsign to WREE in advance of a format change.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b356bb8f", "title": "WREE", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WREE", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b356bb8f.json"}}
{"text": "On February 23, 2015, WREE began stunting and then launched a 1980s-centric classic hits format branded as \"Rewind 92.5\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b356bb8f", "title": "WREE", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WREE", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b356bb8f.json"}}
{"text": "Facility details for Facility ID 41592 (WREE)   in the FCC Licensing and Management System", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b356bb8f", "title": "WREE", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WREE", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b356bb8f.json"}}
{"text": "WREE in Nielsen Audio's FM station database", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b356bb8f", "title": "WREE", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WREE", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b356bb8f.json"}}
{"text": "Batinci (Macedonian: Батинци, Albanian: Batincë) is the largest village in the municipality of Studeničani, North Macedonia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4994939d", "title": "Batinci", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batinci", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4994939d.json"}}
{"text": "According to the 2021 census, the village had a total of 7.267 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4994939d", "title": "Batinci", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batinci", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4994939d.json"}}
{"text": "Notable people from Batincë include -", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4994939d", "title": "Batinci", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batinci", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4994939d.json"}}
{"text": "Jasir Asani, (born 19 May 1995) Albanian professional footballer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4994939d", "title": "Batinci", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batinci", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4994939d.json"}}
{"text": "Esad Colakovic, former Macedonian national football team player.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4994939d", "title": "Batinci", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batinci", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4994939d.json"}}
{"text": "Colliers Wood is a London Underground station in Colliers Wood, south-west London. It is on the Northern line, between Tooting Broadway and South Wimbledon stations. The station is located at the corner of Colliers Wood High Street (A24) and Christchurch Road. It is in London fare zone 3.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca918a24", "title": "Colliers Wood tube station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colliers_Wood_tube_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca918a24.json"}}
{"text": "The station was opened on 13 September 1926 as part of the Morden extension of the City & South London Railway south from Clapham Common.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca918a24", "title": "Colliers Wood tube station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colliers_Wood_tube_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca918a24.json"}}
{"text": "Along with the other stations on the Morden extension, the building was designed by architect Charles Holden. They were Holden's first major project for the Underground. He was selected by Frank Pick, general manager of the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL), to design the stations after he was dissatisfied with designs produced by the UERL's own architect, Stanley Heaps. Built with a shop to each side, the modernist design takes the form of a double-height three-sided box clad in white Portland stone with a three-part glazed screen on the front façade divided by columns of which the capitals are three-dimensional versions of the Underground roundel. The central panel of the screen contains a large version of the roundel. The station is a Grade II listed building.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca918a24", "title": "Colliers Wood tube station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colliers_Wood_tube_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca918a24.json"}}
{"text": "The station is close to Merton Bus garage which opened in 1913. The public house across the road is named \"The Charles Holden\" in honour of the station's architect.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca918a24", "title": "Colliers Wood tube station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colliers_Wood_tube_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca918a24.json"}}
{"text": "London Buses routes 57, 131, 152, 200, 219, 470 and night route N155 serve the station.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca918a24", "title": "Colliers Wood tube station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colliers_Wood_tube_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca918a24.json"}}
{"text": "London Transport Museum Photographic Archive", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca918a24", "title": "Colliers Wood tube station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colliers_Wood_tube_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca918a24.json"}}
{"text": "Construction of escalators at Colliers Wood, 1926", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca918a24", "title": "Colliers Wood tube station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colliers_Wood_tube_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca918a24.json"}}
{"text": "Colliers Wood station, 1927", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca918a24", "title": "Colliers Wood tube station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colliers_Wood_tube_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca918a24.json"}}
{"text": "View along Platform, 1934", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca918a24", "title": "Colliers Wood tube station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colliers_Wood_tube_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca918a24.json"}}
{"text": "Colliers Wood station, 2001", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca918a24", "title": "Colliers Wood tube station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colliers_Wood_tube_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca918a24.json"}}
{"text": "The Bjørnevatn mine is a large mine in the north of Norway in Finnmark. Bjørnevatn represents one of the largest iron reserves in Norway, having estimated reserves of 565 million tonnes of ore grading 31% iron.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b402fb3", "title": "Bjørnevatn mine", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnevatn_mine", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b402fb3.json"}}
{"text": "The 1894 Georgia Tech football team represented the Georgia School of Technology during the 1894 college football season. It was the team's third season.  R. T. \"Dutch\" Dorsey coached the team, at least in the early stages of the season, and Adger Stewart served as the manager.  Tom Raoul was named captain.  Only two players, Raoul and Murdock McRae, returned from the previous year, and McRae suffered a broken leg in the first game.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e1ee50a", "title": "1894 Georgia Tech football team", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Georgia_Tech_football_team", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e1ee50a.json"}}
{"text": "During the year, the team was referred to as the Techs, and its colors were old gold and white (the first year Georgia Tech used \"old gold\" versus \"gold\").   Home games were played at Athletic Park Grounds in Atlanta, Georgia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e1ee50a", "title": "1894 Georgia Tech football team", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Georgia_Tech_football_team", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e1ee50a.json"}}
{"text": "Stewart was able to supply the team with new uniforms and Dorsey led the team through practice every afternoon from 4 p.m. until dark.  The team was able to secure \"first-class\" sleeping and bathing quarters and went on a carefully planned diet, though the team's low weight proved to be a major disadvantage against its heavier opponents.  The team also played a scrimmage against officers from Fort McPherson, losing 0 to 4.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e1ee50a", "title": "1894 Georgia Tech football team", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Georgia_Tech_football_team", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e1ee50a.json"}}
{"text": "Despite all of the preparations, optimism, and a packed proposed schedule, the season soon broke down due to lack of adequate coaching and training, games that didn't materialize, financial issues, and the inability to maintain a consistent line-up.  Only ten men had been selected for the team as late as October 15, five days before the season had originally planned to begin.  The result was one of the worst seasons in Georgia Tech history:  the team failed to score a point and went winless over three games while suffering its worst ever defeat, a 0–94 loss to Auburn.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e1ee50a", "title": "1894 Georgia Tech football team", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Georgia_Tech_football_team", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e1ee50a.json"}}
{"text": "One consequence of the disappointing season was the absence of a Georgia Tech team in 1895.  Dorsey reported that Georgia Tech's Trustees would not allow the Techs to field a football team the following year.  Georgia Tech would not return to the field until October 31, 1896.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e1ee50a", "title": "1894 Georgia Tech football team", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Georgia_Tech_football_team", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e1ee50a.json"}}
{"text": "Before the season started, Georgia Tech proposed a number of games: October 20 against Furman, October 27 against Mercer (later planned for December 17), November 3 and 29 against Georgia (later reduced to only one match on November 22), and November 10 against Auburn (later moved to November 17). Tech also received a challenge from the Peachtree Blues, a local club team from Atlanta. Most of these games did not materialize.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e1ee50a", "title": "1894 Georgia Tech football team", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Georgia_Tech_football_team", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e1ee50a.json"}}
{"text": "Georgia Tech's first game of the season was against the Savannah Amateur Athletic Association at Bolton Street Park in Savannah, Georgia. Savannah was a community association that had played football the previous year and re-formed as an organization prior to the opening of the 1894 season.  The Savannah players averaged about forty pounds heavier than the Techs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e1ee50a", "title": "1894 Georgia Tech football team", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Georgia_Tech_football_team", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e1ee50a.json"}}
{"text": "Georgia Tech won the opening toss and deferred to Savannah, who employed attacks up the center.  However, neither side was able to move forward more than a few yards before being forced to punt.  Gradually, field possession began to tip in Savannah's favor, and the home team scored a touchdown with their left halfback.  This would be the only score of the first half, which ended with a score of 6–0 in Savannah's favor.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e1ee50a", "title": "1894 Georgia Tech football team", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Georgia_Tech_football_team", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e1ee50a.json"}}
{"text": "In the second half, Tech made much better progress and reached a few yards of Savannah's goal on a couple of occasions.  On one such drive, Tech's Murdock McRae fumbled the ball and Savannah returned it within a yard of the Techs' goal.  It was returned to Georgia Tech on a foul, but Tech was forced back over the line for a safety. For the remainder of the game, the teams did not make much progress.  As darkness fell in, McRae was tackled out of bounds and severely broke his right leg just below the knee. He was treated by a couple of doctors at the game and was able to return to Atlanta that night.  The game was called with Savannah winning 8-0.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e1ee50a", "title": "1894 Georgia Tech football team", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Georgia_Tech_football_team", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e1ee50a.json"}}
{"text": "Compounding the loss, McRae's injury was a double blow to the team.  He was one of only two returning players from the 1893 season and one Tech's best players.  Following the game, Savannah offered to take the Georgia Tech players to the theater that night, but the faculty required the players to return to Atlanta.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e1ee50a", "title": "1894 Georgia Tech football team", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Georgia_Tech_football_team", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e1ee50a.json"}}
{"text": "Georgia Tech's second match-up came against Auburn, who had lost their first game of the season, at the Athletic Park Grounds in Atlanta.  The game had almost been postponed to allow Auburn a chance to play North Carolina, but the terms and compensation between Auburn and North Carolina could not be arranged.  Ahead of the game, the Thomas M. Clarke & Co., displayed two large silk flags inside its show windows to represent both teams, Auburn's in blue and orange and Georgia Tech's in old gold and white.  Spectators wore chrysanthemums on their blouses, shirts, and hats while attending the game.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e1ee50a", "title": "1894 Georgia Tech football team", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Georgia_Tech_football_team", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e1ee50a.json"}}
{"text": "Georgia Tech was outmatched from the very beginning due to Auburn's size and energy and the absence of McRae, one of its best players, and never came closer than thirty yards of Auburn's goal.  The papers said that the Tech players were \"not in any shape to play football; they were not in training and had received insufficient coaching\".  Ironically, Dutch Dorsey, Georgia Tech's coach and a former Auburn player, served as one of the referees.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e1ee50a", "title": "1894 Georgia Tech football team", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Georgia_Tech_football_team", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e1ee50a.json"}}
{"text": "From the start, Georgia Tech was unable to gain much ground against the Auburn line and fumbling allowed Auburn to takeover on offense with good field position.  Auburn scored several touchdowns quickly and easily.  The Tech defense was exhausted and George Forrest was forced to call for a substitute.  W. H. Camp and Charley Hill soon followed.  By the end of the first half, Auburn was winning 40-0.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e1ee50a", "title": "1894 Georgia Tech football team", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Georgia_Tech_football_team", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e1ee50a.json"}}
{"text": "The teams agreed to reduce the second half down to twenty-five minutes.  Auburn continued where it left off, achieve very long runs around the ends, one of them going for seventy yards. Auburn scored another 54 points in the second half, winning the game by a total of 94-0, having scored sixteen touchdowns and fifteen goals.  The game marks the largest defeat in Georgia Tech's history.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e1ee50a", "title": "1894 Georgia Tech football team", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Georgia_Tech_football_team", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e1ee50a.json"}}
{"text": "Following the embarrassing loss to Auburn and the subsequent ridicule in local papers, Georgia Tech found itself in poor shape.  The team was no longer receiving regular coaching or training and needed its next game to be a financial success in order to refit the program for the next season.  They had asked Georgia to only play undergraduates in their upcoming Thanksgiving game on November 22, and when Georgia declined, the game was called off entirely.  After the cancellation, Tech scheduled a game with officers at Fort McPherson, instead.  Fort McPherson was coached by Leonard Wood who was the star player and coach of Tech's 1892 team.  Fort McPherson had beaten the Techs 4–0 in a scrimmage a few weeks earlier and had practiced with Tech throughout the season.  Fort McPherson was the heavier team.  In preparation for the game, Georgia Tech brought in new players including Ernest Nourse, a veteran of the 1893 team.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e1ee50a", "title": "1894 Georgia Tech football team", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Georgia_Tech_football_team", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e1ee50a.json"}}
{"text": "The game was considered to be a messy affair lacking great skill with many plays that began offsides and reckless illegal forward passes that were not called by the referee. Georgia Tech won the toss, causing Tom Raoul to remark \"I've won the toss every time, and have heretofore lost the game.  I hope it will be better this time\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e1ee50a", "title": "1894 Georgia Tech football team", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Georgia_Tech_football_team", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e1ee50a.json"}}
{"text": "The first half started out well for the Techs and Ogletree and Meyer were all able to make big runs up the center, but eventually their momentum ran out and they were forced to punt.  The teams exchanged fumbles, but Fort McPherson had won the position battle.  Wood ran for eight yards up to ten yards from the Tech goal and Romeyn ran through the center for the score. The next series of drives were a series of struggles for Georigia Tech as they were unable to move the ball and fumbled regularly.  As the Techs became tired, their tackling suffered.  Fort McPherson used this to their advantage by running around the ends, and Tech had a difficult time stopping Wood.  At one point, a Tech play was assessed a 25-yard penalty for grabbing Wood around the ankles, which put the ball two yards from Tech's touchdown.  Romeyn scored on the next play. Tech's play became more and more sloppy with players running into each other causing their teammate to fall.  At one point, Tech attempted a fake punt, but then fumbled the ball for no gain after trying to capitalize on Fort McPherson's surprise.  Fort McPherson promptly marched down the field and Wood scored a touchdown.  The half had ended with Fort McPherson leading by a score of 16-0.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e1ee50a", "title": "1894 Georgia Tech football team", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Georgia_Tech_football_team", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e1ee50a.json"}}
{"text": "The second half became repetitive as Georgia Tech would get stopped on runs or would fumble and then Fort McPherson would score after a few plays.  Romeyn continued his great performance for Fort McPherson and had several runs of twenty yards including a forty-five-yard touchdown.  Fort McPherson would go on to score three more.  Tech continued its poor rushing attack and was forced to punt often and filed .  By the time the second half wrapped up, Fort McPherson had won 34-0.  Although a game was later scheduled for December 17 against Mercer, Georgia Tech would not play again until the 1896 season.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e1ee50a", "title": "1894 Georgia Tech football team", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Georgia_Tech_football_team", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e1ee50a.json"}}
{"text": "A bombardier or bomb aimer is the crew member of a bomber aircraft responsible for the targeting of aerial bombs. \"Bomb aimer\" was the preferred term in the military forces of the Commonwealth, while \"bombardier\" (from the French word for \"bomb thrower\" and similar in meaning to \"grenadier\") was the equivalent position in the United States Armed Forces.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b3004931", "title": "Bombardier (aircrew)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_(aircrew)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b3004931.json"}}
{"text": "In many planes, the bombardier took control of the airplane during the bombing run, using a device such as the Norden bombsight which was connected to the autopilot of the plane. Often stationed in the extreme front of the aircraft, on the way to the target and after releasing the bombs, he could also serve as the front gunner in aircraft that had a front turret.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b3004931", "title": "Bombardier (aircrew)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_(aircrew)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b3004931.json"}}
{"text": "In the latter part of the 20th century, the title of bombardier fell into disuse, due largely to changes in technology, emanating from the replacement of this manual function with the development of computerized technology and smart bombs, that has given rise to terms like weapon systems officer or combat systems officer to describe the modern role. The equivalent in the US Navy and US Marine Corps is the naval flight officer.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b3004931", "title": "Bombardier (aircrew)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_(aircrew)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b3004931.json"}}
{"text": "In the United States, the position of bombardier was originally held by a sergeant, but they were commissioned as officers in 1941. In the Commonwealth, a bomb aimer could be an officer or (more frequently) a senior non-commissioned officer (sergeant or flight sergeant) or warrant officer; like wireless operators, air engineers and air gunners, all officer bomb aimers were commissioned from the ranks after non-commissioned aircrew service, unlike pilots and navigators who could also join directly as commissioned officers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b3004931", "title": "Bombardier (aircrew)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_(aircrew)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b3004931.json"}}
{"text": "During World War II, US Army Air Forces bombardiers were recognized with the award of the Bombardier Badge. They were selected during training for their sense of timing and manual dexterity. With the establishment of an independent US Air Force in 1947, USAF bombardiers were awarded the wings known as the Navigator badge, now known as the Combat Systems Officer badge. Commonwealth bomb aimers wore a single-wing aircrew brevet with the letter \"B\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b3004931", "title": "Bombardier (aircrew)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_(aircrew)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b3004931.json"}}
{"text": "The aircraft of the United Kingdom's V bomber force carried two navigators, one of whom acted as bomb aimer, although having the official title of \"navigator radar\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b3004931", "title": "Bombardier (aircrew)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_(aircrew)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b3004931.json"}}
{"text": "A nasal septum perforation is a medical condition in which the nasal septum, the bony/cartilaginous wall dividing the nasal cavities, develops a hole or fissure.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b3cdb2a", "title": "Nasal septum perforation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_septum_perforation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b3cdb2a.json"}}
{"text": "This may be brought on directly, as in the case of nasal piercings, or indirectly, as by long-term topical drug application, including nasal administration of ethylphenidate, methamphetamine, cocaine, crushed prescription pills, or decongestant nasal sprays, chronic epistaxis, excessive nose picking and as a complication of nasal surgery like septoplasty or rhinoplasty. Much less common causes for perforated nasal septums include rare granulomatous inflammatory conditions like granulomatosis with polyangiitis. It has been reported as a side effect of anti-angiogenesis drugs like bevacizumab.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b3cdb2a", "title": "Nasal septum perforation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_septum_perforation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b3cdb2a.json"}}
{"text": "A perforated septum can vary in size and location, and is usually found deep inside the nose. It may be asymptomatic, or cause a variety of signs and symptoms. Small perforations can cause a whistling noise when breathing. Larger perforations usually have more severe symptoms. These can be a combination of crusting, blood discharge, difficulty breathing, nasal pressure and discomfort. The closer the perforation is to the nostrils, the more likely it is to cause symptoms.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b3cdb2a", "title": "Nasal septum perforation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_septum_perforation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b3cdb2a.json"}}
{"text": "Infective causes include syphilis, leprosy, and rhinoscleroma. Non-infective causes include an in situ foreign body, facial trauma, a consequence of nasal surgery, or chronic nasal administration of cocaine, methamphetamine, or topical nasal decongestants.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b3cdb2a", "title": "Nasal septum perforation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_septum_perforation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b3cdb2a.json"}}
{"text": "Septal perforations are managed with a multitude of options. The treatment often depends on the severity of symptoms and the size of the perforations. Generally speaking, anterior septal perforations are more bothersome and symptomatic. Posterior septal perforations, which mainly occur iatrogenically, are often managed with simple observation and are at times intended portions of skull base surgery. Septal perforations that are not bothersome can be managed with simple observation. While no septal perforation will spontaneously close, for the majority of septal perforations that are unlikely to get larger, observation is an appropriate form of management. For perforations that bleed or are painful, initial management should include humidification and application of salves to the perforation edges to promote healing. Mucosalization of the perforation edges will help prevent pain and recurrent epistaxis and majority of septal perforations can be managed without surgery.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b3cdb2a", "title": "Nasal septum perforation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_septum_perforation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b3cdb2a.json"}}
{"text": "For perforations in which anosmia, or the loss of smell, and a persistent whistling are a concern, the use of a silicone septal button is a treatment option. These can be placed while the patient is awake and usually in the clinic setting. While complications of button insertion are minimal, the presence of the button can be bothersome to most patients.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b3cdb2a", "title": "Nasal septum perforation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_septum_perforation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b3cdb2a.json"}}
{"text": "For patients who desire definitive close, surgery is the only option. Prior to determining candidacy for surgical closure, the etiology of the perforation must be determined. Often this requires a biopsy of the perforation to rule out autoimmune causes. If a known cause such as cocaine is the offending agent, it must be ensured that the patient is not still using the irritant.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b3cdb2a", "title": "Nasal septum perforation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_septum_perforation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b3cdb2a.json"}}
{"text": "For those that are determined to be medically cleared for surgery, the anatomical location and size of the perforation must be determined. This is often done with a combination of a CT scan of the sinuses without contrast and an endoscopic evaluation by an Ear Nose and Throat doctor. Once dimensions are obtained the surgeon will decide if it is possible to close the perforation. Multiple approaches to access the septum have been described in the literature. While sublabial and midfacial degloving approaches have been described, the most popular today is the rhinoplasty approach. This can include both open and closed methods. The open method results in a scar on the columella, however, it allows for more visibility to the surgeon. The closed method utilizes an incision all on the inside of the nose. The concept behind closure includes bringing together the edges of mucosa on each side of the perforation with minimal tension. An interposition graft is also often used. The interposition graft provides extended stability and also structure to the area of the perforation. Classically, a graft from the scalp utilizing temporalis fascia was used. Kridel, et al., first described the usage of acellular dermis so that no further incisions are required; they reported an excellent closure rate of over 90 percent. Overall perforation closure rates are variable and often determined by the skill of the surgeon and technique used. Often surgeons who claim a high rate of closure choose perforations that are easier to close. An open rhinoplasty approach also allows for better access to the nose to repair any concurrent nasal deformities, such as saddle nose deformity, that occur with a septal perforation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b3cdb2a", "title": "Nasal septum perforation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_septum_perforation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b3cdb2a.json"}}
{"text": "Nasal septum deviation", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b3cdb2a", "title": "Nasal septum perforation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_septum_perforation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b3cdb2a.json"}}
{"text": "Different surgical treatments for nasal septal perforation and their outcomes", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b3cdb2a", "title": "Nasal septum perforation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_septum_perforation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b3cdb2a.json"}}
{"text": "Septal Perforation Closure Utilizing the External Septorhinoplasty Approach", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b3cdb2a", "title": "Nasal septum perforation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_septum_perforation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b3cdb2a.json"}}
{"text": "A Review of 25-Year Experience of Nasal Septal Perforation Repair", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b3cdb2a", "title": "Nasal septum perforation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_septum_perforation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b3cdb2a.json"}}
{"text": "== External links ==", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b3cdb2a", "title": "Nasal septum perforation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_septum_perforation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b3cdb2a.json"}}
{"text": "The Las Vegas Review-Journal is a daily subscription newspaper published in Las Vegas, Nevada, since 1909. It is the largest circulating daily newspaper in Nevada and one of two daily newspapers in the Las Vegas area. The Review-Journal has been owned by Sheldon Adelson since 2015. The paper had a joint operating agreement with The Greenspun Corporation-owned Las Vegas Sun, which was intended to run through 2040 but was cancelled by the Review-Journal in 2026.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "The Clark County Review was first printed in September 1909. It was founded by Charles C. Corkhill, the first sheriff of Clark County. In August 1914, Corkhill was appointed postmaster. In March 1922, Corkhill sold the Review to T.S. Trebell, who had edited the paper for the last seven months. At that time the paper was renamed to the Las Vegas Review. Several months later Trebell severed his connections to the paper and fled to California where he was arrested by the FBI for his involvement with the IWW. W.F. Rector then took charge.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "In October 1922, John H. Lightfoot bought an interest and became editor. He retired in March 1923. A month later Corkhill resumed management. He soon died and his widow May M. Corkhill published the Review. In May 1926, Mrs. Corkhill sold the paper to Frank F. Garside, owner of the Tonopah Daily Times and Gilbert Record. Al Cahlan joined him as partner and worked as managing editor. A year later Cahlan injured his hand in a printing press.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "In March 1929, James G. Scrugham, former Nevada governor and former publisher of the Nevada State Journal of Reno, established the Las Vegas Journal. That July, the Review bought the Journal and shortly thereafter began co-publication as the Las Vegas Evening Review-Journal. In the early 1940s, Cahlan and Garside's company, Southwestern Publishing, bought the Las Vegas Age, from Charles P. \"Pop\" Squires, which began publication in 1905 and was the oldest surviving paper in Las Vegas.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "In April 1949, Donald W. Reynolds bought the paper for $500,000 from publisher Garside and managing editor Cahlan. Garside left the company while Cahlan remained. The word \"evening\" was dropped from the name. In December 1960, Reynolds exercised a buyout option with Cahlan, and bought his remaining stock. He then resigned. In 1971, a new headquarters was built. In June 1990, the Review-Journal entered into a Joint Operating Agreement with the financially struggling Las Vegas Sun, thus combining business and production operations to save money while maintaining separate newsrooms. In April 1993, Reynolds died. His company, Donrey Media Group, was then purchased longtime friend Jack Stephens, chairman of Stephens Group Inc.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "In 2000, a new $40 million printing press was installed at the paper's headquarters as part of a four-year, 152,000-square-foot expansion project. The two printing presses weigh 910 tons and consist of 16 towers. They were the largest presses in the world when they were installed. In 2005, the JOA was amended and from then on the Sun ceased afternoon publication and began distribution as a section of the Review-Journal. In March 2015, the Stephens Media newspapers were sold to New Media Investment Group. In December 2015, casino magnate Sheldon Adelson purchased the newspaper for $140 million via News + Media Capital Group LLC. GateHouse Media, a subsidiary of New Media Investment Group, was retained to manage the newspaper. $140 million was considered a steep price amounting to a 69% gain for New Media Investment Group after owning the newspaper for nine months.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Sheldon Adelson estate ownership", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "When the paper was sold in 2015, it was initially unclear who the buyer was. The purchaser was a limited liability company, News + Media Capital Group LLC, and the only name listed on the documents was Michael Schroeder, a publisher of four small regional newspapers in Connecticut. At a December 10 staff meeting informing the Review-Journal staff that the paper had been sold, Schroeder was introduced as the manager. He refused to say who the owners of News + Media were, saying that employees should \"focus on [their] jobs...and don't worry about who [the owners] are.\" Jason Taylor, the Review-Journal's publisher, said only that the ownership included \"multiple owner/investors, that some are from Las Vegas, and that in face-to-face meetings he has been assured that the group will not meddle in the newspaper’s editorial content.” There were widespread rumors that the primary buyer was Sheldon Adelson, and a week later three Review-Journal reporters confirmed that the purchase had been orchestrated by Adelson's son-in-law Patrick Dumont on Adelson's behalf. A month before the new owner was revealed, three reporters at the newspaper received an assignment from corporate management: Spend two weeks monitoring the activity of three Clark County judges. One of the judges was District Judge Elizabeth Gonzalez, who was hearing a long-running wrongful termination lawsuit filed against Adelson and his company, a lawsuit alleging that Adelson's Macao casino, Sands Macao, was connected to the Chinese Triads.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "In January, a set of editorial principles were drawn up and publicized to ensure the newspaper's independence and to deal with possible conflicts of interest involving Adelson's ownership. In February, Craig Moon, a veteran of the Gannett organization, was announced as the new publisher and promptly withdrew those principles from publication. He also began to personally review, edit, and sometimes kill stories about an Adelson-promoted proposal for the future Las Vegas Raiders football stadium. In the months since, reporters say that stories about Adelson, and particularly about an ongoing lawsuit involving his business dealings in Macau, have been heavily edited by top management.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "The new ownership triggered numerous departures. On December 23, the paper's editor Mike Hengel stepped down in a \"voluntary buyout\". Many reporters and editors left the newspaper citing \"curtailed editorial freedom, murky business dealings and unethical managers.\" Longtime columnist John L. Smith resigned after he was told he could no longer write anything about Adelson, a frequent focus of his reporting up until then. Within six months, all three of the reporters who broke the story of Adelson's ownership had left the paper.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Las Vegas Review-Journal launched its website as LVRJ.com on Jan. 15, 1997. By the end of the year, it was recognized as one of the top online papers in the U.S. by the Internet Job Source. The Review-Journal also operated LasVegas.com as a general information site. LVRJ.com was redesigned in 2000 and the site was rebranded as Reviewjournal.com two years later. In 2012, the RJ launched its first apps for iPhone, Android, and iPad. A major online redesign launched in April 2017 with an emphasis on video. The RJ built a studio on its downtown campus to produce high-end live and on-demand videos for news, politics and sports.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Reporter Roundtable – Interviews and panel discussions with reporters covering major stories", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Vegas Nation – Coverage of Raiders football", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Golden Edge – Coverage of the Las Vegas Golden Knights hockey team", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Covering the Cage – UFC and MMA coverage", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Nevada Politics Today", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Sports Betting Spotlight", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Racial inequality in headlines", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "In addition to delivering its shows on the Review-Journal website, the Review-Journal launched a Roku app in early 2018.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "In 2018 and 2022, Editor and Publisher magazine named the Review-Journal as one of 10 newspapers in the United States on the magazine's annual list of \"10 Newspapers That Do It Right\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "The newspaper has won the \"General Excellence\" award from the Nevada Press Association several times and has also won the \"Freedom of the Press\" award for its First Amendment battles from the statewide organization.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "In 1998, the newspaper killed a story about casino mogul Steve Wynn's sexual harassment of employees. The newspaper reported about the axed story in 2018, after The Wall Street Journal published a story in which dozens of people alleged that they had been victims of sexual misconduct by Wynn.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Copyright infringement litigation", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "In 2010, the Review-Journal's then-owner Stephens Media launched a copyright enforcement company called Righthaven LLC, which began a series of legal suits claiming copyright infringements. The company's practice was to search the internet for uses of Review-Journal material, purchase the copyright for that material from the newspaper and then file suit for copyright infringement. According to The Wall Street Journal, \"Defendants typically get no warning, no take-down request, just a suit.\" Between March and August 2010, Righthaven LLC filed copyright infringement suits against 107 blogs, political forums, website operators, and others.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "The Electronic Frontier Foundation, together with other pro bono attorneys, filed an Answer and Counterclaim on behalf of Democratic Underground, a political website that Righthaven sued after a Democratic Underground member posted a five-sentence excerpt from a Review-Journal article; the counterclaim, filed against Stephens Media and Righthaven asserted that alleged a \"sham relationship\" between the newspaper and Righthaven, and accused Righthaven of copyright fraud.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "In March 2011, a federal judge dismissed a suit brought by Righthaven, stating that no evidence had been presented that the forum posting of a Las Vegas Review-Journal editorial for 40 days for noncommercial use harmed the market value of the work. In June 2011, another federal judge ruled that Righthaven had no standing to sue for copyright infringement, on the grounds that the original parties retain the actual copyrights. In August 2011 another case was dismissed by Federal judge Philip Pro, who found that Righthaven had no standing to sue, and in any case the defendant's posting of a Review-Journal editorial to a blog was protected by fair use. The next month the Review-Journal terminated its arrangement with Righthaven, which was forced into receivership in November 2011 because of unpaid legal settlements.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Publishers (past and present)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "A. E. Cahlan (1926–1960)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Fred W. Smith (1960-1966)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "William V. Wright (1966-1981)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Earl L. Johnson (1981-1988)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "David A. Osborn (1988-1992)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Sherman Frederick (1992-2010)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Bob Brown (2010-2014)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Mark Ficarra (2014-2015)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Jason Taylor (2015-2016)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Craig Moon (2016-2018)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "J. Keith Moyer (2018–present)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Current and past contributors", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Molly Ball, former lead political reporter", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Norm Clarke, wrote the column \"Vegas Confidential\" from 1999 to 2016", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Ned Day, columnist whose car was bombed in 1986", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Denver Dickerson, former editorial director who became Speaker of the Nevada Assembly", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Major Garrett, former reporter who became CBS' Chief White House correspondent", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Jeff German, former investigative reporter found fatally stabbed outside his home", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Paul Gutierrez, former reporter who went on to report for ESPN", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "John Katsilometes, celebrity and entertainment columnist", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Lorna Kesterson, former reporter and mayor of Henderson, Nevada", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "David Lamb, former reporter", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Heidi Knapp Rinella, former restaurant critic", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Robin Leach, former entertainment reporter for the newspaper's niche division", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Gary Martin, former Washington bureau chief", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Michael Ramirez, cartoonist", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Donald W. Reynolds, owner from 1949 to 1993", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Wayne Allyn Root, politics opinion columnist", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Neal Rubin, former features writer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Debra Saunders, White House correspondent and Washington columnist", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Joe Schoenmann, former reporter", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Ira Stoll, columnist", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Jude Wanniski, former political columnist", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "List of newspapers in Nevada", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Las Vegas Review-Journal official website", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4542d96c", "title": "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4542d96c.json"}}
{"text": "Histoire générale des voyages ou Nouvelle collection de toutes les relations de voyages par mer et par terre, qui ont été publiées jusqu’à présent dans les différentes langues de toutes les nations connues (General History of Voyages, or New Collection of All Accounts of Sea and Land Travels Published So Far in the Different Languages of All Known Nations) is a 15-volume work by Abbé Prévost, published between 1746 and 1759. After his death, the number of volumes increased to 20. The collection describes the peoples, fauna, customs, geography, populations, and architecture of all regions known at the time.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e5241ee", "title": "Histoire générale des voyages", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e5241ee.json"}}
{"text": "Prévost translated John Green's A New General Collection of Voyages and Travels, known as the Astley collection, but substantially revised and expanded it. He reworked the content, added new material, removed unnecessary passages, had the illustrations re-engraved, and included additional narratives and notes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e5241ee", "title": "Histoire générale des voyages", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e5241ee.json"}}
{"text": "The series was highly successful after publication, received royal patronage, and spread to other countries.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e5241ee", "title": "Histoire générale des voyages", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e5241ee.json"}}
{"text": "Voyages around Africa and to the East Indies (Volumes I–V)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e5241ee", "title": "Histoire générale des voyages", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e5241ee.json"}}
{"text": "Voyages in Asia (Volumes V–VIII)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e5241ee", "title": "Histoire générale des voyages", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e5241ee.json"}}
{"text": "Voyages of the Dutch and the French to the East Indies (Volumes VIII–IX)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e5241ee", "title": "Histoire générale des voyages", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e5241ee.json"}}
{"text": "Voyages in Hindustan, Japan, the Philippines, and Borneo (Volumes X–XI)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e5241ee", "title": "Histoire générale des voyages", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e5241ee.json"}}
{"text": "Voyages in America (Volumes XII–XV)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e5241ee", "title": "Histoire générale des voyages", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e5241ee.json"}}
{"text": "Voyages to the Caribbean (Volume XV)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e5241ee", "title": "Histoire générale des voyages", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e5241ee.json"}}
{"text": "Index and catalogue of maps and engravings, by Nicolas Maurice Chompré (Volume XVI)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e5241ee", "title": "Histoire générale des voyages", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e5241ee.json"}}
{"text": "Supplement: restorations from the Holland edition; supplements (Volume XVII)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e5241ee", "title": "Histoire générale des voyages", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e5241ee.json"}}
{"text": "Continuation, by de Querlon, Alexandre Deleyre, and Rousselot de Surgy: Iceland, Jan Mayen, Novaya Zemlya, Kamchatka, and Siberia (Volume XVIII); Greenland, Kamchatka, Swedish Lapland (Volume XIX); voyage around the world, voyages in the South Seas, voyages of Cook (Volume XX)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e5241ee", "title": "Histoire générale des voyages", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e5241ee.json"}}
{"text": "Contenu de l'édition originale chez Didot et de l'édition De Hondt (in French)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e5241ee", "title": "Histoire générale des voyages", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e5241ee.json"}}
{"text": "Découverte de la terre : Histoire générale des grands voyages et des grands voyageurs (in French)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e5241ee", "title": "Histoire générale des voyages", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e5241ee.json"}}
{"text": "Allgemeine Historie der Reisen zu Wasser und zu Lande (in German)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e5241ee", "title": "Histoire générale des voyages", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e5241ee.json"}}
{"text": "Histoire générale des voyages. Original edition at Gallica. (volume XIII is missing, which is located on Google Books)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e5241ee", "title": "Histoire générale des voyages", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e5241ee.json"}}
{"text": "Histoire générale des voyages. Édition De Hondt at e-rara.ch", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e5241ee", "title": "Histoire générale des voyages", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e5241ee.json"}}
{"text": "Abrégé de l'Histoire générale des voyages by Jean-François de La Harpe at Gallica", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e5241ee", "title": "Histoire générale des voyages", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e5241ee.json"}}
{"text": "A New General Collection of Voyages and Travels, Astley, 1744-1747:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e5241ee", "title": "Histoire générale des voyages", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e5241ee.json"}}
{"text": "Text of vols. I, du II, III, du IV", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e5241ee", "title": "Histoire générale des voyages", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e5241ee.json"}}
{"text": "Jakob Crescenz Seydelmann, also known as Crescentius Josephus Jacob Seydelmann (26 July 1750, Dresden – 27 March 1829, Dresden) was a German graphic artist and illustrator.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_60cbd14c", "title": "Jakob Seydelmann", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Seydelmann", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_60cbd14c.json"}}
{"text": "His father, Franz Joseph Seydelmann (1713-1785), also known as Francesco Seydelmann, was a chamber singer for the Electorate of Saxony. His older brother, Franz, was a singer and composer.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_60cbd14c", "title": "Jakob Seydelmann", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Seydelmann", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_60cbd14c.json"}}
{"text": "In Dresden, he studied with Giuseppe Canale and Giovanni Battista Casanova then, from 1772, in Rome with Anton Raphael Mengs. Upon returning home, he became professor of miniature painting at the Academy of Fine Arts. During his career there, he would visit Rome nine more times.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_60cbd14c", "title": "Jakob Seydelmann", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Seydelmann", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_60cbd14c.json"}}
{"text": "In the late 1700s, he developed a process to extract and produce a concentrated form of sepia for use in watercolors and oil paints. He is mostly known for drawings made with that process. Well-known examples include depictions of the Sistine Madonna and Night, by Correggio, both from  the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, as were most of his reproductions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_60cbd14c", "title": "Jakob Seydelmann", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Seydelmann", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_60cbd14c.json"}}
{"text": "He spent many years on a commission from Tsar Alexander I, copying paintings from Italian artists, in various styles, at their original size. The copies were made for display in the Imperial Collection at the Hermitage Museum.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_60cbd14c", "title": "Jakob Seydelmann", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Seydelmann", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_60cbd14c.json"}}
{"text": "His wife was Apollonia (née De Forgue). They were married in 1783, when she was only sixteen. Under his tutelage, she also became a well-known artist. He was a member of the Masonic Lodge, Zum Goldenen Apfel, and they were close friends of the painter Gerhard von Kügelgen and his family.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_60cbd14c", "title": "Jakob Seydelmann", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Seydelmann", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_60cbd14c.json"}}
{"text": "Hermann Arthur Lier (1892). \"Seydelmann, Jakob Crescentius\" . Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 34. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 85–86.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_60cbd14c", "title": "Jakob Seydelmann", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Seydelmann", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_60cbd14c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Seydelmann, Jakob Crescenz\", In: Ulrich Thieme, Felix Becker (Eds.), Allgemeines Lexikon der Bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart. Vol.30, E. A. Seemann, Leipzig 1936, pg.549", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_60cbd14c", "title": "Jakob Seydelmann", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Seydelmann", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_60cbd14c.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Jakob Crescenz Seydelmann at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_60cbd14c", "title": "Jakob Seydelmann", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Seydelmann", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_60cbd14c.json"}}
{"text": "Dream Box is a solo studio album by American guitarist Pat Metheny. It was released on June 16, 2023, through Modern Recordings. It received generally favorable reviews from critics. It was nominated for Best Jazz Instrumental Album at the 66th Annual Grammy Awards.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89c02d99", "title": "Dream Box", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Box", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89c02d99.json"}}
{"text": "Dream Box consists of solo guitar works by Pat Metheny. It includes six original compositions and his cover versions of \"Never Was Love\", \"I Fall in Love Too Easily\", and \"Morning of the Carnival\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89c02d99", "title": "Dream Box", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Box", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89c02d99.json"}}
{"text": "According to the review aggregator Metacritic, Dream Box received \"generally favorable reviews\" based on a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 from 5 critic scores.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89c02d99", "title": "Dream Box", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Box", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89c02d99.json"}}
{"text": "Sam Sodomsky of Pitchfork stated, \"Favoring minor keys and loose sketches of melody, Metheny embraces the scattered, jetlagged genesis.\" He added, \"This is music made for late nights and bleary eyes, wistful and half-awake.\" Thom Jurek of AllMusic commented that \"The electric guitar ballads on Dream Box offer unvarnished introspection, uncanny musical vision, and gorgeous technique.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89c02d99", "title": "Dream Box", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Box", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89c02d99.json"}}
{"text": "It was nominated for Best Jazz Instrumental Album at the 66th Annual Grammy Awards.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89c02d99", "title": "Dream Box", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Box", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89c02d99.json"}}
{"text": "Credits adapted from liner notes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89c02d99", "title": "Dream Box", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Box", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89c02d99.json"}}
{"text": "Pat Metheny – electric guitar, baritone guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89c02d99", "title": "Dream Box", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Box", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89c02d99.json"}}
{"text": "Pat Metheny – producer, arranger", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89c02d99", "title": "Dream Box", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Box", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89c02d99.json"}}
{"text": "Pete Karam – recording, mixing, mastering", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89c02d99", "title": "Dream Box", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Box", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89c02d99.json"}}
{"text": "Steve Rodby – mixing/mastering consultancy", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89c02d99", "title": "Dream Box", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Box", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89c02d99.json"}}
{"text": "Doyle Partners – design", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89c02d99", "title": "Dream Box", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Box", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89c02d99.json"}}
{"text": "Dream Box at Discogs (list of releases)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89c02d99", "title": "Dream Box", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Box", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89c02d99.json"}}
{"text": "In mathematics, a minimal surface is a surface that locally minimizes its area. This is equivalent to having zero mean curvature (see definitions below).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "The term \"minimal surface\" is used because these surfaces originally arose as surfaces that minimized total surface area subject to some constraint. Physical models of area-minimizing minimal surfaces can be made by dipping a wire frame into a soap solution, forming a soap film, which is a minimal surface whose boundary is the wire frame. However, the term is used for more general surfaces that may self-intersect or do not have constraints. For a given constraint there may also exist several minimal surfaces with different areas (for example, see minimal surface of revolution): the standard definitions only relate to a local optimum, not a global optimum.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Minimal surfaces can be defined in several equivalent ways in", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": ". The fact that they are equivalent serves to demonstrate how minimal surface theory lies at the crossroads of several mathematical disciplines, especially differential geometry, calculus of variations, potential theory, complex analysis and mathematical physics.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Local least area definition: A surface", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle M\\subset \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "is minimal if and only if every point p ∈ M has a neighbourhood, bounded by a simple closed curve, which has the least area among all surfaces having the same boundary.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "This property is local: there might exist regions in a minimal surface, together with other surfaces of smaller area which have the same boundary. This property establishes a connection with soap films; a soap film deformed to have a wire frame as boundary will minimize area.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Variational definition: A surface", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle M\\subset \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "is minimal if and only if it is a critical point of the area functional for all compactly supported variations.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "This definition makes minimal surfaces a 2-dimensional analogue to geodesics, which are analogously defined as critical points of the length functional.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Mean curvature definition: A surface", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle M\\subset \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "is minimal if and only if its mean curvature is equal to zero at all points.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "A direct implication of this definition is that every point on the surface is a saddle point with equal and opposite principal curvatures. Additionally, this makes minimal surfaces into the static solutions of mean curvature flow. By the Young–Laplace equation, the mean curvature of a soap film is proportional to the difference in pressure between the sides. If the soap film does not enclose a region, then this will make its mean curvature zero. By contrast, a spherical soap bubble encloses a region which has a different pressure from the exterior region, and as such does not have zero mean curvature.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Differential equation definition: A surface", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle M\\subset \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "formed by the image of a region", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle X\\subset \\mathbb {R} ^{2}}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {f} :X\\to M}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle (x,y)\\mapsto (x,y,u(x,y))}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle u:X\\to \\mathbb {R} }", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "is a real valued function, is minimal if and only if", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle (1+u_{x}^{2})u_{yy}-2u_{x}u_{y}u_{xy}+(1+u_{y}^{2})u_{xx}=0}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "The partial differential equation in this definition was originally found in 1762 by Lagrange, and Jean Baptiste Meusnier discovered in 1776 that it implied a vanishing mean curvature. This equation gives an asymmetric definition in the sense that the position on the", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "-axis is determined as a function", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": ". Not all surfaces are conveniently represented this way. An alternative definition based on the more general representation", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {x} :\\mathbb {R} ^{2}\\to \\mathbb {R} ^{3},(u,v)\\mapsto (x,y,z)}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial u}}{\\frac {{\\frac {\\partial \\mathbf {x} }{\\partial v}}{\\boldsymbol {\\times }}({\\frac {\\partial \\mathbf {x} }{\\partial u}}{\\boldsymbol {\\times }}{\\frac {\\partial \\mathbf {x} }{\\partial v}})}{\\sqrt {({\\frac {\\partial \\mathbf {x} }{\\partial u}}{\\boldsymbol {\\times }}{\\frac {\\partial \\mathbf {x} }{\\partial v}}){\\boldsymbol {\\cdot }}({\\frac {\\partial \\mathbf {x} }{\\partial u}}{\\boldsymbol {\\times }}{\\frac {\\partial \\mathbf {x} }{\\partial v}})}}}={\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial v}}{\\frac {{\\frac {\\partial \\mathbf {x} }{\\partial u}}{\\boldsymbol {\\times }}({\\frac {\\partial \\mathbf {x} }{\\partial u}}{\\boldsymbol {\\times }}{\\frac {\\partial \\mathbf {x} }{\\partial v}})}{\\sqrt {({\\frac {\\partial \\mathbf {x} }{\\partial u}}{\\boldsymbol {\\times }}{\\frac {\\partial \\mathbf {x} }{\\partial v}}){\\boldsymbol {\\cdot }}({\\frac {\\partial \\mathbf {x} }{\\partial u}}{\\boldsymbol {\\times }}{\\frac {\\partial \\mathbf {x} }{\\partial v}})}}}}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Energy definition: A conformal immersion", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle X:M\\rightarrow \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "is minimal if and only if it is a critical point of the Dirichlet energy for all compactly supported variations, or equivalently if any point", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle p\\in M}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "has a neighbourhood with least energy relative to its boundary.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "This definition ties minimal surfaces to harmonic functions and potential theory.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Harmonic definition: If", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle X=(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3}):M\\rightarrow \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "is an isometric immersion of a Riemann surface into 3-space, then", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "is said to be minimal whenever", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle x_{i}}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "is a harmonic function on", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "A direct implication of this definition and the maximum principle for harmonic functions is that there are no compact complete minimal surfaces in", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Gauss map definition: A surface", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle M\\subset \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "is minimal if and only if its stereographically projected Gauss map", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle g:M\\rightarrow \\mathbb {C} \\cup {\\infty }}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "is meromorphic with respect to the underlying Riemann surface structure, and", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "is not a piece of a sphere.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "This definition uses that the mean curvature is half of the trace of the shape operator, which is linked to the derivatives of the Gauss map. If the projected Gauss map obeys the Cauchy–Riemann equations then either the trace vanishes or every point of M is umbilic, in which case it is a piece of a sphere.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "The local least area and variational definitions allow extending minimal surfaces to other Riemannian manifolds than", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Minimal surface theory originates with Lagrange who in 1762 considered the variational problem of finding the surface", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle z=z(x,y)}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "of least area stretched across a given closed contour. He derived the Euler–Lagrange equation for the solution", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle {\\frac {d}{dx}}\\left({\\frac {z_{x}}{\\sqrt {1+z_{x}^{2}+z_{y}^{2}}}}\\right)+{\\frac {d}{dy}}\\left({\\frac {z_{y}}{\\sqrt {1+z_{x}^{2}+z_{y}^{2}}}}\\right)=0}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "He did not succeed in finding any solution beyond the plane. In 1776 Jean Baptiste Marie Meusnier discovered that the helicoid and catenoid satisfy the equation and that the differential expression corresponds to twice the mean curvature of the surface, concluding that surfaces with zero mean curvature are area-minimizing.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "By expanding Lagrange's equation to", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle \\left(1+z_{x}^{2}\\right)z_{yy}-2z_{x}z_{y}z_{xy}+\\left(1+z_{y}^{2}\\right)z_{xx}=0}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Gaspard Monge and Legendre in 1795 derived representation formulas for the solution surfaces. While these were successfully used by Heinrich Scherk in 1830 to derive his surfaces, they were generally regarded as practically unusable. Catalan proved in 1842/43 that the helicoid is the only ruled minimal surface.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Progress had been fairly slow until the middle of the century when the Björling problem was solved using complex methods. The \"first golden age\" of minimal surfaces began. Schwarz found the solution of the Plateau problem for a regular quadrilateral in 1865 and for a general quadrilateral in 1867 (allowing the construction of his periodic surface families) using complex methods. Weierstrass and Enneper developed more useful representation formulas, firmly linking minimal surfaces to complex analysis and harmonic functions. Other important contributions came from Beltrami, Bonnet, Darboux, Lie, Riemann, Serret and Weingarten.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Between 1925 and 1950 minimal surface theory revived, now mainly aimed at nonparametric minimal surfaces. The complete solution of the Plateau problem by Jesse Douglas and Tibor Radó was a major milestone. Bernstein's problem and Robert Osserman's work on complete minimal surfaces of finite total curvature were also important.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Another revival began in the 1980s. One cause was the discovery in 1982 by Celso Costa of a surface that disproved the conjecture that the plane, the catenoid, and the helicoid are the only complete embedded minimal surfaces in", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "of finite topological type. This not only stimulated new work on using the old parametric methods, but also demonstrated the importance of computer graphics to visualise the studied surfaces and numerical methods to solve the \"period problem\" (when using the conjugate surface method to determine surface patches that can be assembled into a larger symmetric surface, certain parameters need to be numerically matched to produce an embedded surface). Another cause was the verification by H. Karcher that the triply periodic minimal surfaces originally described empirically by Alan Schoen in 1970 actually exist. This has led to a rich menagerie of surface families and methods of deriving new surfaces from old, for example by adding handles or distorting them.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Currently the theory of minimal surfaces has diversified to minimal submanifolds in other ambient geometries, becoming relevant to mathematical physics (e.g. the positive mass conjecture, the Penrose conjecture) and three-manifold geometry (e.g. the Smith conjecture, the Poincaré conjecture, the Thurston Geometrization Conjecture).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Classical examples of minimal surfaces include:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "the plane, which is a trivial case", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "catenoids: minimal surfaces made by rotating a catenary once around its directrix", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "helicoids: A surface swept out by a line rotating with uniform velocity around an axis perpendicular to the line and simultaneously moving along the axis with uniform velocity", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Surfaces from the 19th century golden age include:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Schwarz minimal surfaces: triply periodic surfaces that fill", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Riemann's minimal surface: A posthumously described periodic surface", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "the Henneberg surface: the first non-orientable minimal surface", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Bour's minimal surface", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "the Neovius surface: a triply periodic surface", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Modern surfaces include:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "the Gyroid: One of Schoen's surfaces from 1970, a triply periodic surface of particular interest for liquid crystal structure", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "the Saddle tower family: generalisations of Scherk's second surface", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Costa's minimal surface: Famous conjecture disproof. Described in 1982 by Celso Costa and later visualized by Jim Hoffman. Jim Hoffman, David Hoffman and William Meeks III then extended the definition to produce a family of surfaces with different rotational symmetries.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "the Chen–Gackstatter surface family, adding handles to the Enneper surface.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Generalisations and links to other areas of mathematics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Minimal surfaces can be defined in other manifolds than", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": ", such as hyperbolic space, higher-dimensional spaces or Riemannian manifolds.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "The definition of minimal surfaces can be generalized/extended to cover constant-mean-curvature surfaces: surfaces with a constant mean curvature, which need not equal zero.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "In discrete differential geometry discrete minimal surfaces are studied: simplicial complexes of triangles that minimize their area under small perturbations of their vertex positions. Such discretizations are often used to approximate minimal surfaces numerically, even if no closed form expressions are known.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Brownian motion on a minimal surface leads to probabilistic proofs of several theorems on minimal surfaces.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Applications and occurrences in nature", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "The curvature lines of an isothermal surface form an isothermal net.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Minimal surfaces have become an area of intense scientific study, especially in the areas of molecular engineering and materials science, due to their anticipated applications in self-assembly of complex materials. The endoplasmic reticulum, an important structure in cell biology, is proposed to be under evolutionary pressure to conform to a nontrivial minimal surface.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "In the fields of general relativity and Lorentzian geometry, certain extensions and modifications of the notion of minimal surface, known as apparent horizons, are significant. In contrast to the event horizon, they represent a curvature-based approach to understanding black hole boundaries.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Structures with minimal surfaces can be used as tents.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Minimal surfaces are part of the generative design toolbox used by modern designers. In architecture there has been much interest in tensile structures, which are closely related to minimal surfaces. Notable examples can be seen in the work of Frei Otto, Shigeru Ban, and Zaha Hadid. The design of the Munich Olympic Stadium by Frei Otto was inspired by soap surfaces. Another notable example, also by Frei Otto, is the German Pavilion at Expo 67 in Montreal, Canada.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "In the art world, minimal surfaces have been extensively explored in the sculpture of Robert Engman (1927–2018), Robert Longhurst (1949– ), and Charles O. Perry (1929–2011), among others.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "R. Courant. Dirichlet's Principle, Conformal Mapping, and Minimal Surfaces. Appendix by M. Schiffer. Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1950. xiii+330 pp.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "H. Blaine Lawson, Jr. Lectures on minimal submanifolds. Vol. I. Second edition. Mathematics Lecture Series, 9. Publish or Perish, Inc., Wilmington, Del., 1980. iv+178 pp. ISBN 0-914098-18-7", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Robert Osserman. A survey of minimal surfaces. Second edition. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1986. vi+207 pp. ISBN 0-486-64998-9, MR 0852409", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Johannes C.C. Nitsche. Lectures on minimal surfaces. Vol. 1. Introduction, fundamentals, geometry and basic boundary value problems. Translated from the German by Jerry M. Feinberg. With a German foreword. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989. xxvi+563 pp. ISBN 0-521-24427-7", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Nishikawa, Seiki (2002). Variational problems in geometry. Translations of Mathematical Monographs; Iwanami Series in Modern Mathematics. Vol. 205. Translated by Abe, Kinetsu. Providence, R. I.: American Mathematical Society. ISBN 0-8218-1356-0. ISSN 0065-9282, translated from:{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: postscript (link)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "西川青季 (1998). 幾何学的変分問題. 岩波講座現代数学の基礎 (in Japanese). Vol. 28. Tokyo: 岩波書店. ISBN 4-00-010642-2.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Ulrich Dierkes, Stefan Hildebrandt, and Friedrich Sauvigny. Minimal surfaces. Revised and enlarged second edition. With assistance and contributions by A. Küster and R. Jakob. Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 339. Springer, Heidelberg, 2010. xvi+688 pp. ISBN 978-3-642-11697-1, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11698-8 , MR 2566897", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Tobias Holck Colding and William P. Minicozzi, II. A course in minimal surfaces. Graduate Studies in Mathematics, 121. American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2011. xii+313 pp. ISBN 978-0-8218-5323-8", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Karcher, Hermann; Polthier, Konrad (1995). \"Touching Soap Films - An introduction to minimal surfaces\". Retrieved December 27, 2006. (graphical introduction to minimal surfaces and soap films.)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Jacek Klinowski. \"Periodic Minimal Surfaces Gallery\". Retrieved February 2, 2009. (A collection of minimal surfaces with classical and modern examples)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Martin Steffens and Christian Teitzel. \"Grape Minimal Surface Library\". Retrieved October 27, 2008. (A collection of minimal surfaces)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Various (2000). \"EG-Models\". Retrieved September 28, 2004. (Online journal with several published models of minimal surfaces)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "\"Minimal surface\", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994]", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "3D-XplorMath-J Homepage — Java program and applets for interactive mathematical visualisation", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Gallery of rotatable minimal surfaces", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "WebGL-based Gallery of rotatable/zoomable minimal surfaces", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b18d4f", "title": "Minimal surface", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b18d4f.json"}}
{"text": "Adelpha melona, the Melona sister, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Central and South America.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_66aa995f", "title": "Adelpha melona", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelpha_melona", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_66aa995f.json"}}
{"text": "The wingspan is about 50 mm.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_66aa995f", "title": "Adelpha melona", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelpha_melona", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_66aa995f.json"}}
{"text": "A. m. melona (Brazil (Pará))", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_66aa995f", "title": "Adelpha melona", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelpha_melona", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_66aa995f.json"}}
{"text": "A. m. deborah Weeks, 1901 (Colombia)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_66aa995f", "title": "Adelpha melona", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelpha_melona", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_66aa995f.json"}}
{"text": "A. m. leucocoma Fruhstorfer, 1915 (Brazil (Amazonas), Trinidad)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_66aa995f", "title": "Adelpha melona", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelpha_melona", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_66aa995f.json"}}
{"text": "A. m. pseudarete Fruhstorfer, 1915", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_66aa995f", "title": "Adelpha melona", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelpha_melona", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_66aa995f.json"}}
{"text": "A. m. neildi Willmott, 2003 (Panama)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_66aa995f", "title": "Adelpha melona", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelpha_melona", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_66aa995f.json"}}
{"text": "Farme de Amoedo Street (Rua Farme de Amoedo in Portuguese, local Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʁu.ɐ ˈfaʁmi dʒi amuˈedu]) is an important LGBTQ street in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, that starts at the Vieira Souto Avenue and ends at Alberto de Campos Street. According to the LGBT app Grindr, the gay beach part of Ipanema was elected the best of the world for LGBTs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_abf4a93f", "title": "Rua Farme de Amoedo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rua_Farme_de_Amoedo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_abf4a93f.json"}}
{"text": "LGBT rights in Brazil", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_abf4a93f", "title": "Rua Farme de Amoedo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rua_Farme_de_Amoedo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_abf4a93f.json"}}
{"text": "LGBT rights in the World", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_abf4a93f", "title": "Rua Farme de Amoedo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rua_Farme_de_Amoedo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_abf4a93f.json"}}
{"text": "Malard (Persian: ملارد) is a city in the Central District of Malard County, Tehran province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. It is also the administrative center for Malard-e Shomali Rural District. In 1995, the village of Malard merged with the village of Sar Asiab-e Malard (سرآسیاب ملارد) to become the city of Malard.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c75204e", "title": "Malard", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malard", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c75204e.json"}}
{"text": "At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 228,673 in 61,302 households, when it was capital of the former Malard District of Shahriar County. The following census in 2011 counted 290,817 people in 85,445 households, by which time the district had been separated from the county in the establishment of Malard County. The city and the rural district were transferred to the new Central District, with Malard as the county's capital. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 281,027 people in 86,830 households.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c75204e", "title": "Malard", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malard", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c75204e.json"}}
{"text": "Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as cold semi-arid (BSk).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c75204e", "title": "Malard", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malard", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c75204e.json"}}
{"text": "The city is served by buses from the municipal-run Malard and Suburbs Bus Organization, connecting the city to Shahriar, Karaj, Qods, and Tehran.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c75204e", "title": "Malard", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malard", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c75204e.json"}}
{"text": "Slaven Dobrović (born 29 August 1967 in Zadar) is a Croatian politician from Home and National Rally. He served as Minister of Environmental Protection and Energy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d7d8ea86", "title": "Slaven Dobrović", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaven_Dobrovi%C4%87", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d7d8ea86.json"}}
{"text": "Klaukkala (Finnish: [ˈklɑu̯kːɑlɑ]; Swedish: Klövskog, Finland Swedish: [ˈkløːvskuːɡ]) is the southern-most urban area (Finnish: taajama) of the Nurmijärvi municipality in Uusimaa, Finland, located near Lake Valkjärvi. It is the largest urban area in Nurmijärvi, and despite the fact that it officially has the status of a village, it is often mistakenly thought to be a separate town due to its size and structure. In the 2010s, Klaukkala's urban area grew to be part of the larger Helsinki urban area.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Klaukkala has a population of over 20,000 and is the fastest-growing area of Nurmijärvi; almost half of the total population of the municipality lives in Klaukkala. Its population began to rise in the 1960s, when it surpassed the church village of Nurmijärvi. In the 1970s, Klaukkala also grew larger than Rajamäki, which until then was the largest of Nurmijärvi's villages. At that time, Klaukkala's population was over 2,500. Klaukkala has significant migration mainly from the Helsinki conurbation, being a rural village a half-hour's drive away from the Helsinki centre, it especially attracts families with children. Unfortunately, due to the enormous population growth, the village is also infamous for its growing traffic, which causes local problems at the mornings and afternoons.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "In the early 2000s, many detached houses were built in Klaukkala, but the situation has changed as up to three-quarters of the new houses are apartment, terraced and semi-detached houses.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "The name of Klaukkala in Finnish is based on the name of the house, which in turn includes the name of the early host of the house, a variant of the name of Nikolaus, as well as Klaus, Klavus and Klåvus in Swedish. The name of the house is originally Finnish and its host is called \"Klaukka\". The names of the village used in history include Klöckeskoogh in 1527, Klockskoby in 1540, Klöckeskoby in 1544, Klauko in 1710 and Klaukala Hemmi in 1835. The name Klaukkala was officially established in 1866. In the present-day Swedish name, Klövskog, the first part klöv means hoof and the second part skog means forest.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "The earliest references to Klaukkala date back to the 16th century, at which time the village was part of the Helsinki parish (Finnish: Helsingin pitäjä). The earliest inhabitants were mainly Tavastians. In the 1540s there were as many as 11 houses in Klaukkala, which together constituted five full taxes: Viiri, Tilkka, Gunnari, Olli, Huitti, Seppälä and Klaukka, which was the oldest house in the village. In 1592, a part of Klaukka's estate was created by dividing the Mylläri house according to its host, miller Erkki Niilonpoika. Thus, in 1600 there were 10 farms in Klaukkala and one desert farm (one of the houses in Viiri). Klaukkala is mentioned in the 1500s as the prosperous village of the parish.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "The population of Klaukkala remained unstable between the mid-16th century and the 18th century. In the 16th century, the population remained fairly constant through the early 17th century, but then began to decline due to superpower wars, until the Great Famine years of the 1690s reduced the population by about 20%. The population grew momentarily before the Great Northern War, which again caused the population to decline. By the mid-18th century, however, the population had grown considerably. The fluctuations in house numbers in the villages followed the boom and bust until the late 17th century, after which the number of deserts remained the same. The reason for this was that the rapid population growth was mainly due to the stateless population, while the old farm numbers remained the same and more resources were needed to maintain them. In the latter part of the 18th century, the homeless population created a need for colonization and the establishment of farmhouses.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Axe murders and the civil war", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "In the late 19th century, Klaukkala became infamous for the massacre that took place on May 10, 1899 in Simola's croft. At that time Karl Emil Malmelin, the croft's farmworker, killed the entire seven-member household with an axe. All in all, the incident was so terrible that it resulted in one of the most notable manhunts in Finnish history, folk tales, and at least two well-known and surviving broadside ballads. The incident affected the entire Nurmijärvi's reputation for a long time, giving the parish a nickname such as Murhajärvi (literally \"murder lake\"). At that time, the incident was the worst massacre in Finland since the Åbo Bloodbath in 1599, almost 300 years earlier.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "During the Finnish Civil War, after the Battle of Helsinki, German troops who cooperated with the Whites in the fight against the Red Guards, conquered Klaukkala on April 19, 1918 from the Reds with the aim of getting the troops from Helsinki to Hämeenlinna. According to the Germans, the conquest of Klaukkala was a strict operation. The Red Guards defended the hill of the village in the \"frustration of despair\". They had good positions on the hill, but only four machine guns, possibly against the fourteen machine guns of the Whites. German sources recall that Klaukkala was captured by an assault in an hour and a half, which caught a total of 55 red prisoners.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Improvement of the market area", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "The most significant shopping center in Klaukkala are the Viirintori marketplace and Viirinlaakso areas. The history of Viirintori dates back to the 19th century and the handed over to Karelia through family business. Kaarlo Narinen and his wife Anna founded the Kilpeenjoki's general merchandise store in the Vyborg village in 1897. The Narinen family fled the Russian invasion during the war as far as Klaukkala and founded the economic store Klaukkalan Talouskauppa in the early 1950s.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "The next generation to lead it, Kaarlo and Anna's son Sakeus Narinen, along with wife Helmi. Their son Jouko Narinen is the originator of the Klaukkala's Viirintori and Viirinlaakso commercial center. He has been a merchant and developer of initiative and diligence for five decades.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "The area of Viirintori has increased significant commercial activity in Viirinlaakso and Klaukkala. The continuous development of the Klaukkalan Talouskauppa, which began in the 1960s, has now led to a situation where the municipality of Nurmijärvi plans to make Viirinlaakso a commercial center for Klaukkala. Jouko Narinen and his wife Ritva took over the Klaukkalan Talouskauppa in 1961. Since then, Jouko Narinen has been developing and growing the trade and the commercial real estate surrounding it throughout his career.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Every ten years a new one was built and later the old one was also renovated. The first phase of growth began immediately after the last generation change. In 1963, Narinen built a new commercial building, which, among other things, was rented by a post office. The commercial building was renovated again in 1970. In 1976 an iron hall was erected on the fields and in 1982 Kiinteistö Oy Viirintori was completed. At the same time, Klaukkalan Talouskauppa became Viiri-Market Ky, which also included a commercial car circling the area. Viiri-Market employed 25 people at its best, and Viirintori had ten companies leased in addition to Viiri-Market. Viirintori's rapture and publishing activities as well as Jouko Narinen's activity were more visible in the construction of Klaukkala. The Viiri Fair and Viirintorin Sanomat became known in Klaukkala's households since the 1980s.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Jouko Narinen is a founding member of Klaukkalan Yrittäjät and a long-time active member. Ritva and Jouko Narinen retired from active business in 1994. They transferred the Viiri-Market store to Kesko. The Viirintori still remained owned by Jouko Narinen and the business will continue as a rental business under the management of daughter Päivi Salo (née Narinen). The marketplace has been further expanded, Viirintori has been renovated and the parceled plot has become K-Citymarket. Currently there are more than 20 tenants in Viirintori.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "The distance from Klaukkala to the border of Espoo is about 5 km and also the border of Vantaa is about 3 km, which is why Klaukkala is very close to the capital region of Greater Helsinki. The nearest districts are Luhtaanmäki, Vestra and Riipilä in Vantaa and Lahnus in Espoo. The distance to the Helsinki center is less than 30 km and the distance to Loppi is over 40 km. The church village of Nurmijärvi is about 15 km from Klaukkala.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Helsinki-Vantaa Airport is about 20 minutes' drive from Klaukkala; the fastest route is along National road 3 (E12) and Ring III highways.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "There are several residential areas in Klaukkala, including Haikala, Harjula, Lintumetsä, Mäntysalo, Pietarinmäki, Pikimetsä, Ropakko, Syrjälä, Talvisto and Toivola. Of the above-mentioned areas, for example, the largest suburban neighborhood Harjula has more than 2000 inhabitants. In 2017, the construction of the new center of the Klaukkala, Viirinlaakso, was started, and there will be seven new apartment buildings. Another planned residential area is Vanha-Klaukka, which will appear in the western part of Klaukkala; it is estimated to increase Klaukkala's population by about 2,000 and make the road between Klaukkala and the neighboring village Lepsämä more street-like with possible traffic light intersections.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "There is also one industrial and business area in village, Järvihaka, right by Lake Valkjärvi. The area includes at least 20-30 companies and a couple of lunch restaurants. Later in the future, a new industrial areas is planned: one for Mäyränkallio between Metsäkylä village and the old highway of Hämeenlinna (Mt 130), and another for Sudentulli between Numlahti village and Mäntysalo area.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Klaukkala encompasses about 43 square kilometres (about 17 sq mi). The village is mostly suburban and urban area with some rural landscape. Next to the village is the lushest lake of Nurmijärvi, Lake Valkjärvi, encompassing about 1,5 square kilometres (about 0,6 sq mi), which flows as the River Luhtajoki from the north of the village to the east and southeast into the River Vantaa. In the south, there is another river called Lepsämänjoki, which also flow into the River Vantaa. Located in the southern part of Klaukkala village, Isosuo is a 366-acre marshland. Isosuo is part of the Natura 2000 program and is also included in the state's mire protection program, which is why the marsh is almost entirely state owned. The predominant habitat type of the Natura Habitats Directive is the raised bog, but it also has some the poor fen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "In the middle of the village is the large rock called Vaskomäki, which at the highest point of village emphasizes the identity of the Klaukkala and which is popular with local climbers. In cooperation with the municipality, HOK-Elanto is negotiating the future of the plots. As early as 1996, the Rotary Club of Klaukkala presented the municipality with a plan for an indoor swimming pool, a shelter and a multipurpose facility inside Vaskomäki. Admittedly, Vaskomäki's mining has strongly divided opinions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Another noteworthy high point in village is Tornimäki near the residential areas of Harjula and Syrjälä, where the resort center Klaukkalan Tornikeskus is located. This resort offers mountain biking in summer and snowtubing in winter. In May 2019, a fitness staircase with 348 stairsteps (formerly 337 stairsteps originally intended to be based on the literary production of Aleksis Kivi) was officially launched at the Tornikeskus. Before that, the stairs contract was tendered twice, but no contractor was found either time. In the end, the stairs were decided to be purchased directly and they received a government subsidy of €70,000. Stairway construction started in fall 2018. In less than a month since its inauguration, stairs has gained great popularity.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "About a kilometer from the Klaukkala central, there is a farm called Ali-Ollin Alpakkatila, which is known for alpacas. The farm offers pony rides and agilities with alpacas, which is a specialty of the farm.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "The ribbon structure of the Klaukkala has been built on along the Finnish regional road 132 (Mt 132), which serves as a road connection from Finnish national road 3 to Loppi. Back in the late 1950s, it was the original main road before the current freeway, and in addition to passing through Loppi, it continued through the remote forest areas of Janakkala all the way to Hämeenlinna. And before the completion of the current Finnish national road 2, it also served the traffic of Forssa and Pori, which passed through Loppi and Tammela.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "The increased traffic, resulting from the increase in population causes problems in the Road 132, especially main challenge is the highly congested main street of Klaukkala, which is used by about 17,000 vehicles per day. Because of this, a new road line, the so-called \"Klaukkala bypass\", of Road 132 between freeway and Numlahti village to get around Klaukkala from the north is being planned since the 1980s, and possibly also a rail traffic connection to Helsinki, probably as a continuation of the Vantaankoski rail. However, the train track plan is likely to be rejected, but it has been proposed to handle traffic by super bus or light rail. The Klaukkala bypass is estimated to be completed in fall 2021, but despite initial estimates, construction work on the bypass has progressed faster than expected and will be opened to traffic in November 2020. According to current plans, the Klaukkala bypass would be to continue eastbound towards Tuusula in connection with the planned \"Ring IV\" project, which is being funded in particular by the Tuusula municipality.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "In the under constructed Viirinlaakso area, there are a new transport hub called Klaukkala Travel Center (Klaukkalan Matkakeskus) with a new bus station. There are bus connections from Klaukkala to Helsinki, Kivistö of Vantaa, Hyvinkää, Loppi and elsewhere to Nurmijärvi. Bus traffic on Nurmijärvi is operated by the bus company Korsisaari.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Services and buildings", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Klaukkala has several grocery stores and one shopping mall called Viiri, which includes K-Citymarket and 17 other stores. Along the Lahnus road (Lahnuksentie), another shopping mall called Kauppakeskus Brunni is home to the S Group-owned S-Market, where it moved from the old center of Klaukkala in 2016. The formerly dilapidated S-Market building from the 1970s along the Lepsämä road (Lepsämäntie), would be demolished and a new store replaced. The locals had hoped to replace the building with hypermarket Prisma, but according to HOK-Elanto, Klaukkala would get another S-Market, but it will become HOK-Elanto's largest S-Market store in size and range.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Also, Klaukkala's service portfolio includes a community health center, a public library, opticians, a pharmacy (another is planned), two municipal dental clinics and a private dentist, three bank offices (including Osuuspankki and Nordea offices) and two hardware stores, Tokmanni and K-Rauta. For pets, there is a veterinary clinic in Klaukkala and two pet food stores. There are also about 10–20 dining places in the Klaukkala.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Klaukkala includes many primary schools, of which the largest is Isoniittu School (Isoniitun koulu), which includes all nine grades of the Finnish primary school system. There is also a primary school of Swedish, Vendlaskolan, located on the same property as the Syrjälä School. Klaukkala also has one of the three gymnasiums of Nurmijärvi, Arkadia Joint Lyceum (Arkadian yhteislyseo). A new children's indoor playground, Play Jays, was opened along the Kuonomäki road (Kuonomäentie) in August 2019 but it was closed in May 2020 due to high rental costs and the COVID-19 pandemic.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "In 2017 a new multipurpose building called \"Monikko\" was built, to the Klaukkala sports area. Monikko hosts a number of events, including entertainment as music and stand-up shows. Tennis, squash and ice hockey halls are also located near the sports area along the Lepsämä road. Many of Nurmijärvi's sports clubs operates in Klaukkala, such as SB-Pro and Nurmijärven Jalkapalloseura (also in Rajamäki).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "A possible tourism sight is modern-styled, copper-plated Klaukkala Church, designed by architect Anssi Lassila, in the old center of Klaukkala. Mikko Heikka, a bishop of the Evangelic Lutheran Church, dedicated it on November 28, 2004. The village also has a wooden Orthodox church of Saint Nectarios of Aegina, built in 1995. Before both churches, there was only a parish centre in Klaukkala, completed in 1973, which is located in the immediate vicinity of the current church.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Nurmijärven Uutiset, a local free newspaper of the Nurmijärvi municipality, is headquartered in Klaukkala.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Riikka Honkanen (born 1998), alpine ski racer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Kalle Johansson, known as Eno Kalle (1884–1941), poet", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Linde Lindström (born 1976), guitarist of HIM", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Aimo Mustonen (1909–1994), composer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Aki Sirkesalo (1962–2004), singer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Timo Tolkki (born 1966), ex-guitarist of Stratovarius", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Lepsämä, a neighboring village next to Klaukkala, is the place where the former Prime Minister of Finland Matti Vanhanen currently lives. Before that, he lived in Lintumetsä on the outskirts of the village, which belongs to Klaukkala.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Lahnus, a district of Espoo", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Lepsämä, a neighboring village near Klaukkala", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Luhtaanmäki, a district of Vantaa", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Nurmijärven Jalkapalloseura, a local football club", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "SB-Pro, a local floorball club", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Viiri, a shopping centre in Viirinlaakso, Klaukkala", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Kalliola, Matti (2011). Ison kylän tarina: Klaukkalan kyläkirja. Klaukkalan kyläkirjatoimikunta. ISBN 978-952-92-8810-6.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Klaukkala at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Klaukkala travel guide from Wikivoyage", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Klaukkala - On the website of Nurmijärvi municipality", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "Klaukkala's location at Fonecta", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1497164d", "title": "Klaukkala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaukkala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1497164d.json"}}
{"text": "The Greeks and Greek Love: A Radical Reappraisal of Homosexuality in Ancient Greece is a book by James Davidson.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d2d1999d", "title": "The Greeks and Greek Love", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greeks_and_Greek_Love", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d2d1999d.json"}}
{"text": "The book investigates the linguistic aspect of love and sexuality in Ancient Greece. The book makes the analogy between ancient sexuality and the Gordian knot, which he intended to untie by intrincately examining it in order to \"follow, so far as I could, where each strand le[ads]\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d2d1999d", "title": "The Greeks and Greek Love", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greeks_and_Greek_Love", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d2d1999d.json"}}
{"text": "It also criticizes Kenneth Dover and Michel Foucault's view of Greek homosexuality that focuses more on sexual penetration than other aspects of same-sex attraction. Davidson described such view as \"resembl[ing] a sado-masochistic sex club in 1970s San Francisco\". A review of the book on The Gay & Lesbian Review wrote that \"Davidson’s efforts to sanitize\" ancient Greek homosexuality \"suit[s] more the conservative values of the present generation,\" while Dover's approach cattered more to the sensibilities of the sexual liberation movement of the 1970s.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d2d1999d", "title": "The Greeks and Greek Love", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greeks_and_Greek_Love", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d2d1999d.json"}}
{"text": "A number of scholars of the field of classical history have described the book as an attempt to sanitize Ancient Greek history to the modern American audience of the 2000s, including while catering to American views on sex, homosexuality in the military, same-sex marriage and sexual promiscuity. A review on the Bryn Mawr Classical Review stated that Davidson's book had created \"an anachronistically sanitized and romanticized picture of male same-sex desire and love in the ancient Greek world\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d2d1999d", "title": "The Greeks and Greek Love", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greeks_and_Greek_Love", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d2d1999d.json"}}
{"text": "A review of the book on the Journal of Homosexuality described the book as a \"flawed\" study that is \"more important for what it tries to achieve than for what it actually accomplishes\". The review stated that Davidson's flawed translations had led him to \"misrepresent or exaggerate what his sources actually say, thus generating false conclusions\". The review compared Davidson's view of the past to those of some European artists from the late 19th century, including Belgian painter Jean Delville in his The School of Plato (1898), in that the work of those artists \"reveals more about fin de siecle Europe than it does about [Greek] antiquity itself\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d2d1999d", "title": "The Greeks and Greek Love", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greeks_and_Greek_Love", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d2d1999d.json"}}
{"text": "A review on The Gay & Lesbian Review by James Jope described the book as \"rather reactionary\", considering the author's characterization of it as \"a radical reappraisal\". The reviewer wrote that Davidson had \"mistranslat[ed]\" a number of terms in Athenian law regarding the regulation of sex. Jope concluded his review by writing that \"Less flamboyant scholars will have to work for years to repair our understanding of Greek homosexuality.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d2d1999d", "title": "The Greeks and Greek Love", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greeks_and_Greek_Love", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d2d1999d.json"}}
{"text": "Professor David Woolwine wrote on the American Library Association's Rainbow Round Table book review website that Davidson's assessment of ancient sources \"sometimes produces interpretations which are more fanciful than convincing.\" Wooldwine wrote that Davidson's view that ancient Greek homosexuality was largely focused on homosexual coupling was \"somewhat controversial\". He also agreed with Davidson's view that the characteristics of same-sex desire differed across ancient Greek cities.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d2d1999d", "title": "The Greeks and Greek Love", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greeks_and_Greek_Love", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d2d1999d.json"}}
{"text": "Maria Chabot (1913–2001) was a writer, an advocate for Native American arts, a rancher, and a friend of Georgia O'Keeffe. She led the restoration, design, and building of O'Keeffe's home and studio in Abiquiú, New Mexico. She was also a gifted photographer, and took many famous photographs of the artist and her life. These include photos of camping trips to the Black Place and the photograph of O'Keeffe entitled Women Who Rode Away, which shows the artist sitting on the back of a motorcycle driven by Maurice Grosser. Some correspondence related to the building of the Abiquiu house was published in the book Maria Chabot—Georgia O'Keeffe: Correspondence 1941–1949.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8f4812a3", "title": "Maria Chabot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Chabot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8f4812a3.json"}}
{"text": "Chabot was instrumental in establishing the modern Santa Fe Indian Market. She worked for the New Mexico Association on Indian Affairs and the federal Office of Indian Affairs documenting Native American arts and crafts. Chabot has been described as \"a photographer, writer, and explorer\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8f4812a3", "title": "Maria Chabot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Chabot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8f4812a3.json"}}
{"text": "Mary Lee \"Maria\" Chabot was born on September 19, 1913, in San Antonio, Texas, the daughter of Charles Jasper Chabot, a capitalist, and his third wife Olive Anderson Johnston. Maria Chabot had three half-siblings who reached adulthood from her parents' previous marriages: Frederick Charles Chabot, Edith Lilian Chabot, and James Kennedy Johnston (the son from Olive's first marriage.)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8f4812a3", "title": "Maria Chabot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Chabot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8f4812a3.json"}}
{"text": "Chabot developed an interest in writing as a girl. After graduating early from Brackenridge high school, Chabot took a job as copywriter at a San Antonio department store and also wrote short stories. She continued to write fiction into the 1960s, but the short stories and novels were never published.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8f4812a3", "title": "Maria Chabot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Chabot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8f4812a3.json"}}
{"text": "She traveled in 1933 to Mexico City to pursue her interests in literature and art and to visit a relative, Emily Edwards, who lived there at the time. There she met artist Dorothy Stewart.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8f4812a3", "title": "Maria Chabot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Chabot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8f4812a3.json"}}
{"text": "After Chabot and Stewart met, they began a romantic relationship. They traveled together extensively during the 1930s in Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Through Stewart, Chabot met many influential progressive people, including benefactor Mary Cabot Wheelwright, archaeologist Jesse L. Nusbaum, and Native American pottery expert Kenneth M. Chapman. Grace Guest, assistant curator of Freer Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., became her friend. Although their romantic relationship ended in 1939, the women remained close friends until Stewart's death in 1955.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8f4812a3", "title": "Maria Chabot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Chabot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8f4812a3.json"}}
{"text": "Advocate for Native Americans", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8f4812a3", "title": "Maria Chabot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Chabot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8f4812a3.json"}}
{"text": "In 1934, Chabot went with Stewart to Santa Fe, New Mexico, where she gained employment with the New Mexico Department of Vocational Education. She worked at the federal Indian Arts and Crafts Board in 1935. With these agencies and as part of a Works Progress Administration (WPA) initiative, she photographed and documented Spanish Colonial and Native American arts and crafts in the Southwest and territorial architecture in New Mexico. To complete her photographic survey, she traveled throughout the Southwestern United States in the 1930s and 1940s. She photographed the collection of Mary Cabot Wheelwright, who was a noted collector of Navajo art, now in the Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian. In the 1930s, Chabot published articles on Native American arts and crafts for New Mexico Magazine to inform potential buyers on how to identify valuable works of art.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8f4812a3", "title": "Maria Chabot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Chabot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8f4812a3.json"}}
{"text": "Chabot was made the executive secretary of the New Mexico Association on Indian Affairs in 1936. During that time, she came up with the idea for the Santa Fe Indian Market, modeled after the outdoor markets in Mexico, which she established despite initial opposition from local businesses. The market held weekly fairs at the Palace of the Governors and rented school buses to transport Native Americans to the markets where they could sell their jewelry, pottery, or other wares. She visited pueblos and encouraged artists to sell their works, including Maria Martinez, a potter of the San Ildefonso Pueblo. Later she worked at the federal Indian Arts and Crafts Board, where she established cooperative marketing organizations on reservations.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8f4812a3", "title": "Maria Chabot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Chabot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8f4812a3.json"}}
{"text": "Chabot lived on Mary Cabot Wheelwright's Los Luceros property in Alcalde, New Mexico, after the end of her relationship with Dorothy Stewart. She served as a companion to Wheelwright and ran the cattle ranch, farm, and fruit tree orchard for 20 years, typically working in the fields with the men. During that period, she was president of the local irrigation association. When Wheelwright died in 1958, Chabot inherited Los Luceros but found it onerous to manage the property; she sold it to Charles and Nina Collier in the early 1960s.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8f4812a3", "title": "Maria Chabot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Chabot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8f4812a3.json"}}
{"text": "In 1940, Chabot met O'Keeffe, with whom she had a friendship that allowed for Chabot to write in a peaceful setting and for O'Keefe to spend part of the year in New York with her husband Alfred Stieglitz while Chabot took care of her property in New Mexico. From 1941 to 1944, Chabot spent the summer and fall of each year at O'Keeffe's house on the Ghost Ranch, where she managed the ranch. During the winter and spring, Chabot returned to San Antonio. She camped with O'Keeffe in northern New Mexico and was captured in Maria goes to a Party, one of O'Keeffe's paintings of their trips.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8f4812a3", "title": "Maria Chabot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Chabot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8f4812a3.json"}}
{"text": "Beginning in 1945, Chabot led the restoration of an adobe hacienda (Georgia O'Keeffe Home and Studio) in Abiquiú for O'Keeffe, who oversaw the process. Chabot said of the experience, \"I had never found anything as romantic as this beat-up building, a ruin really... It took six months just to get the pigs out of the house.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8f4812a3", "title": "Maria Chabot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Chabot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8f4812a3.json"}}
{"text": "Chabot and O'Keeffe kept up an extensive correspondence. In her later years, Chabot assembled a manuscript containing her correspondence with O'Keeffe and photographs, but she did not complete the project in her lifetime. When she died, the materials were transferred to the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum Research Center. The book Maria Chabot—Georgia O'Keeffe: Correspondence 1941–1949 was published in 2004.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8f4812a3", "title": "Maria Chabot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Chabot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8f4812a3.json"}}
{"text": "Later years and death", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8f4812a3", "title": "Maria Chabot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Chabot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8f4812a3.json"}}
{"text": "In 1961, Chabot married Dana K. Bailey, a radio astronomer at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. The marriage lasted only six months; Chabot said, \"we were much better as friends than as husband and wife.\" In the 1960s, she sold the ranch that she had inherited from Wheelwright and moved to Albuquerque, where she cared for her elderly mother.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8f4812a3", "title": "Maria Chabot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Chabot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8f4812a3.json"}}
{"text": "Chabot was named a \"Living Treasure\" of Santa Fe in 1996. She died on July 9, 2001, at 87 years of age in an Albuquerque hospital.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8f4812a3", "title": "Maria Chabot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Chabot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8f4812a3.json"}}
{"text": "O'Keeffe, Georgia (2003). Lynes, Barbara Buhler; Paden, Ann (eds.). Maria Chabot—Georgia O'Keeffe: correspondence, 1941–1949. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press; Santa Fe: Georgia O'Keeffe Museum. ISBN 978-0-8263-2993-6.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8f4812a3", "title": "Maria Chabot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Chabot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8f4812a3.json"}}
{"text": "Letitia Bushe (c.1705/1710 – 17 November 1757) was an Irish watercolourist and miniaturist.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ea61ed9", "title": "Letitia Bushe", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letitia_Bushe", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ea61ed9.json"}}
{"text": "Letitia Bushe was born around 1705 or 1710 in Dangan, County Kilkenny. She was the daughter of Arthur Bushe, a secretary to the commissioners of revenue, and Mary (née Forth). Though Bushe is considered a talented artist there is no evidence of her receiving any training, though it is thought Bernard Lens or one of his sons may have given her lessons. She may have been largely self-taught as her style remained naive throughout her career. Bushe was continuously in demand as a lady's companion due to her conversational skills, which leading to her teach painting to many women and their children. She was a friend of Mary Delany, Jonathan Swift and Anne Donnellan. She had a six-year relationship with a younger woman Lady Anne Bligh, which some have speculated to have been a romantic one. When she was not acting as a companion she had rooms in Dawson Street. Bushe died on 17 November 1757 in those rooms. She was buried the following day in St Andrew's church, Dublin.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ea61ed9", "title": "Letitia Bushe", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letitia_Bushe", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ea61ed9.json"}}
{"text": "Friendship with Mary Delany", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ea61ed9", "title": "Letitia Bushe", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letitia_Bushe", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ea61ed9.json"}}
{"text": "Bushe was a friend of Mary Delany from 1731. She stayed with Delany on numerous occasions, and a miniature of Bushe by Joseph Browne is included in the 1861 Correspondence of Mrs Delany edited by Lady Llanover. Much of what is known about Bushe's life is from the letters between her and Delany. Details included that Bushe contracted smallpox which marred her good looks, and her poverty after her father's death is the reason she believed she did not receive any offers of marriage. Bush and Delany remained very good friends, with Delany referring to Bushe drawing landscapes, and cleaning painting at Delany's home Delville House. Bushe and Delany embarked on a number of artist projects together. Delany described Bushe as \"a gay, good-humoured, innocent girl, without the least conceit of her beauty .... she paints delightfully\" and Delany painted Bushe herself.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ea61ed9", "title": "Letitia Bushe", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letitia_Bushe", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ea61ed9.json"}}
{"text": "One of Bushe's pieces which is in the National Gallery of Ireland, A view of Bray (1736), shows her skill as a topographical artist and her humour, as she includes herself in the painting with an accompanying dog. During a visit to England in 1743, she painted a View of London which is taken from Hampstead Heath, as well as views of Bath and Bristol. In Ireland, Bushe painted studies of country houses, including their gardens. She also made antiquarian drawings for Bishop Robert Clayton, a friend of Delany. Bushe’s drawing of the Templebryan stone circle has also been noted by scholars as an early example of artistic engagement with Irish antiquities.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ea61ed9", "title": "Letitia Bushe", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letitia_Bushe", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ea61ed9.json"}}
{"text": "Some of Bushe's work", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ea61ed9", "title": "Letitia Bushe", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letitia_Bushe", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ea61ed9.json"}}
{"text": "GNRC (formerly known as Guwahati Neurological Research Centre) is a healthcare Centre in North East India. It was established in 1987 by neurologist Dr. Nomal Chandra Borah. At present, it operates 5 hospitals – GNRC Dispur, GNRC Sixmile, GNRC Medical (Amingaon), GNRC North Guwahati and GNRC Medical Barasat in Kolkata under GNRC Community Hospitals Limited, formed in 2001.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_81008d48", "title": "GNRC", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNRC", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_81008d48.json"}}
{"text": "A bridge tower (German: Brückenturm) was a type of fortified tower built on a bridge. They were typically built in the period up to early modern times as part of a city or town wall or castle. There is usually a tower at both ends of the bridge. During the 19th century, a number of bridge towers were built in the Gothic Revival style – Tower Bridge in London is perhaps the best known example; however, many original medieval towers survive across Europe.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "These towers were built in pre-medieval and medieval times to guard access to the bridge and to enable the charging of  tolls on important roads crossing rivers, usually near towns and cities. The rivers were often part of the defences of these settlements. As a result, it was important from a defensive perspective that the bridges did not allow attacking enemies to break in. The bridges acted as a bulwark and often had a small drawbridge. In addition to their genuine protective and defensive functions they also played a symbolic and architectural role. Often these towers were the first public buildings that the travellers saw when approaching the city.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Sometimes, the same building served as bridge tower and bridge chapel, for example at the Krämerbrücke in Erfurt.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "The high cost of such towers was usually paid for by charging tolls. The gates of bridge towers were closed at night, so that no-one could cross the bridge during silent hours.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "They were relatively common in mediaeval France, but much rarer in England where Warkworth Bridge is one of the few examples.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Surviving bridge towers", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "The Halebija Tower the Tara Tower on the Stari Most at Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina (completed 1567)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "The Old Town and Lesser Quarter bridge towers on the Charles Bridge in Prague, Czech Republic (built 1357)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Bridge tower in Stříbro (Mies), Czech Republic (built 1555)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Pont Saint-Bénézet at Avignon, France.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Le Pont Vieux at Sospel, France.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Le Pont Vieux at Orthez, France.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Pont Valentré, Cahors, France.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Bridge tower of the stone bridge in Regensburg (built before the 13th century)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Medieval tower on the Old Lahn Bridge in Limburg an der Lahn (built 1315–1354)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Bridge Gate in Heidelberg (15th century, remodelled 1786–88)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Towers on the South Bridge in Mainz (built 1860–1862)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Neo-Romanesque tower, Nibelungenturm, of the Nibelungen Bridge in Worms (built 1897–1900)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Bridge Gate in Traben-Trarbach (built 1899)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Portal of the Old Hamburg Elbe Bridge (built 1899)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Bridge gate in Miltenberg (built 1900)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Tower of the Friedrich Ebert Bridge in Duisburg (built 1904–1907)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "The tower of the Ponte Milvio in Rome, Italy", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Castelvecchio Bridge, Verona, Italy", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "The Porte d'Eich (de) and Porte des Bons-Malades (de) gate towers on the Vauban-designed fortified pedestrian bridge, Béinchen (de) (built 1864–1865), part of the UNESCO protected former fortifications of Luxembourg City", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "The tower of Ucanha Bridge", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Pont de Besalú, Besalú, Catalonia, Spain.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Puente de Alcántara, Toledo, Spain.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Puente de Frías, Frías, Province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Puente de San Martín, Toledo, Spain.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "The Wasserturm (\"Water Tower\"), part of the Kapellbrücke complex in Lucerne, Switzerland.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "The Monnow Gate on the Monnow Bridge at Monmouth, Wales (late 13th or early 14th century)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "The bridge tower at Warkworth Bridge in Warkworth, England (late 14th century).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Tower Bridge in London, England (built 1894). The actual function of these towers is to support a high-level walkway.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8cc415c", "title": "Bridge tower", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_tower", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8cc415c.json"}}
{"text": "Evert Endt (25 July 1933 – 21 March 2025) was a French designer.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e106dd33", "title": "Evert Endt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert_Endt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e106dd33.json"}}
{"text": "Evert Endt was born in Zaandam, the Netherlands on 25 July 1933. He grew up in Switzerland and studied in Zurich at the Kunstgewerbeschule.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e106dd33", "title": "Evert Endt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert_Endt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e106dd33.json"}}
{"text": "In 1958, Endt started his career in the Compagnie de L'Esthétique Industrielle (CEI) by Raymond Loewy, a design agency based in Paris. He later became the Artistic Director and in 1968 the Director of the CEI, which is responsible for numerous programs of global design such as BP, Shell, Coop, and Elna Lotus (Permanent Collection of the Museum of Modern Art New York) and Rivella, Motta.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e106dd33", "title": "Evert Endt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert_Endt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e106dd33.json"}}
{"text": "In 1974, he received French nationality. The following year, he set up Endt+Fulton Partners with American designer James F. Fulton. Since 1992 the agency participated in social programs focused on the environment. He worked for various cultural and industrial bodies, under the Ministries of Health, Culture and French Justice.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e106dd33", "title": "Evert Endt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert_Endt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e106dd33.json"}}
{"text": "He created exhibitions for the Centre Georges Pompidou and the Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie de la Villette. His permanent and temporary thematic exhibitions include \"Living in Space\", \"Energies\", and \"New Materials\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e106dd33", "title": "Evert Endt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert_Endt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e106dd33.json"}}
{"text": "In 1992, Evert Endt was appointed director of Ensci/Les Ateliers - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Creation Industrielle - in Paris. The following year, he became director for the postgraduate program in research and management of new technologies in the Samsung Laboratory for Innovative Design.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e106dd33", "title": "Evert Endt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert_Endt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e106dd33.json"}}
{"text": "Endt died on 21 March 2025, at the age of 91.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e106dd33", "title": "Evert Endt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert_Endt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e106dd33.json"}}
{"text": "Prix International \"Intérieur 80\" Biennale de Courtrai 1980", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e106dd33", "title": "Evert Endt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert_Endt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e106dd33.json"}}
{"text": "Label design français (esthétique industrielle) 1982-84", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e106dd33", "title": "Evert Endt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert_Endt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e106dd33.json"}}
{"text": "Janus de l'Industrie 1985", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e106dd33", "title": "Evert Endt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert_Endt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e106dd33.json"}}
{"text": "Oscar du journal Nouvel Économiste 1986", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e106dd33", "title": "Evert Endt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert_Endt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e106dd33.json"}}
{"text": "Nomination of Chevalier des arts et lettres par le Ministère de la Culture 1998", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e106dd33", "title": "Evert Endt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert_Endt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e106dd33.json"}}
{"text": "Musée d'art moderne et contemporain Saint-Etienne Métropole", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e106dd33", "title": "Evert Endt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert_Endt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e106dd33.json"}}
{"text": "ARTE Archived 21 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e106dd33", "title": "Evert Endt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert_Endt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e106dd33.json"}}
{"text": "ARTE 2017 Archived 11 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e106dd33", "title": "Evert Endt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert_Endt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e106dd33.json"}}
{"text": "== External links ==", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e106dd33", "title": "Evert Endt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert_Endt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e106dd33.json"}}
{"text": "The London plane, or sometimes hybrid plane, Platanus × hispanica, is a tree in the genus Platanus. It is often known by the synonym Platanus × acerifolia, a later name. It is a hybrid of Platanus orientalis (oriental plane) and Platanus occidentalis (American sycamore).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "The London plane is a large deciduous tree growing 20–40 m (65–130 ft), exceptionally to 50 m (160 ft) tall, with a trunk up to 10 m (33 ft) in circumference. The bark is usually pale grey-green, smooth and exfoliating, or buff-brown and not exfoliating. The leaves are thick and stiff-textured, broad, palmately lobed, superficially maple-like, the leaf blade 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long and 12–25 cm (5–10 in) broad, with a petiole 3–10 cm (1–4 in) long. The young leaves in spring are coated with minute, fine, stiff hairs at first, but these wear off and by late summer the leaves are hairless or nearly so. The flowers are borne in one to three (most often two) dense spherical inflorescences on a pendulous stem, with male and female flowers on separate stems (monoecy). The fruit matures in about 6 months, to 2–3 centimetres (0.8–1.2 in) diameter, and comprises a dense spherical cluster of achenes with numerous stiff hairs which aid wind dispersal; the cluster breaks up slowly over the winter to release the numerous 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in) seeds. The London Plane is one of the most efficient trees in removing small particulate pollutants in urban areas.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "It shares many visual similarities with American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), from which it is derived; however, the two species are relatively easy to distinguish, considering the London plane is almost exclusively planted in urban habitats, while American sycamore is most commonly found growing in lowlands and alluvial soils along streams.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "The species was formed by hybridization in the 17th century after P. orientalis and P. occidentalis had been planted in proximity to one another. It is most likely that the hybridization took place in Spain or southern France, as the P. occidentalis parent needs considerable summer heat to grow well and is near-impossible to grow successfully in cooler climates like Britain, but there is also speculation that it could have happened in Vauxhall Gardens in London where John Tradescant the Younger saw the tree in the mid-17th century.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "The leaf and flower characteristics are intermediate between the two parent species, the leaf being more deeply lobed than P. occidentalis but less so than P. orientalis, and the seed balls typically two per stem (one in P. occidentalis, 3–6 in P. orientalis). The hybrid is fertile, and seedlings are occasionally found near mature trees.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "Controlled reciprocal pollinations between P. occidentalis and P. orientalis resulted in good yields of germinable seed and true hybrid seedlings. Crosses of both species, as females, with P. racemosa and P. wrightii produced extremely low yields of germinable seed, but true hybrids were obtained from all interspecific combinations. Apomixis (asexual reproduction from non-fertilized seeds) appeared common in P. orientalis.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "In 1968 and 1970, Frank S. Santamour Jr. recreated the P. orientalis by P. occidentalis cross using a P. orientalis of Turkish origin with American sycamores (P. occidentalis). The offspring were evaluated following several years of exposure to anthracnose infection. Two selections, 'Columbia' and 'Liberty', were released in August 1984.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "Platanus × hispanica was first formally described in the botanical literature by the German botanist Otto von Münchhausen in his 1770 work der Hausvater. Later, it was described in the botanical literature by the Scottish botanist William Aiton in his 1789 work Hortus Kewensis as a variety of P. orientalis. Aiton described this variety with a two-word Latin diagnosis, \"foliis transversis\", and called it the Spanish plane tree. In 1805, Carl Ludwig Willdenow chose to elevate Aiton's variety to species rank, publishing the new species P. acerifolia in the fourth edition of Species Plantarum. The species name was then modified to include the multiplication symbol to indicate its suspected hybrid parentage.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "Two of 50 \"Great British Trees\" that the Tree Council selected in 2002 in honour of Queen Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee are London planes. The list specifically mentions Britain's first London plane being in the city of Ely, Cambridgeshire.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "The London plane is very tolerant of atmospheric pollution and root compaction, and for this reason it is a popular urban roadside tree. It was planted extensively in Victorian times to weather the pollution of London. It is now extensively cultivated in most temperate latitudes as an ornamental and parkland tree, and is a commonly planted tree in cities throughout the temperate regions of the world, in London and many other cities. It has a greater degree of winter cold tolerance than P. orientalis, and is less susceptible to anthracnose disease than P. occidentalis. The tree has gained the Royal Horticultural Society of Great Britain's Award of Garden Merit.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "The tree is fairly wind-resistant. However, it has a number of problems in urban use, most notably the short, stiff hairs shed by the young leaves and the dispersing seeds; these are an irritant if breathed in, and can exacerbate breathing difficulties for people with asthma. The vigorous roots can also cause problems with paving in cities, making uneven surfaces with tripping hazards. The large leaves can create a disposal problem in cities, as they are tough and sometimes can take more than one year to break down if they remain whole.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "London planes are often pruned by a technique called pollarding. A pollarded tree has a drastically different appearance than an unpruned tree, being much shorter with stunted, club-like branches. Although pollarding requires frequent maintenance (the trees must usually be repruned every year), it creates a distinctive shape that is often sought after in plazas, main streets, and other urban areas.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "According to the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation the symbol of that organization is a cross between the leaf of the London plane and a maple leaf. It is prominently featured on signs and buildings in public parks across the city. The tree is on the NYC Parks Department's list of restricted use species for street tree planting, because it constitutes more than 10% of all street trees.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "In Australia, the London plane is used extensively as a street tree in major cities, particularly Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth. The tree is commonly used because of its resilience to warm weather, its benefits as a shade tree, resistance to breakage and tolerance of urban pollution.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "In Johannesburg, South Africa", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "In Johannesburg, South Africa many London planes line streets in older suburbs. In recent years the trees have been infested with the Polyphagous shot hole borer beetle (Euwallacea fornicatus). Some trees are reportedly developing resistance mechanisms but there are currently no effective measures against the borer beetle and it remains unclear how many trees will have to be cut down.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "The London plane is cultivated in central, northeastern and southern China.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "When quarter-sawn, the timber has a distinctive and highly decorative appearance of dark reddish-brown flecks against a lighter background and is known as lacewood.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "'Augustine Henry'. This is a tall growing cultivar, with very large, pale green leaves. It produces a strong leader and a cylindrical trunk.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "'Bloodgood', This is one of the first cultivars to be selected for anthracnose resistance. It is a rounded tree with deep green leaves that turn a poor yellow in fall. The plant tolerates poor cultural conditions, including heat, drought and poor soil. Recent observations indicate susceptibility to ozone.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "'Columbia'. Resists mildew and anthracnose, this tree has deeply lobed, dark green leaves.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "'Liberty'. A U.S. National Arboretum introduction, this pyramidal tree grows vigorously. It shows good tolerance for mildew, anthracnose, heat and drought.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "'Metzam' (Metroshade), A new introduction that grows strongly with a pyramidal habit, this cultivar is also said to be disease resistant with lustrous green foliage that emerges with a reddish cast.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "'Mirkovec'. Has a dwarf, shrubby habit and unusual variegated lobed leaves with pink, cream and bronze regions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "'Pyramidalis'. A cultivar or cultivar group common in London, with rich glossy green leaves, and a characteristic tendency to produce straight branches, compared to sinuous ones in other forms.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "'Suttneri'. Leaves are variegated creamy white.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "'Yarwood'. Very resistant to powdery mildew and highly susceptible to anthracnose. Poor structure. Being abandoned in California.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "Bean. Trees and Shrubs hardy in the British Isles. (8th ed., 1976)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. HarperCollins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "Interspecific Hybridization in Platanus. Author: Santamour, Frank S.1. Source: Forest Science, Volume 18, Number 3, 1 September 1972, pp. 236–239(4) Publisher: Society of American Foresters", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "University of Connecticut", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b434f53", "title": "London plane", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_plane", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b434f53.json"}}
{"text": "Live at 5 is a Canadian television news program that airs weekdays on CP24 from 5:00 - 5:30 p.m. It was also simulcast on CTV Toronto in addition to Live at 5:30 between July 2017 and November 2023. The show features breaking news, weather, and traffic. Also a brief look at the Top Stories of the day.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_76cc2498", "title": "Live at 5 (Canadian TV program)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_5_(Canadian_TV_program)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_76cc2498.json"}}
{"text": "Live at 5 premiered on January 14, 2008, as a 15-minute newscast before going to talk shows, the original hosts were, Ann Rohmer and George Lagogianes. On January 19, 2010, the program was expanded to 30-minutes in the wake of budget cuts at Rogers Media's Citytv stations across Canada including the cancellation of their 5 p.m. newscast for Toronto which is now followed by its newly launched half-hour newscast, Live at 5:30.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_76cc2498", "title": "Live at 5 (Canadian TV program)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_5_(Canadian_TV_program)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_76cc2498.json"}}
{"text": "The CP24 studio is located at 9 Channel Nine Court.  The set and newsroom is home to Live at 5 and most of the other CP24-produced programming.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_76cc2498", "title": "Live at 5 (Canadian TV program)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_5_(Canadian_TV_program)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_76cc2498.json"}}
{"text": "Live at 5:30 (Canadian TV program)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_76cc2498", "title": "Live at 5 (Canadian TV program)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_5_(Canadian_TV_program)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_76cc2498.json"}}
{"text": "CTV Announcement: CP24 Now Offers Toronto Viewers More Early News With LIVE AT 5 and LIVE AT 5:30", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_76cc2498", "title": "Live at 5 (Canadian TV program)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_5_(Canadian_TV_program)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_76cc2498.json"}}
{"text": "The Digital and Intelligence Service (DIS) is the digital service branch of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) responsible for providing military intelligence to the armed forces, building up the country's digital defence capabilities, and protecting the psychological defence of its military personnel. It was established on 28 October 2022, in response to the increased number of attacks by non-state actors, and the damage resulting from Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c844576e", "title": "Digital and Intelligence Service", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_and_Intelligence_Service", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c844576e.json"}}
{"text": "DIS was first announced on 2 March 2022 by Minister for Defence Ng Eng Hen during the Budget 2022 debate. In his speech, Ng highlighted the increase in attacks by non-state actors and resulting damage from the Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare to justify the necessity of a dedicated service branch to deal with hybrid warfare. The DIS was compared by The Straits Times with its closest existing equivalent abroad, Germany's Cyber and Information Domain Service.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c844576e", "title": "Digital and Intelligence Service", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_and_Intelligence_Service", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c844576e.json"}}
{"text": "The DIS was planned to comprise several groups within the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) previously established to deal with such threats, which are the C4I Community created in April 2012, Defence Cyber Organisation in March 2017, SAF C4 Command in November 2017, and the Cybersecurity Task Force in December 2020. The DIS consolidates these organisations under one service branch dedicated to psychological defence, tackling digital domain threats, cybersecurity and military intelligence. It was projected to be formally established at the end of 2022.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c844576e", "title": "Digital and Intelligence Service", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_and_Intelligence_Service", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c844576e.json"}}
{"text": "On 2 August 2022, Parliament amended the Singapore Armed Forces Act and Constitution, formally placing the DIS under the SAF and granting the Chief of Digital and Intelligence Service (CDI) legal powers. The DIS was formally inaugurated on 28 October 2022 at the SAFTI Military Institute. The state colours were presented by President Halimah Yacob and the first Chief of Digital and Intelligence Service, Brigadier-General Lee Yi-Jin, was sworn into command.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c844576e", "title": "Digital and Intelligence Service", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_and_Intelligence_Service", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c844576e.json"}}
{"text": "When inaugurated in 2022, the DIS was made up of the Digital Ops-Tech Centre and 4 commands: the Joint Intelligence Command, SAF C4 Command/Cybersecurity Task Force, Digital Defence Command and DIS Training Command. The DIS Training Command was to be inaugurated in 2023. On 18 March 2025, the SAF C4 & Digitalisation Command, with the Digital Ops-Tech Centre placed under it, and a fifth command called the Defence Cyber Command was inaugurated.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c844576e", "title": "Digital and Intelligence Service", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_and_Intelligence_Service", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c844576e.json"}}
{"text": "Defence Cyber Command", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c844576e", "title": "Digital and Intelligence Service", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_and_Intelligence_Service", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c844576e.json"}}
{"text": "The Defence Cyber Command (DCCOM) comprises the Cybersecurity Task Force (formerly under the SAF C4 Command/Cybersecurity Task Force) and the Defence Cyber Organisation. The command is charged with defending the cybersecurity of the entire nation and cooperates closely with the Cyber Security Agency through the Cyber Protection Group.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c844576e", "title": "Digital and Intelligence Service", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_and_Intelligence_Service", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c844576e.json"}}
{"text": "Digital Defence Command", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c844576e", "title": "Digital and Intelligence Service", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_and_Intelligence_Service", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c844576e.json"}}
{"text": "The Digital Defence Command consists of the Electronic Protection Group (EPG) and Psychological Defence Group (PDG), which assist the SAF in electronic protection and psychological defence respectively.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c844576e", "title": "Digital and Intelligence Service", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_and_Intelligence_Service", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c844576e.json"}}
{"text": "DIS Training Command", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c844576e", "title": "Digital and Intelligence Service", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_and_Intelligence_Service", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c844576e.json"}}
{"text": "The DIS Training Command facilitates the training of DIS personnel.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c844576e", "title": "Digital and Intelligence Service", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_and_Intelligence_Service", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c844576e.json"}}
{"text": "Joint Intelligence Command", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c844576e", "title": "Digital and Intelligence Service", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_and_Intelligence_Service", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c844576e.json"}}
{"text": "The Joint Intelligence Command delivers intelligence support for the SAF. It is the amalgamation of the Imagery Support Group (ISG) and Counter-Terrorism Intelligence Group (CTIG).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c844576e", "title": "Digital and Intelligence Service", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_and_Intelligence_Service", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c844576e.json"}}
{"text": "SAF C4 & Digitalisation Command", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c844576e", "title": "Digital and Intelligence Service", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_and_Intelligence_Service", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c844576e.json"}}
{"text": "The SAF C4 & Digitalisation Command (SAFC4DC) secures and handles the SAF's Command, Control, Communications and Computers (C4) capabilities. The C4 Operations Group (C4OG), Digital Ops-Tech Centre and SAF AI Centre operates under it.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c844576e", "title": "Digital and Intelligence Service", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_and_Intelligence_Service", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c844576e.json"}}
{"text": "The SAF plans to encourage male members to join the DIS, and is working with Nanyang Technological University to create an education scheme to train digital specialists. The service length of DIS personnel will be four years, which is twice the length of national service in Singapore. In addition, DIS will also recruit personnel specialising in data science, psychology, linguistics, anthropology and geography. Full-time national servicemen will also be enlisted into the DIS.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c844576e", "title": "Digital and Intelligence Service", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_and_Intelligence_Service", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c844576e.json"}}
{"text": "The No. 1 ceremonial uniform of the DIS consists of a white top, grey trousers and a grey beret. The No. 4 uniforms are pixelated grey.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c844576e", "title": "Digital and Intelligence Service", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_and_Intelligence_Service", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c844576e.json"}}
{"text": "List of chiefs of Digital and Intelligence Service", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c844576e", "title": "Digital and Intelligence Service", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_and_Intelligence_Service", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c844576e.json"}}
{"text": "Cyber and Information Domain Service, German counterpart", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c844576e", "title": "Digital and Intelligence Service", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_and_Intelligence_Service", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c844576e.json"}}
{"text": "The Camp Sherman Community Hall is the center of social activity in the community of Camp Sherman in central Oregon.  The hall hosts a variety of public and private events throughout the year.  The building is owned and operated by the Camp Sherman Community Association.  Because of its unique rustic architecture and importance to the history of the Camp Sherman area the hall is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2e0b952", "title": "Camp Sherman Community Hall", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Sherman_Community_Hall", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2e0b952.json"}}
{"text": "The Camp Sherman Community Hall is located in the small unincorporated community of Camp Sherman, Oregon.  The hall was constructed by local volunteers under the direction of Wayne L. Korish. One of the main builders of the community hall was Luther Metke, known for his hand strewed log cabins and many bridges built in the central Oregon area. It is a simple rustic design.  The building is a wood post-and-beam structure with a shingled exterior.  The foundation is concrete.  The roof is metal and asphalt.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2e0b952", "title": "Camp Sherman Community Hall", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Sherman_Community_Hall", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2e0b952.json"}}
{"text": "The interior of the community hall has a large meeting area downstairs along with kitchen and bathroom facilities.  The structural beams are hand-hewn and are exposed on the interior giving the main hall a rustic feel.  The interior walls are covered with knotty pine paneling, and the floor boards are straight-grain fir.  There is a large stone fireplace located on the north side of the main hall. The upstairs is an attic storage area.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2e0b952", "title": "Camp Sherman Community Hall", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Sherman_Community_Hall", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2e0b952.json"}}
{"text": "The Camp Sherman Community Association was formed in 1948 to meet the social and civic needs of the Camp Sherman community.  The following year, the association built a community hall facing Camp Sherman Road on property donated by Hays and Roblay McMullin, who owned Lake Creek Lodge at that time.  The project was financed by local fund raising.  The building was constructed using labor donated by members of the Camp Sherman community.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2e0b952", "title": "Camp Sherman Community Hall", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Sherman_Community_Hall", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2e0b952.json"}}
{"text": "Since 1949, the Camp Sherman Community Hall has been the gathering place for local residents and the venue for countless events.  The hall is the site of pancake breakfast events on Memorial Day, Fourth of July, and Labor Day.  It is also used for the community's Christmas bazaar, winter potluck dinners, community meetings, and well known quilt fairs held twice a year.  Dances, bingo nights, and other social events are held in the hall as well.  The building is also available for private events such as weddings and family reunions.  During elections years, the hall is the venue for candidate forums.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2e0b952", "title": "Camp Sherman Community Hall", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Sherman_Community_Hall", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2e0b952.json"}}
{"text": "Volunteers remodeled the community hall in 1983, expanding the kitchen and storage areas.  Indoor plumbing was also added at the rear of the hall.  During the 1990s, other improvements were made to the building including replacing the roof, installing a new propane heating system, and a new stage was built.  On the outside, a lawn with picnic tables was added south of the building.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2e0b952", "title": "Camp Sherman Community Hall", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Sherman_Community_Hall", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2e0b952.json"}}
{"text": "Because of its unique rustic architecture and importance to the social history of the Camp Sherman community the hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in February 2003.  Listing on the National Register allows the Camp Sherman Community Association to claim federal and state tax credits.  In return, the community hall must be opened for public tours at least once each year.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2e0b952", "title": "Camp Sherman Community Hall", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Sherman_Community_Hall", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2e0b952.json"}}
{"text": "In 2004, volunteers from the Camp Sherman community completed a major renovation of the community hall (project photos).  The project included excavations beneath the building to replace floor beams and sill plates, installation of a new heating system, and restoration and refinishing of the floor in the main hall.  The fireplace and chimney were also repaired, and new front doors were installed.  The projected was financed by contributions from the local community and a grant from the National Register of Historic Places.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2e0b952", "title": "Camp Sherman Community Hall", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Sherman_Community_Hall", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2e0b952.json"}}
{"text": "Camp Sherman Community Association", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2e0b952", "title": "Camp Sherman Community Hall", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Sherman_Community_Hall", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2e0b952.json"}}
{"text": "Anyone who owns property or rents a home full-time in the Black Butte School District is eligible for membership in the Camp Sherman Community Association.  Membership fees are used to preserve, maintain, and operate the Camp Sherman Community Hall.  Association members are eligible to rent the hall for private events such as wedding and family reunions.  Members also receive a newsletter with community news and upcoming events scheduled at the hall.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2e0b952", "title": "Camp Sherman Community Hall", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Sherman_Community_Hall", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2e0b952.json"}}
{"text": "According to its Articles of Incorporation, the association's purpose is:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2e0b952", "title": "Camp Sherman Community Hall", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Sherman_Community_Hall", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2e0b952.json"}}
{"text": "... the establishment, maintenance, and management of an association for the promotion of social intercourse among persons living in or owning property in the Camp Sherman community; to construct, operate, and maintain a recreation hall for such purpose; to promote, aid, and assist in the civic betterment of said community; and to do all the things deemed necessary or proper to promote the welfare of said community.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2e0b952", "title": "Camp Sherman Community Hall", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Sherman_Community_Hall", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2e0b952.json"}}
{"text": "Since it was built, the Camp Sherman Community Hall has played an important part in meeting the social and civic goals of the Camp Sherman Community Association.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2e0b952", "title": "Camp Sherman Community Hall", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Sherman_Community_Hall", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2e0b952.json"}}
{"text": "Camp Sherman Community Association", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2e0b952", "title": "Camp Sherman Community Hall", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Sherman_Community_Hall", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2e0b952.json"}}
{"text": "Metolius Recreation Association", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2e0b952", "title": "Camp Sherman Community Hall", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Sherman_Community_Hall", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2e0b952.json"}}
{"text": "Deschutes National Forest", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2e0b952", "title": "Camp Sherman Community Hall", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Sherman_Community_Hall", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2e0b952.json"}}
{"text": "Arashio (荒潮, Stormy Tide)  was the fourth of ten Asashio-class destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy in the mid-1930s under the Circle Two Supplementary Naval Expansion Program (Maru Ni Keikaku).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b8eea57f", "title": "Japanese destroyer Arashio", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Arashio", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b8eea57f.json"}}
{"text": "The Asashio-class destroyers were larger and more capable than the preceding Shiratsuyu class, as Japanese naval architects were no longer constrained by the provisions of the London Naval Treaty. These light cruiser-sized vessels were designed to take advantage of Japan's lead in torpedo technology, and to accompany the Japanese main striking force and in both day and night attacks against the United States Navy as it advanced across the Pacific Ocean, according to Japanese naval strategic projections. Despite being one of the most powerful classes of destroyers in the world at the time of their completion, none survived the Pacific War.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b8eea57f", "title": "Japanese destroyer Arashio", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Arashio", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b8eea57f.json"}}
{"text": "Arashio, built at the Kawasaki Shipyards in Kobe was laid down on 1 October 1935, launched on 26 May 1937 and commissioned on 30 December 1937.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b8eea57f", "title": "Japanese destroyer Arashio", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Arashio", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b8eea57f.json"}}
{"text": "At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Arashio, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Hideo Kuboki, was assigned to Destroyer Division 8 (Desdiv 8), and a member of Destroyer Squadron 2 (Desron 2) of the IJN 2nd Fleet, escorting Admiral Nobutake Kondō's Southern Force Main Body out of Mako Guard District as distant cover to the Malaya and Philippines invasion forces in December 1941.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b8eea57f", "title": "Japanese destroyer Arashio", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Arashio", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b8eea57f.json"}}
{"text": "Arashio escorted a Malaya troop convoy from Mako towards Singora, then put into Hong Kong on 5 January 1942. She escorted another troop convoy to Davao, and then accompanied the Ambon invasion force (31 January), the Makassar invasion force (8 February) and the Bali/Lombok invasion force (18 February).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b8eea57f", "title": "Japanese destroyer Arashio", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Arashio", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b8eea57f.json"}}
{"text": "On the night of 19 February 1942, Arashio participated in the Battle of Badoeng Strait, entering the battle late as she was assigned to guard the transport Sagami Maru, and did not see combat. On 8 March, Arashio engaged and sank the Dutch minesweeper Jan van Amstel as it fled the fall of Java, taking the surviving crew prisoner.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b8eea57f", "title": "Japanese destroyer Arashio", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Arashio", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b8eea57f.json"}}
{"text": "Arashio returned to Yokosuka Naval Arsenal in March, and was reassigned to the IJN 2nd Fleet on 10 April. She assisted in the siege of Corregidor in the Philippines from 24 April-18 May, and then returned to Kure. After escorting a convoy to Guam at the end of May, Arashio joined the escort for the Midway Invasion Force under the overall command of Admiral Takeo Kurita during the Battle of Midway. She assisted the destroyer Asashio in rescuing survivors from the stricken cruiser Mikuma and, during the attacks on the cruisers, suffered severe damage from United States Navy aircraft on 6 June, with one direct bomb strike killing 37 crewmen, including several survivors from Mikuma, and wounding many more, including Destroyer Division 8 commander Commander Nobuki Ogawa. In spite of the severe damage she escorted the cruiser Mogami to Truk. At Truk, she underwent emergency repairs by Akashi, which enabled her to return to Sasebo Naval Arsenal by 23 July.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b8eea57f", "title": "Japanese destroyer Arashio", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Arashio", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b8eea57f.json"}}
{"text": "After completion of repairs on 20 October, Arashio was assigned to Rabaul, Arashio was assigned to thirteen “Tokyo Express” transport runs to Buna, Shortland Island, Kolombangara and Guadalcanal and Wewak through mid-February 1943. On 20 February, she rescued the survivors of her torpedoed sister ship Ōshio off of Wewak. Arashio was reassigned to the IJN 8th Fleet on 25 February 1943.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b8eea57f", "title": "Japanese destroyer Arashio", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Arashio", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b8eea57f.json"}}
{"text": "During the Battle of the Bismarck Sea, she was damaged by three bombs from a USAAF B-25C Mitchell bomber named \"Chatter Box\" on 3 March, which damaged her rudder, causing a collision with troopship Nojima Maru. The destroyer Yukikaze took off her 176 survivors, which did not include her captain (Cdr Hideo Kuboki). Her abandoned hulk was sunk by United States Navy aircraft at position 07°15′S 148°30′E approximately 55 nautical miles (102 km; 63 mi) southeast of Finschhafen, New Guinea She was removed from the navy list on 1 April 1943.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b8eea57f", "title": "Japanese destroyer Arashio", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Arashio", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b8eea57f.json"}}
{"text": "D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN 0-8159-5302-X.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b8eea57f", "title": "Japanese destroyer Arashio", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Arashio", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b8eea57f.json"}}
{"text": "Brown, David (1990). Warship Losses of World War Two. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-914-X.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b8eea57f", "title": "Japanese destroyer Arashio", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Arashio", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b8eea57f.json"}}
{"text": "Hammel, Eric (1988). Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea : The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, Nov. 13–15, 1942. CA: Pacifica Press. ISBN 0-517-56952-3.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b8eea57f", "title": "Japanese destroyer Arashio", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Arashio", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b8eea57f.json"}}
{"text": "Howarth, Stephen (1983). The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The Drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1895–1945. Atheneum. ISBN 0-689-11402-8.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b8eea57f", "title": "Japanese destroyer Arashio", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Arashio", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b8eea57f.json"}}
{"text": "Jentsura, Hansgeorg (1976). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. US Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b8eea57f", "title": "Japanese destroyer Arashio", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Arashio", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b8eea57f.json"}}
{"text": "Nelson, Andrew N. (1967). Japanese–English Character Dictionary. Tuttle. ISBN 0-8048-0408-7.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b8eea57f", "title": "Japanese destroyer Arashio", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Arashio", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b8eea57f.json"}}
{"text": "Watts, Anthony J (1967). Japanese Warships of World War II. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-3850-9189-3.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b8eea57f", "title": "Japanese destroyer Arashio", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Arashio", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b8eea57f.json"}}
{"text": "Whitley, M J (2000). Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. London: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 1-85409-521-8.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b8eea57f", "title": "Japanese destroyer Arashio", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Arashio", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b8eea57f.json"}}
{"text": "CombinedFleet.com: Asashio-class destroyers", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b8eea57f", "title": "Japanese destroyer Arashio", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Arashio", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b8eea57f.json"}}
{"text": "CombinedFleet.com: Arashio history", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b8eea57f", "title": "Japanese destroyer Arashio", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Arashio", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b8eea57f.json"}}
{"text": "GlobalSecurity.org: Asashio class destroyers", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b8eea57f", "title": "Japanese destroyer Arashio", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Arashio", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b8eea57f.json"}}
{"text": "Sandvika Storsenter is a super-regional mall located in Sandvika outside of Oslo, Norway. It is owned by the Olav Thon Group (Olav Thon Gruppen) which in turn is owned by the Olav Thon Foundation (Olav Thon Stiftelsen).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_60c9c057", "title": "Sandvika Storsenter", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandvika_Storsenter", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_60c9c057.json"}}
{"text": "The mall opened October 14, 1993, and was then 24,000 square metres. It was expanded in 1997, making it the largest shopping mall in Norway at the time. Today, after one main extension in 2007, the mall is 60,000 square metres. For a good while it had 190 stores; today that number has increased to 197.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_60c9c057", "title": "Sandvika Storsenter", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandvika_Storsenter", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_60c9c057.json"}}
{"text": "Sandvika Storsenter is visited by an average of more than 25,000 customers every day, 150,000 per week and 8 million a year. The highest registered turnover and visitors for a single day, December 21, 2009, was NOK 33.95 million and 57,859 visitors. That same year, week 51 had a turnover of NOK 190.9 million and 306,000 visitors.  The mall's revenue in 2013 was NOK 3.18 billion.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_60c9c057", "title": "Sandvika Storsenter", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandvika_Storsenter", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_60c9c057.json"}}
{"text": "As of 2011, some of the largest and most prominent stores included Ultra, Hennes & Mauritz, Clas Ohlson, Elixia, Lefdal, XXL, Norli, Bolia and Barnas Hus.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_60c9c057", "title": "Sandvika Storsenter", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandvika_Storsenter", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_60c9c057.json"}}
{"text": "(in Norwegian) Official website", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_60c9c057", "title": "Sandvika Storsenter", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandvika_Storsenter", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_60c9c057.json"}}
{"text": "The Baton Broadcast System ( BAY-ton), also known as BBS, was a Canadian system of television stations located in Ontario and Saskatchewan, owned by Baton Broadcasting. BBS was the successor to two provincial systems also owned by Baton, the Saskatchewan Television Network (STN) and Ontario Network Television (ONT).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "During the 1990s, BBS and its predecessors served as a complementary programming service to the CTV Television Network, to which most (but not all) of the system's stations were already affiliated. Shortly after Baton's acquisition of CTV in 1997 and the contemporaneous sale of Baton's independent stations (later re-acquired by Bell and currently part of the parallel CTV 2 system), the BBS brand was eliminated, and the system's operations were merged into the CTV network.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "During its years as a cooperative, CTV did not broadcast a complete primetime schedule. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, it broadcast 60 hours of common programming each week, with a few gaps in primetime for affiliates to schedule locally; in some cases stations could even pick when to air network programs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "During this same period, CTV's profits began to decline, and by the early 1990s the network was posting losses, largely due to increased competition from the CanWest Global System and other independent stations. Many affiliate groups, such as Baton and WIC – the latter already owning several independent stations – decided they would prefer to buy and air more of their own programming. Accordingly, as part of CTV's 1993 restructuring, network programming was reduced to 42.5 hours (and soon after to 40), including 12 hours in primetime. From this point on (until 1998), CTV network programming only took up about half of affiliates' primetime schedules.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "Ontario Network Television: 1991-1994", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "ONT was initiated in 1991, consisting of eight CTV affiliates – seven owned by Baton (CFTO-TV, CJOH-TV, CHRO-TV, and the MCTV stations) and Electrohome's CKCO-TV. Initially providing 10.5 hours of common programming each week, this was soon expanded to 35 hours.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "While ONT was a secondary affiliation and not a separate network from CTV, some claimed it was a first step towards the Baton stations becoming a separate network. Indeed, Baton began to bid against CTV for the rights to new U.S. series. However, Baton's president at the time, Douglas Bassett, contended it was merely a \"marketing vehicle\" to compete with CanWest Global's CIII-TV, a single station which served almost all of Ontario.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "In 1993, Baton acquired two independent stations: CFPL-TV and CKNX-TV, and launched a third: CHWI-TV. These stations replaced CKCO within ONT. In response, CKCO and WIC's CHCH-TV Hamilton announced a joint initiative of their own, known as \"Market One Television\"; however, this partnership was short-lived.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "In addition to the CTV affiliates and independent stations, some ONT (and later BBS) programming may have aired on Baton's CBC affiliates, part of twinstick operations in northern Ontario. In the rest of Canada, Baton sublicensed its programming to individual stations, usually CTV affiliates. Even the ONT brand was seen from time to time in the rest of Canada, mainly through Baton-produced Toronto Blue Jays games.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "The BBS years: 1994-1997", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "In October 1994, Baton hired the management consulting firm McKinsey & Company to help evaluate how to proceed with its national expansion plans. McKinsey's report recommended, first and foremost, that Baton attempt to take control of the CTV trademark, which it saw as one of the most valuable brands in Canada, through the acquisition of as many other CTV affiliates (and their corresponding shares in the network) as possible. However, the report also recommended that Baton create a new national brand as a backup, to help reduce the damage should Baton's gambit fail and CTV pass into a competitor's hands.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "This new brand turned out to be BBS, with a logo adapted from CFTO's multicoloured-iris logo. Baton's local stations dropped their individual logos and adopted the new BBS symbol, with the station call letters positioned beneath. In contrast, ONT was simply a secondary brand and had not replaced local station logos. Despite the value Baton placed in the CTV brand, BBS became more a more prominent part of these stations' branding than CTV itself.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "BBS replaced ONT in fall 1994, with the addition of Baton's six stations in Saskatchewan – CTV affiliates CKCK-TV in Regina, CFQC-TV in Saskatoon, CICC-TV in Yorkton, and CIPA-TV in Prince Albert, and CBC affiliates CKOS-TV in Yorkton and CKBI-TV in Prince Albert. They had been jointly branded as the \"Saskatchewan Television Network\" since 1987.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "Programming included U.S. series such as Law & Order, Home Improvement, Melrose Place, and Ellen, the soap opera Family Passions, a Saturday morning block of mainly Disney cartoons branded as BBS Master Control (including Timon & Pumbaa and programming from Disney's One Saturday Morning), news and talk programming such as Sunday Edition and The Dini Petty Show, and sports programming such as Blue Jays games, which were again syndicated to other Canadian stations.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "As a result of the Baton-Electrohome alliance, CKCO (now jointly owned by both companies) joined the system in 1996. Baton and Electrohome also jointly acquired CFCN-TV in Calgary around the same time; both CFCN and Electrohome-owned CFRN-TV in Edmonton aired much of the BBS lineup, but did not actively use the BBS brand.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "In 1997, Baton bought controlling interest in CTV, and became the sole corporate owner of the network later that year after the remaining station owners sold their shares.  Baton continued to consider the long-standing CTV brand much preferable to its lesser-known BBS moniker, and had not bothered to introduce the latter brand to its new acquisitions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "Almost immediately after its purchase of CTV was complete, Baton introduced new station logos on all of its CTV-affiliated stations that incorporated the network brand, and began using the CTV logo in all programming and promotions where the BBS logo was previously used, even though these programs remained separate from the CTV network service proper.  The BBS name was completely dropped no later than the end of January 1998, and Baton itself changed its corporate name to CTV Inc. later that year.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "Nevertheless, BBS lived on in a very limited sense until 2001, since CTV maintained a separate stream of programming not part of the CTV network service – though as noted above, from this point on such shows were branded as CTV programs on the network's O&Os. This structure was necessary because the \"old\" CTV's affiliation agreements, which generally limited network service to 40 hours a week, remained in force. For instance, CHAN-TV (then known as BCTV) was Vancouver's CTV affiliate but carried no more than 40 hours of CTV programming (for instance, in its final seasons as a CTV affiliate, it did not broadcast Canada AM at all, airing local news instead, although sister station CHEK-TV did air CanAM) while CTV-owned independent station CIVT-TV carried the remainder. As its establishment came shortly before Baton adopted the CTV name for its stations, CIVT did not use the BBS name, instead branding as Vancouver Television (VTV).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "Other affiliates such as CKY-TV in Winnipeg, NTV in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, and to a lesser extent CFCF-TV in Montreal, usually acquired additional programming, as they had from BBS. However, these programs were not added to the base 40-hour network schedule (which was part of a traditional network arrangement whereby the network retained most of the ad inventory and affiliates were compensated with airtime payments) – instead, stations had to pay the network for these additional programs, although they would sell all ads locally (which made the practice more akin to all-cash syndication rather than the more contemporary U.S. practice of reverse compensation). Series would sometimes switch back and forth between network and non-network status, and in limited cases alternate programming was supplied to affiliates in the event that specific episodes of a non-network program (e.g., Who Wants to Be a Millionaire) were scheduled for a timeslot that had been previously allocated as network time.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "On September 1, 2001, CIVT-TV became the Vancouver CTV owned-and-operated station, displacing BCTV and CHEK; around the same time, CTV acquired CKY and CFCF, giving the network's O&O stations group coverage of virtually all major Canadian markets. As a result, CTV elected not to renew its national network licence with the CRTC, and the largely artificial distinction between network and non-network programming was eliminated at this point. CTV would later re-apply for a separate regional licence used specifically to provide programming to affiliates owned by third parties. In this sense, CTV as it presently operates could be seen as an enlarged BBS by another name, rather than the direct successor to the \"original\" CTV; however, for most viewers, this is a technicality of little practical significance.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "Baton's independents and newly disaffiliated CHRO-TV were sold to CHUM Limited, becoming NewNet stations; however CTVglobemedia (now Bell Media), Baton's successor as a corporate entity, reacquired them as part of its purchase of CHUM Limited in 2007. These stations are now operated by Bell Media under the CTV 2 banner.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "Baton's CBC affiliates were later sold to the public broadcaster, and became repeaters of other CBC owned-and-operated stations. CTVgm would later acquire another CBC affiliate, CKX-TV in Brandon, Manitoba, as part of the CHUM purchase, which closed down in late 2009 after a variety of efforts to sell the station failed. Bell Media then acquired two additional two CBC affiliates in interior British Columbia (CJDC-TV Dawson Creek and CFTK-TV Terrace) as part of its 2013 purchase of Astral Media, eventually converting both to CTV 2 stations in 2016.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "List of BBS stations", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "Affiliations listed are those in effect during their participation in BBS.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "Kitchener: CKCO-TV (CTV)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "London: CFPL-TV (Independent)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "North Bay: CKNY-TV (CTV), CHNB-TV (CBC)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "Ottawa: CJOH-TV (CTV)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "Pembroke: CHRO-TV (CTV)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "Sault Ste. Marie: CHBX-TV (CTV), CJIC-TV (CBC)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "Sudbury: CICI-TV (CTV), CKNC-TV (CBC)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "Timmins: CITO-TV (CTV), CFCL-TV (CBC)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "Toronto: CFTO-TV (CTV)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "Wheatley: CHWI-TV (Independent)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "Wingham: CKNX-TV (Independent)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "Prince Albert: CIPA-TV (CTV), CKBI-TV (CBC)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "Regina: CKCK-TV (CTV)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "Saskatoon: CFQC-TV (CTV)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "Yorkton: CICC-TV (CTV), CKOS-TV (CBC)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65029965", "title": "Baton Broadcast System", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Broadcast_System", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65029965.json"}}
{"text": "Shinjuku Swan (新宿スワン) is a 2015 Japanese comedy film directed by Sion Sono based on the manga of the same name by Ken Wakui. It was released in Japan on May 30, 2015.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Tatsuhiko, an unemployed young man, gets into a fight with a gang and is rescued by Mako, a scout who recruits girls to work for the Burst scouting agency run by Yamashiro in Kabukichō, a red-light district in Shinjuku, Tokyo. Tatsuhiko learns the trade and becomes a scout as well, with Yosuke as his direct superior. Yamashiro, the boss of the Burst scouting agency, is pressured by a need to pay extravagant protection payments to Chairman Shuzen Amano of the Monbukai family, who demands a bigger cut due to a better offer from the rival Harlem scouting agency.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Matsukata, the boss of the rival Harlem scouting agency, feels that his agency is letting Shinjuku be taken over by Burst. Harlem scout Hideyoshi Minami attempts to take control of the gray zone for his agency alone while he also works behind his boss Matsukata's back to take over the drug trade in Shinjuku, plotting to eventually take over the agency.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Tatsuhiko attempts to scout a girl named Ryoko but discovers that she is a madam when they both react protectively to help a girl arguing with a man in a restaurant. She is impressed and they make love that night. Mako later takes Tatsuhiko to a club called the Moulin Rouge where he introduces Tatsuhiko to his wife Ryoko and they must pretend that they have never met.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "A Burst captain named Seki equal in rank to Mako forces Tatsuhiko into a conflict with Harlem where Hideyoshi recognizes Tatsuhiko from his past but Tatsuhiko does not remember him, angering Hideyoshi into breaking the first two fingers on Tatsuhiko's hand. Yamshiro tells Seki to handle the dispute despite Mako's objections. Seki takes Tatsuhiko to get revenge on a group of Harlem scouts but allows himself to be beaten up in order to lay the blame for the attack on Harlem. Yamashiro meets Matsukata to resolve the conflict and offers him 30 million yen to help with his money troubles if Harlem disbands and Matsukata joins Burst as a captain. In order to help Matsukata save face and disguise the buyout Yamashiro offers to sell Tatsuhiko to Harlem in return but Tatsuhiko reacts wildly and destroys much of the equipment in Matsukata's office, at which point Matsukata tells them to keep him and agrees to simply sell Harlem for 30 million yen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Mako has been recording the conversation with Hayama, Harlem's No. 2, and they force Matsukata to step down for attempting to sell out the agency without consulting Hayama. Hayama has Harlem take responsibility for the conflict with Tatsuhiko and agrees to join Burst for nothing, plotting to take over the combined agency from within together with Hideyoshi.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "As president of the new combined agency, Yamashiro appoints only Mako, Seki, and Tokimasa of Burst along with Hayama of Harlem as the only captains with everyone else starting from scratch as equals and forced to prove their worth in a competition to see who can scout the most girls in one month and be promoted to captain. Mako warns Tatsuhiko against taking revenge on Hideyoshi.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Hideyoshi rescues the fleeing Ageha, a hostess in great debt who has stolen 50,000 yen from a safe, and buys her from her angry employer, putting her to work around the clock under Mr. Ohbayashi, the abusive operator of a massage parlor. When she is utterly fatigued Hideyoshi offers her drugs so that she can continue to work. Meanwhile Hideyoshi pressures the Burst scouts Ohno, Konno, and Yoda into giving him their 18 newly scouted girls so that he can win the competition.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Tatsuhiko scouts Eiko, a 19-year-old cutter who commits suicide by jumping off the roof of a building. Overcome with guilt, Tatsuhiko stops Ohbayashi from beating Ageha, who views him as the blond Dark Prince from her favorite storybook come to rescue her. He finds her work in a more reputable establishment and takes her on a date around the area as he asks her questions to make sure that she is doing alright emotionally. She abruptly leaves to go to work she drops a bag of drugs that Tatsuhiko finds.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Seki convinces his lover Riko to let herself be scouted by Harlem, where she complains of fatigue and is offered drugs by one of the other girls. She arranges a meet to purchase more drugs at a bowling alley so that Seki can catch the Harlem scouts who are involved, but Hideyoshi foresees the setup and shows up with several men. Seki fights off Busuyama but is forced to surrender when Hideyoshi threatens to cut Riko's throat and is held down in a lane as Hideyoshi throws bowling balls down it, breaking his bones and putting him in the hospital. Hideyoshi and Busuyama later bother some of the girls in Ryoko's establishment and she kicks them out.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Ageha runs away from work and Tatsuhiko finds her back at Ohbayashi's place indulging in drugs with his assistance. Hideyoshi arrives at that moment with a briefcase full of drugs and Tatsuhiko takes it from him but is attacked by Ohbayashi, whom Ageha stabs and kills. Hideyoshi flees and Tatsuhiko begs Ageha to come with him but she would rather be arrested and get clean than continue her current life.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Mako meets Hayama in private and asks him to disclose the source of the drugs in exchange for protection or else he will be taken down like Hideyoshi. He finds out that the drugs are coming from Club Gorgeous and Yamashiro sends out all his men to hunt down Hideyoshi to obtain evidence from him.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Ryoko spots Tatsuhiko retrieving the suitcase from a storage locker and tips him off that Mako had slipped a GPS tracking device into his pocket and that Hideyoshi's real name is Daiki Furuya, a top student at Tatsuhiko's middle school who attempted to stab him in a gang fight. Tatsuhiko's friend Sakakibara jumped in between them and was stabbed instead, becoming paralyzed, after which Daiki Furuya left school and eventually changed his name to Hideyoshi.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Tatsuhiko and Hideyoshi meet on opposite rooftops to exchange the drugs for 20 million yen but after Tatsuhiko throws the briefcase of drugs Hideyoshi does not throw the suitcase of money and instead begins to leave. Tatsuhiko leaps from one rooftop to the other to stop Hideyoshi. Hideyoshi once again tries a sneak attack with a knife but Tatsuhiko knocks it away and finishes him off with bare-knuckle fighting. Hideyoshi cries that he wishes he had been stronger and had friends in school but Tatsuhiko explains that those things didn't help him any, demanding that they become friends from that point forward. Tatsuhiko allows Hideyoshi to escape but gives the drug evidence to Yamashiro, who creates a new position of \"lieutenant\" (below \"captain\") for him.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Escaping with the suitcase of money down a back stairway, Hideyoshi is attacked by a gang and shot dead. Tatsuhiko and Mako later visit the place of his death to lay roses. Hayama later asks Mako if he wants to take down Burst but Mako is not interested and accuses Hayama of shooting Hideyoshi, which Hayama denies. Ryoko holds a meeting between Mako and Chairman Amano where Mako says that there will be some upcoming disturbances but that everything will settle in the chairman's favor. The film ends with Tatsuhiko scouting girls at his normal location when he believes he sees Ageha walking down the street past him.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Gō Ayano as Tatsuhiko Shiratori", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Takayuki Yamada as Hideyoshi Minami", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Erika Sawajiri as Ageha", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Yūsuke Iseya as Mako", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Jun Murakami as Tokimasa", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Kosuke Toyohara as Jin Yamashiro", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Motoki Fukami as Gensuke Seki", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Nobuaki Kaneko as Yutaka Hayama", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Yūki Kubota as Yosuke", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Kōtarō Yoshida as Amano", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "The film earned ¥252.3 million on its opening weekend at the Japanese box office and a total of ¥940 million.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Sion Sono directed a sequel to the film, Shinjuku Swan II, which was released in Japan on January 21, 2017.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "Shinjuku Swan at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e606627", "title": "Shinjuku Swan (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Swan_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e606627.json"}}
{"text": "The wilaya of Djanet (Arabic: ولاية جانت) is an Algerian province created in 2019, previously, a delegated wilaya created in 2015. It is located in the Algerian Sahara.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d96e4560", "title": "Djanet Province", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djanet_Province", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d96e4560.json"}}
{"text": "The wilaya of Djanet is in the Algerian Sahara; its area is 131,220 km²   .", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d96e4560", "title": "Djanet Province", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djanet_Province", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d96e4560.json"}}
{"text": "to the north by the Illizi Province;", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d96e4560", "title": "Djanet Province", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djanet_Province", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d96e4560.json"}}
{"text": "to the east by Libya;", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d96e4560", "title": "Djanet Province", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djanet_Province", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d96e4560.json"}}
{"text": "to the west by the Tamanrasset Province;", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d96e4560", "title": "Djanet Province", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djanet_Province", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d96e4560.json"}}
{"text": "and to the south by the Tamanrasset Province and Niger.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d96e4560", "title": "Djanet Province", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djanet_Province", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d96e4560.json"}}
{"text": "The wilaya of Djanet was created on November 26, 2019 .", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d96e4560", "title": "Djanet Province", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djanet_Province", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d96e4560.json"}}
{"text": "Previously, it was a delegated wilaya, created according to the law n° 15–140 of May 27, 2015, creating administrative districts in certain wilayas and fixing the specific rules related to them, as well as the list of municipalities that are attached to it. Before 2019, it was attached to the Illizi Province.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d96e4560", "title": "Djanet Province", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djanet_Province", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d96e4560.json"}}
{"text": "Organization of the wilaya", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d96e4560", "title": "Djanet Province", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djanet_Province", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d96e4560.json"}}
{"text": "During the administrative breakdown of 2015, the delegated wilaya of Djanet is made up of 1 district and 2 communes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d96e4560", "title": "Djanet Province", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djanet_Province", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d96e4560.json"}}
{"text": "Boston is a town in Erie County, New York, United States. The population was 7,948 at the 2020 census. The town is named after Boston, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "Boston is an interior town of the county and one of the county's \"Southtowns\".  Boston is southeast of Buffalo.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "The Iroquois, under various names, lived here until the European immigrants became predominant.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "In 1804, brothers Charles and Oliver Johnson and their families became the area's first settlers. The first Christian church was the Free Will Baptist Church, founded circa 1811. On April 5, 1817, the town of Boston was formed from a portion of the town of Eden. The first post office opened in 1832 on the north side of town.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "In 1843, the town suffered an epidemic (28 of the 43 residents were affected, 10 of whom died) believed to be typhoid fever, possibly from a local well.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "This town has much history that can be found on the headstones in the Maplewood Cemetery across from the Boston Town Hall. There are many old gravestones that show some of the first settlers in the town and the infamous \"Love\" murder.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "John Love, a seaman on the Great Lakes, came to Boston in October 1824 with the prospect of buying grain futures from local farmers. He rented a room from lumberman Nelson Thayer. The Thayer family, which included Nelson and his brothers Isaac and Israel, were infamous for their profanity and crude behavior. Despite owning large tracts of farmland in Boston, they found themselves indebted to neighbors, and eventually to Love, due to their spendthrift habits. Facing financial ruin, the Thayers decided that murder was the only option.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "On December 15, John Love was talking with Nelson Thayer when Isaac came up to the window from outside and shot Love in the head with a rifle. When this failed to kill him, Nelson struck him several times with a meat axe. He and Israel then dragged Love's body to a ravine behind Israel's house and hastily covered it with dirt.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "Neighbors grew suspicious after Love hadn't been seen in several weeks, and the Thayers, now having far more money to spend than usual, rode around on Love's horse attempting to collect debts owed to him by others. When questioned, they would say that Love had gone to Canada and had given the Thayers power of attorney to collect debt payments. Foul play was eventually suspected, and a $10 reward was offered to whoever found Love's body. On February 23, 1825, Love's body was discovered in the ravine behind the Thayer cabin, in a grave so shallow that his feet were sticking out. The three brothers were arrested, as was their father Israel Sr., and taken to jail in Buffalo.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "At trial, the Thayers were linked to the crime based on strong circumstantial evidence; neighbors testified to hearing a gunshot on December 15 and never seeing Love again after that date. The Thayer brothers were all found guilty of John Love's murder and sentenced to death. The charges against their father had been dropped. On June 17, 1825, all three were hanged from the same gallows in Niagara Square, the only public hanging ever to take place in Erie County. It is said that a crowd of about 20,000 people witnessed the event, far greater than the population of Buffalo at that time.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 35.8 square miles (92.8 km2).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "Geologically speaking, Boston is one of the more interesting places in the Greater Niagara region, for many glacial activities, over many years, caused sufficient pressure indentation to alter dramatically the landscape and even the water table.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "U.S. Route 219 crosses the town. New York State Route 277 (Boston State Road/Herman Hill Road) intersects New York State Route 391 (Boston State Road) in the northwestern part of the town at North Boston.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "As of the census of 2000, there were 7,897 people, 2,997 households, and 2,244 families residing in the town.  The population density was 220.4 inhabitants per square mile (85.1/km2).  There were 3,122 housing units at an average density of 87.1 per square mile (33.6/km2).  The racial makeup of the town was 98.91% white, 0.14% African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.10% from other races, and 0.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.72% of the population.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "There were 2,997 households, out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.6% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.1% were non-families. 20.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.06.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.2% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.8 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 98.2 males.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "The median income for a household in the town was $48,315, and the median income for a family was $57,714. Males had a median income of $42,101 versus $27,798 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,303.  About 3.6% of families and 5.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.0% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "Communities and locations in Boston", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "Boston – A hamlet in the southern part of the town on Boston State Road, NY-391. The community was once called \"Boston Corners\" and \"Torrey Corners\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "Boston Forest County Park – An undeveloped conservation area in the southwestern corner of the town, consisting of 700 acres (2.8 km2) of woodland and meadows.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "Creekside – A location by the northern town line, north of North Boston.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "East Boston Hill – A location near the eastern town line.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "Eighteen Mile Creek – A stream that flows northward through the town.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "North Boston – A hamlet and CDP in the northwestern part of the town.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "Patchin – A hamlet located near the town's center on the Boston State Road. The community was once known as \"Boston Center\". It was named after early resident Talcott Patchin, a tanner and postmaster.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "Ski Tamarack – A former skiing location in the northeastern corner of the town.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "Charles Miller, commander of the organization now known as the 28th Infantry Division and founder of the Galena-Signal Oil Company, which became part of the Standard Oil combine, and then part of the corporation now known as Texaco.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "Joseph C. Sibley, U.S. representative from Pennsylvania", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "A. Chapin Whiting, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "Ellen Beach Yaw, coloratura soprano known for her exceptional vocal range.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "Town of Boston official website", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "American State Trials: The Three Thayers: A transcript of the 1825 trial", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c80495e", "title": "Boston, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c80495e.json"}}
{"text": "Soul & Sword (ソウル アンド ソード) is a 1993 Japanese-only video game on Super Famicom developed by Pandora Box. It is a prequel to Traverse: Starlight & Prairie.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1087771", "title": "Soul & Sword", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_%26_Sword", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1087771.json"}}
{"text": "Being a non-linear role-playing game, the quests can be done in any order although some of them have prerequisites. Most are completely optional, but change the ending. The quests can be abandoned and returned at will.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1087771", "title": "Soul & Sword", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_%26_Sword", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1087771.json"}}
{"text": "The game features a time system and the characters are actually aging, though their statistics stay the same. This system is also used for money loans, as you will receive penalties when you don't pay back before the end of the year.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1087771", "title": "Soul & Sword", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_%26_Sword", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1087771.json"}}
{"text": "Soul & Sword received reviews of 8/10, 6/10, 7/10 and 7/10 in Famitsu.  Famitsu reviewers praised the non-linear structure of the game but found the combat system to be conventional.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1087771", "title": "Soul & Sword", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_%26_Sword", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1087771.json"}}
{"text": "Seniha Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: سنیحه سلطان; 5 December 1851 – 15 September 1931) was an Ottoman princess, the daughter of Sultan Abdulmejid I and Nalandil Hanım. She was the half-sister of Sultans Murad V, Abdul Hamid II, Mehmed V, and Mehmed VI.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "Seniha Sultan was born on 5 December 1851 in the Çırağan Palace. Her father was Sultan Abdulmejid I and her mother was Nalandil Hanım. She was the eldest child of her mother. She had a brother Şehzade Mehmed Abdüssamed, one year younger than her  and a sister Şehime Sultan, three years younger than her. Both her siblings died in infancy. Her father died when Seniha was ten and her mother died when she was fourteen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "In 1876, her half-brother Sultan Abdul Hamid II betrothed her to Asaf Mahmud Celaleddin Pasha, who was two years her junior, had a promising future, and the son of Grand Admiral Damat Gürcü Halil Rifat Pasha. Her dowry was prepared with her half-sisters Behice Sultan, Mediha Sultan and Naile Sultan. The marriage contract was concluded on 5 December 1876 at the Yıldız Palace. However, the wedding was delayed because of the death of her elder sister Behice Sultan, sick with tuberculosis since childhood and to which Seniha had been very close, constantly writing her affectionate letters. The wedding finally took place on 10 February 1877. In 1879, she gave birth to her first son Sultanzade Sabahaddin Bey, and a year later to her second son Sultanzade Ahmed Lütfullâh Bey.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "Among Seniha's ladies-in-waiting was Resan Hanım, who would later become one of the consorts of her half-brother Murad V. Her other two ladies, Dilaviz Hanim and Zeliha Vasfıcihan Hanım, married Murad's son Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "Seniha hadn't been on good terms with Abdul Hamid for unknown reasons, and so in 1878, she and her husband, and her siblings including her brothers Prince Ahmed Kemaleddin, and Prince Selim Suleiman, and sister Princess Fatma, were all involved in the Ali Suavi incident with the objective of restoring Murad to the throne. In October 1898, she met with the German Empress Augusta Victoria in the harem of the Yıldız Palace, when the latter visited Istanbul for a second time with her husband Emperor Wilhelm  In her memoir, Ayşe Sultan, daughter of Abdülhamid II, remembered: \"Familiar as he was with his sisters' [Seniha Sultan and Mediha Sultan] habit of chattering away rapidly and guffawing, Abdülhamid II had counseled and beseeched them to behave in a dignified fashion, but nonetheless the sisters fell back on their old habits. Baba [the Sultan Abdülhamid II] felt compelled to tell the Empress, 'Please forgive my sisters, they're a bit nervous.'\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "Seniha Sultan's husband was very critical of her brother Abdul Hamid's governance, never missing an occasion to speak out. Eventually he had had enough of being followed and spied on, so in 1899, he took both of his sons fled to Europe, where four years later he died in Belgium and was buried in Paris. Her sons were able to return to Istanbul only in 1908, after the declaration of the second constitution. For this reason she was not particularly welcome at the palace.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "At the exile of the imperial family in March 1924, Seniha was the oldest living Ottoman princess, age seventy-three. She had no money of her own, and her sons were too busy with their affairs to care of her, so she went to exile alone. Her half-brother, the deposed Sultan Mehmed, who went to live in San Remo gave her refuge in his home, the Villa Magnolia, where she lived until his death in 1926. After Mehmed's death, she didn't have enough money on her own to rent a house, and so slept in the public gardens of Cimiez, Nice. Somehow her younger son Lütfullah figured out about his mothers way of living, he came to Nice, and took his mother to Abdulmejid II's Villa, who gave her a room in the attic. Where she lived in a miserable way.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "Seniha Sultan died at the Villa Carabacel on 15 September 1931 at age seventy-nine in Nice, France the last surviving child of Abdulmejid, and was buried in the cemetery of the Sulaymaniyya Takiyya in Damascus.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "Her burial was very difficult. In Nice at the time there were no Muslim cemeteries, so she must be buried in a Muslim country, but that was an expensive undertaking and her family had no money, not even to pay the rent of a place in the morgue for a long time, where her body, embalmed at the cheapest rate, had been placed in waiting for a solution.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "However, her family, especially Abdülmecid II, absolutely did not want to bury her in a mass grave. So he instructed his son, Ömer Faruk Efendi, and Şehzade Osman Fuad Efendi, a descendant of Murad V, to request the money for the burial from Jefferson Cohn & Ranz, the company that had been officially appointed to reclaim the properties of the Ottoman family on their behalf. The negotiation was long and difficult, but when the princes threatened to dissolve the contract they managed to get the money.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "The body of Seniha Sultan followed the same route as that of her brother Sultan Mehmed VI Vahideddin: to Beirut by boat, then from there to Syria, where she was buried.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "Seniha was described as a strong and free woman who was political minded, and in many ways a woman ahead of her time. She was judged to be beautiful and regal in appearance, but she was not particularly welcome at court because of her cheeky and undignified attitudes. She wore her hair short and refused to let it grow and had a deep voice. She always spoke quickly and directly.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "She used to wear dresses of the most superb cloth, with her tiara on her head on formal occasions, and she also wore gowns with long trains in the European fashion spreading out behind her. In manner, she was entirely unconstrained. Often, as did her half-sister Mediha Sultan, she would burst into laughter, and she spoke rapidly and in a deep voice. When these two sisters were together chatting with their brother Abdul Hamid, they would both laugh and try to amuse him and get him to smile as though they were in competition with one another.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "Seniha Sultan is known to have had performers of religious music at her palace.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "According to Neslişah Sultan and Sabiha Sultan, during the exile she always dressed in black, she was thin, in fact really skinny, and had a dry skin, her niece Sabiha Sultan was really upset and sad that her aunt lives in a miserable way, whenever she visited her she kissed her hand and showed her huge respect.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "Order of the House of Osman", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "Order of the Medjidie, Jeweled", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "Order of Charity,  1st Class", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "Liakat Medal in Gold", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "In the 2017 TV series Payitaht: Abdülhamid, Seniha Sultan is portrayed by Turkish actress Selen Öztürk.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "List of Ottoman princesses", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "Bardakçı, Murat (2017). Neslishah: The Last Ottoman Princess. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-9-774-16837-6.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "Brookes, Douglas Scott (2010). The Concubine, the Princess, and the Teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-78335-5.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "Sakaoğlu, Necdet (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "Uluçay, Mustafa Çağatay (2011). Padişahların kadınları ve kızları. Ankara, Ötüken.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0e80eeb9", "title": "Seniha Sultan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniha_Sultan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0e80eeb9.json"}}
{"text": "The Clovis station, also known as the Clovis Depot, was built in 1907. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c3785582", "title": "Clovis station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c3785582.json"}}
{"text": "The station was built by B. Lantry & Sons in Spanish Revival style, and is one of only three buildings of this style built by the Santa Fe Railway.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c3785582", "title": "Clovis station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c3785582.json"}}
{"text": "Notably it served long distance Chicago to California trains that took the route through Wichita, Kansas; northwest Oklahoma and Amarillo in northern Texas. This was in contrast to the more northerly route which went through Dodge City, Kansas and Albuquerque, New Mexico.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c3785582", "title": "Clovis station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c3785582.json"}}
{"text": "California Limited (Chicago – Los Angeles) (to 1954)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c3785582", "title": "Clovis station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c3785582.json"}}
{"text": "California Special (Clovis – Temple, Texas) (to 1967)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c3785582", "title": "Clovis station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c3785582.json"}}
{"text": "Grand Canyon Limited (Chicago – Los Angeles) (to 1968)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c3785582", "title": "Clovis station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c3785582.json"}}
{"text": "San Francisco Chief (Chicago – San Francisco) (1954–1971)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c3785582", "title": "Clovis station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c3785582.json"}}
{"text": "Scout (Chicago – Los Angeles, with secondary section to Oakland) (to 1954)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c3785582", "title": "Clovis station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c3785582.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Clovis Depot at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c3785582", "title": "Clovis station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c3785582.json"}}
{"text": "Stacy-Marie Ishmael is a journalist and editor from Trinidad and Tobago. She is currently the managing editor for crypto at Bloomberg News and the chair of the Foundation Board of the Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_701542ca", "title": "Stacy-Marie Ishmael", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacy-Marie_Ishmael", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_701542ca.json"}}
{"text": "She was born and raised in San Fernando, Trinidad, where she went to Naparima Girls' High School, graduating in 2002 and then moving to Europe. She attended University of Franche-Comté and the London School of Economics, going on to become in 2006 a graduate trainee at the Financial Times (FT). There, Ishmael started Alphaville, one of the FT's first blogs. Business Insider described her work as \"ridiculously knowledgeable\" as well as \"great on camera\" in appearances for CNBC. Ishmael has also drawn praise for \"astute\" commentary on hiring and organizational diversity.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_701542ca", "title": "Stacy-Marie Ishmael", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacy-Marie_Ishmael", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_701542ca.json"}}
{"text": "After five years at the FT, Ishmael departed for technology company Percolate, but returned in 2013 to the FT, where she became vice-president for communities, working with the FT Live series that produces 200 events a year.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_701542ca", "title": "Stacy-Marie Ishmael", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacy-Marie_Ishmael", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_701542ca.json"}}
{"text": "Ishmael moved to BuzzFeed in 2014 as managing editor of mobile news as the company developed a news app, which launched in June 2015. She has also been a regular guest on BuzzFeed's popular podcast Another Round, hosting a segment called \"Stacy's Career Corner\". The Frisky praised Ishmael's advice for negotiations as \"absolutely required listening for anyone who’s ever been afraid of walking into a room and asking for what they want\" and said her recurring segment \"is competent, clear-headed and extremely useful. It’s the kind of advice you wish you had when faced with a work challenge; it’s the advice you want when navigating the trenches of a workplace peppered with microaggressions and untoward overtures...It’s the kind of advice I wish I’d had when I was a young person figuring out how to navigate a world that they don’t prepare you for in college.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_701542ca", "title": "Stacy-Marie Ishmael", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacy-Marie_Ishmael", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_701542ca.json"}}
{"text": "In 2016–17 Ishmael was a John S. Knight Journalism Fellow at Stanford.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_701542ca", "title": "Stacy-Marie Ishmael", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacy-Marie_Ishmael", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_701542ca.json"}}
{"text": "From 2017 to 2019, Ishmael worked as senior editor at Apple.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_701542ca", "title": "Stacy-Marie Ishmael", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacy-Marie_Ishmael", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_701542ca.json"}}
{"text": "In February 2020, the nonprofit Texas Tribune named Ishmael as editorial director, calling her \"a superlative journalist and inspiring leader, role model and public citizen.\" She led the newsroom through the peak of the coronavirus pandemic and a severe winter storm that caused massive power outages.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_701542ca", "title": "Stacy-Marie Ishmael", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacy-Marie_Ishmael", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_701542ca.json"}}
{"text": "Ishmael then co-hosted the Slate Money podcast from May 2021 to the beginning of 2022.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_701542ca", "title": "Stacy-Marie Ishmael", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacy-Marie_Ishmael", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_701542ca.json"}}
{"text": "Bloomberg News announced in September 2021 that it was hiring Ishmael to be its managing editor for cryptocurrencies.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_701542ca", "title": "Stacy-Marie Ishmael", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacy-Marie_Ishmael", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_701542ca.json"}}
{"text": "Stacy-Marie Ishmael on Twitter", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_701542ca", "title": "Stacy-Marie Ishmael", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacy-Marie_Ishmael", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_701542ca.json"}}
{"text": "Pedro Pietri (March 21, 1944 – March 3, 2004) was a Puerto Rican poet and playwright and one of the co-founders of the Nuyorican Movement. He was considered by some as the poet laureate of the Nuyorican Movement.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Pietri was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico, however his family moved to New York City in 1947, when he was only three years old.  They settled in the west side (Manhattanville) section of Manhattan where he and his siblings received their primary and secondary education. Pedro was greatly influenced by his aunt, who often recited poetry and on occasions put on theatrical plays in the First Spanish Methodist church in El Barrio.  Pietri himself started to write poems as a student at Haaren High School.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "After graduating from high school, Pietri worked in a variety of jobs until he was drafted into the Army and sent to fight in the Vietnam War.  The experiences that he faced in the Army and Vietnam, plus the discrimination that he witnessed while growing up in New York, were to become the main factors that would forge his personality and style of poetry.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "\"Puerto Rican Obituary\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Upon his discharge from the Army, Pietri affiliated himself with a Puerto Rican Civil Rights activist group called the Young Lords.  In 1969, he read for the first time his poem, \"Puerto Rican Obituary\". The New York Times obituary of Pedro Pietri noted that the poem \"sketched the lives of five Puerto Ricans who came to the United States with dreams that remained unfulfilled. By turns angry, heartbreaking and hopeful, it was embraced by young Puerto Ricans, who were imbued with a sense of pride and nationalism.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Fellow Puerto Rican poet of the Nuyorican Movement Giannina Braschi, who performed with Pedro Pietri, pays homage to \"Puerto Rican Obituary\" and his sites his own obituary in her novel \"United States of Banana.\"  \"Puerto Rican Obituary\" is an epic poem published in 1973 by Monthly Review Press and widely considered Pietri's greatest work.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Nuyorican Poets Café", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Pietri helped found the Nuyorican Movement together with Miguel Algarin, Miguel Piñero and Lucky Cienfuegos also founders of the Nuyorican Poets Cafe.  The Café is an institution where many New York Puerto Rican and Latino artists perform.  Pietri wrote the play El Puerto Rican Embassy.  The theme was that an island, which was neither an independent nation nor a state of the United States, should have an embassy.  The idea for the play came from Pietri's nationalistic views.  During the performance, he would sing \"The Spanglish National Anthem\" and hand out simulated \"Puerto Rican passports\" prepared in collaboration with Adál Maldonado.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Among his other works are: Invisible Poetry (1979), Traffic (1980), Plays (1982), Traffic Violations (1983), and The Masses are Asses (1988). His writings have been published and included in the following anthologies:  Inventing a Word: An Anthology of Twentieth Century Puerto Rican Poetry (ed. Julio Marzan, 1980), Illusions of a Revolving Door (1984), The Outlaw Bible of American Poetry (ed. Alan Kaufman, S.A. Griffin, 1999), The Prentice Hall Anthology of Latino Literature (ed. Eduardo del Rio, 2002) and many others. In August 2015, City Lights released Pedro Pietri: Selected Poetry, which gathers the most enduring and treasured work from his books—Puerto Rican Obituary, Traffic Violations, and Out of Order—and contains a generous selection of his previously unpublished writings.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Pietri not only wrote poetry but also recorded it. In 1979, Pietri came out with an LP entitled Loose Joints and later One Is a Crowd which were produced by Folkways Records., also recorded ! Aqui se Habla Español ! Pedro Peitri en casa Puerto Rico on discos Coqui LP 1203", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "It was during this time that Pietri was part of the Cultural Council Foundation CETA Artists Project in New York City, which ran from 1978 to 1980. He worked with other poets and literary artists like Bob Holman, Nathan Whiting and N.H. Pritchard.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Pietri was a free spirit whose performances were nontraditional. In his irreverence toward religion, he called himself Reverend, dressed in black and walked around with a large collapsible cross. In reaction to the romanticism of the community by groups like the Young Lords and others on the left, he wrote that \"The Masses are Asses.\" In the first published collection of Nuyorican poetry (Nuyorican Poetry: An Anthology of Puerto Rican Words and Feelings edited by Miguel Algarín and Miguel Piñero in 1975), his contribution was a poem consisting entirely of punctuation marks. He would throw condoms at audiences during some of his performances. He was a nonconformist, constantly reminding the Movement of the importance of tolerance, intellectual freedom and not losing its humanity. His was a unique voice, both in substance and style, to which failed attempts by all to imitate his reading of his \"Puerto Rican Obituary\" out loud readily attest.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "The Pedro Pietri Papers, held at the Centro, Center for Puerto Rican Studies, City University of New York, \"chronicle the extraordinarily creative, productive, and at times, anarchic life of one of the most original and innovative contemporary writers of the Puerto Rican community. They lend insight into the vast scope of Pietri’s literary interests and endeavors, his collaborative relationships with other writers and his editorial process.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Pietri was diagnosed with stomach cancer in 2003. He went to Mexico to receive an alternative treatment for a year. On March 3, 2004, Pietri died en route from Mexico to New York. Funeral services were held in East Harlem at the historic First Spanish Methodist Church, which was taken over in 1969 by the Young Lords and renamed at the time as \"The First People's Church\" to provide free breakfast and other programs to the poor and working people of El Barrio. This is where, fittingly, Pietri first read in public his classic poem, \"Puerto Rican Obituary\", in support of the Lords' takeover of the church.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "List of Puerto Rican writers", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Puerto Rican literature", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Miguel Piñero, co-founder of Nuyorican Poets Cafe and of its literary movement", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Giannina Braschi, leading lady of Nuyorican culture and author of Spanglish novel Yo-Yo Boing!", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Miguel Algarín, founder of Nuyorican Poets Cafe and co-founder of its literary movement", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Braschi's Empire of Dreams", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Dalleo, Raphael, and Elena Machado Sáez. \"Periodizing Latino/a Literature Through Pedro Pietri's Nuyorican Cityscapes.\" The Latino/a Canon and the Emergence of Post-Sixties Literature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. 17–44. https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193238/http://www.post-sixties.com/.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "González, Ray. Ed. Currents from the dancing river: contemporary Latino fiction, nonfiction, and poetry. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1994.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Hathaway, Heather, Josef Jarab, and Jeffrey Melnick. Eds. Race and the modern artist. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Hernandez, Carmen Dolores. Puerto Rican voices in English: interviews with writers. Westport: Praeger, 1997.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Marzán, Julio. Ed. Inventing a word: an anthology of twentieth-century Puerto Rican poetry. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Reyes, Israel. Humor and the eccentric text in Puerto Rican literature. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Democracy Now! Tribute", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Tribute by Frances R. Aparicio", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Read Puerto Rican Obituary", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Pedro Pietri at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Read \"El Spanglish National Anthem\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "[1] View Current TV's program on Nuyorican culture. (https://web.archive.org/web/20090219001002/http://current.com/items/88836867/nuyorican_power.htm)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Puerto Rican Obituary.Spanish.Translation by Raúl Racedo", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31cc46d8", "title": "Pedro Pietri", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pietri", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31cc46d8.json"}}
{"text": "Pinseque is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2014 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 3,625 inhabitants, with a population density of 224.88 people per km² (582.4 per square mile).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f5bdd6", "title": "Pinseque", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinseque", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f5bdd6.json"}}
{"text": "The town is located 20 km (12.42 mi) from Zaragoza, the capital city of Aragon.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f5bdd6", "title": "Pinseque", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinseque", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f5bdd6.json"}}
{"text": "Pinseque is 230 m (750 ft) above the sea level.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f5bdd6", "title": "Pinseque", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinseque", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f5bdd6.json"}}
{"text": "The municipality's average temperature is 14 °C (57.2 °F).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f5bdd6", "title": "Pinseque", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinseque", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f5bdd6.json"}}
{"text": "There are only 11 councilors in the Pinseque's town hall.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f5bdd6", "title": "Pinseque", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinseque", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f5bdd6.json"}}
{"text": "The town name of Pinseque comes from pin (pine) and sec (dry), probably because there were a pine forest here before its population. In Aragonese language, it is called Puysec - from puig (hill) and sec (dry). As the word dry is included in both Aragonese and Spanish language names, maybe the current town's area was considered very dry for crops or plant growing. When the Visigoths came to Spain, the village was called Pinsech.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f5bdd6", "title": "Pinseque", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinseque", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f5bdd6.json"}}
{"text": "List of municipalities in Zaragoza", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f5bdd6", "title": "Pinseque", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinseque", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f5bdd6.json"}}
{"text": "Veracruz Reef System National Park (Spanish: Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano National Marine Park) is a national marine park and protected area located in Veracruz, Mexico. The park was established in 1994 and covers a total area of approximately 65,516.47 hectares (161,894.7 acres), divided into two polygons: the Veracruz Polygon, which comprises seven reefs and two islands, and the Antón Lizardo Polygon, with 12 reefs and four islands.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_60345e23", "title": "Veracruz Reef System National Park", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_Reef_System_National_Park", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_60345e23.json"}}
{"text": "The reef system is divided into four reef groups:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_60345e23", "title": "Veracruz Reef System National Park", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_Reef_System_National_Park", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_60345e23.json"}}
{"text": "Outer reefs: continued development on windward and leeward slopes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_60345e23", "title": "Veracruz Reef System National Park", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_Reef_System_National_Park", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_60345e23.json"}}
{"text": "Intermediate reefs: have a long, very gentle leeward slope.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_60345e23", "title": "Veracruz Reef System National Park", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_Reef_System_National_Park", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_60345e23.json"}}
{"text": "Inner reefs: have a large amount of sediment accumulated on the leeward slope.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_60345e23", "title": "Veracruz Reef System National Park", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_Reef_System_National_Park", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_60345e23.json"}}
{"text": "Fringing reefs: they develop on the coast, presenting a development that does not exceed 12 m depth on the windward side.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_60345e23", "title": "Veracruz Reef System National Park", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_Reef_System_National_Park", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_60345e23.json"}}
{"text": "The ecological importance of the Reef Park is such that the system is also designated as one of Mexico's Ramsar Sites - Wetland Sites of International Importance, with four of the eight biodiversity criteria established by the Ramsar Convention. Among the established criteria, number one considers the wetland as a rare or unique example, because the reef system has been subjected to great anthropogenic pressure during the last 500 years. Despite the damage done to the reef, there are studies that indicate that it has a higher recovery rate compared to other reefs in the Gulf of Mexico.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_60345e23", "title": "Veracruz Reef System National Park", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_Reef_System_National_Park", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_60345e23.json"}}
{"text": "Currently, the deterioration of the environmental condition has increased due to drainage discharges from the metropolitan area, as well as hydrocarbon spills due to the movement of vessels in the port area. (Ramsar Wetlands Information Sheet, 2004- CONANP).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_60345e23", "title": "Veracruz Reef System National Park", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_Reef_System_National_Park", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_60345e23.json"}}
{"text": "The Lancia 2000 (Tipo 820) is a series of automobiles produced by Italian automaker Lancia between 1971 and 1975. It was the last vehicle independently designed by Lancia engineers before the marque's acquisition by Fiat in 1969. The 2000 was a direct evolution of the Flavia, which it replaced.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e61c717d", "title": "Lancia 2000", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_2000", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e61c717d.json"}}
{"text": "The 2000 saloon kept the central part of the body (roof, doors, interior) and the entire drivetrain (except for some improvements to the fuel injection) of its predecessor, the second series of the Flavia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e61c717d", "title": "Lancia 2000", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_2000", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e61c717d.json"}}
{"text": "The most significant changes were made to the front and rear of the body, where the designers modernised the styling of its predecessor. In particular, the tail was squared and simplified, and the nose lost its separate air intake and headlamp nacelles. The mechanics retained most of the Flavia's specifications including the front-wheel drive, boxer engine, independent suspension, and disc brakes all around, with vacuum assist and split-circuits (called \"Super duplex\" by Lancia).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e61c717d", "title": "Lancia 2000", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_2000", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e61c717d.json"}}
{"text": "The 2000 used the 1991 cc 4-cylinder boxer engine, available in either carburetted form 115 hp (85 kW) or with fuel-injection 125 hp (92 kW). The latter abandoned the previously used Kugelfischer mechanical system in favor of a more reliable Bosch D-type electronic system. Bosch-equipped cars are distinguished by an \"i.e.\" badge on the grille, signifying 'iniezione elettronica' (\"electronic injection\"). The transmission (produced by ZF) was a 4-speed manual for the 2000 equipped with a carburetor, and a manual 5-speed for the fuel-injected 2000. Since the 2000 was given a flagship role for Lancia (following in the footsteps of the Flaminia), the 2000 was given a high standard of finishes (fine wood for the dashboard and velvet or leather upholstery) and standard or optional equipment including hydraulically operated power steering (also manufactured by ZF), air conditioning, electric windows and sun blinds.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e61c717d", "title": "Lancia 2000", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_2000", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e61c717d.json"}}
{"text": "Because of the 2000s high production costs, Fiat was not in favor of putting the model into production, despite it being ready for production in 1969, which delayed its launch. But in the absence of any other new Lancia flagship models being ready, the 2000 was nonetheless launched in 1971. The 2000 was considered by many fans of the marque to be \"the last real Lancia\" due to the high build quality that the later models (Beta and Gamma) lacked. It was produced until 1974 with a total of 14,319 examples being made.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e61c717d", "title": "Lancia 2000", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_2000", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e61c717d.json"}}
{"text": "The 2000 and 2000 HF Coupé", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e61c717d", "title": "Lancia 2000", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_2000", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e61c717d.json"}}
{"text": "The Lancia 2000 and 2000 HF Coupé were an evolution of the Series II Flavia Coupé. The car's bodyshell was designed and made by Pininfarina. The interior was also designed by Pininfarina and bears a striking resemblance to that of the Ferrari 330 GT. The cosmetic changes to the 2000 Coupé were largely confined to a new grille (matte black instead of chrome) with headlamps incorporated into the now wider intake, new bumpers (with rubber strips on the HF), and the tail was shorn of its vestigial tailfins, with a raised and squared decklid.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e61c717d", "title": "Lancia 2000", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_2000", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e61c717d.json"}}
{"text": "The interior did not undergo significant changes, being merely a refinement of the previous design. The powerplant was adopted from the 2000 sedan and available in two states of tune: carburetted on the 2000 Coupé or with Bosch electronic fuel injection and engine management on the 2000 HF. The HF was recognizable by the body-side rub-strip, a wooden Nardi steering wheel, and magnesium alloy wheels by Cromodora. Both versions had a 5-speed manual transmission with a dog-leg arrangement.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e61c717d", "title": "Lancia 2000", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_2000", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e61c717d.json"}}
{"text": "The Lancia 2000 and 2000 HF Coupés were technologically advanced for the day with features such as a 5-speed transmission, power assisted steering and electronic fuel injection on the 2000 HF. They are very well appointed with polished stainless steel trim work, as opposed to chromed mild steel.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e61c717d", "title": "Lancia 2000", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_2000", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e61c717d.json"}}
{"text": "The cars do not suffer the corrosion problems associated with later generation Lancia automobiles and are generally regarded as being more resistant than contemporaries from other Italian manufacturers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e61c717d", "title": "Lancia 2000", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_2000", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e61c717d.json"}}
{"text": "The Bosch electronics that were developed specifically for the 2000s boxer engine raised its maximum power to 125 hp (92 kW), the same as contemporary BMW and Alfa Romeo cars. This improvement, however, was never publicized by Lancia because the marketing department believed that their targeted customers would less favorably respond to a campaign that emphasized power and performance rather than quality, technical sophistication and riding comfort.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e61c717d", "title": "Lancia 2000", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_2000", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e61c717d.json"}}
{"text": "Engine specifications", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e61c717d", "title": "Lancia 2000", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_2000", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e61c717d.json"}}
{"text": "Lancisti.net - An Information Exchange and Support Community for Lancia Owners and Enthusiasts", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e61c717d", "title": "Lancia 2000", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_2000", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e61c717d.json"}}
{"text": "Lancia Motor Club (UK) Archived 2011-09-30 at the Wayback Machine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e61c717d", "title": "Lancia 2000", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_2000", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e61c717d.json"}}
{"text": "Gary Stevens (4 January 1944 – 29 January 2025) was an Australian rugby league footballer, a hard tackling second-row forward, of the 1960s and 1970s for the South Sydney Rabbitohs, Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs and the Australian national representative side. He is the grandson of Souths club great Arthur Oxford.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1c1a1846", "title": "Gary Stevens (rugby league)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Stevens_(rugby_league)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1c1a1846.json"}}
{"text": "Stevens played 163 games with South Sydney between 1965 and 1976, scoring 12 tries. He played in the 1970 and 1971 victorious Rabbitohs Grand Final teams. A Souths junior, he was promoted to grade in 1964. He eventually captained Souths in 1976.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1c1a1846", "title": "Gary Stevens (rugby league)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Stevens_(rugby_league)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1c1a1846.json"}}
{"text": "At the end of the 1976 season Stevens joined Canterbury-Bankstown with whom he played 26 games in 1977 and 1978.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1c1a1846", "title": "Gary Stevens (rugby league)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Stevens_(rugby_league)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1c1a1846.json"}}
{"text": "Representative career", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1c1a1846", "title": "Gary Stevens (rugby league)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Stevens_(rugby_league)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1c1a1846.json"}}
{"text": "Stevens represented Australia in five Test matches (1972–1975) and appeared six times for New South Wales (1972–1975). Stevens went on to play in the 1972 Australian World Cup campaign before touring Great Britain with the victorious 1973 Australian Kangaroos. He played against France in 1973 before representing Australia in two tests against the touring Great Britain side in 1974. The following year he was also selected in Australia's World Cup squad.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1c1a1846", "title": "Gary Stevens (rugby league)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Stevens_(rugby_league)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1c1a1846.json"}}
{"text": "Stevens died on 29 January 2025, at the age of 81.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1c1a1846", "title": "Gary Stevens (rugby league)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Stevens_(rugby_league)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1c1a1846.json"}}
{"text": "Canterbury Bulldogs profile Archived 17 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1c1a1846", "title": "Gary Stevens (rugby league)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Stevens_(rugby_league)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1c1a1846.json"}}
{"text": "The Encyclopaedia of Rugby League Players – South Sydney Rabbitohs, Alan Whiticker & Glen Hudson, Bas Publishing, 2005.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1c1a1846", "title": "Gary Stevens (rugby league)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Stevens_(rugby_league)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1c1a1846.json"}}
{"text": "Elizabeth Winnifred Wood  (October 8, 1903 – January 27, 1966), known as Elizabeth Wyn Wood, was a Canadian sculptor and advocate of art education. A notable figure in Canadian sculpture, she is primarily known for her modernist interpretation of the Canadian landscape in her works.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb00bb90", "title": "Elizabeth Wyn Wood", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wyn_Wood", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb00bb90.json"}}
{"text": "Early life and education", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb00bb90", "title": "Elizabeth Wyn Wood", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wyn_Wood", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb00bb90.json"}}
{"text": "Elizabeth Wyn Wood was born at her family's cottage on Cedar Island, just offshore from Orillia, Ontario, on October 8, 1903. She was the fourth child of Edward Alfred Wood (1860–1915) and Sarah Elizabeth Weafer (1864–1952). Wood had an older brother named Edward, two older sisters, Fern, and Elmo, and a younger brother named John.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb00bb90", "title": "Elizabeth Wyn Wood", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wyn_Wood", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb00bb90.json"}}
{"text": "Edward Wood Sr. was the proprietor of a dry-goods and women's clothing store in Orillia, Ontario. The same year that Elizabeth was born, the Woods moved into their home at 136 West Street in Orillia. The family also had two summer homes on Lake Couchiching. During the summer months, the family spent the majority of their time on the lake, and Wood learned how to swim and canoe at an early age.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb00bb90", "title": "Elizabeth Wyn Wood", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wyn_Wood", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb00bb90.json"}}
{"text": "Wood demonstrated an affinity for sculpture at a young age, using plasticine and clay to create art as a child. From 1910–1917, starting at the age of seven, Wood attended St. Mildred's College in Toronto, Ontario. She returned to Orillia every summer to spend time with her family in the wilderness surrounding their summer homes. Wood attended Ontario College of Art (OCA), graduating in 1926. While at OCA, Wood studied with Group of Seven artists Arthur Lismer and J.E.H. MacDonald. She studied sculpture under Emanuel Hahn (whom she married in 1926). In November 1926, Wood began a two-month placement at the Art Students League of New York, studying with Robert Laurent and Edward McCarton. While in New York, she spent time studying Ancient Egyptian art and sculpture. By 1930, Wood was described as \"perhaps the most advanced and adventurous sculptor working in Canada\" by art critic Blodwen Davies. Wood was a founding member of the Sculptors' Society of Canada.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb00bb90", "title": "Elizabeth Wyn Wood", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wyn_Wood", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb00bb90.json"}}
{"text": "Notable works and affiliations", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb00bb90", "title": "Elizabeth Wyn Wood", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wyn_Wood", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb00bb90.json"}}
{"text": "\"Sculptural form is not the imitation of natural form any more than poetry is the imitation of natural conversation . . . While a piece of sculpture may contain visual forms with which we are acquainted by daily experience, it is essentially a design worked out by means of the juxtaposition of masses in space, just as poetry is a design wrought by the sounds of words in time.\" (Elizabeth Wyn Wood, 1935)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb00bb90", "title": "Elizabeth Wyn Wood", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wyn_Wood", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb00bb90.json"}}
{"text": "Passing Rain is a relief sculpture, designed by Elizabeth Wyn Wood. The relief was originally made from plaster, then later commissioned to be made in marble when she was 26 years old. Passing Rain is an early example of Wood's modernist style and landscape work. The relief gained praise very quickly and would win her the Lord Willingdon Award in 1929. Passing Rain is owned and displayed at the National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa, Ontario.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb00bb90", "title": "Elizabeth Wyn Wood", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wyn_Wood", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb00bb90.json"}}
{"text": "The Welland-Crowland War Memorial (1939)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb00bb90", "title": "Elizabeth Wyn Wood", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wyn_Wood", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb00bb90.json"}}
{"text": "The Welland-Crowland War Memorial designed by Elizabeth Wyn Wood, features two heroic figures, Man the Defender and Woman the Giver, set against the Canadian landscape. Wood was chosen as the sculptor by winning a national competition for the project. Planned as part of a regional beautification plan for the lands along the Welland Canal, the memorial was intended to be visible and intelligible to passengers on passing boats. The memorial was the final large World War I memorial unveiled in Canada, built with over $36,000 of donations collected from the citizens from the city of Welland and Crowland during the peak of the depression. Sculpted from LaCass Granite located in Quebec, the piece was cut to size by the Thomson Monument Company based on Wood's full-size clay model. Canadian artist and sculptor, Louis Temporale, completed the fine surface carving of the monument.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb00bb90", "title": "Elizabeth Wyn Wood", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wyn_Wood", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb00bb90.json"}}
{"text": "The Welland-Crowland War Memorial depicts two heroic figures, a soldier and a woman. The monument represts the sacrifice and the service of those who fought and those who supported the war from home. It uses similar design elements, such as a single soldier based on common designs of vintage monuments. Unlike vintage sculptures, Wyn Wood includes elements of red pine and wheat sheaves based on a World War I trench mortar. The Welland-Crowland War Memorial was unveiled one day after World War II began on September 4, 1939, by Lieutenant Colonel Archdeacon F.G. Scott, D.S.O., Senior chaplain of the First Canadian Division during World War I, and Canadian poet.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb00bb90", "title": "Elizabeth Wyn Wood", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wyn_Wood", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb00bb90.json"}}
{"text": "Professional affiliations and awards", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb00bb90", "title": "Elizabeth Wyn Wood", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wyn_Wood", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb00bb90.json"}}
{"text": "Wood was a founding member of the Sculptors' Society of Canada along with Alfred Laliberté, Frances Loring, Florence Wyle and Henri Hébert, in which the worked in collaboration with The National Gallery of Canada. In 1945, she was a founding member of the Canadian Arts Council (renamed the Canadian Conference of the Arts in 1958). As a Council member, she served as Organizing Secretary (1944–1945), Chair of the International Relations Committee (1945–1948), and Vice President (1945–1948). As chair of the Foreign Relations Committee, she participated in the organization of, and wrote the catalogue foreword for, an exhibition of 74 artists entitled Canadian Women Artists at the Riverside Museum, New York, N.Y. (April 27 – May 18, 1947). She was made a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts (1948) and a member of the Ontario Society of Artists (1929). She was inducted into the Orillia Hall of Fame in 1966. Wood taught at Central Technical School in Toronto, for twenty-eight years.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb00bb90", "title": "Elizabeth Wyn Wood", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wyn_Wood", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb00bb90.json"}}
{"text": "The National Gallery of Canada's director from 1959–1965, Charles Comfort, stated in his eulogy to Wood;\"The death of Elizabeth Wyn Wood on January 27th, 1966, has removed from our midst a distinguished Canadian Sculptor and a vital and imaginative personality. …  All of her work, no matter how large or how small, has a monumental simplicity.  Simplicity is not an end it itself, but Elizabeth Wyn Wood’s simplifications are magnificent attempts to bring order and control into an environment of distraction. Her search for the image in the material, her purification of form and contour, reveal a spirit of great nobility and composure. … The Canadian art world mourns a great artist and I, personally, the loss of a valued and lifelong friend.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb00bb90", "title": "Elizabeth Wyn Wood", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wyn_Wood", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb00bb90.json"}}
{"text": "== External links ==", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb00bb90", "title": "Elizabeth Wyn Wood", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wyn_Wood", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb00bb90.json"}}
{"text": "Muriel's Wedding the Musical is an Australian stage musical based on P. J. Hogan's dramedy film of the same name. The musical has a book by Hogan and music and lyrics by Kate Miller-Heidke and Keir Nuttall, with additional songs originally written for ABBA by Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus, and Stig Anderson.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6c4fd870", "title": "Muriel's Wedding (musical)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel%27s_Wedding_(musical)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6c4fd870.json"}}
{"text": "The original production began previews from 6 November 2017 with an official opening on 18 November 2017, and ran until 27 January 2018 at the Roslyn Packer Theatre in Sydney, produced by Sydney Theatre Company and Global Creatures. Simon Phillips directed, and Gabriela Tylesova designed the set and costumes. The 28-person cast included Max McKenna in the title role, Justine Clarke (Muriel's mother, Betty), Gary Sweet (Muriel's father, Bill Heslop), Madeleine Jones (Rhonda), Helen Dallimore (Deidre Chambers), Christie Whelan Browne (Tania Degano), Briallen Clarke (Joanie), Michael Whalley (Perry), Connor Sweeney (Malcolm), Ben Bennett (Brice Nobes) and Stephen Madsen (Alexander Shkuratov).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6c4fd870", "title": "Muriel's Wedding (musical)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel%27s_Wedding_(musical)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6c4fd870.json"}}
{"text": "In 2017 it was announced that the Sydney production (and cast) were going to be transferring to Toronto's Ed Mirvish Theatre, in April 2018. However, the North American premiere was later postponed due to \"scheduling conflicts\", with producer David Mirvish planning to stage the show in a subsequent season.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6c4fd870", "title": "Muriel's Wedding (musical)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel%27s_Wedding_(musical)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6c4fd870.json"}}
{"text": "Australian tour (2019)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6c4fd870", "title": "Muriel's Wedding (musical)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel%27s_Wedding_(musical)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6c4fd870.json"}}
{"text": "The musical embarked national tour beginning 12 March 2019 at Her Majesty's Theatre in Melbourne. The production then opened at the Sydney Lyric Theatre on 28 June and was followed by the Queensland Performing Arts Centre in Brisbane from 19 September.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6c4fd870", "title": "Muriel's Wedding (musical)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel%27s_Wedding_(musical)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6c4fd870.json"}}
{"text": "With McKenna performing in the Dear Evan Hansen US tour and Jones joining the Melbourne cast of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, casting began in September 2018 for two new female leads. On 7 October it was announced that Natalie Abbott would be making her professional debut as Muriel alongside Elizabeth Esguerra as Rhonda. Days before opening, amidst several rumours it was announced that Esguerra had been removed from the production, with official releases stating \"personal reasons\", and she was replaced by her first understudy, Stefanie Jones.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6c4fd870", "title": "Muriel's Wedding (musical)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel%27s_Wedding_(musical)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6c4fd870.json"}}
{"text": "The musical had its UK premiere at the Curve, Leicester from 10 April to 10 May 2025 with Simon Phillips again directing, produced by Curve in association with Sydney Theatre Company. Casting included Megan Ellis as Muriel, Darren Day as Bill Heslop.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6c4fd870", "title": "Muriel's Wedding (musical)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel%27s_Wedding_(musical)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6c4fd870.json"}}
{"text": "All songs by Kate Miller-Heidke and Keir Nuttall, except as noted (†): \"Dancing Queen\", \"Waterloo\", \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" and \"SOS\" by Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus and Stig Anderson; \"Money, Money, Money\" and \"Super Trouper\" by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6c4fd870", "title": "Muriel's Wedding (musical)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel%27s_Wedding_(musical)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6c4fd870.json"}}
{"text": "Original cast recording", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6c4fd870", "title": "Muriel's Wedding (musical)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel%27s_Wedding_(musical)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6c4fd870.json"}}
{"text": "The original cast recording was released 12 January 2018 and debuted at #17 on the ARIA Albums Chart in Australia. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2018, the album was nominated for Best Original Soundtrack, Cast or Show Album.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6c4fd870", "title": "Muriel's Wedding (musical)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel%27s_Wedding_(musical)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6c4fd870.json"}}
{"text": "Muriel's Wedding received very positive critical responses. The Sydney Morning Herald commented that: \"Muriel's Wedding feels like the complete package: a beloved film seamlessly updated; a central character who retains all the ambiguities that made you root for her in the first place; a conspicuously inventive score peppered with classic pop hits, and a mainstage debut that will be talked about for years. Adapting his own screenplay to the stage and into the social media present, PJ Hogan's book amplifies the Cinderella aspects of Muriel's story without sacrificing the satirical and melancholic elements that gave the film its depth and heart.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6c4fd870", "title": "Muriel's Wedding (musical)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel%27s_Wedding_(musical)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6c4fd870.json"}}
{"text": "Awards and nominations", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6c4fd870", "title": "Muriel's Wedding (musical)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel%27s_Wedding_(musical)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6c4fd870.json"}}
{"text": "Muriel's Wedding received seven 2017 Sydney Theatre Awards, including Best Production of a Mainstage Musical and Best Original Score of a Mainstage Production, as well as for its direction, choreography, musical direction, Jones as female actor in a supporting role in a musical, and McKenna as newcomer. It was nominated for Best New Australian Work, and in four other categories.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6c4fd870", "title": "Muriel's Wedding (musical)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel%27s_Wedding_(musical)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6c4fd870.json"}}
{"text": "Its text received the 2018 AWGIE Award for Music Theatre, and the AWGIE Awards' David Williamson award for excellence in writing for Australian theatre.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6c4fd870", "title": "Muriel's Wedding (musical)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel%27s_Wedding_(musical)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6c4fd870.json"}}
{"text": "The musical won five 2018 Helpmann Awards including Best Original Score, and was also nominated for Best Musical and Best New Australian Work, amongst others.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6c4fd870", "title": "Muriel's Wedding (musical)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel%27s_Wedding_(musical)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6c4fd870.json"}}
{"text": "At the 2020 Melbourne Green Room Awards, Muriel's Wedding received four Musical Theatre category awards for Original Australian Writing, Choreography, Set Design and Costume Design, and was also nominated for Production, Direction, Lead Role (Abbott), Supporting Role (Jones), and Lighting and Multimedia Design (Trent Suidgeest for the lighting).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6c4fd870", "title": "Muriel's Wedding (musical)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel%27s_Wedding_(musical)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6c4fd870.json"}}
{"text": "^a  While these songs are titled the same, the latter is a reprise.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6c4fd870", "title": "Muriel's Wedding (musical)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel%27s_Wedding_(musical)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6c4fd870.json"}}
{"text": "^b  This song is retitled on the cast recording as simply \"A True Friend\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6c4fd870", "title": "Muriel's Wedding (musical)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel%27s_Wedding_(musical)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6c4fd870.json"}}
{"text": "Downton Abbey: A New Era (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the film's soundtrack album and musical score album of the same name, composed by John Lunn and performed by the Chamber Orchestra of London with the voice of Cherise Adams-Burnett featured on two tracks. It was released on 29 April 2022 on CD, digital download and vinyl by Decca Gold, Decca Records and Universal Music.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c74cf9ed", "title": "Downton Abbey: A New Era (soundtrack)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downton_Abbey:_A_New_Era_(soundtrack)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c74cf9ed.json"}}
{"text": "While composing the film continuation of Downton Abbey in 2019, series regular John Lunn indicated in an interview to Vanity Fair that the film would be the actual conclusion of the series but \"the music will definitely live on. Whether there will be another movie, that will probably depend on how successful this one is.\" However, as the film was a successful venture, the screenwriter Julian Knowles announced a sequel to the film with Simon Curtis as the director. Lunn also returned from the first film, collaborating with Curtis for the second time after the television series Twenty Thousand Streets Under the Sky (2005). Lunn considered working with Curtis as enjoyable and though he could not meet the director in late-2021 due to COVID restrictions and spend a lot of time.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c74cf9ed", "title": "Downton Abbey: A New Era (soundtrack)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downton_Abbey:_A_New_Era_(soundtrack)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c74cf9ed.json"}}
{"text": "Compared to the series and film, Lunn employed a bigger orchestra for A New Era enabling a grander soundscape, but the traditional instrumentation, soundscape and setting remained the same. Musically, it also follows the relationships between people as with the television series, with the only change being the scale. In A New Era, the new story and plot lines required music that never had before, with the Crawleys going to the south of France and a film crew hiring Downton Abbey to make a film, serving as a crossover between silent films and talkies, resulted in him creating a newer musical stand. This was also interesting for Lunn, as it was contrary to the previous television series, having a variety of styles in the music within the film, while still sounding like the television series. He noted the last ten minutes of film were musically driven.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c74cf9ed", "title": "Downton Abbey: A New Era (soundtrack)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downton_Abbey:_A_New_Era_(soundtrack)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c74cf9ed.json"}}
{"text": "As the film needed a new musical flavor, Lunn tried to bring a slightly different orchestra, with the use of celeste, and a harp played differently, and flutes which were never used for the series. He further listened to French music from the early-19th century, and inspired by Claude Debussy, Charles Aznavour and Maurice Ravel's works, Lunn tried to add their influences into the score through the way of orchestration bringing a French flavor but also staying in the same musical world. For the silent film storyline, Lunn spent a massive amount of time on finding the score and the era-appropriate songs as well. Fellowes suggested the use of \"Crazy Rhythm\" into the script, as well as in other songs, and extensively researched on how silent films sounded musically. Lunn used an acoustic guitar to maintain the rhythm of the film.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c74cf9ed", "title": "Downton Abbey: A New Era (soundtrack)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downton_Abbey:_A_New_Era_(soundtrack)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c74cf9ed.json"}}
{"text": "Jonathan Broxton of Movie Music UK wrote \"Downton Abbey: A New Era is a superb score, and anyone who has enjoyed any of the music in the series prior to this will want to add this one to their lists immediately. John Lunn is a master at this sound; lush, emotional, dramatic, and evoking a time and place in English history through stylistic and tonal references to the late-romantic era composers working at the time. The French influences and the Hollywood jazz sounds add new depth to the overall Downton palette, and the way they combine with that terrific main theme, and then rise to an emotional and moving finale, help make this one of the best scores of its type this year.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c74cf9ed", "title": "Downton Abbey: A New Era (soundtrack)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downton_Abbey:_A_New_Era_(soundtrack)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c74cf9ed.json"}}
{"text": "Filmtracks wrote \"Overall, Downton Abbey: A New Era represents a continued maturation of the concept's airy and lovely music with a larger ensemble and more diverse themes, extending its familiar and comforting tones to loftier cinematic reaches.\" Shannon Connellan of Mashable India wrote \"the familiar notes of John Lunn's whimsical theme tornado through the film's overtly cheerful opening montage.\" David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter noted that the film is \"often accompanied by a jaunty burst of John Lunn's lush orchestral score\". Siddhant Adlakha of IGN noted the score to be \"glorious\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c74cf9ed", "title": "Downton Abbey: A New Era (soundtrack)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downton_Abbey:_A_New_Era_(soundtrack)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c74cf9ed.json"}}
{"text": "Rachel Labonte of Screen Rant called it a \"sweeping score\". Martin Tsai of The A.V. Club noted that Lunn's score \"dependably sent chills through Viewers Like You many a Sunday, just the way Alabama 3's \"Woke Up This Morning\" did to fans of The Sopranos—only this time Downton does so without Laura Linney's intro.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c74cf9ed", "title": "Downton Abbey: A New Era (soundtrack)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downton_Abbey:_A_New_Era_(soundtrack)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c74cf9ed.json"}}
{"text": "Credits adapted from liner notes:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c74cf9ed", "title": "Downton Abbey: A New Era (soundtrack)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downton_Abbey:_A_New_Era_(soundtrack)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c74cf9ed.json"}}
{"text": "Aghaweenagh (Irish derived place name, either Achadh an Bhuí Eanaigh meaning 'The Field of the Yellow Bog' or Achadh Mhuimhneach meaning 'The Field of the Munstermen'.) is a townland in the civil parish of Kildallan, barony of Tullyhunco, County Cavan, Ireland.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f429d97c", "title": "Aghaweenagh", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaweenagh", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f429d97c.json"}}
{"text": "Aghaweenagh is bounded on the west by Clontygrigny townland, on the east by Berrymount and Killygreagh townlands, on the south by Ardlougher townland and on the north by Fartrin and Mullynagolman townlands. Its chief geographical features are Togher Lough, Greenville Lough, the Rag River, small streams, forestry plantations, a dug well and spring wells. Aghaweenagh is traversed by minor public roads and rural lanes. The townland covers 375 acres, including 16 acres of water. Until the 18th century the townland of Callaghs formed a sub-division of Aghaweenagh.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f429d97c", "title": "Aghaweenagh", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaweenagh", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f429d97c.json"}}
{"text": "A 1587 petition spell the name as Aghewehan. The 1609 Plantation of Ulster Baronial map depicts the townland as split into two parts Teyriah (Irish derived place name, probably Tuath Riabhach meaning the Grey-Striped Land) and Mollachsifine. A Plantation of Ulster grant dated 1611 spells the names as Owtony otherwise Tewreagh and Mullaghsiffin. A 1624 inquisition spells the name as Aghewynaghe otherwise Tevereoghe. The 1641 Depositions spell the townland as Aighavenaigh and Aighaveny. The 1652 Commonwealth Survey spells the townland as Aghoinagh. The 1665 Down Survey map depicts it as Aughweenah and Aughwenagh. William Petty's map of 1685 depicts it as Aghwonod and Aghwonoh and Aghweengh.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f429d97c", "title": "Aghaweenagh", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaweenagh", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f429d97c.json"}}
{"text": "From medieval times up to the early 1600s, the land belonged to the McKiernan Clan. On 7 November 1587 John McKiernan, the under-sheriff of County Westmeath, a native of Aghaweenagh, petitioned the government to appoint him the seneschal of Tullyhunco in order to civilise the natives.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f429d97c", "title": "Aghaweenagh", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaweenagh", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f429d97c.json"}}
{"text": "Nov. 7. 4. Petition of John Kernan to Burghley. Humbly beseecheth your honourable Lordship, your orator, John Kernan, of Aghewehan, in the territory or cantred of Tolconchoe, alias M'Kernan's country, in the county of the Cavan, within the realm of Ireland, that it may please your Lordship with your favour to further his petition to Her Majesty for the grant of the reversion of the office of Clerk of Common Pleas in the Exchequer for his life, and of the seneschalship of the said cantred to him and to his heirs males of his body, in consideration of his endeavours in Her Majesty's service in the government of Sir William Fytzwylliams, Arthur Lord Grey, and the Lords Justices [Loftus and Wallop], and the rather that your said orator, through the entreaty of his kinsmen, the inhabitants of the said cantred, has left the English Pale to dwell among them, hoping, if convenient countenance be afforded to him by the said grant, to bring them, through dutiful exhortation, and examples of husbandry and other civil trades, from their disorders and disobedience to the due regard of loyalty and obedience. Your said orator presenteth unto your honourable Lordship the opinion and testimony of the Lord Grey and Sir William Fytzwylliams touching your orator by their several letters unto Mr. Secretary Walsyngham, being required so to do by his Honour, at his last being at the Court, since which time your orator hath dutifully attended your Honours and the other Lords of Her Majesty's most honourable Council for Her Majesty's most gracious pleasure in his said suit, and yet some seeking the disgrace of your orator have rumoured that he is suitor for the seneschalship of Meath and Westmeath long since, with the liberty and jurisdiction palatine of the said counties determined and annulled by parliament. Your orator's poor suit is none other than as hereby is declared, a matter of small profit to your orator and less charge to Her Majesty, and in regard thereof moved rather than anything more chargeable to Her Highness, whereof your orator hopeth that your Honour in your grave judgment will think him worthy. John McKiernan was granted the position by Fiant No. 5156 on 20 March 1588", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f429d97c", "title": "Aghaweenagh", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaweenagh", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f429d97c.json"}}
{"text": "Grant to John Kearnan, gent; of the office of seneschal of the territory of Upper Talconchoe alias M’Kearnans country in co. Cavan. To hold during good behavior, with all accustomed profits. With power to raise the inhabitants, and command them for defence of the territory, the public weal of the inhabitants, and the punishment of malefactors; to prosecute, banish, and punish by all means malefactors, rebels, vagabonds, rymors, Irish harpers, bards, bentules, carrowes, idle men and women, and those who assist such; and twice a year within a month after Easter and Michaelmas respectively to hold a court and law day. He shall not take any unlawful Irish exactions from the inhabitants, as to cess them with kern, nor impose coney or livery, without direction of the Lord Deputy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f429d97c", "title": "Aghaweenagh", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaweenagh", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f429d97c.json"}}
{"text": "At the beginning of the 17th century, Aghaweenagh belonged to Donald McKiernan, the son of Farrell Oge McKiernan. In an inquisition held at Cavan on 25 September 1609, one of the jurors was the said Donell McFerrall oge McKernan. In the Plantation of Ulster by grant dated 4 June 1611, King James VI and I granted part of Aghaweenagh containing 2 plowlands or 100 acres in Tewreagh otherwise Owtony to Donell mac Farrall Oge McKernan, gentleman, at an annual rent of £1-1s-4d. An inquisition held at Cavan on 21 October 1624 stated that- Donald mac Ferrall Oge McKiernan, late of Tevereoghe alias Aghewynaghe in County Cavan was seised of two polls of land called Tevereoghe alias Aghewynaghe. He died 1 March 1623. John McKiernan, his son and heir, was then aged 15 years old and unmarried.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f429d97c", "title": "Aghaweenagh", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaweenagh", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f429d97c.json"}}
{"text": "In the Plantation of Ulster by grant dated 27 February 1610, along with other lands, King James VI and I granted one poll of Mullaghsiffin to William O'Shereden, gentleman, Cheefe of his Name. William Sheridan was the chief of the Sheridan Clan in County Cavan. He was the son of the previous chief, Hugh Duff O'Sheridan of Togher townland, Kilmore parish, County Cavan. William was the ancestor of the famous Sheridan theatrical family. William died sometime before 1638 leaving two sons, Owen (of Mullaghmore, Tullyhunco townland, Kildallan parish) and Patrick (of Raleagh townland, Kildallan parish). Owen Sheridan succeeded to his father's lands and this was confirmed by a grant to him by Charles I of England dated 6 March 1637. Owen's son Denis was born in 1612 and became a Catholic priest in charge of Kildrumferton parish, County Cavan. He later converted to Protestantism and on 10 June 1634 William Bedell, the Protestant Bishop of Kilmore, ordained him as a Minister of the Church of Ireland and two days later Denis was collated to the Vicarage of Killasser in the Diocese of Kilmore. Denis had several children, including William Sheridan (Bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh) 1682-1691 (his son Donald kept up the Templeport connection by marrying Mrs Enery of Bawnboy); Patrick Sheridan, Cloyne, Protestant Bishop of Cloyne (1679-1682) and Sir Thomas Sheridan (politician) Chief Secretary of State for Ireland (1687-1688).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f429d97c", "title": "Aghaweenagh", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaweenagh", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f429d97c.json"}}
{"text": "The aforesaid Owen Sheridan took part in the Irish Rebellion of 1641. At Cavan, on 26 July 1642, Thomas Jones and his son William Jones stated- The Complaynt of William Jones gent. and Tho: Jones, his father, of Cornecrom in the County of Cavan, gent. sayth sworne & examined saith that on the seavententh of November last 1641 there came unto the habitacion of the deponent William Jones, [Weny] Sheridan of Molloughmore, Ffarrell mac Donell mac Ffarrell Oge McKernan of Aighavenaigh, Donell Oge McKernan of same and their nephew, which was freehoulders of the foresaid Aighavenaigh and violently with other assistants tooke away from the complayneant William Jones, fiftye English cowes price 125 li. ster, ten heffers 20 li. ster, eight yeare-olds 4 li. ster, five horsses and mares 10 li. ster, in corne & hay 40 li sterling, in apparell and househould stuffe 30 li. ster, all which  sume amountinge to were worth 229 li. ster and sayd when they tooke away the foresaid goods that the said William Jones, the Complayneant, was a traytor and bade him goe for his Country England & further sayth mee And further theis deponents say that the parties mencioned in a note or scedule hereunto annexed are or were lately actors in the present Rebellion & bore and carryed armes with and for the Rebells against the Protestants whom they robbed and dispoyled of their goodes & did other outrages are theis vizt Tho: Jones Will: Jones Deposed July 26, 1642.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f429d97c", "title": "Aghaweenagh", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaweenagh", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f429d97c.json"}}
{"text": "In the Plantation of Ulster by grant dated 16 August 1611, King James VI and I granted, inter alia, part of Aghaweenagh to Thomas Jones-1 poll in Tewrevy to Thomas Johnes, gentleman. At Cavan, on 26 July 1642, The aforesaid Thomas Jones and his son William Jones gave the names of rebel leaders in the Cavan Irish Rebellion of 1641, including Farrell McKernan of Aighavenaigh, Donell Oge McKernan of same, Farrell Rely of same, Farrell mac Donough mac Une McKernan of same, James mac Donough mac Une McKernan of same, Une mac Donough McKernan of same, Owen mac Edmond mac Torlaigh McKernan of same, Bryan McEllpatricke of same. They also stated- The Complaynt of William Jones gent. and Tho: Jones, his father, of Cornecrom in the County of Cavan, gent. sayth sworne & examined saith that on the seavententh of November last 1641 there came unto the habitacion of the deponent William Jones, [Weny] Sheridan of Molloughmore, Ffarrell mac Donell mac Ffarrell Oge McKernan of Aighavenaigh, Donell Oge McKernan of same and their nephew, which was freehoulders of the foresaid Aighavenaigh and violently with other assistants tooke away from the complayneant William Jones, fiftye English cowes price 125 li. ster, ten heffers 20 li. ster, eight yeare-olds 4 li. ster, five horsses and mares 10 li. ster, in corne & hay 40 li sterling, in apparell and househould stuffe 30 li. ster, all which  sume amountinge to were worth 229 li. ster and sayd when they tooke away the foresaid goods that the said William Jones, the Complayneant, was a traytor and bade him goe for his Country England & further sayth mee And further theis deponents say that the parties mencioned in a note or schedule hereunto annexed are or were lately actors in the present Rebellion & bore and carryed armes with and for the Rebells against the Protestants whom they robbed and dispoyled of their goodes & did other outrages are theis vizt Tho: Jones Will: Jones Deposed July 26, 1642. In a further deposition dated 26 July 1642, the said Thomas Jones of Drumminnion, Kildallan parish stated- that on the 17th of November 1641 the deponent Thomas Jones by the procurement of Phillip mac Hugh mac Shane Rely, Edmond Rely, Hugh mac Shane mac Phillip Rely and Hugh mac Molmore Rely, was robbed by Patt Sheridan of Rillaigh, Donell Oge McKernan and his nephew heire of Aighaveny, Laighlen Oge O'Rorke de Killnemarue and Bryan O'Rorke of the same, of the goods following, viz. eightene melch Cowes price 36 li. ster, six heffers in calfe, six pownds sterling; three yearelings 30 s. sterling, foure horsses 12 li. sterling, Corne & hay price 4 0li. sterling, in ready mony x li. 10 s. sterling, in househould stuffe as plate pewter brasse, lynen wollen beddinge and apparell with other necessaries 40 li. sterling, in proffitts of lands per annum in the said County 16 li. sterling,.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f429d97c", "title": "Aghaweenagh", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaweenagh", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f429d97c.json"}}
{"text": "After the Irish Rebellion of 1641 concluded, the townland was confiscated from the McKiernans and Sheridans in the Cromwellian Settlement and the 1652 Commonwealth Survey lists it as belonging to James Thornton. A confirming grant dated 30 January 1668 from King Charles II of England to James Thornton included 156 acres and 6 perches in Aghweenagh. A grant dated 9 September 1669 from King Charles II of England to Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey included, inter alia, part of Aughweenagh containing 71 acres and one rood at an annual rent of £0-19s-1 1/2d. The townland remained as part of the estate of the Thorntons of Greenville House, Aghaweenagh until 5 September 1863 when they were sold. Greenville House was described in the sale advert as- On this Property there is a large, substantial, and modern built house, with suitable Offices, and walled-in Garden, fit for the residence of a Gentleman's family; also a handsome Demesne, well planted with useful and ornamental Timber of full growth. The Thornton estate papers are now in Cavan Archives Service and those papers mentioning Aghaweenagh are at reference numbers P016/005; P016/006 and P016/018. In the Hearth Money Rolls compiled on 29 September 1663, there was one Hearth Tax payer in Aghowynagh- William Soath.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f429d97c", "title": "Aghaweenagh", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaweenagh", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f429d97c.json"}}
{"text": "A Lease dated 1 October 1731 for two poles of Achaweenagh, Parish of Killdallan, Co. Cavan was made between James Thornton, Achaweenagh, Co. Cavan", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f429d97c", "title": "Aghaweenagh", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaweenagh", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f429d97c.json"}}
{"text": "and Luke Standford of Belturbett. Witnessed by Daniel Winslow of Derrymore, Co. Fermanagh and Robert Stanford of Belturbett.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f429d97c", "title": "Aghaweenagh", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaweenagh", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f429d97c.json"}}
{"text": "In the Cavan Poll Book of 1761, there was one person registered to vote in Aghaweenagh in the Irish general election, 1761 - Abraham Brown. He was entitled to cast two votes. The four election candidates were Charles Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont and  Lord Newtownbutler (later Brinsley Butler, 2nd Earl of Lanesborough), both of whom were then elected Member of Parliament for Cavan County. The losing candidates were George Montgomery (MP) of Ballyconnell and Barry Maxwell, 1st Earl of Farnham. Absence from the poll book either meant a resident did not vote or more likely was not a freeholder entitled to vote, which would mean most of the inhabitants of Aghaweenagh.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f429d97c", "title": "Aghaweenagh", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaweenagh", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f429d97c.json"}}
{"text": "The 1790 Cavan Carvaghs list spells the name as Aghuenagh.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f429d97c", "title": "Aghaweenagh", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaweenagh", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f429d97c.json"}}
{"text": "The Tithe Applotment Books 1823-1837 list five tithepayers in the townland. and", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f429d97c", "title": "Aghaweenagh", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaweenagh", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f429d97c.json"}}
{"text": "The Aghaweenagh Valuation Office books are available for 1838.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f429d97c", "title": "Aghaweenagh", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaweenagh", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f429d97c.json"}}
{"text": "Griffith's Valuation of 1857 lists eleven landholders in the townland.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f429d97c", "title": "Aghaweenagh", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaweenagh", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f429d97c.json"}}
{"text": "In 1863 Aghaweenagh was sold by the Thornton estate to Lord Charles Beresford. On 5 July 1870 Beresford sold the townland. Aghaweenagh was described in the sale advert as- LOT No 4. This Lot comprises the Townland of Aughaweenagh containing 375a Or 38p statute measure held in fee simple and a portion of the Townland of Killygreagh containing 38a 3r 24p statute measure held under fee farm grants and portions of the Townland of Ardlogher held respectively under a fee farm grant and a lease for lives and includes the House and Demesne of Greenville. The House is handsome modern substantially built in excellent order well supplied with water and fit for the immediate reception of a large family. The Offices are well and substantially built. The Garden walled in large and abundantly supplied with fruit trees of every description. The Demesne Lands are of prime quality beautifully diversified and ornamented with Forest and other Timber. The Post office of Ardlogher immediately adjoins Greenville which is within a convenient distance of two Railway Stations and in a very quiet and desirable neighbourhood within three Irish miles of Ballyconnell where eleven Fairs are held annually, four of Killeshandra which has seven Fairs annually and five of Belturbet which has twelve Fairs annually. All Market and Post Towns. There is a valuable Turf Bog on this Lot. The Timber on this Lot is exclusive of Ornamental Timber very valuable. It was valued some years since by Mr Thomas Webb at £2,000.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f429d97c", "title": "Aghaweenagh", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaweenagh", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f429d97c.json"}}
{"text": "The 1938 Dúchas folklore collection mentions a treasure hunt by Mr. Berry from Greenville c.1740.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f429d97c", "title": "Aghaweenagh", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaweenagh", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f429d97c.json"}}
{"text": "In the 1901 census of Ireland, there are eight families listed in the townland.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f429d97c", "title": "Aghaweenagh", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaweenagh", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f429d97c.json"}}
{"text": "In the 1911 census of Ireland, there are eleven families listed in the townland.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f429d97c", "title": "Aghaweenagh", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaweenagh", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f429d97c.json"}}
{"text": "The IreAtlas Townland Data Base", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f429d97c", "title": "Aghaweenagh", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaweenagh", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f429d97c.json"}}
{"text": "The submasseterric space (also termed the masseteric space) is a fascial space of the head and neck (sometimes also termed fascial spaces or tissue spaces). It is a potential space in the face over the angle of the jaw, and is paired on each side. It is located between the lateral aspect of the mandible and the medial aspect of the masseter muscle and its investing fascia. The term is derived from sub- meaning \"under\" in Latin and masseteric which refers to the masseter muscle. The submasseteric space is one of the four compartments of the masticator space. Sometimes the submasseteric space is described as a series of spaces, created because the masseter muscle has multiple insertions that cover most of the lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a792f0b2", "title": "Submasseteric space", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submasseteric_space", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a792f0b2.json"}}
{"text": "The boundaries of each submasseteric space are:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a792f0b2", "title": "Submasseteric space", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submasseteric_space", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a792f0b2.json"}}
{"text": "the anterior margin of the masseter muscle anteriorly,", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a792f0b2", "title": "Submasseteric space", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submasseteric_space", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a792f0b2.json"}}
{"text": "the parotid gland posteriorly,", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a792f0b2", "title": "Submasseteric space", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submasseteric_space", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a792f0b2.json"}}
{"text": "the zygomatic arch superiorly,", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a792f0b2", "title": "Submasseteric space", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submasseteric_space", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a792f0b2.json"}}
{"text": "the inferior border of the mandible inferiorly,", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a792f0b2", "title": "Submasseteric space", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submasseteric_space", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a792f0b2.json"}}
{"text": "the lateral surface of the mandibular ramus medially (the submasseteric space is superficial to the mandible),", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a792f0b2", "title": "Submasseteric space", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submasseteric_space", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a792f0b2.json"}}
{"text": "the masseter muscle laterally (the submasseteric space is deep to masseter).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a792f0b2", "title": "Submasseteric space", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submasseteric_space", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a792f0b2.json"}}
{"text": "The communications of each submasseteric space are:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a792f0b2", "title": "Submasseteric space", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submasseteric_space", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a792f0b2.json"}}
{"text": "to the buccal space anteriorly,", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a792f0b2", "title": "Submasseteric space", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submasseteric_space", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a792f0b2.json"}}
{"text": "to the pterygomandibular space (around the posterior margin of the mandibular ramus to its medial surface) and the parotid space posteriorly,", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a792f0b2", "title": "Submasseteric space", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submasseteric_space", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a792f0b2.json"}}
{"text": "to the superficial temporal space superiorly.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a792f0b2", "title": "Submasseteric space", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submasseteric_space", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a792f0b2.json"}}
{"text": "In health, the space contains:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a792f0b2", "title": "Submasseteric space", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submasseteric_space", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a792f0b2.json"}}
{"text": "the masseteric artery and vein.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a792f0b2", "title": "Submasseteric space", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submasseteric_space", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a792f0b2.json"}}
{"text": "Clinical significance", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a792f0b2", "title": "Submasseteric space", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submasseteric_space", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a792f0b2.json"}}
{"text": "Submasseteric abscesses are relatively rare, and may be confused with a parotid abscess or parotitis. They tend to be chronic. The submasseteric space may be involved by infections that spread from the buccal space. Sometimes mandibular fractures in the region of the angle of the mandible may cause an infection of the submasseteric space. The signs and symptoms of a submasseteric abscess may include marked trismus (i.e. difficulty opening the mouth, since the masseter elevates the mandible and it becomes restricted) and swelling in the region of the masseter muscle. The treatment of a submasseteric space infection is usually by surgical incision and drainage, and the incision is placed intra-orally (inside the mouth) or both intra and extra-orally if other parts of the masticator space are involved.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a792f0b2", "title": "Submasseteric space", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submasseteric_space", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a792f0b2.json"}}
{"text": "Odontogenic infections", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a792f0b2", "title": "Submasseteric space", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submasseteric_space", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a792f0b2.json"}}
{"text": "The submasseteric space is sometimes involved by the spread of odontogenic infections, such as a pericoronal abscess associated with an impacted mandibular third molar (lower wisdom tooth) when the apices of the tooth lie very close to or within the space.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a792f0b2", "title": "Submasseteric space", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submasseteric_space", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a792f0b2.json"}}
{"text": "Louis Alfred Székely (; born September 12, 1967), known professionally as Louis C.K. (), is an American stand-up comedian, actor and filmmaker. C.K. has won six Emmy Awards, and three Grammy Awards, three Critics' Choice Awards, three Peabody Awards and a Screen Actors Guild Award as well as nominations for two Golden Globe Awards. He was listed as one of Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People in 2012 and Rolling Stone ranked him fourth on its 2017 list of the 50 best stand-up comics of all time.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "C.K. began his career in the 1990s writing for comedians including David Letterman, Conan O'Brien, Dana Carvey, Chris Rock, and Saturday Night Live. He was also directing surreal short films and directed two features—Tomorrow Night (1998) and Pootie Tang (2001). In 2001, C.K. released his debut comedy album, Live in Houston, directly through his website and became among the first performers to offer direct-to-fan sales of tickets to his stand-up shows and DRM-free video concert downloads via his website. He became prolific releasing nine comedy albums, often directing and editing his specials as well. These specials include Shameless (2007), Chewed Up (2008), Hilarious (2010), and Oh My God (2013).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "He gained prominence and widespread acclaim for his FX semi-autobiographical comedy-drama series Louie (2010–2015), which he created, directed and starred in. The series received numerous accolades with C.K. winning two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series. In 2016, he created and starred in his self-funded web series Horace and Pete, and co-created the shows Baskets and Better Things for FX. In film, he acted in American Hustle (2013), Blue Jasmine (2013), Trumbo (2015), and The Secret Life of Pets (2016).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "In 2017, he admitted to several incidents of sexual misconduct following the release of an article in The New York Times. This resulted in widespread criticism and caused his 2017 film I Love You, Daddy to be pulled from distribution prior to its release. In 2018, he returned to stand-up comedy, and in 2019, he announced an international tour. He has also released the specials Sincerely Louis C.K. (2020) and Sorry (2021) on his website, receiving a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album for the former. C.K. also co-wrote and directed the film Fourth of July (2022).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "Louis Alfred Székely was born in Washington, D.C., on September 12, 1967, the son of software engineer Mary Louise (née Davis) and economist Luis Székely. He has three sisters. His father is of Mexican and Hungarian-Jewish descent. C.K.'s Jewish paternal grandfather, Géza Székely Schweiger, had immigrated from Hungary to Mexico; he and his Mexican wife, Rosario Sánchez Morales, raised their children in the Catholic faith. C.K.'s mother, an American, was a Catholic with Irish ancestry.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "When C.K. was an infant, his family moved to his father's home country of Mexico, where his father had earned a degree from the National Autonomous University of Mexico prior to graduating from Harvard. C.K.'s first language was Spanish; it was not until after they moved back to the U.S. when he was 7 that he began to learn English. He has said that he has since forgotten much of his Spanish. C.K.'s family left Mexico and moved back to the United States, settling in the Boston area, initially for a year in Framingham, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "Upon moving from Mexico to suburban Boston, C.K. wanted to become a writer and comedian, citing George Carlin, Bill Cosby and Richard Pryor as some of his influences. When he was 10, his parents divorced. C.K. said that his father was around but he did not see him much and when he remarried, C.K.'s father converted to Orthodox Judaism, the faith of his new wife and the birth heritage of his paternal grandfather, which his father had begun to explore while studying at Harvard. C.K. and his three sisters were raised by their single mother in Newton, Massachusetts. The fact that his mother had only \"bad\" TV shows to view upon returning home from work inspired him to work on television. C.K.'s mother raised their children as Catholic and they attended after-school Catholic class until they completed communion. C.K. has said that his father's whole family still lives in Mexico. C.K.'s paternal uncle Dr. Francisco Székely is an academic and an international consultant on environmental affairs who served as Mexico's Deputy Minister of Environment (2000–2003).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "C.K. attended Newton North High School and graduated in 1985. He graduated with future Friends star Matt LeBlanc. After graduation, C.K. worked as an auto mechanic and at a public access TV cable station in Boston. According to C.K., working in public access TV gave him the tools and technical knowledge to make his short films and later his television shows. \"Learning is my favorite thing\", he said. He also worked for a time as a cook and in a video store.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "1984–1997: Career beginnings", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "In 1984 at 17, C.K. directed the comedic short film Trash Day. The New York University Tisch School of the Arts showed an interest in him as a filmmaker, but he instead decided to pursue a career in stand-up comedy. C.K.'s first attempt at stand-up was in 1985 at an open mic night at a comedy club in Boston, Massachusetts, during the apex of the comedy boom. He was given five minutes of time, but had only two minutes of material. He was so discouraged by the experience that he did not perform again for two years. As Boston's comedy scene grew, C.K. gradually achieved success, performing alongside acts such as Denis Leary and Lenny Clarke, and eventually he moved up to paid gigs, opening for Jerry Seinfeld and hosting comedy clubs until he moved to Manhattan in 1989. He performed his act on many televised programs, including Evening at the Improv and Star Search. C.K.'s short film Ice Cream (1993), was submitted to the Aspen Shortsfest in 1994.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "In 1993, he unsuccessfully auditioned for Saturday Night Live, although he did later work with Robert Smigel, writing on the TV Funhouse shorts for the program. C.K.'s earliest writing job was for Conan O'Brien on the late-night talk show Late Night with Conan O'Brien from 1993 to 1994, before briefly writing for Late Show with David Letterman in 1995. C.K. has stated that Conan O'Brien kept C.K. in comedy by hiring him, as he planned to quit comedy the following day if he had not been hired for Late Night with Conan O'Brien.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "Throughout the spring of 1996, C.K. served as the head writer for The Dana Carvey Show; its writers also included Steve Carell, Stephen Colbert, Robert Smigel, and Charlie Kaufman. It was canceled after seven episodes. In 1996, HBO released his first half-hour comedy special. C.K. appeared several times on the animated show Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "From 1997 to 1999, he wrote for The Chris Rock Show. His work on the show was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for writing three times, winning \"Best Writing in a Variety or Comedy Series\" in 1999. He was also nominated for an Emmy for his work writing for Late Night with Conan O'Brien. He has been quoted as describing his approach to writing as a \"deconstruction\" that is both painful and frightening.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "1998–2004: Focus on filmmaking", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "In 1998, C.K. wrote and directed the independent black-and-white film Tomorrow Night, which premiered at Sundance, marking his feature film directorial debut after making several shorter films, including six short films for the sketch comedy show Howie Mandel's Sunny Skies (1995) on the Showtime cable network. C.K. self-released Tomorrow Night in 2014. He hosted the PBS show ShortCuts in 1999, which featured independent short films, including some made by C.K. himself. Also that year, C.K. devised and starred in The Filthy Stupid Talent Show, a mock talent show television special. He had an early acting role in the independent comedy Tuna, alongside Nick Offerman, in 2000 and performed on the stand-up showcase series Comedy Central Presents the following year.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "C.K. wrote and directed the feature film Pootie Tang (2001), which was adapted from a sketch that was featured on The Chris Rock Show and featured Chris Rock in a supporting role. The film received largely negative reviews from critics, but has become a cult classic; in a half-star review, Roger Ebert declared it a \"train wreck\" and felt the film was \"not in a releasable condition\". Though C.K. is credited as the director, he was fired at the end of filming with the film being re-edited by the studio. C.K. has since co-written two screenplays with Rock: Down to Earth (2001) and I Think I Love My Wife (2007). His first comedy album, Live in Houston, was released in 2001. In 2002, he voiced Brendon Small's estranged father, Andrew Small, in the animated sitcom Home Movies. C.K. was among the writing staff of the sketch comedy show Cedric the Entertainer Presents (2002–03).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "2005–2009: Lucky Louie and stand-up breakthrough", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "In August 2005, C.K. starred in a half-hour HBO special as part of the stand-up series One Night Stand. Inspired by the work ethic of fellow comedian George Carlin, who had committed to dropping all of his existing material and starting over every year, in June 2006, C.K. starred in and wrote Lucky Louie, a sitcom he created. The series premiered on HBO and was videotaped in front of a studio audience; it was HBO's first series in that format. Lucky Louie is described as a bluntly realistic portrayal of family life. HBO canceled the series after its first season.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "C.K. was a part of Opie and Anthony's Traveling Virus Comedy Tour with other comedians in 2007. In 2007, he hosted a three-hour phone-in show on the service at the request of Opie & Anthony, during which he advised callers on their relationship troubles. During an interview with Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld on the show, C.K. repeatedly asked Rumsfeld whether he is in fact a reptilian space alien who \"eats Mexican babies\". Rumsfeld declined to comment and the video has since gone viral. He appeared in three films in 2008: Welcome Home Roscoe Jenkins, Diminished Capacity, and Role Models.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "C.K. launched his first hour-long special, Shameless, in 2007, which aired on HBO and was later released on DVD. In 2015, Rolling Stone ranked C.K.'s stand-up special Shameless number three on their \"Divine Comedy: 25 Best Stand-Up Specials and Movies of All Time\" list In March 2008, he recorded a second hour-long special, Chewed Up, which premiered on Showtime Network on October 4, 2008, and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy or Variety Special. C.K. and his wife Alix Bailey divorced in 2008, with C.K. and Bailey sharing joint custody of their children. In a 2010 interview, C.K. talked about how, after his divorce, he thought, \"well, there goes my act.\" He alluded to the way that his marriage had been central to his act and his life, and he said that it took him approximately a year to realize \"I'm accumulating stories here that are worth telling.\" One element in his preparation for stand-up was training at the same boxing gym as Lowell, Massachusetts fighter Micky Ward, trying to \"learn how to ... do the grunt work and the boring, constant training so that you'll be fit enough to take the beating.\" A clip from an appearance by C.K. on Late Night with Conan O'Brien in October 2008 titled \"Everything's Amazing and Nobody is Happy\" became a viral hit on YouTube in 2009, helping his standup career to propel forward.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "On April 18, 2009, C.K. recorded a concert film titled Hilarious. Unlike his previous specials—which had all been produced for television networks—Hilarious was produced independently, directed by C.K. himself, and sold to Epix and Comedy Central after it was complete. As a result, it was not released until late 2010. It was published on DVD and CD in 2011. It is the first stand-up comedy film accepted into the Sundance Film Festival. From 2009 to 2012, C.K. played Dave Sanderson, a police officer and ex-boyfriend of Leslie Knope (played by Amy Poehler) in the sitcom Parks and Recreation. He also co-starred in the romantic comedy fantasy film The Invention of Lying, directed by and starring Ricky Gervais, in 2009.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "2011–2016: Louie, Horace and Pete and film roles", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "FX picked up C.K.'s series Louie in August 2009, which C.K. stars in, writes, directs, and edits. The show features stand-up routines blended with segments partially based on his offstage experiences which address his life as a divorced, aging father. The show premiered on June 29, 2010. In season three, episodes dealt respectively with a date with an unstable bookshop clerk (played by Parker Posey); a doomed attempt to replace a retiring David Letterman; an aborted visit to C.K.'s father; and a dream-reality New Year's Eve episode in which C.K. ends up in China. These episodes were ranked in critic Matt Zoller Seitz's favorite 25 comedy episodes of 2012. Seitz called the episode \"New Year's Eve\" \"truly audacious\". C.K. has been nominated five times for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series (2011–2015) for his work in Louie, and won two Emmys in 2011 –  for the Louie episode \"Pregnant\" and for his special Live at the Beacon Theater.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "The show was renewed for a fourth season; with a 19-month hiatus after season 3 to accommodate C.K.'s roles in David O. Russell's American Hustle and Woody Allen's Blue Jasmine in 2013. During the 2014 Television Critics Association presentations, FX Networks' John Landgraf reported that Louie would return in spring 2015 for a shortened fifth season of seven episodes—compared to the 13 episodes of prior seasons. The fifth season premiered in April 2015 and an announcement said the series would take an \"extended hiatus\" in August 2015; C.K. stated in January 2016 that he \"just doesn't know\" whether it would return or not. In November 2017, in the wake of the misconduct allegations against C.K, FX cut ties with the embattled comic and filmmaker, ending their partnership. In 2018, however, FX CEO John Landgraf stated to Variety, \"I love Louie and I love Louis C.K.'s work and I miss him, and I miss it,\" and that \"the network is ready to welcome C.K. back and is eager for Louie season six\". In 2011, C.K. joined fellow comedians Jerry Seinfeld, Chris Rock, and Ricky Gervais for a discussion of comedy in Talking Funny, a one-hour television special that aired on HBO.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "On December 10, 2011, C.K. released his fourth full-length special, Live at the Beacon Theater. Like Hilarious, it was produced independently and directed by C.K. However, unlike his earlier work, it was distributed digitally on his website, foregoing both physical and broadcast media. C.K. released the special for $5.00 and without DRM, hoping that these factors and the direct relationship between the artist and consumer would effectively deter illegal downloading. At the end of the special, the release of a new album, recorded at Carnegie Hall the previous year, is mentioned. By December 21, 2011, the sales of the special from C.K.'s website had already earned him over $1 million. C.K. hosted Saturday Night Live on November 3, 2012, and was subsequently Primetime Emmy Award-nominated for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series. The success of the special prompted other comedians, including Jim Gaffigan, Joe Rogan, and Aziz Ansari, to release their own specials with a similar business model. On May 11, 2012, C.K. additionally made two audio-only downloads available for $5.00 each: WORD – Live at Carnegie Hall (and the audio version of his first HBO stand-up special, Shameless), as well as an audio-only version of Live at the Beacon Theater. C.K.'s fifth one-hour special, Oh My God, was recorded at the Celebrity Theatre in Phoenix, Arizona, and premiered on HBO April 13, 2013. It was also sold and distributed using the same model as C.K. used for Live at the Beacon Theater.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "In 2013, C.K. appeared in critically acclaimed films the first being Woody Allen's Blue Jasmine where he played the romantic interest of Sally Hawkins' character. C.K. originally auditioned for the role that went to Andrew Dice Clay, and Allen offered Louie the role that ended up in the film. Of the experience, C.K. stated, \"I had this three-day part and I figured I'm a tourist on this movie. All I want is a little Woody moment to take home with me. It was so fun, and we had lunch, and I thought having lunch with him was my rewarding moment. And then after lunch, we shot one more scene and I got a big laugh on the set, and I thought, that's my Woody moment\". Later that year, C.K. starred in David O. Russell's black comedy crime film American Hustle, which was released in December 2013. C.K. played the role of FBI supervisor Stoddard Thorsen, the boss of Bradley Cooper's character. The film was a financial and critical hit, earning 10 Academy Awards nominations including Best Picture. C.K. earned a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Cast in a Motion Picture.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "C.K.'s production company, Pig Newton, where he works with producer Blair Breard, signed a contract to develop and executive produce pilots for FX Networks in 2013. In January 2014, an announcement said C.K. would produce and co-write a Zach Galifianakis–created comedy pilot for FX Networks. The 10-episode single-camera comedy, titled Baskets, premiered on January 21, 2016. It features Galifianakis as the main character, a struggling clown named Chip Baskets in a pilot episode written by Galifianakis, Louis C.K. and Jonathan Krisel. C.K. released his sixth one-hour special Live at the Comedy Store to his website in January 2015, which, unlike his past few specials, was recorded at a club, The Comedy Store in West Hollywood. C.K. said he intended the material as an exercise in creating an act that hearkened back to his early days in comedy clubs. The special premiered exclusively on FX on May 28, 2015.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "He returned to host Saturday Night Live on March 29, 2014, and May 16, 2015, and received Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for both episodes. C.K. also attended the Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special, where he was chosen to introduce a montage of the pre-recorded sketches. In May 2015, it was announced that C.K. would write, direct, and star in the film I'm a Cop, to be produced by Scott Rudin, Dave Becky, and Blair Breard, with a budget of $8 million, although he later canceled the project. C.K. became the first comedian to sell out Madison Square Garden three times in a single tour in 2015. Audio from the tour was released by C.K. on his website as Louis C.K.: Live at Madison Square Garden through the pay what you want model. In November 2015, C.K. co-starred in the biographical drama film Trumbo as a composite character based on five screenwriters who were blacklisted in Hollywood for their alleged ties to the Communist party during the 1940s. He executive-produced the pilot for the Amazon Video black comedy series One Mississippi, starring Notaro, in November 2015. It was ordered for a full season by Amazon. In January 2016 C.K. and actor/comedian Albert Brooks were rumoured to create, write, executive produce, and provide the voices for the two main characters in an animated series pilot for FX. The following January, the series was announced to instead be premiering on TBS in 2018 and titled The Cops, following two Los Angeles patrolmen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "On January 30, 2016, he released the first episode of the tragicomic drama series Horace and Pete to his website, without any prior announcements. C.K. directed, wrote, and starred in the series as bar owner Horace, alongside Steve Buscemi, who portrays co-owner Pete. Horace and Pete pioneered the genre of 'sadcom'. James Poniewozik of The New York Times said the series \"may best be described as a Cheers spec script by Eugene O'Neill: a snapshot of a family—and a country—suffering a hangover decades in the making.\" The self-financed series received a significantly positive reaction from critics, who largely focused on the performances of the veteran cast that includes C.K., Buscemi, Edie Falco, Steven Wright, Alan Alda, and Jessica Lange and C.K.'s writing. C.K. has expressed his interest in a second season.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "C.K. next voiced the lead, Max, a Jack Russell Terrier, in the animated comedy film The Secret Life of Pets. The film was co-directed by Chris Renaud of the Despicable Me series, and was released on July 8, 2016. It grossed over $875 million worldwide. C.K. developed the series Better Things with its star Pamela Adlon, who had appeared on Louie. C.K. co-wrote, co-produced, and directed the pilot. The show is about a single working actress mother and her struggles to raise three daughters. It premiered in September 2016 on FX. His stand-up special 2017 was filmed in Washington, D.C., and released on April 4, 2017, through the streaming service Netflix. Barry Crimmins's stand-up special, Whatever Threatens You, directed and produced by C.K., was released through his website in 2016. On April 8, 2017, he hosted Saturday Night Live for a fourth time, where he received strong reviews for his opening monologue in which he tackled white privilege, and bits about a racist chicken, and talking animals. A critic from The A.V. Club wrote \" no one's better at taking a joke to the edge and tiptoeing nimbly along it\". C.K. also honored fellow comedian Don Rickles who died that week, saying during the goodnights portion stating, \"I just want to say, Don Rickles was the funniest man in the world and he was also a lovely, beautiful guy. I'll miss him for the rest of my life\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "C.K. directed the film I Love You, Daddy in secret, shooting entirely on black and white 35 mm film in June 2017. The film follows a television producer and writer played by C.K. called Glen Topher whose teenage daughter, played by Chloë Grace Moretz, is seduced by a much older film director (John Malkovich), causing Topher to become disconcerted. The film also features Charlie Day, Adlon, Rose Byrne, Edie Falco and Helen Hunt. It premiered at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival in September, whereupon The Guardian film critic Peter Bradshaw gave the film a four-star review, calling it a \"very funny and recklessly provocative homage to Woody Allen, channeling his masterpiece Manhattan.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "2017: Sexual misconduct allegations and fallout", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "In 2015, rumors about C.K.'s behavior toward women in his professional life began to appear on various websites, from high-profile names such as Roseanne Barr, Jen Kirkman, and Tig Notaro. Two years later, in a September 2017 Vanity Fair interview, comedian Notaro cut ties with C.K., a one-time collaborator and producer on her show One Mississippi, saying that he should address the rumors of sexual impropriety, and alluding to an unspecified \"incident\" between herself and C.K. As he had in the past, C.K. denied the allegations in a September 2017 New York Times interview, saying: \"They're rumors, that's all that is ... I don't think talking about that stuff in the press ... is a good idea.\" On November 9, 2017, The Orchard, distributor of C.K.'s then-upcoming film I Love You, Daddy, canceled the New York premiere of the film due to \"unexpected circumstances\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "Later that day, The New York Times published allegations of sexual misconduct from five women against C.K. The women who spoke out in the article included comedy duo Dana Min Goodman and Julia Wolov, who claimed that C.K. had invited them to his hotel room in 2002 during the US Comedy Arts Festival where he masturbated in front of them. They relayed the incident to ImprovOlympics founder Charna Halpern. Comedian Rebecca Corry stated that when they were on the set of a television pilot in 2005, C.K. offered to masturbate in front of her and she declined. Corry reported the incident and no action was taken. Comedian Abby Schachner alleged that C.K. masturbated while they were on the phone describing the conduct as \"unprofessional and inappropriate\". Both Corry and Schachner stated that C.K. privately apologized for his past behavior several years later.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "In response to The New York Times reporting, C.K. released a statement apologizing and admitting guilt, writing, \"These stories are true\" and saying that while he initially thought \"it was okay because I never showed a woman my dick without asking first\", he went on to express remorse, stating, \"the power I had over these women is that they admired me. And I wielded that power irresponsibly.\" He stated: \"I have spent my long and lucky career talking and saying anything I want. I will now step back and take a long time to listen.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "Following the scandal, C.K. suffered severe repercussions, stating in 2018 that the fallout had taken him through \"hell and back\" and cost him approximately $35 million in lost income. The release and distribution of his film I Love You, Daddy was cancelled, and FX Networks and Netflix cut ties with C.K. HBO dropped C.K.'s appearance on an upcoming Night of Too Many Stars television special and removed his content from their on-demand services. C.K.'s manager Dave Becky, who was under fire for allegedly making threatening statements, dropped C.K. as a client. TBS suspended production of, and eventually scrapped, its animated series The Cops, co-created with Albert Brooks. His voice was either replaced or removed from projects such as Illumination's The Secret Life of Pets 2 and Disney Channel's Gravity Falls.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "2018–2023: Return to stand-up comedy", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "On August 26, 2018, C.K. made an unannounced appearance at the Comedy Cellar in Manhattan, New York. It was reported that he received an ovation from the audience and performed a typical set, making no reference to the sexual controversy. His return to stand-up comedy was criticized by comedians, including Aparna Nancherla, Ian Karmel, Allie Goertz, and Judd Apatow as being premature, whereas Dave Chappelle, Chris Rock, Bill Burr, Michael Che, Jim Gaffigan, Janeane Garofalo, Sarah Silverman, Wanda Sykes, Judy Gold, Marlon Wayans, Joe Rogan, and Kurt Metzger supported C.K.'s right to continue standup. Comedian Jerry Seinfeld also supported C.K.'s return to standup but opined that the public may have felt that C.K. had not owned up to his actions enough, saying in October 2018, \"We know the routine: The person does something wrong. The person's humiliated. They're exiled. They suffer, we want them to suffer. We love the tumble, we love the crash and bang of the fall. And then we love the crawl-back. The grovel. Are you going to grovel? How long are you going to grovel?\" Seinfeld added, \"We, the court of public opinion, decided if he's going to come back, he'd better show a lot of pain. Because he denied (the public) that.\" Edie Falco and Alan Alda who starred in C.K.'s Horace and Pete expressed their hope that he would receive a second chance.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "On December 31, 2018, an audience member secretly recorded C.K. working out new material and posted it online, which drew media controversy. Included in his set were jokes about school shootings, which drew a divided reaction from fellow comedians. Ricky Gervais defended C.K.'s jokes, saying \"[C.K.'s] got nothing against those [Parkland] kids. It was him pretending to be angry for comedy.\" In October 2019, C.K. announced in an email to subscribers of his website an international tour of his new material. Following the leak of his new material in December 2018, his future shows would require audience members to lock cell phones and other devices in Yondr pouches, which has become the norm, with comedians Dave Chappelle, John Mulaney, and Aziz Ansari using them as well. Canadian comedian Mark Breslin, owner of Canadian comedy club chain Yuk Yuk's, defended his decision to book C.K. again in Toronto, citing sold out tickets for five shows and a lack of controversy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "In January 2020, C.K. performed an unannounced set, receiving a standing ovation for the eighth annual benefit show for late comedian Patrice O'Neal, a yearly benefit of which comedian Bill Burr is the organizer. Beginning in March 2020, most of C.K.'s shows were canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. On April 4, 2020, C.K. self-released a new stand-up special entitled Sincerely Louis CK through his website without advance notice. The special drew a divided response from audiences, including fellow comedian Amy Schumer, who said, \"I laughed at a lot of it. But it's hard to not think of what he has done, what he has and hasn't learned, but I definitely laughed.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "In July 2020, C.K. released an audio series of conversations between himself and then-girlfriend Blanche Gardin titled Long Distance Relationship. Proceeds would go toward the Fistula Foundation and French charity Fondation Abbé Pierre. On August 4, 2020, C.K. was invited by his longtime friend Dave Chappelle to join him in an installment of his standup series \"An Intimate Socially Distanced Affair\" at the Wirrig Pavilion in Yellow Springs, Ohio, during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Photos emerged from the event of C.K. with Chappelle, Sarah Silverman, Michelle Wolf, Tiffany Haddish and Common. In October 2020, C.K. appeared in a docu-series titled The Comedy Store about the Los Angeles comedy club of the same name, directed by Mike Binder. In May 2021, following the easing of restrictions in New York City due to the COVID-19 pandemic, C.K. made an unannounced stop at the Village Underground. He then announced upcoming tour-dates for summer 2021 in Atlanta, Nashville and Minneapolis.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "In August 2021, C.K. announced a tour of the United States in the year 2021 and international dates for the year 2022. American dates include two nights at the Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden. The tour rescheduled dates canceled due to COVID-19, acknowledging the ongoing pandemic and safety concerns. On The Joe Rogan Experience in November 2021, comedian Shane Gillis revealed that C.K. had filmed a new special at the Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden. On 18 December 2021 C.K. announced the release of a new stand-up comedy special, titled Sorry. The special was released for sale through his website, similar to other releases he has done in the past. He also offered a bundling of previous specials for a larger fee. In April 2022, C.K. won the Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album for his special Sincerely, Louis C.K.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "In April and May 2022, C.K. appeared as a guest in a series of episodes of Matt and Shane's Secret Podcast, a podcast hosted by comedians Shane Gillis and Matt McCusker. The series is a four-part, six-hour-long discussion on the stories of each U.S. president in order. June 2022 saw the premiere of C.K.'s film Fourth of July, which he produced, directed, and co-wrote with fellow comedian Joe List. The film is a comedy drama that stars List as a recovering alcoholic jazz musician who confronts his emotionally abusive family. To promote the film, rather than using traditional talk shows, C.K. appeared on a number of well-known podcasts, such as The Joe Rogan Experience, Your Mom's House, Long Days with Yannis Pappas, Ari Shaffir's Skeptic Tank, Flagrant 2, and Are You Garbage?.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "On January 28, 2023, C.K. performed at a sold-out performance at Madison Square Garden. The event was live recorded and aired on his website as the special, Louis C.K.: Back to the Garden. Following the Madison Square Garden show, C.K. took an extended break.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "2025–present: Tour, novel and return to Netflix", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "In March 2025, C.K. announced his Ridiculous tour with dates across the world. C.K. announced his debut novel Ingram to be released November 11, 2025.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "In a September 2025 podcast interview on Theo Von's This Past Weekend, C.K. confessed ongoing remorse for his past sexual misconduct saying \"I really wish I could have a simple kind of watershed where I can say just 'Yes' to everything that happened, and I'm sorry. I really am. And I'm just trying to do better, and I don't think I can prove that to everybody, 'cause it's a private thing. It's a one-to-one man thing. It's not a famous guy act.\" C.K. also admitted to regularly attending Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous meetings.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "In September 2025, C.K. performed at the Riyadh Comedy Festival alongside numerous comedians such as Aziz Ansari, Bill Burr, Dave Chappelle, Pete Davidson and Kevin Hart. C.K. and the comedians faced criticism in part due to Saudi Arabia's human rights record. C.K. spoke about the subject on Real Time with Bill Maher saying, \"People have been playing Saudi Arabia for years. Comedians have been going and playing Arab countries\" while also adding that \"[It] just feels like a good opportunity. And I just feel like comedy is a great way to get in and start talking\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "In April 2026, it was announced that C.K. would be headlining a show at The Hollywood Bowl as part of the Netflix is a Joke comedy festival. It was also announced that he would be returning to Netflix with his latest special Ridiculous, his first collaboration with the streamer since 2017, almost a decade prior.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "C.K. has named many comedians whom he admired or who influenced his work, including George Carlin, Woody Allen, Larry David, Joan Rivers, Robin Williams, Steve Martin, Richard Pryor and Bill Cosby. As a filmmaker C.K. has been influenced by the French New Wave, American New Hollywood and surrealist cinema. C.K. has cited filmmakers who have influenced him as being Woody Allen, David Lynch, John Waters, and Luis Buñuel.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "Ticketing innovation", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "C.K. innovated direct-to-consumer distribution, in 2001, when he released his debut comedy album, Live in Houston, directly through his website. He became one of the first performers to use his website to offer direct-to-fan ticket sales for his shows, as well as DRM-free video concert downloads. In this way, C.K. sold tickets for his stand-up tour, circumventing large ticket outlets, bypassing their overhead and the venues they control. C.K. has said the ticket outlets create barriers to consumers, whereas direct distribution has effectively \"closed the gap between how easy it was to steal it [versus] how easy it was to buy it\". The success of the special prompted other comedians, including Jim Gaffigan, Joe Rogan, and Aziz Ansari, to release their own specials with a similar business model.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "Marriage and relationships", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "C.K. married artist Alix Bailey in 1995. Together, they have two daughters. The couple divorced in 2008. C.K.'s mother, Mary Louise Székely, died on June 3, 2019.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "C.K. had a brief relationship with musician Fiona Apple. C.K. confirmed he was dating Blanche Gardin in 2018. In August 2022, he mentioned that they had broken up.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "About political partisanship, C.K. stated, \"Some things I think are very conservative, or very liberal. I think when someone falls into one category for everything, I'm very suspicious. It doesn't make sense to me that you'd have the same solution to every issue.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "In March 2016, C.K. sent an email to those subscribed to his mailing list which was critical of the 2016 presidential race. C.K. stated he hoped for a conservative president but likened Republican Party presidential candidate Donald Trump to Adolf Hitler. He labeled Trump an \"insane bigot\", also adding, \"He's not a monster. He's a sad man.\" C.K. later referred to the email as \"irrational\". But he clarified to Stephen Colbert in April 2017 that Trump is not \"some new kind of evil\" but rather \"a gross, crook, dirty, rotten, lying sack of shit\", to applause from the Late Show audience.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "In March 2020, C.K. donated to Joe Biden's 2020 presidential campaign. However, the campaign said that it has refunded the $2,800 donation from C.K. Neither Biden nor C.K. have released statements regarding the matter.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "C.K. is on the record as having voted for the Democratic Party presidential candidate in the 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 United States presidential elections.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "In 2011, by selling Live at the Beacon Theater on his website, C.K. earned a \"million dollars in a matter of days, half of which he [gave] away to his staff and charities.\" Recipients included the Fistula Foundation, Green Chimneys, the Pablove Foundation, Charity: Water, and Kiva.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "In 2016, he selected the Fistula Foundation as the beneficiary of his Jeopardy! Power Players Week appearance, and won $50,000 for the charity.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "In April 2020, C.K. donated $30,000 to the wait staff at the Comedy Cellar in Greenwich Village during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States as part of a GoFundMe program called \"Tip Your Wait Staff\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "Louis C.K. was raised Catholic and has identified as an agnostic.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "Louis C.K. is a writer, director, producer and actor who has acted in many television series, including Lucky Louie (2006), Louie (2010–2015) and Horace and Pete (2016). He has hosted Saturday Night Live four times, in 2012, 2014, 2015 and 2017. He has also appeared in television shows, such as Parks and Recreation and Portlandia. C.K. has also starred in a number of films such as Woody Allen's Blue Jasmine, David O. Russell's American Hustle (both 2013) and Jay Roach's Hollywood blacklist drama Trumbo (2015).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "Awards and nominations", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "For his work performing stand-up, writing, acting, directing, producing, and editing, C.K. has received several awards and nominations. Among them are 39 Emmy Award nominations, with six wins. C.K. has won the Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album three times—for Hilarious in 2012, Live at Madison Square Garden in 2016, and Sincerely Louis C.K. in 2022.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "C.K. has also been nominated for two Golden Globes and five Screen Actors Guild awards, winning the award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture in 2013, together with the other cast members of American Hustle.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "Additionally, C.K. has won three Peabody Awards in the area of Excellence in Entertainment for his shows Louie, Better Things, and Horace and Pete, as well as three Writers Guild of America awards for his work on Louie, alongside his writing partner, Pamela Adlon.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "Louis C.K. discography at Discogs", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "Louis C.K. at Rotten Tomatoes", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6179ce64", "title": "Louis C.K.", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6179ce64.json"}}
{"text": "The bombardment of Algiers took place between 12 and 21 July 1784. A joint Spanish-Neapolitan-Maltese-Portuguese fleet commanded by the Spanish Admiral Antonio Barceló bombarded the city, which was the main base of the Barbary corsairs, with the aim of forcing them to interrupt their activities. The second bombardment followed a similarly failed expedition the preceding year.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8fba2e49", "title": "Bombardment of Algiers (1784)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1784)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8fba2e49.json"}}
{"text": "In August 1783, in response to acts of piracy undertaken by the city, a Spanish fleet with Maltese participation under Antonio Barceló bombarded Algiers for 8 days. The expedition ended in failure with some casualties, vast expenditure of ammunition and no effect. Significant propaganda was made by the participants to portray the attack as a success, but it only inflicted minor damages and was described by the Spanish court as a \"festival of fireworks too costly and long for how little it entertained the Moors\". Five Algerian privateers captured two Spanish merchant vessels near Palamós in September 1783 as a gesture of defiance. The city's defenses were reinforced with a new 50-gun fortress, 4,000 Turkish volunteer soldiers were recruited in Anatolia, and European aides were hired to assist in the building fortifications and batteries. In addition, at least 70 vessels were prepared to repel the Spanish, and a reward of one thousand gold pieces was offered by the Dey to anyone who captured a ship of the attacking fleet.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8fba2e49", "title": "Bombardment of Algiers (1784)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1784)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8fba2e49.json"}}
{"text": "Meanwhile, in Cartagena, Barceló had finished preparations for a new expedition. His fleet consisted of four 80-gun ships of line, four frigates, 12 xebecs, 3 brigs, 9 small vessels, and an attacking force of 24 gunboats armed with pieces of 24 pounds, 8 more with 18 pounds' pieces, 7 lightly armed to board the Algerian vessels, 24 armed with mortars, and 8 bomb vessels with 8 pound pieces. The expedition was financed by Pope Pius VI and supported by the Navy of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which provided two ships of the line, three frigates, two brigs and two xebecs under Admiral Bologna, by the Order of Malta, which provided a ship of line, two frigates and five galleys, and by that of Portugal, which provided two ships of line and two frigates under Admiral Ramires Esquível.  These last joined the allied fleet later and arrived in the middle of the bombardment.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8fba2e49", "title": "Bombardment of Algiers (1784)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1784)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8fba2e49.json"}}
{"text": "On 28 June, having entrusted itself to the Virgen del Carmen, the Allied fleet sailed from Cartagena, arriving off Algiers on 10 July. Two days later at 8:30 AM, the bombardment began with the Spanish ships opening fire. It was kept up until 4:20 PM, during which time about 600 bombs, 1,440 cannon balls and 260 shells were fired over the city, compared to 202 bombs and 1,164 cannonballs fired by the Algerians. Major damage to the city and its fortifications and a large fire were observed.  An attack by light vessels of the Algerian fleet, composed of 67 ships, was repulsed, four of them being destroyed. The Allied casualties were minimal: 6 killed and 9 wounded, most of them due to accidents with the fuses of the bombs. Gunboat No. 27, commanded by the Neapolitan ensign José Rodríguez, exploded accidentally, killing 25 sailors.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8fba2e49", "title": "Bombardment of Algiers (1784)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1784)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8fba2e49.json"}}
{"text": "In the following eight days, seven additional attacks were ordered. The Algerians had placed a line of barges armed with artillery that largely prevented the Allied gunboats getting close to their objectives. A shot fired from the fortifications hit the felucca from which Barceló was directing the bombing, sinking it. José Lorenzo de Goicoechea came to the aid of the admiral, who was rescued unscathed. Passing immediately to another boat, Barceló continued leading the attack, downplaying the importance of the incident. Finally, on 21 July, it was decided to end the attack. Contrary winds forced Barceló to give the order to return to Cartagena. More than 20,000 cannonballs and grenades had been fired on the city, badly damaging the city and causing the sinking in the harbour of most of the Algerian vessels. The Allied casualties were 53 men killed and 64 wounded, most due to accidents.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8fba2e49", "title": "Bombardment of Algiers (1784)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1784)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8fba2e49.json"}}
{"text": "The bombardment was unsuccessful, but the Dey finally opened to negotiations in 1785, alerted by a third bombardment being in the works and the promise of bombarding Algiers every year until they became willing to negotiate. The bombardments had already convinced the Ottoman Tripolitania to sign a peace treaty with Spain in 1784. Eventually, a peace treaty was signed on June 14, 1786, putting an end to Barbary privateering against Spain and allowing a Spanish consulate in Algiers along with toleration of Catholicism in the city, in exchange for a final payment of 700,000 pesos. It was later found out the parts had signed two different treaties, which had to be sorted out with new negotiations, but except by some alterations in relation to the Spanish possession of Oran, the final treatise was left according to the Spanish version.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8fba2e49", "title": "Bombardment of Algiers (1784)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1784)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8fba2e49.json"}}
{"text": "For the first time in centuries, Spain found itself free from being a target of the Barbary slave trade, which led to the extensive development of villages and crops on the Mediterranean coast, previously deterred from exploiting due to the attacks of Barbary corsairs. In order to honor the conclusion of the conflict and open trade, Floridablanca sent a diplomatic fleet to Constantinople. However, Barbary attacks would return during the instability of the Napoleonic Wars, until eventually disappearing with the French conquest of Algeria.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8fba2e49", "title": "Bombardment of Algiers (1784)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1784)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8fba2e49.json"}}
{"text": "An Evening of Carols and Capers is an album by Maddy Prior with The Carnival Band.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "This double album is effectively an audio version of the DVD of the same name, though the tracks vary slightly. It is a collection of live recordings from concerts in Oxford and Salisbury. The dates are not given. The songs originated from the studio albums Carols and Capers, Gold, Frankincense & Myrrh and A Tapestry of Carols. To break up the proceedings there are some instrumentals. The \"Tinker Polka\" derives from a vintage 1930 recording of a Texas Czech band. The song \"Balthazar\" has an African rhythm, and \"Melima\" sounds Arabic. \"M Charpentier's Christmas Stomp\" (CD1) is the same as \"M Charpentier's Christmas Swing\" (CD2) except that the latter is jazzy. Running time CD1: 37m 57s. CD2: 41m 14s. The package is dated 2005 but it wasn't released until December 2006. The liner notes contain the words to all the songs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "Masters in this Hall (Words: William Morris; Music: French Traditional)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "The Sans Day Carol (Cornish Traditional)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "God Rest You Merry Gentlemen (Traditional)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "This Endris Night (Anon 16th century)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "M Charpentier's Christmas Stomp (instrumental) (1. French Trad 2. M Charpentier)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "Let an Anthem of Praise (Words: Caleb Ashworth; Music: Traditional)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "The Oxen (Prior/ Lewin/ Watts/ Mizraki/ Banks/ Davis/ Badley)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "Balthazar (Prior/ Lewin/ Watts/ Mizraki/ Banks/ Davis/ Badley)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "Round of the Animals (Prior/ Mizraki)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "Melima (Prior/ Lewin/ Watts/ Mizraki/ Banks/ Davis/ Badley)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "It Came Upon the Midnight Clear (Tune: Traditional, Words by EH Sears (18th century))", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "On Christmas Night (Sussex Carol) (Traditional)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "Watts' Cradle Song (Words: Isaac Watts; tune: US early 19th century)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "Vals Musette (instrumental) (Andre Verchuren Traditional)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "Entre Le Boeuf (sung in French) (Traditional)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "M Charpentier's Christmas Swing (instrumental) (1. French Traditional 2. M Charpentier)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "Dratenik (Tinker Polka) (instrumental) (Bacova's Ceska Kapela)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "The Carnal and the Crane (Child 55) (Traditional)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "Ding Dong Merrily on High (Tune: French Trad; words GR Woodward)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "Angels from the Realms of Glory (Words: Montgomery; Music: French Traditional)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "Hark, Hark (sung a cappella) (Words: J Stephenson; Tune: Traditional)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "While Shepherds Watched (Words: Nahum Tate/ Nicholas Brady; Tune: Traditional)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "Maddy Prior - vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "Andrew Watts - Shawmes, curtal, clarinet, recorders, Brueghel bagpipes, vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "Giles Lewin - Shawm, fiddle, recorders, medieval bagpipes, tin whistle, mandolin, vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "Andrew \"Jub\" Davis - Bass", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "Steve Banks - Drums, percussion, bells, fiddle, vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "William \"Steno\" Badley - baroque guitar, lute, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, banjo mandolin, vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "Rafaello Mizraki - Acoustic and electric guitars, lute, mandolin, vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "An Evening of Carols and Capers at AllMusic. Retrieved 16:13, 23 August 2016 (UTC).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d44097e", "title": "An Evening of Carols and Capers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_of_Carols_and_Capers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d44097e.json"}}
{"text": "The Henry Ambler House is a historic house located at 405 Broadway in Mount Pleasant, Iowa.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b014115", "title": "Henry Ambler House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ambler_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b014115.json"}}
{"text": "Henry Ambler, a local attorney, bought this property in 1868. There was already a house on it, and Ambler had it altered and additions built. The house shares several details from two earlier Italian Villas built in town in 1858 and 1865. The asymmetrical, two-story brick structure features a three-story tower, bracketed eaves, and a two-story bay window on the south side. Alterations were made in the 1940s, 1954 when it was divided into apartments, and in 1965. The top of the tower was gutted in a fire in 1983 and had to be rebuilt.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b014115", "title": "Henry Ambler House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ambler_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b014115.json"}}
{"text": "The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 10, 1986.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b014115", "title": "Henry Ambler House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ambler_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b014115.json"}}
{"text": "D. Domingos António de Sousa Coutinho, 1st Marquis of Funchal (20 February 1762 – 1 December 1833) was a Portuguese diplomat and author of several works on politics and diplomacy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93ec0ee0", "title": "Domingos António de Sousa Coutinho, 1st Marquis of Funchal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingos_Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Sousa_Coutinho,_1st_Marquis_of_Funchal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93ec0ee0.json"}}
{"text": "He read law in the University of Coimbra shortly after the Pombaline Reform, where he earned his degree in 1781. At first his family considered an ecclesiastical career for him, but he instead joined the diplomatic service, filling the posts of envoy in Denmark (1790-1795), Portuguese representative in Turin (1796-1803), ambassador in London (1803-1814) and in Rome (1814-1828). His period as ambassador to the Court of St James's coincided with the height of international conflict during the Napoleonic Wars. He was intensely involved in secret diplomatic negotiations at this time as Portugal openly sided with Britain and refused to join the Continental System; Sousa Coutinho was of significant importance in arranging the details of the transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil with British Foreign Secretary George Canning, thus guaranteeing British military protection to the Royal Family.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93ec0ee0", "title": "Domingos António de Sousa Coutinho, 1st Marquis of Funchal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingos_Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Sousa_Coutinho,_1st_Marquis_of_Funchal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93ec0ee0.json"}}
{"text": "D. Domingos de Sousa Coutinho was born in 1762 to diplomat and colonial administrator D. Francisco Inocêncio de Sousa Coutinho (1726–1780), the son of a second-born of the 10th Count of Redondo, and his wife D. Ana Luísa Joaquina Teixeira de Andrade e Meneses (1731–1778); D. Domingos was the sixth of eight siblings: Mariana (born 1752), Luísa Margarida (born 1753), Rodrigo (1755–1812), José António (1757–1817), Fernando (born 1760; died young), Domingos himself (1762–1833), Maria Balbina (1763–1831), and Francisco Maurício (1764–1823). He was baptised on 27 February 1762; his godparents were the Count of Oeiras (who would later become more commonly known by the title of Marquis of Pombal) and Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, both represented by proxy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93ec0ee0", "title": "Domingos António de Sousa Coutinho, 1st Marquis of Funchal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingos_Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Sousa_Coutinho,_1st_Marquis_of_Funchal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93ec0ee0.json"}}
{"text": "He was graced with the title of Count of Funchal on 17 December 1808; shortly before his death, in June 1833, he was made Marquis of Funchal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93ec0ee0", "title": "Domingos António de Sousa Coutinho, 1st Marquis of Funchal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingos_Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Sousa_Coutinho,_1st_Marquis_of_Funchal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93ec0ee0.json"}}
{"text": "Knight of the Order of Christ (7 October 1788)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93ec0ee0", "title": "Domingos António de Sousa Coutinho, 1st Marquis of Funchal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingos_Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Sousa_Coutinho,_1st_Marquis_of_Funchal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93ec0ee0.json"}}
{"text": "In Sloviansk, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, four members of the Transfiguration of The Lord (Ukrainian: Преображення Господнього) Pentecostal church were captured and killed in June 2014, allegedly by members of the Russian Orthodox Army. The reason for the killings is disputed. In a car of one of the kidnapped the money in foreign currency was found, which was the pretext to declare the Protestants American spies. Church officials believe that it was an act of religious persecution.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "The Transfiguration of The Lord Pentecostal church in Sloviansk was formed in 2003, and belonged to the Church of Christians of Evangelic Faith of Ukraine. The church used a former Palace of Culture building for its services. Its senior pastor was Alexander Pavenko (Ukrainian: Олександр Павенко, Russian: Александр Павенко).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "On April 12, 2014, a group of armed men seized government buildings in Sloviansk with the intention of incorporating the Donbas region into Russia. According to the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor of the US State Department, this began a period of persecution of Protestant denominations in pro-Russian separatist-controlled regions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "On June 8, 2014, during a Pentecost service, members of the Russian Orthodox Army took four church members to an unknown destination:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "Volodymyr Olexandrovych Velychko (Ukrainian: Володимир Олександрович Величко, Russian: Владимир Александрович Величко), born in 1973, a married father of eight", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "Viktor Ivanovych Bradarskiy (Ukrainian: Віктор Іванович Брадарський, Russian: Виктор Иванович Брадарский), born in 1974, a married father of three", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "Ruvym Olexandrovych Pavenko (Ukrainian: Рувим Олександрович Павенко, Russian: Рувим Александрович Павенко), born in 1984, the son of a pastor", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "Albert Olexandrovych Pavenko (Ukrainian: Альберт Олександрович Павенко, Russian: Альберт Александрович Павенко), born in 1990, the married son of a pastor", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "The paramilitary troops may have planned to capture the senior pastor (who was not at the church), and seized four cars belonging to the men. The detainees were charged with a \"crime against the DPR\", support of the Ukrainian army.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "They were detained in the basement of the city's fire department. Slavyansk's deputy prosecutor, who escaped from DPR captivity, testified that he heard cries from detainees who were tortured during interrogation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "At 3 am on June 9, the four detainees were ordered to get into a car and were driven toward Mount Karachun; they were followed by two cars containing militants. About 4 am, the car with the detainees was shot by the rebels; it is believed that to hide the extent to which the men were tortured, the car was burned. Ministry of Internal Affairs advisor Anton Gerashchenko theorized that the attackers were trying to make it appear that the detainees were killed by Ukrainian military mortar fire.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "Sloviansk deputy mayor for humanitarian affairs Freedon Vekua (Ukrainian: Фрідон Векуа, Russian: Фридон Векуа) announced the deaths that morning at a closed meeting of DPR leaders. According to Anton Gerashchenko, rebel leader Igor Strelkov condemned the murders and their perpetrators were reprimanded.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "Bradarskiy's widow, Natalia, said that on June 10 she was told by Sloviansk police that her husband was among the detainees and she could provide him food and medicine. She said that a rebel spokesperson told her that the detainees were digging trenches near the village of Semenovka (a Kramatorsk suburb) and would be released soon. In early July, relatives of the detainees reported that the four men had been released.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "According to Yulia Gorbunova (Ukrainian: Юлія Горбунова, Russian: Юлия Горбунова‘) of Human Rights Watch, local residents said that the bodies of unidentified people were brought to the morgue; they remained until June 11, when they were buried in a mass grave. Anton Gerashchenko said that the burned car was later identified as Bradarskiy's. The rest of the detainees' cars were seized by rebels and driven out of Sloviansk during the withdrawal of DPR forces. On July 7, after Sloviansk was again controlled by Ukrainian forces, Minister of Internal Affairs Arsen Avakov and deputy Vasyl Pascal (Ukrainian: Василь Паскаль, Russian: Василий Паскаль) arrived in the city. Natalia Bradarskaya asked them to help her find the missing men.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "A week later, Gerashchenko said that bodies exhumed from the mass grave had signs of torture and abuse. Among the 14 bodies were the Pavenko brothers and Bradarsky, identified by their clothing; Velichko's charred body was later identified by DNA profiling. The bodies were reburied where they were found, near a children's hospital, on July 20 after the identification process was completed.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "Christian Science Monitor correspondent Scott Peterson said that the killers were not Ukrainians, but pro-Russian separatists.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "According to Minister of Internal Affairs advisor Anton Herashchenko, the murdered men were accused of sending food to checkpoints of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (AFU) and the National Guard, and suspected of informing the Ukrainian military about insurgent activities. There were rumors that the victims brought chemical or biological weapons to Sloviansk, but their relatives denied that the men cooperated with the Ukrainian army.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "Although it was theorized that the men were kidnapped for ransom, church officials believed that religion was the only cause of their deaths. The Pavenko brothers' father was a businessman who owned two factories. Shortly before the abduction, steel was delivered to one factory; this may have been the source of rumors about weapons being delivered to the Ukrainian army.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "The murders are cited as a prominent example of religious persecution in the DPR. The religious-persecution theory was documented by the Russian philosopher Nicholas Karpitsky (Russian: Николай Карлицкий), who lives in Ukraine.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "After the Charlie Hebdo shooting, when Je suis Charlie (French: I am Charlie) spread on the Internet, Ukrainian blogger and public figure Denis Kazansky posted \"We are all Protestants from Sloviansk\" in solidarity. The slogan was reprinted by a number of media and bloggers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "Volodymyr Ivanovych Rybak, Ukrainian politician murdered by pro-Russian militants", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "Volnovakha bus attack", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "January 2015 Mariupol rocket attack", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "Malaysia Airlines Flight 17", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "February 2015 Kramatorsk rocket attack", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "Donetsk \"Donetskhirmash\" bus station attack", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "Karpitsky, Nikolai Nikolayevich (2015). Persecution of Christians in the Donbas (Eastern Ukraine, 2014) (PDF). К.: Mission Eurasia. ISBN 978-966-96156-9-5.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "Богдан Красовский (2015-06-09). \"Годовщина трагедии в Славянске: Чужая религия как оправдание убийства\". Деловой Славянск. Retrieved 2016-02-12.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "Дмитрий Фионик (2014-08-29). \"Восхождение. Кто убил четырёх христиан в осаждённом Славянске\". ООО «Фокус Медиа». Retrieved 2016-02-12.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "Между небом и землей on YouTube (Between Heaven and Earth), a documentary film about Victor Bradarskiy (in Russian)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_39c73c86", "title": "Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pentecostals_in_Sloviansk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_39c73c86.json"}}
{"text": "Arnold Förster (20 January 1810 – 13 August 1884) was a German entomologist, who worked mainly on Coleoptera and Hymenoptera.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7adfa22e", "title": "Arnold Förster", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_F%C3%B6rster", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7adfa22e.json"}}
{"text": "Arnold Förster was born on 20 January 1810 in Aachen, Germany, where he died on 12 August 1884. He was Oberlehrer, or an upper teacher, in Aachen for his entire adult life. He worked ceaselessly on entomology, paying particular attention to Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. He was a pioneering author on Hymenoptera.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7adfa22e", "title": "Arnold Förster", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_F%C3%B6rster", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7adfa22e.json"}}
{"text": "Hymenopterologische Studien I . Formicariae: 74 pp. Aachen. (1850)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7adfa22e", "title": "Arnold Förster", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_F%C3%B6rster", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7adfa22e.json"}}
{"text": "Hymenopterologische Studien. II . Chalcidiae und Prototrupii. Aachen: Ernst ter Meer 152 pp.(1856)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7adfa22e", "title": "Arnold Förster", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_F%C3%B6rster", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7adfa22e.json"}}
{"text": "Synopsis der Familien und Gattungen der Braconen Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der Preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens. 19: 225–228 (1862)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7adfa22e", "title": "Arnold Förster", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_F%C3%B6rster", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7adfa22e.json"}}
{"text": "Synopsis der Familien und Gattungen der Ichneumonen. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der Preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens. 25(1868):135-221.(1869)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7adfa22e", "title": "Arnold Förster", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_F%C3%B6rster", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7adfa22e.json"}}
{"text": "Förster’s Coleoptera and Hemiptera and some of his Hymenoptera - Cynipidae, Ichneumonidae (Cryptinae excl. Pezomachini and Stilpnini, Pimplinae, and Ophioninae excl. Plectiscini and Campoplex), Braconidae, Chrysididae, Formicidae and Vespidae - are in the Natural History Museum of Berlin; his Tenthredinidae, Ichneumonidae (Pezomachini, Stilpnini, Tryphonini, Plectiscini and Campoplex) and Apidae are in Munich State Museum; Proctotrupoidea and Chalcidoidea and the rest of the Ichneumonidae are in the Natural History Museum, Vienna. The rest of Förster’s insects (e.g. Sphecidae, Diptera - incl. many types of species described by Johann Wilhelm Meigen) are in the Zoological Museum of Halle.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7adfa22e", "title": "Arnold Förster", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_F%C3%B6rster", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7adfa22e.json"}}
{"text": "Förster’s notebooks contain keys and descriptions, mostly of genera of Hymenoptera (almost the entirety of the Ichneumonidae), are in the Smithsonian Institution. They are written in German, Greek, and Latin and contain unpublished information. Some refer to the Irish entomologist Alexander Henry Haliday.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7adfa22e", "title": "Arnold Förster", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_F%C3%B6rster", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7adfa22e.json"}}
{"text": "Zoologische Staatssammlung München (Bavarian State Collection of Zoology)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7adfa22e", "title": "Arnold Förster", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_F%C3%B6rster", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7adfa22e.json"}}
{"text": "David Garcia (September 15, 1920 – May 21, 2018) was an American coach, scout and manager in Major League Baseball who spent over 65 years in professional baseball. He served as manager of the California Angels (1977–78) and Cleveland Indians (1979–82). Including three games as acting manager of the 1975 Indians, during his first coaching tenure there, he compiled a career record of 310 wins and 311 defeats (.499).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_25a5dde4", "title": "Dave Garcia", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Garcia", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_25a5dde4.json"}}
{"text": "Garcia was born in East St. Louis, Illinois, to Spanish immigrant parents and entered the game in 1939. Derailed by injury as a player, Garcia was a minor league infielder for almost 20 seasons — much of that time in the farm system of the New York Giants — and never made it to the major leagues. His playing career also was interrupted by three years (1943–45) of service in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II, and much of his later active career was spent as a player-manager in the low minor leagues. As the playing skipper of the 1951 Oshkosh Giants of the Class D Wisconsin State League, Garcia won the league's triple crown, with 23 home runs, 127 runs batted in and a batting average of .369. He threw and batted right-handed was listed as 6 feet (1.8 m) tall and 185 pounds (84 kg).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_25a5dde4", "title": "Dave Garcia", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Garcia", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_25a5dde4.json"}}
{"text": "He began managing at age 27 in 1948 with the Giants' Knoxville Smokies farm team of the Class B Tri-State League, and would continue to manage in the New York and San Francisco Giants' minor league organization over the next two decades (1949–55; 1957; 1964; 1967–68). He also coached for Triple-A Minneapolis (1956) and scouted for the Giants (1957–63; 1965–66). Garcia then joined the San Diego Padres as a minor league manager in 1969, their maiden National League season.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_25a5dde4", "title": "Dave Garcia", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Garcia", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_25a5dde4.json"}}
{"text": "The following season, in his 50th year, Garcia finally reached the majors as San Diego's third-base coach. He coached with the Padres (1970–73), Indians (1975–76; 1979) and Angels (1977) and in 1977 he was named manager of the Angels when Norm Sherry was fired on July 11. While the Angels continued to stumble under him in 1977 (with a 35–46 record), the Halos stood at 25–20 when Garcia was released in favor of Jim Fregosi on June 1, 1978.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_25a5dde4", "title": "Dave Garcia", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Garcia", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_25a5dde4.json"}}
{"text": "Garcia got another chance to manage with the Cleveland Indians when Jeff Torborg was fired on July 23, 1979.  Cleveland played at a 38–28 clip under Garcia for the remainder of the season, and compiled a mark of 52–51 during the strike-shortened 1981 campaign, but they never finished higher than fifth in the American League East. After a sixth-place finish in 1982, Garcia resigned under fire. But he remained in the game into his mid 80s, as a coach for the Milwaukee Brewers (1983–84), a special assignment scout for the Brewers and Kansas City Royals, and — from 2000–02 — a coach with the Colorado Rockies. Garcia was named to the Rockies' staff when he was 79 years of age by then-skipper Buddy Bell. He also scouted for other MLB teams, including the Seattle Mariners and Chicago Cubs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_25a5dde4", "title": "Dave Garcia", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Garcia", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_25a5dde4.json"}}
{"text": "As a minor league manager in the Giants, Padres and Angels organizations, Garcia won 889 games and lost 796 (.528) and won three championships. He is one of only four individuals to play, coach or announce professional baseball during part of eight decades.  (Vin Scully, Tommy Lasorda and Don Zimmer being the other three.)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_25a5dde4", "title": "Dave Garcia", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Garcia", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_25a5dde4.json"}}
{"text": "Garcia's son David was the Yankees  first-round pick—the 11th player taken overall—in the secondary phase of the January 1978 draft. He spent two years in the Yankee systems. Garcia also had two grandsons play professional baseball. Drew Garcia was a 21st round draft choice of the Chicago White Sox in 2008, and reached the Triple-A level. In 2010, the St. Louis Cardinals selected his grandson, Greg Garcia in the seventh round of Major League Baseball draft.  He made his MLB debut for the Cardinals in April 2014.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_25a5dde4", "title": "Dave Garcia", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Garcia", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_25a5dde4.json"}}
{"text": "Dave Garcia died in San Diego, his permanent home since 1961, of natural causes at the age of 97.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_25a5dde4", "title": "Dave Garcia", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Garcia", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_25a5dde4.json"}}
{"text": "Career statistics and manager information from Baseball-Reference", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_25a5dde4", "title": "Dave Garcia", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Garcia", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_25a5dde4.json"}}
{"text": "Career statistics from Baseball Reference (Minors) · Retrosheet", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_25a5dde4", "title": "Dave Garcia", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Garcia", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_25a5dde4.json"}}
{"text": "Etkin, Jack. \"A Baseball Elder's Feel for the Game Endures\", The New York Times, Sunday, May 3, 2009.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_25a5dde4", "title": "Dave Garcia", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Garcia", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_25a5dde4.json"}}
{"text": "The Way of the Scorpion, subtitled \"The Way of the Clans: Book 5\", is a supplement published by Alderac Entertainment Group (AEG) in 1999 for the fantasy role-playing game Legend of the Five Rings Roleplaying Game. It was the fifth in a series of eleven books outlining the clans of Rokugan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89b61af4", "title": "The Way of the Scorpion", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_of_the_Scorpion", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89b61af4.json"}}
{"text": "Of the seven clans of Rokugan, the Scorpion clan is the most secretive, lawless and anti-social. The Way of the Scorpion describes this clan in detail for the player looking to create a Scorpion Clan character, and for the gamemaster seeking to integrate the nefarious activities of the clan into the campaign. The book begins with short story, followed by sections describing the history of the clan; its social and political structure; and profiles of schools only briefly mentioned in the core rulebook. Another chapter introduces new skills, and new advantages and disadvantages — some of which are exclusive to the Scorpion clan. Some notable people of the clan are also described in detail. In the French version of this book, the book ends with a short scenario.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89b61af4", "title": "The Way of the Scorpion", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_of_the_Scorpion", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89b61af4.json"}}
{"text": "The appendices cover a variety of subjects germane to the clan such as its ethics, loyalty, combat etiquette, honor and betrayal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89b61af4", "title": "The Way of the Scorpion", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_of_the_Scorpion", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89b61af4.json"}}
{"text": "The French addition also includes a short scenario titled \"Le Crépuscule de l'Honneur\" (\"Twilight of Honor\").<name=bs15 />", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89b61af4", "title": "The Way of the Scorpion", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_of_the_Scorpion", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89b61af4.json"}}
{"text": "The land of Rokugan, a fictional role-playing setting based on feudal Japan, was originally published as Legend of the Five Rings by AEG and ISOMEDIA in 1995. Two years later, AEG released Legend of the Five Rings Roleplaying Game, which used the Rokugan setting. Shortly after its release, AEG published The Way of the Dragon, which detailed one of the seven clans in Rokugan. Over the next two years, AEG released a series of ten  The Way of the ... books that covered the other clans. The fifth to be released was The Way of the Scorpion, a 118-page softcover book published in 1999, designed by Patrick Kapera, Jennifer Mahr, Ree Soesbee, D.J. Trindle, John Wick, and David Williams, with cover art by David Leri, and interior illustrations by Mary Lee Bryning, Audrey Corman, James A. Crabtree, Cris Dornaus, Scott James, Jennifer Mahr, and Ramón K. Pérez.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89b61af4", "title": "The Way of the Scorpion", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_of_the_Scorpion", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89b61af4.json"}}
{"text": "In 1998, Siroz Productions released a French translation of Legend of Five Rings titled Le Livre de Cinq Anneaux, and the following year began to release French translations of The Way of... series, including La Voie du Scorpion. The French books in this series each concluded with the addition of a short scenario.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89b61af4", "title": "The Way of the Scorpion", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_of_the_Scorpion", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89b61af4.json"}}
{"text": "The Way of the Scorpion was reviewed in the online second version of Pyramid which said \"The first chapter, the Subtle Scorpion, starts off with tales that describe the Scorpion's presence in Rokugan, as well as a brief history detailing why the Scorpion clan behaves as it does. The stories are short enough that they don't distract, and the history makes the Scorpion seem noble in their efforts to do the dirty work of the Emperor..\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89b61af4", "title": "The Way of the Scorpion", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_of_the_Scorpion", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89b61af4.json"}}
{"text": "In Issue 11 of the French games magazine Backstab, Geoffrey Picard liked the book, writing, \"The short stories are absolutely exhilarating (and teeming with adventure ideas), and the technical section is illustrated with numerous very useful tips.\" Picard concluded by giving this book a rating of 6 out of 10, saying, \"The Scorpion Clan perfectly illustrates the subtle rules of etiquette in this universe, and this book is probably the best tool L5R game masters can currently find.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89b61af4", "title": "The Way of the Scorpion", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_of_the_Scorpion", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89b61af4.json"}}
{"text": "Four issues later, Picard reviewed the new French translation, and commented, \"This book will give you practical, useful, and intelligent advice to help you integrate a samurai from this clan into your gaming group. It will allow you to understand why the Scorpion Clan still exists today (which wouldn't be the case if it were simply a den of scoundrels).\" Picard liked the scenario added to the French edition, pointing out, \"This scenario is designed for a group of adventurers with a strong combat bent. However, beware the slumbering brutes within every group: the first part of this adventure will demand considerable diplomatic and investigative skills.\" Picard concluded, \"This supplement succeeds in making us understand that the Way of the Scorpion is also the way of loyalty, the way of honor.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89b61af4", "title": "The Way of the Scorpion", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_of_the_Scorpion", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89b61af4.json"}}
{"text": "In Issue 116 of the French games magazine Casus Belli, Matthias Twardowski  noted, \"The fifth in the Clan series, it is one of the most successful because it explains, demonstrates, and justifies the existence of the Scorpions, even managing to make them indispensable. All of this constitutes a veritable apologia for cynicism and dishonesty, a delightful read that can be used for many other games.\" However, Twardowski questioned the chapter on ninjas, pointing out that  \"it completely contradicts the core rulebook ... [demonstrating] one of the main problems with the line: the lack of cohesion and editorial direction. With each new release, it becomes clear that the authors are writing what they invent as they go along, without always considering the overall coherence.\" Despite this, Twadowski concluded, \"Way of the Scorpion is the most essential Clan supplement.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89b61af4", "title": "The Way of the Scorpion", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_of_the_Scorpion", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89b61af4.json"}}
{"text": "Five issue later, Mehdi Sahmi reviewed the French translation and commented, \"I'm increasingly regretting having bought the original English version of the game, because the French version is very well-crafted. That being said, the essential point I should make is that the book dedicated to Scorpions is probably the best in the series.\" Sahmi concluded, \"This supplement is excellent and you should buy it.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89b61af4", "title": "The Way of the Scorpion", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_of_the_Scorpion", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89b61af4.json"}}
{"text": "Neocomites is a genus of ammonite from the Lower Cretaceous, Berriasian to Hauterivian, and type genus for the Neocomitidae.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4d9005a", "title": "Neocomites", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocomites", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4d9005a.json"}}
{"text": "The shell of Neocomites is fairly involute and compressed with flattish  sides; covered with flexuous ribs that branch in small sheaves from faint umbilical tubercles, in some branching again or intercaled further out on the whorls, ending in small oblique bullae in either side of a smooth flat venter. Ribs may cross the venter transversely  on later whorls. Sutures have deep 1st lateral lobes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4d9005a", "title": "Neocomites", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocomites", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4d9005a.json"}}
{"text": "Neocomites has a fairly widespread distribution and has been found in such places as central and southern Europe, North Africa, Madagascar, northern India, Borneo, Sumatra, Texas, Mexico, Colombia (Macanal Formation, Eastern Ranges), Peru, and Argentina.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4d9005a", "title": "Neocomites", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocomites", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4d9005a.json"}}
{"text": "Arkell, W. J.; Furnish, W. M.; Kummel, Bernhard; Miller, A.K.; Moore, R.C.; Schindewolf, O.H. (1957). \"Part L, Mollusca 4: Cephalopoda, Ammonoidea\". In Raymond C. Moore (ed.). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press. p. L358. ISBN 978-0-8137-3012-7 – via Internet Archive. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4d9005a", "title": "Neocomites", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocomites", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4d9005a.json"}}
{"text": "Piraquive, Alejandro; Díaz, Juan Sebastián; Cuéllar, Tomas; Pardo, Germán; Kammer, Andreas (2011), \"Reactivación Neógena de estructuras de rift del Cretácico Temprano asociadas con la Falla de Chámeza, Pajarito, Boyacá (Colombia): evidencias tectónicas y bioestratigráficas\" (PDF), Geología Colombiana, 36: 197–216, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-30, retrieved 2017-08-04", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4d9005a", "title": "Neocomites", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocomites", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4d9005a.json"}}
{"text": "\"Neocomites\". mindat.org. Retrieved 17 June 2022.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4d9005a", "title": "Neocomites", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocomites", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4d9005a.json"}}
{"text": "Wright, Claud William; with John Hannes Callomon and M.K. Howarth (1996). Roger L. Kaesler (ed.). Mollusca 4 Revised, Cretaceous Ammonoidea in Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part L. Boulder, Colorado and Lawrence, Kansas: The Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press. p. 60.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4d9005a", "title": "Neocomites", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocomites", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4d9005a.json"}}
{"text": "The Town Bridge is located in Bedford, the county town of Bedfordshire in England.  Spanning the River Great Ouse, it connects the town centre of Bedford with St Johns, historically a separate settlement but now a suburb of Bedford.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9928c2ce", "title": "Town Bridge, Bedford", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Bridge,_Bedford", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9928c2ce.json"}}
{"text": "The current bridge was designed by the architect John Wing between 1811 and 1813, replacing an earlier bridge said to date back to 1224.. It was widened between 1938 and 1940. The Swan Hotel and the remains of Bedford Castle are located nearby, the stone from the latter was said to have been used for construction of the medieval bridge. . It has been Grade II listed, having first been listed in 1952.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9928c2ce", "title": "Town Bridge, Bedford", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Bridge,_Bedford", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9928c2ce.json"}}
{"text": "Pevsner, Nikolaus. Bedfordshire and the County of Huntingdon and Peterborough. Yale University Press, 2002.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9928c2ce", "title": "Town Bridge, Bedford", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Bridge,_Bedford", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9928c2ce.json"}}
{"text": "Palmyra () is a town in southwestern Wayne County, New York, United States.  The population was 7,975 at the 2010 census. The town is named after the ancient city Palmyra in Syria.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "The town contains a village also named Palmyra. The town is about 20 miles (32 km) southeast of Rochester, New York.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "The prehistoric Adena culture left mounds in the area.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "Palmyra was part of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "The Town of Palmyra, originally called \"Swift's Landing\" after its founder John Swift and \"District of Tolland,\" was created in 1789. The sole local encounter between natives and white settlers that resulted in deaths occurred that same year. The present name was adopted in 1796, reportedly to impress a new school teacher. There were almost one thousand people in the town in 1800.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "The Erie Canal was completed up to Palmyra in 1822, although the canal was not completed to its western terminus until 1825. Palmyra is part of the Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "In 1823, the Town of Macedon was formed from part of Palmyra's territory as part of the creation of Wayne County from Ontario County.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "Birth of Latter Day Saint movement", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "Palmyra is the birthplace of the Latter Day Saint movement. Founder Joseph Smith, whose family lived on a farm that straddled the line between Palmyra and Manchester, said he had been visited by God and Jesus Christ in 1820, an event known as the First Vision. In 1830 the Book of Mormon was first published in the village of Palmyra by E.B. Grandin, in the present Book of Mormon Historic Publication Site. Beginning in the early 20th century, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began buying and restoring many of the properties in the area associated with early church history.  In 1997 the Smiths' log cabin was rebuilt on its original site and in 2000 the church built the Palmyra New York Temple on a portion of the former Smith farm.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 33.7 square miles (87.3 km2), of which 33.5 square miles (86.7 km2)  is land and 0.2 square mile (0.5 km2)  (0.62%) is water.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "The Erie Canal passes across the county, through the Village of Palmyra. The multi-use, recreational Erie Canal Heritage Trail continues along the towpath of the Erie Canal as well.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "The south town line is the border of Ontario County.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "New York State Route 21 (north-south) intersects New York State Route 31 (east-west) in Palmyra village.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "The Palmyra-Macedon High School, Palmyra-Macedon Middle School and Palmyra-Macedon Primary School, which serves pre-K as well, are all located within Palmyra and part of the Palmyra-Macedon Central School District.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "The Palmyra Community Library is a Board of Regents chartered library that serves the public with a collection of books, magazines, videos, audiobooks, video games, and local references that may be borrowed or viewed.  The library also hosts a variety of community events year round.  Free wireless internet and computer access are available on site.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "In 2011, the library moved to its current location in the renovated Garlock Packing Company Building.  The move was prompted by a need to expand on site resources, increase seating, and add community gathering spaces.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "The building the Library vacated is now used as district offices for the Palmyra-Macedon Central School District.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "As of the census of 2010, there were 7,975 people, 3,255 households, and 2,175 families residing in the town. The population density was 236.6 inhabitants per square mile (91.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.7% White, 0.8% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.2% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "There were 3,255 households, out of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.1% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.2% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.92.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.0% under the age of 20, 5.6% from 20 to 24, 24.0% from 25 to 44, 30.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.9 males.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "The median income for a household in the town was $47,102, and the median income for a family was $57,770. Males had a median income of $40,742 versus $36,087 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,569. About 14.5% of families and 16.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.5% of those under age 18 and 8.2% of those age 65 or over.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "There were 3,543 housing units at an average density of 105.1 per square mile (40.6/km2). 8.1% of housing units were vacant.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "There were 3,255 occupied housing units in the town. 2,212 were owner-occupied units (68.0%), while 1,043 were renter-occupied (32.0%). The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.2% of total units. The rental unit vacancy rate was 10.1%.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "Communities and locations in the Town of Palmyra", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "Cooney Crossing – A location by the west town line on County Road 210.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "East Palmyra – A hamlet near the east town line on County Road 225. The East Palmyra Presbyterian Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "Palmyra – The Village of Palmyra on the Erie Canal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "Red Creek – A stream north of Palmyra village.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "Wide Waters – A long narrow pond in the Erie Canal is partly in the southeast corner of the town.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "E. B. Grandin (1806–1845), printer of first edition of the Book of Mormon", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "Increase A. Lapham (1811–1875), \"father\" of the United States Weather Service", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "William T. Sampson (1840–1902), Admiral in the Spanish–American War", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "Joseph Smith (1805–1844), founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, resided in Palmyra from 1816 to 1825 and again in 1830", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "Martin Harris (1783–1875), financier, scribe, and one of three witnesses of the Book of Mormon resided in Palmyra from 1791 to 1831", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "Margaret Aldrich Smith (1863–1929), American First Lady of Guam, born in Palmyra", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "Henry Wells (1805–1878), founder of American Express and co-founder of Wells Fargo", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "Palmyra (village), New York", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "Historical summary of the Town of Palmyra, NY", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d1d423c", "title": "Palmyra, New York", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d1d423c.json"}}
{"text": "What We Almost Made is a 2008 mixtape by London-born entertainer Example. Similar to his previous full-length releases We Didn't Invent the Remix and What We Made, all of the songs in What We Almost Made were mainly written by Example and produced by Rusher. As the title suggests, What We Almost Made was made as a follow-up to What We Made and contains unreleased tracks that weren't included in any of his previous releases (five of which feature various artists); three of the songs, although, were originally B-sides taken from the vinyl releases of the singles \"I Don't Want To\", \"So Many Roads\" and \"Me & Mandy\" (tracks 15, 5 and 6, respectively).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_74de23f8", "title": "What We Almost Made", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_We_Almost_Made", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_74de23f8.json"}}
{"text": "\"Teenage Kicks\" (featuring Ali Love)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_74de23f8", "title": "What We Almost Made", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_We_Almost_Made", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_74de23f8.json"}}
{"text": "\"Follow Him\" (featuring Scroobius Pip)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_74de23f8", "title": "What We Almost Made", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_We_Almost_Made", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_74de23f8.json"}}
{"text": "\"Loud!\" (featuring Frisco & Tinchy Stryder)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_74de23f8", "title": "What We Almost Made", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_We_Almost_Made", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_74de23f8.json"}}
{"text": "\"Heavy Showers\" (featuring Trip)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_74de23f8", "title": "What We Almost Made", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_We_Almost_Made", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_74de23f8.json"}}
{"text": "\"Nip/Tuck\" (featuring Goldielocks)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_74de23f8", "title": "What We Almost Made", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_We_Almost_Made", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_74de23f8.json"}}
{"text": "\"Who Needs Sunshine?\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_74de23f8", "title": "What We Almost Made", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_We_Almost_Made", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_74de23f8.json"}}
{"text": "\"Dirty Face\" (Bootleg)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_74de23f8", "title": "What We Almost Made", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_We_Almost_Made", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_74de23f8.json"}}
{"text": "Southall Gas Works is a former gas works site of around 88 acres (36 ha) in Southall, west London, which is currently  being redeveloped for mixed-use including 3,750 homes as part of  Berkeley Group's The Green Quarter.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6ce355e", "title": "Southall Gas Works", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall_Gas_Works", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6ce355e.json"}}
{"text": "The site is located in Southall, west London, 4 mi (6.4 km) to the east of Heathrow.  It lies along the south bank of the Paddington Arm of the Grand Union Canal, close to its junction with the main line of the canal to the Thames at Brentford. It is situated on the north side of the Great Western Main Line and Elizabeth line between Southall and Hayes & Harlington stations, close to the junction with the branch line which originally ran to Brentford Dock. Across the canal is Minet Country Park.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6ce355e", "title": "Southall Gas Works", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall_Gas_Works", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6ce355e.json"}}
{"text": "The gas works was originally constructed by the Brentford Gas Company, opening in 1869. It was required to meet rapidly increasing demand in Middlesex, which outstripped the capacity of the company's original works on the Thames at Brentford.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6ce355e", "title": "Southall Gas Works", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall_Gas_Works", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6ce355e.json"}}
{"text": "The gas works was originally established at the western end of the full site, and progressively expanded to the east over sites originally used for brickyards and industrial works. It initially consisted of a retort house and a 480,000 cubic feet (14,000 m3) gas holder. In 1881, a second retort house was built.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6ce355e", "title": "Southall Gas Works", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall_Gas_Works", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6ce355e.json"}}
{"text": "In 1878 no. 2 holder was built with a capacity of 1,130,000 cubic feet (32,000 m3). In 1885, a third holder was built with a capacity of 2,100,000 cubic feet (59,000 m3). In 1892, holder no. 4 was erected, to take 3,950,000 cubic feet (112,000 m3) of gas. In 1899, a carburetted water gas (CWG) plant was added with a capacity of 3,000,000 cubic feet (85,000 m3) per day, and in 1903 another retort house with 200 retorts.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6ce355e", "title": "Southall Gas Works", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall_Gas_Works", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6ce355e.json"}}
{"text": "During World War 1, plants were constructed to produce oil gas tar, coal tar and crude benzole. In 1916 the CWG capacity was increased, and in 1920 Blue Water Gas plant was added.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6ce355e", "title": "Southall Gas Works", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall_Gas_Works", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6ce355e.json"}}
{"text": "In 1926, the Brentford Gas Company was taken over by the Gas Light & Coke Company (GLCC). In the early 1930s a 7,500,000 cubic feet (210,000 m3) waterless holder was constructed. This holder, which was over 300 feet high, was removed in 2019.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6ce355e", "title": "Southall Gas Works", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall_Gas_Works", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6ce355e.json"}}
{"text": "By 1935, some of the works had closed and had been replaced by a smaller works further east. Whilst not as large as the GLCC's Beckton Products Works, this made a significant contribution to the Company's production, particularly of creosote and road tar. The works was situated on the opposite side of London to Beckton, which facilitated the company's road tar spraying operations on that side of the metropolis. Southall Products Works continued to manufacture ammonium sulphate until 1946.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6ce355e", "title": "Southall Gas Works", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall_Gas_Works", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6ce355e.json"}}
{"text": "Following nationalisation of the gas industry in 1949, the plant came under the control of the North Thames Gas Board. Construction of oil gasification plant began and by 1951, up to 300,000 cubic feet (8,500 m3) of gas a day was being produced in this way, primarily at times of peak demand.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6ce355e", "title": "Southall Gas Works", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall_Gas_Works", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6ce355e.json"}}
{"text": "In 1953-54, a further 12,000,000 cubic feet (340,000 m3) CWG plant was built on the site of the original retort house from the 1860s, together with tower purifiers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6ce355e", "title": "Southall Gas Works", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall_Gas_Works", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6ce355e.json"}}
{"text": "In the early 1960s, plant was installed at Southall to make town gas from a feedstock of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) obtained from Fawley refinery via a 70-mile (110 km) pipeline. The first major oil storage tank, of 2,470,000 imperial gallons (11,200,000 L; 2,970,000 US gal), was installed in 1960. In 1963, the catalytic reforming plant had a production capacity of 60,000,000 cubic feet (1,700,000 m3) per day. Catalytic rich gas plant was installed in 1966 with a capacity of 30,000,000 cubic feet (850,000 m3) per day.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6ce355e", "title": "Southall Gas Works", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall_Gas_Works", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6ce355e.json"}}
{"text": "The Products Works ceased distilling tar and was closed down in 1968. With the move to North Sea gas the gas works closed in 1973, leaving gas distribution and storage as the main on site functions.[1] The site passed into the hands of British Gas in 1973 and subsequently to National Grid plc.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6ce355e", "title": "Southall Gas Works", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall_Gas_Works", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6ce355e.json"}}
{"text": "Parts of the site were used as long-stay parking for Heathrow Airport during the early 21st century, before construction began on The Green Quarter.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6ce355e", "title": "Southall Gas Works", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall_Gas_Works", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6ce355e.json"}}
{"text": "The gasworks was used as a space centre fuelling area for Doctor Who in 1970. The site was used in an episode of The Sweeney in 1975 and in spin-off film Sweeney! in 1977. It was also used in 1978 for the \"Fall Girl\" episode of The Professionals TV series.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6ce355e", "title": "Southall Gas Works", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall_Gas_Works", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6ce355e.json"}}
{"text": "In 2010, National Grid gained planning permission for a mixed-use development of new homes, leisure, health and education buildings. Initially, this was denied by Ealing Council, however the then mayor of London Boris Johnson called in the plans and overruled the council. In 2014, Berkeley Group entered into an agreement with National Grid to purchase the site, which formed part of the Mayor of London's first \"Strategic Housing Zone\". In 2016, a Section 73 application to alter the original masterplan permission was approved by the London Borough of Ealing. The site was first named Southall Waterside and the name was subsequently changed to The Green Quarter. The revised masterplan allocated 14 acres (5.6 ha) of the site to landscaped public gardens.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6ce355e", "title": "Southall Gas Works", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall_Gas_Works", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6ce355e.json"}}
{"text": "In 2017, Berkeley started remediation works to improve the environmental condition of the land.  The remediation work was completed in an 'open-air soil hospital' in September 2019. The first affordable homes were finished in early 2019, with the first private residents arriving in 2021.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6ce355e", "title": "Southall Gas Works", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall_Gas_Works", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6ce355e.json"}}
{"text": "In August 2021, the first phase of a new public park at The Green Quarter opened, called Central Gardens. The park has new trees, wildflowers and an amphitheatre, and is used for local community events. When complete, the park will be 4.5 acres (1.8 ha) in size and contain 250 trees as well as a water feature.  Central Gardens is one of two new parks at The Green Quarter, with new wetlands also to be created on the site. Berkeley is also building footbridges to connect to the neighbouring 90-acre (36 ha) Minet Country Park.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6ce355e", "title": "Southall Gas Works", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall_Gas_Works", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6ce355e.json"}}
{"text": "Some local residents have complained that chemicals are being released from the land leading to health problems. Some experts have claimed that the “substances … present a threat to health” however other agencies such as Public Health England have stated that there is “minimal” risk with a risk assessment stating that the area “remained below levels likely to cause acute or short term health effect.”", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6ce355e", "title": "Southall Gas Works", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall_Gas_Works", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6ce355e.json"}}
{"text": "Following complaints by nearby residents of strong odours an environmental protection officer was hired by Ealing Council for people to report such complaints.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6ce355e", "title": "Southall Gas Works", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall_Gas_Works", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6ce355e.json"}}
{"text": "East Greenwich Gas Works", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6ce355e", "title": "Southall Gas Works", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall_Gas_Works", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6ce355e.json"}}
{"text": "Imperial Gas Works, Fulham", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6ce355e", "title": "Southall Gas Works", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall_Gas_Works", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6ce355e.json"}}
{"text": "Ernesta De Mola, best known as Tina De Mola (28 October 1923 – 18 April 2012), was an Italian actress, singer and television personality.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ba068341", "title": "Tina De Mola", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_De_Mola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ba068341.json"}}
{"text": "Born in Milan, De Mola was the daughter of a barber. After winning a contest for new voices in 1941, she started her career as singer-actress with several avanspettacolo companies. In 1942, she met Renato Rascel, and soon she became his wife and the primadonna in his revue company. That same year she made her film debut, in Giacomo Gentilomo's Pazzo d'amore. In 1946, De Mola participated to the Miss Italia beauty contest, getting the title of \"Miss Sorriso D'Italia\". After working on stage with the companies led by Erminio Macario, Ugo Tognazzi and Mario Carotenuto, she successfully toured South America with a program of Italian music. From 1955 onwards, she also became a central figure in the early Italian television, as a hostess and soubrette in a number of variety shows. De Mola and Rascel obtained the Roman Rota's annulment of marriage in 1963, and De Mola remarried in 1971.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ba068341", "title": "Tina De Mola", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_De_Mola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ba068341.json"}}
{"text": "Tina De Mola at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ba068341", "title": "Tina De Mola", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_De_Mola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ba068341.json"}}
{"text": "Sir David Grant  FLSW (born 12 September 1947) is a British academic who was the vice-chancellor of Cardiff University in Wales from 2001 to 2012. Following his appointment, Grant oversaw the merger between Cardiff University and the University of Wales College of Medicine, which was completed in 2004, and the award of university status to Cardiff.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e2823499", "title": "David Grant (engineer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Grant_(engineer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e2823499.json"}}
{"text": "He gained his PhD in engineering science from Durham University in 1974. Prior to his appointment at Cardiff University, Grant worked for the Dowty Group and then became director of technology at the General Electric Company (1991–2001).  He was awarded the Mensforth International Gold Medal by the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1996.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e2823499", "title": "David Grant (engineer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Grant_(engineer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e2823499.json"}}
{"text": "He became a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1997, and was a vice-president from 2007 to 2012.  He is also a former council member of the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, and was a governing board member of Innovate UK (formerly the Technology Strategy Board).  He served on the board of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory from 2012 to 2018, and was chair of the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Network until 2018.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e2823499", "title": "David Grant (engineer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Grant_(engineer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e2823499.json"}}
{"text": "Grant is a non-executive director of Renishaw plc and of IQE, and chair of the National Physical Laboratory.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e2823499", "title": "David Grant (engineer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Grant_(engineer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e2823499.json"}}
{"text": "He was elected an Honorary Fellow of Wolfson College, Cambridge in 2000.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e2823499", "title": "David Grant (engineer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Grant_(engineer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e2823499.json"}}
{"text": "He was elected a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales in 2018.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e2823499", "title": "David Grant (engineer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Grant_(engineer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e2823499.json"}}
{"text": "Grant was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1997 for his contribution to the UK Foresight Programme, and was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to engineering, technology, and skills.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e2823499", "title": "David Grant (engineer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Grant_(engineer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e2823499.json"}}
{"text": "Philippe Coindreau is a French naval officer. He joined the Navy in 1979 and qualified as a pilot in 1984. He served as Major General of the Armed Forces from 1 September 2016 to August 31, 2018.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9dfd43ca", "title": "Philippe Coindreau", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Coindreau", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9dfd43ca.json"}}
{"text": "Lawrence H. Siegel (October 29, 1925 – August 20, 2019) was an American comedy writer and satirist who wrote for television, stage, magazines, records, and books. He won three Emmys as Head Writer during four seasons of The Carol Burnett Show along with one Writers Guild award and a dozen Emmy and Writers Guild nominations for his work in television comedy on shows like Burnett and Laugh-In.  He was one of Mad Magazine's top movie satire writers, and a member of the  \"usual gang of idiots\" for almost 33 years as well as one of the earliest humor and satire writers for Playboy. He was also a WWII Veteran, and the only American comedy writer to have ever both won an Emmy and received a Purple Heart.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "Siegel was born in New York City on October 29, 1925, to a family of Jewish descent. His first published work was a poem, Oh Dear What Can Sinatra Be?, which tweaked both the singer and his bobbysoxer fans, and ran in Earl Wilson's syndicated newspaper column in 1943. The verse read in part:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "Blaring lovesick rhyme,", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "Her insides flip in double time.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "A slender frame with sagging knees", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "Yet garnering fame with uncanny ease", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "The stricken dame pants the breeze.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "Eyes of blue, two hands alike", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "Stretching forth true", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "Close to you?  No, his mike.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "At the age of 18, Siegel was drafted into the Army soon after his contribution to Wilson's column.  In early 1944, after concluding infantry basic training in Georgia, he volunteered for additional stateside training with the 10th Mountain Division. The 10th landed in Naples, Italy for battle in January 1945. Siegel became an Army Rifleman and decorated war hero who received a Purple Heart, Bronze Star Medal, American Theater Ribbon, EAME Theater Ribbon with two Bronze Stars, Victory Medal, Combat Infantry Badge, and a Good Conduct ribbon.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "After the war ended, Siegel enrolled at the University of Illinois on the G.I. Bill. He wrote for the school humor magazine, Shaft, for two years. He became editor of the publication when his predecessor, Hugh Hefner, graduated, a college connection that would influence his future comedy career. While at college, Siegel had stories published in Fantasy and Science Fiction and American Legion Magazine. Siegel graduated and returned to his family in New York in 1950.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "In 1955, while on vacation in Nantucket, Siegel fell in love with Helen Hartman, an aide in the office of United Nations Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld in New York.  He proposed on their first date and they were married until Siegel's death.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "In the late 1950s, Hugh Hefner would enter his life once again when Siegel found work as Eastern Promotion Manager for Chicago-based Playboy. Siegel started writing humorous articles and satirical pieces for Playboy, Humbug and Mad Magazine.  He wrote nearly 300 articles for the latter, which appeared in more than 150 issues.  Siegel's output for Mad included nearly 80 movie and television parodies, including \"The Oddfather,\" \"Balmy and Clod\" and \"Flawrence of Arabia\" as well as a dozen \"primers,\" and several imaginary magazine parodies on topics ranging from medicine, to 1960s protesters, to \"gun nuts.\"  Siegel also wrote song parodies, including several of those in the Mad special issue which ultimately provoked a failed lawsuit by Irving Berlin and other composers which established certain copyright law protections that endure to this day.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "In 1965, at the behest of composer Mary Rodgers and Mad publisher William Gaines, Siegel collaborated with Stan Hart on The Mad Show.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "The world-wide success of The Mad Show brought the Siegel and Hart families to Los Angeles in 1968. There, they wrote a Flip Wilson special for NBC and a pilot for 20th Century Fox producer David Gerber called Oh Nurse!", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "In 1970, Siegel was hired by producer George Schlatter to write for Laugh-In. He later broke contract to write for Carol Burnett with Stan Hart. The team spent three years with Burnett, during which they won two Emmys and were nominated for another. Siegel and Hart parted from the Burnett show in 1974, and Siegel helped launch That's My Mama on ABC. He returned for the final season of Carol Burnett's show in 1977 and won a third Emmy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "In the early 1980s, Siegel was hired as part of a team of writers to pen a sequel of sorts to the hit LP record The First Family. Titled The First Family Rides Again and highlighting mimic Rich Little, the follow-up dealt with the life of Ronald Reagan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "During the 1990s, Siegel spent three years teaching comedy writing at UCLA before turning to acting and joining the Screen Actors Guild. He did commercials for companies including IBM and Northwest Airlines and also performed in stage musicals in the Los Angeles area.  At the age of 87, Siegel was still  doing improvisational comedy, writing, and performing in sketches for shows at the Broad Theater in Santa Monica, California. He died on August 20, 2019, at the age of 93.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "Lambiek Comiclopedia article.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "Complete list of Siegel's MAD articles", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "Larry Siegel in 2010 at a Los Angeles comedy club", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "Larry Siegel at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "Larry Siegel discography at Discogs", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "Larry Siegel at Find a Grave", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf220d64", "title": "Larry Siegel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf220d64.json"}}
{"text": "Mehdi Amirabadi (Persian: مهدی امیرآبادی, born 22 February 1979) is a retired Iranian footballer who usually played as a full back.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce789af7", "title": "Mehdi Amirabadi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Amirabadi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce789af7.json"}}
{"text": "Amirabadi was born in Tehranpars, Tehran, Iran.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce789af7", "title": "Mehdi Amirabadi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Amirabadi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce789af7.json"}}
{"text": "He joined Saipa in 1998. He joined Esteghlal F.C. in 2004. Since joining the club, he has again and again proven himself at the club scoring many vital goals as well as saving many. He has been the regular player since he joined Esteghlal on the right side for the team. In 2012, he was chosen as the club's captain after Farhad Majidi left the club on loan to Al-Gharafa. After spending 8 seasons at Esteghlal, by end of 2011–12 season he moved to Foolad along with Esmaeil Sharifat. He left Foolad in summer 2013 and joined Azadegan League side Paykan. He helped the club to promoted back to the Iran Pro League for the 2014–15 season.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce789af7", "title": "Mehdi Amirabadi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Amirabadi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce789af7.json"}}
{"text": "Club career statistics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce789af7", "title": "Mehdi Amirabadi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Amirabadi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce789af7.json"}}
{"text": "Last Update 10 May 2014", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce789af7", "title": "Mehdi Amirabadi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Amirabadi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce789af7.json"}}
{"text": "International career", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce789af7", "title": "Mehdi Amirabadi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Amirabadi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce789af7.json"}}
{"text": "He was part of the 2004 Asian Cup but did not play any match and never got a regular place for Team Melli.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce789af7", "title": "Mehdi Amirabadi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Amirabadi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce789af7.json"}}
{"text": "Iran Pro League (2): 2005–06, 2008–09", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce789af7", "title": "Mehdi Amirabadi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Amirabadi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce789af7.json"}}
{"text": "Runner up (1): 2010–11", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce789af7", "title": "Mehdi Amirabadi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Amirabadi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce789af7.json"}}
{"text": "Hazfi Cup (2): 2007–08, 2011–12", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce789af7", "title": "Mehdi Amirabadi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Amirabadi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce789af7.json"}}
{"text": "Mehdi Amirabadi at TeamMelli.com", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce789af7", "title": "Mehdi Amirabadi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Amirabadi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce789af7.json"}}
{"text": "Mehdi Amirabadi at National-Football-Teams.com", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce789af7", "title": "Mehdi Amirabadi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Amirabadi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce789af7.json"}}
{"text": "Saron was a Welsh Independent (Congregationalist) chapel in Davies Street, Aberaman, Wales, formed as an initiative of the David Price of Siloa, Aberdare, soon after the development of Aberaman as an industrial settlement as a result of the activities of Crawshay Bailey and David Davis, Blaengwawr. Saron was claimed to be the largest chapel in the Cynon Valley although Calvaria, Abercynon, Ebenezer, Trecynon and Siloa, Aberdare all had a similar capacity.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b2a52938", "title": "Saron Chapel, Aberaman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_Chapel,_Aberaman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b2a52938.json"}}
{"text": "Foundation and early history", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b2a52938", "title": "Saron Chapel, Aberaman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_Chapel,_Aberaman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b2a52938.json"}}
{"text": "The history of the cause at Saron can be traced to meetings held from November 1846 at a house in Cardiff Road, Aberaman, where Thomas Jones, minister of Adulam, Merthyr Tydfil had come to live and keep a school. At this time, the village of Aberaman was at a very early stage in its development as an industrial centre and, as workers frequently migrated in and out of the area the membership of the nascent church fluctuated. Soon, however the house became too small and the congregation moved to the nearby Lamb and Flag. The premises were owned by one Thomas Howells, but the holding of meetings in a public house, although far from unusual in those days, led to a split among the members and the meetings reverted to the house of Thomas Jones. When he died in January 1848 the future of the church was uncertain.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b2a52938", "title": "Saron Chapel, Aberaman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_Chapel,_Aberaman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b2a52938.json"}}
{"text": "However, at this stage, the intervention of David Price, minister of Siloa, Aberdare was crucial in the formation of a permanent Independent church at Aberaman, which was inaugurated later in 1848. In 1849, Joshua Thomas of Bethlehem, Llangadog, accepted a call to minister the church and in that year, in the wake of a religious revival which coincided with a cholera outbreak in the Glamorgan and Monmouthshire valleys, around 120 new members were accepted at Saron. A new building was urgently required and, shortly afterwards land was leased at Abergwawr Farm from Dr James Lewis Roberts and Jennett Roberts and a chapel built which was consecrated in 1850. The building costs in 1849–50 were £719. At this time there were 218 members at Saron.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b2a52938", "title": "Saron Chapel, Aberaman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_Chapel,_Aberaman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b2a52938.json"}}
{"text": "The Pastorate of John Davies, 1854–63", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b2a52938", "title": "Saron Chapel, Aberaman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_Chapel,_Aberaman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b2a52938.json"}}
{"text": "Once the cholera outbreak was over the membership at Saron declined as many of those who had sought religious solace when in fear of the disease now withdrew. In this atmosphere remaining members fell out amongst themselves, a number left for other churches and, ultimately, in August 1852, Joshua Thomas terminated his ministry at Saron. William Edwards, minister of Ebenezer, Trecynon, temporarily took on responsibility for Saron until a call was extended to the Rev John Davies of Llanelli, Breconshire, in June 1854. After some months'  hesitation, Davies accepted and commenced his ministry in November of that year.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b2a52938", "title": "Saron Chapel, Aberaman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_Chapel,_Aberaman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b2a52938.json"}}
{"text": "The arrival of the new minister immediately revived the cause at Saron. Although a branch of Saron was opened at Moriah Aman, Cwmaman, leading to the transfer of 29 members the existing building was found to be too small and a decision was taken to extend the building. This took place in 1856 at a cost of £220 to provide seating capacity for 900 people. This work cost £953, and the church debt was £1200, as the cost of building the original chapel had not been cleared. However, the debt was rapidly reduced, and in the early 1860s, the spacious Saron Hall was built behind the chapel at a cost of £300, and by 1865 the debt was largely cleared.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b2a52938", "title": "Saron Chapel, Aberaman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_Chapel,_Aberaman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b2a52938.json"}}
{"text": "It was no small feat for an industrial community composed in the main of manual labourers to raise over £2000 in little over fifteen years. Saron did benefit, however, from the religious revival of 1859–60, when some 50 new members were being admitted each month. During this time, members of Saron had a part to play in the formation of the Tabernacle English Congregational Church, Aberdare", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b2a52938", "title": "Saron Chapel, Aberaman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_Chapel,_Aberaman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b2a52938.json"}}
{"text": "John Davies had been a success at Aberaman and, in June 1863, he received a call from the church at Mount Stuart Square, Cardiff, and he ended his ministry at Saron on 14 June 1863.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b2a52938", "title": "Saron Chapel, Aberaman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_Chapel,_Aberaman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b2a52938.json"}}
{"text": "Later Nineteenth Century", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b2a52938", "title": "Saron Chapel, Aberaman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_Chapel,_Aberaman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b2a52938.json"}}
{"text": "A further renovation took place in 1890 at a cost of £1,600.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b2a52938", "title": "Saron Chapel, Aberaman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_Chapel,_Aberaman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b2a52938.json"}}
{"text": "R. Rowlands was minister from 1864 until 1891 and H.P. Jenkins from 1893 until 1922.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b2a52938", "title": "Saron Chapel, Aberaman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_Chapel,_Aberaman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b2a52938.json"}}
{"text": "The longest serving minister at Saron was Glannant Jones who served for 42 years from 1931 until 1973. Heulwen Evans ALCM was the organist from 1960 until 2000.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b2a52938", "title": "Saron Chapel, Aberaman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_Chapel,_Aberaman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b2a52938.json"}}
{"text": "The chapel was well-maintained into the twenty-first century but eventually closed due to a dwindling congregation. It was later reopened as Saron Chapel, Independent Baptist Church. The first service was November 5, 2014 under the new pastor, an American missionary, Dr. B.J. Stagner Jr. The church was renamed to Calvary Independent Baptist Church Cynon Valley in 2022.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b2a52938", "title": "Saron Chapel, Aberaman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_Chapel,_Aberaman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b2a52938.json"}}
{"text": "Jones, Alan Vernon (2004). Chapels of the Cynon Valley. Cynon Valley Historical Society. ISBN 0953107612.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b2a52938", "title": "Saron Chapel, Aberaman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_Chapel,_Aberaman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b2a52938.json"}}
{"text": "Rees, D. Ben (1975). Chapels in the Valley. The Ffynnon Press. ISBN 0-902158-08-2.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b2a52938", "title": "Saron Chapel, Aberaman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_Chapel,_Aberaman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b2a52938.json"}}
{"text": "Rees, Thomas; Thomas, John (1871). Hanes Eglwysi Annibynnol Cymru, Vol. 2.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b2a52938", "title": "Saron Chapel, Aberaman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_Chapel,_Aberaman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b2a52938.json"}}
{"text": "\"Glamorgan Chapel Database (Aberdare)\". Genuki. Retrieved 25 July 2014.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b2a52938", "title": "Saron Chapel, Aberaman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_Chapel,_Aberaman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b2a52938.json"}}
{"text": "Website of current Saron Chapel, Independent Baptist Church", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b2a52938", "title": "Saron Chapel, Aberaman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_Chapel,_Aberaman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b2a52938.json"}}
{"text": "All Saints Notting Hill is a Church of England parish church in Talbot Road, Notting Hill, London that is affiliated to the Anglo-Catholic Forward in Faith movement.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "The church is built in a Victorian Gothic Revival style with striking  polychromatic decoration. For heritage purposes the church is a Grade II* listed building.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "The building of All Saints' Church was begun in 1852 for the Reverend Dr Samuel Walker. Walker was a wealthy property speculator, one of several buying up land in the area that was then to be known as Kensington Park.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "The church was designed by architect William White, working with Sir George Gilbert Scott as to be the centrepiece of Walker's local property development, and a  church without pew rents.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "Walker's property speculation in the area was a financial failure  and he sold his interests to others speculating on property in the newly emerging area of Kensington Park.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "As a result, the church-building was left unfinished for a number of years during which time in some quarters it received the epthet \"All-Sinners-in-the-Mud\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "All Saints was eventually completed in 1861 at a cost of £25,000, without its spire, for the incumbency of Reverend John Light of Trinity College Dublin.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "The tower is 100 feet (30 m) high and is said to resemble the Medieval Gothic Belfry of Bruges, Belgium.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "All Saints suffered serious bomb damage in The Blitz of World War II, along with neighbouring buildings including Pinehurst Court, at 1–9 Colville Gardens. The first bombs fell on 26 September 1940, and the church was hit again in March and June 1944. The Lady Chapel and the south transept chapel were destroyed. Restoration work was completed in 1951.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "On October 14, 1966, Pink Floyd played the first of a number of events known as Notting Hill Fayre at All Saints church hall. The events, staged by the London Free School, were the forerunners of the internationally renowned Notting Hill Carnival. Three years later Hawkwind also played the church hall.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "From 1931 to 1961 the vicar was the outgoing and gregarious Fr John Twisaday, who established the high church worship tradition at All Saints. From January 2025 Rev. Charles Card-Reynolds will be Vicar.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "1885–96 Robert Trench", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "1896–1907 Philip Herbert Learyk", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "1907–31 Herbert Ridley", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "1932–61 John Herbert Cloete Twisaday", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "1961–66 John Herbert Brewer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "1966–67 John Henry Dixon", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "1976–2018 John Brownsell", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "2019-2024 Philip Corbett", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "2025- Charles Card-Reynolds", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "Decoration and fittings", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "The chancel has paintings by Henry Holiday.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "Notable parishioners", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "• Walter Passmore (1867–1946), a singer and actor best known for his comic baritone roles in Gilbert and Sullivan operas with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, was a choirboy at All Saints.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "Organs and Organists", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "1862-3. The church's first organ was built by Gray & Davison having  first been displayed at the 1862 International Exhibition. It was located in the south transept of the church. This position led to some criticism:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "The north transept of All Saints', Notting Hill, was designed by Mr. White, specially for the reception of the organ, and with this end in view he fenestrated it with a large traceried rose placed high up in the wall [...] the authorities caused the organ to be placed in the south transept, thus completely blocking up a very beautiful four-light window. The effect of the opposite transept, with the blank wall space left perfectly bare, is very unpleasing. [...] The organ in question, by Gray and Davison, occupies an elevated position, and has the somewhat unusual appendage (for a modern instrument) of a choir organ.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "1902. A new three-manual organ by Norman and Beard was installed, in the north chancel and north transept.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "1952. The organ was reconstructed by Percy Daniel & Co, Clevedon, with the pipe-work placed inside the tower speaking into the church via an opening onto the west gallery.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "(n.d.) Henry John Gauntlett (9 July 1805 Wellington – 21 February 1876 Kensington). Mus.D. (Lambeth, 1843)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "(n.d.) George Benjamin Allen (21 April 1822 London – 30 November 1897 Brisbane) Mus.B. (Oxon, 1852).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "(1873–86) Edward Henry Birch. (12 December 1849 Uxbridge – 9 April 1934 Kensington) Mus.B. (Oxon, 1875).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "(1885/6?-at least 1892) George Ernest Lake (29 May 1854 London – 15 March 1893 London).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "(noted In post in1902 & 1921) Richard William Robertson (c.1880 Kensington – 11 May 1936 St Pancras).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "(1905-) Henry Scott-Baker (1880 London -?) A.R.A.M., L.R.A.M., A.R.C.O.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "(noted In post in 1921) Benham Blaxland (1861 Parramatta – 1926 London).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "(1936–42) Joseph Hurst Bannister (1882 Burton-upon-Trent – 2 August 1942  Lindfield).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "(noted in post in 1957/8) Nicholas Jackson (1934– ), 3rd Bt (1979). LRAM.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "(1975) Organist post advertised jointly with St John's Notting Hill, £200p.a.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "(noted in post 2005) Andrew Tait GGSMD MA MMus.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "(2021–23) Christopher Myhill (1980- )", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "1877-79 Henry William Richards (16 April 1865, Notting Hill) - 4 January 1956. Reading). Mus.D. (Dunelm, 1903), Hon.R.A.M., Hon.R.C.M., F.R.C.O.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "September 1959 Assistant organist post advertised at £40 p.a.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "Denny, Barbara (1993). Notting Hill and Holland Park Past. Historical Publications. p. 70. ISBN 0-948667-18-4.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "Mitton, Geraldine (2007). The Kensington District. Project Gutenberg. (EBook 21643)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "Pevsner, Nikolaus (1952). London. The Buildings of England. Vol. 2 Except the Cities of London and Westminster. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-071006-X. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "Shepherd, FHW, ed. (1973). The Portobello and St Quintin estates. Survey of London. Vol. 37 Northern Kensington. London: London County Council. pp. 298–332.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "All Saints Notting Hill", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32f9cc5c", "title": "All Saints Notting Hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Notting_Hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32f9cc5c.json"}}
{"text": "Kamihori Station (上堀駅, Kamihori-eki) is a railway station in the city of Toyama, Toyama Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Toyama Chihō Railway.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6f4c198c", "title": "Kamihori Station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamihori_Station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6f4c198c.json"}}
{"text": "Kamihori Station is served by the  Toyama Chihō Railway Kamidaki Line, and is 2.1 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Minami-Toyama.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6f4c198c", "title": "Kamihori Station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamihori_Station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6f4c198c.json"}}
{"text": "The station has one ground-level side platform serving a single bi-directional track. The station is unattended.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6f4c198c", "title": "Kamihori Station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamihori_Station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6f4c198c.json"}}
{"text": "Kamihori Station was opened on 25 April 1921.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6f4c198c", "title": "Kamihori Station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamihori_Station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6f4c198c.json"}}
{"text": "Kamihori Post Office", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6f4c198c", "title": "Kamihori Station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamihori_Station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6f4c198c.json"}}
{"text": "Passenger statistics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6f4c198c", "title": "Kamihori Station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamihori_Station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6f4c198c.json"}}
{"text": "In fiscal 2015, the station was used by 281 passengers daily.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6f4c198c", "title": "Kamihori Station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamihori_Station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6f4c198c.json"}}
{"text": "List of railway stations in Japan", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6f4c198c", "title": "Kamihori Station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamihori_Station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6f4c198c.json"}}
{"text": "Jaspal Singh Bhatti (3 March 1955 – 25 October 2012) was an Indian television personality known for his satirical take on the problems of the common man. He was most well known for his television series Flop Show, Full Tension and mini capsules Ulta Pulta which ran on Doordarshan, India's public service broadcaster, in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He was commonly known as the \"King of Comedy\" and also the \"King of Satire\". He carried out various anti-corruption crusades in Chandigarh. His frontal attack on issues like red-tapism, nepotism, and corruption was both comic and awakening for the masses.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "In 2013, he was posthumously awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third-highest civilian award.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Early background and personal life", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Bhatti was born on 3 March 1955 in Amritsar, Punjab in a Punjabi Sikh Rajput family. Bhatti graduated from Punjab Engineering College (PEC) in Chandigarh as an electrical engineer.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Bhatti married Savita Bhatti on 24 March 1985, and has a son, Jasraj Bhatti, and a daughter, Raabiya Bhatti. ]Savita Bhatti was chosen in the 2014 Indian general elections, as a candidate of the Aam Aadmi Party from Chandigarh, but she opted out.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "His low-budget Flop Show, the TV series that debuted in the late 1980s starred his wife Savita Bhatti, who produced the show and acted in all 10 episodes as his wife. The show has cultivated a legacy and is well-remembered. One of his co-actors Vivek Shauq achieved fame after his stint in Flop Show, having found a solid footing in Hindi cinema.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Bhatti subsequently acted and directed the popular TV series Ulta Pulta and Nonsense Private Limited for Doordarshan network. His show incorporated humour to highlight everyday issues of the middle class in India. Bhatti's satire on the Punjab Police in his film Mahaul Theek Hai (1999) was his first directorial venture for a full-length feature film in his native Punjabi language. He played the role of Jolly Good Singh, a guard, in the movie Fanaa. He played a comical college principal in Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe. He also starred in the Punjabi comedy film Jijaji.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Bhatti acted in the Hindi film Aa Ab Laut Chalen with Kadar Khan in 1999.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Bhatti also appeared in SAB TV's Comedy ka King Kaun as a judge alongside actress Divya Dutta. Bhatti and his wife Savita also competed in a popular Star Plus show Nach Baliye which went on air in October 2008. The couple demonstrated their dancing and comic skills.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "In his later years, Jaspal Bhatti set up a training school and a studio in Mohali near Chandigarh called \"Joke Factory\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "He also launched a 52-episode comedy series titled Thank You Jijaji on Sony's family entertainment channel, SAB TV. It was shot at his own MAD Arts film school at Chandigarh.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "At a 2009 carnival in Chandigarh, Bhatti put up a stall displaying vegetables, pulses and oils. The onlookers were invited to throw rings around them to win these costly goods as prizes, poking fun at the government's failure to control inflation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "In 2009, Bhatti school, Mad Arts, produced an animation film, centered on female foeticide won the second prize in the Advantage India organised by 1take media. It won a certificate of merit at the IDPA-2008 Awards in Mumbai.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Bhatti was granted the Lifetime Achievement Award, at the first Golden Kela Awards.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Jaspal Bhatti was awarded Padma Bhushan by the Government of India, posthumously on Republic Day 2013 for his contribution to the Arts.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Bhatti was known for floating his political parties during elections to highlight the problems faced by the general public.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "In 1995, he floated the 'Hawala Party' delighting passers-by with his original poker-faced take on growing political corruption in the country which was already a hotly discussed topic in the context of the Jain-Hawala Diaries.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "In 2002, Bhatti announced that he was starting the \"Suitcase Party\" and released his manifesto allotting 5 seats to his family & more seats to be decided based on the suitcase size of the prospective candidates.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "In 2009, the comedian announced that he was floating the \"Recession Party\" and Bhajna Amli, alias Gurdev Dhillon, as his party's face from the Ludhiana. In his trademark satirical style, he kept his party's symbol as opium, drugs and alcohol for which he claimed that there would be no shortage of supply if his party was voted to power.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "India's leading media critic Amita Malik said of him: \"Bhatti has the correct style for TV, an understated, quiet humour which sinks in without shouting, and which mercilessly exposes both corruption in our everyday life and the typical people, who thrive on it. The grim fact and the hard truths of our society so bitter otherwise are made so funny through the adept handling of Bhatti, that cleansing laughter is created out of common malpractices.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Bhatti died in a car accident near Shahkot in the Jalandhar district on 25 October 2012, aged 57. The car was being driven by his son, Jasraj Bhatti, when it hit a tree. Jaspal died just one day before the release of his film Power Cut starring his son Jasraj.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "In his remembrance, his wife Savita Bhatti organised \"Jaspal Bhatti Humor Festival\" which takes place every year on his birth anniversary in Chandigarh.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Dil Pardesi Ho Gaya (2013) (Posthumous release)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Power Cut (2012) – Actor and director", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Dharti (2011) – Surveen's Dad", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Hum Tum Shabana (2011) Guest appearance", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Chak De Phatte (2009) – Pyara Singh Lovely", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Ek: The Power of One (2009)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Fanaa (2006) – Jolly Good Singh", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Nalaik (2006) – Daku Mann Singh", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Mera Dil Leke Dekkho (2006)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Jija Ji (2005) – Jija Ji", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Kuchh Meetha Ho Jaye (2005) – Ram Saran Dubey", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Kuch Naa Kaho (2003) – Monty Ahluwalia", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Tujhe Meri Kasam (2003) – Sardarji", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani (2002)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe (2002) – Naraaz Shankar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Shakti: The Power (2002) – Nandini's uncle", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Yeh Hai Jalwa (2002) – Buta Singh", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai (2000) – Balwinder (Balu)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Khauff (2000) – Hava Singh/Dava Singh", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Woh Bewafa Thi (2000)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Kartoos (1999) – Mini's uncle", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Mahaul Theek Hai (1999)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Aa Ab Laut Chalen (1999) – Iqbal", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Jaanam Samjha Karo (1999) – Tubby, Rahul's Secretary", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Kaala Samrajya (1999)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Wanted: Gurdas Mann Dead or Alive (1994) – Thanedaar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Mahaul Theek Hai (1999) (Also writer and producer)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Power Cut (2012) (Also writer and producer)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Jaspal Bhatti at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Site Jaspal Bhatti's Official Website", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_392bae62", "title": "Jaspal Bhatti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_392bae62.json"}}
{"text": "Santa Maria della Catena or Santa Maria del Porto is a church in Borgo Santa Lucia of Naples, Italy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c22d26f5", "title": "Santa Maria della Catena, Naples", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Catena,_Naples", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c22d26f5.json"}}
{"text": "The church was founded in 1576 by the inhabitants of the quartiere, and dedicated to the Madonna della Catena, an important Marian cult in Naples and Sicily. The legend holds that in 1390 in Palermo, three innocent, yet condemned, prisoners had their execution delayed due to a downpour. While in jail, their chains were broken by the miraculous intervention of the Virgin. The chains were found in the church of Santa Maria del Porto, further corroborating their tale, and led to the cult of Holy Mary of \"the Chains\" (della Catena).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c22d26f5", "title": "Santa Maria della Catena, Naples", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Catena,_Naples", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c22d26f5.json"}}
{"text": "The church here was rebuilt in the 17th century by Carmelo Passero. The decoration of the cupolas was completed by Gabriele Barrile, with collaboration of Andrea Canale. The church has the tomb of the painter Jusepe de Ribera, called Spagnoletto. In the church has been buried since 1799 Admiral Francesco Caracciolo, who was executed by order of Horatio Nelson. The fishermen of the neighborhood considered the admiral one of their own. An epitaph, posted in 1881, recalls that event.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c22d26f5", "title": "Santa Maria della Catena, Naples", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Catena,_Naples", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c22d26f5.json"}}
{"text": "The church was linked to the Feast of the Chain, which until thirty years ago took place in early September. During the feast, a boat was burned on the beach, around which were then organized singing and dancing. Santa Maria della Catena was a parish church up to half of the 18th century, today is a rectory for the nearby church of Santa Lucia a Mare.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c22d26f5", "title": "Santa Maria della Catena, Naples", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Catena,_Naples", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c22d26f5.json"}}
{"text": "Gmina Szczawin Kościelny (1943-1945, German Schauenkirch) is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Gostynin County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Szczawin Kościelny, which lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) south-east of Gostynin and 96 km (60 mi) west of Warsaw.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37f03f07", "title": "Gmina Szczawin Kościelny", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Szczawin_Ko%C5%9Bcielny", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37f03f07.json"}}
{"text": "The gmina covers an area of 127.14 square kilometres (49.1 sq mi), and as of 2022 its total population is 4,830.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37f03f07", "title": "Gmina Szczawin Kościelny", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Szczawin_Ko%C5%9Bcielny", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37f03f07.json"}}
{"text": "Gmina Szczawin Kościelny contains the villages and settlements of Adamów, Annopol, Białka, Budki Suserskie, Budy Kaleńskie, Dobrów, Gołas, Gorzewo-Kolonia, Helenów, Helenów Słupski, Helenów Trębski, Holendry Dobrowskie, Janki, Jesionka, Józefków, Kaleń, Kamieniec, Krzymów, Kunki, Lubieniek, Mellerów, Misiadla, Modrzew, Mościska, Osowia, Pieryszew, Przychód, Reszki, Sewerynów, Słup, Smolenta, Staw, Stefanów Suserski, Suserz, Swoboda, Szczawin Borowy-Kolonia, Szczawin Borowy-Wieś, Szczawin Kościelny, Szczawinek, Teodorów, Trębki, Tuliska, Waliszew, Witoldów, Wola Trębska and Wola Trębska-Parcel.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37f03f07", "title": "Gmina Szczawin Kościelny", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Szczawin_Ko%C5%9Bcielny", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37f03f07.json"}}
{"text": "Gmina Szczawin Kościelny is bordered by the gminas of Gąbin, Gostynin, Łąck, Oporów, Pacyna and Strzelce.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37f03f07", "title": "Gmina Szczawin Kościelny", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Szczawin_Ko%C5%9Bcielny", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37f03f07.json"}}
{"text": "Polish official population figures 2006", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37f03f07", "title": "Gmina Szczawin Kościelny", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Szczawin_Ko%C5%9Bcielny", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37f03f07.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Gmina Szczawin Kościelny at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37f03f07", "title": "Gmina Szczawin Kościelny", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Szczawin_Ko%C5%9Bcielny", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37f03f07.json"}}
{"text": "U.S. Naval Air Station Berehaven was a Lighter-than-Air (LTA) kite balloon station at Berehaven, County Cork, Ireland that the United States Navy (USN) operated in the First World War. It was commissioned on 29 April 1918 and decommissioned on 12 February 1919.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_290953a4", "title": "U.S. Naval Air Station Berehaven Ireland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Air_Station_Berehaven_Ireland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_290953a4.json"}}
{"text": "At the start of the USA's involvement in the First World War five sites in Ireland were identified to be operated by the United States Navy in support of allied operations. They were Berehaven, Lough Foyle, Queenstown (Cobh), Wexford and Whiddy Island.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_290953a4", "title": "U.S. Naval Air Station Berehaven Ireland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Air_Station_Berehaven_Ireland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_290953a4.json"}}
{"text": "ENS Carl E. Shumway, USNRF was made the Commanding Officer of this kite-ballon station on 26 April 1918. The base was officially commissioned three days later on 29 April 1918.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_290953a4", "title": "U.S. Naval Air Station Berehaven Ireland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Air_Station_Berehaven_Ireland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_290953a4.json"}}
{"text": "NAS Berehaven was designed as a kite balloon station to provide destroyers with kite balloons for convoy and patrol duties. Practice balloon flights were made from towed trucks, since the naval air station was not close enough to Queenstown, where the destroyers were based, to permit easy transfer of kite balloons between station and ship. Berehaven was not very active because of the transfer problem and the operational requirements imposed on destroyers which did not afford time for kite balloon operations aboard.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_290953a4", "title": "U.S. Naval Air Station Berehaven Ireland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Air_Station_Berehaven_Ireland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_290953a4.json"}}
{"text": "NAS Berehaven was a kite-balloon station where balloons were kept for use in conjunction with torpedo-boat destroyers. The balloons were transferred from the shore to the destroyers, made fast, and towed at an altitude of about 500 feet (150 m). This station was on a sound formed within Bantry Bay behind Bere Island near Castletown.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_290953a4", "title": "U.S. Naval Air Station Berehaven Ireland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Air_Station_Berehaven_Ireland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_290953a4.json"}}
{"text": "In July 1918 most of Berehaven's US LTA personnel and kite balloon equipment were transferred to NAS Brest, France. Berehaven later became a kite balloon station again, supporting operations aboard the Royal Navy 24-class sloop HMS Flying Fox in late July and early August 1918.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_290953a4", "title": "U.S. Naval Air Station Berehaven Ireland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Air_Station_Berehaven_Ireland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_290953a4.json"}}
{"text": "Berehaven then switched to support of balloon operations aboard the US battleships Nevada, Oklahoma and Utah from late August through mid-October. The three battleships had been sent to Europe to protect the Allied convoys approaching Ireland, and operated from Bantry Bay.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_290953a4", "title": "U.S. Naval Air Station Berehaven Ireland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Air_Station_Berehaven_Ireland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_290953a4.json"}}
{"text": "In the latter part of October 1918, preparations were being made to move LTA operations from Berehaven to Queenstown to make kite balloons more accessible to ships there.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_290953a4", "title": "U.S. Naval Air Station Berehaven Ireland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Air_Station_Berehaven_Ireland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_290953a4.json"}}
{"text": "End of hostilities and closure", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_290953a4", "title": "U.S. Naval Air Station Berehaven Ireland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Air_Station_Berehaven_Ireland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_290953a4.json"}}
{"text": "With the end of the war, the US Naval Air Stations Anti-submarine warfare patrols in Ireland were discontinued and all aircraft grounded and disarmed. When the Armistice of 11 November 1918 was signed NAS Berehaven had 16 kite balloons. The only United States Navy kite balloon base in the British Isles was disestablished on 12 February 1919.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_290953a4", "title": "U.S. Naval Air Station Berehaven Ireland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Air_Station_Berehaven_Ireland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_290953a4.json"}}
{"text": "U.S. Naval Air Station Lough Foyle Ireland", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_290953a4", "title": "U.S. Naval Air Station Berehaven Ireland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Air_Station_Berehaven_Ireland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_290953a4.json"}}
{"text": "U.S. Naval Air Station Queenstown Ireland", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_290953a4", "title": "U.S. Naval Air Station Berehaven Ireland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Air_Station_Berehaven_Ireland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_290953a4.json"}}
{"text": "U.S. Naval Air Station Wexford Ireland", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_290953a4", "title": "U.S. Naval Air Station Berehaven Ireland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Air_Station_Berehaven_Ireland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_290953a4.json"}}
{"text": "U.S. Naval Air Station Whiddy Island Ireland", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_290953a4", "title": "U.S. Naval Air Station Berehaven Ireland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Air_Station_Berehaven_Ireland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_290953a4.json"}}
{"text": "Wargnies-le-Petit (French pronunciation: [waʁɲi lə pəti]) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb14443f", "title": "Wargnies-le-Petit", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wargnies-le-Petit", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb14443f.json"}}
{"text": "Communes of the Nord department", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb14443f", "title": "Wargnies-le-Petit", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wargnies-le-Petit", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb14443f.json"}}
{"text": "The Aalenian ( ) is a subdivision of the Middle Jurassic Epoch/Series of the geologic timescale that extends from about 174.7 ±0.8 Ma to about 170.9 ±0.8 Ma (million years ago). It was preceded by the Toarcian and succeeded by the Bajocian.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4b409d9", "title": "Aalenian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalenian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4b409d9.json"}}
{"text": "Stratigraphic definitions", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4b409d9", "title": "Aalenian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalenian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4b409d9.json"}}
{"text": "The Aalenian takes its name from the town of Aalen, some 70 km east of  Stuttgart in Germany. The town lies at the northeastern end of the Swabian Jura. The name Aalenian was introduced in scientific literature by Swiss geologist Karl Mayer-Eymar in 1864.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4b409d9", "title": "Aalenian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalenian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4b409d9.json"}}
{"text": "The base of the Aalenian is defined as the place in the stratigraphic column where the ammonite genus Leioceras first appears. The global reference profile (GSSP) is located 500 meters north of the village of Fuentelsaz in the Spanish province of Guadalajara. The top of the Aalenian (the base of the Bajocian) is at the first appearance of ammonite genus Hyperlioceras.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4b409d9", "title": "Aalenian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalenian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4b409d9.json"}}
{"text": "In the Tethys domain, the Aalenian contains four ammonite biozones:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4b409d9", "title": "Aalenian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalenian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4b409d9.json"}}
{"text": "zone of Graphoceras concavum", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4b409d9", "title": "Aalenian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalenian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4b409d9.json"}}
{"text": "zone of Brasilia bradfordensis", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4b409d9", "title": "Aalenian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalenian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4b409d9.json"}}
{"text": "zone of Ludwigia murchisonae", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4b409d9", "title": "Aalenian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalenian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4b409d9.json"}}
{"text": "zone of Leioceras opalinum", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4b409d9", "title": "Aalenian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalenian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4b409d9.json"}}
{"text": "Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4b409d9", "title": "Aalenian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalenian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4b409d9.json"}}
{"text": "Cresta, S.; Goy, A.; Ureta, S.; Arias, C.; Barrón, E.; Bernad, J.; Canales, M.L.; García-Joral, F.; García-Romero, E.; Gialanella, P.R.; Gómez, J.J.; González, J.A.; Herrero, C.; Martínez, G.; Osete, M.L.; Perilli, N. & Villalaín, J.J.; 2001: The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Toarcian-Aalenian Boundary (Lower-Middle Jurassic), Episodes 24(3): pp 166–175.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4b409d9", "title": "Aalenian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalenian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4b409d9.json"}}
{"text": "Mayer-Eymar, K.; 1864: Tableau synchronistique des terrains jurassiques. 1 Tabelle, Zürich. (in French)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4b409d9", "title": "Aalenian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalenian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4b409d9.json"}}
{"text": "Sepkoski, J.; 2002: A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (entry on cephalopoda), Bulletins of American Paleontology 364, p 560.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4b409d9", "title": "Aalenian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalenian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4b409d9.json"}}
{"text": "GeoWhen Database - Aalenian", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4b409d9", "title": "Aalenian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalenian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4b409d9.json"}}
{"text": "Lower Jurassic timescale, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4b409d9", "title": "Aalenian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalenian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4b409d9.json"}}
{"text": "Stratigraphic chart of the Upper and Lower Jurassic, at the website of Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4b409d9", "title": "Aalenian", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalenian", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4b409d9.json"}}
{"text": "The Civic Democratic Party (ODS) leadership election, 2002 happened after party was defeated in parliamentary election. The incumbent leader Václav Klaus decided to not participate in the election. The main Candidates included Petr Nečas, Jan Zahradil and Mirek Topolánek. Petr Nečas was considered front-runner but unexpectedly lost in second round to Mirek Topolánek who was considered a Dark horse of the election. 353 delegates could vote.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_87a694a3", "title": "2002 Civic Democratic Party leadership election", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Civic_Democratic_Party_leadership_election", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_87a694a3.json"}}
{"text": "Václav Klaus led ODS since its foundation in 1991. Party was in opposition since 2002 but supported minority cabinet of Miloš Zeman. ODS hoped to win 2002 legislative election but was defeated by ČSSD. Klaus then decided to not seek another term as leader of ODS and decided to run for presidency instead. New leader was to be elected at congress in Františkovy Lázně.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_87a694a3", "title": "2002 Civic Democratic Party leadership election", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Civic_Democratic_Party_leadership_election", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_87a694a3.json"}}
{"text": "On 22 September 2002, Evžen Tošenovský announced his candidacy. Jan Zahradil reacted with an announcement that he will run against Tošenovský. Tošenovský withdrew from election on 8 November 2002. He was the only official candidate at the time.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_87a694a3", "title": "2002 Civic Democratic Party leadership election", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Civic_Democratic_Party_leadership_election", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_87a694a3.json"}}
{"text": "In early November 2002, Mirek Topolánek and Miroslava Němcová announced their candidacy. On 20 November 2002, Petr Nečas announced his candidacy. Pavel Bém stated that he will announce candidacy on 28 November 2002.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_87a694a3", "title": "2002 Civic Democratic Party leadership election", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Civic_Democratic_Party_leadership_election", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_87a694a3.json"}}
{"text": "Petr Nečas and Jan Zahradil were considered main candidates for the chairmanship as they were supported by strongest regional organisations. Nečas was endorsed by South Moravian ODS and Zahradil by Prague ODS. Other candidates were Mirek Topolánek and Miroslava Němcová. Zahradil also received nomination from Plzeň and Ústí organisations. Nečas then received nomination from Moravia-Silesia which was Topolánek's home regional organisation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_87a694a3", "title": "2002 Civic Democratic Party leadership election", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Civic_Democratic_Party_leadership_election", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_87a694a3.json"}}
{"text": "Petr Nečas - A Vice-Chairman of the party whose candidature was rumoured even though he previously rejected the possibility. He was considered the front runner among remaining candidates. He was the candidate of conservative part in ODS.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_87a694a3", "title": "2002 Civic Democratic Party leadership election", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Civic_Democratic_Party_leadership_election", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_87a694a3.json"}}
{"text": "Jan Zahradil - Zahradil was considered the liberal candidate in election.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_87a694a3", "title": "2002 Civic Democratic Party leadership election", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Civic_Democratic_Party_leadership_election", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_87a694a3.json"}}
{"text": "Mirek Topolánek - Chairman of Senate Caucasus who was considered the least preferred candidate for Klaus. His victory was unexpected.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_87a694a3", "title": "2002 Civic Democratic Party leadership election", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Civic_Democratic_Party_leadership_election", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_87a694a3.json"}}
{"text": "Miroslava Němcová - Vice Chairman of Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic and only woman in election.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_87a694a3", "title": "2002 Civic Democratic Party leadership election", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Civic_Democratic_Party_leadership_election", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_87a694a3.json"}}
{"text": "Jindřich Novohradský - Medic who announced his candidature at last moments.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_87a694a3", "title": "2002 Civic Democratic Party leadership election", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Civic_Democratic_Party_leadership_election", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_87a694a3.json"}}
{"text": "Evžen Tošenovský - He announced his candidature in September 2002 and was the only candidate at the time. He suspended his candidature when ODS won Senate and Municipal elections. His candidature was called a \"hostile takeover attempt.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_87a694a3", "title": "2002 Civic Democratic Party leadership election", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Civic_Democratic_Party_leadership_election", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_87a694a3.json"}}
{"text": "Václav Klaus - The incumbent leader of party. Klaus originally said that he intends to run again and South Bohemian ODS even proposed his candidature but Klaus eventually decided to focus on presidential candidature instead. Klaus was elected Honorary Chairman of ODS.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_87a694a3", "title": "2002 Civic Democratic Party leadership election", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Civic_Democratic_Party_leadership_election", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_87a694a3.json"}}
{"text": "Other rumoured candidates included Vlastimil Tlustý or Martin Říman.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_87a694a3", "title": "2002 Civic Democratic Party leadership election", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Civic_Democratic_Party_leadership_election", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_87a694a3.json"}}
{"text": "Before the voting started, candidates were allowed to make a speech for delegates. Conservative candidate Petr Nečas called for strong fight against left and for more open cooperation with other right wing parties. Liberal candidate Jan Zahradil stated that inner functioning of ODS should change and also called for cooperation with other parties. Mirek Topolánek, who was considered the least preferred candidate for Klaus, praised Klaus' role in party. He stated that ODS should embrace Klausism as its ideology. Miroslava Němcová declined to make a speech. It was expected that Petr Nečas and Jan Zahradil will face each other in the second round but Zahradil was eliminated and Topolánek became Nečas' rival for the second round. Nečas was considered the front-runner but Topolánek received more votes and became the new leader.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_87a694a3", "title": "2002 Civic Democratic Party leadership election", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Civic_Democratic_Party_leadership_election", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_87a694a3.json"}}
{"text": "Topolánek's victory was unexpected as he was the least acceptable candidate to Václav Klaus. Some delegates admitted that they voted for Topolánek because they wanted change. Klaus reportedly wasn't pleased by the result and was seen sending a text message in which he called Topolánek \"absolutely dry hollow poplar.\" According to Topolánek Klaus accepted the result correctly. Klaus himself stated that he doesn't have a problem with Topolánek but with people who pushed Topolánek to the position with expectations that are different than expectations of Mirek Topolánek Topolánek led ODS to 2006 parliamentary election and became the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic. He was replaced as the leader of ODS by Petr Nečas in 2010.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_87a694a3", "title": "2002 Civic Democratic Party leadership election", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Civic_Democratic_Party_leadership_election", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_87a694a3.json"}}
{"text": "Neolema sexpunctata, the six-spotted neolema, is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in North America.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_69e58f2e", "title": "Neolema sexpunctata", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolema_sexpunctata", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_69e58f2e.json"}}
{"text": "== External links ==", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_69e58f2e", "title": "Neolema sexpunctata", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolema_sexpunctata", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_69e58f2e.json"}}
{"text": "Nebula Awards 22 is an anthology of award winning science fiction short works edited by George Zebrowski, the third of three successive volumes under his editorship. It was first published in hardcover and trade paperback by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich in April 1988.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7fe4ae5c", "title": "Nebula Awards 22", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Awards_22", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7fe4ae5c.json"}}
{"text": "The book collects pieces that won or were nominated for the Nebula Awards for novella, novelette and short story for the year 1987 and various nonfiction pieces related to the awards, together with an essay by 1987 Grand Master award winner Isaac Asimov, the two Rhysling Award-winning poems for 1986, a couple other pieces, and an introduction by the editor. Not all nominees for the various awards are included.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7fe4ae5c", "title": "Nebula Awards 22", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Awards_22", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7fe4ae5c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Introduction\" (George Zebrowski)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7fe4ae5c", "title": "Nebula Awards 22", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Awards_22", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7fe4ae5c.json"}}
{"text": "\"1986, Reduced from 2000\" [essay] (Algis Budrys)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7fe4ae5c", "title": "Nebula Awards 22", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Awards_22", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7fe4ae5c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Robot Dreams\" [Best Short Story nominee, 1987] (Isaac Asimov)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7fe4ae5c", "title": "Nebula Awards 22", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Awards_22", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7fe4ae5c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Seven Steps to Grand Master\" [essay] (Isaac Asimov)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7fe4ae5c", "title": "Nebula Awards 22", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Awards_22", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7fe4ae5c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Tangents\" [Best Short Story winner, 1987] (Greg Bear)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7fe4ae5c", "title": "Nebula Awards 22", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Awards_22", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7fe4ae5c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Surviving\" [Best Novelette nominee, 1987] (Judith Moffett)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7fe4ae5c", "title": "Nebula Awards 22", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Awards_22", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7fe4ae5c.json"}}
{"text": "\"The Girl Who Fell into the Sky\" [Best Novelette winner, 1987] (Kate Wilhelm)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7fe4ae5c", "title": "Nebula Awards 22", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Awards_22", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7fe4ae5c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Listening to Brahms\" [Best Novelette nominee, 1987] (Suzy McKee Charnas)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7fe4ae5c", "title": "Nebula Awards 22", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Awards_22", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7fe4ae5c.json"}}
{"text": "\"R & R\" [Best Novella winner, 1987] (Lucius Shepard)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7fe4ae5c", "title": "Nebula Awards 22", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Awards_22", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7fe4ae5c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Salvage\" [novelette] (Orson Scott Card)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7fe4ae5c", "title": "Nebula Awards 22", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Awards_22", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7fe4ae5c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Newton Sleep\" [Best Novella nominee, 1987] (Gregory Benford)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7fe4ae5c", "title": "Nebula Awards 22", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Awards_22", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7fe4ae5c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Rhysling Poetry Award Winners\" [essay] (George Zebrowski)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7fe4ae5c", "title": "Nebula Awards 22", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Awards_22", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7fe4ae5c.json"}}
{"text": "\"The Neighbor's Wife\" [Rhysling Award Short Poem winner, 1986] (Susan Palwick)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7fe4ae5c", "title": "Nebula Awards 22", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Awards_22", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7fe4ae5c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Shipwrecked on Destiny Five\" [Rhysling Award Long Poem winner, 1986] (Andrew Joron)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7fe4ae5c", "title": "Nebula Awards 22", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Awards_22", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7fe4ae5c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Science Fiction Movies of 1986\" [essay] (Bill Warren)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7fe4ae5c", "title": "Nebula Awards 22", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Awards_22", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7fe4ae5c.json"}}
{"text": "Jim Creighton of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, reviewing the book along with another Zebrowsky-edited anthology, Paper Synergy no. 2, wrote \"The annual collections of Nebula Award winners ... are always great, and this year's edition is made even more notable by the presence of Lucius Shepard's brilliant novella 'R & R.'\" He also cited the Bear and Wilhelm pieces as \"highly deserving prize winners.\" The pieces by current Grand Master Asimov (described as \"wry\") and Card were singled out for particular mention as well, though Creighton laments the omission of \"[m]y own favorite novelette [of Card's], \"Hatrack River.\" He noted that \"[t]he only problem is that anyone who's really interested in science fiction has probably encountered most of the stories two or three times before ... some first appeared more than two years ago and have already been reprinted several times. If you haven't read them before, though, you have a treat in store.\" Paper Synergy was found \"not as outstanding as the Nebula collection (naturally enough), [though] an all-new and extremely interesting package.\" His conclusion: \"[d]ouble applause for Zebrowski.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7fe4ae5c", "title": "Nebula Awards 22", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Awards_22", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7fe4ae5c.json"}}
{"text": "The anthology was also reviewed by Tom Easton in Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact v. 108, no. 13, Mid-December, 1988.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7fe4ae5c", "title": "Nebula Awards 22", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Awards_22", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7fe4ae5c.json"}}
{"text": "The book placed twenty-sixth in the 1989 Locus Poll Award for Best Anthology.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7fe4ae5c", "title": "Nebula Awards 22", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Awards_22", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7fe4ae5c.json"}}
{"text": "Amity University, Raipur or Amity University Chhattisgarh is a state private university located in Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. It was established in 2014 by Ritnand Balved Education Foundation (RBEF) as its Chhattisgarh campus.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_249bca8d", "title": "Amity University, Raipur", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amity_University,_Raipur", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_249bca8d.json"}}
{"text": "Rudolf Forster (30 October 1884 – 25 October 1968) was an Austrian film actor. He appeared in more than 100 films between 1914 and 1968. His autobiography Das Spiel, mein Leben was published by Propyläen Verlag in 1967. He was born in Gröbming, Austria, and died in Bad Aussee, Austria.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46266f98", "title": "Rudolf Forster", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Forster", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46266f98.json"}}
{"text": "Selected filmography", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46266f98", "title": "Rudolf Forster", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Forster", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46266f98.json"}}
{"text": "Rudolf Forster at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46266f98", "title": "Rudolf Forster", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Forster", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46266f98.json"}}
{"text": "Rudolf Forster at Virtual History", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46266f98", "title": "Rudolf Forster", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Forster", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46266f98.json"}}
{"text": "The Duchy of Salzburg (German: Herzogtum Salzburg) was a Cisleithanian crown land of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary from 1849 to 1918. Its capital was Salzburg, while other towns in the duchy included Zell am See and Gastein. Before becoming a crown land, Salzburg went through numerous changes of rulership. It is differentiated from its predecessor, the Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg, as it was mediatized in 1803 through the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss and remained henceforth under secular rule as the Electorate (Kurfürstentum) of Salzburg; in the following 43 years, it would undergo three more changes of rulership before becoming the crown land of Salzburg.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32b24c55", "title": "Duchy of Salzburg", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Salzburg", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32b24c55.json"}}
{"text": "In the course of the German mediatization of 1803, the Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg, an ecclesiastical State of the Holy Roman Empire, was secularized as the Electorate of Salzburg, ruled by the Habsburg archduke Ferdinand III of Austria. However, two years later, this short-lived principality was annexed by the newly established Austrian Empire according to the Peace of Pressburg and Ferdinand received the Grand Duchy of Würzburg in compensation. The electoral title became obsolete with the Empire's dissolution in 1806. By the Treaty of Schönbrunn of 1809, Salzburg temporarily became French and was released in 1810 to the Kingdom of Bavaria, where it formed the Salzachkreis.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32b24c55", "title": "Duchy of Salzburg", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Salzburg", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32b24c55.json"}}
{"text": "After the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the 1816 Treaty of Munich, the Salzburg lands came back to Austria, with the exception of the share on the left bank of the Salzach river, the so-called Rupertiwinkel, which, like the former Prince-Provostry of Berchtesgaden, remained in Bavaria. Some smaller areas in the Ziller and Defereggen valleys fell to Tyrol; the town of Friesach was ceded to Carinthia. The Salzburg territory was administered from Linz as Salzburgkreis, the fifth district within the crown land of Upper Austria. The decreased significance led to emigration and economic crises. On the other hand, the remote province developed as a tourist destination, mainly for Alpinists like Archduke John of Austria.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32b24c55", "title": "Duchy of Salzburg", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Salzburg", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32b24c55.json"}}
{"text": "After the Revolutions of 1848, the Salzburg territory was again separated from Upper Austria and became a new crown land in its own right, the Duchy of Salzburg, by resolution of 26 June 1849. Caroline Augusta of Bavaria, widow of the late Emperor Francis I of Austria, chose the city of Salzburg as her residence. According to the 1861 February Patent, the duchy received a Landtag diet. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, it belonged to the Cisleithanian (Austrian) part of Austria-Hungary.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32b24c55", "title": "Duchy of Salzburg", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Salzburg", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32b24c55.json"}}
{"text": "With the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1918, the duchy was succeeded by the state of Salzburg, part of first German Austria and then the First Austrian Republic.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_32b24c55", "title": "Duchy of Salzburg", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Salzburg", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_32b24c55.json"}}
{"text": "The Beijing city fortifications were a system of walls with towers and gates constructed in the city of Beijing, China in the early 1400s and partially demolished in 1965 for the construction of the 2nd Ring Road and Line 2 of the Beijing Subway. The original walls were preserved in the southeastern part of the city, just south of the Beijing railway station. The entire perimeter of the Inner and Outer city walls stretched for approximately 60 kilometres (37 mi).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Beijing was the capital of China for the majority of the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, as well as a secondary capital of the Liao and Jin dynasties. As such, the city required an extensive fortification system around the Forbidden City, the Imperial City, the Inner City, and the Outer City. Fortifications included gate towers, gates, archways, watchtowers, barbicans, barbican towers, barbican gates, barbican archways, sluice gates, sluice gate towers, enemy sighting towers, corner guard towers, and a moat system. It had the most extensive defense system in Imperial China.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "After the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Beijing's fortifications were gradually dismantled. The Forbidden City has remained largely intact and has become the Palace Museum. Some fortifications remain intact, including Tiananmen, the gate tower and watchtower at Zhengyangmen, the watchtower at Deshengmen, the southeastern corner guard tower, and a section of the Inner city wall near Chongwenmen. The latter two components now form the Ming City Wall Relics Park. None of the Outer City remains intact. Yongdingmen was completely reconstructed in 2004.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The city of Dadu, the forerunner of Beijing in the Ming and Qing dynasties, was built in 1264 by the Yuan dynasty. Dadu had 11 city gates. The eastern, southern, and western sides had three gates per side, and the northern wall had two gates. The three eastern gates, from north to south, were called Guangximen (光熙门), Chongrenmen (崇仁门), and Qihuamen (齐化门). The three western gates, from north to south, were called Suqingmen (肃清门), Heyimen (和义门), and Pingzemen (平则门). The three southern gates, from west to east, were called Shunchengmen (顺承门), Lizhengmen (丽正门), and Wenmingmen (文明门). The two northern gates, from west to east, were called Jiandemen (健德门) and Anzhenmen (安贞门).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "In August 1368 General Xu Da of the Ming dynasty captured the city from the last Yuan emperor, Emperor Shun. Xu Da decided that Dadu's fortification system was too large to defend during a siege, so he ordered the city's northern walls rebuilt 2.8 kilometres (1.7 miles) to the south of the original location. This construction pre-empted the planned northern expansion of the city. The new wall was constructed with an extra layer of bricks, further strengthening the city's defenses.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The original northern walls were abandoned after 1372, but were still used as a secondary defense during the Ming dynasty. During the rebellion of An Da, there were some Ming troops stationed at those gates. Only a small part of the northern and western sections of the Dadu city walls remain, as well as parts of the moat system in those areas. The southern half of the rammed earth wall of the barbican at Suqingmen is also still visible today.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "In 1370, the Hongwu Emperor granted his fourth son, Zhu Di (later Yongle Emperor) the title 'King of the Yan dependency', whose capital was at Beiping (present-day Beijing). In 1379, the new palace was completed, and Zhu Di moved in the subsequent year.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "In 1403, Zhu Di changed the name of the city from Beiping (\"northern peace\") to Beijing (\"northern capital\"). In 1406, he began planning a move of his capital from Nanjing to Beijing. At that time, Beijing was just the capital of the dependency of the kingdom of Yan; therefore it did not have very extensive fortifications. Extensive expansion and reconstruction work would be needed to meet the defence requirements of the new capital for it to withstand the sporadic Mongol incursions from the north. This marked the beginning of the construction of the Ming sections of Beijing's fortifications.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Construction work on the Xinei (\"inner west\") began in 1406, upon the foundations of the Yan King's Palace. It was finished the following year. In 1409, Jianshouling was completed at Mount Tianshou in the Changping District. In 1416 construction of the Forbidden City complex began, in a style that imitated the original Nanjing Imperial Palace. The Forbidden City's halls, palaces, and pavilions, such as Taimiao, Ancestor Hall, Mount Wansui, Taiye Lake, residences of the Ten Kings, residences of the imperial princes, residences of the officials and the Drum and Bell Towers were built at this time. The southern city walls were moved south by 0.8 kilometres (0.50 mi) to allow more space for the future Imperial City complex. In 1421 the capital of Ming dynasty China was officially moved from Nanjing (\"southern capital\") to Beijing (\"northern capital\"). The Temple of Heaven, the Temple of Earth and Xiannong Temple were built in what was then the southern suburbs. Some sources indicate that the central axis of the city was moved eastwards to subdue the previous dynasty's Qi (new Qi comes from the east, where the sun rises daily).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "A second expansion of the city occurred between 1436 and 1445, on the orders of Emperor Ying of the Ming dynasty. Major works included the addition of an extra layer of bricks on the interior side of the city walls, creating the southern end at Taiye Lake, construction of gate towers, barbicans and watchtowers at nine major city gates, construction of the four corner guard towers, setting up a Paifang on the outside of each major city gate and replacing wooden moat bridges with stone bridges. Sluices were built under the bridges and revetments of stone and brick were added to the embankment of the moat.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The newly expanded city wall and moat system was 45 li (22.5 kilometres (14.0 mi)) around the perimeter, providing formidable defence. The Imperial Tombs were built on the outskirts of the city. Changping city, a supply city, interior sections of the Great Wall and other distant fortifications were built for the protection of Beijing during a siege.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The city faced many invasions from the Mongols. In 1476 construction of an outer city was proposed. In 1553, a large rectangular outer city wall and moat system was completed to the south of the original city, forming a shape similar to the \"凸\" character. This defensive perimeter was maintained for nearly 400 years.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The wall and moat defense system was retained unchanged by the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). However, the imperial city was completely redesigned. Many houses that had been used as residences by Ming dynasty inner cabinet officials were converted into housing for commoners, as were many imperial officials' offices, servants' quarters, warehouses, and hay storage barns. The Han Chinese were forced to live in the Outer City or outside the city, as the Inner City residences became exclusively homes for the Eight Banners—Manchus related to the emperor. Additional housing was built in the Inner city for imperial relatives, along with Buddhist temples of the Gelug sect. The \"Three Mounts Five Gardens\" park in the western suburbs was also built at this time.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "When the British first arrived in Beijing during the Qing dynasty, they recorded the four sectors of the city on newspaper as: Chinese City (Outer City), Tartar City (Inner City), Imperial City and Forbidden City.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Historical records indicate that when Li Zicheng retreated from the city in 1644, he ordered that the Ming Imperial palace complex and the major city gates be set afire. But in 1960, when the walls were finally dismantled, the workers realized that the Dongzhimen and Chongwenmen towers and gate sections were the Ming originals.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The wall and moat systems were well maintained during the Ming and Qing dynasties, right up until 1900. It was not permitted to drill holes or cut arches in walls. Any damage—even just a single missing brick—was swiftly reported to the authorities and repaired.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Much damage was done to the fortifications during the Boxer Rebellion (1898–1901). The Righteous Harmony Society burned down the gate tower at Zhengyangmen, and its watchtower was destroyed by Indian troops. The watchtowers at Chaoyangmen and Chongwenmen were destroyed by artillery fire from Japanese and British forces, and the guard tower at the northwest corner of the Inner City was destroyed by Russian cannons. British troops tore down the western section of the Outer City walls at Yongdingmen and the city walls surrounding the Temple of Heaven. They moved the terminus of the Beijing–Fengtian Railway from Majiapu, outside the city, to the grounds of the Temple of Heaven, where the British and American forces were headquartered. This was the first time since the Ming dynasty that the city walls had been breached. In 1901, British troops tore down the eastern section of the Outer city walls at Yongdingmen to allow an extension of the railway eastwards to Zhengyangmen. This enabled the construction of the Zhengyangmen East railway station (the present Qianmen Station). Here, British embassy and consulate staff could board trains to travel to the port city of Tientsin (now Tianjin) in the event of the need to retreat. British troops also tore down the eastern section of the Outer city wall near Dongbianmen for the construction of the Beijing Dongbianmen-Tongzhou feeder railway.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The Imperial government of Qing China collapsed in 1911. Between 1912 and 1949, the Republic of China Beiyang government and Nationalist government all undertook minor deconstruction and adjustment work. When the Beijing circum-city railway was built in 1915, the sight towers at the northeast and southeast corners were dismantled and the side walls of the guard towers at these corners had arches built as passageways for trains. The barbican and sluice gates at Deshengmen, Andingmen, Chaoyangmen, and Dongzhimen were dismantled for the passage of trains. The barbican at Zhengyangmen was dismantled to ease traffic in the Qianmen area. Arches for trains were cut in the city walls near Hepingmen, Jianguomen, Fuxingmen and several other minor gates. The walls of the Imperial city were fully dismantled, except for the south to southwest section.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The gate towers, watchtowers, and corner towers of the major gates of both the Inner City and Outer City were dismantled over time due to lack of funds for maintenance. But when the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, the majority of the moats and gate towers were extant, albeit in a dilapidated state.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "In 1949, Beijing became the capital of the newly founded Communist government. Government-sponsored city planning studies showed that the remaining wall and moat structures were hindering traffic flow and were a barrier to expansion and development. The Outer city wall was completely dismantled in the 1950s, and the inner walls were torn down starting in 1953.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Meanwhile, a debate was raging as to whether to keep or to dismantle the remaining city walls. Architect Liang Sicheng was a leading advocate for keeping the walls. He recommended cutting more arches to accommodate new roads that would serve increased traffic needs, and suggested building a giant public park immediately outside the city walls and moats to beautify the environment. Pro-keep supporters included Redologist Yu Pingbo, then Department of Culture Vice Minister Zheng Zhenduo and many Soviet city planners then in the country. The pro-keep contingent was silenced by political pressure, and by the end of the Great Leap Forward (1958–1961), the Outer city wall was completely dismantled and the Inner wall was halved in length.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "During the 1960s, relations between China and the Soviet Union soured. After the Sino-Soviet split, people felt that war with the Soviet Union was inevitable. Underground bomb shelters, underground \"supply cities\", and an underground railway—the Beijing Subway—were commissioned. Work on the Subway began on 1 July 1965. The construction technique used was cut-and-cover: wherever the path of the subway was to go, everything on the surface had to be demolished. Since demolishing houses and relocating people would have been such a great undertaking, the decision was made to build the subway line where the city walls and moats were located.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The demolition work, which began in 1965, was under the supervision of Beijing city government's roads and development department. People and factories that hoped to gain access to building materials from the city's fortifications volunteered to participate in the demolition. After construction began on the metro system, troops were brought in to help with the demolition work to increase the speed and efficiency of the process. The first section of walls to be removed were the southern portion of the Inner city wall, Xuanwumen, and Chongwenmen, leaving behind a 23.6 km (14.7 mi) ditch. The second stage began at Beijing railway station in the southeast corner of the Inner City and passed through the sites of Jianguomen, Andingmen, Xizhimen, and Fuxingmen. Towers and walls were removed and another 16.04 kilometres (9.97 mi) of ditch was created. A section of wall near Xibianmen about 100 metres (330 ft) long was used as a storage area for raw materials, and thus was spared from demolition. Another section from Chongwenmen to the guard tower at the southeast corner of the Inner City was spared, because the subway line veered towards the Beijing railway station. The tops of the walls were dismantled, making it no longer possible to walk along the top of them. Beginning in 1972, in order to pave the 2nd Ring Road above the Subway, and to serve high-rise apartments and hotels in the Qianmen area, Beijing's eastern, southern, and western moats were covered and converted to sewers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "In 1979, the government called off the demolition of the remaining city walls and designated them as cultural heritage sites. By this time, the only intact sections were the gate tower and watchtower at Zhengyangmen, the watchtower at Deshengmen, the guard tower at the southeast corner, the northern moats of the Inner city, the section of the Inner city wall south of the Beijing railway station, and a small section of Inner city wall near Xibianmen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The defense system of Beijing during the Ming and Qing dynasties included city walls, moats, gate towers, barbicans, watchtowers, corner guard towers, enemy sight towers, and military encampments both outside and inside the city. The mountains immediately north of the city and the interior Great Wall sections on those mountain ranges also acted as a defensive perimeter.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "During the Ming dynasty, troops under permanent encampment in and around Beijing were called Jingjun or Jingying (\"capital troops\"). During the Yongle era (1402–1424), they were organized into three groups, called Wujunying (consisting of the majority of the army), Sanqianying (consisting of mercenary and allied Mongol troops), and Shenjiying (consisting of troops using firearms). The three ying were further divided into 72 wei, organised into five groups named Zhongjun (centre), Zuoyejun (left middle), Youyejun (right middle), Zuoshaojun (left guard), and Youshaojun (right guard); these were collectively known as the Wujunying (\"five troops\"). The majority of the Jingjun were headquartered outside of west Deshengguan. Some camped in the rural districts of the capital area, at Nanyuan, Tonzhou, Lugouqiao, Changping, and the Juyongguan interior Great Wall. During the Tumu Crisis in 1449, the entire Jingjun was destroyed, a loss of some 500,000 men. Yu Qian then changed the organisational structure of the force, bringing approximately 100,000 well-trained troops from several different camps into one supergroup: the 10-battalion supergroup. This was raised to 12 battalions during the reign of Emperor Xian of the Ming dynasty. These were commanded from within the Inner city at Dongguanting and Xiguanting. Drilling and training fields outside of the city walls could also be used as temporary encampments. The original Wujunying, Sanqianying, and Shenjiying were converted to guard units in charge of protecting the Imperial city and the Forbidden city. Later the Imperial guards were joined by the Jinyiwei and the Tengxiangwei, whose commanders included \"Mianyiwei Dahan General\", \"Hongkui General\", \"Mingjia General\", \"Bazong Director\", and several others. A guard post in the Imperial city called \"Hongpu\" was formed. The city gates were closed at night and no one was allowed in or out unless special permission was given though one exception was the carts that continually brought spring water from Mount Yuquan. The city streets had guards on constant patrol at night. Some streets had barricades erected at night to keep traffic away. The city walls normally had no soldiers on station, day or night. Most lived under the walls in encampments, with a few doing night shifts at gate towers, watchtowers and enemy sight towers. Only when there was danger of enemy attack were soldiers stationed atop the city walls. During the Ming dynasty, Beijing was often under siege by Mongol and Manchu forces. The city of Beijing was totally closed many times, with commoners forbidden entrance into the city.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "During the Qing dynasty, Beijing's defense forces mainly relied on the Xiaoqiying, who were scattered in encampments within the Inner city, then mainly inhabited by Manchus. They were organized into Eight Banners: the Xianghuang banner at Andingmen, the Zhenghuang banner at Deshengmen, the Zhengbai banner at Dongzhimen, the Xiangbai banner at Chaoyangmen, the Zhenghong banner at Xizhimen, the Xianghong banner at Fuchengmen, the Zhenglan banner at Chongwenmen and the Xianglan banner at Xuanwumen. Each banner had an office hall, several troop barracks, a patrol station and a warehouse. In addition to the Xiaoqiying, troops permanently encamped in and around Beijing included the Qianfengying, Hujunying, Bujun Xunbuying, Jianruiying, Huoqiying (in charge of artillery), Shenjiying (first begun in 1862), and the Huqiangying (in charge of guns). From the Yongzheng era (1722–1735) onwards, the Eight Banner guard troops in charge of protecting the imperial leisure parks were camped in the area around the Old Summer Palace and Fragrant Hills. The same system of Eight Banners was in place for the nine gates of the Inner city. The troops consisted of an equal distribution of Manchu, Mongol, and Han soldiers. The soldiers of the Chengmenling, in charge of protecting the city gates, came from these banners: Andingmen the Zhenglan banner, Deshengmen the Xianglan banner, Dongzhimen the Xiangbai banner, Xizhimen the Xianghong banner, Chaoyangmen the Zhengbai banner, Fuchengmen the Zhenghong banner, Chongwenmen the Xianghuang banner, Xuanwumen the Zhenghuang banner and Zhengyangmen rotated between the eight banners. The Outer city's seven gates were manned by Han troops from the following banners: Dongbianmen the Xianghuang banner, Xibianmen the Zhenghuang banner, Guangqumen the Zhengbai banner, Guang'anmen the Zhenghong banner, Zuo'anmen the Xianglan and Xiangbai banners, You'anmen the Xianghong banner and Yongdingmen the Zhenglan banner. In 1728 permanent barracks were built for the eight banners in the Inner city, excepting Zhengyangmen. Each gate had barracks of 460 rooms for a ying, 90 rooms for a ban, and 15 rooms for a geng, for a total of 3,680 rooms. Outside the city walls were an additional 16,000 rooms, with each banner having 2,000 rooms. Manchu troops were allocated 1,500 rooms and Han troops 500 rooms. There were also 135 storage rooms atop the Inner city walls, 106 of which were for military equipment such as direction flags, cannons, gunpowder, and guns. In 1835, 241 houses of three rooms each were added to the nine gates of the Inner city, as the original straw and earthen barracks were deteriorating. Twenty-eight store rooms were added, as well as 3,616 Outer city barracks. During the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), the Xiaoqiying soldiers usually lived outside the city gates rather than on the city walls. This proved to be easier for defending the city during a siege. Only when the emperor was leaving the city for Yuanmingyuan or the Temple of Heaven did the soldiers station themselves atop the walls. An exception was Xuanwumen; as the only gate that stayed open at night, the top of the wall was continually manned. Cannons were fired at noon atop Xuanwumen to mark the time.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the principal defensive weapons were firelocks, cannons, and bows and arrows. In 1629, Houjin troops attacked Beijing, and in 1644, Li Zicheng's troops laid siege to Beijing. Troops atop the city walls used cannons extensively during both sieges. During the Second Opium War (1856–1860), invading troops stationed outside the city walls gave up, because Beijing was too extensively protected. Between 13 August and 15 August 1900, when the Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, the fortifications withstood bombardment by cannon attacks for two full days before being overrun. The Qing forces took full advantage of their higher elevation and the protection of the thick walls to shoot Alliance troops. Russian and Japanese forces attempted several times to use nitrocellulose to blow a gap in the wall at Dongzhimen and Chaoyangmen, but failed because the soldiers could not get close enough to light the fuse without being shot. The barbicans, enemy sight towers, and corner guard towers proved to be quite effective at deterring enemy attacks. For example, on the night of 13 August, Russian troops succeeded in invading Dongbianmen's watchtower, but suffered heavy casualties in the barbican. It wasn't until the late morning of 14 August that they conquered the gate tower at Dongbianmen, a mere 50 metres (160 ft) away. Even after the Outer City and Inner City fell to Alliance forces, the Imperial city's defenses still held. On the morning of 15 August, American forces used several guns to try to destroy the Tiananmen gates, but they held. Japanese troops used ladders to scale the wall and open the gates, thus allowing Alliance troops into the Imperial city. In an incident on 25 July 1937, a battalion of Japanese troops camped at Fengtai District, declaring that they intended \"to protect Japanese immigrants\" and \"to protect Dongjiaomin Street's Embassy district\", tried to advance into Beijing. When they began entering Guang'anmen, around twenty Chinese soldiers fired on them from atop the gate tower, forcing them to abandon their plan. Thus even in the modern era of the 1930s and 1940s, the dilapidated fortifications were still useful defensively.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Beijing's Inner city is also called Jingcheng (\"capital city\") or Dacheng (\"big city\"). The eastern and western sections were originally part of the Yuan city of Dadu, while the northern and southern sections were built during the early Ming dynasty in the Hongwu (1368–1398) and Yongle (1402–1424) eras. The walls were formed from rammed earth covered with rocks and a finishing layer of bricks on both the interior and exterior. The average height was 12 to 15 metres. The northern and southern sections, built in the early Ming dynasty, were thicker than the eastern and western sections, built during the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). The thicker sections averaged 19 to 20 metres at the base and 16 metres at the top, with parapets at the top. The Inner city wall had nine gates and a tower at each corner. There were three sluice gates, 172 enemy sighting towers, and 11,038 battlements. Immediately outside the city walls were deep moats 30 to 60 metres in width.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The city walls of Dadu were used as the foundation for the Inner city walls of Beijing. In 1368, after Ming troops entered Dadu, General Xu Da directed Hua Jilong to build a second city wall of rammed earth to the south of the original northern city wall. The new wall was later covered with stones and bricks. In 1372 the original northern city wall was completely dismantled and the materials used to reinforce the new wall. The perimeter of the original Imperial city was measured at that time as 1,206 zhang (approximately 4,020 metres). The perimeter of the southern city was 5,328 zhang (approximately 17,760 metres). The southern city consisted of the remnants of the Jin dynasty capital, Zhongdu.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "After the capital was moved to Beijing in 1406, the southern city wall was moved south by 2 li (about a kilometre). The original Dadu city walls were not destroyed, except for a small section that overlapped the planned Ming Imperial city. Nevertheless, Dadu's southern city walls were gradually torn down by people looking for free bricks and stones. During the Yongle era (1402–1424), the southern, eastern, and western walls were reinforced with stones and bricks. In 1435 construction began on gate towers, watchtowers, barbicans, sluice gates, and corner guard towers for the nine city gates. In 1439 bridges were built leading to the gates. In 1445 the interior walls of the city were reinforced with bricks. The wall and moat system of the Inner city was thus complete.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The walls of the Inner city had a perimeter of 24 kilometres. It was roughly square, with the east and west walls slightly longer due to the north and south walls being moved from their original positions. The northwestern section lacked a vertex; on a map it looks as if the corner had been bitten off. In the Chinese mythological story of Nüwa mending the heavens, \"the heavens were missing in the northwest, and the earth was sinking in the southeast\". According to scientific investigations done with remote sensing, this area originally had city walls, built in swamps and wetlands. The wall was abandoned in favour of a diagonal connection, placing a small triangle of land outside the city.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Beijing's Inner city came under siege many times; for example, the invasions of Anda Khan and Houjin during the Ming dynasty and the Boxer Rebellion and Eight-Nations Alliance attack during the Qing dynasty. All but the Eight-Nations Alliance were successfully defended against.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "After the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, the barbicans at Zhengyangmen, Chaoyangmen, Xuanwemen, Dongzhimen, and Andingmen were dismantled, along with Dong'anmen and the city walls of the Imperial city, to improve traffic flow and to allow for construction of the circum-city railway. In 1924 a new gate was created at Hepingmen to improve traffic flow. Many other gates and archways, such as the Qimingmen (the present Jianguomen) and Chang'anmen (the present Fuxingmen), were opened during this period.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "After 1949, the Chinese Communist Party ordered the demolition of the city walls on a giant scale. During the Korean War, in order to ease traffic density, six new archways were built: Dayabao alley archway, Beimencang archway (now called the Dongsi Shitiao archway), North Bell Tower Avenue archway, Xinjiekou archway, West Guanyuan archway, and Songhe'an alley archway.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Beijing's Inner city wall had gate towers that sat atop rectangular platforms 12 to 13 metres high integrated into the city walls. Each gate entranceway, centred under the middle of its gate tower platform, had two giant red wooden gates that opened outwards. Iron bulbs were fitted on the exterior side of the gates and gilt copper bulbs on the interior side. When the gates were closed they were locked with giant tree-trunk-sized wooden beams.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The Inner city gate towers were built during the Zhengtong era of the Ming dynasty (1435–1449) in the multi-eaved Xieshanding style. The roofs were covered with grey tubed roof tiles and green glazed tiles. Zhengyangmen's gate tower was seven rooms in length and five rooms in width; Chaoyangmen and Fuchengmen were three rooms in width. Each gate tower had a different floor plan. The gate tower at Zhengyangmen was the tallest and the most imposing Inner city gate tower. Chongwenmen and Xuanwumen were slightly smaller than Zhengyangmen. Dongzhimen and Xizhimen were smaller still, and Deshengmen, Andingmen, Chaoyangmen, are Fuchengmen were the smallest. Each gate tower had two floors. Soldiers could climb to the upper level to have a better view of approaching enemies.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Each gate tower had a watchtower directly in front of it. They were all unique. The watchtower at Zhengyangmen was 38 metres high, 52 metres wide, and 32 metres deep, constructed on a raised platform 12 metres high. This gate, named \"Qianmen\", was for the exclusive use of the emperor. Built in multi-eaved Xieshanding style, it had grey tubed roof tiles with green glazed tiles at the top. The southern side had seven rooms with 52 arrow slits, and the northern side had five rooms with 21 arrow slits. The eastern and western sides each had 21 arrow slits. The other Inner city watchtowers had exterior designs similar to that of Qianmen, with multi-eaved Xieshanding-style gate towers in the front and a series of five rooms in the back. Both the upper and lower levels of the watchtowers were equipped with arrow slits.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The watchtowers were connected to both the inner walls and outer walls by a structure called a barbican. The barbicans of Dongzhimen or Xizhimen were square; the ones at Zhengyangmen and Deshengmen were rectangular; at Dongbianmen and Xibianmen they were semicircular. Most of the Inner city barbicans had rounded corners, which provided better sight lines and were more difficult to climb or destroy. Each Inner city barbican had a unique design.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Zhengyangmen ('Gate of the Righteous Sun'), completed in 1419, was located at the centre of the southern wall of the Inner city. It was constructed in the triple-eaved Xieshanding style, with green glazed tiles. Originally called Lizhengmen (\"Gate of the Beautiful Portal\"), the name was changed during the Zhengtong era (1435–1449).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Each Inner city barbican contained a temple, and the barbican at Zhengyangmen had two: Guandimiao in the west and Guanyinmiao in the east. Guandimiao had Ming original statues, including the \"three treasures\" of Guandimiao: a precious sword, a Guandi painting, and a white jade horse statue. The Qing emperor would visit Guandimiao and light some incense each time he returned from a visit to the Temple of Heaven. The temples of Guandimiao and Guanyinmiao were dismantled during the Cultural Revolution.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The watchtower at Zhengyangmen was damaged by fire in 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion. The Hui and Dongxiang Muslim Kansu Braves under Muslim General Ma Fulu engaged in fierce fighting during the Battle of Peking (1900) at Zhengyangmen against the Eight-Nation Alliance. Ma Fulu and 100 of his fellow Hui and Dongxiang soldiers from his home village died in that battle. Indian soldiers used wood from the damaged tower as firewood that winter. The gate was reconstructed in the latter years of the Qing dynasty. Internal Affairs minister Zhu Qiqian ordered the barbican dismantled in 1915 to ease traffic congestion. The watchtower and gate tower were saved from demolition in 1965 on the orders of then premier Zhou Enlai.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Chongwenmen ('Gate of Respectful Civility'), commonly called \"Hademen\", was located on the eastern section of the Inner city southern wall. Originally called \"Wenmingmen ('The Door of Civilization'), it was built in 1419. The name was changed during the Zhengtong era (1435–1449). The new name was taken from Zuo Zhuan: \"崇文德也\"('It is a virtue to respect civility'). The barbican, sluice gates, and a watchtower were built in the Zhengtong era.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The gate tower was built in multi-eaved Xieshanding style, with grey and green glazed tiles. In 1900 the gate tower was destroyed by artillery fire during the Siege of Peking; it was completely dismantled in 1920. The barbican was dismantled in 1950 and the gate tower in 1966.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Chongwenmen was a \"sighting gate\", with the connotation of \"a bright and prosperous future\". Its symbol was the Chongwen iron turtle. Due to its close proximity to the busy Tonghui river, it was the busiest gate in Beijing. Entry and departure taxes were charged at Chongwenmen throughout the Ming dynasty, Qing dynasty, and early Republican eras. The Empress Dowager Cixi's \"cosmetic spending\" and the early Republican China president's annual salary came directly from taxes levied at this gate. In 1924, Feng Yu xiang initiated a coup, after which the taxation at Chongwenmen was stopped.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Only Chongwenmen had bells announcing the closure of the gates at the end of the day. The other gates used a flat instrument that produced a \"tang\" sound. Thus arose the saying that of \"nine gates, eight tangs, one old bell\". This story is a possible etymological origin of zhongdian to refer to the hour in the Beijing dialect. In the past there were many distilleries in the southern Daxing District. Carts would carry newly brewed spirits through Chongwenmen. This is the origin of the saying, \"Chongwenmen has carts carrying spirits entering; Xuanwumen has carts carrying prisoners leaving\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "When Chongwenmen was dismantled during the Cultural Revolution, workers discovered that the gate was the original Ming structure, using phoebe puwennensis wood. Some of the recovered wood was used during reconstruction work in the Forbidden city and Tiananmen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Xuanwumen ('Gate of Advocated Martiality') was located on western section of the southern wall. It was built in 1419 when Beijing's southern walls were expanded. Before the Zhengtong era (1435–1449) the gate was called Shunchengmen ('Shun Cheng Gate'), while commoners referred to it as Shunzhimen. The gate tower was completely rebuilt during the Zhengtong era, and a barbican, sluice gate tower, and watchtower were added. The name was changed to Xuanwu (\"martial advocacy\"), from a quotation from Zhang Heng's Dongjing Fu: \"the martial integrity is to announce 武节是宣 wu jie shi xuan\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The watchtower was dismantled in 1927. The watchtower platform and the barbican were dismantled in 1930, and the gate tower was dismantled in 1965. The giant cannons on Xuanwumen were fired at noon.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Xuanwumen was informally referred to as the \"Death Gate\", because carts carrying prisoners for execution were taken through this gate to the execution ground, located in Caishikou, to the south. Beijing's many cemeteries were located in and around Taoranting in the southern suburbs. Funeral carts carrying commoners would often leave the city through Xuanwumen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Of the nine Inner city gates of Beijing, Xuanwumen was built at the lowest elevation. Although normally the river system accommodated and directed water flow out of the city through Zhengyangmen's eastern sluice gates, these proved ineffective during heavy rainstorms, when most of the water would flood out of Xuanwumen. According to Guangxu Shuntianfu Zhi, heavy rainstorms in Beijing in 1695 flooded the gates at Xuanwumen, making them impossible to open. Six elephants were brought over from the zoo to force open the gates, and the flood finally dissipated out of the city.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Dongzhimen (東直門 lit. 'Eastern Upright Gate') was located on the northern section of the Inner city eastern wall. It was built on the location of the Chongrenmen (崇仁門) gate of the Yuan era, the central gate of the eastern city wall of Dadu. In 1419 the name was changed, quoting \"东方盛德属木、为春\" and \"直东方也，春也\". Dongzhimen's gate tower was built in the multi-eaved Xieshanding style, with grey tiles with green glazed edges. The barbican was built during the final years of the Yuan dynasty (ended 1368). The temple had no proper statue of Guandi; a minor deity made of wood was located there instead. This gave rise to the old Beijing saying: \"Nine gates, ten temples, one without morality\". The sluice gate towers and the barbican were dismantled in 1915 when the circum-city railway was built. The watchtower was dismantled in 1930 and its platform in 1958. The gate tower was dismantled in 1965.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Outside Dongzhimen was a pagoda made completely from iron, with a stone statue of Yaowangye. Many carts carrying raw wood entered the city through Dongzhimen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Chaoyangmen (朝陽門 lit. 'Gate that Faces the Sun') was located at the midpoint of the Inner city eastern wall. Built at the site of the Dadu gate called Qihuamen (齊化門), it was informally known by that name by the commoners. The watchtower was destroyed by Japanese forces in 1900 and was rebuilt in 1903. The barbican was dismantled in 1915 when the circum-city railway was built. The gate tower and its platform were dismantled in 1953, and the watchtower in 1958.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Chaoyangmen was Beijing's \"Food Gate\", through which many carts carrying staple foods entered the city. The gate was closest to the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, and wheat and rice from the south China plains such arrived via that route. Much of the food was stored in warehouses just inside Chaoyangmen. Thus it has the symbol of a wheat grain engraved on the archway of the barbican gate. Chaoyangmen has the informal name of \"Dumen\", meaning 杜门 \"resting station\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Xizhimen (西直門 lit. 'Western Upright Gate') was located on the northern section of the Inner city western wall. Built on the site of the Yuan era gate called Heyimen (和義門), the name was changed in 1419 to reflect its location (\"Xizhimen\" means western axis gate). Its Guandi temple was dismantled in 1930. Heyimen's barbican was built during the reign of Yuan Shundi, in 1360. It was in continuous use for over 60 years during the Ming dynasty. During the Zhengtong era (1435–1449), at a time when the other Inner city gates were all undergoing complete reconstruction, it was covered over with bricks and was merged with the new watchtower platform.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Due to the poor water supply within Beijing, the Imperial family and wealthy families would get their water from springs on Mount Yuquan in the northwestern suburbs. Every morning, carts carrying spring water would enter the city through Xizhimen. Thus, a symbol of water was engraved on the barbican gate archway of Xizhimen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Xizhimen, the last gate to remain fully intact, was completely dismantled in 1969. During demolition, workers discovered that parts of the barbican gate's archway were the originals from the 13th century.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Fuchengmen (阜成門 lit. 'Gate of Abundant Success') was located at the midpoint of the Inner city western wall. Originally the site of the Pingzemen (平則門) gate of the Yuan era, it was still informally known as Pingzemen by the commoners even after its name was changed. The new name, \"Fucheng\", came from the classic Shàngshū, \"六卿分职各率其属，以成九牧，阜成兆民\". The gate was repaired in 1382 and completely rebuilt in 1435. The sluice gate tower and watchtower were dismantled in 1935. The barbican and watchtower platform were dismantled in 1953, and the gate tower in 1965.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Due to its proximity to the Western Hills and the coal reserves at Mentougou District, carts carrying coal would enter the city through Fuchengmen. The barbican gate archway had an engraving of a plum flower (plum flower \"梅 Mei\" and coal \"煤 Mei\" are homophones in Chinese. Also, the plum trees near Fuchengmen blossom in spring, around the time when coal was no longer needed and deliveries ceased). This gives rise to the old Beijing saying: \"Fucheng's plum blossoms announce the arrival of the new spring's warmth\". Fuchengmen is also informally referred to as \"惊门 Jingmen\", meaning \"Justice\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Deshengmen (德勝門 lit. 'Gate of Moral Triumph') was located on the western section of the Inner city northern wall. Its name was changed from the original \"Jiandemen (建德門)\" during the early Ming dynasty. The new name implied that the Ming won the war against the Yuan Mongols by having strong ethics and morals. The northern wall was rebuilt in 1372 slightly to the south of the original position. The barbican was dismantled in 1915. In 1921 the gate tower was dismantled and in 1955 the gate tower platform was dismantled. A proposal was made in 1979 to dismantle the watchtower, but it was kept intact.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Seven of Beijing's Inner city gates had a Guandi temple built within their barbican grounds. Andingmen and Deshengmen had Zhenwu temples instead, as these gates were used by soldiers entering and leaving the city.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Both the Ming and the Qing, after defeating the Yuan and the Ming respectively, entered the city for the first time through Deshengmen; the name \"Desheng\" means \"morally victorious\". Carts carrying weapons used this gate for luck when entering or leaving the city. Deshengmen was also informally known as \"修门 Xiumen\", meaning \"having high moral and ethical standards\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Andingmen (安定門 lit. 'Gate of Secured Peace') was located on the western side of the Inner city northern wall. It was built when the gate called Anzhenmen (安貞門) was moved south during the early Ming dynasty. It was renamed Andingmen, hoping for \"peace and tranquility under the heavens (天下安定)\". The barbican was dismantled in 1915 and the gate tower and watchtower in 1969.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Andingmen had a Zhenwu temples, as it was used by soldiers entering and leaving the city.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Andingmen was informally known as \"生门 Shengmen\", meaning \"bountiful harvest\". The Emperor always used this gate when leaving the city for the Temple of Earth, where he would pray for a bountiful harvest. Outside Andingmen were storage areas for feces, which was used for fertiliser. Carts carrying feces would leave via this gate for farms in the countryside.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "During the dismantlement process, a small experiment to test the structural integrity of its gate tower was conducted. It was found that the gate tower structure could lean forward by 15 degrees and still not collapse.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Newly opened archways", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Shuiguanmen was located near Zhengyangmen's eastern sluice gate. In 1905 the District Works Office of the Dongjiao Embassy District covered the original moat with concrete. They opened a new archway in place of the original sluice gate to create a new gate, which could be used as a means of swiftly retreating to the Zhengyangmen railroad station. Two iron gates were added. Each side of the archway had a hollowed-out room to serve as a guard station.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Hepingmen was located at the Inner city southern wall, between Zhengyangmen and Xuanwumen. It was opened in 1926 to ease traffic congestion. The gate had no defensive structures, but was simply a passageway in and out of the city. Originally named \"Xinhuamen\", the name was changed to \"Hepingmen\" in 1927 to distinguish it from the famous Xinhuamen, the entrance to Zhongnanhai, a complex of central governmental offices. The archways were 13 metres high and 10 metres wide, with two iron gates. The top of the archway was removed in 1958 and the gate became a simple opening in the wall.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Jianguomen was located at the southern edge of the eastern wall of the Inner city. It was at the northeast region of the Beijing Ancient Observatory. The gate was dismantled in 1939 and an opening 7.9 metres wide was created in its place. It was in the shape of an inverted \"八\" character. Although it was merely an opening in the wall and not an actual gate, it was given the name of a gate – \"Qimingmen\". The name was changed to \"Jianguomen\" in 1945. In 1957 it was torn down, along with the surrounding Inner city walls.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Fuxingmen was located at the southern edge of the western wall of the Inner city, at the same latitude as Jianguomen on the eastern wall. The gate was dismantled in 1939 and an opening 7.4 metres wide created in its place. It was in the shape of an inverted \"八\" character, similar to Jianguomen. It too was given the name of a gate – \"Chang'anmen\". The name was changed to \"Fuxingmen\" in 1945 when a 12.6-metre-high platform was built and a single-arch passageway 10 metres wide was added. The complete structure was dismantled in 1955.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Inner city corner guard towers", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Guard towers were located at the four corners of the Inner city walls. They were all similarly designed in the multi-eaved Xieshanding style, with grey tiles with green glazed edges. The towers had a height of 17 metres, and a total height of 29 metres, including the platform. The two adjacent sides facing away from the city were 35 metres wide. The towers were four storeys high and were fitted with 14 arrow slits on each floor. The two adjacent sides facing into the city had four arrow slits on each floor. The sides facing the city also had true windows that could be opened for ventilation and light, while the arrow slits were only opened when shooting arrows or cannonballs. The interior of the towers were hollow; platforms and stairs ringed the walls to allow access to the arrow slits.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Only the southeastern corner guard tower has survived. To avoid disrupting rail service at the nearby main train station while the subway was being built, the subway was routed away from the city walls and the southeastern corner guard tower. Thus the tower survived, along with a section of the Inner city wall. The northeastern tower was dismantled in 1920 and its platform in 1953. The northwestern tower was destroyed by Russian cannon fire in 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion. Its platform was dismantled in 1969. The southwestern corner guard tower was dismantled in 1930 because of a lack of funds for maintenance. Its platform was dismantled in 1969.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The Outer city was also called \"Guocheng\" or \"Waiguo\". It was expanded in 1553. The walls were 7.5 to 8 metres high, and were 12 metres wide at the bottom and 9 metres wide at the top. The southeastern corner was built on the diagonal to avoid low swamps in the area. This fulfilled the legend of Nüwa mending the heavens: the heavens were missing in the northwest and the earth was sinking in the southeast.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The southern walls encompassed the southern walls of the Temple of Heaven, and the eastern and western walls were parallel with the Inner city's walls, about 2 kilometres away. This was where the rammed earth walls of the Yuan city of Dadu had been located before being abandoned in the closing years of the Hongwu era (1368–1398) during the early Ming dynasty. Walls in the northeastern and northwestern sections were built using materials recovered from the Yuan rammed earth structure. The Outer city walls had a perimeter of approximately 28 kilometres. The entire enclosure of the inner and outer cities formed a \"凸\" shape with a perimeter of 60 kilometres. Eleven gates were built, three each on the eastern, southern, and western walls, and two on the northern walls (one on the northeastern section and one on the northwestern section).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "When the expansion of the Outer city was being planned in 1550, one idea called for nine small minor cities to be built around the nine Inner city gates, which would have been a formidable addition to the city defenses. Construction began in 1550 on three of these minor cities. However, because of the proximity to the Inner city gates, where many commoner's houses and shops had sprung up, many buildings needed to be dismantled. The disgruntled commoners forced the abandonment of the project not long after construction began. In 1553, it was decided that the remaining rammed earth walls of the Yuan city of Dadu would be dismantled and the raw materials used to complete the Outer city walls to form a \"回\": a square within a square. The plan called for the Outer city walls to have a perimeter of 70 kilometres. The east and west walls would have been 17 kilometres and the north and south 18 kilometres. The plan called for 11 more gates, 176 more enemy sight towers, two additional sluice gates outside of Xizhimen and Tonghui River, and eight more sluice gates at other low swampy areas. The Outer city expansion was a grand project, greater than any of the capitals of the previous Chinese dynasties. The Emperor approved, and construction began in 1554. Under the supervision of Yan Song, the project was divided into segments. The southern walls were built first to add extra defenses for the bustling commercial district south of the Inner city gate at Zhengyangmen. The eastern and western walls were planned for the second segment of the project. However, due to successive invasions from the Mongols and Manchus, soldiers were called away to the northern frontiers to defend the Great Wall, and thus few could be spared for construction. A great section of the Forbidden city caught fire in 1557, and workers and funding were funnelled towards repairs and reconstruction of the palaces. The expansion of the Outer city walls was thus never completed. In 1564, the barbicans of the Outer city gates were built.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The Outer city walls had four corner guard towers and seven gate towers. The outside of the wall was covered with blocks averaging a metre in width. Most of the larger blocks were installed during the Ming dynasty and the smaller ones during the Qing dynasty. The blocks on the interior surface averaged 0.7 metres. The Outer city walls had an average height of 6 to 7 metres. The wall was 10 to 11 metres wide at the top and 11 to 15 metres wide at the base. The western sections were the narrowest, averaging only 4.5 metres at the top and 7.8 metres at the base.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The Outer city walls, gate towers, and corner guard towers were dismantled between 1951 and 1958.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Beijing's Outer city wall had seven gates, three on the southern walls, one each on the eastern and western walls, and two side gates on the northern walls (on the northeastern and northwestern sections). The Outer city gate towers were all smaller in scale than those of the Inner city. The largest was the central southern gate: Yongdingmen. This gate was aligned on the same north–south axis as Zhengyangmen of the Inner city, Tiananmen of the Imperial city, and Wumen of the Forbidden city. The gate tower at Yongdingmen was approximately 20 metres in height, in the multi-eaved Xieshanding style, and was seven rooms by three rooms. Just below Yongdingmen in size was the slightly smaller Guangningmen (present-day Guang'anmen). The gate towers at Guangqumen, Zuo'anmen, and You'anmen were all single-eaved Xieshanding style with one floor, and were only 15 metres tall. The two side gates, Dongbianmen and Xibianmen, were even smaller.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The barbicans of the Outer city gates were not built until the Ming dynasty. The watchtowers were built during the Qianlong era of the Qing dynasty (1735–1796). The watchtowers of the Outer city wall were smaller than those of the Inner city. The watchtower at Yongdingmen was the largest on the Outer city wall; it had two rows of arrow slits with seven slits in each row on the front and two rows of three on each side. Unlike in the Inner city, the watchtowers had no side tower on the interior aspect; there was only an archway. The watchtowers at Guang'anmen, Guangqumen, Zuo'anmen, and You'anmen each had 22 arrow slits. Dongbianmen and Xibianmen had the smallest watchtowers, with only eight arrow slits. Unlike the Inner city wall, the barbicans on the outer wall were all built around the base of the watchtowers instead of the base of the gate towers, thus forming a straight line with the gate's archway. Guandi temples were not built in the barbicans of the Outer city gates.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Yongdingmen (永定門 lit. 'Gate of Eternal Stability') was located on the midsection of the southern wall. It was built in 1766, imitating the multi-eaved Xieshanding style of the Inner city gates, roofed with grey tiles with glazed green rims. The watchtower was in the single-eaved Xieshanding style with grey roof tiles. During the Boxer Rebellion, on 11 June, the secretary of the Japanese legation, Sugiyama Akira (杉山 彬), was attacked and killed by the Muslim soldiers of General Dong Fuxiang near Yongdingmen, who were guarding the southern part of the Beijing walled city. The barbican was dismantled in 1950, and the gate tower and watchtower were dismantled in 1957. In 2004, the gate tower was reconstructed slightly north of its original location.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Zuo'anmen (左安門 lit. 'Left Gate of Peace') was located on the eastern section of the southern wall. The gate tower and watchtower were built in the single-eaved Xieshanding style with grey roof tiles. The gate tower and watchtower were dismantled in the 1930s, and the gate tower platform, watchtower platform, and barbican were dismantled in 1953.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Zuo'anmen was commonly referred to as \"Jiangcamen\". \"江擦 （jiāng cā）\" and \"礓磋 （jiāng cuō）\" sound different but have the same meaning. In traditional Chinese architecture, \"礓磋（jiāng cuō）\", also called \"礓礤 (jiāng cǎ)\", are stone steps without ladder-like step platforms.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "You'anmen (右安門 lit. 'Right Gate of Peace') was located on the western section of the southern wall. It was commonly known as \"Fengyimen\" or \"Xinanmen\" (\"southwestern gate\"), because Fengyimen of the Jin dynasty city of Zhongdu had been located nearby. All of its specifications were the same as Zuo'anmen. The barbican and watchtower were dismantled in 1956, and the gate tower in 1958.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Guangqumen (廣渠門 lit. 'Gate of Extended Waterway') was located slightly north of the midsection of the eastern wall. Its common name was \"Shawomen (沙窝門)\". It had the same specifications as Zuo'anmen. The watchtower was dismantled in the 1930s, and the barbican and gate tower were dismantled in 1953.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Ming general Yuan Chonghuan defeated the Manchu Houjin dynasty forces at this gate in 1629, in the final years of the Ming dynasty. In 1900, when the Eight Nation alliance forces reached Beijing, they initially did not attack this gate, so troops stationed there were relocated to help defend the other Outer city gates. British troops took the opportunity to capture the gate. They then bombarded the inner city gate of Chongwenmen from the Temple of Heaven and entered the inner city.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Guang'anmen (廣安門 lit. 'Gate of Extended Peace') was located slightly north of the midsection of the western wall. It was called \"Guangningmen (廣宁門)\" during the Ming dynasty, and was also called \"Zhangyimen\", because it was on the same axis as Zhangyimen of the city of Zhongdu of the Jin dynasty. The name was changed from \"Guangningmen\" to \"Guang'anmen\" during the Qing dynasty, in order to avoid criticism of the Qing Emperor Xuan, who was named Minning (旻宁). Its original specifications were the same as Guangqumen. Because it was heavily used by new arrivals entering the city from the southern Chinese provinces, the Qianlong Emperor decided to make the gate more impressive and majestic. Guang'anmen was expanded in 1766 in a style that imitated Yongdingmen and the Inner city gates. The gate tower was a two-storey multi-eaved Xieshanding style building with grey roof tiles with glazed green rims. The barbican was originally semi-circular. After the expansion of 1766, it was rectangular with curved corners. The barbican and watchtower were dismantled in the 1940s, and the gate tower in 1957.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Dongbianmen (東便門 lit. 'Eastern Convenient Gate') was located at the northeastern corner of the Outer city walls at the point where the outer wall stopped short and turned toward the Inner city wall. A matching gate was built on the northwestern corner of the Outer city walls. The gates, originally intended to be temporary, were at first not given names. About ten years after completion, the gates were named Dongbianmen (\"eastern side gate\") and Xibianmen (\"western side gate\"). The gate tower at Dongbianmen was similar to the one at Zuo'anmen, but on a slightly smaller scale. The gate had no archway; instead it had a smaller wooden side gate on one side. The watchtower was built during the Qianlong era (1735–1796). Both of the barbican and watchtower had been dismantled in the 1930s due to lack of funds for maintenance. The gate tower was dismantled in 1958 when Beijing's main train station was built.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Xibianmen (西便門 lit. 'Western Convenient Gate') was located at the northwestern corner of the Outer city walls. It was dismantled in 1952. Parts of the barbican walls remain.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Four corner guard towers were built at the four vertices of the Outer city walls in 1554. They were all single-storey buildings in the single-eaved Xieshanding cross (square-shaped) style. Approximately 7.5 metres high, they contained one room measuring 6 metres by 6 metres. There were two levels of arrow slits, with three on each level on the two sides facing out of the city, and two on each level on the two sides facing towards the city. The southwestern and northeastern corner guard towers were dismantled in the 1930s, and the southeastern and northwestern corner guard towers were dismantled in 1955 and 1957 respectively.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Beijing's Imperial city was built during the Yongle era (1402–1424). It was expanded northwards, eastwards, and southwards from the foundations the Imperial city of Dadu of the Yuan dynasty as an expansion of the Forbidden city, which was solely for the use of the imperial family. It was rectangular in shape, except in the southwestern corner, which was the location of Qingshou Temple. The walls averaged 7 to 8 metres in height, and were 2 metres thick at the base and 1.7 metres at the top. It was painted red on the exterior, with glazed imperial yellow tiles at the top. It had a perimeter of 10.6 kilometres (north: 2,506 metres, south: 1,701 metres, east: 2,756 metres, west: 3,724 metres). There were seven gates (some sources count four, six, or eight gates), of which Tiananmen, Di'anmen, Dong'anmen, and Xi'anmen are the four referred to by the saying \"Inner city nine gates, Outer city seven gates, Imperial city four gates (内九外七皇城四)\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The main central southern gate of the Imperial city was Damingmen. It was made of bricks, in imitation of the Forbidden city gates. Its base was of white marble in the Xumi foundation style. The gate tower was in the single-eaved Xieshanding style with glazed imperial yellow roof tiles. It had five pillars on the front, three archways at the centre, and white marble railings. Its name was changed to Daqingmen (大清門 \"Great Qing Gate\") in 1644, when the Manchu first entered Beijing, establishing the Qing dynasty. A white marble tablet on the gate had the name \"Daqingmen\" engraved in gold on an azure background. In 1912, when the Qing dynasty was overthrown and the Republic of China was established, the gate's name was changed to Zhonghuamen (中華門 \"Gate of China\"). The city planners decided to reuse the tablet and simply write the words \"Zhonghuamen\" on the reverse of the tablet. However, when it was taken down and flipped over, they discovered the words Damingmen (大明門 \"Great Ming Gate\") already appeared on the back of the tablet; it had already been re-used. A new tablet made of wood was created instead. In 1954, with the recommendation of Soviet city planners then working in Beijing, the gate was dismantled for the future Tiananmen Square. Its location is now the site of the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Located southwest of Tiananmen, Chang'anzuomen is similar to Damingmen. It was also called \"Qinglongmen\" or \"Longmen\", meaning \"Dragon Gate\", because during the Ming and Qing dynasties, results of the imperial examinations were posted on this gate. Successfully passing the examinations allowed a person to enter the Forbidden city to work in imperial bureaucratic positions, normally forbidden to commoners. It was dismantled in 1952 when the Chang'an Avenue was expanded.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Located southeast of Tiananmen, Chang'anyoumen was similar to Damingmen. It was also called \"Baihumen\" or \"Humen\", meaning \"Tiger Gate\", because during the Ming and Qing dynasties, prisoners were executed just west of this gate. It was dismantled in 1952 when the Chang'an Avenue was expanded.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Tiananmen (\"Gate of Heavenly Peace\"), originally called Chengtianzhimen, was renamed during the Qing dynasty. It was located at the midpoint of the southern wall of the Imperial city. The Daming Huidian (the collected statutes of the Ming dynasty) refer to it as the main gate of the Imperial city. Tiananmen is one of several gates that lined up on a north–south axis at the main entrance to the Forbidden city. Its platform is 13 metres high. It has a white marble base of Xumi style and five archways. The gate tower was built in multi-eaved Xieshanding style with glazed imperial yellow roof tiles. It is nine rooms by five rooms (originally five rooms by three rooms during the early Ming dynasty) and 33.7 metres high. It was completely reconstructed in 1958 and subsequently repaired on several occasions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Duanmen was located directly north of Tiananmen. It was similar to Tiananmen. It can be seen as an outer gate of Wumen, which was the main entrance to the Forbidden City. This conforms to the Rites of Zhou's five gate rule's \"Zhimen\" or \"Kumen\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Dong'anmen was located slightly south of the midpoint of the Imperial city's eastern wall. Single-eaved Xieshanding style with glazed imperial yellow roof tiles, it was seven rooms by three rooms, and had three archways, each fitted with a pair of red-painted golden-nailed doors. It was destroyed by fire in 1912 during Cao Kun's insurrection against Zhang Xun. In 2001 the site was cleared to become the Beijing Imperial City Site Park.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Xi'anmen was located slightly north of the midpoint of the Imperial city's western wall. It was similar to Dong'anmen. It was accidentally burnt down on 1 December 1950. A smaller version of the gate tower was built on its original site, using the same materials of the original gate tower, as a commemoration.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Beianmen was located at the central axis of the Imperial city's northern wall. The north gate of the Imperial city, it was commonly referred to as \"Houzaimen\" during the Ming dynasty. It was renamed \"Di'anmen\" during the Qing dynasty. It was similar to Dong'anmen, but slightly bigger in scale. It was dismantled between 1954 and 1956.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Beijing's Palace city or \"Forbidden city\" (so-called because the majority of the populace was forbidden to enter) was completed in 1415. Its surrounding walls had a perimeter of 3.4 kilometres, a height of 10 metres, a thickness of 8.62 metres at the base, and a top thickness of 6.66 metres. The wall had two rows of roof tiles glazed in the imperial yellow colour set on a triangular base 0.84 metres tall. The interior and exterior sides of the walls were reinforced with 2-metre-thick bricks surrounding stones and rammed earth. The Forbidden city had four corner guard towers built in a combination multi-eaved Xieshanding style. There were four gates.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Wumen (午门 lit. 'Meridian Gate') was the southern-facing main gate. It was in alignment with the city's central axis and with three other gates: Yongdingmen of the Outer city, Zhengyangmen of the Inner city, and Tiananmen of the Imperial city. It was built on a \"凹 (“concave\")\" shaped platform 13.5 metres high. The gate tower was nine rooms by five rooms in the multi-eaved veranda floored design. It had two side pavilion towers on each side, square in shape, each five rooms by five rooms. The two wings stretching from the centre are commonly referred to as \"hawk wings towers\". Each of these wings is 13 rooms by two rooms with a square pavilion tower at the end of the wing. The wings each have a minor gate near the intersection with the main \"body\" of the platform. At the left and right of the platform are sundials and many other time measurement instruments. The gates are rectangular in shape, unlike the archways seen in the Outer city, Inner city, and Imperial city gates. There are three archways in the middle of the gate.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Xuánwumen (玄武门) (not to be confused with Xuanwumen (宣武门) of the Inner city gates), also called Shenwumen (神武门), was the northern entrance to the Forbidden city. Its gate tower was five rooms by three rooms in a multi-eaved veranda floored design. It has three rectangular gates. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there was a gate called Beishangmen just outside this gate, but it was dismantled in 1950.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Donghuamen (东华门) was the eastern entrance to the Forbidden city, with a design similar to that of Xuánwumen and Xihuamen. Xihuamen was the western entrance to the Forbidden city, with a similar design to Xuánwumen and Donghuamen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The Qing Huidian records that there were six gates to the Forbidden city. This takes into account the two minor side gates of Wumen's two \"arms\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Moats, canals, and other watershed systems", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The city of Dadu of the Yuan dynasty had an extensive moat system in and around the city. After Ming troops entered Dadu in 1368, the northern wall was rebuilt slightly south of the original. The new wall was constructed on the piled earthen hill formed from digging the moat of Dadu. A new moat system was built for the three main southern gates of the palace, Imperial, and Inner city quarters. The three moats were then linked to the eastern and western moats of Dadu. When the Outer city was reconstructed during the Jiajing era (1521–1567), another moat was built surrounding the outer wall.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The water for the moats was spring water diverted from Mount Yuquan and Baifuquan, northwest of the city. The water followed Changhe and then split into two tributaries at Xizhimen. One route went east, forming the Inner city's moat system, and then divided into two further tributaries at Deshengmen, one flowing south, the other east. The other route entered at Jishuitan in the south, formed the three lakes of the imperial gardens, and finally rejoined the moat system at Tongzihe. From there the water flowed along the curvature of the city wall and joined the city's southern moat system at Zhengyangmen. The eastern route turned 90 degrees south at the northeastern corner guard tower and converged with the city's southern moat system to the northwest of Dongbianmen. Another moat flowed westwards and then southwards, forming the Outer city's moat system. It converged with the Inner city's southern and eastern moat systems at Dongbianmen, and finally entered the Tonghui River.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The Inner city's moat system was widest, at 30 to 50 metres, to the southeast of Zhengyangmen. The narrowest point, a mere 10 metres in width, was the section between Dongzhimen and Chaoyangmen. The moat was three metres deep at its deepest point, and a metre deep at its most shallow, near Fuchengmen. The outer moat was narrower and shallower than that of the Inner city. By the end of the Qing dynasty, the artificial moat system behaved no differently from a natural river system.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Water passageways located at several locations along Beijing's city walls helped permit the flow of the water supply into and out of the city. There were seven passageways in the Inner city: Deshengmen West (entered the Inner city, three passages), Dongzhimen South (left the city, one passage), Chaoyangmen South (left the city, one passage), Chongwenmen East (left the city, one passage), Zhengyangmen East (left the city, one passage), Zhengyangmen West (left the city, three passages), and Xuanwumen West (left the city, one passage). There were three passageways in the Outer city: Xibianmen East (entered the Outer city, three passages), Dongbianmen West (entered the Outer city, three passages), and Dongbianmen East (the main drainage for the inner and outer cities, three passages). The passageways had rammed earth foundations covered with stone slabs and stone bricks, followed by a layer of bricks. Each passageway had two or three layers of iron railings, and plenty of soldiers on guard.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The moat system influenced the daily activities of Beijing's commoners. From the Yongle era (1402–1424) until the mid-Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the eastern sections of the southern moat system were used as canals for the transportation of staple foods entering the city. Commoners could board boats at the eastern moat system, travel southwards to leave the city at Dongbianmen, and go down the Tonghui River, which leads to the rural areas of Tongzhou. Every year during the Hungry Ghost Festival, people would place small ships containing candles on the water. When frozen in winter, the moats were used as shortcuts in and out of the city. There would be skating, and the ice would be cut and saved underground for use in the summer months. The moats were home to many fish and ducks.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "In 1953, Beijing's moat system was measured at 41.19 kilometres. As the city continued to expand, the moat system was no longer used, and much of it was channeled underground. The moat systems of the three main southern gates became underground rivers during the 1960s. The western, eastern, and northern moat systems were covered in the 1970s. A few remnants remain of the Inner city's northern moat system, the Outer city's southern moat system, and the imperial and Forbidden city's systems.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Many of Beijing's lakes were filled in during the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s (for example, Taiping Lake), totalling a land area of 33.4 hectares. Many others, such as Longxugou and Lianhuachi, were decreased in size by being partially filled in. The government also cleaned up many lakes outside of the city, making some into larger lakes. Public parks were created at Taoranting Park, Longtan Lake, Yuyuantan, and Zizhuyuan. Some new river systems were built during the 1950s (Kunyu River and Jingmi Diversion River).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Beijing, the political, cultural, military, and commercial centre of the empire, was the capital city of the last three dynasties of China; it was the last imperial capital built in China's history. Continuing and improving upon the construction and planning traditions of earlier dynasties, Beijing embodied some of the highest achievements in the field of city planning during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The construction of the fortification system borrowed ideas from Dadu of the Yuan era and Nanjing of the Ming era, and typified the Yuan and post-Yuan pre-Republican era city planning styles. It is the final example of China's 3,200 year-long square-shaped dynastical city planning style. It closely matched the scale of Chang'an of the Tang dynasty. The city was carefully planned during the early Ming dynasty, with a central axis running through the midpoints of the northern and southern walls, dividing the city into two equal parts to fulfil the Confucian ideals of \"Golden mean\"(居中不偏) and \"不重不威\". The Forbidden city was at the centre of it all, with Longevity Mount (Jingshan) just north of the palaces. The Imperial city, surrounding the palaces, provided everything necessary for the maintenance of the Emperor's lifestyle within the Forbidden city. The southern sections of the city were allocated to officials and bureaucrats, while the Inner and Outer city served as extra protection for the Imperial city and the palace complex. The streets, avenues, and boulevards of the city were straight and wide, presenting the imperialistic ideal of order. Everything, including Buddhist temples, Taoist temples, business districts, parks, and imperial family residences were all planned in accordance with the city's layout, its order being much stricter than that of Dadu, and larger in scale. The design of Beijing's fortifications borrowed elements from the Wujing Zongyao of the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127) and the already highly developed fortification construction expertise of the Southern Song (1127–1279). All of the structures used bricks and stones as foundations rather than rammed earth, including the watchtowers, the corner guard towers, the barbicans, the enemy sight towers, and the sluice gate towers. Forming both a planar and spatial defence for the city, it was dynastical China's best fortified city defence system, displaying the late dynastical China's greatest achievements in city fortification design.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Beijing's fortifications were described by American architect Edmund Bacon as \"man's greatest single architectural achievement on the face of the Earth\". Swedish scholar Osvald Sirén described the fortification's majestic views in his book The Walls and Gates of Peking. He wrote: \"The gates may be called the mouths of the city; they are the openings through which this huge walled-in body of half a million or more organisms breathes and speaks. The life of the whole city becomes concentrated at the gates; everything that goes out of or in to it must pass these narrow openings. And that which passes in and out is not simply a mass of vehicles, animals, and human beings, but thoughts and desires, hopes and despairs, death and new life in the shape of marriage- and funeral-processions. At the gates can be felt the pulse of the whole city, as its life and purpose flows through the narrow openings—a pulse-beat which gives the rhythm of the life and activity of this highly complex organism which is called Peking.\" He concluded with a pessimistic view as to whether the fortifications would remain intact into the future. Indeed, the fortifications were subsequently dismantled one by one.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "The call for restoration of the ancient architecture grew stronger in the period leading up to the 2008 Summer Olympics, hosted in Beijing. Demands for a complete or partial reconstruction of the original \"凸\"-shaped city defence system were made. The recently completed reconstruction of Yongdingmen is one example of such work, and will likely be followed by others in the future. A restored Inner and Outer city moat system will become part of the public waterway network; reconstruction of the three gates on the south of the city's central axis (and possibly all nine gates and three corner guard towers of the Inner city) is being discussed by officials. However, the former sites of gates such as Fuchengmen, Chaoyangmen, and Xuanwumen, are now busy roads with high rises and other major developments. An alternative would be to reconstruct them nearby, at less crowded sites. Some of the more likely projects are the restoration of the remaining fortifications and the reconstruction of parts of the city walls, projects which are less daunting and require much less funding. Between 2001 and 2003, the extant section of the Inner city wall just south of the Beijing train station was completely restored and was opened to the public as the Ming City Wall Relics Park. More wall segments were added to the park in 2005 and 2006. The Southeast Corner Tower has been restored and forms part of the park. Restoration of the section of the city wall near the Beijing Ancient Observatory and its enemy sight tower are in the planning stages, as well as the barbican at Zhengyangmen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Beijing city fortifications at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_93cc5467", "title": "Beijing city fortifications", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_93cc5467.json"}}
{"text": "Charles Daniel Smith (born July 16, 1965) is an American former professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1988 to 1998. He was an All-American college player for the Pittsburgh Panthers. He led the 1986 World Games USA Team in scoring to win the Gold Medal and Olympic bronze medal as a member of the United States national team in 1988.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_880fb570", "title": "Charles Smith (basketball, born 1965)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Smith_(basketball,_born_1965)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_880fb570.json"}}
{"text": "As a college player, Smith was named Big East Player of the Year in 1988. He was a member of the University of Pittsburgh's highly touted five-man recruiting class considered the country's best. Along with power forward Jerome Lane, Smith and the Pitt Basketball Team became a major force in college basketball, opening the 1987–88 season ranked No. 4 nationally and rising as high as No. 2. during Smith's tenure.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_880fb570", "title": "Charles Smith (basketball, born 1965)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Smith_(basketball,_born_1965)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_880fb570.json"}}
{"text": "He played and led the US national team in scoring during the 1986 FIBA World Championship, where he won the gold medal, and at the 1988 Olympics, where he finished with a bronze.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_880fb570", "title": "Charles Smith (basketball, born 1965)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Smith_(basketball,_born_1965)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_880fb570.json"}}
{"text": "After his college career, the 6'10\", 245 lb. power forward was selected third overall in the 1988 NBA draft by the Philadelphia 76ers but immediately traded to the Los Angeles Clippers. He made the 1988 NBA All-Rookie Team by averaging 16 points and 8 rebounds. During his four years with the Clippers he was the team's top scorer averaging 19 points per game. He was later traded to the New York Knicks with Doc Rivers and Bo Kimble for point guard Mark Jackson. Coach Riley moved Smith from Power Forward to Small Forward to fill the hole left by Xavier McDaniel after the Knicks failed to re-sign him after their successful 1991–92 season. Smith's knees became problematic playing small forward around this time. As Smith's stats declined, he was traded to the San Antonio Spurs for J. R. Reid before retiring in 1998.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_880fb570", "title": "Charles Smith (basketball, born 1965)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Smith_(basketball,_born_1965)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_880fb570.json"}}
{"text": "Smith is a Resource Board Member of Family Office Association developing global partnerships. Prior, he was Head of Sports & Entertainment MediaCom and Head of New Business for Midas Exchange, both owned by WPP/GroupM.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_880fb570", "title": "Charles Smith (basketball, born 1965)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Smith_(basketball,_born_1965)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_880fb570.json"}}
{"text": "After retiring from the NBA, Smith served as Team Representative for the National Basketball Players Association (NBPA) and then as First Vice President. Smith helped create the NBPA Foundation, a non-profit to support retired players in need. Smith went on to serve as Executive Director of the National Basketball Retired Players Association (NBRPA). Smith produced and executed exhibition games featuring over 40 retired NBA players.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_880fb570", "title": "Charles Smith (basketball, born 1965)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Smith_(basketball,_born_1965)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_880fb570.json"}}
{"text": "Smith was founder and CEO of New Media Technology Corp. The company was the first to develop and patent customizable applications for video ingestion in 1998.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_880fb570", "title": "Charles Smith (basketball, born 1965)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Smith_(basketball,_born_1965)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_880fb570.json"}}
{"text": "Smith played in an exhibition game organized by Dennis Rodman in North Korea, which was depicted in the 2015 documentary film Dennis Rodman's Big Bang in Pyongyang.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_880fb570", "title": "Charles Smith (basketball, born 1965)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Smith_(basketball,_born_1965)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_880fb570.json"}}
{"text": "NBA career statistics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_880fb570", "title": "Charles Smith (basketball, born 1965)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Smith_(basketball,_born_1965)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_880fb570.json"}}
{"text": "Career statistics from NBA.com  · Basketball Reference", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_880fb570", "title": "Charles Smith (basketball, born 1965)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Smith_(basketball,_born_1965)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_880fb570.json"}}
{"text": "Georges Glasser (French pronunciation: [ʒɔʁʒ glaːse]; 24 August 1907 – January 2002) was a French tennis player, corporate executive and president of the Tennis Club de Paris. As a player, he was particularly successful in mixed doubles claiming several titles during his career. He was ranked the 8th among the top French players in 1932.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e6cb29e", "title": "Georges Glasser", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Glasser", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e6cb29e.json"}}
{"text": "He was born in Paris 24 August 1907, son of the general manager of the Compagnie Générale des Eaux, George Glasser graduated at the École Polytechnique in 1926. In 1931 he became an engineer at the École nationale des ponts et chaussées. The same year he became the assistant to the Director General of the Préfecture des Hauts-de-Seine and also the member of Corps of Bridges and Roads. In 1948 he was elected the president of the National Society of Southwest aircraft constructions (SNCASO) in 1948, while also acting as the vice president of French state-owned aircraft manufacturer Sud Aviation. He persuaded his devotion to tennis by being the president of the Tennis Club de Paris in 1951–1965, the club which he played for when he had been an active sportsman. In 1957 he was appointed president of the Society for the Study of jet Propulsion (SEPR) and finally chief executive of Alsthom between 1958 and 1975. Died in January 2002.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e6cb29e", "title": "Georges Glasser", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Glasser", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e6cb29e.json"}}
{"text": "Interview with Georges Glasser (in French)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e6cb29e", "title": "Georges Glasser", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Glasser", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e6cb29e.json"}}
{"text": "Curt Eisner (April 28, 1890 in Zabrze – December 30, 1981 in The Hague) was a German entomologist who specialised in snow butterflies or Parnassinae. His collections of Parnassinae are in Naturalis, in Leiden, and his Ornithoptera and Morphidae are in the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin.In the 1930s he lived in Berlin Dahlem.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_830d65af", "title": "Curt Eisner", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Eisner", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_830d65af.json"}}
{"text": "Parnassiana nova, XII. Kritische Revision der Gattung Parnassius. (Fortsetzung 8). Zoöl. Meded. Leiden 35 (4): 33—49.(1957)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_830d65af", "title": "Curt Eisner", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Eisner", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_830d65af.json"}}
{"text": "Parnassiana nova, XV. Kritische Revision der Gattung Parnassius. (Fortsetzung 10). Zoöl. Meded. Leiden 35: 177—203.(1957)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_830d65af", "title": "Curt Eisner", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Eisner", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_830d65af.json"}}
{"text": "Parnassiana nova, XXXIII. Nachträgliche Betrachtungen zu der Revision der Subfamilia Parnassiinae. (Fortsetzung 6). Zoöl. Meded. Leiden 38 (17): 281—294, Taf. XXI—XXII.(1963)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_830d65af", "title": "Curt Eisner", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Eisner", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_830d65af.json"}}
{"text": "Parnassiana nova XLIX. Die Arten und Unterarten der Baroniidae, Teinopalpidae und Parnassiidae (Lepidoptera). Zool. Verhand. Leiden 135: 1—96.(1974)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_830d65af", "title": "Curt Eisner", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Eisner", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_830d65af.json"}}
{"text": "Parnassiidae-Typen in der Sammlung J. C. Eisner Zool.Verh., n° 81, 1966. frontispice couleur, 190 pp., 84 planches N&B hors-texte.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_830d65af", "title": "Curt Eisner", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Eisner", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_830d65af.json"}}
{"text": "Obituary of Felix Bryk pdf", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_830d65af", "title": "Curt Eisner", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Eisner", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_830d65af.json"}}
{"text": "Selected articles by Eisner for the Leiden Museum including the series on Parnassiana nova and Erebia [1] Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_830d65af", "title": "Curt Eisner", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Eisner", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_830d65af.json"}}
{"text": "Zobodat Full bibliography in Nota Lepidopterologica", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_830d65af", "title": "Curt Eisner", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Eisner", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_830d65af.json"}}
{"text": "Naturalis Repository free downloads of some Eisner papers (via search box)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_830d65af", "title": "Curt Eisner", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Eisner", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_830d65af.json"}}
{"text": "The Macaé River is a river of Rio de Janeiro state in southeastern Brazil that flows into the Atlantic Ocean at the town of Macaé.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_372d94a9", "title": "Macaé River", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maca%C3%A9_River", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_372d94a9.json"}}
{"text": "The upper part of the Macaé River basin is protected by the 35,038 hectares (86,580 acres) Macaé de Cima Environmental Protection Area, created in 2001.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_372d94a9", "title": "Macaé River", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maca%C3%A9_River", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_372d94a9.json"}}
{"text": "The river basin also includes part of the União Biological Reserve, home to a population of endangered golden lion tamarin.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_372d94a9", "title": "Macaé River", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maca%C3%A9_River", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_372d94a9.json"}}
{"text": "List of rivers of Rio de Janeiro", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_372d94a9", "title": "Macaé River", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maca%C3%A9_River", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_372d94a9.json"}}
{"text": "Brazilian Ministry of Transport", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_372d94a9", "title": "Macaé River", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maca%C3%A9_River", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_372d94a9.json"}}
{"text": "The Akogba Hill, or Oke Akogba, is a hill located in Ekinrin-Adde in Kogi State of Northcentral Nigeria.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d1c338ec", "title": "Akogba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akogba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d1c338ec.json"}}
{"text": "The hill, also known as Oke Akogba or Or'Oke Akogba, is one of the natural endowments of Ekinrin-Adde. It is a large monolith in the north-west of the Ekinrin-Adde community overlooking the town as well as being the source of the Akogba Spring. Although it is not the only mountain surrounding the community, it is arguably the most prominent at an altitude of about 3500 feet (1050m above sea level). This intrusion of Ekinrin-Adde’s landscape is among a chain of other mountains to the north of Ekinrin-Adde among which are Oroke Kere, Oroke Asi Oroke Kongo and Oroke Ewuta.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d1c338ec", "title": "Akogba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akogba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d1c338ec.json"}}
{"text": "It is a massive out crop of granite rocks of primitive formation that contains caves which offered protection to the people in the days of intertribal wars. It is from this mountain that Akogba spring took it source. Hence, to the Ekinrin-Adde, the Akogba mountain stands not only as one of the physical geographical phenomenon that dotted the landscape, but also as a monument of faith in unity, strength and unfailing protection and sustenance from the supreme being.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d1c338ec", "title": "Akogba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akogba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d1c338ec.json"}}
{"text": "Annually in June, which marks the beginning of the year for the Okun people's calendar, thousands of indigene and visitors gather in thousands to hike the Akogba Mountain. Dayo Babalola (a UK based indigene of the Ekinrin-Adde) after due consultation with all stakeholders and like minds. The Akogba Hiking festival and Carnival is one of the biggest hiking event in Kogi state. The hike is an opportunity to explore this nature endowment and showcase the distinguishing characteristics of the diverse landscapes, culture, tradition, and history of Ekinrin-Adde people.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d1c338ec", "title": "Akogba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akogba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d1c338ec.json"}}
{"text": "Live at the Final Frontier is the debut live album by German heavy metal band Iron Savior, released on 29 May 2015 via AFM Records. It was recorded live in Hamburg, Germany on 10 January 2015 during their tour of Rise of the Hero. It contains two CDs and a DVD featuring the band's performance plus bonus video material and additional backstage and concert footage.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cf50d552", "title": "Live at the Final Frontier", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_Final_Frontier", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cf50d552.json"}}
{"text": "Piet Sielck – vocals, guitars", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cf50d552", "title": "Live at the Final Frontier", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_Final_Frontier", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cf50d552.json"}}
{"text": "Joachim \"Piesel\" Küstner – guitars", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cf50d552", "title": "Live at the Final Frontier", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_Final_Frontier", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cf50d552.json"}}
{"text": "Jan-Sören Eckert – bass, additional vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cf50d552", "title": "Live at the Final Frontier", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_Final_Frontier", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cf50d552.json"}}
{"text": "Additional personnel", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cf50d552", "title": "Live at the Final Frontier", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_Final_Frontier", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cf50d552.json"}}
{"text": "Felipe Machado Franco – cover art", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cf50d552", "title": "Live at the Final Frontier", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_Final_Frontier", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cf50d552.json"}}
{"text": "The Middle East is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, the Levant, and Turkey.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "The term came into widespread usage by Western European nations in the early 20th century as a replacement of the term Near East (both were in contrast  to the Far East). The term \"Middle East\" has led to some confusion over its changing definitions. The region includes the vast majority of the territories included in the closely associated definition of West Asia, but without the South Caucasus. It also includes all of Egypt (not just the Sinai region) and all of Turkey (including East Thrace).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Most Middle Eastern countries (13 out of 18) are part of the Arab world. The three most populous countries in the region are Egypt, Iran, and Turkey, while Saudi Arabia is the largest Middle Eastern country by area. The history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, and it was long considered the \"cradle of civilization\". The geopolitical importance of the region has been recognized and competed for during millennia. The Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) have their origins in the Middle East. Arabs constitute the main ethnic group in the region, followed by Turks, Persians, Kurds, Jews, and Assyrians.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "The Middle East generally has a hot, arid climate, especially in the Arabian and Egyptian regions. Several major rivers provide irrigation to support agriculture in limited areas here, such as the Nile Delta in Egypt, the Tigris and Euphrates watersheds of Mesopotamia, and the basin of the Jordan River that spans most of the Levant. These regions are collectively known as the Fertile Crescent, and comprise the core of what historians had long referred to as the cradle of civilization; multiple regions of the world have since been classified as also having developed independent, original civilizations.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Conversely, the Levantine coast and most of Turkey have relatively temperate climates typical of the Mediterranean, with dry summers and cool, wet winters. Most of the countries that border the Persian Gulf have vast reserves of petroleum. Monarchs of the Arabian Peninsula in particular have benefitted economically from petroleum exports. Because of the arid climate and dependence  on the fossil fuel industry, the Middle East is both a major contributor to climate change and a region that is expected to be severely adversely affected by it.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Other concepts of the region exist, including the broader Middle East and North Africa (MENA), which includes states of the Maghreb and the Sudan. The term the \"Greater Middle East\" also includes Afghanistan, Mauritania, Pakistan, as well as parts of East Africa, and sometimes Central Asia and the South Caucasus.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "The term \"Middle East\" may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office. However, it became more widely known when United States naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902 to \"designate the area between Arabia and India\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "During this time the British and Russian empires were vying for influence in Central Asia, a rivalry that would become known as the Great Game. Mahan realized not only the strategic importance of the region, but also of its center, the Persian Gulf. He labeled the area surrounding the Persian Gulf as the Middle East. He said that, beyond Egypt's Suez Canal, the Gulf was the most important passage for Britain to control in order to keep the Russians from advancing towards British India. Mahan first used the term in his article \"The Persian Gulf and International Relations\", published in September 1902 in the National Review, a British journal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "The Middle East, if I may adopt a term which I have not seen, will some day need its Malta, as well as its Gibraltar; it does not follow that either will be in the Persian Gulf.  Naval force has the quality of mobility which carries with it the privilege of temporary absences; but it needs to find on every scene of operation established bases of refit, of supply, and in case of disaster, of security. The British Navy should have the facility to concentrate in force if occasion arise, about Aden, India, and the Persian Gulf.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Mahan's article was reprinted in The Times and followed in October by a 20-article series entitled \"The Middle Eastern Question\", written by Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol. During this series, Sir Ignatius expanded the definition of Middle East to include \"those regions of Asia which extend to the borders of India or command the approaches to India.\" After the series ended in 1903, The Times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the term.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Until World War II, it was customary to refer to areas centered on Turkey and the eastern shore of the Mediterranean as the \"Near East\", while the \"Far East\" centered on China, India and Japan. The Middle East was then defined as the area from Mesopotamia to Burma; namely, the area between the Near East and the Far East. This area broadly corresponds to South Asia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "In the late 1930s, the British established the Middle East Command, which was based in Cairo, for its military forces in the region. After that time, the term \"Middle East\" gained broader usage in Europe and the United States. Following World War II, for example, the Middle East Institute was founded in Washington, D.C. in 1946.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "The corresponding adjective is Middle Eastern and the derived noun is Middle Easterner.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "While other terms such as \"Southwest Asia\" or \"Swasia\" have been sparsely used, the classification of the African country Egypt among those counted in the Middle East challenges the usefulness of using such terms. Furthermore, the term \"Asia\" itself is Eurocentric , defeating the purpose of such alternative names.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "The description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions. Before the First World War, \"Near East\" was used in English to refer to the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, while \"Middle East\" referred to the Caucasus, Persia, and Arabian lands, and sometimes Afghanistan, India and others. In contrast, \"Far East\" referred to the countries of East Asia (e.g. China, Japan, and Korea).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, \"Near East\" largely fell out of common use in English, while \"Middle East\" came to be applied to the emerging independent countries of the Islamic world. However, the usage \"Near East\" was retained by a variety of academic disciplines, including archaeology and ancient history. In their usage, the term describes an area identical to the term Middle East, which is not used by these disciplines (see ancient Near East).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "The first official use of the term \"Middle East\" by the United States government was in the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine, which pertained to the Suez Crisis. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles defined the Middle East as \"the area lying between and including Libya on the west and Pakistan on the east, Syria and Iraq on the North and the Arabian peninsula to the south, plus the Sudan and Ethiopia.\" In 1958, the State Department explained that the terms \"Near East\" and \"Middle East\" were interchangeable, and defined the region as including only Egypt, Syria, Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Since the late 20th century, scholars and journalists from the region, such as journalist Louay Khraish and historian Hassan Hanafi have criticized the use of \"Middle East\" as a Eurocentric and colonialist term.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "The Associated Press Stylebook of 2004 says that Near East formerly referred to the farther west countries while Middle East referred to the eastern ones, but that now they are synonymous. It instructs:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Use Middle East unless Near East is used by a source in a story. Mideast is also acceptable, but Middle East is preferred.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "European languages have adopted terms similar to Near East and Middle East. Since these are based on a relative description, the meanings depend on the country and are generally different from the English terms. In German the term Naher Osten (Near East) is still in common use (nowadays the term Mittlerer Osten is more and more common in press texts translated from English sources, albeit having a distinct meaning).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "In the four Slavic languages, Russian Ближний Восток or Blizhniy Vostok, Bulgarian Близкия Изток, Polish Bliski Wschód or Croatian Bliski istok (terms meaning Near East are the only appropriate ones for the region).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "However, some European languages do have \"Middle East\" equivalents, such as French Moyen-Orient, Swedish Mellanöstern, Spanish Oriente Medio or Medio Oriente, Greek is Μέση Ανατολή (Mesi Anatoli), and Italian Medio Oriente.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Perhaps because of the political influence of the United States and Europe, and the prominence of Western press, the Arabic equivalent of Middle East (Arabic: الشرق الأوسط ash-Sharq al-Awsaṭ) has become standard usage in the mainstream Arabic press. It comprises the same meaning as the term \"Middle East\" in North American and Western European usage. The designation, Mashriq, also from the Arabic root for East, also denotes a variously defined region around the Levant, the eastern part of the Arabic-speaking world (as opposed to the Maghreb, the western part). Even though the term originated in the West, countries of the Middle East that use languages other than Arabic also use that term in translation. For instance, the Persian equivalent for Middle East is خاورمیانه (Khāvar-e miyāneh), the Hebrew is המזרח התיכון (hamizrach hatikhon), and the Turkish is Orta Doğu.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Countries and territory", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Countries and territory usually considered within the Middle East", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Traditionally included within the Middle East are Arabia, Asia Minor, East Thrace, Egypt, Iran, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and the Socotra Archipelago. The region includes 17 UN-recognized countries and one British Overseas Territory.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "a. ^ ^ Jerusalem is the proclaimed capital of Israel, which is disputed, and the actual location of the Knesset, Israeli Supreme Court, and other governmental institutions of Israel. Ramallah is the actual location of the government of Palestine, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is East Jerusalem, which is disputed.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "b. ^ Controlled by the Houthis due to the ongoing civil war. Seat of government moved to Aden.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Other definitions of the Middle East", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Various concepts are often paralleled to the Middle East, most notably the Near East, Fertile Crescent, and Levant. These are geographical concepts, which refer to large sections of the modern-day Middle East, with the Near East being the closest to the Middle East in its geographical meaning. Due to it primarily being Arabic speaking, the Maghreb region of North Africa is sometimes included.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "\"Greater Middle East\" is a political term coined by the second Bush administration in the first decade of the 21st century to denote various countries, pertaining to the Muslim world, specifically Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey. Various Central Asian countries are sometimes also included.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "The Middle East lies at the juncture of Africa and Eurasia and of the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea (see also: Indo-Mediterranean). It is the birthplace and spiritual center of religions such as Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Manichaeism, Yezidi, Druze, Yarsan, and Mandeanism, and in Iran, Mithraism, Zoroastrianism, Manicheanism, and the Baháʼí Faith. Throughout its history the Middle East has been a major center of world affairs; a strategically, economically, politically, culturally, and religiously sensitive area. The region is one of the regions where agriculture was independently discovered, and from the Middle East it was spread, during the Neolithic, to different regions of the world such as Europe, the Indus Valley and Eastern Africa.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Prior to the formation of civilizations, advanced cultures formed all over the Middle East during the Stone Age. The search for agricultural lands by agriculturalists, and pastoral lands by herdsmen meant different migrations took place within the region and shaped its ethnic and demographic makeup.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "The Middle East is widely and most famously known as the cradle of civilization. The world's earliest civilizations, Mesopotamia (Sumer, Akkad, Assyria, and Babylonia), ancient Egypt and Kish in the Levant, all originated in the Fertile Crescent and Nile Valley regions of the ancient Near East. These were followed by the Hittite, Greek, Hurrian and Urartian civilisations of Asia Minor; Elam, Persia and Median civilizations in Iran, as well as the civilizations of the Levant (such as Ebla, Mari, Nagar, Ugarit, Canaan, Aramea, Mitanni, Phoenicia, and Israel) and the Arabian Peninsula (Magan, Sheba, Ubar). The Near East was first largely unified under the Neo Assyrian Empire, then the Achaemenid Empire followed later by the Macedonian Empire and after this to some degree by the Iranian empires (namely the Parthian and Sasanian Empires), the Roman Empire, and the Byzantine Empire. The region served as the intellectual and economic center of the Roman Empire and played an exceptionally important role due to its periphery on the Sasanian Empire. Thus, the Romans stationed up to five or six of their legions in the region for the sole purpose of defending it from Sasanian and Bedouin raids and invasions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "From the 4th century CE onward, the Middle East became the center of the two main powers at the time, the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire. However, it would be the later Islamic Caliphates of the Middle Ages, or Islamic Golden Age which began with the Islamic conquest of the region in the 7th century AD, that would first unify the entire Middle East as a distinct region and create the dominant Islamic Arab ethnic identity that largely (but not exclusively) persists today. The 4 caliphates that dominated the Middle East for more than 600 years were the Rashidun Caliphate, the Umayyad Caliphate, the Abbasid Caliphate, and the Fatimid Caliphate. Additionally, the Mongols would come to dominate the region, the Kingdom of Armenia would incorporate parts of the region to their domain, the Seljuks would rule the region and spread Turko-Persian culture, and the Franks would found the Crusader states that would stand for roughly two centuries. Josiah Russell estimates the population of what he calls \"Islamic territory\" as roughly 12.5 million in 1000 – Anatolia 8 million, Syria 2 million, and Egypt 1.5 million. From the 16th century onward, the Middle East came to be dominated, once again, by two main powers: the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "The modern Middle East began after World War I, when the Ottoman Empire, which was allied with the Central Powers, was defeated by the Allies and partitioned into a number of separate nations, initially under British and French Mandates. Other defining events in this transformation included the establishment of Israel in 1948 and the eventual departure of European powers, notably Britain and France by the end of the 1960s. They were supplanted in some part by the rising influence of the United States from the 1970s onward.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "In the 20th century, the region's significant stocks of crude oil gave it new strategic and economic importance. Mass production of oil began around 1945, with Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait, Iraq, and the United Arab Emirates having large quantities of oil. Estimated oil reserves, especially in Saudi Arabia and Iran, are some of the highest in the world, and the international oil cartel OPEC is dominated by Middle Eastern countries.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "During the Cold War, the Middle East was a theater of ideological struggle between the two superpowers and their allies: NATO and the United States on one side, and the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact on the other, as they competed to influence regional allies. Besides the political reasons there was also the \"ideological conflict\" between the two systems. Moreover, as Louise Fawcett argues, among many important areas of contention, or perhaps more accurately of anxiety, were, first, the desires of the superpowers to gain strategic advantage in the region, second, the fact that the region contained some two-thirds of the world's oil reserves in a context where oil was becoming increasingly vital to the economy of the Western world [...] Within this contextual framework, the United States sought to divert the Arab world from Soviet influence. Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the region has experienced both periods of relative peace and tolerance and periods of conflict particularly between Sunnis and Shiites.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Middle Eastern economies range from being very poor (such as Gaza Strip and Yemen) to extremely wealthy nations (such as Qatar and the United Arab Emirates). According to the International Monetary Fund, the three largest Middle Eastern economies in nominal GDP in 2023 were Saudi Arabia ($1.06 trillion), Turkey ($1.03 trillion), and Israel ($0.54 trillion). For nominal GDP per person, the highest ranking countries are Qatar ($83,891), Israel ($55,535), the United Arab Emirates ($49,451) and Cyprus ($33,807). Turkey ($3.6 trillion), Saudi Arabia ($2.3 trillion), and Iran ($1.7 trillion) had the largest economies in terms of GDP PPP. For GDP PPP per person, the highest-ranking countries are Qatar ($124,834), the United Arab Emirates ($88,221), Saudi Arabia ($64,836), Bahrain ($60,596) and Israel ($54,997). The lowest-ranking country in the Middle East, in terms of GDP nominal per capita, is Yemen ($573).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "The economic structure of Middle Eastern nations are different because while some are heavily dependent on export of only oil and oil-related products (Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait), others have a highly diverse economic base (such as Cyprus, Israel, Turkey and Egypt). Industries of the Middle Eastern region include oil and oil-related products, agriculture, cotton, cattle, dairy, textiles, leather products, surgical instruments, defence equipment (guns, ammunition, tanks, submarines, fighter jets, UAVs, and missiles). Banking is an important sector, especially for United Arab Emirates and Bahrain.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "With the exception of Cyprus, Turkey, Egypt, Lebanon and Israel, tourism has been a relatively undeveloped area of the economy, in part because of the socially conservative nature of the region as well as political turmoil in certain regions. Since the end of the COVID pandemic however, countries such as the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Jordan have begun attracting greater numbers of tourists because of improving tourist facilities and the relaxing of tourism-related restrictive policies.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Unemployment is high in the Middle East and North Africa region, particularly among people aged 15–29, a demographic representing 30% of the region's population. The total regional unemployment rate in 2025 is 10.8%, and among youth is as high as 28%.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Arabs constitute the largest ethnic group in the Middle East, followed by various Iranian peoples and then by Turkic peoples (Turkish, Azeris, Syrian Turkmen, and Iraqi Turkmen). Native ethnic groups of the region include, in addition to Arabs, Arameans, Assyrians, Baloch, Berbers, Copts, Druze, Greek Cypriots, Jews, Kurds, Lurs, Mandaeans, Persians, Samaritans, Shabaks, Tats, and Zazas. European ethnic groups that form a diaspora in the region include Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians (including Kabardians), Crimean Tatars, Greeks, Franco-Levantines, Italo-Levantines, and Iraqi Turkmens. Among other migrant populations are Chinese, Filipinos, Indians, Indonesians, Pakistanis, Pashtuns, Romani, and Afro-Arabs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "\"Migration has always provided an important vent for labor market pressures in the Middle East. For the period between the 1970s and 1990s, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf in particular provided a rich source of employment for workers from Egypt, Yemen and the countries of the Levant, while Europe had attracted young workers from North African countries due both to proximity and the legacy of colonial ties between France and the majority of North African states.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "According to the International Organization for Migration, there are 13 million first-generation migrants from Arab nations in the world, of which 5.8 reside in other Arab countries. Expatriates from Arab countries contribute to the circulation of financial and human capital in the region and thus significantly promote regional development. In 2009 Arab countries received a total of US$35.1 billion in remittance in-flows and remittances sent to Jordan, Egypt, and Lebanon from other Arab countries are 40 to 190 per cent higher than trade revenues between these and other Arab countries. In Somalia, the Somali Civil War has greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora, as many of the best educated Somalis left for Middle Eastern countries as well as Europe and North America.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Non-Arab Middle Eastern countries such as Turkey, Israel, and Iran are also subject to important migration dynamics.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "A fair proportion of those migrating from Arab nations are from ethnic and religious minorities facing persecution and are not necessarily ethnic Arabs, Iranians or Turks. Large numbers of Kurds, Jews, Assyrians, Greeks, and Armenians as well as many Mandaeans have left nations such as Iraq, Iran, Syria and Turkey for these reasons during the last century. In Iran, many religious minorities such as Christians, Baháʼís, Jews, and Zoroastrians have left since the Islamic Revolution of 1979.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "The six top languages, in terms of numbers of speakers, are Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Kurdish, Modern Hebrew and Greek. About 20 minority languages are also spoken in the Middle East.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Arabic, with all its dialects, is the most widely spoken language in the Middle East, with Literary Arabic being official in all North African and in most West Asian countries. Arabic dialects are also spoken in some adjacent areas in neighbouring Middle Eastern non-Arab countries. It is a member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages. Several Modern South Arabian languages such as Mehri and Soqotri are also spoken in Yemen and Oman. Another Semitic language is Aramaic and its dialects are spoken mainly by Assyrians and Mandaeans, with Western Aramaic still spoken in two villages near Damascus, Syria. There is also an Oasis Berber-speaking community in Egypt where the language is also known as Siwa. It is a non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic sister language.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Persian is the second most spoken language. While it is primarily spoken in Iran and some border areas in neighbouring countries, the country is one of the region's largest and most populous. It belongs to the Indo-Iranian branch of the family of Indo-European languages. Other Western Iranic languages spoken in the region include Achomi, Daylami, Kurdish dialects, Semmani, Lurish, amongst many others.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "The close third-most widely spoken language, Turkish, is largely confined to Turkey, which is also one of the region's largest and most populous countries, but it is present in areas in neighboring countries. It is a member of the Turkic languages, which have their origins in East Asia. Another Turkic language, Azerbaijani, is spoken by Azerbaijanis in Iran.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "The fourth-most widely spoken language, Kurdish, is spoken in the countries of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey, Sorani Kurdish is the second official language in Iraq (instated after the 2005 constitution) after Arabic.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Hebrew is the official language of Israel, with Arabic given a special status after the 2018 Basic law lowered its status from an official language prior to 2018. Hebrew is spoken and used by over 80% of Israel's population, the other 20% using Arabic. Modern Hebrew only began being spoken in the 20th century after being revived in the late 19th century by Elizer Ben-Yehuda (Elizer Perlman) and European Jewish settlers, with the first native Hebrew speaker being born in 1882.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Greek is one of the two official languages of Cyprus, and the country's main language. Small communities of Greek speakers exist all around the Middle East; until the 20th century it was also widely spoken in Asia Minor (being the second most spoken language there, after Turkish) and Egypt. During the antiquity, Ancient Greek was the lingua franca for many areas of the western Middle East and until the Muslim expansion it was widely spoken there as well. Until the late 11th century, it was also the main spoken language in Asia Minor; after that it was gradually replaced by the Turkish language as the Anatolian Turks expanded and the local Greeks were assimilated, especially in the interior.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "English is one of the official languages of Akrotiri and Dhekelia. It is also commonly taught and used as a foreign second language, in countries such as Egypt, Jordan, Iran, Iraq, Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, and Kuwait. It is also a main language in some Emirates of the United Arab Emirates. It is also spoken as native language by Jewish immigrants from Anglophone countries (UK, US, Australia) in Israel and understood widely as second language there.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "French is taught and used in many government facilities and media in Lebanon, and is taught in some primary and secondary schools of Egypt and Syria. Maltese, a Semitic language mainly spoken in Europe, is used by the Franco-Maltese diaspora in Egypt. Due to widespread immigration of French Jews to Israel, it is the native language of approximately 200,000 Jews in Israel.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Armenian speakers are to be found in the region. Georgian is spoken by the Georgian diaspora.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Russian is spoken by a large portion of the Israeli population, because of emigration in the late 1990s. Russian today is a popular unofficial language in use in Israel; news, radio and sign boards can be found in Russian around the country after Hebrew and Arabic. Circassian is also spoken by the diaspora in the region and by almost all Circassians in Israel who speak Hebrew and English as well.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "The largest Romanian-speaking community in the Middle East is found in Israel, where as of 1995 Romanian is spoken by 5% of the population.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Bengali, Hindi, and Urdu are widely spoken by migrant communities in many Middle Eastern countries, such as Saudi Arabia (where 20–25% of the population is South Asian), the United Arab Emirates (where 50–55% of the population is South Asian), and Qatar, which have large numbers of Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and Indian immigrants.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "The Middle East is very diverse when it comes to religions, many of which originated there. Islam is the largest religion in the Middle East, but other faiths that originated there, such as Judaism and Christianity, are also well represented. Christian communities have played a vital role in the Middle East, and they represent 78% of Cyprus population, and 40.5% of Lebanon, where the Lebanese president, half of the cabinet, and half of the parliament follow one of the various Lebanese Christian rites. There are also important minority religions like the Baháʼí Faith, Yarsanism, Yazidism, Zoroastrianism, Mandaeism, Druze, and Shabakism, and in ancient times the region was home to Mesopotamian religions, Canaanite religions, Manichaeism, Mithraism and various monotheist gnostic sects.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "The Middle East has recently become more prominent in hosting global sport events due to its wealth and desire to diversify its economy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "The South Asian diaspora is a major backer of cricket in the region.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Adelson, Roger (1995). London and the Invention of the Middle East: Money, Power, and War, 1902–1922. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-06094-2.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Beaumont, Peter; Blake, Gerald H; Wagstaff, J. Malcolm (1988). The Middle East: A Geographical Study. David Fulton. ISBN 978-0-470-21040-6.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "\"Middle East – Articles by Region\" Archived 9 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine – Council on Foreign Relations: \"A Resource for Nonpartisan Research and Analysis\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "\"Middle East – Interactive Crisis Guide\" Archived 30 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine – Council on Foreign Relations: \"A Resource for Nonpartisan Research and Analysis\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Middle East Department University of Chicago Library", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Middle East Business Intelligence since 1957: \"The leading information source on business in the Middle East\" – meed.com", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Carboun – advocacy for sustainability and environmental conservation in the Middle East", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Middle East News from Yahoo! News", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "Middle East Business, Financial & Industry News – ArabianBusiness.com", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7346706b", "title": "Middle East", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7346706b.json"}}
{"text": "St Michael's Church is a Grade I listed church in Michaelston-le-Pit, in the Vale of Glamorgan, south Wales. It became a Grade I listed building on 28 January 1963. The church was probably built by the Reigny family; earliest records of it date to the Taxation of Norwich in 1254, where it was referred to as St Michael de Renny and was valued at four marks. The parish at one time consisted of the Manor of Michaelston-le-Pit and the church was an advowson included with the manor in the 15th and 17th centuries. By 1563, a cleric was in residence.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_54175b25", "title": "St Michael's Church, Michaelston-le-Pit", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Church,_Michaelston-le-Pit", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_54175b25.json"}}
{"text": "The church was known by a variety of names over time: \"Michaelstowe\" and \"Michaelstown\", which changed with the name of the land owner.  In the 16th century it was called Michaelston le Pole, as the De la Pole family owned the manor before 1493.  The present name is likely taken from le Peyt; the le Peyt family owned the land before selling it to the Reignys.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_54175b25", "title": "St Michael's Church, Michaelston-le-Pit", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Church,_Michaelston-le-Pit", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_54175b25.json"}}
{"text": "The church has many items which date to medieval times, including a baptismal font which was lost at the time of the Battle of St Fagans and was later discovered in a local field. It also has the only triple decker pulpit found in the Vale of Glamorgan. The lychgate of the churchyard is a memorial to local soldiers killed in World War I; it became a Grade II listed building 25 April 2002.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_54175b25", "title": "St Michael's Church, Michaelston-le-Pit", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Church,_Michaelston-le-Pit", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_54175b25.json"}}
{"text": "The Nokia 3300 is a mobile phone announced on March 11, 2003 as the successor of Nokia 5510. It was marketed primarily as a music playing phone.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e5cb795c", "title": "Nokia 3300", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_3300", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e5cb795c.json"}}
{"text": "Unlike most traditional designs, the 3300 has a display roughly in the center of the front panel with a numeric keypad to the right, a controller pad to the left and the call/end and selection keys to the bottom. The covers are interchangeable, allowing the handset to be personalised to some extent. The 3300 bears strong design similarities to the Nokia N-Gage which was introduced before it, but released long after the 3300.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e5cb795c", "title": "Nokia 3300", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_3300", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e5cb795c.json"}}
{"text": "Nokia also made a variant of the phone for the North American market. Compared to the Eurasian version, the 3300b utilizes a QWERTY keyboard and runs on GSM 850/1900 networks.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e5cb795c", "title": "Nokia 3300", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_3300", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e5cb795c.json"}}
{"text": "The Nokia 3300 supports MP3 and AAC audio and comes with an FM radio, and it can also be used as a digital voice recorder. Included in the standard package is a 64MB MMC memory card for storing data. GPRS data is supported, the display is a 128 x 128 pixel CSTN panel.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e5cb795c", "title": "Nokia 3300", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_3300", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e5cb795c.json"}}
{"text": "Donald Bergagård (born 13 February 1936 in Öckerö) is a Swedish singer, accordionist and evangelist.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0acab175", "title": "Donald Bergagård", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Bergag%C3%A5rd", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0acab175.json"}}
{"text": "In the late 1950s Bergagård was employed as a pastor in the Pentecostal congregation Elim in Örebro. After visiting Aage Samuelsen's Maran Ata meetings in Oslo in 1959, he resolved to spread the movement in Sweden, becoming one of the founders of the Maranata movement there. He founded the first Swedish Maranata congregation in Örebro in 1960.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0acab175", "title": "Donald Bergagård", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Bergag%C3%A5rd", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0acab175.json"}}
{"text": "He was one of the founders of Maran Ata in Oslo, where he was also a pastor from 2001 to 2004. Later that year, he moved to the United States.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0acab175", "title": "Donald Bergagård", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Bergag%C3%A5rd", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0acab175.json"}}
{"text": "Bergagård wrote the Swedish text to the song där rosor aldrig dör/Till en stad jag är på vandring, dit där rosor aldrig dör. The tune was written by Jack & Jim Elsie, under the original title I am going to a city, where the roses never fade.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0acab175", "title": "Donald Bergagård", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Bergag%C3%A5rd", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0acab175.json"}}
{"text": "In March 1963, Bergagård led a Maran Ata meeting in Jönköping where a 13-year-old boy with diabetes was prayed for.  His parents withdrew his insulin shots; the boy died a week later, drawing media attention.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0acab175", "title": "Donald Bergagård", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Bergag%C3%A5rd", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0acab175.json"}}
{"text": "1971 – Vi ska fara bortom månen", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0acab175", "title": "Donald Bergagård", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Bergag%C3%A5rd", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0acab175.json"}}
{"text": "1972 – Jag tänker på staden", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0acab175", "title": "Donald Bergagård", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Bergag%C3%A5rd", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0acab175.json"}}
{"text": "1978 – Jesus har berett en himmel", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0acab175", "title": "Donald Bergagård", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Bergag%C3%A5rd", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0acab175.json"}}
{"text": "1982 – Andliga sånger & country", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0acab175", "title": "Donald Bergagård", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Bergag%C3%A5rd", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0acab175.json"}}
{"text": "1983 – Min kung och jag", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0acab175", "title": "Donald Bergagård", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Bergag%C3%A5rd", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0acab175.json"}}
{"text": "1984 – Paradiset väntar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0acab175", "title": "Donald Bergagård", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Bergag%C3%A5rd", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0acab175.json"}}
{"text": "1985 – Det finns en kärlek", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0acab175", "title": "Donald Bergagård", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Bergag%C3%A5rd", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0acab175.json"}}
{"text": "1988 – Halleluja, Hosianna, Jesus kommer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0acab175", "title": "Donald Bergagård", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Bergag%C3%A5rd", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0acab175.json"}}
{"text": "1993 – Vid havet av kristall", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0acab175", "title": "Donald Bergagård", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Bergag%C3%A5rd", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0acab175.json"}}
{"text": "1999 – Viloplats i ljusa staden", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0acab175", "title": "Donald Bergagård", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Bergag%C3%A5rd", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0acab175.json"}}
{"text": "2001 – Den Gud som är på höjden, Han är också i dalen", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0acab175", "title": "Donald Bergagård", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Bergag%C3%A5rd", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0acab175.json"}}
{"text": "Sir Frederick Chalmers Bourne,  (12 August 1891 – 3 November 1977) was an English colonial administrator who served in British India until 1947 and then in the new Dominion of Pakistan until 1950.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2eeec097", "title": "Frederick Chalmers Bourne", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Chalmers_Bourne", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2eeec097.json"}}
{"text": "Frederick Chalmers Bourne was born on 12 August 1891. He studied in Rugby and finished his master's degree in Christ Church, Oxford. His father was Frederick Samuel Augustus Bourne, a British consular official in China and later Judge of the British Supreme Court for China and Japan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2eeec097", "title": "Frederick Chalmers Bourne", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Chalmers_Bourne", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2eeec097.json"}}
{"text": "Bourne was commissioned into the British Army in 1910, and served in the Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment. In 1920, he joined the Indian Civil Service and held several prominent positions in the administrations of Lahore and the Punjab between 1937 and 1945.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2eeec097", "title": "Frederick Chalmers Bourne", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Chalmers_Bourne", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2eeec097.json"}}
{"text": "He was appointed acting Governor of the Central Provinces and Berar from May to October 1945, and as the acting Governor of Assam in 1946.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2eeec097", "title": "Frederick Chalmers Bourne", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Chalmers_Bourne", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2eeec097.json"}}
{"text": "He became the last Governor of the Central Provinces and Berar in 1946, serving until independence of India on 15 August 1947. Bourne then became the first Governor of Pakistan's East Bengal, and served until 5 April 1950.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2eeec097", "title": "Frederick Chalmers Bourne", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Chalmers_Bourne", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2eeec097.json"}}
{"text": "Sir Frederick Chalmers Bourne at the National Portrait Gallery, London", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2eeec097", "title": "Frederick Chalmers Bourne", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Chalmers_Bourne", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2eeec097.json"}}
{"text": "Frederick Chalmers Bourne in the National Archives", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2eeec097", "title": "Frederick Chalmers Bourne", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Chalmers_Bourne", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2eeec097.json"}}
{"text": "Kouadio Konan Bertin (born December 26, 1968), known as KKB, is an Ivorian politician. He represented Port-Bouët in the National Assembly from 2011 to 2016.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "He ran for president for the first time in 2015, when he came in third. He was one of the four candidates for the 2020 Ivorian presidential election, in which he received 1.99% of the vote.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "Early life and education", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "Kouadio Konan Bertin was born in Lakota in southern Ivory Coast to a Dida mother, Delphine Dago Guizo, and a Baoulé father, Koffi Kouadio Mathieu. He defines himself as \"the fruit of an Ivorian crossbreed.\" He is the oldest of six siblings.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "As a student at the University of Abidjan, he opposed the dominance of the Student Federation of Ivory Coast, which he deemed too radical. Instead, he created the Cell for Reflection and Concrete Action (CERAC) in 1994.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "He obtained a master's degree in German, with a focus on corporate communication. He considers himself \"a pure product of Ivorian public education before the crisis.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "KKB became active in the youth wing of the Democratic Party of Ivory Coast (PDCI), supporting President Félix Houphouët-Boigny and then President Henri Konan Bédié, who succeeded him after his death in December 1993. For his efforts, the young politician quickly gained the confidence and the ear of the head of state.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "1999 Ivorian coup d'état", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "He emerged on the political scene as an opponent of the coup that replaced Bédié with General Robert Guéï in December 1999.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "While party elders sought to discreetly rid themselves of the former president by removing him as head of the party, KKB, then largely unknown to the general public, mobilized students in opposition to the military junta to demand the return of the exiled former president from France.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "At the Extraordinary Party Congress on April 6–9, 2000, the attempt to oust Bédié as president of the PDCI failed.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "In 2003, after Bédié returned from exile, KKB was elected youth president of the PDCI.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "He supported Bédié's candidacy in the first round of the 2010 presidential election, but the PDCI leader only received 25% of the vote and landed in third place, far behind incumbent president Laurent Gbagbo (FPI, 38%) and Alassane Ouattara (RDR, 32%). After demanding a recount, Bédié eventually threw his support behind Ouattara, which proved decisive. This was in line with an alliance, the Rally of Houphouëtists for Democracy and Peace (RHDP), formed five years earlier by a number of parties including the PDCI and the Rally of the Republicans (RDR).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "In the 2011 Ivorian parliamentary election, KKB was elected to represent the Port-Bouët constituency with 93.81% of the vote.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "The alliance initiated by Bédié and Ouattara subsequently went further than the mandates of the RHDP. On September 17, 2014, the president of the PDCI announced \"l'appel de Daoukro\" (\"the call of Daoukro\"), in which he called on his party members to rally around Ouattara's candidacy, well ahead of the 2015 presidential election.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "This caused a serious crisis within the PDCI, which at the October 2013 party congress had called for the candidacy of an \"active PDCI activist\" for the presidency. KKB was the first to openly describe Bédié's move as \"treason.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "On February 26, 2015, two days before the PDCI congress that would officially back Ouattara as the only RHDP candidate, KKB and three other party members (former prime minister Charles Konan Banny, former Foreign Minister Amara Essy, and parliament member Jérôme Kablan Brou) announced their decision not to attend the event. KKB predicted at the time that Bédié and his followers might leave the PDCI for the RDR, but he refused to leave his party and create another, arguing it would be a betrayal of the party's founder, Félix Houphouët-Boigny.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "At the party congress, the \"call of Daoukro\" was adopted with \"Brezhnevian unanimity,\" Le Monde wrote. The decision to not put forward a PDCI candidate was approved by 98.84% of the party. Critics claimed that the near-unanimity was attributable to the fact that the vote was taken by a public show of hands.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "Candidate in the 2015 presidential election", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "On December 5, 2014, KKB announced his candidacy for the 2015 Ivorian presidential election. He said, \"I am the candidate to save the PDCI. Because to not have a candidate in 2015 is to jointly put to death the party of Félix Houphouët-Boigny.\" He submitted his independent candidacy to the Independent Electoral Commission on August 25, 2015.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "His campaign was not successful, however. In the election on October 25, he came in third place with 3.88% of the vote, behind the incumbent Outtara at 83.66% and the Ivorian Popular Front candidate Pascal Affi N’Guessan at 9.29%.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "Reconciliation with Henri Konan Bédié", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "During a meeting in Bingerville on April 10, 2017, the PDCI agreed to appoint a candidate from its own ranks for the presidential election in 2020. Two months later, KKB reconnected with his party. He said: \"Our split was about one thing: The PDCI giving up its candidacy in the presidential election.\" Dissent subsequently increased between the two main allied parties of the RHDP, with Bédié declaring that the alliance as it was in 2005 \"no longer existed.\" The PDCI then in effect became the primary opposition party against Ouattara.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "Two years after returning to the party, KKB met with Bédié, and they agreed to work together to return the PDCI to power. KKB voiced his opposition to Ouattara remaining in power, telling TV5 Monde, \"When you are the head of state, you must at least know how to count to two.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "In June 2020, KKB submitted himself as a candidate for the internal vote within the PDCI, which would nominate a candidate for the 2020 election. But on July 2, his candidacy was rejected by the party due to procedural errors. Bédié was elected, according to the PDCI general secretariat, by 99.67% of the internal votes. Radio France Internationale suggested that Bédié had removed any internal competition in order to avoid risking a loss.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "Candidate in the 2020 presidential election", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "In a press conference on July 7, KKB denounced the decision to remove him from the PDCI primary campaign. He decided to run once again as an independent instead.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "On September 14, 2020, the Constitutional Council announced that only four of the 44 declared presidential candidates would actually be eligible to run. The four candidates are: incumbent president Alassane Ouattara, Henri Konan Bédié, Pascal Affi N'Guessan, and Kouadio Konan Bertin. These were the only candidates to receive the required signatures from at least 1% of all voters in 17 regions of the country, according to the Constitutional Council.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "Against the backdrop of pre-electoral violence and one month before the vote on October 31, Bédié called for \"civil disobedience.\" He was rapidly joined in this call by Affi N'Guessan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "Asked if he would be joining this opposition effort, KKB said on September 24 that \"Ivory Coast needs peace.\" He added: \"I am not participating in that which divides Ivory Coast. I do not endorse this kind of venture.\" In an interview with Jeune Afrique on October 1, KKB reiterated his refusal to support the two candidates' call for a boycott of the election.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "He held his official campaign launch on October 4, 2020, in front of a crowd of 2,500 supporters. He said: \"This election should be a precious moment when we peacefully debate and decide our future. Alas, the ferments of division are already spreading. Faced with this perilous situation, yes, I have decided to present my candidacy for the presidential election.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "Despite his insistence on staying in the race, he \"commands little broad support\" and was not expected to defeat the incumbent Ouattara.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "KKB received 1.99% of the vote, second behind Outtara, who gained 94% of the vote amid the opposition's boycott.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "In September 2021, a Cameroonian artist named Sophie Dencia living in Côte d'Ivoire accused Kouadio Konan Bertin of rape committed in April 2021, and filed an official complaint. The politician responded that he had \"nothing to reproach myself for\" and filed a defamation complaint.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "Since 2024, he has served as Ivory Coast's ambassador to Gabon.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1d8471e", "title": "Kouadio Konan Bertin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouadio_Konan_Bertin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1d8471e.json"}}
{"text": "Meir Ya'ari (Hebrew: מאיר יערי; 24 April 1897 – 21 February 1987) was an Israeli politician, educator, and social activist. He was the leader of Hashomer Hatzair, Kibbutz Artzi, and Mapam, and a member of the Knesset.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_859851f2", "title": "Meir Ya'ari", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Ya%27ari", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_859851f2.json"}}
{"text": "Meyer Wald (later Ya'ari) was born in 1897 in Kańczuga, in the Galicia province of Austria-Hungary, the son of Chaim and Frieda (née Holoszycer) Wald. His family came from a long lineage of rabbinic scholars. At half a year old, he and his family moved to Rzeszów, where he grew up. He would eventually become active in the Tze'irei Zion youth movement. At the outbreak of World War I his family moved to Vienna. At the age of 17 he volunteered for the Austrian Army and served as an officer until the end of the war. He studied at the Agricultural Academy and at the University of Vienna. In 1919 he co-founded and co-led the Vienna branch of Hashomer Hatzair. In 1920, he made aliyah (emigrated) to British-ruled Palestine. He worked at the Kinneret moshava and in the \"Labour Battalion\" (Gdud HaAvoda), paving roads from Samakh (today's Tsemah Junction) to Tiberias and on to Tabgha.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_859851f2", "title": "Meir Ya'ari", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Ya%27ari", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_859851f2.json"}}
{"text": "His grandson, Yedidya Ya'ari, is a retired Israel Defense Forces general.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_859851f2", "title": "Meir Ya'ari", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Ya%27ari", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_859851f2.json"}}
{"text": "Ya'ari was one of the founders of Bitania, the first collective settlement of Hashomer Hatzair. He was among the founders of the Histadrut workers' syndicate. From 1924 onwards he served as Secretary of the world Hashomer Hatzair.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_859851f2", "title": "Meir Ya'ari", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Ya%27ari", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_859851f2.json"}}
{"text": "Ya'ari married Anda Karp, an immigrant from Brody in present-day Ukraine. The couple had three children.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_859851f2", "title": "Meir Ya'ari", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Ya%27ari", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_859851f2.json"}}
{"text": "In 1927, he founded Kibbutz Artzi, was elected its secretary and took part in drafting its principles. In 1929, he was among the founders of Kibbutz Merhavia, where he lived until he died.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_859851f2", "title": "Meir Ya'ari", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Ya%27ari", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_859851f2.json"}}
{"text": "In 1948, he co-founded Mapam political party as its leader, and functioned as its general secretary until 1973. He was a Mapam MK in the first through seventh Knessets, from 1949 to 1973. In the first Knesset he was member of the Knesset committee, and in the fifth through seventh Knessets he was member of Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_859851f2", "title": "Meir Ya'ari", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Ya%27ari", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_859851f2.json"}}
{"text": "His movement co-leader and almost equal colleague was Yaakov Hazan. For many years, they led Hashomer Hatzair and Mapam together. Despite holding the top two positions in Mapam's list, they made a joint decision not to become ministers but rather occupy themselves in the movement's ideological and educational activities.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_859851f2", "title": "Meir Ya'ari", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Ya%27ari", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_859851f2.json"}}
{"text": "As leader and ideologist of Hashomer Hatzair, he sought to turn it from a scout-like youth movement promoting abstract socialist-humanist ideas to a political settlement movement that integrates Zionism and Marxism.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_859851f2", "title": "Meir Ya'ari", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Ya%27ari", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_859851f2.json"}}
{"text": "He protested David Ben-Gurion's activism and Mapai's moderate socialism. He regarded highly the achievements of revolutionary socialism in the Soviet Union, although he criticized its attitude towards Zionism. In the 1940s he opposed the Biltmore Program and supported the one-state solution.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_859851f2", "title": "Meir Ya'ari", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Ya%27ari", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_859851f2.json"}}
{"text": "During Israel's early years, he objected his party's coalition membership and was an outspoken critic of the government's western orientation, the nationality conception, the Reparations Agreement and the martial law. At first, he supported the Soviet Union and tried, along with Moshe Sneh, to introduce Hashomer Hatzair's idea in Mapam. The exposure of Stalin's wrongdoings caused a schism in the Marxist orientation, resulting in the expulsion of Moshe Sneh's men from the party in 1953. Gradually, admiration of the Soviet Union lessened and inclination to cooperate with Mapai increased, and in 1955 Mapam indeed joined Mapai in the coalition. After the Six-Day War he expressed a relatively hawkish stand by opposing immediate withdrawal from the occupied territories. In 1969 he supported Mapam's alliance with Mapai as part of the Alignment; in 1984, he would support staying in the Alignment until the formation of the national unity government in 1984.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_859851f2", "title": "Meir Ya'ari", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Ya%27ari", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_859851f2.json"}}
{"text": "To his honor, the Association for Progressive Education in Honor of Meir Ya'ari (YAARI) was founded. Over the past decades YAARI envisioned, designed and implemented many peace-building projects in the region and especially in Cyprus. YAARI has also implemented a large-scale EC supported project known as Act Beyond Borders, which promoted reconciliation between Israelis and Palestinians through education.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_859851f2", "title": "Meir Ya'ari", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Ya%27ari", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_859851f2.json"}}
{"text": "Meir Ya'ari on the Knesset website", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_859851f2", "title": "Meir Ya'ari", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Ya%27ari", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_859851f2.json"}}
{"text": "The Birth of Hashomer Hatzair Jewish Gen", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_859851f2", "title": "Meir Ya'ari", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Ya%27ari", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_859851f2.json"}}
{"text": "Jan Phyl Village is a census-designated place (CDP) in Polk County, Florida, United States. As of the 2020 census, Jan Phyl Village had a population of 5,927. It is part of the Lakeland–Winter Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f705b186", "title": "Jan Phyl Village, Florida", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Phyl_Village,_Florida", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f705b186.json"}}
{"text": "Jan Phyl Village was formed from a purchase in 1950 of 1,200 acres of land west of Winter Haven, purchased by Harry Lesnick of Vermont. He christened the area Jan Phyl Village after his daughters, Janet and Phyllis Lesnick. Most of the early development was real estate, sold to airmen and pilot instructors stationed at the nearby Bartow Air Base during the Korean War. The area suffered its first recession in 1953 at the cessation of U.S. military activity in Korea, leading to many homes being foreclosed. The area remains economically depressed as of 2014, with many closed storefronts. If a proposed transportation improvement program planned by the Polk Transportation Planning Organization is approved, major thoroughfares in the area will be widened by 2030 to accommodate additional traffic.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f705b186", "title": "Jan Phyl Village, Florida", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Phyl_Village,_Florida", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f705b186.json"}}
{"text": "According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4.8 square miles (12 km2), of which 4.7 square miles (12 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) (2.28%) is water.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f705b186", "title": "Jan Phyl Village, Florida", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Phyl_Village,_Florida", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f705b186.json"}}
{"text": "As of the census of 2000, there were 5,633 people, 1,947 households, and 1,573 families residing in the CDP.  The population density was 1,194.5 inhabitants per square mile (461.2/km2).  There were 2,033 housing units at an average density of 431.1 per square mile (166.4/km2).  The racial makeup of the CDP was 75.84% White, 16.90% African American, 0.23% Native American, 1.95% Asian, 2.34% from other races, and 2.73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.01% of the population.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f705b186", "title": "Jan Phyl Village, Florida", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Phyl_Village,_Florida", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f705b186.json"}}
{"text": "There were 1,947 households, out of which 41.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.6% were married couples living together, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.2% were non-families. 14.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.89 and the average family size was 3.17.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f705b186", "title": "Jan Phyl Village, Florida", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Phyl_Village,_Florida", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f705b186.json"}}
{"text": "In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 30.0% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 8.9% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.9 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f705b186", "title": "Jan Phyl Village, Florida", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Phyl_Village,_Florida", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f705b186.json"}}
{"text": "The median income for a household in the CDP was $41,219, and the median income for a family was $45,958. Males had a median income of $30,117 versus $21,072 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,389.  About 5.6% of families and 8.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.9% of those under age 18 and 1.8% of those age 65 or over.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f705b186", "title": "Jan Phyl Village, Florida", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Phyl_Village,_Florida", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f705b186.json"}}
{"text": "Charles Louis \"Chief\" Zimmer (November 23, 1860 – August 22, 1949) was an American professional baseball player whose playing career spanned from 1884 to 1906. He played for 19 seasons as a catcher in Major League Baseball (MLB), including 13 seasons for the Cleveland Blues/Spiders (1887–1899), three seasons for the Pittsburgh Pirates (1900–1902), and one season as the player/manager of the Philadelphia Phillies (1903).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Zimmer is regarded by some as \"the finest defensive catcher of his day.\" He set major-league catching records for assists (188 in 1890), double plays (16 in 1895), runners caught stealing (183 in 1893), games at catcher (125 in 1890), and career fielding percentage (.943 as of 1896). As one of the game's first every-day catchers, The Sporting News in 1949 called Zimmer \"baseball's original 'iron man'.\"  Offensively, Zimmer had a career batting average of .269, but hit above .300 four times, including a career-high .340 batting average in 1895.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Zimmer was also the first president of the Players' Protective Association and a successful entrepreneur during his playing days, including operation of a wholesale and retail cigar business that he promoted while on the road. His most famous business venture, however, was \"Zimmer's Baseball Game\", a mechanical baseball parlor game that he invented in 1891 and became popular in the early to middle 1890s.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Zimmer was born in Marietta, Ohio, in 1860.  As a young man, he worked as an apprentice in a cabinetmaker's shop.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "He began his professional baseball career at age 23 in 1884 playing in the Ohio State League for teams from Ironton and Portsmouth, Ohio.  He appeared in eight games in the Major Leagues for the Detroit Wolverines in 1884. After being released by the Tigers, Zimmer did not play professional baseball in 1885.  He played for Poughkeepsie of the Hudson River League in 1886, compiling a .409 batting average, and for the Rochester Maroons of the International Association in 1887, batting .331.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Zimmer acquired the nickname \"Chief\" during the 1886 season while playing as the captain of the Poughkeepsie team. Zimmer was not of American Indian descent and explained the genesis for the nickname as follows: \"Since we were fleet of foot, we were called the Indians. As I was the head man of the Indians, somebody began to call me 'Chief.' It stuck.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Major league baseball career", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Finest defensive catcher of his day", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Zimmer is regarded by some as \"the finest defensive catcher of his day.\" Baseball historian Bill James picked Zimmer as the catcher both for his 1890s Gold Glove team and his 1890s All-Star team, and as the 62nd best catcher of all time. From 1889 to 1900, Zimmer was regularly among his league's leaders in putouts, assists, double plays, fielding percentage and games played at catcher.  He set multiple Major League fielding records during his career, including the following:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Caught stealing. In 1893, Zimmer caught 183 base runners trying to steal a base, a figure that established a Major League record that stood until 1895. He led the majors in the category for the second consecutive season with 170 in 1894 and held the career record for most runners caught stealing until 1898.  Zimmer secured his reputation for catching base runners when he caught the great base stealer \"Sliding Billy\" Hamilton twice in one game.  Sporting Life at the time reported: \"Bennett and Zimmer are the only League catchers who have managed to catch Hamilton at second. Zimmer is also the only catcher who has nailed Hamilton twice in one game.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Games at catcher. Zimmer appeared in 125 games at catcher in 1890, a figure that stood until 1895 as the Major League record for most games played at the position in a single season. He also set a Major League record for consecutive games at catcher with 111 during the 1890 season, more than doubling the prior record.  He led the National League in games caught for the second consecutive season in 1891 with 116 and ranked second in the league with 111 games at catcher in 1892. The Sporting News in 1949 called Zimmer \"baseball's original 'iron man'.\"  Prior to Zimmer, catchers were typically paired with specific pitchers and did not catch every day.  Zimmer became one of the Major Leagues' first every-day catchers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Assists. Zimmer's 188 assists as a catcher in 1890 stood as the Major League record until 1912, and he led the majors for a second consecutive season with 181 in 1891.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Double plays. Zimmer's 16 doubles plays as a catcher in 1895 broke the Major League record, and in 1900 he also broke Charlie Bennett's Major League record for most career double plays as a catcher.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Fielding percentage. By 1896, Zimmer also had the highest career fielding percentage (.943) ever compiled by a Major League catcher.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Zimmer is also credited with being the first catcher, in 1887, to play from a squatting position directly behind the plate on every play. In prior years, catchers had played further behind the plate often standing, particularly with runners on base. During Zimmer's time, catchers' gloves had not evolved and did not provide the protection of a modern catcher's mitt. Interviewed in 1949, Zimmer indicated that the catcher's glove in the 1890s was similar to an outfielders glove, and he would occasionally pad it with a piece of beefsteak to further protect his hands from injury. In 1892, when asked how he kept his hands healthy so as to be able to catch in so many games, Zimmer also said he received regular hand massages: \"He replied that he made it a practice to visit a massage establishment whenever his hands gave him the slightest cause for trouble. He argues that by the systematic rubbing of the joints all swellings and soreness can be remedied instantly.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Cleveland Blues/Spiders", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "After brief stints with the Detroit Wolverines (eight games in 1884) and New York Metropolitans (six games in 1886), Zimmer joined the Cleveland Blues in 1887. He remained in Cleveland for 13 seasons from 1887 through 1899.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "From 1890 to 1898, Zimmer was Cy Young's catcher during Young's formative and most dominant years as a pitcher, and the two remained close friends for 60 years.  Young's biographer, Reed Browing, noted that Young always credited Zimmer for his contributions:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "As Young's career progressed, no Major League pitcher was more outspoken than he in expressing how much a fine catcher enhanced his performance on the mound. Young and Zimmer quickly became the most famous battery of the 1890s.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "In 1890, Cleveland finished in seventh place with a 44–88 record; Young, in his rookie season, was 9–7.  From the low point in 1890, Zimmer, the club and Young all improved remarkably. In 1891, Zimmer had a career-high 69 RBIs with a 1.6 Wins Above Replacement (WAR) rating. He caught 116 games in 1891, but underwent knee surgery after the season was over.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "The following year, in 1892, Zimmer compiled a career-high 3.2 WAR rating and led the 1892 Cleveland Spiders to a franchise best record of 93–56 (.624), good for second place in the National League.  The 1892 season was also a breakout year for Young who compiled a 36–12 record with a 1.93 earned run average (ERA). After the 1892 season, Sporting Life described Zimmer as \"a temperate, faithful and conscientious player\" who was \"a great local favorite\" and said this about his ability to deter stolen bases: \"His throwing is a holy terror to would-be base stealers, and very few men steal second off him when anything but a slow pitcher is in the box.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "In 1893, the distance between the pitcher and home plate was extended by nine feet, resulting in a dramatic increase in batting averages. The rule change helped Zimmer statistically, as he compiled a .308 batting average, the first of four .300 seasons. However, Zimmer bemoaned the rule change's effect on pitchers: \"They are making the pitcher a mere automaton. By and by they will make him stand on a cake of ice and pitch. Say what you will, the pitcher is the central figure in the game. People pay their money to see base ball, and the more scientific it is the better. When you put a pitcher out of sight and make a toy of him you are working squarely against the interests of the game, in my opinion.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "In July 1893, he suffered a broken shoulder bone and was able to play only 56 games behind the plate. The injury was sustained in a collision with Tommy Tucker. Cleveland newspapers protested and claimed that Tucker was a player with a reputation as a habitual dirty player who had acted intentionally to injure Zimmer.  Despite the severity of the injury, the popular Zimmer returned to the lineup in September 1893 after seven weeks' absence, prompting the Sporting Life to predict: \"Zimmer can play in Cleveland as long as he pleases.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "In 1894, Zimmer became one of the first players to get six hits in a single game, doing so off Win Mercer.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "In 1895, Zimmer had a career-high .340 batting average, as his batting and handling of Young (who compiled a 35–10 record) helped lead the 1895 Cleveland Spiders to the Temple Cup, a championship cup that was awarded to the winner of a best-of-seven, post-season championship series in the National League.  Zimmer was the batting hero of the 1895 Temple Cup, hitting a two-run home run to win the decisive game. His cup-winning home run was memorialized in a poem that included the following lines:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "The score was tied, one man was out,Tebeau was safe on third;As Zimmer grasped his mighty bat,Such cheering ne'er was heard.He swiftly swung his willow,The ball had met its fate;And a roar went up that reached the clouds,Tebeau had crossed the plate.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "In late March 1896, Zimmer left the Spiders' spring training camp in a contract dispute, and one week later reportedly signed a contract providing for him to be paid the maximum salary of $2,400 plus an $800 signing bonus. The Sporting Life reported: \"If there is one player whose services Mr. Robison(Cleveland owner Frank Robison) cannot afford to lose, it is Charley Zimmer. In spring, summer and fall or any old time at all chief is in condition.\"  On September 24, 1896, two masked men armed with revolvers woke Zimmer and his wife at their home at 43 Steinway Street in Cleveland. The intruders robbed Zimmer of his $60 gold watch and $20 in cash.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "In 1897, at age 36, Zimmer continued to impress. He compiled a .316 batting average and a 1.9 WAR rating while helping Young win 20 games for the seventh consecutive season.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "After the 1898 season, Young left the Spiders, and Zimmer, at age 38, was released by the team in early June 1899, despite having compiled a .342 batting average in 20 games.  Without Young or Zimmer, the 1899 Cleveland Spiders compiled a 20-134 (.130) record—the worst record in Major League history.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Louisville and Pittsburgh", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "In June 1899, Zimmer was signed as a free agent by the Louisville Colonels. He appeared in 75 games for Louisville in 1899, compiling a .298 batting average.  For the second time in his career, Zimmer was responsible for mentoring a future Hall of Fame pitcher in his rookie season. At Louisville, the rookie pitcher was Rube Waddell.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "In December 1899, Zimmer was part of a blockbuster trade with the Pittsburgh Pirates. In addition to Zimmer, the Colonels sent three future Hall of Famers (Waddell, Honus Wagner and Fred Clarke) to the Pirates in exchange for Jack Chesbro, three other players, and $25,000.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "During the 1900 season, Zimmer was the oldest player in the Major Leagues at age 39. However, he continued to play well. Aside from a .295 batting average, Zimmer caught 82 games, led the National League with 318 putouts and totaled 89 runners caught stealing. Moreover, under Zimmer's tutelage, Rube Waddell in his first season as a regular starter, led the National League with a 2.37 ERA.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "The following year, Zimmer remained the oldest player in the Major Leagues at age 40. He caught 69 games for the 1901 Pirates team that won the National League pennant with a 90–49 record. During the 1901 season, Zimmer caught for his third Hall of Fame pitcher, Jack Chesbro.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "In 1902, at age 41, Zimmer caught 41 games, compiled a .268 batting average, and maintained a respectable 1.1 WAR rating.  The Pirates won the pennant for the second consecutive year with a 103–36 record.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Philadelphia Phillies", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "In early 1903, the Philadelphia Phillies were sold, and the new owners, with the assistance of Pittsburgh owner Barney Dreyfuss, persuaded Zimmer to become the Phillies' manager.  Zimmer agreed and also appeared in 35 games as the team's catcher.  In May 1903, the Sporting Life newspaper wrote that Zimmer was still a solid performer behind the plate: \"The Phillies' pitchers do their best work and the team is strongest when the veteran Zimmer is in the game. A wink should be as good as a kick, Chief.\"  Zimmer appeared in his final Major League game as a player at age 42 on September 27, 1903.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "In his role as manager, Zimmer took over a team that had finished in seventh place in 1902.  By the first of June 1903, the Phillies were struggling with an 11–26 record. Zimmer at that time acknowledged that the \"task of managing a team that does not stand so well up in the race is not the most pleasant one in the world\", but he insisted that he was not discouraged and noted that the greater satisfaction comes not from taking charge of a first-class team and keeping it going, but \"to take hold of a team that is down in the race and bring it up to a high standard.\"  The Phillies did improve late in the season, compiling a 16–13 record in their last 29 games. However, with a seventh-place finish, the 1903 season was Zimmer's only one as a Major League manager.  In fairness to Zimmer, the Phillies simply lacked the talent to compete with the best teams in the National League, had finished in seventh place in 1902 under Bill Shettsline, and dropped to eighth place in 1904 under Hugh Duffy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Table games, cigars and groceries", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "During his baseball career, Zimmer was among the highest paid players in the game. He invested his money wisely and was alert for investment opportunities. By 1900, his business interests included \"upward of $35,000 invested in the grocery business and real estate in Cleveland.\"  He also owned a restaurant in Cleveland and used his wood-working skills to make furniture in the off-season.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "The business opportunity that drew the most attention was \"Zimmer's Base Ball Game\", a mechanical baseball table game developed by Zimmer in 1891. In November 1891, The Sporting Life reported on Zimmer's innovation on its front page:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Zimmer Comes to the Front With an Indoor GameCharley Zimmer, the good-natured and gentlemanly catcher of the Cleveland Club has invented and patented an indoor game of base ball that ought to make him a little fortune. It promises to become one of the greatest toys of the age. A regular game can be played. The ball is pitched from an ingenious device and goes straight over the plate. If a hit isn't made or the ball struck at all the 'catcher' gets it. All the 'players' are in position, and there are regular catches in the outfield and pick-ups in the infield. The bat is a curious contrivance, and it takes good judgment to operate it. A fast or slow ball can be pitched, and the batter is liable to be 'fooled' by changes of pace. Nothing like it was ever seen before in toy games. The invention is to be shown in Hudson's window after Thanksgiving, and will surely attract great attention.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "The game featured a painted ball field with children peeking over the one-and-a-half inch outfield wall as well as lithographed images of Zimmer and 18 other players, including 11 Hall of Famers. The game was played with \"a pool cue-type spring loaded device\" and \"metal clasps located at the nine positions to catch the ball.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "In January 1892, Zimmer was offered \"a big amount of money\" for his interest in the game, and it was estimated \"by judicious business management\" that 100,000 copies of the game could be sold.  In October 1892, Zimmer stated that he expected to sell \"a great many of his parlor baseball inventions\" over the winter and noted that one New York firm had purchased 600 from him.  Two years later, he reported that he had a large number of orders for the game and that he had made over $4,000 from the game over the past three years.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Unlike many baseball players of his era, Zimmer used neither liquor nor tobacco. In 1890, the Sporting Life reported that there were likely no more than a half a dozen professional baseball players who could match Zimmer's claim: \"He has never taken a drink of any kind of intoxicating liquor in his life, and has never used tobacco in any shape.\" Zimmer later attributed his long playing career (and long life) to the fact that he never didn't smoke, didn't chew, and didn't drink. Despite his personal aversion to tobacco, Zimmer in the 1890s was successful in operating a wholesale and retail cigar business in Cleveland. In 1898, as he traveled with the Cleveland team, he carried a valise with samples of the cigars that he sold. Commenting on Zimmer's business ingenuity in promoting his cigar business while traveling at the expense of the Cleveland club, the Sporting Life wrote: \"With such an instinct for taking advantage of circumstances Zimmer is certain to be prosperous.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Players' Protective Association", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "During the summer of 1900, the Players' Protective Association, predecessor to the Major League Baseball Players Association, was formed to represent the interest of professional baseball players. Zimmer was elected as the organization's first president with Hughie Jennings secretary. During Zimmer's tenure as president, the organization successfully negotiated for a new rule providing that a player could not be traded or sold without his consent.  The Sporting Life later wrote that Zimmer was the \"only man who ever showed marked ability\" as president of the Association.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "The consent rule that Zimmer secured was later rescinded, and the Association's reputation declined. In August 1902, Zimmer, having stepped down from the Association's leadership, commented on the reasons for the decline:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "There is nothing solid left in the Players' Protective Association. There has been no activity on the part of the present officials, and there will be none. The organization has been allowed to die because the members have seen nothing in it to interest them. Some are not pleased with the officers; others object to the paying of dues, while others still believe that they can do better by themselves than by acting in concert with all the other players; and so the Players' Protective Association gradually is being allowed to die out. One hears but little of it now, and in a year from now will hear less. It would have been a good thing for the players if they had been true to its principles and the officials had been active in carrying out all its aims and laws. However, there was failure on all sides, and the result is that the organization gradually is fading out of existence.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Umpiring and comeback as a player", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "During the 1904 and 1905 seasons, Zimmer worked as an umpire: first in the National League where he umpired 151 games in 1904, and then in the Eastern League (a minor league that later became the International League) in 1905.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "The following year, he staged a comeback as a player at age 45. In February 1906, he was hired as the player/manager for the Little Rock Travelers in the Southern Association. Even at age 45, Zimmer still displayed superior arm strength. After a Little Rock victory in May 1906, the Sporting Life newspaper reported: \"Little Rock showed wonderful improvement and defeated Birmingham in a well-played game. The feature was the throwing of Zimmer to second.\"  He appeared in 41 games as a player for Little Rock. His Little Rock team finished in last place with a 40–98 record.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Zimmer was among a number of Cleveland players who played in an Old-Timers' Day in July 1921; Zimmer, aged 60, caught for his former battery-mate Cy Young, aged 55.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Family and later years", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Zimmer was married and had three daughters. During his playing career, he made furniture as a hobby during the off-season and filled his home in Cleveland with his handiwork.  After retiring from baseball, Zimmer lived in Cleveland for the remainder of his life.  He died there at age 88 in 1949. He was buried at Crown Hill Cemetery in Twinsburg, Ohio.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "List of Major League Baseball player-managers", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Career statistics from MLB · Baseball Reference · Baseball Reference (Minors) · Retrosheet · Baseball Almanac", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_962beb35", "title": "Chief Zimmer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Zimmer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_962beb35.json"}}
{"text": "Thomas Plunkett (April 1840 – 2 September 1913) was a farmer and Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly in Queensland, Australia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc51b663", "title": "Thomas Plunkett, senior", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Plunkett,_senior", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc51b663.json"}}
{"text": "Plunkett was born in Arrigal, County Meath, the son of John Plunkett and his wife Catherine (née Flood). He was educated privately and at the local school before sailing to Queensland aboard the Fiery Star in 1863. In 1866 he selected farmland which he named \"Waterford\" at Logan. In 1870 he then acquired land at on north bank of the Albert River at Tamborine (around Plunkett Road today) which he named Villa Maria in honour of his wife. He also purchased 2000 acres at Kerry and also land at  Logan Village where he took up dairy farming and crop growing. Later on he established a general store in the Tamborine area around 1872 and became the postmaster in 1874.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc51b663", "title": "Thomas Plunkett, senior", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Plunkett,_senior", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc51b663.json"}}
{"text": "On 2 May 1866 Plunkett married Maria Ryan (died 1939) at St Stephen's Cathedral in Brisbane and together had four sons and four daughters. In September 1913 he died at the residence of one of his daughters at Sandgate and his body was taken to South Brisbane railway station to be transported to Logan Village railway station after which he was buried in the Tamborine Catholic Cemetery (which was on land on Plunkett Road which he had donated to the church for a cemetery).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc51b663", "title": "Thomas Plunkett, senior", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Plunkett,_senior", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc51b663.json"}}
{"text": "Plunkett won the new seat of Albert at the 1888 Queensland colonial election, but was defeated by Robert Collins in 1896. He regained the seat three years later and held it until he retired from politics in 1908.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc51b663", "title": "Thomas Plunkett, senior", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Plunkett,_senior", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc51b663.json"}}
{"text": "Plunkett was a member of the Colonists' Anti-Convention Bill League and campaigned vigorously against the federation of the Australian colonies. In 1902, after Queensland had joined the federation, he unsuccessfully moved a pro-secession motion in the Legislative Assembly. He moved similar motions in each year between 1905 and 1907.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc51b663", "title": "Thomas Plunkett, senior", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Plunkett,_senior", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc51b663.json"}}
{"text": "Plunkett's son, Thomas Flood Plunkett, was a long serving member of the Queensland Parliament having represented the seats of Albert and Darlington.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc51b663", "title": "Thomas Plunkett, senior", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Plunkett,_senior", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc51b663.json"}}
{"text": "Nicholas Legeros (born February 27, 1955, in Edina, Minnesota) is an American (Minnesotan) bronze sculptor. Working from his studio building Blue Ribbon Bronze in Northeast Minneapolis, Nick has created over 500 sculptures in his career. His most prominent works can be found in the Twin Cities and Hudson, Wisconsin. In addition to his work as a sculptor, Nick is an active artist advocate and has been president of the Society of Minnesota Sculptors (1988-1995), president of the Northeast Minneapolis Artists Association (2007-2009), and served on many boards including the Northeast Community Development Corporation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f83aa934", "title": "Nicholas Legeros", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Legeros", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f83aa934.json"}}
{"text": "Education and background", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f83aa934", "title": "Nicholas Legeros", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Legeros", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f83aa934.json"}}
{"text": "Legeros grew up in Edina, Minnesota, and first encountered an artistic dilemma in the 4th grade. His class was asked to create small sculptures, and Nick spent much time crafting a small head, which won the admiration of much of his classmates. Legeros, in what little time remained, fashioned an elephant which he turned in for extra credit. The teacher gave his head a \"C,\" while the elephant was given an \"A.\" Not satisfied by his teacher's justification, he developed a curiosity for art and the distinguishing constitutive elements of good art.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f83aa934", "title": "Nicholas Legeros", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Legeros", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f83aa934.json"}}
{"text": "Legeros received his B.A. in Studio Art at Gustavus Adolphus College in 1977, where learned bronze sculpture from notable American Sculptor Paul Granlund (October 6, 1925 - September 15, 2003). He would continue to study and work with Granlund from 1978 to 1980, before pursuing his M.F.A., which he earned at the University of Minnesota in 1983. “The careful mentoring and encouragement I received from sculptor Paul Granlund made my career choice possible. Paul gave me the training, the knowledge and the benefit of his menutefs of experience. He showed me what the life of a sculptor was like.” His education and experiences stewarded an artistic style that is welcoming and personal, and integrates a sense of spirituality without reference to a particular religion.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f83aa934", "title": "Nicholas Legeros", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Legeros", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f83aa934.json"}}
{"text": "Working primarily on a commission basis, Legeros has worked with a variety of clients for over 30 years. His work can be found at hospitals (Healing Waters (2001), Hudson Hospital in Hudson, Wisconsin), churches (We Dare Not Fence the Spirit (1993), Unity Unitarian Church in St Paul, Minnesota), universities (Father Terrance Murphy (2004), in conjunction with Paul Granlund, at University of St. Thomas in St Paul, Minnesota), city and local governments (Dreams of our Children (1989), at Lyton Park in St Paul, Minnesota), libraries (Cosgrove Memorial (1996), Cosgrove Community Library in Le Sueur, Minnesota), cemeteries (Ossuary at Roselawn (2007) Roselawn Cemetery in Roseville, Minnesota), corporate collections (Generations (2003), Lifetouch Headquarters in Eden Prairie, Minnesota), and a number of private individuals. Commissioned pieces allow Nick to create a piece that fits the vision or wishes of particular clients. Since 1992 Nick has held the position of President and C.E.O. of Nicholas Legeros Inc., his own business. For a map of public works in the Twin Cities, see below.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f83aa934", "title": "Nicholas Legeros", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Legeros", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f83aa934.json"}}
{"text": "Legeros taught throughout the Twin Cities prior to owning his own studio space. From 1981 to 2002 he was an Artist-in-Residence at the Minnetonka Center for the Arts in Wayzata, Minnesota. He has also been a faculty member of the art department at Breck School in Golden Valley, Minnesota (1993-1994), Community Faculty at Metropolitan State University in Minneapolis, Minnesota (1988-1993), and an instructor at the Edina Art Center (1988-1993).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f83aa934", "title": "Nicholas Legeros", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Legeros", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f83aa934.json"}}
{"text": "Blue Ribbon Bronze Studio/Gallery", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f83aa934", "title": "Nicholas Legeros", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Legeros", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f83aa934.json"}}
{"text": "Blue Ribbon Bronze is the name of his studio and gallery, a free standing building set next to the historic Grain Belt Brewery and Bottling House in Northeast Minneapolis. Equipped with a foundry for bronze casting, Nick creates sculptures entirely on-site and frequently welcomes visitors for bronze pours. Blue Ribbon Bronze is a destination at Art-a-Whirl, the largest open studio tour in the U.S. He can cast pieces of any size, the largest of which to date Saint Joseph (2009) measured over 17 feet tall. Blue Ribbon Bronze is located at 84 14th Avenue NE, Minneapolis, MN 55413, and is open to the public daily.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f83aa934", "title": "Nicholas Legeros", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Legeros", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f83aa934.json"}}
{"text": "A number of his works have attracted attention because of their local and artistic significance. His portrait of Sid Hartman (2010), located outside the Target Center in Downtown Minneapolis, has become a cultural landmark of the much-traveled walkway to Target Field.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f83aa934", "title": "Nicholas Legeros", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Legeros", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f83aa934.json"}}
{"text": "His life-size Goldy Gopher for the University of Minnesota was created in 2013 and installed outside Coffman Union. The university in a published statement expects that: \"A Goldy Gopher statue will impact school pride and spirit by allowing the campus community to interact with this iconic symbol on a daily basis, serve as a common area to gather outside, and create traditions that will have long-lasting impressions on today's student population, as well as future generations to come.\" The large size of the work is also described in the article: \"The bronze Goldy statue will stand six feet three inches high on Coffman Memorial Union's front plaza. The granite block 'M' will span sixty-three inches in width, twenty-four inches in depth and forty-eight inches in height.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f83aa934", "title": "Nicholas Legeros", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Legeros", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f83aa934.json"}}
{"text": "A recent and ongoing artistic collaboration between Legeros and local glass artist Michael Boyd at FOCI Minnesota Center for Glass Arts has brought a different kind of attention to his work because of its combination of molten glass and molten bronze. In an interview with Nancy Sartor at KFAI, Boyd describes the process as unique and significant in that he has never heard of the two media used together in ways Nick and he are exploring. Nick adds, \"As far as we know, nobody has been doing this work at all.\" The interview concludes with his reflection that \"We're throwing the traditions out the window and [seeing] what else we can do. What could be better?\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f83aa934", "title": "Nicholas Legeros", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Legeros", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f83aa934.json"}}
{"text": "In 2015, Legeros was commissioned by the women and men of Northwest Airlines to commemorate the airline and the leadership of Past President and CEO Donald Nyrop. Two sculptures were created, \"Dreams Take Flight\" and \"Glamorous Days of Flight,\" and are located at Centennial Lakes Park in Edina, MN. The sculpture was dedicated in May 2016, and was featured in Edina Magazine's March 2017 issue.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f83aa934", "title": "Nicholas Legeros", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Legeros", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f83aa934.json"}}
{"text": "For a map of public works located in the Twin Cities, click here.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f83aa934", "title": "Nicholas Legeros", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Legeros", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f83aa934.json"}}
{"text": "Horningsham is a small village and civil parish in Wiltshire, England, on the county border with Somerset. The village lies about 4 miles (6 km) southwest of the town of Warminster and 4+1⁄2 miles (7 km) southeast of Frome, Somerset.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "The parish forms part of the Longleat estate and includes the hamlets of Hitcombe Bottom and Newbury.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "At Baycliffe Farm, in the south of the parish near the boundary with Maiden Bradley, are the site of an early Iron Age settlement and a Bronze Age bowl barrow. Entries in the Domesday Book of 1086 describe Horningsham as very small, being occupied by one cottager and four small holders.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "The name 'Horninges-ham' means 'Horning's homestead' in Old English. The personal name probably comes from the uncomplimentary noun 'hornung' meaning 'bastard'.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "A small Augustinian priory was established at Longleat at an uncertain date before 1235 and continued as a Royal peculiar controlled by the Dean of Salisbury. In 1529, Longleat Priory failed, and its land and buildings became the property of Hinton Priory, Somerset.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "The Vernon family, who held the manor during the 12th century, were the founders of the village church. The Stantors then held it for some 200 years, selling to Sir John Thynne about 1550. He built Longleat House on the site of the former priory, and increased the size of the estate by buying more land. Before and after the English Civil War, the manor of Horningsham was in the possession of the Lords Arundel of Wardour Castle, and changed hands several times before the Thynnes bought it for the second time in 1716.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "Close to the parish boundary on the road to Frome are the remains of Woodhouse Castle, where earthworks and fragmentary ruins, largely cellar walls, survive. In the 17th century, Woodhouse Castle was owned by the Cavalier Lords Arundel and consequently was attacked by Parliamentarians during the English Civil War. The damage was so severe that the castle was no longer habitable when peace was restored. To replace it, Henry Arundell, 3rd Baron Arundell of Wardour, built a fine manor house in Horningsham, below the church.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "Thomas Thynne, 1st Marquess of Bath (1734–1796), was interested in forestry and hired Capability Brown to plant large plantations of beech and pine. Gradually forestry was established as one of the two main sources of employment, joining farming, and this did not change until the late 20th century, when tourism took over.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "Longleat House, its orangery, stables and boathouse are Grade I listed, as is the archway flanked by two lodges, built c. 1804 to form an impressive approach to the house from Horningsham village.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "Lord Bath's School was built to the west of the church in 1844 by Harriet, widow of Henry Thynne, 3rd Marquess of Bath. Forty children attended in 1858, and in 1892 the school was enlarged to cater for 200. The school came under the control of Wiltshire County Council in 1926 and ceased taking pupils over 11 in 1931. The building continues in use as Horningsham Primary School.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "Nikolaus Pevsner described Horningsham in 1963 as \"a singularly loose village with houses in their own gardens, small or large, and no visual cohesion.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "Horningsham has two places of worship, both of long standing and both Grade II* listed.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "The Church of England parish church of St John the Baptist was founded in the 12th century. The tower is from the 15th century while the body of the church was rebuilt in 1844 at the expense of the Marchioness of Bath, by T.H. Wyatt and D. Brandon. Five of the six bells are dated 1743.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "Tithes from Horningsham were given to Heytesbury in the 12th century, and later in that century when Heytesbury became a collegiate church the tithes supported the canons, with the prebendary continuing after the Reformation. A notable canon was William Bradbridge, prebendary of Horningsham from 1568 to 1576 and Bishop of Exeter from 1571. The Ecclesiastical Commissioners Act 1840 abolished the prebendary, becoming effective on the death of the last canon, the Reverend John Nelson Clerk, in 1855.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "The ecclesiastical parish was united with Maiden Bradley in 1958 but the two were separated again in 1976. The parish was later expanded and renamed The Deverills and Horningsham; today it forms part of the Cley Hill benefice.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "A Congregational Chapel was built c. 1700 to the south of the village. Non-conformity came to the parish in the 16th century, when Scotsmen were employed by Sir John Thynne on the construction of Longleat House. The chapel is of rubble stone with a thatched roof, and was enlarged in 1754 and 1816. The claim that this is the oldest Free Church in England is unsubstantiated, but it is believed to be the oldest still in use for worship.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "Horningsham elects a parish council. Most local government services are provided by Wiltshire Council, which has its offices in nearby Trowbridge. The village is represented in Parliament by the MP for South West Wiltshire, Andrew Murrison and in Wiltshire Council by Bill Parks.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "The parish is within the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "Horningsham has the P's identified by Country Life as essential to a successful village: a pub, a post office, a place of worship, a primary school and public transport (although limited). It also has a village hall, built in 1930 at the expense of Thomas Thynne as a memorial to his wife Violet. Horningsham Cricket Club play in the Three Counties League. Every year, usually on the second Sunday in June, Lord Bath opens a well-attended village fete.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "The village pub, The Bath Arms, is on The Common. Built in the 17th century, it became a public house in 1732 when it was called The New Inn. It later changed to the Lord Weymouth Arms and then the Marquess of Bath's Arms. In 1850 this was one of four pubs in the village, as well as an off-licence.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "Geology and geography", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "The village lies on middle chalk and Warminster greensand.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "The stream Redford Water rises in the village and eventually runs into the River Frome. The centre of the village is at 162 metres above sea level.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "Horningsham is the home village of the title character in Allan Mallinson's Matthew Hervey book series.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "Animal Park – television programme filmed at Longleat and in Horningsham", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Horningsham at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78c88155", "title": "Horningsham", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsham", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78c88155.json"}}
{"text": "Honaker High School is a public high school located in Honaker, Virginia in Russell County, Virginia.  Athletic teams compete in the Virginia High School League's Class 1 Black Diamond District in Region 1D.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_047b8cd6", "title": "Honaker High School", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaker_High_School", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_047b8cd6.json"}}
{"text": "Extracurricular activities", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_047b8cd6", "title": "Honaker High School", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaker_High_School", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_047b8cd6.json"}}
{"text": "As a member school of the Virginia High School League, all of Honaker High's extracurricular athletic and academic activities generally fall under the Region D's Hogoheegee District in the smallest public school size, \"A\" or \"1A,\" depending on the activity.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_047b8cd6", "title": "Honaker High School", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaker_High_School", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_047b8cd6.json"}}
{"text": "Academic Team / Quiz Bowl", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_047b8cd6", "title": "Honaker High School", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaker_High_School", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_047b8cd6.json"}}
{"text": "Since the creation of VHSL's Scholastic Bowl program, Honaker High's Academic Team has been a dominating force in Virginia's far western counties, winning 4 state championships, including back-to-back state titles in 2016 and 2017—a first in HHS and Russell County history for any VHSL-sanctioned team sport or activity. The team also finished as state runner-up in 2010, 2012, 2013, and 2018.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_047b8cd6", "title": "Honaker High School", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaker_High_School", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_047b8cd6.json"}}
{"text": "The Scholastic Bowl team won the Black Diamond District regular season and/or tournament seventeen consecutive times from 1998 to 2014. That streak also included over ten Region D Championships. They have never failed to qualify for a VHSL regional tournament in Scholastic Bowl's 22 year history, and have qualified for the VHSL State Tournament 17 times—more than any school in Class 1.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_047b8cd6", "title": "Honaker High School", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaker_High_School", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_047b8cd6.json"}}
{"text": "In 2014, the Scholastic Bowl team brought home its first 1A State Championship. Team captain Jacob Mitchell was also named to the All-State Team after laying claim to the program's single-season and career scoring records. The 2014 State Championship team posted a perfect 38-0 record, averaging more than 300 points per game, an average not reached by any of the teams prior or since.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_047b8cd6", "title": "Honaker High School", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaker_High_School", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_047b8cd6.json"}}
{"text": "The program won back-to-back state championships in 2016 and 2017, finished state runner-up in 2018, and as state champion again in 2019 while posting an undefeated 27-0 season record.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_047b8cd6", "title": "Honaker High School", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaker_High_School", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_047b8cd6.json"}}
{"text": "The 2017 team finished 41st out of 96 teams in the public school division of the NAQT Small School National Championship Tournament, with team captain Caleb Perkins finishing 19th individually out of the tournament's 533 players—the first top 20 individual finish at the national level for any Virginia high school player west of the New River Valley.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_047b8cd6", "title": "Honaker High School", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaker_High_School", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_047b8cd6.json"}}
{"text": "The Honaker Tigers hosted the Virginia State quarterfinals baseball game for 2008. The team won over J.J. Kelly High School in the Region D Championship.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_047b8cd6", "title": "Honaker High School", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaker_High_School", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_047b8cd6.json"}}
{"text": "In 2011, Honaker won the Single-A Division II State Championship over J.J. Kelly High School by a score of 16-9.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_047b8cd6", "title": "Honaker High School", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaker_High_School", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_047b8cd6.json"}}
{"text": "In 1924, Honaker won the state championship for boys basketball, defeating Dayton High 30-14. The championship, which came in the short-lived \"C\" division of the VHSL, is also the earliest recorded state title in VHSL boys basketball history.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_047b8cd6", "title": "Honaker High School", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaker_High_School", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_047b8cd6.json"}}
{"text": "In 2014, the Honaker Girls' Varsity Basketball team finished the season as VHSL Class 1 State Runner-up with a 60-34 loss to Chilhowie. The Varsity Girls' basketball team won VHSL Class 1 State Championships in 2020 (Co-Champions), 2021 and  2022. Declared Co-Champions (Surry County) in 2020 due to Covid-19, defeated Riverheads in 2021 and Buffalo Gap in 2022.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_047b8cd6", "title": "Honaker High School", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaker_High_School", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_047b8cd6.json"}}
{"text": "The football team recorded state runner-up finishes in 2000 (a loss to King William High School 25-15) and 2012 (against George Wythe High School, 17-10).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_047b8cd6", "title": "Honaker High School", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaker_High_School", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_047b8cd6.json"}}
{"text": "The 2000 finish came on the back of Senior QB Heath Miller, who broke numerous school records as a passer but was also a formidable defensive back. Miller later won the 2004 John Mackey Award as the best TE in the nation while playing for the Virginia Cavaliers, followed by being drafted 30th overall by the Pittsburgh Steelers and immediately promoted to their starting position.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_047b8cd6", "title": "Honaker High School", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaker_High_School", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_047b8cd6.json"}}
{"text": "In 1953, Honaker won the state championship for Girls' Public Speaking.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_047b8cd6", "title": "Honaker High School", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaker_High_School", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_047b8cd6.json"}}
{"text": "Honaker has won the VHSL state championship for softball twice. The first, in the former \"A\" division, came in 1988 with a 7-2 win over Northumberland High School. Two years earlier, the Tiger fastpitch finished runner-up in the championship game to William Monroe High School, 17-2.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_047b8cd6", "title": "Honaker High School", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaker_High_School", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_047b8cd6.json"}}
{"text": "In 2013, the Tigers took the title to Russell County once again by securing a 3-1 victory in the 1-A state championship match against Madison County High School.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_047b8cd6", "title": "Honaker High School", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaker_High_School", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_047b8cd6.json"}}
{"text": "For the 1951-1952 school year, Honaker's theater program was awarded a superior rating by the VHSL.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_047b8cd6", "title": "Honaker High School", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaker_High_School", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_047b8cd6.json"}}
{"text": "Heath Miller, Former American football tight end for the Virginia Cavaliers and the NFL Pittsburgh Steelers", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_047b8cd6", "title": "Honaker High School", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaker_High_School", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_047b8cd6.json"}}
{"text": "Jordan Stout, NFL punter, played for Penn State, drafted in the 4th round, 130th overall in the 2022 NFL Draft by the Baltimore Ravens", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_047b8cd6", "title": "Honaker High School", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaker_High_School", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_047b8cd6.json"}}
{"text": "Chief Detective 1958 (Korean: 수사반장 1958) is a 2024 South Korean television series written by Kim Young-shin, directed by Kim Sung-hoon, and starring Lee Je-hoon, Lee Dong-hwi, Choi Woo-sung and Yoon Hyun-soo. As a prequel of the series Chief Inspector, it depicts a retro crime investigation drama with the romance and joy of analog investigation, where crimes are solved solely with innate sense, insight, and tenacity without profiling or the common use of CCTV. It aired on MBC TV from April 19, to May 18, 2024, every Friday and Saturday at 21:50 (KST). It is also available for streaming on Disney+ in selected regions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Set in the 1950s to 1960s, ten years before the original series, the story follows Detective Park Yeong-han, who specializes in apprehending petty thieves, teams up with three unique colleagues to break down the absurdities of corrupt power with common sense, and is reborn as a detective for the people.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Lee Je-hoon as Park Yeong-han", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "A detective who is angry and struggling against the reality that tramples on human dignity.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Lee Dong-hwi as Kim Sang-sun", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "A detective at Jongnam Police Station who is called Mad Dog.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Choi Woo-sung as Jo Gyeong-hwan", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "A wealthy and polite detective at Jongnam Police Station.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Yoon Hyun-soo as Seo Ho-jeong", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "A high-spec elite who dreams of becoming a master investigator at Jongnam Police Station.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Seo Eun-soo as Lee Hye-ju", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "An owner of a bookstore called Jongnam Seorim, located near Jongnam Market. Later, she becomes Yeong-han's wife.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Jongnam Police Station Investigation Unit 1", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Choi Deok-moon as Yu Dae-cheon", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Leader of Jongnam Police Station Investigation Unit 1, and Yeong-han's mentor who is a veteran police officer with a sense of duty.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Jongnam Police Station Investigation Unit 2", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Song Wook-kyung as Byun Dae-sik", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Leader of Jongnam Police Station Investigation Unit 2.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Ryu Yeon-seok as Song Jae-deok", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "A detective of Jongnam Police Station Investigation Unit 2.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Jo Han-jun as Hwang Soo-man", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "A detective of Jongnam Police Station Investigation Unit 2.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Nam Hyun-woo as Oh Ji-sub", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "The youngest detective of Jongnam Police Station Investigation Unit 2.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "National Forensic Service", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Go Sang-ho as Moon Guk-cheol", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "A talented autopsy doctor with a strong sense of duty, and a passion for learning.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Chung Su-bin as Bong Nan-sil", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "A student at Jongnam Girls' High School who dreams of becoming a police officer in the future.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Uhm Jun-gi as Seong-chil", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Cha Mi-kyung as Grandma Ho", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "An owner of a tteokbokki shop at Jeongnam Market.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Kim Seo-an as Geum-ok", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "A daughter of a vegetable store at Jongnam Market.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Kim Young-sung as Lee Jung-jae", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Boss of the Dongdaemun gang, an infamous Korean Mafia syndicate in the 1950s, and a member of the Liberal Party.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Kang In-kwon as Sal Mo-sa", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Self-proclaimed second-in-command of the Dongdaemun gang. He is called Viper of Youngmoon Mountain.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Park Jung-hyuk as Bang Wool-baem", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Mo-sa's right-hand man, who is a grumpy and frivolous thug obsessed with pseudo-religion.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Joo In-young as Mrs. Paju", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "A boarding house owner who is talkative and good at cooking.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Shin Min-jae as Geum Eun-dong", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "A young man from the boarding house that wears horn-rimmed glasses. He is a banker who is timid, but has a strong work ethic.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Lee Suk-hyeong as Jung Guk-jin", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "A young man from the boarding house who dreams of becoming a prosecutor.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Do Woo as Nam Sung-hoon", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "A mounted police officer, and the youngest member of the Jongnam Police Station.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Kim Min-jae as Baek Do-seok", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "The new chief of the Jongnam Police Station.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Moon Jin-seung as Detective Kang", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Do-seok's right-hand man.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Yoon Woo as Kim Soon-kyung", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "A man who tries to keep his principles.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Choi Go as Kim Young-nam", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Choi Bool-am as present day Park Yeong-han", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Kim Soo-jin as Audrey Ko", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "A hysterical and vicious orphanage director.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Ko Seo-hee as Jang Mal-sun", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "A woman who commits evil deeds under the pretext of selling American cosmetics products.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Official website  (in Korean)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Chief Detective 1958 at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "Chief Detective 1958 at HanCinema", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790e943d", "title": "Chief Detective 1958", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Detective_1958", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790e943d.json"}}
{"text": "I Can See You is a Philippine television drama anthology series broadcast by GMA Network. It premiered on September 28, 2020 on the network's Telebabad line up. The series concluded on February 4, 2022 with a total of three seasons and 58 episodes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9d402786", "title": "I Can See You (TV series)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can_See_You_(TV_series)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9d402786.json"}}
{"text": "The series is streaming online on YouTube.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9d402786", "title": "I Can See You (TV series)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can_See_You_(TV_series)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9d402786.json"}}
{"text": "I Can See You at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9d402786", "title": "I Can See You (TV series)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can_See_You_(TV_series)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9d402786.json"}}
{"text": "Lásenice is a municipality and village in Jindřichův Hradec District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants. It lies on the Nežárka River.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1f11bbb", "title": "Lásenice", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1senice", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1f11bbb.json"}}
{"text": "Lásenice lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south of Jindřichův Hradec, 38 km (24 mi) east of České Budějovice, and 120 km (75 mi) south of Prague.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1f11bbb", "title": "Lásenice", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1senice", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1f11bbb.json"}}
{"text": "Karel Hájek (1900–1978), photographer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1f11bbb", "title": "Lásenice", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1senice", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1f11bbb.json"}}
{"text": "Schwandorf (German pronunciation: [ˈʃvaːndɔʁf] ) is a town in the Upper Palatinate in Bavaria, Germany, which is the seat of the Schwandorf district. It lies on the river Naab.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Geographical location", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Schwandorf is located at the intersection of four depressions in the Schwandorf Bay in the southern Upper Palatinate Forest. The Upper Palatinate Lake District borders the city area. The Naab River runs through the city area from north to south. Nature has created a broad plain in the Naab Valley, the edges of which are formed by iron sandstone hills. The Kreuzberg rises from the plain like a green island. This was once far outside the city gates, but today it is surrounded by the settlement.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "The main rivers of the district are the Naab and the Regen", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is \"Cfb\". (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Schwandorf was first mentioned in writing in 1006 AD in a document from the monastery of Saint Emmeram as Suainicondorf on the river Naba ( Naab ) in the area of the diocese of Regensburg . Prehistoric finds, for example a fishing hook from the Bronze Age or urn graves from the Urnfield period (1200 to 800 BC) in the city area, as well as research into the origin of the city's name, make it certain that the town was settled very early on. In 1234 AD, Schwandorf in the Upper Palatinate was the seat of a Wittelbach office, in 1286 it was the seat of a dean and, from an ecclesiastical point of view, one of the centers of the diocese of Regensburg in the Nordgau. On 5 January 1299, the market town received a municipal constitution, and from 1446 onwards it was granted full city rights.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "During the Landshut War of Succession, Schwandorf was almost completely destroyed in 1504. From 1555 to 1617, Schwandorf was Evangelical Lutheran for three generations as a result of the Peace of Augsburg, which Ottheinrich von Wittelsbach, Count Palatine of Palatinate-Neuburg, had signed up to, and belonged to the Principality of Palatinate-Neuburg until Bavarian unification in 1777. Despite its political peripheral location (border town), Schwandorf remained an economic hub due to its location on an old trade and military route to Bohemia. Most of the town's buildings that are still standing today were built in the 16th century. The town's economic power increased after the Nuremberg–Schwandorf–Regensburg railway line was opened on December 12, 1859. Since 1863, with the opening of the railway line to Weiden in der Oberpfalz, Schwandorf became an important railway junction.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "In 1907, 6,985 citizens lived in Schwandorf. Of these, 6,618 were Catholic, 333 Protestant, 19 Israelite, 1 Mennonite and 14 of unknown faith.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "In 1933, 29 people of Jewish origin lived in Schwandorf. Louis Waldmann committed suicide in the Charlottenhof district in 1939, and nine other Schwandorf residents were deported and murdered. There are 17 stumbling blocks for them in Schwandorf.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "At the end of the Second World War, on April 5, 1945, the train station was attacked for the second time by low-flying aircraft. On April 10, 1945, at 1:45 p.m., eight US low-flying planes fired on a train in Schwandorf. On April 17, 1945, between 3:52 a.m. and 4:07 a.m., Canadian and British Royal Air Force bombers with 167 Lancasters and eight Mosquitos bombed the train station in Schwandorf. The bombardment with 633.3 tons of bombs also devastated the city center as far as the Kreuzberg district. A total of 1,250 people, including refugees and displaced persons and 495 Schwandorf residents, died in this air raid. A total of 514 houses were damaged and 674 completely destroyed. Before the attack, Schwandorf had 1,361 buildings. The station district was particularly hard hit; countless passengers died on the trains that were hit. Because the railway line was largely destroyed, a train transport with around 1,000 prisoners from the Flossenbürg concentration camp stopped near Schwandorf on April 19. When an airplane appeared, panic ensued and some prisoners tried to escape. A total of 41 prisoners were killed, 111 managed to escape. Two groups of 417 and 389 prisoners had to march on south.  A few days later, on April 23, 1945, the first US units reached the town of Schwandorf. The town was then occupied by American troops of the 3rd Army as they advanced to a demarcation line in western and southern Bohemia agreed upon in the Potsdam Agreement. It came under the control of the American military government and reconstruction began. The reconstruction of Schwandorf continued for many years after this air raid.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "The town of Schwandorf was a district-free town from 1920 to 1972. In the course of an administrative reform, it was incorporated into the newly founded large district on July 1, 1972, became the seat of the district administration and was given the designation of large district town .", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "On December 28, 1972, the name of the town of Schwandorf in Bavaria was officially changed to Schwandorf .", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "The Naab was probably the reason for the founding of the town. Here in the shallow Schwandorf Bay, the river divides into three branches and is so shallow that it is easy to ford through the water. Even in Roman times, the Naab was an important trade route from south to north. The intersection of the road and the river was ideal for a settlement. A landing stage was documented as early as 1158. Salt and iron were among the most important trade goods.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "With the help of salt, the fish of the Naab became a commodity. Numerous natural and artificial ponds were also managed. The abundance of fish and its management led to the introduction of a fish master's office in the Nordgau, the first evidence of which dates back to the 13th century.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Carp, bream, tench, zander, eels, catfish, barbel, nase, perch and pike can still be caught today. Crayfish were once so numerous that they could be caught by hand and taken to market in wheelbarrows.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Mills powered by the water power of the Naab were another source of livelihood.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Today, hydropower is only used to generate electricity in the city. Freight shipping has also long since stopped. Canoes and kayaks have taken their place. Pond farming is still an economic factor, while river fishing is carried out by sports and fishing clubs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "In the urban area, the following streams feed the Naab: Fensterbach, Els, Rotha, Haselbach with Irlbach, Göggelbach, Blauer Entengraben and Martelgraben.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Neues Schloss, Neunburg vorm Wald", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Institutions and administration offices", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Schwandorf has these associations and significant institutions, offices", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Finanzamt Schwandorf", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Gesundheitsamt Schwandorf", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "KFZ-Zulassungstelle Schwandorf", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Agentur für Arbeit Schwandorf", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Amt für Ernährung Landwirtschaft u Forsten Schwandorf", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Staatlich anerkannte Beratungsstelle für Schwangerschaftsfragen", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Familienkasse Schwandorf", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Jugendamt Schwandorf", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Veterinäramt Schwandorf", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Economy and industries", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Schwandorf is the most important retail centre in the district of the same name.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "At the district level, the district of Schwandorf in Upper Palatinate is the undisputed number 1 in terms of tax revenue. Its income is even comparable to that of the districts around Munich. There are 130 large industrial companies and 15,000 jobs. Schwandorf's largest employer is currently meiller direct GmbH. Benteler is also a major employer in the district. In the Wackersdorf Innovation Park, BMW AG, nine manufacturing suppliers and three service companies now make up the circle of partners at the Wackersdorf Innovation Park with around 2,700 employees. There is also a branch of Läpple AG with around 800 employees.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Meillerghp was Schwandorf's largest employer with around 1,200 employees. The former subsidiary of the Austrian Post was one of the largest direct marketing companies in Europe. Following the sale in 2015 to the Paragon Group, based in Dublin, Ireland, the company has been trading under the new company name Paragon Customer Communications Schwandorf GmbH since May 1, 2018.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "In the manufacturing sector, the processing industry is an important economic factor . The most important employers here are to be found in the printing industry and in automotive supplies. Nabaltec AG, a company in the chemical industry, has its headquarters in Schwandorf.  Schwandorf is the headquarters of Schmack Biogas GmbH, which designs, builds and operates biogas plants . On July 14, 2008, the company put Europe's largest biogas plant into operation in Schwandorf.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Schwandorf with its railway station is the most important hub for regional trains operated by the Oberpfalzbahn of the Länderbahn  in ( Marktredwitz via Weiden to Regensburg and eastwards to Furth and Lam).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Public transportation", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Schwandorf belongs to the Regensburg Transport Association (RVV).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "The Schwandorf city and the other cities in the Schwandorf district are well connected with the Schwandorf City Bus Network .", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Directly located on the A 93 as an important north–south connection between the Hochfranken A 72 motorway triangle and the Holledau A 9 triangle . Continuous traffic axis Berlin – Leipzig – Hof – Weiden – Regensburg – Munich (three junctions in the city area: Schwandorf-Nord (Fronberg, B 85 ), Schwandorf-Mitte (Wackersdorf, B 85 ) and Schwandorf-Süd (Klardorf)).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "The distance to the A 6 in the direction of Amberg -Ost – Nuremberg – Heilbronn is twelve kilometers via the B 85, and to the A 6 in the direction of Kreuz Oberpfälzer Wald – Waidhaus – Plzeň – Prague it is 25 kilometers via the A 93 .", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "B 15 Hof to the Inn Valley: Between the Altenstadt an der Waldnaab and Regensburg-Nord junctions, the B 15 was replaced by the A 93.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "B 85 (partially four-lane expansion) Bayreuth – Amberg – Schwandorf – Cham – Passau bypasses Schwandorf in the north.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "The following routes converge at Schwandorf station:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "In south–north direction: railway line Regensburg–Weiden, continuing to Marktredwitz and Hof .", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "In west–east direction: Nuremberg–Schwandorf railway line and Schwandorf–Cham–Furth im Wald railway line, continuing to Plzeň and Prague.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "In a south-east direction: the direct rail connection Munich-Regensburg-Schwandorf-Prague.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "In a west-south direction: the direct train connection Nuremberg-Amberg-Schwandorf-Regensburg (every two hours).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "In Regensburg and Nuremberg there are connections to IC and ICE trains", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Schwandorf Airport has a 860 × 30 m grass runway.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "The airfield is located six kilometers east of the historic center of Schwandorf and three kilometers north of Wackersdorf . It is owned by the town of Schwandorf and operated by the Schwandorf Aviation Club .", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "International Airports are located nearby in Munich, Nuremberg and Frankfurt.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Schwandorf has one of the most modern Hospitals in Germany, which is known as BarmHERZige Brüder Krankenhaus St. Barbara. In addition there are several other practitioners’ practices / clinics in around the city.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Twice a year the Schwandorf Volksfest takes place. This is the city's Volksfest.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Epiphany Market, Sunday after 6 January (Market Square)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "May Market, 1st Sunday in May, shops open on Sunday (Old Town)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Whitsun Festival (Krondorfer Anger)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Corpus Christi Market, Sunday after Corpus Christi (Market Square)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Music at market time, in summer every Saturday at 12.05 p.m. (St. Jakob Parish Church)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Jakobi Market, Sunday after 25 July, shops open on Sunday (Old Town)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Autumn market, last Sunday in October, Sunday shopping, so-called Coat Sunday (Old Town)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Winter magic in Advent (market square and city park) - Christkindlmarkt Schwandorf", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Blowing the Christkindl, 24 December at 5 p.m. (Market Square)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Citizens' festival every two years in July (entire old town) - Volksfest.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Wendelinfest every two years in July (Wendelinplatz)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "The towns association football club, 1. FC Schwandorf, experienced its greatest success in the late 1950s and 1960 when it spent thirteen seasons in the third division Bayernliga.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Radio Charivari, private radio station for the East Bavaria region. Frequencies for Schwandorf: 98.8 and 105.9 MHz.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Gong FM, private radio station for the Regensburg region. Frequency for Schwandorf: 97.3 MHz.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Local editorial office of Mittelbayerische Zeitung", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Local editorial office of the weekly newspaper", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "The Schwandorf Marionette Theatre was founded in 1977.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "One of the rock cellars on Fronberger Straße is used as a venue for concerts and theater.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "The town's musical life is mainly shaped by private initiatives. These include the Schwandorf Music School, the Schwandorf Music Association (founded in 1854) with its brass band, the Schwandorf VHS Youth Brass Band  and the Schwandorf Oratorio Choir (founded in 2000).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "With a huge number of Grocery shops, Apparel outlets, Household items shops and a large Shopping mall area fulfils the daily needs of the residents of Schwandorf district.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Notable shopping Malls are: Globus & K+B expert Mall, Rewe Center, Müller Complex, OBI baumarkt, FREY Mode", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "International communities", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Schwandorf has a mixed and diverse population. Major migrated foreigners are from the countries Russia, Czech Republic, Turkey, Syria, Poland, Italy, Romania, India, China", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Towns and municipalities", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Twin towns – sister cities", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Schwandorf is twinned with:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Sokolov, Czech Republic", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Schwandorf also has friendly relations with Karamürsel in Turkey.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Schwandorf (electoral district)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Martin Zeiller :  . In: Matthäus Merian (ed.):  (=   . Volume 4 ). 1st edition. Matthaeus Merian, Frankfurt am Main 1644, p. 100 ( full text [ Wikisource ]).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Bernhard M. Baron, The end of the war in 1945 in Schwandorf as reflected in literature, In: Oberpfälzer Heimat. Volume 66, 202', ISBN 978-3-947247-64-6, pp. 139–150.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Georg Klitta : The Finale of the Second World War in Schwandorf. 1970, DNB 577236644 .", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Johann Georg Hubmann : Chronicle of the town of Schwandorf. In: Chronicle of the Upper Palatinate. Volume I, Publisher Fedor Pohl, Amberg, 1865", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Joseph Pesserl: Chronicle and topography of Schwandorf. In: Proceedings of the Historical Association for Upper Palatinate and Regensburg. 1865. ( PDF on commons; reprint: 1989, ISBN 3-923006-78-0 ).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Alois Schmid : Schwandorf. The long road from village to town. Lecture given at the LMU Munich on 22 July 2006 on the occasion of the town's 1000th anniversary.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Franz Sichler, Wolfsteiner (ed.): Famous Schwandorf Personalities, accompanying text to the exhibition in the anniversary year 2006.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Ludwig Weingärtner in collaboration with the city planning office: Schwandorf cultural guidance system. September 2006.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Alfred Wolfsteiner: Schwandorf in the bombing (with archive photos). Sutton Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-89702-803-4 .", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "City of Schwandorf (ed.): Schwandorf in history and present. City chronicle in 2 volumes, Schwandorf 2001.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Alfred Wolfsteiner: Schwandorf 1000 years of history on the Naab. 2006, DNB 980609844 .", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "Schwandorf city directory. Edition 2007.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "April 17, 1945 – Destruction of the town of Schwandorf. In: Günther Rambach: Swastika and St. Martin's Church – Fateful years in the Upper Palatinate 1933–1959. Ensdorf 2010, ISBN 978-3-00-031635-7 .", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2e818f06", "title": "Schwandorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwandorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2e818f06.json"}}
{"text": "After Hours is the fifth and final solo studio album by Glenn Frey, released in 2012 (see 2012 in music), four years before his death. The album is very different from Frey's previous rock albums and features material from the Great American Songbook. The album charted at number 116 in the U.S. and number 92 in the UK. After Hours was Frey's first new studio solo album in 20 years since 1992's Strange Weather, which was a commercial disappointment.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "\"For Sentimental Reasons\" (William \"Pat\" Best, Deek Watson) – 3:03", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "\"My Buddy\" (Walter Donaldson, Gus Kahn) – 3:45", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "\"The Good Life\" (Sacha Distel, Jack Reardon) – 2:25 (Deluxe Edition only)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "\"Route 66\" (Bobby Troup) – 2:57", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "\"The Shadow of Your Smile\" (Johnny Mandel, Paul Francis Webster) – 4:28", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "\"Here's to Life\" (Artie Butler, Phyllis Molinary) – 5:32", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "\"It's Too Soon to Know\" (Deborah Chessler) – 2:42", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "\"Caroline, No\" (Brian Wilson, Tony Asher) – 4:00", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "\"The Look of Love\" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David) – 3:33", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "\"I'm Getting Old Before My Time\" (Una Mae Carlisle) – 3:43", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "\"Worried Mind\" (Ted Daffan, Jimmie H. Davis) – 2:48 (Deluxe Edition only)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "\"I Wanna Be Around\" (Johnny Mercer, Sadie Vimmerstedt) – 2:19 (Deluxe Edition only)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "\"Same Girl\" (Randy Newman) – 3:05", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "\"After Hours\" (Glenn Frey, Jack Tempchin) – 4:18", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Glenn Frey – vocals, backing vocals (1, 6)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Richard F.W. Davis – keyboards (1, 2, 5, 6, 11), horns (8), horn arrangements (9)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Michael Thompson – acoustic piano, guitars (1, 4), organ (2), electric guitar (3, 6), vibraphone (4), electric piano (5, 7), accordion (7), acoustic guitar (7), trombone (7)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Steuart Smith – electric guitar (2, 9, 11), acoustic guitar (8)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Greg Leisz – steel guitar (3, 7)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Mike Harlow – baritone guitar (7)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Reggie McBride – bass (1–6, 9, 10, 11)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Jonathan Clark – electric upright bass (8)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Scott Crago – drums (1–4, 6–9, 11)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Lenny Castro – congas (3, 8), bongos (7), percussion (8)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Stephanie O'Keefe – French horn (2, 5, 6)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Tom Evans – tenor saxophone (4), flute (5), clarinet (6, 7, 11), English horn (7, 11), tenor sax solo (9)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Al Garth – recorder (7)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Greg Smith – alto saxophone (9)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Chris Mostert – tenor saxophone (9)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Bill Armstrong – flugelhorn (8)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Nick Lane – trombone (9)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Les Lovitt – trumpet (9)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Mitch Manker – trumpet solo (9)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Alan Broadbent – orchestral arrangements and conductor, string arrangements (5)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Richard Davis – string arrangements (5)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Marcy Vaj – contractor", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Kevin Axt and Putter Smith – bass", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Jodi Burnett, Ira Glansbeek, Paula Hochhalter, Timothy Loo and Elizabeth Wright – cello", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Brett Banducci, Robert Berg, Suzanna Giordano Gignac, Margot MacLaine and Novi Novog – viola", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Jackie Brand, Chung Mei Chang, Mario DeLeon, Michael Ferril, Eric Gorfain, Scott Hosfeld, Dimitrie Leivici, Maria Newman, Neli Nikolaeva, Alyssa Park, Cameron Patrick, Susan Rishik, Anatoly Rosinski, Olivia Tsui, Marcy Vaj, Deb Vukovitz, Amy Wickman, Margaret Wooten and Adriana Zoppo – violin", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Richard F.W. Davis – producer, arrangements, engineer, digital engineer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Glenn Frey – producer, arrangements", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Michael Thompson – producer, arrangements", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Mike Harlow – engineer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Elliot Scheiner – orchestra recording, mixing", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Dan Garcia – orchestra recording assistant", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Schnee Studios (North Hollywood, California) – orchestra recording location", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Bob Ludwig – mastering at Gateway Mastering (Portland, Maine)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Ivy Skoff – production coordinator", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Jeri Heiden for SMOG Design, Inc. – art direction", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Nick Steinhardt for SMOG Design, Inc. – design", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Jim Sheldon – photography", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Autumn de Wilde – photography", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "Irving Azoff – management", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b1d6ff1", "title": "After Hours (Glenn Frey album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Hours_(Glenn_Frey_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b1d6ff1.json"}}
{"text": "A Single Girl (French: La Fille seule) is a 1995 French drama film directed by Benoît Jacquot. It follows a day in the life of a young Parisian woman named Valérie (Virginie Ledoyen) who begins a new job at a four-star hotel the same day she reveals to her boyfriend (Benoît Magimel) that she is pregnant. The 90-minute film is shot in real time, with a very mobile camera style, recalling the French New Wave.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19a0f8a9", "title": "A Single Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Single_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19a0f8a9.json"}}
{"text": "This was the breakthrough role for the 19-year-old Ledoyen (who later became known in the United States for the 2000 film The Beach), and earned her a César Award nomination.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19a0f8a9", "title": "A Single Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Single_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19a0f8a9.json"}}
{"text": "The film contains a non-simulated sex scene performed by Catherine Guittoneau and Hervé Gamelin. Virginie Ledoyen, who in the scene enters the room where the two are, said that director Benoît Jacquot had not warned her what was behind the door (she knew she was going to find a couple making love, but she did not think they would do it for real).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19a0f8a9", "title": "A Single Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Single_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19a0f8a9.json"}}
{"text": "A Single Girl at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19a0f8a9", "title": "A Single Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Single_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19a0f8a9.json"}}
{"text": "Armand Christophe Huyghé (11 July 1871 – 2 March 1944), later knighted Armand Huyghé de Mahenge, was a Belgian career soldier. He is best known for his service in the Belgian Congo during World War I, where he succeeded Charles Tombeur as commander of the Belgian forces in the East African Campaign in 1917. He commanded the Belgian contingent during the Allied occupation of the Rhineland after the war. During World War II, he was involved in the resistance and, after being captured by the Germans, was deported to Buchenwald concentration camp where he died in 1944.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2d5cc2b3", "title": "Armand Huyghé", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Huygh%C3%A9", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2d5cc2b3.json"}}
{"text": "Huyghé was born in Leuven in Brabant Province. He studied at the Royal Military Academy and entered the Belgian Army in 1891, serving in the 8th Regiment of the Line, as a junior officer. In 1893, he transferred to the Force Publique, the colonial militia, in the then-Congo Free State which at the time was under the direct personal control of King Leopold II but returned to Belgium soon after, suffering from illness.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2d5cc2b3", "title": "Armand Huyghé", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Huygh%C3%A9", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2d5cc2b3.json"}}
{"text": "At the outbreak of World War I, Huyghé served in the Belgian Army during the German invasion of Belgium, fighting at the Battles of Liège, Antwerp and the Yser in 1914. In 1915, with the front stabilised at the Yser, Huyghé returned to the Belgian Congo to serve in the Force Publique in the East African Campaign. He initially served under Colonel Molitor in the North Brigade (Brigade Nord) during the operations on the frontier of German Ruanda-Urundi and fought at the Battle of Tabora in 1916. Replacing Charles Tombeur as commander of the Force Publique on campaign in February 1917, he commanded the Belgian forces at the important Battle of Mahenge in October 1917.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2d5cc2b3", "title": "Armand Huyghé", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Huygh%C3%A9", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2d5cc2b3.json"}}
{"text": "Returning to Belgium after the war, he commanded the Belgian army of occupation during the Allied occupation of the Rhineland. Retired for ill-health, he held a number of official positions in Belgian companies in the Congo after 1929 on the boards of the Compagnie du chemin de fer du Bas-Congo au Katanga (BCK), Société des mines d'étain du Ruanda-Urundi and the Compagnie des grands élevages congolais. In 1933, he was made a chevalier (knight) by King Albert I in recognition of his role during World War I.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2d5cc2b3", "title": "Armand Huyghé", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Huygh%C3%A9", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2d5cc2b3.json"}}
{"text": "At the time of the fall of Belgium and France in 1940, Huyghé was living in Burgundy and became a local leader in the French resistance. He was arrested in 1943 and detained at Fresnes Prison before being deported to Buchenwald concentration camp, together with the former Belgian prime minister Paul-Émile Janson, where he died of disease in 1944.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2d5cc2b3", "title": "Armand Huyghé", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Huygh%C3%A9", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2d5cc2b3.json"}}
{"text": "Archive Armand Huyghé de Mahenge, Royal Museum for Central Africa", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2d5cc2b3", "title": "Armand Huyghé", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Huygh%C3%A9", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2d5cc2b3.json"}}
{"text": "\"HUYGHÉ de MAHENGE (Armand Christophe)\". Biographie Coloniale Belge. Vol. IV. Brussels: Institut Royal Colonial Belge. 1955. OCLC 310588886.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2d5cc2b3", "title": "Armand Huyghé", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Huygh%C3%A9", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2d5cc2b3.json"}}
{"text": "Paice, Edward (2008). Tip and Run: The Untold Tragedy of the Great War in Africa (Paperback ed.). London: Phoenix. ISBN 9780753823491.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2d5cc2b3", "title": "Armand Huyghé", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Huygh%C3%A9", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2d5cc2b3.json"}}
{"text": "Nyon railway station (French: Gare de Nyon) is a railway station in the municipality of Nyon, in the Swiss canton of Vaud. It is an intermediate stop on the standard gauge Lausanne–Geneva line of Swiss Federal Railways and the southern terminus of the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge Nyon–St-Cergue–Morez line of the Chemin de fer Nyon–St-Cergue–Morez.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d768a55a", "title": "Nyon railway station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyon_railway_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d768a55a.json"}}
{"text": "Layout and connections", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d768a55a", "title": "Nyon railway station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyon_railway_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d768a55a.json"}}
{"text": "The Lausanne–Geneva line has three tracks (Nos. 1–3) served by a side platform and an island platform. An island platform for the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge Nyon–St-Cergue–Morez line is located underground, beneath the Route St-Cergue. This platform has two tracks, Nos. 21–22. CarPostal Suisse and Transports publics de la région nyonnaise (TPN) operate bus services from the station.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d768a55a", "title": "Nyon railway station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyon_railway_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d768a55a.json"}}
{"text": "As of the December 2024 timetable change, the following services stop at Nyon:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d768a55a", "title": "Nyon railway station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyon_railway_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d768a55a.json"}}
{"text": "hourly service between Geneva Airport and Brig.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d768a55a", "title": "Nyon railway station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyon_railway_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d768a55a.json"}}
{"text": "hourly service between Geneva Airport and Lucerne.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d768a55a", "title": "Nyon railway station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyon_railway_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d768a55a.json"}}
{"text": "limited service between Geneva Airport and Neuchâtel.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d768a55a", "title": "Nyon railway station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyon_railway_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d768a55a.json"}}
{"text": "RegioExpress: half-hourly service (hourly on weekends) between Annemasse and St-Maurice, and hourly service from St-Maurice to Martigny. On weekends, hourly service to Geneva Airport.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d768a55a", "title": "Nyon railway station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyon_railway_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d768a55a.json"}}
{"text": "Regio: service every 15 minutes to Genolier on weekdays, half-hourly service to St-Cergue, with every other train continuing from St-Cergue to La Cure.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d768a55a", "title": "Nyon railway station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyon_railway_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d768a55a.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Nyon railway station at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d768a55a", "title": "Nyon railway station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyon_railway_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d768a55a.json"}}
{"text": "Nyon railway station – SBB", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d768a55a", "title": "Nyon railway station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyon_railway_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d768a55a.json"}}
{"text": "Giovanni Andrés Moreno Cardona (Spanish pronunciation: [ɟʝoˈβani moˈɾeno]; born 1 July 1986) is a Colombian former footballer who used to play for club Atlético Nacional where he primarily operated as an attacking midfielder.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_add17e2a", "title": "Giovanni Moreno", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Moreno", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_add17e2a.json"}}
{"text": "Moreno would start his career with top tier Colombian side Envigado in the 2006 league season, however in his debut season he would be part of the squad that was relegated to the second tier. The manager Jesús Barrios would show significant faith in Moreno who would go on to play a major part in guiding the team to the Categoría Primera B title and promotion back into the top tier at the end of the 2007 league season. In the club's first league game of the 2008 league season on 3 February 2008 Moreno would be included in the first team and also score his first top flight goal for the club in a 2–0 victory against Deportivo Pereira. He would continue his good form despite the step up in quality and after playing half the season for Envigado where he played in 22 games and scored 10 goals he would start to attract the interests of fellow top-tier club Atlético Nacional.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_add17e2a", "title": "Giovanni Moreno", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Moreno", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_add17e2a.json"}}
{"text": "Moreno transferred to Atlético Nacional for 1.6 million Euros and he would go on to score his first goal for the club on 27 July 2008 in a league game against Once Caldas in a 2–0 victory. In his first full season for the club he would help guide them to the semi-finals of the 2009 Copa Colombia while personally becoming their top goalscorer of the season with 21 goals. The Colombian footballer joined Argentine Primera División side Racing Club for the 2010-11 season. Atlético Nacional received 4.3 million US dollars for 75% of Moreno's rights, half being paid by Racing and the other half by a third party entrepreneurial group. He would make his debut for the club in a league game on 14 August 2010 against Boca Juniors in a 2–1 victory. This was followed by his first goal for the club, which was in a league game on 18 September 2010 against Club Atlético Lanús in a 4–0 win. His season would come to a premature end when on 13 February 2011 in league game against All Boys when he sustained a posterior cruciate ligament injury in the knee, ruling him out for eight months. Upon his return Moreno would soon regain his position in the team, however after a series of disappointing results Moreno and teammate Federico Santander would receive death threats that reached its escalation point on Tuesday, 22 May 2012, after training when both men were held at gunpoint by a gang who told them to play better or have their legs blown off.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_add17e2a", "title": "Giovanni Moreno", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Moreno", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_add17e2a.json"}}
{"text": "After the incident in Argentina, Moreno left to join Chinese Super League club Shanghai Shenhua on June 24, 2012, on a two-year contract with the option of a further two years for 9 million dollars. He would go on to make his debut in a league game on July 1, 2012, against Qingdao Jonoon F.C. away in a 1–0 defeat. This was followed by his first goal for the club in a league game against Guangzhou Evergrande on July 28, 2012, in a 2–2 draw. The following season would see the owners of the club have a shareholders dispute, which ultimately saw the club's biggest shareholder Zhu Jun eventually leaving, causing a gap in the club finances resulting in unpaid wages forcing Moreno to refuse to play the March 31, 2013 league game against Liaoning Whowin. He would return to playing for Shenhua and the club would go on to find themselves a new majority shareholder in Greenland Holding Group Company Limited. For his loyalty with remaining with Shenhua the club made Moreno their captain and he extended his stay in China by signing a two-year contract extension with Shenhua in July 2015. This would then see him become the club's top league goalscorer with 43 goals when he scored against Beijing Guoan on July 23, 2017, in a 2–1 defeat. At the end of the season Moreno would win his first piece of silverware with the club when he captained Shenhua to the 2017 Chinese FA Cup.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_add17e2a", "title": "Giovanni Moreno", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Moreno", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_add17e2a.json"}}
{"text": "International career", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_add17e2a", "title": "Giovanni Moreno", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Moreno", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_add17e2a.json"}}
{"text": "Moreno was given his international debut by Eduardo Lara in a friendly against Nigeria on 20 November 2008 coming on as a substitute in a 1–0 victory.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_add17e2a", "title": "Giovanni Moreno", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Moreno", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_add17e2a.json"}}
{"text": "In May 2018 he was named in Colombia's preliminary 35 man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. However, he did not make the final cut to 23.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_add17e2a", "title": "Giovanni Moreno", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Moreno", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_add17e2a.json"}}
{"text": "As of match played 7 November 2021.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_add17e2a", "title": "Giovanni Moreno", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Moreno", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_add17e2a.json"}}
{"text": "As of match played 27 March 2018.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_add17e2a", "title": "Giovanni Moreno", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Moreno", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_add17e2a.json"}}
{"text": "Scores and results list Colombia's goal tally first.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_add17e2a", "title": "Giovanni Moreno", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Moreno", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_add17e2a.json"}}
{"text": "Categoría Primera B: 2007", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_add17e2a", "title": "Giovanni Moreno", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Moreno", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_add17e2a.json"}}
{"text": "Chinese FA Cup: 2017, 2019", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_add17e2a", "title": "Giovanni Moreno", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Moreno", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_add17e2a.json"}}
{"text": "Categoría Primera A: 2022", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_add17e2a", "title": "Giovanni Moreno", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Moreno", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_add17e2a.json"}}
{"text": "Giovanni Moreno at Soccerway", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_add17e2a", "title": "Giovanni Moreno", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Moreno", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_add17e2a.json"}}
{"text": "Giovanni Moreno at National-Football-Teams.com", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_add17e2a", "title": "Giovanni Moreno", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Moreno", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_add17e2a.json"}}
{"text": "Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI (in Spanish)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_add17e2a", "title": "Giovanni Moreno", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Moreno", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_add17e2a.json"}}
{"text": "Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/GiovanniMorenoofficial", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_add17e2a", "title": "Giovanni Moreno", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Moreno", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_add17e2a.json"}}
{"text": "Marco Kistler (Swiss Standard German pronunciation: [ˈmarko ˈkɪstlər]; born 31 October 1984) is a Swiss politician who served on the Landrat of Glarus for the Social Democratic Party between 2012 and 2014.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3815a441", "title": "Marco Kistler", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Kistler", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3815a441.json"}}
{"text": "His 2013 political campaign featured the 1:12 – For Fair Wages initiative.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3815a441", "title": "Marco Kistler", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Kistler", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3815a441.json"}}
{"text": "He has been in a relationship with Mattea Meyer, National Councillor and co-chair of the Social Democratic Party, since 2016. They have two children.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3815a441", "title": "Marco Kistler", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Kistler", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3815a441.json"}}
{"text": "Jay Wilson Weatherill  (born 3 April 1964) is an Australian diplomat and former politician who was the 45th premier of South Australia, serving from 21 October 2011 until 19 March 2018. Weatherill represented the House of Assembly seat of Cheltenham as a member of the South Australian Labor Party from the 2002 election to 17 December 2018, when he retired from politics. He currently serves as the High Commissioner of Australia to the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "Labor was in government from 2002, with Weatherill leading the Labor government since a 2011 leadership change from Mike Rann. During 2013 it became the longest-serving state Labor government in South Australian history, and in addition went on to win a fourth four-year term at the 2014 election. The 16-year state Labor government lost power at the 2018 election. On 18 March, the day after the election, Weatherill announced his decision to step down as Labor leader, but intended to remain in Parliament on the back-bench. Peter Malinauskas succeeded Weatherill as Labor leader on 9 April. Weatherill announced his intention to retire from Parliament on 6 December 2018.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "Born in the western suburbs of Adelaide, he is the son of English-born former South Australian politician George Weatherill.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "Weatherill completed his secondary education at Henley High School. He later studied at the University of Adelaide, graduating with degrees in law and economics.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "Between 1987 and 1990, he worked for the Australian Workers' Union. In the early 1990s, he worked at the law firm Duncan Hannon with Patrick Conlon and Isobel Redmond. With fellow Adelaide lawyer Stephen Lieschke, he established industrial law firm Lieschke & Weatherill in 1995 where he practised law until his election to the House of Assembly seat of Cheltenham at the 2002 election when his party won government.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "Weatherill unsuccessfully contested the 1997 Australian Constitutional Convention election, running as an ungrouped candidate under the \"Bill of Rights for Australia\" label.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "Weatherill defeated the incumbent Labor member Murray De Laine for Labor preselection in the electorate of Cheltenham at the 2002 election and went on to retain the seat for Labor. Weatherill is from the Labor Left faction. Upon election he immediately entered the cabinet of the Rann government as Minister for Local Government, Government Enterprise, Urban Development and Planning, and Administrative Services. Later, Weatherill would hold portfolios such as Housing (2004–2008), Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation (2006–2010), Early Childhood and Development (2008–2011), Environment and Conservation (2008–2010) and Education (2010–2011).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "Following the 2010 election, Weatherill as a cabinet minister in the Rann government, unsuccessfully challenged Kevin Foley for the position of Deputy Premier. Weatherill said the election day backlash against Labor made it evident that a fresh approach was needed; however he lost along factional lines.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "In late July 2011, senior figures within Labor had indicated to Rann that both the left and right Labor factions had agreed to replace Rann with Weatherill as party leader. In early August 2011 Weatherill's attempts at contacting Rann on his trade mission to India had been met with silence, leaving the party leadership in limbo until Rann's return to Australia. Weatherill refused to rule out challenging Rann in a caucus ballot if he did not stand down on his return to Australia. Rann eventually resigned at the behest of factional bosses, with Caucus endorsing Weatherill as his successor. Weatherill was then sworn in as the 45th Premier of South Australia on 21 October 2011.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "In 2011/2012, Weatherill and then Environment Minister Paul Caica brought together irrigators, business, River Murray communities and South Australians more generally to fight for a better deal for the River and South Australia. The result was an additional commitment of 450 gigalitres of environmental water under the Murray Darling Basin Plan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "The 2012–2013 budget was Weatherill's first, with Jack Snelling as treasurer, and came with deep cuts aiming to achieve major savings. Some of this was through suspension of major works programs such as the electrification of the Gawler and Outer Harbor railway lines, and redevelopments of Modbury Hospital and Queen Elizabeth Hospital. Notably, the AAA credit rating achieved under the Rann government was lost, downgraded to AA+ in October, a move foreshadowed by Snelling. Other actions during Weatherill's first 12 months included a deal to increase shopping hours on public holidays, supported by SDA secretary Peter Malinauskas and Business SA chief executive Peter Vaughan, and Weatherill's support for a Greens-initiated gay marriage bill following the announcement of Tasmania's planned changes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "The South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) was opened by Jay Weatherill in 2013, a building often referred to as \"the cheese grater\" due to its exterior design. It is a health and medical research institute housing more than 700 researchers, and was the first stage of a new health and bio-medical precinct on North Terrace in Adelaide.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "Weatherill allowed a conscience vote for the Greens' 2013 South Australian Gay Marriage bill in August 2012. However, the bill was frustrated by Labor's conservative Catholic right, as well as a lack of support by then Prime Minister Julia Gillard, and faced constitutional issues as expressed by the SA Liberal Party. The bill ultimately failed the lower house in July 2013 following Weatherill's planned conscience vote.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "August 2012, in the aftermath of the GFC,  BHP announced that the $20 billion Olympic Dam mine expansion would not go ahead, citing 'subdued commodity prices and higher capital costs'. However, the mine remains operational, employing 2500 people.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "On 21 January 2013, Weatherill became Treasurer of South Australia and took other various portfolios following a cabinet reshuffle triggered by the resignation of two members of his ministry. The 2013–2014 budget saw revenue increase, in part due to the privatisation of SA Lotto to Tatts Group for $427 million, and of forests in the State's south-east to international company The Campbell Group for $670 million. However, Australia's surging dollar hit the manufacturing industry sector in SA, and growth in indicators such as retail sales and house prices fell. Despite this, the government included funding for the Gawler railway line up to Dry Creek, a number of measures supporting small businesses and entrepreneurs, and promised a return to surplus by 2015–2016.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "During the 2013 federal election, both Liberal and Labor promised that the next round of the country's submarines (12) would be built in South Australia, however after the election it appeared that the Liberal government had arranged to buy just eight submarines directly from Japan. Following an organised campaign by Jay Weatherill and Labor, the Advertiser newspaper, workers at the Australian Submarine Corporation and the South Australian public, a “competitive evaluation process” was announced by the Federal Government, with the final contract for a South Australian build awarded to French company DCNS with majority of the work to take place in Osborne, South Australia. Following the announcement, Jay Weatherill travelled to France to meet with DCNS and others in an attempt to maximise opportunities for South Australia. Weatherill also released the French Engagement Strategy, a plan to strengthen economic and business ties with France, also focusing on broader opportunities in areas such as education, tourism and the arts.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "In December 2013 Holden announced it would withdraw production from Australia. At the time Holden directly employed 1,600 people in its Elizabeth plant in South Australia, with a total of 3,000 job losses predicted through the supply chain. While Liberal Shadow Treasurer Rob Lucas claimed South Australia was “careering toward double digit unemployment” after the closure, strong support from the Weatherill Labor government ensured the small business sector grew above trend after the closure with unemployment at 6% in January 2017, three months after.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "The 2014 State election resulted in a hung parliament with 23 seats for Labor, 22 for the Liberals, and the balance of power resting with the two independents, Bob Such and Geoff Brock. After Such went on medical leave for a brain tumour without indicating his support, political commentators indicated that Brock would likely back Labor by reason of 'political stability'. Brock did back Labor, giving Labor 24 seats and as a result Weatherill formed a minority government − giving Labor a total four terms in government.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "Weatherill joined with Liberal premiers proclaiming he would lead a national campaign against the then federal Abbott government's 2014 federal budget. Former Liberal Leader Martin Hamilton-Smith then defected, becoming an independent and entered the Weatherill cabinet. Hieu Van Le was announced on 26 June 2014 as the next Governor of South Australia to replace Kevin Scarce. Following the death of Such, Labor won the 2014 Fisher by-election by nine votes from a 7.3 percent two-party swing in a hotly contested three-cornered contest. Weatherill nonetheless kept Brock and Hamilton-Smith in cabinet, giving the government a 26 to 21 parliamentary majority.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "In 2015, Weatherill initiated the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission to investigate opportunities and risks associated with expanding the state's involvement in the nuclear fuel cycle. The commission was headed by former Governor Kevin Scarce and delivered its final report and recommendation to the Government of South Australia in May 2016. The Royal Commission report urged South Australia to pursue a waste storage facility, claiming South Australia has the \"attributes and capabilities to manage and dispose of international used nuclear fuel safely\". The report indicated that it was not commercially viable to generate nuclear power. Weatherill used the release of the report as an opportunity to undertake \"one of the largest\" deliberative democracy processes in Australia's history. Weatherill stated early that a nuclear waste facility would need both public and bipartisan support, with the former withdrawn by Liberal leader Steven Marshall.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "In 2015 Jay Weatherill announced that the state government would hold an annual 'Simplify Day' to initiate the reduction and removal of unnecessary regulation and legislation. Over the first two Simplify Days (2016 and 2017), the government amended 101 acts and regulations and removed 22 acts altogether.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "Jay Weatherill also set up Investment Attraction South Australia in 2015, attracting international companies including Technicolour, Boeing, Kaufland, Datacom and VeroGuard. In two years the agency had created over 9,000 jobs for South Australians.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "In 2015, the Weatherill Government pledged significant funds towards a second building, to be known as the John Chalmers Centre for Transforming Healthcare or 'SAHMRI II', which would house Australia's first proton therapy unit.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "In the 2015–16 Budget, Weatherill spruiked his government's plan to abolish stamp duties on business transactions and introduce the nation's lowest payroll tax rate.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "In 2015, Weatherill invited the South Australian Law Reform Institute to review all legislation for discrimination against the LGBTIQ community resulting in a number of bills eventually being passed in the South Australian Parliament. These included laws to ensure equal access to IVF and surrogacy services for same sex couples, equal access to adoption, the establishment of a relationships register, the removal of discriminatory language throughout legislation, formal protections for intersex people, and changes to make amending a gender on a birth certificate easier.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "During this time, Weatherill also issued a formal apology to the LGBTIQ community for historical discrimination, and signed South Australia up to the trial of the HIV prevention drug PrEP.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "In April 2016, Whyalla's steelworks owned by Arrium was placed in voluntary administration by its directors due to significant debts. There were concerns that if the steelworks fell over Whyalla would be unlikely to survive, with one in six of Whyalla's workers employed by Arrium at the time. Weatherill committed $50 million to support the steelworks and called on the Federal Government to commit $100 million, to then be matched by a buyer looking to reform the steelworks. The Federal Government refused, however in 2017 British consortium GFG Alliance settled on terms of a purchase of the steelworks with administrators Korda Menthe. Since the purchase, GFG Alliance has invested in Whyalla in a number of ways including a $1.37 billion renewable energy project.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "In 2016, Weatherill supported calls for increasing the GST to 15%. He argued that the GST rate should be increased but he would only support an increase if a compensation package was developed for those earning under $100,000", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "In the 2016–17 Budget, Weatherill introduced Job Accelerator Grants, providing between $4,000 and $10,000 to businesses for creating new jobs, increasing in the 2017–18 budget. Weatherill claimed these grants created 10,000 jobs in their first year.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "Jay Weatherill, along with then Health Minister Jack Snelling, opened the new Royal Adelaide Hospital in early September 2017. It was reported that the transition from the original Royal Adelaide Hospital to the new site was smooth with 131 patients transferred in the first day of operation. The hospital has been described as \"the most advanced in the nation\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "In 2017, Weatherill announced a plan to reform South Australia's electricity supply, as a response to a number of blackouts  that affected large numbers of South Australian residents and businesses in 2016. The most notable was the statewide 2016 South Australian blackout. The plan included construction of a State Government-owned 250MW gas-fired power station, around 10 per cent of SA's peak demand, and grid connected utility scale battery storage (the Tesla Big Battery / Hornsdale Power Reserve) to support the grid during periods of peak demand.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "The plan also included new legislative powers to ensure the South Australian energy minister could compel companies to turn on generators in peak demand periods. This was in response to AEMO ordering power be cut to tens of thousands of homes rather than instructing generators to switch on The plan also further incentivised gas exploration by increasing royalties to farmers, and ensuring that gas went to South Australians first", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "On 16 March 2017, Weatherill eviscerated then federal energy minister Josh Frydenberg at a press conference in Adelaide. Weatherill told Frydenberg the Federal Liberal government was the \"most anti-SA government in living memory\" and claimed the Federal Government's plan for Snowy Hydro 2.0 was a sign of a government in a \"white-knuckled panic about national energy policy\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "In September 2017, at the opening of the International Astronautical Congress held in South Australia, Weatherill announced the South Australian Space Industry Centre. The intention was for it to eventually form part of a national space agency. In a reshuffle of the South Australian Cabinet that week, Weatherill also announced the expanded the portfolio to become 'Defence and Space Industries'. The Congress in Adelaide hosted 3500 delegates from around the world, including Elon Musk of SpaceX and NASA.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "In 2017, after revelations that upstream states had not been complying with the Murray-Darling Basin Plan, Weatherill requested that the Federal Government undertake a judicial enquiry or Royal Commission to determine who was to blame for “water theft” and whether upstream states had been complicit. When the Federal Government rejected the request, Weatherill then launched a South Australian Royal Commission in January 2018 to investigate. Later in 2018, after the change of state government, the Federal Government barred Murray Darling Basin Authority officials from appearing at the Royal Commission to give evidence. The Commissioner, Bret Walker SC, also wrote to SA Attorney-General Vickie Chapman asking for an extension, but this was rejected.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "In February 2018, Weatherill announced that the South Australian Government and Tesla had reached an agreement to create the world's largest virtual power plant at 250MW, giving free solar panels and battery systems to 50,000 South Australian homes. Weatherill claimed it would reduce power prices directly for those involved, and indirectly for others through increased competition in the market.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "The record-16-year-incumbent SA Labor government was seeking a fifth four-year term at the 2018 election, but was defeated by the opposition SA Liberals, led by Steven Marshall. Though a major electoral redistribution in 2016 had seen four Labor seats become notionally Liberal, Labor retained a total of 19 seats at the election. The incoming Liberal government won a total of 25 seats, with crossbench independents holding 3 seats. Despite the outcome, there was actually a statewide two-party-preferred swing away from the Liberals toward Labor of over 1%.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "Four hours after the close of polls, Weatherill telephoned Steven Marshall and conceded defeat. Weatherill subsequently publicly announced that he had conceded, saying, \"I'm sorry I couldn't bring home another victory, but I do feel like one of those horses that has won four Melbourne Cups and I think the handicap has caught up with us on this occasion.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "Former Health Minister Peter Malinauskas became Leader of the Opposition and succeeded Weatherill who had resigned as Labor leader, with former Education Minister Susan Close as deputy, following a Labor caucus meeting on 9 April 2018.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "In June 2019, he was appointed as an industry professor at the University of South Australia. In July 2019, he was appointed to conduct a review of Federal Labor's loss at the 2019 Australian federal election. Weatherill moved to Perth in 2020 to lead the Minderoo Foundation's early childhood development arm Thrive by Five. In 2024, he joined the Leeuwin Ocean Adventure Foundation as chairman of the board. In 2025, he was appointed by arts minister Tony Burke to the Council of the National Gallery of Australia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "In November 2025, Weatherill was announced as the next High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, replacing Stephen Smith.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "In the 2021 Australia Day Honours, Weatherill was awarded Officer of the Order of Australia for \"distinguished service to the people and Parliament of South Australia, particularly as Premier, and to early childhood and tertiary education\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "Weatherill is married to Melissa, and they have two daughters. In the early days of his political career he was in a relationship with Penny Wong. He is a supporter of the Port Adelaide Football Club.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "He was reported to have contracted COVID-19 at a school reunion event in Norwood, South Australia on 27 November 2021.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "2018 South Australian state election", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "Australian Labor Party (South Australian Branch)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "Cabinet of South Australia", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "Parliamentary Profile: SA Labor website", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "Parliamentary Profile: SA Premier website", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "Policies: sa.alp.org.au", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "Policy archive: premier.sa.gov.au", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "News archive: premier.sa.gov.au", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_412c5dce", "title": "Jay Weatherill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Weatherill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_412c5dce.json"}}
{"text": "\"Mama's Little Girl\" is a song by Paul McCartney & Wings that was taped in March 1972 during the Red Rose Speedway recording sessions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "Recording and performance", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "The final mix was made in 1987 at Air Studios in London by McCartney, co-producer Chris Thomas and engineer Bill Price.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "McCartney performed \"Mama's Little Girl\" as part of a medley during the 1973 James Paul McCartney television special, though it was not broadcast.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "\"Mama's Little Girl\" was intended to be included on Cold Cuts, an album of outtakes which was never released.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "\"Mama's Little Girl\" was officially issued:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "In 1990 as the B-side of the \"Put It There\" single & on the 2 CD Japanese version of the Flowers in the Dirt album.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "In 1993 as a bonus track on the 1993 remastered CD edition of Wings' 1971 Wild Life album.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "In 2018 as part of the Red Rose Speedway Archive Collection.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "In December 2022 as part of Paul McCartney’s The 7\" Singles Box collection of 80 singles and 159 tracks.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "All songs written by Paul McCartney, except \"Mama's Little Girl\" by Paul and Linda McCartney.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "7\" and cassette single", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "\"Put It There\" – 2:08", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "\"Mama's Little Girl\" – 3:40", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "\"Put It There\" – 2:08", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "\"Mama's Little Girl\" – 3:40", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "\"Same Time Next Year\" – 3:07", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "\"Put It There\" – 2:08", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "\"Mama's Little Girl\" – 3:40", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "\"Same Time Next Year\" – 3:07", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "Paul McCartney – vocals, acoustic guitar, drums, electric guitar, tambourine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "Linda McCartney – tambourine, backing vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "Denny Laine – backing vocals, bass", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "Henry McCullough – electric guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "Denny Seiwell – African percussion", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "Heather McCartney – backing vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d01f0a3", "title": "Mama's Little Girl", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Little_Girl", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d01f0a3.json"}}
{"text": "Silvano Levy  is a British academic and author specialising in the surrealist movement, with extensive research on Conroy Maddox, René Magritte, and a comprehensive, multi-volume catalogue raisonné on Desmond Morris. As an editor, exhibition curator, and former Reader at Keele University, he has published numerous monographs on British and Belgian surrealism.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "Dr Levy is editor of Surrealist Bulletin and has held academic posts at the University of Liverpool, Newcastle Polytechnic, the University of Bath, the University of Hull and Keele University, where he was promoted to Senior Lecturer in French in 1998 and then to Reader in 2005. Silvano Levy attended Tollington Grammar School in Muswell Hill, London and graduated from The University of Reading and The University of Kent at Canterbury.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2026) Emmy Bridgwater: Surrealism of Angst (Paul Holberton Publishing, London) ISBN 978-1-91364-599-1, 208pp. 1-208", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2023) Mary Wykeham: Surrealist out of the Shadows (Lund Humphries, London), ISBN 9781848225572, 192 pp. 1-192", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2020) Desmond Morris Late Work: Analytical Catalogue Raisonné 2012-2020 (Sansom & Co., Bristol), Hardback ISBN 978-1-911408-70-3, Paperback ISBN 978-1-911408-71-0, 288 pp. 1-288", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2015) Decoding Magritte (Sansom & Co., Bristol) ISBN 9781906593957, 280 pp. 1–280", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2014) Sheila Legge: Phantom of Surrealism (Dark Windows Press, Rhos-on-Sea) ISBN 978-1909769090, 114 pp. 1–114", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2012) Desmond Morris: Analytical Catalogue Raisonné 2000–2012 (Redcliffe Press, Bristol), Standard Edition ISBN 978-1-906593-44-5, Collector's edition ISBN 978-1-906593-97-1, 312 pp. 1–312", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2008) Dina Lenković (Vlastito Izdanje, Zagreb) ISBN 978-953-55071-09, 160 pp. 1–160", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2008) Lines of Thought: The Drawings of Desmond Morris (Kettlestone Press, Norfolk) ISBN 978-0-9560153-0-3, 200 pp. 1–200", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2003) The Scandalous Eye: The Surrealism of Conroy Maddox (Liverpool University Press) ISBN 0-85323-559-7, 292 pp. 1–292", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2002) Desmond Morris, translation of Desmond Morris: Naked Surrealism with a foreword by Willy Van den Bussche (Petraco Pandora, Antwerp/Museum Voor Moderne Kunst, Ostend) ISBN 90-5325-201-0, 87 pp. 11–464", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2001) Desmond Morris: Analytical Catalogue Raisonné 1944–2000 (Petraco Pandora, Antwerp) ISBN 90-5325-162-6, 464 pp. 1–464", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1999) Desmond Morris: Naked Surrealism (Petraco Pandora, Antwerp) ISBN 90-5325-157-X, 240 pp. 1–240, augmented re-edition in Belgium of Desmond Morris: 50 Years of Surrealism", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1997) Desmond Morris: 50 Years of Surrealism (Barrie and Jenkins, Ebury Press, London) ISBN 0-7126-7298-2, 224 pp. 1–224", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1994, 2002) Understanding French Accounts (Pitman, London, Pearson Educational, London) ISBN 0-273-60307-8, 151 pp. 1–151", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "AUTHORED SHORT BOOKS", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2012) Desmond Morris Pintura (Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, Instituto Universitário, Lisbon), 8 pp. not paginated", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2005) 'La psique al desnudo: La obra de Desmond Morris' in desmond morris pintor surrealista (Guillermo de Osma Galería, Madrid) [Depósito legal M-37.070-2005], 21 pp. 1–21", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2001) Conroy Maddox: A Surrealist Odyssey (Belgrave Gallery Publishing, London) ISBN 0-906647-06-1, 16 pp. 1–16", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2000) Surrealism (Vade Mecum, Hereford) ISBN 0-7526-0127-X, 20 pp. 1–20", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1997) Desmond Morris: A Surrealist World (Buxton Museum & Art Gallery) ISBN 0-906753-19-8, 7 pp. 1–7", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1996) Desmond Morris: 50 Years of Surrealism (Stoke City Museum and Art Gallery) ISBN 1-874414-12-2, 16 pp. 1–16", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2013) (journal editor) Surrealist Bulletin IV: Arturo Schwarz (Kettlestone Press, Norfolk) ISBN 978-0-9560153-2-7, 16 pp. 1–16", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2011) (journal editor) Surrealist Bulletin III: Patrick Hughes (Kettlestone Press, Norfolk) ISBN 978-0-9560153-1-0, 16 pp. 1–16", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "with PIRSIG-MARSHALL, T. (2009) British Surrealism in Context. A Collector's Eye (Leeds Museums and Galleries), ISBN 978-0-901981-82-0, 223 pp. 1–223", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2007) (journal editor) Surrealist Bulletin II: Desmond Morris (Belgrave Gallery, London) ISBN 978-0-906647-09-7, 16 pp. 1–16", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2006) (journal editor) Surrealist Bulletin I: Toni del Renzio (Sherwin & Northern Artists Galleries, Leeds) ISBN 978-09553976-0-8, 16 pp. 1–16", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1997) Surrealism: Surrealist Visuality (New York University Press) [Hardback ISBN 978-0-8147-5128-2, Paperback ISBN 0-8147-5127-X], 173 pp. 1–173", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1996, 1997) Surrealism: Surrealist Visuality (Keele University Press) [Hardback 1996 ISBN 1-85331-170-7, Paperback 1997 ISBN 1-85331-193-6], 173 pp. 1–173", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1995) Conroy Maddox: Surreal Enigmas (Keele University Press) ISBN 185331-1537, 190 pp. 1–190", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1994, 2002 a) (series editor) Donaghy, P. & Laidler, J., Understanding Spanish Accounts (Pitman, Pearson Educational, London) ISBN 0 273 60308 6", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1994, 2002 b) (series editor) Höffgen, A. & Duncalf-Edelsbacher, J., Understanding German Accounts (Pitman, Pearson Educational, London) ISBN 0 273 60309 4", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "CHAPTERS IN BOOKS / ONLINE SCHOLARLY PUBLICATIONS", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2021) Dalla Husband’s Contribution to Atelier 17 in E. Gaffney (Ed.), Art Herstory (28 September 2021) https://artherstory.net/dalla-husbands-contribution-to-atelier-17/", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2020) La Douce insurrection des poèmes de Desmond Morris/Gentle Mutiny: The Poems of Desmond Morris in M. REMY (Ed.) Desmond Morris À Tue-Tête. Headworks (Les Éditions du Grand Tamanoir, Caen, 2020), 11 pp. 7-17", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2020) Sheila Legge. Pork Chop or Not in I. PFEIFFER (Ed.), Fantastic Women. Surreal Worlds from Meret Oppenheim to Freda Kahlo (Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 2020) ISBN 978-3-7774-3414-8, 4 pp. 125-128", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2014) Attività del Gruppo Surrealista in Gran Bretagna 1936–2008 in A. SCHWARZ (Ed.), Il Surrealismo, ieri e oggi . Storia, filosofia, politica (Skira Rizzoli, New York, 2014) ISBN 978-88-572-1634-8, 46 pp. 213–258", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2009) Toni del Renzio: Surrealist Champion or Antagonist? in S. LEVY & T. PIRSIG-MARSHALL, T. (Eds), British Surrealism in Context. A Collector's Eye (Leeds Museums and Galleries, 2009), ISBN 978-0-901981-82-0, 9 pp. 59–67", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2007) Paul Nougé Constructing Absence in P. ALLMER & H. VAN GELDER (Eds), Collective Invention: Belgian Surrealism Reconsidered (LGC-Series, Leuven University Press, 2007) ISBN 978-90-5867-592-7, 13pp. 70–82", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2004) Menace. Surrealist Interference of Space in T. MICAL (Ed.) Surrealism and Architecture (Routledge, London, 2004) ISBN 041532520X, 21 pp. 60–80", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2000) Maddox, the Melvilles and Morris: Birmingham Surrealists in T. SIDEY (Ed.) Surrealism in Birmingham 1935 1954  (Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery, 2000) ISBN 0 7093 0235 5, 14 pp. 23 36", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2000) André Breton and the Belgian Connection in R. FOTIADE (Ed.) André Breton – The Power of Language (Elm Bank Publications, Exeter, 2000) ISBN 1-902454-06-5, 13 pp. 125–137", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1996 a) René Magritte: Representational Iconoclasm in S. LEVY (Ed.) Surrealism: Surrealist Visuality (Keele University Press, 1996) ISBN 1-85331-170-7, 15 pp. 15–29", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1996 b) Introduction in S. LEVY (Ed.) Surrealism: Surrealist Visuality (Keele University Press, 1996) ISBN 1-85331-170-7, 4 pp. 7–10", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1995 a) Dangerous Cities in S. LEVY (Ed.) Conroy Maddox: Surreal Enigmas (Keele University Press, 1995) ISBN 1-85331-153-7, 2 pp. 181–2", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1995 b) In pursuit of Enigma: 1935–1940 in S. LEVY (Ed.) Conroy Maddox: Surreal Enigmas (Keele University Press, 1995) ISBN 1-85331-153-7, 6 pp. 7–12", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "PEER REVIEWED JOURNALS", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2012) Magritte et le refus de l'authentique, Cycnos (Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, L'Harmattan, Paris) ISBN 978-2-296-96098-5, ISBN 9782296960985, Vol. 28, No. 1, 'Le Refus, esthétique, littérature, société, musique', (M. REMY & C. GUTLEBEN Eds.) (July 2012), pp. 53–62", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2007) Toni del Renzio in extremis: Alter Ego and Doppelganger, The Papers of Surrealism ISSN 1750-1954", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2005) Magritte at the Edge of Codes, Image & Narrative Online Magazine of Visual Narrative ISSN 1780-678X, Issue 13 The Forgotten Surrealists: Belgian Surrealism Since 1924 (November 2005), University of Leuven.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2005) The del Renzio Affair: A leadership struggle in wartime surrealism, The Papers of Surrealism AHRC Research Centre for Studies of Surrealism and its Legacies ISSN 1750-1954, Issue 3, 34 pp. 1–34.http://www.surrealismcentre.ac.uk/papersofsurrealism/journal3/acrobat_files/Levy_article.pdf", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2001) Jean-Martin Charcot, une source du surréalisme au dix-neuvième siècle, Pleine Marge ISSN 0295-1630, No. 34, 16 pp. 175–191", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1997) Surrealism, the Scientist and Sex, Art Review ISSN 1745-9303, Vol. XLIX, 2 pp. 64–5", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "KELLY, B., LEVY, S. (1996) Music: An Accessory to the Crime. Paul Nougé and Surrealist Music, Aura ISSN 0968-1736, 20 pp. 97–116", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1995) An Unholy Mission, Modern Painters ISSN 0953-6698, Vol. 8, No. 1, 3 pp. 61–63", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "KELLY, B., LEVY, S. (1994) E.L.T. Mesens' Renouncement of Music, French Studies Bulletin ISSN 0262-2750, No. 52, 3 pp. 13–15", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1994) Paul Nougé and Surreal Invention, New Comparison ISSN 0950-5814, No. 17, 15 pp. 120–134", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1993 a) Magritte, Mesens and Dada, Aura ISSN 0968-1736, No. 1, 11 pp. 31 41", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1993 b) Magritte: The Uncanny and the Image, French Studies Bulletin ISSN 0262-2750, No. 46, 3 pp. 15 17", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1992 a) Magritte and Words, Journal of European Studies ISSN 0047-2441, Vol. 22, Part 4, No. 88, 19 pp. 313 321", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1992 b) Magritte and the Surrealist Image, Apollo ISSN 0003-6536, Vol. CXXXVI, No. 366, 3 pp 117 119", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1990) Foucault on Magritte on Resemblance, Modern Language Review ISSN 0026-7937, Vol. 85, No.1, 7 pp. 50 56", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1987) Some Views on Metaphor: From Classical Rhetoric to Robbe Grillet, The Linguist ISSN 0268-5965, Vol. XXVI, No. 2, 3 pp. 66 68", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1986) Linguistic Principles and Iconic Communication, Journal of Literary Semantics ISSN 0341-7638, Vol. XV, No. 3, 11 pp. 216 226", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1985) From Language Loss to the Poetic Function, The Linguist ISSN 0268-5965, Vol. XXIV, No. 1, 4 pp. 45 48", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1981) René Magritte and Window Display, Artscribe International ISSN 0309-2151, No. 28, 5 pp. 24 28", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "OTHER ARTICLES AND SHORT TEXTS", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2021) 'The recurring theme ...' in Modern British and Irish Art Day Sale (Christie's, London, 21 October 2021), 1 p. online https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-6340357?ldp_breadcrumb=back&intObjectID=6340357&from=salessummary&lid=1", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2021) 'Conroy Maddox' in The Mind’s Eye: Surrealist Sale (Bonham’s, London, 25 March 2021), 1 p. 130", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2021) 'John Banting' in The Mind’s Eye: Surrealist Sale (Bonham’s, London, 25 March 2021), 1 p. 122", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2019) 'Jeffrey Sherwin: Medic, Politician, Collector' in Outside In: The Dr Jeffrey Sherwin Collection (Christie’s, London, 21 November 2019), 1 p. 6", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2019) 'This work belongs to a major phase...' in Modern Made (Lyon & Turnbull, London, 27 March 2019), 1 p. 113", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2018) 'In 1967 Desmond Morris...' in Design and Modern Art (Mallams, Oxford, 6 & 7 December 2018), 1 p. 132", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2017) 'Conroy Maddox (1912–2005) Anthropomorphic Landscape' in Modern British and Irish Art (Christie's, London, 27 June 2017), 1 p. 157", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2016) 'Conroy Maddox (1912–2005) Conquest of the Irrational' in Modern/British Art Online (Christie's, London, 2 October 2016), 1 p.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2016) 'NPG x196215: Conroy Maddox', National Portrait Gallery website", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2013) 'Conroy Maddox (1912–2005) The Terminus' in Modern British and Irish Art (Christie's, London, 16 October 2013), 1 p. 75", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2013) 'Conroy Maddox (1912–2005) Cabinet des Merveilles; and Threatening Beetle' in Interiors (Christie's, London, 13 August 2013), 1 p. 46", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2012) 'Conroy Maddox (British, 1912–2005) Departure of the Wayfarer, 1940' in 20th Century Art & Design (Mallams, Oxford, 12 December 2012), 1 p. 88", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2012) 'Conroy Maddox (British, 1912–2005) On the Borderlands, 1937' in 20th Century Art & Design (Mallams, Oxford, 12 December 2012), 1 p. 88", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2012) 'Conroy Maddox (1912–2005) The Treasure Trail, Mythical Figures' in Modern British and Irish Art (Christie's, London (14 December 2012), 1 p. 31", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2012) 'Conroy Maddox (1912–2005) Flag Waving, Organic Threads' in 20th Century British Art (Christie's, London, 12 July 2012), 1 p. 34", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2012) 'Conroy Maddox (1912–2005) Untitled' in 20th Century Art & Design (Mallams, Oxford, 23 May 2012), 1 p. 107", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2011) 'Conroy Maddox (1912–2005) Atmospherics, Rendezvous' in 20th Century British Art (Christie's, London, 15 December 2011), 1 p. 52", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2011) 'Conroy Maddox (1912–2005) Threatening Beetle' in 20th Century British Art (Christie's, London, 14 July 2011), 1 p. 58", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2011) 'Leonora Carrington. Surrealist Painter and Sculptor who Found her Artistic and Spiritual Home in Mexico', The Independent ISSN 0951-9467, No. 7,684, 28 May 2011, 2 pp. 44–45", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2009) 'The Second World War…' in 20th British Art (Christie's, London, 16 December 2009), 1 p. 42", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2009) 'Seeing Blindness' in Open Windows an Exhibition of Surrealist Artworks by Patrick Hourihan (Gallery West-Eleven, London, 6–12 July 2009), 2 pp. 2–3", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2008) 'Conroy Maddox (1912–2005)' in 20th British Art (Christie's, London, 16 July 2008), 1 p. 58", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2008) 'Desmond Morris' in 20th British Art (Sotheby's, London, 18 March 2008), 1 p. 106", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2008) 'Conroy Maddox' in 20th British Art (Sotheby's, London, 18 March 2008), 1 p. 111", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2007) 'Conroy Maddox (1912–2005) The Stillness of the Day' in 20th British Art (Christie's, London, 27 June 2007), 1 p. 50", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2007) 'Toni del Renzio Surrealist Artist', Yorkshire Post ISSN 0963-1496, 20 January 2007, 1 p. 10", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2007) 'Toni del Renzio Enfant Terrible of English Surrealism', The Independent ISSN 0951-9467, No. 6,315, 12 January 2007, 1 p. 41", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2006) 'Conroy Maddox (1912–2005) The Engaged Couple' in 20th Century British Art (Bonham's, London, 28 November 2006), 2 pp. 8–9", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2006) 'Freud and Sculpture: Frozen Dynamism', catalogue supplement, Freud's Sculpture, Henry Moore Institute, Leeds, 2006, 10 pp. 1–10", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2006) 'Conroy Maddox (1912–2005) The Stillness of the Day' in The Poetry of Crisis. The Peter Nahum Collection of British Surrealist and Avant-Garde Art 1930–1951 (Christie's, London, 15 November 2006), 1 p. 42", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2006) 'Desmond Morris (B. 1928) Comparative Anatomy' in The Poetry of Crisis. The Peter Nahum Collection of British Surrealist and Avant-Garde Art 1930–1951 (Christie's, London, 15 November 2006), 1 p. 58", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2006) 'Desmond Morris (B. 1928) Cat VI (Two Cats)' in The Poetry of Crisis. The Peter Nahum Collection of British Surrealist and Avant-Garde Art 1930–1951 (Christie's, London, 15 November 2006), 1 p. 58", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2006) 'Desmond Morris (B. 1928) Entry to a Landscape' in The Poetry of Crisis. The Peter Nahum Collection of British Surrealist and Avant-Garde Art 1930–1951 (Christie's, London, 15 November 2006), 1 p. 59", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2005) 'Is it the real Desmond Morris?', Desmond Morris. Surrealist Paintings (1949–2004), Alexander Clayton Art, Stratford upon Avon, 2005, 1 p. 1", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2005) 'Magician Maddox Conjured up Surreal', The Birmingham Post, No. 45,081, 8 February 2005, 1 p. 9", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2005) 'Conroy Maddox', The Times ISSN 0140-0460, No. 68,286, 17 January 2005, 1 p. 50", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1999) 'Conroy Maddox English Surrealist', Conroy Maddox an English Surrealist (Mercer Art Gallery, Harrogate, 1999), 6 pp. 1–6", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1997) 'Conroy Maddox The Surrealist Eye', Conroy Maddox The Surrealist Eye (The Market House, Ledbury, 1997), 1 p. 1", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1994) 'Conroy Maddox: Commitment to Enigma', Conroy Maddox: Paintings and Objects (Gallery M, London, 1994), 3 pp. 2–4", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1993) 'Marcel Mariën', The Independent ISSN 0951-9467, No. 2,170, 2 October 1993, 1 p. 45", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1992) 'This is a Magritte', The Times Higher Education Supplement ISSN 0049-3929, No. 1,028, 17 July 1992, 1 p. 18", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1984) 'Waterloo Script and the French Conventions of Letter Writing', University College Dublin Computer Centre Newsletter, Vol. 11, No. 1 (including program), 2 pp. 19–20", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "ARTICLES IN EDITED COLLECTIONS", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(2009) Maddox, Conroy Ronald (1912–2005), in Lawrence Goldman (Ed.) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2005–2008 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013) ISBN 978-0-19-967154-0, 2 pp. 739–740; online edition,  (Oxford University Press, January 2009) ISBN 978-0-19-861411-1", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "KELLY, B., LEVY, S. (2001) Mesens, Edouard Léon Théodore in S. SADIE (Ed.) The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, Vol. 16,  (Macmillan, London) ISBN 0333919513, 1 p. 479", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1998 a) Le Surréalisme de Desmond Morris, in E. BURSSENS (Ed.) Scope 99 (Editions Labor, Brussels, Editions Martial, Paris) ISBN 90-5349-268-2, 1 p. 408", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1998 b) Het Surrealisme van Desmond Morris, in E. BURSSENS (Ed.) Snoecks 99 (Snoeck-Ducaju & Zoon, Ghent) ISBN 90-5349-270-4, 1 p. 454", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1995 a) Antigone: Play by Jean Anouilh, 1944 in L. HENDERSON (Ed.) Reference Guide to World Literature (St James Press, Detroit) ISBN 1-5586-2195-4, 2 pp. 43–4", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1995 b) The Outsider (L'Etranger): Novel by Albert Camus, 1942 in L. HENDERSON (Ed.) Reference Guide to World Literature (St James Press, Detroit) ISBN 1-5586-2195-4, 2 pp. 225–6", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "(1995 c) The Fall (La Chute): Novel by Albert Camus, 1956 in L. HENDERSON (Ed.) Reference Guide to World Literature (St James Press, Detroit) ISBN 1-5586-2195-4, 1 p. 225", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "Papers/Public Lectures", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2025 'Time Flower', Flatpack Festival, Birmingham", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2025 'Mary Wykeham, quite contrary', The Hepworth Wakefield", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2023 'René Magritte and Belgian Surrealism', Osher Institute, University of California San Diego", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2019 'Conflict in the Wake of Surrealexeter 1967', University of Exeter", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2018 'Surrealist Biological Distortion', St. Hugh’s College, Oxford", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2017 'Conroy Maddox: Outside In Inside Out’, Aberystwyth University", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2016 'Magritte the Saboteur', Waterstones, Piccadilly, London", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2014 'Surrealism and the Street', Barber Institute, University of Birmingham", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2014 'Surrealism', Abbot Hall Art Gallery, Kendal", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2012 'Biomorphism as Ethology', Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, Instituto Universitário, Lisbon", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2012 'Lewis Carroll and British Surrealism', Tate Liverpool", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2012 'Biomorphism or Skeuomorphism: Surrealist distortion', University of Hull", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2011  'Magritte's La Saveur des larmes', Tate Liverpool", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2011 'Magritte. Le Refus de l'authentique', Le Centre Interdisciplinaire Récits Cultures Psychanalyse Langues et Sociétés de l'Université de Nice", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2010  'Surrealism: the Ultimate Defiance', National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2010 'Surrealism', National Association of Decorative and Fine Arts Societies, Harrogate", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2009 'Desmond Morris', University of Cambridge", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2009 'Surrealism in Britain', University of Cambridge", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2009 'Fleeting Phantom: Sheila Legge', Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Cambridge", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2009 'What is Surrealism?', Leeds Art Gallery", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2009 'Paul Nougé Constructing Absence', French Institute, Edinburgh", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2008 'Surrealism: Anger and Revolt', University of Durham", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2008 'Desmond Morris. Lines of Thought', Williamson Art Gallery and Museum, Birkenhead", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2008 'Reading Magritte's La Saveur des larmes', The Barber Institute, University of Birmingham", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2006 'Body Language: Communication and Identity', University of the Arts, Bremen", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2005 'Magritte at the Edge of Codes', Conception Reception, Annual Conference, The Association of Art Historians, University of Bristol", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2003 'Conroy Maddox', Chelsea Arts Club, London", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2003 'Chasing Dreams: Freud and the Surrealists', University of Manchester", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2002 'La Lumière de l'inconscient', Université catholique de l'Ouest, Angers", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2002 'Surrealism', City Art Gallery, Southampton", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2001 'The Surrealism of Maddox and Morris', Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2001 'Jean-Martin Charcot, a nineteenth-century influence', Le Surréalisme appartient-il au XXe siècle?, St. Hugh's College, Oxford", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1998 'Psychoanalysis and the Surrealist Object', Identities, Annual Conference, The Association of Art Historians, University of Exeter", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1997 'Surrealism and Desmond Morris', Charleston Literary Festival", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1997 'Surrealism: an introduction', Ledbury Poetry Festival", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1997 'Desmond Morris and Surrealism', Buxton Museum & Art Gallery", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1997 'Edouard Mesens et la persistance du dadaïsme', La Littérature et les arts en Belgique francophone, University of Edinburgh", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1997 'Sex and Surrealism', Whitworth Art Gallery, University of Manchester", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1996 'René Magritte: The Space in Question', Research Seminar, Keele University", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1996 'The Unknown Desmond Morris', City Museum and Art Gallery, Stoke-on-Trent", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1996 'André Breton and the Belgian Connection', André Breton: The Power of Language, International Surrealist Colloquium, University of Glasgow", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1995 'Conroy Maddox: The Philosophy of a Surrealist', Leeds City Art Gallery", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1994 'Belgian Surrealist Theories of music', University of Reading (with Barbara Kelly)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1993 'Paul Nougé and Surrealist Music', Centre for Research in French Studies, University of Keele (with Barbara Kelly)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1993 Interview with Conroy Maddox, Surrealism: The Scene of the Crime, Eugène Vinaver International Colloquium University of Manchester", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1993 'Dangerous Music: Belgian Theories of Musical Surrealism', The Scene of the Crime Colloquium, University of Manchester (with Barbara Kelly)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1993 'Belgian Surrealist Theories of Music', University of Liverpool (with Barbara Kelly)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1992 Panellist at Dissecting the exquisite corpse: Surrealism in Words and Images, Symposium, Institute of Romance Studies, University of London", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1989 'The Theories of Paul Nougé', North-West, Universities' Seminar in French, University of Liverpool", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1988 'Aspects of the Belgian Approach to Surrealism', University of Newcastle upon Tyne", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1987 'Art Déco', Newcastle Polytechnic", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1987 'Jean Cocteau', Tyneside Cinema, Newcastle upon Tyne", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1987 'Surrealism on Film: The Movement and its Philosophy', series of three lectures, Merseyside Film Institute, Liverpool", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1985 'The Paris 1920 Style', University of Liverpool", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1985 'Jean Cocteau', Merseyside Film Institute, Liverpool", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1984 'The Language of Literary Criticism: Structuralism and the Narrative', University College, Dublin", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1984 'Dada and Surrealism', Trinity College, Dublin", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1984 'Paul Nougé', University of Liverpool", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1983 'Belgian Surrealism', National College of Art and Design, Dublin", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1983 'Language Loss: A Linguistic Approach', Dublin Dyslexia Association", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1983 'The Theory of Abstraction', National Institute for Higher Education, Dublin", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1982 'Aphasic Models', University of Kent", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1982 'Abstraction, Problems of Interpretation', University of Kent", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1982 'René Magritte', Trinity College, Dublin", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2022 Contributor Any Answers?, BBC Radio 4, 30 April 2022, 2.00-3.00 pm.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2020 Expert guest The Sadeq Show, Iran International Television, 11 June 2020, 3.00 pm.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2020 Live contributor Alfie and Anna at Breakfast, BBC Radio Newcastle, 20 March 2020, 7.00-10.00 am.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2007  Live contributor Ronnie Barbour, BBC Three Counties Radio, 9 March 2007, 5.00–6.00 pm.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2007 Contributor Brief Lives, BBC Radio 5 Live, 18 February 2007, 6.00–6.30 am.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2006 Live contributor Breakfast, BBC Radio Stoke, 21 September 2006, 7.45–8.00 am.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2005 Contributor Front Row, BBC Radio 4, 14 January 2005, 7.15–7.45 pm.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2002 Live contributor The Late Show, BBC Radio Nottingham, 30 October 2002, 10.30–11.00 pm.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2002 Contributor Brugse Radio VBRO (Belgium) 106 FM, 25 March-3 April 2002", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2002 Live contributor Morning Show, Saga Radio, 1 February 2002, 10.30 am.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2000 Live contributor Night Waves, BBC Radio 3, 8 December 2000, 10.00–10.30 pm.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "2000 Contributor Front Row, BBC Radio 4, 4 December 2000, 7.15–7.45 pm.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1996 Contributor Answers Back: Desmond Morris, BBC Radio Scotland", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1995 Director, author & narrator Conroy Maddox: Surreal Enigmas, 16 minutes", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1995 Contributor Performance, BBC Radio Stoke", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1991 Contributor Mind Your Own Business, BBC Radio Stoke", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1987 Interpreting for live stage performance by Antonio Fava, Commedia dell'arte", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "1986 Script translator Briefing: The Swiss Connection, Independent Television, 4 December 1986", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "Leslie Ross, Language in the Visual Arts: The Interplay of Text and Imagery (Jefferson: McFarland & Co Inc., 2014), p. 192, Endnote 15", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "Gary Shapiro, Archaeologies of Vision: Foucault and Nietzsche on Seeing and Saying (University of Chicago Press, 2003), p. 425, Endnote 22", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "Joseph J. Tanke, Foucault's Philosophy of Art: A Genealogy of Modernity (London, New York: Continnuum-3PL, 2009), Chapter 3, Endnote 8", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "University of Hull, School of Languages, Linguistics & Cultures", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "\"Magritte at the Edge of Codes by Silvano Levy\". Imageandnarrative.be. 5 March 1954. Retrieved 25 June 2017.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "\"Toni del Renzio in extremis: Alter Ego and Doppelganger\" (PDF). Surrealismcentre.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2017.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "Levy, Silvano. \"Leonora Carrington: Surrealist painter and sculptor who found her artistic and spiritual home in Mexico\". The Independent. Retrieved 25 June 2017.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "Silvano Levy. \"Obituary: Marcel Marien\". The Independent. Retrieved 25 June 2017.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "\"e-Campus do ISPA-Instituto Universitário: Conferência - Silvano Levy\". Ecampus.ispa.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 25 June 2017.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "\"E. L. T. MESENS' RENOUNCEMENT OF MUSIC | French Studies Bulletin | Oxford Academic\". Fsb.oxfordjournals.org. 1 October 1994. Retrieved 25 June 2017.{{cite web}}:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "\"Journal of European studies\". Jes.sagepub.com. Retrieved 25 June 2017.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_558defe1", "title": "Silvano Levy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Levy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_558defe1.json"}}
{"text": "The Pezhma (Russian: Пежма) is a river in Vozhegodsky and Verkhovazhsky Districts of Vologda Oblast and in Konoshsky and Velsky Districts of Arkhangelsk Oblast in Russia. It is a left tributary of the Vaga. It is 137 kilometres (85 mi) long, and the area of its basin 1,450 square kilometres (560 sq mi). Its main tributary is the Semzhenga (left).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4efec199", "title": "Pezhma (river)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pezhma_(river)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4efec199.json"}}
{"text": "The source of the Pezhma is in the northern part of Vozhegodsky District. The Pezhma initially flows east, a stretch of its course forms the border between Vozhegodsky and Konoshsky districts. Eventually, it turns south-east, departures from the border, and enters Verkhovazhsky District. Downstream from the village of Nikolskaya, the valley of the Pezhma is populated. In Nikolskaya, the Peshma turns north-east. At the border between Vologda and Arkhangelsk Oblasts, the Pezhma accepts from the left its major tributary, the Semzhenga. In the village of Nikiforovo the river turns east and eventually south-east. The mouth of the Pezhma is located upstream from the town of Velsk and from the mouth of the Kuloy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4efec199", "title": "Pezhma (river)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pezhma_(river)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4efec199.json"}}
{"text": "The Pezhma, as is characteristic of the rivers in the Russian North, flows in coniferous forests (taiga), and villages in the valley are grouped in the openings of the forest close to each other. These groups can be separated by relatively large stretches of the river course. Downstream from the village of Yelanskaya in Konoshsky District, the valley is open, and the river course is separated from the taiga by meadows and agricultural lands.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4efec199", "title": "Pezhma (river)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pezhma_(river)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4efec199.json"}}
{"text": "Jonathan David Edwards (born 10 May 1966) is an English former triple jumper. He is an Olympic, double World, European, European indoor and Commonwealth champion, and has held the world record in the event since 1995. Edwards is widely regarded as the greatest triple-jumper in history.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "Following his retirement as an athlete, Edwards has worked as a sports (primarily athletics) commentator and presenter for BBC television, before moving to Eurosport. In 2011, he was elected President of the Wenlock Olympian Society. He was a member of the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games for the 2012 games.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "Edwards was born in Westminster, London and attended West Buckland School in Devon where his potential for the triple jump was spotted at an early age. He was a strong all-rounder, and on leaving received the school's top award for sporting and academic excellence, the Fortescue Medal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "Contemporaries with Edwards at West Buckland School included Victor Ubogu and Steve Ojomoh, both former Bath and England Rugby international players. Edwards now has a Sports Hall at West Buckland named after him, The Jonathan Edwards Sports Centre. Edwards then studied Physics at Durham University, attending Van Mildert College.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "Because of his strong Christian beliefs during his athletic career, discussed in more detail below, he initially refused to compete on Sundays, but eventually decided to do so in 1993. This decision proved timely, since the qualifying round at that year's World Championships took place on a Sunday. He went on to win the bronze medal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "In his breakthrough year of 1995, Edwards produced a jump of 18.43 m (60 feet 5+1⁄2 inches) at the European Cup. The leap was wind assisted and did not count for record purposes, but it was a sign of things to come as he capped an unbeaten year with a historic gold medal performance at the World Championships, in which he broke the world record twice in the same meeting. On his first jump, he became the first man to legally pass the 18-metre barrier with a jump of 18.16 m (59 feet 7 inches). That record lasted for about 20 minutes. His second jump of 18.29 m made him the first to jump 60 feet. During his commentary for the 2008 Summer Olympics, Edwards observed that during the 1995 World Championships, he felt as if \"he could jump as far as he needed to\".  Later that same year, Edwards became the BBC Sports Personality of the Year.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "During 1996 Edwards went into the 1996 Summer Olympics as favourite and world record holder, but it was American Kenny Harrison who took the gold with a jump of 18.09 m. Edwards walked away with the silver after a leap of 17.88 m (the longest ever jump not to win gold). Edwards won the gold medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics, and was appointed a CBE shortly thereafter. He also won golds at the 2001 World Championships and 2002 Commonwealth Games. At one point in 2002, Edwards held all the gold medals for the \"four majors\" (Olympic Games, World Championships, Commonwealth Games and European Championships). He retired after the 2003 World Championships.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "Post-athletics career", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "Following his retirement, Edwards has pursued a media career as a television presenter mainly working for the BBC as a sports commentator and presenter, and on programmes such as Songs of Praise until he gave up this programme, due to his loss of faith, in February 2007.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "Edwards regularly presented BBC coverage of athletics. When he is not presenting coverage, Edwards often provided expert analysis on field events as part of the BBC commentary team. For the London 2012 Olympics, Edwards anchored the BBC's coverage of the athletics events.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "After retiring from competition, Edwards became a keen recreational cyclist and has presented the BBC's coverage of cycle racing since 2012. He also covered the 2014 Winter Olympics for the BBC and the 2014 Winter Paralympics for Channel 4.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "Edwards also served as a presenter for the Olympic Announcement ceremonies during the IOC sessions in Guatemala in 2007 and Copenhagen in 2009.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "In 2004, Edwards joined with Paula Radcliffe on an Olympic Special Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. The pair raised £64,000 for charity with half of that sum going to the British Olympic Association and a quarter of the sum going to Asthma UK.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "In 2011, Edwards became President of Wenlock Olympian Society, organisers of the annual Wenlock Olympian Games held in Shropshire.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "He was a member of the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, representing athletes in the organisation of the 2012 Summer Olympics.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "In February 2016, after 13 years with the BBC, Edwards announced that he had agreed to join Eurosport on an exclusive contract as the channel's lead presenter from 2017, although he would continue working for the BBC and Channel 4 on their coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics alongside duties with Eurosport until the end of 2016, with his first anchoring role for the pay TV channel being the 2016 European Aquatics Championships in May in London. For the BBC's Olympic coverage in Rio, Edwards was a lead presenter on BBC Radio 5 Live and presented the television coverage of triathlon events.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "International competitions", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "Triple Jump – 18.29 m (WR), 18.43 m (w +2.4 m) (not ratified due to excessive wind conditions)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "Edwards received an honorary doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 2002.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "An honorary doctorate was conferred upon him at a ceremony at the University of Exeter on 21 January 2006.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "Later in the same year, an honorary doctorate of the university (DUniv) was conferred upon him at the winter graduation ceremony of the University of Ulster (19 December 2006).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "Edwards lives with his wife in Newcastle upon Tyne. They have two sons.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "Edwards was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to the 2014 referendum on that issue.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "Edwards initially refused to compete on Sundays due to his devout Christian beliefs, a decision that cost him a chance to compete in the 1991 World Championships. However, in 1993, after much deliberation and discussion with his father (a vicar), he changed his mind, deciding that God gave him his talent in order for him to compete in athletics. He once said \"My relationship with Jesus and God is fundamental to everything I do. I have made a commitment and dedication in that relationship to serve God in every area of my life.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "He presented episodes of the Christian television show Songs of Praise until 2007. In June 2007, in an interview in The Times, Edwards said: \"When you think about it rationally, it does seem incredibly improbable that there is a God.\" In the same interview, he stated: \"Looking back now, I can see that my faith was not only pivotal to my decision to take up sport but also my success ... I was always dismissive of sports psychology when I was competing, but I now realise that my belief in God was sports psychology in all but name.\" He has since described himself as \"probably agnostic, but practically an atheist\", and has expressed contentment with his current worldview, stating \"I feel internally happier than at any time of my life.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "Jonathan Edwards at World Athletics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "Jonathan Edwards at European Athletics (archive)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "Jonathan David Edwards at Olympics.comJonathan David Edwards at OlympicChannel.com (archived)Jonathan Edwards at Olympic.org (archived)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "Jonathan Edwards at Olympedia", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "Jonathan Edwards at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "http://www.mtc-uk.com/talent/jonathan-edwards/", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/athletics/sydney-medallist-emabrrassed-by-god-fervour/story-e6frfgkx-1225815303222", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "Jonathan Edwards, Interview on London's 2012 Olympic Games", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_99963dc7", "title": "Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_99963dc7.json"}}
{"text": "Skiathos Castle (Greek: Κάστρο της Σκιάθου) or simply Kastro is a medieval fortified site on the northern tip of the island of Skiathos in Greece, which was the main settlement of the island from the mid-14th century to 1829. It is now abandoned and a protected site.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a4769a1c", "title": "Skiathos Castle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiathos_Castle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a4769a1c.json"}}
{"text": "The castle was founded in ca. 1360, as the local inhabitants fled from the previous main settlement (on the same site as the modern town of Skiathos) due to the depredations of the Turkish pirates. As with the rest of the island, the castle remained in Byzantine hands until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, when it was taken over by the Republic of Venice. Venetian rule proved oppressive, leading to a rebellion against the local governor Vicenzo Baffo in 1518, and failed to provide security from the Ottoman corsairs. When the Ottoman admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa besieged the castle in 1538, the local inhabitants killed the Venetian governor and allowed the Ottomans entry in hopes of lenient treatment, but the Ottomans killed many and took others as slaves. The castle was repaired by the Ottomans in 1619. The Venetians raided Skiathos in 1655, and in 1660 the Venetian commander Francesco Morosini captured the castle. The brief Venetian occupation was harsh, with many executed or forced to serve as rowers in the Venetian galleys. During the Greek War of Independence, the island was often raided by a faction of Greek rebels from Mount Olympus; on 14 July 1826, the rebels under Tsamis Karatasos captured the castle and looted it. In 1829, as Skiathos became part of the new independent Greek state, the castle was abandoned and the site of the ancient and early medieval town was re-occupied.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a4769a1c", "title": "Skiathos Castle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiathos_Castle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a4769a1c.json"}}
{"text": "The castle is located on a rocky promontory on the northernmost point of the island. It is a naturally secure position, as it is surrounded on three sides by steep cliffs overlooking the sea. The castle features only low walls on these sides, and its only substantial fortifications are to the south, where lies its only entrance, a narrow gate protected by a wooden drawbridge and a cauldron with boiling oil (ζεματίστρα). The population numbered between 500 and 1,500 people, living in tightly packed houses. There were 20 churches in four parishes, a chancellery, and several cisterns. In the Ottoman period, a mosque and governor's residence were built for the small Turkish garrison. Following the castle's abandonment, only the two churches of St. Nicholas and of the Nativity—the cathedral of the local bishop—continued in use, while in recent years the churches of St. Marina and St. Basil, two cisterns, the Ottoman mosque, the gate complex, and parts of the walls have been restored.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a4769a1c", "title": "Skiathos Castle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiathos_Castle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a4769a1c.json"}}
{"text": "Frangoulas, Ioannis (1978). Σκιαθίτικα τόμος Α΄. Ιστορία της Σκιάθου (in Greek). Athens: Iolkos. OCLC 891924847.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a4769a1c", "title": "Skiathos Castle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiathos_Castle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a4769a1c.json"}}
{"text": "The Caprock Chief or Caprock Xpress was a proposed Amtrak inter-city rail service which would run from Fort Worth, Texas, to Denver, Colorado, passing through the Texas Panhandle, which currently does not have passenger rail service of any kind. Initially proposed 2000–2001, the project has not yet seen significant progress and is unlikely to be implemented. \"Caprock\" is a geological term for a harder or more resistant rock type overlying a weaker or less resistant rock type, and lends its name to the Caprock Escarpment that defines the edge of the high plains of the Llano Estacado.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b81afb7b", "title": "Caprock Chief", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprock_Chief", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b81afb7b.json"}}
{"text": "The train would run west from Fort Worth across northern Texas, then turn north to run through the Texas Panhandle and the western edge of Oklahoma before entering Colorado. It would serve the following communities:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b81afb7b", "title": "Caprock Chief", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprock_Chief", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b81afb7b.json"}}
{"text": "Texas: Fort Worth, Weatherford, Eastland, Abilene, Sweetwater, Lubbock, Plainview, Amarillo", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b81afb7b", "title": "Caprock Chief", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprock_Chief", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b81afb7b.json"}}
{"text": "Oklahoma: Boise City", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b81afb7b", "title": "Caprock Chief", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprock_Chief", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b81afb7b.json"}}
{"text": "Colorado: La Junta, Pueblo, Colorado Springs, Littleton, and Denver", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b81afb7b", "title": "Caprock Chief", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprock_Chief", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b81afb7b.json"}}
{"text": "Both Fort Worth and Denver are served by long-distance trains (the Texas Eagle and California Zephyr, respectively), but there has not been single-train service between the two cities since the Texas Zephyr ended in 1967. As of 2010, any such trip would require changing trains in Illinois or California, a detour of over a thousand miles.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b81afb7b", "title": "Caprock Chief", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprock_Chief", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b81afb7b.json"}}
{"text": "Fort Worth is also served by the Heartland Flyer, which connects it to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, while La Junta is a stop on the transcontinental Southwest Chief. None of the other proposed station stops have train service. In the past there have been proposals to re-route the existing Sunset Limited (Los Angeles—Orlando) farther north to serve the Fort Worth—Sweetwater segment.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b81afb7b", "title": "Caprock Chief", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprock_Chief", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b81afb7b.json"}}
{"text": "The impetus for the route came from the Texas Association of Rail Passengers (TARP), which lobbied local governments to support the concept. In late 2001 a visit by Amtrak officials to Lubbock produced discussion, but no commitment from the corporation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b81afb7b", "title": "Caprock Chief", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprock_Chief", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b81afb7b.json"}}
{"text": "In early 2002 the Amarillo City Commission voted unanimously in favor of \"a resolution supporting proposed Amtrak rail service expansion to provide a direct route through the Panhandle of Texas from Fort Worth, Texas to Denver, Colorado via the Caprock Chief line.\" The Lubbock chamber of commerce also voiced its support for the route, with 92% of its members in favor. Commenting on the proposal, representative Mac Thornberry warned that \"Having Amtrak service through the Panhandle would be a good thing for our region...but it won't be easy. Our nation's rail infrastructure faces some serious challenges, and Amtrak is already heavily subsidized by the taxpayers. Any new routes will have to improve Amtrak's financial situation, rather than make it worse.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b81afb7b", "title": "Caprock Chief", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprock_Chief", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b81afb7b.json"}}
{"text": "By 2004 the president of the TARP acknowledged that the proposal was dead: \"It's probably years off before this can be considered...We figure you've got to start talking about it at some point. It has to be an idea and you have to develop that idea.\" The proposal reemerged in 2013–2014, when Amtrak contemplated re-routing the Southwest Chief via Amarillo. TARP officials expected that the change could make Amarillo a hub for train services. The Caprock Chief, with termini in Denver and Fort Worth, would allow passengers to transfer at Amarillo to increase ridership of the Southwest Chief.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b81afb7b", "title": "Caprock Chief", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprock_Chief", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b81afb7b.json"}}
{"text": "Ports to Plains Corridor", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b81afb7b", "title": "Caprock Chief", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprock_Chief", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b81afb7b.json"}}
{"text": "Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b81afb7b", "title": "Caprock Chief", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprock_Chief", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b81afb7b.json"}}
{"text": "Texas Association of Rail Passengers Archived May 26, 2023, at the Wayback Machine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b81afb7b", "title": "Caprock Chief", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprock_Chief", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b81afb7b.json"}}
{"text": "Greatest Hits II is a compilation album by American country music artist Kenny Chesney. It was released on May 19, 2009, and it is his second greatest hits album since Greatest Hits in 2000. The album includes twelve singles from 2002 to 2009, as well as two non-singles from previous albums (\"Be as You Are\" from Be as You Are (Songs from an Old Blue Chair) and \"I'm Alive\" from Lucky Old Sun). Also included is the new song \"Out Last Night\", which was issued as a single in April 2009, followed by \"I'm Alive\" in August 2009.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d69df1c3", "title": "Greatest Hits II (Kenny Chesney album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_II_(Kenny_Chesney_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d69df1c3.json"}}
{"text": "The album was re-released on February 9, 2010 to include two new tracks, \"This Is Our Moment\" and \"Ain't Back Yet\". The former was used by the television network ESPN as a college football theme and peaked at number 46 based on unsolicited airplay, while the latter was released to radio as the album's single in February 2010.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d69df1c3", "title": "Greatest Hits II (Kenny Chesney album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_II_(Kenny_Chesney_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d69df1c3.json"}}
{"text": "For unknown reasons, several hits, including the number-one singles \"Don't Blink\", \"Better as a Memory\", and \"Everybody Wants to Go to Heaven\" were excluded from this album.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d69df1c3", "title": "Greatest Hits II (Kenny Chesney album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_II_(Kenny_Chesney_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d69df1c3.json"}}
{"text": "Stephen Thomas Erlewine, reviewing the album for Allmusic, gave it four stars out of five. He said that the album was stronger than his last two studio albums because it did not contain as many laid-back songs. Erlewine also called \"Out Last Night\" an \"amiable day-after shuffle.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d69df1c3", "title": "Greatest Hits II (Kenny Chesney album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_II_(Kenny_Chesney_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d69df1c3.json"}}
{"text": "Commercial performance", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d69df1c3", "title": "Greatest Hits II (Kenny Chesney album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_II_(Kenny_Chesney_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d69df1c3.json"}}
{"text": "The album debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200 and number one on the US Top Country Albums in its first week of release. On November 27, 2012, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) selling over a million copies in the United States. As of April 2017, the album has sold 1,343,500 copies in the United States.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d69df1c3", "title": "Greatest Hits II (Kenny Chesney album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_II_(Kenny_Chesney_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d69df1c3.json"}}
{"text": "Personnel on \"Out Last Night\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d69df1c3", "title": "Greatest Hits II (Kenny Chesney album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_II_(Kenny_Chesney_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d69df1c3.json"}}
{"text": "Wyatt Beard - background vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d69df1c3", "title": "Greatest Hits II (Kenny Chesney album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_II_(Kenny_Chesney_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d69df1c3.json"}}
{"text": "Mark Beckett - drums", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d69df1c3", "title": "Greatest Hits II (Kenny Chesney album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_II_(Kenny_Chesney_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d69df1c3.json"}}
{"text": "Pat Buchanan - electric guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d69df1c3", "title": "Greatest Hits II (Kenny Chesney album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_II_(Kenny_Chesney_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d69df1c3.json"}}
{"text": "Kenny Chesney - lead vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d69df1c3", "title": "Greatest Hits II (Kenny Chesney album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_II_(Kenny_Chesney_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d69df1c3.json"}}
{"text": "Kenny Greenberg - electric guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d69df1c3", "title": "Greatest Hits II (Kenny Chesney album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_II_(Kenny_Chesney_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d69df1c3.json"}}
{"text": "John Hobbs - Wurlitzer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d69df1c3", "title": "Greatest Hits II (Kenny Chesney album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_II_(Kenny_Chesney_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d69df1c3.json"}}
{"text": "Randy McCormick - Hammond B-3 organ", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d69df1c3", "title": "Greatest Hits II (Kenny Chesney album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_II_(Kenny_Chesney_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d69df1c3.json"}}
{"text": "Larry Paxton - bass guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d69df1c3", "title": "Greatest Hits II (Kenny Chesney album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_II_(Kenny_Chesney_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d69df1c3.json"}}
{"text": "Scott Vestal - banjo", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d69df1c3", "title": "Greatest Hits II (Kenny Chesney album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_II_(Kenny_Chesney_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d69df1c3.json"}}
{"text": "John Willis - acoustic guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d69df1c3", "title": "Greatest Hits II (Kenny Chesney album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_II_(Kenny_Chesney_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d69df1c3.json"}}
{"text": "Syangja 2 is one of two parliamentary constituencies of Syangja District in Nepal. This constituency came into existence based on the Constituency Delimitation Commission (CDC) report submitted on 31 August 2017.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1b89d4c", "title": "Syangja 2", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangja_2", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1b89d4c.json"}}
{"text": "Syangja 2 incorporates Kaligandaki Rural Municipality, Galyang Municipality, Chapakot Municipality, wards 5–9, Waling municipality, and Bheerkot municipality.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1b89d4c", "title": "Syangja 2", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangja_2", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1b89d4c.json"}}
{"text": "It encompasses the following Gandaki Provincial Assembly segment", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1b89d4c", "title": "Syangja 2", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangja_2", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1b89d4c.json"}}
{"text": "Members of Parliament", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1b89d4c", "title": "Syangja 2", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangja_2", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1b89d4c.json"}}
{"text": "Parliament/Constituent Assembly", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1b89d4c", "title": "Syangja 2", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangja_2", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1b89d4c.json"}}
{"text": "Election in the 2020s", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1b89d4c", "title": "Syangja 2", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangja_2", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1b89d4c.json"}}
{"text": "2022 general election", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1b89d4c", "title": "Syangja 2", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangja_2", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1b89d4c.json"}}
{"text": "2022 provincial election", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1b89d4c", "title": "Syangja 2", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangja_2", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1b89d4c.json"}}
{"text": "Election in the 2010s", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1b89d4c", "title": "Syangja 2", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangja_2", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1b89d4c.json"}}
{"text": "2017 legislative elections", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1b89d4c", "title": "Syangja 2", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangja_2", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1b89d4c.json"}}
{"text": "2017 Nepalese provincial elections", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1b89d4c", "title": "Syangja 2", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangja_2", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1b89d4c.json"}}
{"text": "2013 Constituent Assembly election", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1b89d4c", "title": "Syangja 2", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangja_2", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1b89d4c.json"}}
{"text": "Election in the 2000s", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1b89d4c", "title": "Syangja 2", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangja_2", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1b89d4c.json"}}
{"text": "2008 Constituent Assembly election", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1b89d4c", "title": "Syangja 2", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangja_2", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1b89d4c.json"}}
{"text": "Election in the 1990s", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1b89d4c", "title": "Syangja 2", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangja_2", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1b89d4c.json"}}
{"text": "1999 legislative elections", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1b89d4c", "title": "Syangja 2", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangja_2", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1b89d4c.json"}}
{"text": "1994 legislative elections", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1b89d4c", "title": "Syangja 2", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangja_2", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1b89d4c.json"}}
{"text": "1991 legislative elections", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1b89d4c", "title": "Syangja 2", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangja_2", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1b89d4c.json"}}
{"text": "List of parliamentary constituencies of Nepal", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1b89d4c", "title": "Syangja 2", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangja_2", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1b89d4c.json"}}
{"text": "Constituency map of Syangja", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a1b89d4c", "title": "Syangja 2", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangja_2", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a1b89d4c.json"}}
{"text": "Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev (Russian: Васи́лий Васи́льевич Докуча́ев; 1 March 1846 – 8 November 1903) was a Russian geologist  and  geographer who is credited with laying the foundations of soil science. The Ukrainian city of Dokuchaievsk is named after him.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "Vasily Vasilevich Dokuchaev is commonly regarded as the father of soil science, the study of soils in their natural setting.  He developed soil science in Russia and was perhaps the first to conduct broad geographical investigations of different soil types. His contribution to science figuratively \"put soils on the map\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "He introduced the idea that other variables could explain the geographical variations in soil type besides geological factors (parent material), such as climatic and topographic factors, and by the duration of pedogenesis (soil formation). He developed the very first soil classification, using these ideas as a starting point. His ideas were taken up by many soil scientists, including Hans Jenny.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "Dokuchaev's work on soil science produced a system of soil classification that described five factors for soil formation. He arrived at his theory after extensive field studies on Russian soils in 1883. His most famous work is Russian Chernozem (1883). As a result of Dokuchaev's research, many Russian terms became part of the international soil science vocabulary (for example, chernozem, podsol, gley, solonets).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "A crater on Mars is named after him, and the Dokuchaev Award, an equivalent of the Nobel Prize in the field of Soil Science, was instituted by the International Union of Soil Sciences in his honor.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "The scientific basis of soil science as a natural science was established by the classical works of Dokuchaev. Previously, soil had been considered a product of physicochemical transformations of rocks, a dead substrate from which plants derive nutritious mineral elements. Soil and bedrock were in fact equated.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "Dokuchaev considers the soil as a natural body having its own genesis and its own history of development, a body with complex and multiform processes taking place within it. The soil is considered as different from bedrock. The latter becomes soil under the influence of a series of soil-formation factors (climate, vegetation, parent material, relief and age). According to him, soil should be called the \"daily\" or outward horizons of rocks regardless of the type; they are changed naturally by the common effect of water, air and various kinds of living and dead organisms.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "Dokuchaev published in 1869-1901: 285 works, including 61 books and 4 maps.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "List of publications (other than in Russian language)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "Dokoutchaief B. 1879. Tchernozème (terre noire) de la Russie d'Europe. St.-Ptb.: Soc. imp. libre économ. 66 p. (C.R.  Soc. imp. libre économ. T. 4).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "Inostrantzev A., Schmidt Th., Moeller V., Karpinsky A., Dokoutchaief B. et al. 1882. Rapport de la Sous-commission russe sur l’uniformité de la nomenclature géologique // Congrès géologique international. 2-me session. Bologne. 1881: Compte rendu. Bologne: Fava et Garagnani. P. 529–534.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "Dokoutchaief B. B. 1892. Les steppes russes autrefois et aujurd’hui // Congrès international d'archéologie, préhistorique et d'antropologie. 11 ses. Moscou. 1892. T. 1. Мoscou: impr. universite, T. 1. P. 197–240; Our Steppes Before and Nowadays. St.-Ptb.: Dept. Agriculture Ministry of Crown Domains for the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, 1893. 62 p.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "Dokoutchaief B. B. 1892. Notes sur l’étude scientifique du sol en Russie au point de vue de l’agronomie et de la cartographie agricole // Bull. Soc. Belge géol., paleontol., hydrol. 1891/1892. Vol. 4. P. 113–115.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "Dokouchaev V. V. 1893. Notes sur le loess // Bull. Soc. Belge géol., paleontol., hydrol. 1892/1893. Vol. 6. P. 92-101.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "Dokouchaev V. V. Sibirtzev N. M. 1893. Short scientific review of professor Dockuchaev's and his pupil's collection of soils, exhibited in Chicago in the year 1893. St.-Ptb.: impr. Evdokimov. 40 p.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "Dokoutchaief B. B. 1895. Le Court contenu des Travaux de l’expédition, équipée par Departement forestier sous la direction prof. Dokoutschaeff. St.-Ptb.: impr. Evdokimov. 28 p.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "Docoutschaev V. V. 1897. Collection des sols du professeur Docoutschaev et de ses élèves, exposée au Musée minéralogique de l’Université de St-Petersbourg: [7 cong. géol. int.]. St.-Ptb.: impr. Evdokimov 17 p.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "Dokoutschaeff В. B. 1900. Collection pédologique: Zones verticales des sols. Zones agricoles. Sols du Caucase. St.-Ptb.: Ministére des finances. 56 p. : сarte.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "Dokuchaev, V. V. Russian Chernozem (1883) // Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd. (for USDA-NSF), S. Monson, Jerusalem, 1967. (Translated from Russian into English by N. Kaner).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "Aleksandr Dokuchayev", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "History of soil science", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "List of Russian Earth scientists", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "List of prizes known as the Nobel of a field", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "Esakov V. A. Vasily Vasilievich Dokuchaev. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "Spanagel D. I. Early Russian Pedology: Some Thoughts on the History and Philosophy of a Discipline  P. 25–29.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "V. Dokuchaev - Facebook page", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_db5d7073", "title": "Vasily Dokuchaev", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_db5d7073.json"}}
{"text": "Oliver Westfield Claffey (born 7 January 1990), better known by the ring name Jack Gallagher and most recently Jack Claffey, is an English mixed martial artist and a former professional wrestler. He is best known for his time in WWE, where he performed on the NXT and 205 Live brands, mostly under the ring name Gentleman Jack Gallagher.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Claffey had worked in the British Independent circuit since 2006. In 2016, he competed on the WWE tournament Cruiserweight Classic. After the tournament, he was signed to a WWE contract and worked on the 205 Live brand, exclusively for cruiserweights.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Inspired by Bruce Lee and Dragon Ball Z, Claffey started training taekwondo at a young age and continued it until the age of 16, in favor of previously overlapping professional wrestling practises. Around the age of 20, Claffey picked up catch wrestling and Brazilian jiu-jitsu in order to supplement his pro wrestling skills, which in turn piqued his interest in mixed martial arts.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Professional wrestling career", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Training and early career", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Claffey was trained by Alex Shane and the Futureshock staff. He made his professional wrestling debut at the age of 16 on 4 November 2006 at Futureshock #11, under the ring name Jack Toxic, teaming up with Alex Cyanide, Danny Hope, and Kris Travis. They defeated El Ligero, Charity, Faith, and Jamal Lewis. He also trained in grappling, a catch wrestling style, at The Snake Pit in Wigan Borough. He received further training from Snake Pit alumnus Billy Robinson in the United States.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Independent circuit (2007–2016)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "In the beginning of 2007, Toxic and Cyanide teamed up and eventually became Lethal Dose. They became a regular attraction at Futureshock, appearing on many shows. The team would have their first title shot at Grand Pro Wrestling's That's Entertainment when they took on WKD for the GPW Tag Team Championship. The team traveled to Real Deal Wrestling and, in February and April had two chances to become the RDW Tag Team Champions, but lost both times. They then went to Hull to wrestle for New Generation Wrestling where they won all their matches. With this run of success, they returned to Futureshock at Futureshock #27 and defeated three other teams to become the first FSW Tag Team Champions. However, they lost the titles to The Doogooders at Futureshock #29. They returned to GPW at Livin' On The Edge to take part in a number one contendership four-way elimination match and lost. For the rest of 2009, they continued to team up but found little championship success and split up.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Claffey, performing as Jack Toxic, made his singles debut at Grand Pro Wrestling West Park Fun Day and lost to Scarlett Web. Between March and April, Toxic tried to qualify for the Crazy Cruiser 8 2008 but failed multiple times; however, he won the Last Chance Saloon battle royal and therefore qualified for the tournament. On 2 May, he lost to El Ligero in the quarter-finals. At Justice For All, he defeated Bubblegum in a rumble qualifying match but was eliminated from the rumble. At Guts & Glory, he returned under the name Jack Gallagher to compete in a four way scrabble match for the GPW British Championship and lost. At Battlefield, he lost a thirty-minute iron man match involving Zack Diamond and Mikey Whiplash for the GPW British Championship; however, next month at Heroes & Villains, he defeated Diamond for the title. He held the championship until Do Or Die, in December, where he lost it to Ste Mann. Gallagher introduced his own belt, but lost it to Ste Mann, and took a 12-month break from Grand Pro.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Gallagher made his Grand Pro return at the 2013 Crazy Cruiser 8 where he defeated Bubblegum in the quarter-finals before being pinned by eventual winner El Ligero in the semi-finals. At the start of 2014, Gallagher was defeated by CJ Banks at \"Back With A Bang\", the beginning of a rivalry.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "The rivalry between Gallagher and Banks continued into 2015 and at Back With A Bang, Banks picked up the win to end the feud. Following a loss to Chris Ridgeway at \"Cruel Summer\", Gallagher took another hiatus from Grand Pro.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Gallagher returned at Friday Night Thriller 9, participated in some more matches, and had his final appearance at the Dom Travis Memorial show, \"A Night To Remember\" when he defeated former tag team partner Cyanide.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "On 8 June 2008, Claffey as Toxic, took part in the Lotto-Thunder Tournament and reached the semi-final where he was defeated by Jack Domino. On 13 September, he participated in the FSW Trophy Tournament 2009 and was eliminated in the first round by Sparx. In 2010, he began using the ring name Jack Gallagher. At Futureshock #48, Gallagher won the FSW Trophy Tournament 2010 when he defeated Dave Breaks in the final. On 6 November 2011, Gallagher defeated Dave Rayne to become the FSW Champion. He would hold the championship for fourteen months before losing it to Davey Richards at Futureshock #61. At Futureshock #62, he defeated Stixx and Zack Gibson to become the number one contender for the FSW Championship. Chris Egan announced that Gallagher would be facing Sonjay Dutt at FutureShock #74, but Gallagher instead faced Jay Lethal at FutureShock #74. At the event, Gallagher defeated Dutt by pinfall.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "On 3 March 2013, he made his debut for Pro Wrestling Zero1 in Japan, under the ring name Jack Anthony. He joined a tag team match alongside Ikuto Hidaka. On 15 April 2013, Anthony came together with Craig Classic, James Raideen, Jason New, Maybach Beta, Sebastian Concrete, Steven Walters and Tama Williams to form a gaijin stable named \"New Age Wrestling Future\" (NWF) under the guidance of Akebono. The stable was shortly afterwards joined by Jonathan Gresham and Mark Coffey.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "During his time in the independent circuit,  he has also made appearances in Progress Wrestling, where he got his biggest win by defeating Pete Dunne for a qualifying position in the WWE Cruiserweight Classic. He made a return to Progress at New York City, where he was supposed to face Dunne for the WWE United Kingdom Championship, but was cancelled due to Dunne being injured. On 31 December, he made his return to Progress at Chapter 60: Unboxing Live, unsuccessfully challenging Dunne for the title.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Cruiserweight Championship pursuits (2016–2017)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "On 24 April 2016, Gallagher earned a place in the WWE Cruiserweight Classic by defeating Pete Dunne in a qualifier match at Progress Wrestling's Chapter 29. On 3 August, Gallagher defeated Fabian Aichner in his first round match, but was eliminated from the tournament by Akira Tozawa in his second round match.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "On 29 November, on the inaugural episode of 205 Live, Gallagher made his debut, defeating Ariya Daivari. On 5 December episode of Raw, Gallagher defeated Daivari. On 27 December episode of 205 Live, Gallagher and Daivari participated in a Gentleman's Duel, where both men chose a weapon for their opponent and began the match back to back before moving five paces away from each other, but Daivari attacked Gallagher while his back was turned until Gallagher attacked him with a headbutt, causing Daivari to forfeit the duel. Their rivalry concluded in an \"I forfeit\" match on 17 January 2017 episode of 205 Live, which Gallagher won. On 29 January at the Royal Rumble event, Gallagher participated in the annual Royal Rumble match and was eliminated by Mark Henry. On 7 February episode of 205 Live, Gallagher defeated Cedric Alexander, Mustafa Ali, Noam Dar, and T. J. Perkins in a fatal five-way elimination match to become the number one contender for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship. At Fastlane, Gallagher faced Neville for the title in a losing effort. Gallagher made a guest appearance on 26 April episode of NXT, unsuccessfully challenging Tyler Bate for the WWE United Kingdom Championship in the main event.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Various storylines (2017–2020)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "In June, Gallagher entered a feud with The Brian Kendrick, with Kendrick impersonating and mocking Gallagher after the latter's matches. Their feud ended on 29 August episode of 205 Live, in which Gallagher was defeated by Kendrick in a no disqualification match. On 12 September episode of 205 Live, Gallagher attacked Cedric Alexander during his match with The Brian Kendrick, turning heel in the process. To reflect his turn, Gallagher stopped wearing his fluorescent trunks and began wrestling in a full suit instead. He also switched to a more technical, ground-based style and began using the umbrella as a weapon. In June 2018, Gallagher and Kendrick formed an alliance with Drew Gulak. On 3 October episode of 205 Live, Gallagher and Gulak attacked Kendrick, calling him the \"weakest link\" in the faction. On 31 October episode of 205 Live, Gallagher was defeated by Kendrick after Akira Tozawa prevented the interference from Gulak. The two sides went on to trade victories over the next few weeks. On 19 December episode of 205 Live, Gallagher and Gulak were defeated by Kendrick and Tozawa in a Street Fight to end the feud. Starting in February 2019, Gallagher and Gulak attempted to recruit the debuting Humberto Carrillo to their faction while also trying to prevent him from using high flying moves and instead using a more ground based offence. On 9 April episode of 205 Live, after Gulak attacked Carrillo during his match with Gallagher, Gallagher came to the aid of Carrillo and headbutted Gulak out of the ring, turning face in the process.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "In the following months, Gallagher would find himself in a losing streak, and after losing to Angel Garza on 29 November episode of 205 Live, he would headbutt General Manager Drake Maverick, thus turning heel again in the process. Gallagher returned on 28 February 2020 episode of 205 Live, attacking Lio Rush, while sporting a beard, shorter hairstyle and new tattoos covering his body. With his new attitude, Gallagher would develop a winning streak on 205 Live defeating the likes of Tyler Breeze and Oney Lorcan. On 10 April 2020 Gallagher was announced for the Interim Cruiserweight Championship Tournament representing Group B in the tournament. Gallagher lost to El Hijo del Fantasma and Akira Tozawa but was able to defeat Isaiah \"Swerve\" Scott to secure one win in the tournament.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "On 19 June 2020, Claffey was released by WWE due to a historical sexual assault.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Mixed martial arts career", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Claffey garnered a 2–0 record as an amateur mixed martial artist under the name Jack Claffey. However, he forwent his aspirations in the sport as he was signed to the WWE in 2016. A May 2019 report by the Wrestling Observer Newsletter alleged that there was interest from Bellator MMA about possibly recruiting Claffey for the promotion.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "After being released from the WWE, Claffey started training in the sport again, and made his professional debut against Marlon Jones at Full Contact Contender 32 on 17 December 2022. He lost the debut via first-round technical knockout.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "He was then scheduled to move up to featherweight and face Yassin Chtatou at Hexagone 8 on 3 June 2023. However, the whole event was cancelled due to bad weather conditions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Mixed martial arts record", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Amateur mixed martial arts record", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Bare-knuckle boxing record", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Gallagher made his WWE video game debut as a playable character in WWE 2K18, and makes an appearance in both WWE 2K19 and WWE 2K20.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "2014 sexual misconduct allegations", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "On 19 June 2020, a 2014 sexual misconduct allegation made against Claffey was made public as part of the Speaking Out movement; the victim alleged that several other women had been affected by Claffey. He was released from WWE the same day, having accepted responsibility for the incident during a dialogue with management. Claffey has not wrestled a match since.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "On 5 October 2020, Claffey issued a statement regarding the incident and the events which led to his release from WWE.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Championships and accomplishments", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Futureshock Wrestling", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "FSW Championship (2 times)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "FSW Trophy Tournament (2010)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "FSW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Alex Cyanide", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Great Bear Promotions", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "URSA Major One Night Tournament (2015)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Tetsujin Shoot Style", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Tetsujin Shoot Style Tournament (2015)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Gallagher's Gold Championship (1 time)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "GPW British Championship (1 time)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Pro Wrestling Illustrated", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "PWI ranked him No. 145 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2017", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Scottish Wrestling Alliance", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Battlezone Rumble (2014)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Fight of the Night (One time)  vs. Rick Caruso", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Boxing record for Gentleman Jack Gallagher from BoxRec (registration required)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Oliver Claffey at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "WWE profile at the Wayback Machine (archived 16 June 2020)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "WWE Cruiserweight Classic profile", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher's profile at WWE , Cagematch , Wrestlingdata , Internet Wrestling Database", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9669e6a6", "title": "Gentleman Jack Gallagher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9669e6a6.json"}}
{"text": "A Molbo story is a Danish folktale of the \"town of fools\" type about the people of Mols, who live in eastern Jutland near the town of Ebeltoft. In these tales the Molboes are portrayed as a simple folk, who act foolishly while attempting to be wise.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_157393fa", "title": "Molbo story", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molbo_story", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_157393fa.json"}}
{"text": "Molbohistorier (Molbo stories) were handed down by generations of  Danes before finally appearing in print. Christian Elovius Mangor, who by permission of the Danish monarch Christian VII had started a printing press in Viborg, published the first collection, Tales of the well-known Molboes' wise and brave actions, in 1771. A second edition followed in 1780. Over the years Molbo stories have been published in books for adults and children in several languages, including Danish, Norwegian and English. Similar narratives are found in other cultures. England, for instance, has \"Lazy Jack\"  and \"The Wise Men of Gotham.\" In Finland there are stories about the people of Hölmölä (Hölmöläiset).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_157393fa", "title": "Molbo story", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molbo_story", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_157393fa.json"}}
{"text": "In 1898 the operetta \"Molboerne\" (The People of Mols) by composer Olfert Jespersen and lyricist Herman Petersen premiered in Copenhagen. The work not only had a memorable score but also references to Molbo stories, such as \"The Stork in the Grain Field\" and \"The Mixed Legs\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_157393fa", "title": "Molbo story", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molbo_story", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_157393fa.json"}}
{"text": "Norway, which for nearly three centuries was part of the kingdom of Denmark-Norway, received many cultural influences from Denmark. Consequently, Molbo stories are known in both Denmark and Norway, and the word “Molbo” is used in both countries as a term of disparagement. The expression \"Molbo politics\" is prohibited when speaking from the rostrum in Norway's parliament.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_157393fa", "title": "Molbo story", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molbo_story", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_157393fa.json"}}
{"text": "The Stork in the Grain Field", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_157393fa", "title": "Molbo story", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molbo_story", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_157393fa.json"}}
{"text": "From Tales of the well-known Molboes' wise and brave actions, 1771", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_157393fa", "title": "Molbo story", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molbo_story", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_157393fa.json"}}
{"text": "One summer, when the grain was high in the field, the Molbo people had been visited by a stork. It had acquired the nasty habit of strutting back and forth on their fields to catch frogs. And it was bad news, because the Molbo people were very afraid that it would trample all the grain down on the field. They talked together for a long time back and forth about,... how to chase it away. In the end, they agreed that the shepherd should go into the field and drive the stork out.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_157393fa", "title": "Molbo story", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molbo_story", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_157393fa.json"}}
{"text": "But just as he stood and was about to enter the grain, they discovered that he had such big and wide feet, and then they were afraid that he would step on more grain than the stork. There they stood - . Finally one of them got a good idea! He suggested that the shepherd should be carried into the field, then he could not tread down the grain. They all thought that was good advice. So they lifted the field gate and set the shepherd on it; ... and then eight men carried him into the corn, so that he could chase the stork out. That way, the shepherd did not trample down traces in the grain field with his big feet.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_157393fa", "title": "Molbo story", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molbo_story", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_157393fa.json"}}
{"text": "The Wise Men of Chelm used a similar trick to prevent the city shammes to trample the beautiful, fresh snow in the early morning.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_157393fa", "title": "Molbo story", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molbo_story", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_157393fa.json"}}
{"text": "The Motif-Index of Folk-Literature includes the motif J2100: Remedies worse than the disease", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_157393fa", "title": "Molbo story", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molbo_story", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_157393fa.json"}}
{"text": "The Molboes have a long way to the forest so they must rise early to collect wood. One morning some of them drove to the forest to bring home a tree they had bought. But on the way the one who drove first happened to lose his axe, and when the others saw that, they thought he threw it away on purpose, so they threw away their axes as well. Now, as they stood in the forest, they had nothing with which to chop, they didn't know what to do at all, and they certainly didn't want to come home empty-handed. Finally one of them had the brilliant idea to pull the tree down; but as they hadn't brought a rope, one of them had to climb the tree and lay his head in the cleavage between two branches then the others were to pull his legs until the tree yielded. Very well, they pulled and they pulled, and eventually they all fell backwards, including the chap they had been pulling, only he had no head. This they couldn't fathom, they went searching and searching, but no, they didn't find the head, because it was stuck in the tree. Well, that couldn't be helped, now it was time to return home. And so they laid the headless man in the wagon and took him home to his wife and asked if she was sure that her husband had brought his head when he left home this morning. \"I can't remember that right now!\", said the wife; but then she thought for a while: \"Oh yes, he did bring his head!\" she said. \"He ate cabbage with it this morning before he left.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_157393fa", "title": "Molbo story", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molbo_story", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_157393fa.json"}}
{"text": "A similar story is known for the dwellers of Fünsing.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_157393fa", "title": "Molbo story", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molbo_story", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_157393fa.json"}}
{"text": "Fool (stock character)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_157393fa", "title": "Molbo story", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molbo_story", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_157393fa.json"}}
{"text": "Hayseeds And Bumpkins", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_157393fa", "title": "Molbo story", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molbo_story", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_157393fa.json"}}
{"text": "The Molboes and the Hen", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_157393fa", "title": "Molbo story", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molbo_story", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_157393fa.json"}}
{"text": "Molbo- og aggerbohistorier", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_157393fa", "title": "Molbo story", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molbo_story", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_157393fa.json"}}
{"text": "Old Stories From Denmark", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_157393fa", "title": "Molbo story", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molbo_story", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_157393fa.json"}}
{"text": "Those Foolish Molboes", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_157393fa", "title": "Molbo story", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molbo_story", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_157393fa.json"}}
{"text": "Serenade af Molboerne", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_157393fa", "title": "Molbo story", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molbo_story", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_157393fa.json"}}
{"text": "Serenade af Molboerne", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_157393fa", "title": "Molbo story", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molbo_story", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_157393fa.json"}}
{"text": "Potpourri af Molboerne", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_157393fa", "title": "Molbo story", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molbo_story", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_157393fa.json"}}
{"text": "St Elvan's Church is a Grade II* listed Anglican church in the centre of the town of Aberdare. It was built in 1851–1852, largely at the instigation of John Griffith, vicar of Aberdare from 1847 until 1859.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23e0ce8c", "title": "St Elvan's Church, Aberdare", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Elvan%27s_Church,_Aberdare", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23e0ce8c.json"}}
{"text": "On 11 December 1849 Griffith wrote at length to the Incorporated Church Building Society in relation to the position of the Church of England in the parish of Aberdare. The population of the parish was close to 14,000 people and increasing at a rate of approximately a thousand each year, yet the ancient parish church of St John's could accommodate fewer than two hundred people.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23e0ce8c", "title": "St Elvan's Church, Aberdare", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Elvan%27s_Church,_Aberdare", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23e0ce8c.json"}}
{"text": "A campaign to build a new church at Aberdare was launched in 1850 when a public meeting was held, and within nine days a £1,000 had been raised by public subscription. By February 1851, subscriptions amounted to £2,500, just £500 short of the £3,000 that was deemed necessary to pay for the new building. Andrew Moseley was chosen as the architect to draw up the plans for the church. By February 1852, however, it was realised that insufficient funds were available and another campaign for public subscriptions took place. Within a few months, the work had been completed and St Elvan's Church was officially opened by services led by Alfred Ollivant, Bishop of Llandaff, on 30 September 1852. Special trains were laid on from Cardiff, Swansea and Neath, among other place, to mark the occasion. The congregation included strong representation from the gentry families of Glamorgan, as well as schoolgirls from the school run at Dowlais by Lady Charlotte Guest, dressed in Welsh costume. St Elvan's was consecrated on 25 September 1854.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23e0ce8c", "title": "St Elvan's Church, Aberdare", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Elvan%27s_Church,_Aberdare", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23e0ce8c.json"}}
{"text": "The interior of the church was re-ordered and redecorated by Stephen Dykes Bower in 1961.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23e0ce8c", "title": "St Elvan's Church, Aberdare", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Elvan%27s_Church,_Aberdare", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23e0ce8c.json"}}
{"text": "The official website and accompanying social media for St Elvan's Church is available at https://www.stelvans.com", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23e0ce8c", "title": "St Elvan's Church, Aberdare", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Elvan%27s_Church,_Aberdare", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23e0ce8c.json"}}
{"text": "Jones, Ieuan Gwynedd (1987). Communities. Essays in the Social History of Victorian Wales. Llandysul: Gomer. ISBN 0-86383-223-7.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23e0ce8c", "title": "St Elvan's Church, Aberdare", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Elvan%27s_Church,_Aberdare", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23e0ce8c.json"}}
{"text": "Wills, Wilton D. (1969). \"The Rev. John Griffith and the revival of the established church in nineteenth century Glamorgan\" (PDF). Morgannwg. 13: 75–102. Retrieved 6 November 2013.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23e0ce8c", "title": "St Elvan's Church, Aberdare", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Elvan%27s_Church,_Aberdare", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23e0ce8c.json"}}
{"text": "Aseptis pseudolichena is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Tomas Mustelin and Ronald Henley Leuschner in 2000. It is endemic to southern California, with records from San Diego, Riverside, Los Angeles, Ventura, San Bernardino, and Tuolumne counties. The habitat consists of open pine and oak forest, open areas with grass and scrub, and foothill chaparral.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cc45e873", "title": "Aseptis pseudolichena", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aseptis_pseudolichena", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cc45e873.json"}}
{"text": "The wingspan is 30.5–36 mm. Adults are more yellowish than Aseptis lichena, as a result of a mixture of pale tan or yellowish scales and scattered tan, olive, and black scales. Some specimens are very pale yellow, others pale tan, and some olive tan. The antemedial and postmedial lines are serrate, and the postmedial line is followed by white and black dots on the veins. A pale subterminal line is usually visible. The orbicular spot is round and filled with ground color, whereas the reniform spot is large, outlined in black and filled with dark scales. A faint pale postreniform patch is present. Adults are on wing from June to August.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cc45e873", "title": "Aseptis pseudolichena", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aseptis_pseudolichena", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cc45e873.json"}}
{"text": "Larvae have been reared from Ribes malvaceum.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cc45e873", "title": "Aseptis pseudolichena", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aseptis_pseudolichena", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cc45e873.json"}}
{"text": "Orthetrum is a large genus of dragonflies in the Libellulidae family. They are commonly referred to as skimmers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c64428f0", "title": "Orthetrum", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthetrum", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c64428f0.json"}}
{"text": "The size of adults within the genus ranges from small to large; in Africa, the hindwing ranges in length from 22 to 50 mm. The bodies of adult females and recently emerged males are yellow to brown with black markings; these may facilitate identification of individuals to species level. Mature males, however, develop blue-grey pruinosity over most of their bodies - this makes species identification difficult without the capture of a specimen and inspection of the shape of the hamule.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c64428f0", "title": "Orthetrum", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthetrum", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c64428f0.json"}}
{"text": "The genus Orthetrum includes the following species:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c64428f0", "title": "Orthetrum", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthetrum", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c64428f0.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Orthetrum at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c64428f0", "title": "Orthetrum", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthetrum", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c64428f0.json"}}
{"text": "Data related to Orthetrum at Wikispecies", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c64428f0", "title": "Orthetrum", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthetrum", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c64428f0.json"}}
{"text": "Clyde Nelson (September 1, 1921 – July 26, 1949) was an American Negro league baseball third baseman  who played in the 1940s.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3bb363a7", "title": "Clyde Nelson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Nelson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3bb363a7.json"}}
{"text": "A native of Bradenton, Florida, Nelson made his Negro leagues debut for the Cincinnati Clowns in 1943. In 1944 he went to the Chicago American Giants for three seasons, and was selected to represent the club in the 1946 East–West All-Star Game. Nelson went on to spend two seasons with the Cleveland Buckeyes, and played for Cleveland in the 1947 Negro World Series. He played his final season with the Indianapolis Clowns in 1949. Nelson died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1949 at age 27 after suffering a heart attack following a doubleheader at Shibe Park against the Philadelphia Stars.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3bb363a7", "title": "Clyde Nelson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Nelson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3bb363a7.json"}}
{"text": "Career statistics from MLB · Baseball Reference and Seamheads", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3bb363a7", "title": "Clyde Nelson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Nelson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3bb363a7.json"}}
{"text": "Gareth Thomas  (born 25 July 1974) is a Welsh former professional rugby union and rugby league player, who represented Wales in both codes. Nicknamed \"Alfie\", he was the first Wales rugby union player to play in 100 test matches, and is currently the sixth-most capped Wales player. He is 15th among international try scorers, and is the third-highest Wales try scorer. He also won four rugby league caps for Wales, scoring three tries.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "He played rugby union as a fullback, wing or centre for Bridgend, Cardiff, the Celtic Warriors, Toulouse, Cardiff Blues, and Wales. In 2010 he changed codes to rugby league when he transferred from Cardiff Blues to the Crusaders in Super League, and later played for Wales. He retired from rugby in October 2011.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "Thomas came out as gay in December 2009. The following year he was voted the most influential gay person in the UK in The Independent on Sunday Pink List and received Stonewall's Hero of the Year award.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "Thomas started his career at Pencoed RFC at youth level before starting his first class career at Bridgend. He then transferred to Pontypridd, but never actually played a game for them before re-signing for Bridgend. He then spent a spell at Cardiff starting in 1997 before rejoining hometown club Bridgend again in 2001 and captaining them to a Welsh Premier Division title in 2003, in a campaign where they were unbeaten at home and only lost to runners-up Neath and Cardiff away. He then joined the Celtic Warriors once the Welsh Rugby Union implemented its regional rugby plans for the 2003–04 season. After one season as captain of the Warriors, the region was disbanded by the then-WRU chief David Moffett, and owner Leighton Samuel, although Thomas had already agreed a deal to join French club Toulouse where he was seen as the ideal replacement for soon-to-retire captain Émile Ntamack. He helped the club to a Heineken Cup victory in 2005 after a victory over Stade Français at Murrayfield. On 20 January 2007, Cardiff Blues completed a deal to bring Thomas back to Wales for the 2007–08 season.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "International career", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "Gareth Thomas made his début for Wales on 27 May 1995 against Japan. He scored a Welsh record-equalling four tries in the match against Italy in Treviso in 1999; one of only seven players to achieve that feat for Wales. He held the Wales record for the most international tries with 40 until Shane Williams surpassed that total in the 2008 Six Nations Championship He surpassed the try record previously held by Ieuan Evans in 2004 against Italy. He also got a hat-trick of tries in the Second Test against Japan in 2001; 51 appearances after announcing his arrival on the international scene with a hat-trick in the 1995 World Cup game against the same opposition. Equally at home at centre, it was from that position he scored the longest interception try ever seen at the Arms Park, a 90-metre dash against Australia in 1996.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "Thomas was selected for the 2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand. Following injury to Brian O'Driscoll in the opening minutes of the first test against New Zealand, he was made captain for the second and third tests of the series, becoming the ninth Welsh captain in Lions' history.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "In 2005 Thomas was found guilty of assault while playing rugby in France and in 2007 was banned for four weeks for misconduct charges.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "Thomas was named as captain for Wales' final match in the 2007 Six Nations against England after current captain Stephen Jones was ruled out with a broken wrist. When Thomas took the field, he equalled Gareth Llewellyn's Wales record of 92 caps. He broke Llewellyn's record when he led Wales out against Australia at Telstra Stadium in Sydney on 26 May 2007, a match that Wales lost 29–23 on a Wallabies try after the siren.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "His 100th and last test match was in his team's defeat by Fiji in the 2007 World Cup.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "Thomas joined Crusaders in March 2010 on an 18-month deal. He made his Crusaders' (and rugby league) début against French side Catalans Dragons on 19 March 2010. Thomas was concussed seconds into his rugby league début after a heavy challenge from Catalans player David Ferriol, and as a result had to leave the field after thirty minutes. Crusaders went on to win the game 14–6. Thomas went on to score his first try for the Crusaders against Wakefield Trinity in a 20–10 away victory on 11 April. A groin injury prematurely ended Thomas' first season in rugby league, but his recovery was hoped to be complete in time for the 2010 European Cup, for which Thomas was selected in the Welsh preliminary squad.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "In a warm-up test before the European Cup, he made a try-scoring international rugby league début in Wales 13–6 defeat by Italy in October 2010. He scored again in his next international vs Scotland. In the final game of the tournament, Thomas was appointed captain, filling in for the injured Lee Briers. He scored a try in that game, helping Wales to a one-point win for both the European Cup Trophy and a spot in the 2011 Rugby League Four Nations.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "On 9 July 2011, Thomas confirmed on Twitter that he had broken his left arm during the 38–10 defeat by Hull Kingston Rovers, and expected to be sidelined for two months. After missing the rest of the season and failing to reach 100% fitness before the 2011 Rugby League Four Nations tournament, on 25 October 2011 Thomas announced his immediate retirement.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "Thomas was born in Sarn near Bridgend in July 1974. He married Jemma Thomas, whom he met when both were teenagers, in 2001. The couple married in St Brides Major, near Bridgend, and filed for divorce in 2007; it was finalised in 2009. During the marriage, Jemma suffered three miscarriages.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "In December 2009 Thomas announced publicly that he is gay. He told the Daily Mail, \"I don't want to be known as a gay rugby player. I am a rugby player, first and foremost. I am a man\". Thomas's public confirmation of his sexuality made him the first openly gay professional rugby union player. In an interview with the BBC, Thomas talked about how he hoped that his coming out would mean that in the future, a young gay rugby player would be able to come out and be accepted as a \"talented gay rugby player\". Thomas also said, \"What I choose to do when I close the door at home has nothing to do with what I have achieved in rugby\". Since coming out, Thomas has become a vocal supporter of the NSPCC and ChildLine, a telephone counselling service operated by the NSPCC for children and young people. In an interview, Thomas commented, \"I don't know if my life is going to be easier because I'm out, but if it helps someone else, if it makes one young lad pick up the phone to ChildLine, then it will have been worth it\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "He had a major health scare in February 2006. He had received a blow to his neck during a match; then later on while watching a televised recording of an interview he had given regarding his part in the resignation of Welsh coach Mike Ruddock, he fell ill and was rushed to hospital with a suspected stroke, which was brought on by a ruptured artery in his neck. It was feared that this could lead to his retirement, but he resumed playing at the start of the 2006–07 French rugby season.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "His way of celebrating tries by slapping his head comes from a popular celebration among Cardiff City supporters known as \"the Ayatollah\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "His autobiography Proud, co-written with Michael Calvin, won Sports Book of the Year in 2015.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "On 17 November 2018, Thomas was assaulted in Cardiff because of his sexuality. He requested that South Wales Police deal with the 16-year-old assailant by way of restorative justice.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "On 14 September 2019, Thomas announced that he is HIV positive, with undetectable status, meaning that he is not infectious. On the following day he competed in the Ironman Wales event in Tenby, finishing 413th out of 2,039, having vowed to \"break the stigma\" around the illness. After feeling media pressure to do so and for National HIV Testing Week, Thomas also filmed a documentary with Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex and the Terrence Higgins Trust, which aired a few days later on 18 September. Publicising the documentary that morning, he told an interviewer for BBC Radio 5 Live that a journalist had revealed his HIV status to his parents before he had had the opportunity to do so himself. While Thomas declined to name the journalist or the paper they write for, he did say \"everybody will know, especially of late\", leading the Press Gazette to suggest it could be The Sun, given they had been criticised the previous day for reporting about the family of England cricketer Ben Stokes. A BBC documentary, Gareth Thomas: HIV and Me, aired in September 2019.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "Thomas was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to sport and health.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "In 2022, Thomas was accused of \"deceptively\" transmitting HIV to a previous partner. Thomas settled the case for £75,000 plus costs \"without admitting liability or guilt\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "In November 2011, actor Mickey Rourke said that he was planning to portray Thomas in a movie of his life; the film was due to start filming in February 2013. Thomas was later reported to be working with a writer on the script of the biopic. In March 2012, on the RTÉ programme Craig Doyle Live, Thomas announced that Tom Hardy was in talks to play him in the film. Rourke announced that he had given back the part to the producers. The film project later fell through, but Thomas said in 2015 that he was working on a new film with a different writer.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "Thomas was an analyst for ITV Sport's coverage of the Rugby World Cup tournaments in 2011, 2015 and 2019.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "In January 2012, Thomas was a housemate in the ninth series of Celebrity Big Brother, and finished third overall on the final night. The same year, Thomas made a cameo appearance as himself in an episode of the Sky 1 comedy drama Stella. Thomas is also one of 8 celebrities chosen to participate in an intense week learning Welsh in an eco-friendly chic campsite in Pembrokeshire in the series cariad@iaith:love4language shown on S4C in May 2012.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "In November 2012, he hinted to an audience of 300 people that he may be appearing in an ice dancing show and in December 2012, he was formally announced as one of the contestants, due to take part in the eighth series of ITV's Dancing on Ice in January 2013. His partner was Robin Johnstone. He was at or near the top of the leader board every week. In week 9, he suffered nausea and motion sickness whilst practising his \"flying\" routine, and was advised not to perform it and afterwards was advised to drop out of the series because of this.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "On 18 January 2015, Thomas took part in celebrity talent show Get Your Act Together. He features in the Pinc List of leading Welsh LGBT figures.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "In 2017, Thomas participated in the fourth series of The Jump. He withdrew on 7 March 2017, and Lydia Bright replaced him for the final.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "In 2023, Thomas participated in the fifth celebrity series of SAS: Who Dares Wins.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "(archived by web.archive.org) Wales Rugby Union profile", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "(archived by web.archive.org) Cardiff Blues profile", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "(archived by web.archive.org) Official webpage", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f4bfb710", "title": "Gareth Thomas (rugby, born 1974)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(rugby,_born_1974)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f4bfb710.json"}}
{"text": "Ruten no umi (Japanese: 流転の海), also known as Sea of Wandering, is a 1990 Japanese film directed by Buichi Saitō. The lead star is Hisaya Morishige. It is based on Teru Miyamoto`s novel of the same title.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a3b64e0f", "title": "Ruten no umi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruten_no_umi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a3b64e0f.json"}}
{"text": "Hisaya Morishige as Kumago Matsuzaka", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a3b64e0f", "title": "Ruten no umi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruten_no_umi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a3b64e0f.json"}}
{"text": "Yumiko Nogawa as Fusae Matsuzaka", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a3b64e0f", "title": "Ruten no umi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruten_no_umi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a3b64e0f.json"}}
{"text": "Kōichi Satō as Tadashi Tsujidou", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a3b64e0f", "title": "Ruten no umi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruten_no_umi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a3b64e0f.json"}}
{"text": "Teruhiko Saigō as Taichi Ebihara", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a3b64e0f", "title": "Ruten no umi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruten_no_umi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a3b64e0f.json"}}
{"text": "Yūko Asano as Ayako Iwai", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a3b64e0f", "title": "Ruten no umi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruten_no_umi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a3b64e0f.json"}}
{"text": "Jun Inoue as Tony Okada", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a3b64e0f", "title": "Ruten no umi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruten_no_umi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a3b64e0f.json"}}
{"text": "Rino Katase as Someno", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a3b64e0f", "title": "Ruten no umi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruten_no_umi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a3b64e0f.json"}}
{"text": "Gannosuke Ashiya as Chiyoma Maruo", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a3b64e0f", "title": "Ruten no umi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruten_no_umi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a3b64e0f.json"}}
{"text": "Takuya Fujioka as Chigusa", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a3b64e0f", "title": "Ruten no umi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruten_no_umi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a3b64e0f.json"}}
{"text": "Yumi Takigawa as Chiyotsuru", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a3b64e0f", "title": "Ruten no umi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruten_no_umi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a3b64e0f.json"}}
{"text": "Shinsuke Ashida as Kawachi", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a3b64e0f", "title": "Ruten no umi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruten_no_umi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a3b64e0f.json"}}
{"text": "Shigeru Tsuyuguchi as Takeshi Tsutsui", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a3b64e0f", "title": "Ruten no umi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruten_no_umi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a3b64e0f.json"}}
{"text": "Tomoko Naraoka as Iwai", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a3b64e0f", "title": "Ruten no umi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruten_no_umi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a3b64e0f.json"}}
{"text": "Tomokazu Miura as Mokichi Kitazawa", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a3b64e0f", "title": "Ruten no umi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruten_no_umi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a3b64e0f.json"}}
{"text": "Ruten no umi at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a3b64e0f", "title": "Ruten no umi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruten_no_umi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a3b64e0f.json"}}
{"text": "The Chaos Factor is a 2000 action-thriller film starring Antonio Sabàto Jr. and Fred Ward.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a62b0d78", "title": "The Chaos Factor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chaos_Factor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a62b0d78.json"}}
{"text": "In this military thriller, intelligence officer Jack Poynt (Antonio Sabàto Jr.) discovers evidence of a CIA-backed raid on a medical facility in Cambodia in 1972, which led to the torture and killing of a number of civilians. Poynt decides it's high time that the men responsible were exposed and brought to justice, but the deeper he digs in search of the truth, the more he finds himself in danger.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a62b0d78", "title": "The Chaos Factor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chaos_Factor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a62b0d78.json"}}
{"text": "The Chaos Factor also stars Fred Ward, R. Lee Ermey, and Kelly Rutherford.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a62b0d78", "title": "The Chaos Factor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chaos_Factor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a62b0d78.json"}}
{"text": "The Chaos Factor at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a62b0d78", "title": "The Chaos Factor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chaos_Factor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a62b0d78.json"}}
{"text": "The Chaos Factor at Rotten Tomatoes", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a62b0d78", "title": "The Chaos Factor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chaos_Factor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a62b0d78.json"}}
{"text": "\"High on Life\" is a song by Dutch DJ and record producer Martin Garrix. A progressive house ballad featuring Swedish songwriter and vocalist Kristoffer \"Bonn\" Fogelmark, it was released via Garrix's STMPD RCRDS label, which is exclusively-licensed to a Sony Music sublabel, Epic Amsterdam. The song's production credits consist of frequent Garrix collaborators Matisse & Sadko, Albin Nedler and established producer Giorgio Tuinfort, who has produced multiple songs with Garrix.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e63a67fe", "title": "High on Life (song)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_on_Life_(song)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e63a67fe.json"}}
{"text": "Garrix's label had announced via Twitter the song would be immediately available for release \"the moment (Garrix) plays it at #Tomorrowland\" during his headlining closing performance. It was premiered at the Tomorrowland 2018 music festival in Belgium as the closing song on 29 July 2018. It was also released at midnight on the same day.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e63a67fe", "title": "High on Life (song)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_on_Life_(song)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e63a67fe.json"}}
{"text": "\"High on Life\" is one of the two songs announced by Garrix for release since his last single \"Ocean\" with Khalid, the other being a collaboration with Justin Mylo that would be released in September.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e63a67fe", "title": "High on Life (song)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_on_Life_(song)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e63a67fe.json"}}
{"text": "The song has been played at the circuit after the 2021 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix where Garrix’s friend Max Verstappen secured his first Formula One World Championship title, the 2023 Austrian Grand Prix and the 2023 Las Vegas Grand Prix, the latter two races were also won by Verstappen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e63a67fe", "title": "High on Life (song)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_on_Life_(song)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e63a67fe.json"}}
{"text": "The song has been musically compared to Garrix's previous singles such as \"Dragon\", \"Lions in the Wild\" and \"Forever\", as an \"energetic and emotion-filled progressive house track\". The song is noted as a \"return to his roots\" in reference to Garrix's regular crossover musical style of pop music to his typical big room house and progressive house.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e63a67fe", "title": "High on Life (song)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_on_Life_(song)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e63a67fe.json"}}
{"text": "Described as an uplifting summer song that is a \"synth-heavy festival house tune\", the song's production has been compared to the style of late Swedish DJ Avicii, who had worked with Garrix for the song \"Waiting for Love\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e63a67fe", "title": "High on Life (song)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_on_Life_(song)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e63a67fe.json"}}
{"text": "The music video for the song has also been released, featuring clips from Garrix's Tomorrowland performance which shows \"the most standard and spectacular face of Tomorrowland\". It was released to YouTube and streaming platforms five minutes after the performance at Tomorrowland ended.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e63a67fe", "title": "High on Life (song)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_on_Life_(song)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e63a67fe.json"}}
{"text": "Credits adapted from Tidal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e63a67fe", "title": "High on Life (song)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_on_Life_(song)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e63a67fe.json"}}
{"text": "Martijn Garritsen – production, composing, songwriting, performer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e63a67fe", "title": "High on Life (song)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_on_Life_(song)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e63a67fe.json"}}
{"text": "Matisse & Sadko – production", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e63a67fe", "title": "High on Life (song)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_on_Life_(song)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e63a67fe.json"}}
{"text": "Kristoffer Fogelmark – composing, songwriting, vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e63a67fe", "title": "High on Life (song)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_on_Life_(song)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e63a67fe.json"}}
{"text": "Albin Nedler – composing, songwriting, backing vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e63a67fe", "title": "High on Life (song)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_on_Life_(song)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e63a67fe.json"}}
{"text": "Giorgio Tuinfort – composing, songwriting", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e63a67fe", "title": "High on Life (song)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_on_Life_(song)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e63a67fe.json"}}
{"text": "Lauda-Königshofen (German pronunciation: [ˈlaʊda ˌkøːnɪçsˈhoːfn̩] ) is a town in the Main-Tauber district in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated on the river Tauber, 7 km southeast of Tauberbischofsheim, and 30 km southwest of Würzburg. Most of the roughly 300 houses in the traditional village of Königshofen date to between the 16th century and mid-19th century, and it is known for the 500+ year-old Königshöfer Messe, an annual festival that attracts 150,000 people over the 10-day festival. Lauda station is at a junction of the Franconia Railway and the Tauber Valley Railway.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c8678dc5", "title": "Lauda-Königshofen", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda-K%C3%B6nigshofen", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c8678dc5.json"}}
{"text": "The 12 districts with population (as of 2001): Area in km2 (as in 2006)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c8678dc5", "title": "Lauda-Königshofen", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda-K%C3%B6nigshofen", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c8678dc5.json"}}
{"text": "Boissy-Saint-Léger (France)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c8678dc5", "title": "Lauda-Königshofen", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda-K%C3%B6nigshofen", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c8678dc5.json"}}
{"text": "Lauda Hornets, American football", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c8678dc5", "title": "Lauda-Königshofen", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda-K%C3%B6nigshofen", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c8678dc5.json"}}
{"text": "Johann Gottfried von Aschhausen, (1575–1622), Prince-Bishop of Bamberg and of Würzburg", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c8678dc5", "title": "Lauda-Königshofen", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda-K%C3%B6nigshofen", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c8678dc5.json"}}
{"text": "Johann Rudolf Zumsteeg, (1760–1802), composer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c8678dc5", "title": "Lauda-Königshofen", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda-K%C3%B6nigshofen", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c8678dc5.json"}}
{"text": "Johann Martin Schleyer, (1831–1912), developer of artificial language Volapük", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c8678dc5", "title": "Lauda-Königshofen", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda-K%C3%B6nigshofen", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c8678dc5.json"}}
{"text": "Albert Hehn (1908–1983), actor", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c8678dc5", "title": "Lauda-Königshofen", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda-K%C3%B6nigshofen", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c8678dc5.json"}}
{"text": "Heinrich Ehrler, (1917–1945), Luftwaffe military aviator and wing commander", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c8678dc5", "title": "Lauda-Königshofen", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda-K%C3%B6nigshofen", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c8678dc5.json"}}
{"text": "Peter Frank (born 1968), jurist, currently serves as a judge in the Federal Constitutional Court", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c8678dc5", "title": "Lauda-Königshofen", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda-K%C3%B6nigshofen", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c8678dc5.json"}}
{"text": "Hans-Jürgen Hehn, (born 1944), fencer, team world champion and silver medallist, 1976 Summer Olympics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c8678dc5", "title": "Lauda-Königshofen", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda-K%C3%B6nigshofen", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c8678dc5.json"}}
{"text": "Manuela Ruben, (born 1964), figure skater, silver medallist, 1984 European Figure Skating Championships", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c8678dc5", "title": "Lauda-Königshofen", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda-K%C3%B6nigshofen", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c8678dc5.json"}}
{"text": "Thorsten Weidner, (born 1967), fencer, silver and gold medallist, 1988 & 1992 Summer Olympics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c8678dc5", "title": "Lauda-Königshofen", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda-K%C3%B6nigshofen", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c8678dc5.json"}}
{"text": "Among the business entities located in Lauda are two world-famous manufacturers of laboratory equipment:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c8678dc5", "title": "Lauda-Königshofen", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda-K%C3%B6nigshofen", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c8678dc5.json"}}
{"text": "Lauda, a manufacturer of thermostats.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c8678dc5", "title": "Lauda-Königshofen", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda-K%C3%B6nigshofen", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c8678dc5.json"}}
{"text": "Herzog, a manufacturer of crude oil and fuel testing equipment. The founder of the company, Walter Herzog, has moved to Lauda after World War II, and pioneered a few important innovations in the testing of oil and fuels, like first automatic flash point tester, first automatic distillation apparatus, and others.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c8678dc5", "title": "Lauda-Königshofen", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda-K%C3%B6nigshofen", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c8678dc5.json"}}
{"text": "Becksteiner Winzer, a wine cooperative that grows, produces and sells wines made from the region's grapes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c8678dc5", "title": "Lauda-Königshofen", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda-K%C3%B6nigshofen", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c8678dc5.json"}}
{"text": "Königshöfer Messe, annual fair", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c8678dc5", "title": "Lauda-Königshofen", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda-K%C3%B6nigshofen", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c8678dc5.json"}}
{"text": "Stefan Heidrich's page about Lauda-Königshofen (German)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c8678dc5", "title": "Lauda-Königshofen", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda-K%C3%B6nigshofen", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c8678dc5.json"}}
{"text": "Oliver Pinkos's page about the district Beckstein (German)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c8678dc5", "title": "Lauda-Königshofen", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda-K%C3%B6nigshofen", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c8678dc5.json"}}
{"text": "Ralf Liebenstein's page about the district Messelhausen (German)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c8678dc5", "title": "Lauda-Königshofen", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda-K%C3%B6nigshofen", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c8678dc5.json"}}
{"text": "Sascha Renk's page about the district Oberlauda (German)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c8678dc5", "title": "Lauda-Königshofen", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda-K%C3%B6nigshofen", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c8678dc5.json"}}
{"text": "Can't Love, Can't Hurt is the second album by Augustana, a California rock band. The album was released on April 29, 2008, by Epic Records. The album debuted at number 21 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, selling over 21,000 copies in its first week.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c799cb6c", "title": "Can't Love, Can't Hurt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Love,_Can%27t_Hurt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c799cb6c.json"}}
{"text": "An iTunes exclusive EP was released on February 26, 2008 to promote the album featuring the first three tracks from the album.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c799cb6c", "title": "Can't Love, Can't Hurt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Love,_Can%27t_Hurt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c799cb6c.json"}}
{"text": "All songs written by Dan Layus and Mike Flynn.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c799cb6c", "title": "Can't Love, Can't Hurt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Love,_Can%27t_Hurt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c799cb6c.json"}}
{"text": "\"I Still Ain't Over You\" – 3:31", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c799cb6c", "title": "Can't Love, Can't Hurt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Love,_Can%27t_Hurt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c799cb6c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Sweet and Low\" – 3:34", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c799cb6c", "title": "Can't Love, Can't Hurt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Love,_Can%27t_Hurt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c799cb6c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Twenty Years\" – 4:27", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c799cb6c", "title": "Can't Love, Can't Hurt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Love,_Can%27t_Hurt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c799cb6c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Meet You There\" – 3:14", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c799cb6c", "title": "Can't Love, Can't Hurt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Love,_Can%27t_Hurt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c799cb6c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Either Way, I'll Break Your Heart Someday\" – 4:11", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c799cb6c", "title": "Can't Love, Can't Hurt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Love,_Can%27t_Hurt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c799cb6c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Rest, Shame, Love\" – 3:59", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c799cb6c", "title": "Can't Love, Can't Hurt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Love,_Can%27t_Hurt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c799cb6c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Where Love Went Wrong\" – 5:31", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c799cb6c", "title": "Can't Love, Can't Hurt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Love,_Can%27t_Hurt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c799cb6c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Sweet and Low\" (acoustic)† – 3:21", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c799cb6c", "title": "Can't Love, Can't Hurt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Love,_Can%27t_Hurt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c799cb6c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Sweet and Low\" (music video)† – 3:32", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c799cb6c", "title": "Can't Love, Can't Hurt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Love,_Can%27t_Hurt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c799cb6c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Hey Now\" (acoustic music video)† – 4:14", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c799cb6c", "title": "Can't Love, Can't Hurt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Love,_Can%27t_Hurt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c799cb6c.json"}}
{"text": "† Deluxe edition bonus tracks.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c799cb6c", "title": "Can't Love, Can't Hurt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Love,_Can%27t_Hurt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c799cb6c.json"}}
{"text": "\"I Still Ain't Over You\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c799cb6c", "title": "Can't Love, Can't Hurt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Love,_Can%27t_Hurt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c799cb6c.json"}}
{"text": "GYKI 52466 is a 2,3-benzodiazepine that acts as an ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist, which is a non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonist (IC50 values are 10-20, ~ 450 and >> 50 μM for AMPA-, kainate- and NMDA-induced responses respectively), orally-active anticonvulsant, and skeletal muscle relaxant. Unlike conventional 1,4-benzodiazepines, GYKI 52466 and related 2,3-benzodiazepines do not act on GABAA receptors. Like other AMPA receptor antagonists, GYKI 52466 has anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d016c088", "title": "GYKI 52466", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GYKI_52466", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d016c088.json"}}
{"text": "GYKI 52895, another 2,3-benzodiazepine with other than GABAergic function", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d016c088", "title": "GYKI 52466", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GYKI_52466", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d016c088.json"}}
{"text": "Walmersley is a suburban village in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury, Greater Manchester, England.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_defa975b", "title": "Walmersley", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmersley", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_defa975b.json"}}
{"text": "Historically in Lancashire, the name Walmersley is said to be derived from Old English, and translates as Waldmer's wood, or clearing.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_defa975b", "title": "Walmersley", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmersley", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_defa975b.json"}}
{"text": "Once a rural village in the wilds, in recent decades, it has become a northern suburb of Bury.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_defa975b", "title": "Walmersley", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmersley", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_defa975b.json"}}
{"text": "Old stone cottages remain in the area, but much of the district's housing is of post-war construction.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_defa975b", "title": "Walmersley", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmersley", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_defa975b.json"}}
{"text": "The A56 (Walmersley Road) links Walmersley with Bury to the south and Shuttleworth, Ramsbottom and Edenfield to the north.  Before this 'new' road was built the road north from Bury followed the line of Walmersley Old Road. The  old 'coach road' went through Baldingstone and Nangreaves and onto Hardern Moor and beyond to Shuttleworth and Edenfield. Junctions led to the then thriving mills in Deeply Vale and Birtle Dene. Deeply Vale has more contemporary fame as the location of the Deeply Vale Festivals. The old road was one of the many roads in east Lancashire constructed by John Metcalf, perhaps better known as Blind Jack Metcalf, a civil engineer from Knaresborough.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_defa975b", "title": "Walmersley", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmersley", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_defa975b.json"}}
{"text": "The Walmersley conservation area was designated in November 2003. It covers Christ Church, its churchyard, the former school and school master's house, together with the adjacent Spur Petroleum site which contains the former Walmersley Brewery buildings. The whole site is an excellent record of a small but important part of Walmersley, and illustrates generally well preserved elements of stone built ecclesiastical and industrial architecture from the mid to late 19th century. Some of these buildings were severely damaged in a fire, suspected to have been deliberate by one party or another...this is disputed especially by those wanting to develop the land. New residential buildings have now been erected on the Spur site with the retention and reuse of some of the older buildings.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_defa975b", "title": "Walmersley", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmersley", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_defa975b.json"}}
{"text": "Administrative history", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_defa975b", "title": "Walmersley", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmersley", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_defa975b.json"}}
{"text": "Walmersley was historically part of the ancient parish of Bury. The parish contained several townships, one of which was called \"Walmersley cum Shuttleworth\". This township became a civil parish in 1866. From 1872 the Walmersley area was included in the Bury improvement commissioners' district and from 1883 Shuttleworth was included in the Ramsbottom local government district. In 1894 the parish of Walmersley cum Shuttleworth was reduced to just cover the rural parts outside the two urban authorities, with Walmersley itself being added to the parish of Bury and Shuttleworth being added to Ramsbottom. The parish of Walmersley cum Shuttleworth after 1894 therefore did not include either of the villages included in its name. The parish was abolished in 1933, being added to Ramsbottom.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_defa975b", "title": "Walmersley", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmersley", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_defa975b.json"}}
{"text": "Christ Church, Walmersley located on Walmersley Road. In 1838 the Walmersley ecclesiastical parish was formed by sub-dividing the ancient, larger Bury parish. A church was built beside what was then the 'new' road but in 1883 the present church, a neo-gothic design by Maxwell and Tuke was built.  The east window of the first church was preserved and built into the new building. Amongst other buildings Maxwell & Tuke designed Blackpool Tower and, in 1894, the Technical School, Broad Street, Bury now housing the Fusilier Museum, which is dedicated to the Lancashire Fusiliers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_defa975b", "title": "Walmersley", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmersley", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_defa975b.json"}}
{"text": "Baldingstone House, probably the oldest property in the area, was built in about 1615. In the 17th century the house was home of the Kay family. Indeed, it is believed the house was built by Richard Kay a blacksmith with a smithy at Baldingstone. Richard was married to Alice Kay, from Sheephey, Shuttleworth whose brother Robert was", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_defa975b", "title": "Walmersley", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmersley", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_defa975b.json"}}
{"text": "the father of John Kay, the inventor of the flying shuttle.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_defa975b", "title": "Walmersley", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmersley", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_defa975b.json"}}
{"text": "Baha Men are a Bahamian junkanoo band formed in New Providence, Bahamas, in 1977. They are best known for their Grammy Award–winning hit song \"Who Let the Dogs Out\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "Baha Men formed in 1977 as High Voltage, initially playing disco and funk. They performed regularly in nightclubs and hotels in the Bahamas and self-released several albums.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "In 1991, one of their tapes found its way to Atlantic Records A&R man Steve Greenberg, who signed the band to the Big Beat subsidiary, at the same time getting the band to change their name to the Baha Men.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "The following year, Baha Men released their first album, Junkanoo, which included the local hit \"Back to the Island\". Kalik followed in 1994, including the international hit \"Dancing in the Moonlight\". The band moved with Greenberg to Polygram for the 1997 album I Like What I Like and Doong Spank, released the following year. The latter sold only 700 copies in the US and the band was dropped by the label.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "Greenberg then started his own label, S-Curve, and signed the band. Original vocalist Nehemiah Hield left in 1999, and was replaced by his nephew Omerit. The band was most popular in the 1990s in Japan, and their 1999 album 2 Zero 0-0 was initially released only in that country.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "\"Who Let the Dogs Out\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "They achieved great, but short-lived, popularity with a 2000s remake of \"Who Let the Dogs Out\" (originally composed by Anslem Douglas), produced by Greenberg and Michael Mangini. The song was a chart success in many countries and also became a popular song at US sporting events. \"Who Let the Dogs Out\" also earned the band several awards: a Grammy Award in 2001 for Best Dance Recording; Billboard Music Awards for World Music Artist of the Year and World Music Album of the Year; and a Nickelodeon Kids Choice Award for Favorite Song. In 2002, they won another Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Band.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "In June 2008, \"Who Let the Dogs Out\" was discussed on I Love the New Millennium. The Baha Men's most recent album was Ride With Me, released in 2015.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "After releasing Night & Day in the summer of 2014 for the FIFA World Cup that year in Brazil and was featured in the soundtrack: One Love, One Rhythm – The 2014 FIFA World Cup Official Album in the Carnival Mix, the Baha Men released a Christmas Medley mixing \"The Little Drummer Boy\" with \"Silver Bells\". Their single \"Off the Leash\" was released digitally on 1 July 2015. On 25 October 2015, the band performed the halftime show for the New York Giants/Dallas Cowboys football game at MetLife Stadium.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "In 2018, the group joined Our Last Night for a metal cover of their hit song \"Who Let the Dogs Out\" and, in April 2019, released a new single, \"Let's Go\", dedicated to the teams playing in the Final Four.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "TV and film appearances", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "Baha Men appeared in a special scene from Between the Lions where Leona and Theo meet them while reading some books inside the library.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "They performed the theme song of the Playhouse Disney series Stanley, titled \"My Man Stanley\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "Their track \"Rat Race\" appeared in the opening scene of the 2001 film Rat Race.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "Their track \"Coconut\" appeared in an episode of the Nickelodeon series ChalkZone, which also featured a parodied version of the band.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "They performed onstage for a Season 14 episode of The Bachelorette, which took place in the Bahamas.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "Their track \"Holla!\" appeared in the opening and closing credits of Garfield: The Movie, and during one scene in the 2005 film Kicking & Screaming.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "Their track \"Best Years of Our Lives\" appeared in the rolling credits of Shrek.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "Their track \"Crocodile Rock\" appeared in the rolling credits of The Crocodile Hunter: Collision Course.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "Their track \"Scooby D\" appeared in Scooby-Doo.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "The band made an appearance on the big screen, when they starred as themselves in the 1994 romantic comedy My Father the Hero, starring Gérard Depardieu and Katherine Heigl.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "Jeffrey Chea - keyboards", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "Anthony Flowers - percussion", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "Dyson Knight - vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "Marvin Prosper - vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "Herschel Small - guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "Isaiah Taylor - percussion", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911899c2", "title": "Baha Men", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Men", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911899c2.json"}}
{"text": "Mount Tamalpais College, formerly known as the Prison University Project, is a two year liberal arts college that offers an associate's degree program in Liberal Arts and intensive college preparatory courses in math and writing to mainline residents of San Quentin Rehabilitation Center. Courses are all taught on-site by volunteers, most of them graduate students, instructors, and faculty members from San Francisco Bay Area colleges and universities. Until 2020, the college was operated as an extension site of Patten University by the Prison University Project, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. All credits and degrees were issued by Patten. Since 2020, Mount Tamalpais College has issued its own credits and degrees as a Candidate for Accreditation by the Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges. The college achieved Initial Accreditation in January 2022.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_640bc7ab", "title": "Mount Tamalpais College", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tamalpais_College", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_640bc7ab.json"}}
{"text": "In addition to its academic programs and support services for students, Mount Tamalpais College disseminates information on prison education to the public at large. From November 2007 to January 2008 it organized an exhibition at the San Francisco Public Library, including photographs by Heather Rowley of everyday scenes at San Quentin and essays by students in the College Program about their experiences; a similar exhibition on Alcatraz Island ran from June 1 to October 22, 2008. The Prison University Project received the National Humanities Medal from President Obama in September 2016.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_640bc7ab", "title": "Mount Tamalpais College", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tamalpais_College", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_640bc7ab.json"}}
{"text": "The Prison University Project has its origins in the aftermath of the 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, which made it illegal for prisoners to receive Pell Grants, reducing the number of college degree-granting programs in United States prisons from its peak of over 350 to fewer than 10. The College Program at San Quentin was founded in fall of 1996, based entirely on volunteer teaching and organization. As the College Program expanded and efforts to raise funds increased, the Prison University Project was founded in 2003. It changed its name to Mount Tamalpais College in 2020.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_640bc7ab", "title": "Mount Tamalpais College", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tamalpais_College", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_640bc7ab.json"}}
{"text": "The College Program at San Quentin", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_640bc7ab", "title": "Mount Tamalpais College", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tamalpais_College", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_640bc7ab.json"}}
{"text": "About 300 student inmates are enrolled in the College Program at San Quentin each semester. A high school diploma or its equivalent is required to participate, but most students nevertheless begin with the College Program's non-credit preparatory courses in Mathematics and English. Associate's degree course offerings have included Calculus, Biology, Environmental Science, Chemistry, English, and Composition. 20 courses are offered per semester. Most courses are worth 3 credits, with 60 being required for graduation. Courses are student centered and culturally responsive, and Mount Tamalpais College staff assists instructors and tutors in maintaining these practices through trainings, syllabus consultation, and semester-long support. Students pay no fees or tuition. All textbooks and school supplies are provided by the program and through donations from publishers. As of 2018, 162 men had completed their degrees at San Quentin.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_640bc7ab", "title": "Mount Tamalpais College", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tamalpais_College", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_640bc7ab.json"}}
{"text": "The College Program has been cited by both instructors and student inmates, as well as corrections officers, as exerting a positive influence on the lives of participants and improving their chances of contributing productively to society upon their release. Prison officials and inmates believe that the program helps make the environment inside San Quentin safer, and inmates and their families say that the program has inspired inmates' children to better educate themselves and help break the cycle of intergenerational crime and incarceration.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_640bc7ab", "title": "Mount Tamalpais College", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tamalpais_College", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_640bc7ab.json"}}
{"text": "Traffickers (Korean: 공모자들; RR: Gongmojadeul) is a 2012 South Korean crime thriller film starring Im Chang-jung, Choi Daniel, Oh Dal-su and Jo Yoon-hee. It takes place in six hours on a passenger boat with an ongoing black market organ-trafficking operation, and a desperate husband out to find his missing wife.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bcd2dc5c", "title": "Traffickers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffickers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bcd2dc5c.json"}}
{"text": "After his best friend dies in an unexpected accident, the black market dealer Young-gyu decides to wash his hands of his illegal activities and start a new life. He then falls in love with an acquaintance, Yu-Ri, who is unaware of his feelings and of his past. He later learns that Yu-ri needs money for her father's surgery, and she  has resorted to procuring the services of a local organ broker, who is Young-gyu's former client. The broker promises to help her secure a legal organ donation but secretly relies on black market dealers like Young-gyu, who engage in multiple kidnappings and killings. To help her out, Young-gyu agrees to do the job one last time when he is once again approached by his former client. His smuggling ring gets back together for a final run, and they resume their M.O. of operating out of a ferry boat that runs between Korea and China, picking victims from among its passengers, abducting them from their rooms, harvesting their organs on board the ship while they are still alive yet restrained, and then brutally disposing of the bodies afterwards.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bcd2dc5c", "title": "Traffickers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffickers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bcd2dc5c.json"}}
{"text": "Meanwhile, a married couple, Sang-ho and Chae-hee (who is disabled and relies on a wheelchair), boards Young-gyu's ferry boat heading to Weihai, China. That very evening, just when the boat enters international waters where countries' laws cannot be enforced, Chae-hee suddenly goes missing, and all her pictures and belongings vanish without a trace. Young-gyu runs into Yu-ri on the same ship, and she claims to be the only witness to Chae-hee's disappearance...", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bcd2dc5c", "title": "Traffickers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffickers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bcd2dc5c.json"}}
{"text": "Awards and nominations", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bcd2dc5c", "title": "Traffickers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffickers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bcd2dc5c.json"}}
{"text": "2012 Grand Bell Awards", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bcd2dc5c", "title": "Traffickers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffickers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bcd2dc5c.json"}}
{"text": "Nomination - Best New Director - Kim Hong-sun", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bcd2dc5c", "title": "Traffickers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffickers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bcd2dc5c.json"}}
{"text": "Nomination - Best New Actor - Choi Daniel", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bcd2dc5c", "title": "Traffickers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffickers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bcd2dc5c.json"}}
{"text": "2012 Blue Dragon Film Awards", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bcd2dc5c", "title": "Traffickers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffickers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bcd2dc5c.json"}}
{"text": "Best New Director - Kim Hong-sun", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bcd2dc5c", "title": "Traffickers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffickers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bcd2dc5c.json"}}
{"text": "Nomination - Best New Actress - Jung Ji-yoon", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bcd2dc5c", "title": "Traffickers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffickers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bcd2dc5c.json"}}
{"text": "2012 Korean Culture and Entertainment Awards", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bcd2dc5c", "title": "Traffickers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffickers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bcd2dc5c.json"}}
{"text": "Top Excellence Award, Actor in a Film - Im Chang-jung", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bcd2dc5c", "title": "Traffickers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffickers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bcd2dc5c.json"}}
{"text": "Traffickers at HanCinema", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bcd2dc5c", "title": "Traffickers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffickers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bcd2dc5c.json"}}
{"text": "Traffickers at the Korean Movie Database (in Korean)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bcd2dc5c", "title": "Traffickers", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffickers", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bcd2dc5c.json"}}
{"text": "Velgošti (Macedonian: Велгошти) is a village in the municipality of Ohrid, North Macedonia. It has a primary school called Živko Čingo dedicated to the author born there.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cc3c38bd", "title": "Velgošti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velgo%C5%A1ti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cc3c38bd.json"}}
{"text": "According to the statistics of the Bulgarian ethnographer Vasil Kanchov from 1900, 1,220 inhabitants lived in Velgošti, 1,190 Christian Bulgarians and 30 Muslim Bulgarians.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cc3c38bd", "title": "Velgošti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velgo%C5%A1ti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cc3c38bd.json"}}
{"text": "As of the 2021 census, Velgošti had 3,141 residents with the following ethnic composition:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cc3c38bd", "title": "Velgošti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velgo%C5%A1ti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cc3c38bd.json"}}
{"text": "Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources 394", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cc3c38bd", "title": "Velgošti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velgo%C5%A1ti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cc3c38bd.json"}}
{"text": "According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 3,060 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cc3c38bd", "title": "Velgošti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velgo%C5%A1ti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cc3c38bd.json"}}
{"text": "Roger Keith Ver (born 1979) is an entrepreneur best known as the first investor in Bitcoin and the Bitcoin ecosystem. He was an early promoter of Bitcoin and Bitcoin-related startups and is sometimes known as \"Bitcoin Jesus\" for his evangelism of cryptocurrency in its early days.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "While Ver has often been associated with Bitcoin Cash, he has consistently emphasized that he supports any cryptocurrency that functions as \"peer-to-peer cash\", as originally cited in the Bitcoin whitepaper authored by Satoshi Nakamoto. He previously was CEO of Bitcoin.com, later becoming its Executive Chairman.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "In 2014, he renounced his United States citizenship after obtaining citizenship in Saint Kitts and Nevis. In 2024 he was indicted for tax fraud but eventually settled the case with the IRS and was not pursued criminally.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "Early life and education", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "Ver was born in 1979 in San Jose, California. He attended Valley Christian High School and then De Anza College for one year. He also completed one semester at Stanford University as a visiting student before leaving to pursue entrepreneurial ventures.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "From 1999 until 2012, Ver was the CEO of MemoryDealers.com, an online business that sold networking equipment.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "In 2000, he ran for the California State Assembly as a Libertarian Party candidate. During his campaign, he strongly criticized federal law enforcement agencies, referring to the ATF and FBI as \"jack-booted thugs and murderers\" for their role in the Waco Siege.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "Bitcoin and early investments", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "Ver began investing in bitcoin in early 2011 when a single Bitcoin cost around $1 each. His first investment was in Charlie Shrem’s Bitinstant, which allowed the company to hire its first designer and programmer.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "He went on to invest over $1 million in early Bitcoin startups, including:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "Ripple (XRP) – where he was a co-founder and the second person ever involved after Jed McCaleb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "Blockchain.com – also as a co-founder, first investor, and second person ever involved after Ben Reeves", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "BitPay – providing its initial seed funding", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "Kraken – as the seed investor", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "2011 marked a year with substantial activity for Ver in his early Bitcoin evangelism and career. In 2011, Ver's company MemoryDealers became the first established business in the world to accept Bitcoin as payment. Also, in this same year he co-founded the Silicon Valley Bitcoin Meetup, one of the earliest Bitcoin meetup groups worldwide, helping to organize events and expand awareness. Ver began paying for national radio Bitcoin advertisements on the libertarian radio show Free Talk Live, which was aired on more than 100 radio stations. Ver additionally paid for the world's first Bitcoin billboard advertisement. It was posted along one of the busiest expressways in Silicon Valley. Lastly, in 2011, Ver made his now famous public \"Bitcoin Bet\" that Bitcoin would outperform gold, silver, platinum, and the US stock market by over one hundred times over the next two years.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "He was also among the five founding members of the Bitcoin Foundation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "Bitcoin philosophy and advocacy", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "Ver has long promoted Bitcoin as a tool for economic freedom. In 2017, he helped lead the push for larger Bitcoin block sizes, supporting the Bitcoin XT project.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "Although often linked to Bitcoin Cash, Ver has repeatedly clarified that he is not its creator. Instead, his role has been as a supporter of cryptocurrencies that function effectively as electronic cash. In contrast, he played active early roles in launching other cryptocurrencies, including Ripple (XRP) and what later became FIRO, by providing critical early funding and support.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "In mid-2011, during Bitcoin's first major price crash, Ver and Jesse Powell assisted Mt. Gox with operational issues, helping the company to navigate technical and business challenges.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "In June 2022, the cryptocurrency exchange CoinFLEX halted withdrawals and publicly blamed Ver for an alleged $47 million debt. Ver has rejected these claims, stating that CoinFLEX itself defrauded him. He later sued the company, and a settlement confirmed over $100 million USD was owed to Ver.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "In 2015, Digital Gold was published, highlighting the major role Ver had played in Bitcoin up to that time.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "In 2024, Ver self-published the book Hijacking Bitcoin, a book detailing the history and evolution of Bitcoin.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "Ver describes himself as libertarian, anarcho-capitalist, and voluntaryist. He has lived in multiple countries, including Japan (since 2006), Saint Kitts and Nevis, Antigua, and others. He renounced his United States citizenship in 2014. In 2023, Ver was given the title of Duke and became the Minister of Finance for the Joseon Cybernation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "Ver has competed in Brazilian jiu-jitsu, earning a black belt and competing internationally.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "In 2002, Ver pleaded guilty to dealing explosives (high-yield firecrackers) from his personal residence without a proper license. He was sentenced to 10 months in federal prison.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "In April 2024, Ver was arrested in Spain on a U.S. indictment for alleged tax evasion. Ver hired Roger Stone to lobby Congress for an end to the tax provision he was accused of violating and hired lawyer Chris Kise to his legal team. On October 14, 2025, Ver reached a resolution with the U.S. Department of Justice by entering into a deferred prosecution agreement to settle federal tax charges. As part of the agreement, Ver paid approximately $49.9 million in back taxes, penalties, and interest. The government subsequently dismissed the indictment against him.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "In 2020, he acquired citizenship in Antigua and Barbuda. In April 2024, he was indicted in the United States on tax fraud charges, which he disputes. The U.S. government considered him a fugitive until the second Donald Trump administration struck a deal with Ver, enabling him to avoid prison. Ver had hired a team of lawyers with close ties to Trump and lobbied Trump for a pardon.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "\"Episode 687: Buy This Passport\". Planet Money. 10 March 2016.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7098f994", "title": "Roger Ver", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ver", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7098f994.json"}}
{"text": "CJGY-FM (96.3 FM, \"96.3 Sun FM\") is a radio station licensed to Grande Prairie, Alberta. Owned by Vista Radio, it broadcasts a Contemporary hit radio format serving Grand Prairie, as well as the cities of Dawson Creek and Fort St. John, British Columbia via rebroadcasters.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3951d062", "title": "CJGY-FM", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJGY-FM", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3951d062.json"}}
{"text": "The station received approval in 2006 and launched on December 3, 2007, as 96.3 Shine FM. In 2012, the station was transferred to Grande Prairie Radio, Ltd., owned by Touch Canada Broadcasting co-partner Peter Teichroeb. In 2013, the station re-branded as 96.3 Reach FM, with no change in format.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3951d062", "title": "CJGY-FM", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJGY-FM", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3951d062.json"}}
{"text": "On January 27, 2016, the station received CRTC approval to add new FM transmitters in Dawson Creek (96.7 MHz) and Fort St. John, British Columbia (97.1 MHz). The transmitters, which commenced broadcasting in Summer 2016, repeat the same programs as CJGY-FM, but with local inserts, including news, weather and community information. In 2017, the station was sold to Golden West Broadcasting.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3951d062", "title": "CJGY-FM", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJGY-FM", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3951d062.json"}}
{"text": "In 2023, Golden West requested a license amendment that would allow the station to broadcast a format based on popular music, citing that the Christian format had a small audience and was not profitable. The amendment was approved by the CRTC in January 2024.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3951d062", "title": "CJGY-FM", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJGY-FM", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3951d062.json"}}
{"text": "On May 7, 2025, Vista Radio filed an application with the CRTC to acquire CJGY from Golden West; the sale was approved on October 31, 2025. The sale made CJGY a sister station to CFRI-FM. On January 5, 2026, the station flipped to contemporary hit radio as 96.3 Sun FM, with CFRI concurrently flipping from CHR to mainstream rock.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3951d062", "title": "CJGY-FM", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJGY-FM", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3951d062.json"}}
{"text": "CJGY-FM has the following rebroadcasters:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3951d062", "title": "CJGY-FM", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJGY-FM", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3951d062.json"}}
{"text": "CJGY-FM at The History of Canadian Broadcasting by the Canadian Communications Foundation", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3951d062", "title": "CJGY-FM", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJGY-FM", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3951d062.json"}}
{"text": "CJGY in the REC Canadian station database", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3951d062", "title": "CJGY-FM", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJGY-FM", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3951d062.json"}}
{"text": "Neurology India is a bimonthly peer-reviewed open-access medical journal published by Medknow Publications on behalf of the Neurological Society of India.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eee1acd4", "title": "Neurology India", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology_India", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eee1acd4.json"}}
{"text": "The journal was started in the 1950s. It covers all aspects of neurology, including neurosurgery, neuropsychiatry, neuropathology, neuro-oncology, and neuro-pharmaceutics.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eee1acd4", "title": "Neurology India", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology_India", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eee1acd4.json"}}
{"text": "Abstracting and indexing", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eee1acd4", "title": "Neurology India", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology_India", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eee1acd4.json"}}
{"text": "The journal is abstracted and indexed in:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eee1acd4", "title": "Neurology India", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology_India", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eee1acd4.json"}}
{"text": "According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2024 impact factor of 0.8.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eee1acd4", "title": "Neurology India", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology_India", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eee1acd4.json"}}
{"text": "Bamfurlong is a village in Gloucestershire, England, between Cheltenham and Gloucester, near Gloucestershire Airport, and divided in two by the M5 motorway.  There is no access from one half of Bamfurlong to the other (east to west) other than via Bamfurlong Lane and the motorway bridge.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fa31be66", "title": "Bamfurlong, Gloucestershire", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamfurlong,_Gloucestershire", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fa31be66.json"}}
{"text": "Slowest internet in UK", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fa31be66", "title": "Bamfurlong, Gloucestershire", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamfurlong,_Gloucestershire", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fa31be66.json"}}
{"text": "A survey in 2018 said homes on Greenmeadows Park in Bamfurlong had the slowest broadband internet access in the UK at 0.14 megabits per second. (Mbps). That was nearly 1,900 times slower than the fastest access, which was in Birmingham.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fa31be66", "title": "Bamfurlong, Gloucestershire", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamfurlong,_Gloucestershire", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fa31be66.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Bamfurlong, Gloucestershire at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fa31be66", "title": "Bamfurlong, Gloucestershire", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamfurlong,_Gloucestershire", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fa31be66.json"}}
{"text": "Union Township is a township that is located in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 880 at the time of the 2020 census.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89a142d5", "title": "Union Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Township,_Clearfield_County,_Pennsylvania", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89a142d5.json"}}
{"text": "According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 31.5 square miles (81.5 km2), of which 31.1 square miles (80.7 km2) is land and 0.3 square mile (0.9 km2) (1.05%) is water.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89a142d5", "title": "Union Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Township,_Clearfield_County,_Pennsylvania", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89a142d5.json"}}
{"text": "As of the census of 2000, there were 918 people, 354 households, and 267 families residing in the township.  The population density was 29.5 inhabitants per square mile (11.4/km2).  There were 476 housing units at an average density of 15.3/sq mi (5.9/km2).  The racial makeup of the township was 99.46% White, 0.11% Native American, and 0.44% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.22% of the population.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89a142d5", "title": "Union Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Township,_Clearfield_County,_Pennsylvania", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89a142d5.json"}}
{"text": "There were 354 households, out of which 35.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.7% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.3% were non-families. 20.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.03.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89a142d5", "title": "Union Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Township,_Clearfield_County,_Pennsylvania", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89a142d5.json"}}
{"text": "In the township the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.5 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.3 males.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89a142d5", "title": "Union Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Township,_Clearfield_County,_Pennsylvania", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89a142d5.json"}}
{"text": "The median income for a household in the township was $37,250, and the median income for a family was $43,355. Males had a median income of $31,696 versus $23,438 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,558.  About 3.6% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.9% of those under age 18 and 2.4% of those age 65 or over.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89a142d5", "title": "Union Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Township,_Clearfield_County,_Pennsylvania", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89a142d5.json"}}
{"text": "The township is served by the DuBois Area School District.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89a142d5", "title": "Union Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Township,_Clearfield_County,_Pennsylvania", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89a142d5.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Union Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_89a142d5", "title": "Union Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Township,_Clearfield_County,_Pennsylvania", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_89a142d5.json"}}
{"text": "Bad Vibes is the third studio album by Lloyd Cole. It was released in October 1993 on Fontana Records and reached number 38 on the UK Albums Chart and number 8 on the Swedish chart.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c1e8df0", "title": "Bad Vibes (Lloyd Cole album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Vibes_(Lloyd_Cole_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c1e8df0.json"}}
{"text": "Upon its release, Johnny Dee of NME gave a mixed review of Bad Vibes. He commented that, like Cole's previous two solo albums, there was \"plenty to recommend\" and praised the \"majestic\" \"Morning Is Broken\", the \"lyrical wisecracks\" of \"So You'd Like to Save the World\" and the \"druggy Beatles drawl\" of \"Love You So What\". He felt the album then \"very quickly get[s] bogged down in arty sleaze\", picking \"Wild Mushrooms\" as the \"nadir\" and adding that \"there's more lyrical embarrassments\" on \"Can't Get Arrested\". He concluded, \"If only he'd stop trying to impress us. 'Identity Crisis – The Musical' would have been a better title.\" Sarra Manning of Melody Maker noted the album's \"definite Sixties timbre, as in little acoustic refrains, gently thumping piano and windy chords like raindrops on windowpanes\" and described Cole as \"a slightly worn voice that breaks into throaty emphasis on a caustic word\". She was critical of \"Fall Together\" and \"Can't Get Arrested\" for being \"truly horrendous Beatles' pastiches\", but concluded, \"Forget all your ill-conceived notions of what's credible and what's not and make room for 11 songs that put some aesthetic equilibrium back in your life.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c1e8df0", "title": "Bad Vibes (Lloyd Cole album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Vibes_(Lloyd_Cole_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c1e8df0.json"}}
{"text": "\"Morning Is Broken\" – 5:19", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c1e8df0", "title": "Bad Vibes (Lloyd Cole album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Vibes_(Lloyd_Cole_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c1e8df0.json"}}
{"text": "\"So You'd Like to Save the World\" – 3:30", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c1e8df0", "title": "Bad Vibes (Lloyd Cole album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Vibes_(Lloyd_Cole_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c1e8df0.json"}}
{"text": "\"Holier Than Thou\" – 3:53", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c1e8df0", "title": "Bad Vibes (Lloyd Cole album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Vibes_(Lloyd_Cole_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c1e8df0.json"}}
{"text": "\"Love You So What\" – 3:26", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c1e8df0", "title": "Bad Vibes (Lloyd Cole album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Vibes_(Lloyd_Cole_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c1e8df0.json"}}
{"text": "\"Wild Mushrooms\" – 2:09", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c1e8df0", "title": "Bad Vibes (Lloyd Cole album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Vibes_(Lloyd_Cole_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c1e8df0.json"}}
{"text": "\"My Way to You\" – 4:18", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c1e8df0", "title": "Bad Vibes (Lloyd Cole album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Vibes_(Lloyd_Cole_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c1e8df0.json"}}
{"text": "\"Too Much of a Good Thing\" – 5:04", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c1e8df0", "title": "Bad Vibes (Lloyd Cole album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Vibes_(Lloyd_Cole_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c1e8df0.json"}}
{"text": "\"Fall Together\" – 4:50", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c1e8df0", "title": "Bad Vibes (Lloyd Cole album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Vibes_(Lloyd_Cole_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c1e8df0.json"}}
{"text": "\"Mister Wrong\" – 3:24", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c1e8df0", "title": "Bad Vibes (Lloyd Cole album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Vibes_(Lloyd_Cole_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c1e8df0.json"}}
{"text": "\"Seen the Future\" – 3:21", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c1e8df0", "title": "Bad Vibes (Lloyd Cole album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Vibes_(Lloyd_Cole_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c1e8df0.json"}}
{"text": "\"Can't Get Arrested\" – 8:25", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c1e8df0", "title": "Bad Vibes (Lloyd Cole album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Vibes_(Lloyd_Cole_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c1e8df0.json"}}
{"text": "1994 reissue bonus tracks", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c1e8df0", "title": "Bad Vibes (Lloyd Cole album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Vibes_(Lloyd_Cole_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c1e8df0.json"}}
{"text": "\"For the Pleasure of Your Company\" – 3:42", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c1e8df0", "title": "Bad Vibes (Lloyd Cole album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Vibes_(Lloyd_Cole_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c1e8df0.json"}}
{"text": "Ann Charlotte Vensgaarde", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c1e8df0", "title": "Bad Vibes (Lloyd Cole album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Vibes_(Lloyd_Cole_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c1e8df0.json"}}
{"text": "\"Lightning\" Bob Hoffnar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c1e8df0", "title": "Bad Vibes (Lloyd Cole album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Vibes_(Lloyd_Cole_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c1e8df0.json"}}
{"text": "John Valentine Carruthers", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c1e8df0", "title": "Bad Vibes (Lloyd Cole album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Vibes_(Lloyd_Cole_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c1e8df0.json"}}
{"text": "Dave O'Donnell, Fred Kevorkian, Jon Goldberger, Lloyd Puckitt, Michael White, Mike Krowiak – recording engineers", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c1e8df0", "title": "Bad Vibes (Lloyd Cole album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Vibes_(Lloyd_Cole_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c1e8df0.json"}}
{"text": "Bob Clearmountain – mixing", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c1e8df0", "title": "Bad Vibes (Lloyd Cole album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Vibes_(Lloyd_Cole_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c1e8df0.json"}}
{"text": "David Sims – photography", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c1e8df0", "title": "Bad Vibes (Lloyd Cole album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Vibes_(Lloyd_Cole_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c1e8df0.json"}}
{"text": "Dorans Pride (27 May 1989 – 13 March 2003) was an Irish thoroughbred racehorse.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_845e4bb6", "title": "Dorans Pride", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorans_Pride", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_845e4bb6.json"}}
{"text": "Dorans Pride joined Michael Hourigan's yard in 1992 and was sold by the trainer to Tom Doran in February 1993, who gave the then nicknamed Padjo, his racing name. That season Dorans Pride won his only start in a bumper at Ballinrobe.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_845e4bb6", "title": "Dorans Pride", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorans_Pride", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_845e4bb6.json"}}
{"text": "Hurdling beckoned and Hourigan opted to start Padjo in a maiden hurdle at the Listowel Festival. He won it easily. During his next three starts he finished only second in average company but when stepped up to handicap level he claimed what later proved his greatest scalp so far, subsequent Cheltenham Gold Cup winner Imperial Call.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_845e4bb6", "title": "Dorans Pride", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorans_Pride", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_845e4bb6.json"}}
{"text": "Not having contested any Graded race, Dorans Pride lined up for the 1994 Sun Alliance Novices' Hurdle as an unfancied 14-1 shot but was disputing second with the Nigel Twiston-Davies-trained Corrouge when falling at the final hurdle.  He won the Stayers' Hurdle the following year.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_845e4bb6", "title": "Dorans Pride", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorans_Pride", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_845e4bb6.json"}}
{"text": "Having resented his retirement, he returned as a 14-year-old to run in the Foxhunter Chase at the 2003 Cheltenham Festival but was killed when falling at the second fence.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_845e4bb6", "title": "Dorans Pride", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorans_Pride", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_845e4bb6.json"}}
{"text": "Michael Hourigan's tribute", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_845e4bb6", "title": "Dorans Pride", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorans_Pride", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_845e4bb6.json"}}
{"text": "Racing Post Dorans Pride file", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_845e4bb6", "title": "Dorans Pride", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorans_Pride", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_845e4bb6.json"}}
{"text": "Charles C. Shepard (December 18, 1914 – February 18, 1985) was a microbiologist, and former director of the Centers for Disease Control’s Laboratory Division. It was the diligent efforts of Shepard, and cohort microbiologist Joseph McDade, which led to the 1977 discovery of the initially elusive bacterium Legionella pneumophila, the etiologic agent that causes ‘Legionnaires' disease’. In 1963, he was presented with the Gorgas Medal from the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States (AMSUS).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2fa3563c", "title": "Charles C. Shepard", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_C._Shepard", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2fa3563c.json"}}
{"text": "Shepard was chief of the Leprosy and Rickettsia Branch at CDC for more than 30 years, until his death on February 18, 1985.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2fa3563c", "title": "Charles C. Shepard", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_C._Shepard", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2fa3563c.json"}}
{"text": "Each year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) present the Charles C. Shepard Science Awards to the authors of the most outstanding peer-reviewed research papers published by CDC/ATSDR scientists.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2fa3563c", "title": "Charles C. Shepard", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_C._Shepard", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2fa3563c.json"}}
{"text": "Early life and education", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2fa3563c", "title": "Charles C. Shepard", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_C._Shepard", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2fa3563c.json"}}
{"text": "He was born in Ord, Nebraska, on December 18, 1914. He attended Stanford University (1932–1935) and then transferred to Northwestern University, where he received B.S., M.S., and M.D. degrees", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2fa3563c", "title": "Charles C. Shepard", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_C._Shepard", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2fa3563c.json"}}
{"text": "This article incorporates public domain text from the CDC website, under CDC PHIL image 10136.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2fa3563c", "title": "Charles C. Shepard", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_C._Shepard", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2fa3563c.json"}}
{"text": "Charles C. Shepard Papers at Woodruff Health Sciences Center Library, Historical Collections, Emory University", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2fa3563c", "title": "Charles C. Shepard", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_C._Shepard", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2fa3563c.json"}}
{"text": "The 2022–23 Auburn Tigers women's basketball team represented Auburn University in the 2022–23 college basketball season. Led by second year head coach Johnnie Harris, the team played their games at Neville Arena and were members of the Southeastern Conference.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c5af16", "title": "2022–23 Auburn Tigers women's basketball team", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Auburn_Tigers_women%27s_basketball_team", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c5af16.json"}}
{"text": "Schedule and results", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c5af16", "title": "2022–23 Auburn Tigers women's basketball team", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Auburn_Tigers_women%27s_basketball_team", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c5af16.json"}}
{"text": "2022–23 Auburn Tigers men's basketball team", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c5af16", "title": "2022–23 Auburn Tigers women's basketball team", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Auburn_Tigers_women%27s_basketball_team", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c5af16.json"}}
{"text": "The Wilderness Road was one of two principal routes used by colonial and early national era settlers to reach Kentucky from the East. Although this road goes through the Cumberland Gap into southern Kentucky and northern Tennessee, the other (more northern route) is sometimes called the \"Cumberland Road\" because it started in Fort Cumberland in Maryland. Despite Kentucky Senator Henry Clay's advocacy of this route early in the 19th century, the northern route was selected for the National Road, connecting near Washington, Pennsylvania into the Ohio Valley of northern Kentucky and Ohio.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "In 1775, Daniel Boone blazed a trail for the Transylvania Company from Fort Chiswell in Virginia through the Cumberland Gap. It was later lengthened, following Indian trails, to reach the Falls of the Ohio at Louisville. The Wilderness Road was steep, rough and narrow.  It could be traversed only on foot or horseback. By contrast, wagons could travel along the National Road route (originally the Braddock Road blazed by the competing Ohio Company and George Washington circa 1750), particularly after the improvements.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Despite the adverse conditions, thousands of families used the Wilderness Road. In 1792, the new Kentucky legislature provided money to upgrade the road. In 1796, an improved all-weather road was opened for wagon and carriage travel. The road was abandoned around 1840 (construction on the National Road after Vandalia, Illinois also stopping owing to the Panic of 1837 and early railroad construction), although modern highways follow much of its route.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "The Appalachian Mountains form a natural barrier to east–west travel. From New York to Georgia there are only five ways to travel to the west, with only three natural interior breaks allowing animal powered travel without great engineering works: the Gaps of the Allegheny in Pennsylvania (the Kittanning Paths), the Cumberland Narrows in northwestern Maryland (host to Nemacolin's Path), and the Cumberland Gap in the four-state region of North Carolina and Virginia on the east side and through the gap, Tennessee and Kentucky.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "While late 19th and 20th-century technologies would later bridge the mountain chain in other places, these all required significant civil engineering works to make a road bed past the barrier range geologist classify as the ridge-and-valley Appalachians. Settlers from Pennsylvania tended to migrate south along the Great Wagon Road through the Great Appalachian Valley and Shenandoah Valley.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "The first European explorers of the southern Appalachian Mountains were Spanish. Hernando de Soto and his troops traversed the region in 1540 and 1541 searching for gold.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "The first recorded English explorations of the mountains were those of Abraham Wood, which began around 1650. Later, Wood sent exploring parties into the mountains. The Batts-Fallam expedition reached the New River Valley in 1671.  In 1673, Wood sent Gabriel Arthur and James Needham to the Overhill Cherokee of modern Tennessee.  The purpose was to try to make direct contact with the Cherokee for trade, so as to circumvent the Ocaneechee \"middlemen\" traders.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "The expedition reached the Overhill Cherokee area, but Needham was killed on the return trip. Gabriel Arthur was almost killed, but was rescued and adopted by a Cherokee chief.  For his own safety, Arthur was then sent with one of the chief's raiding parties.  For about a year, he traveled with the Cherokee throughout the Appalachians.  He was probably the first European to visit modern West Virginia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "In 1750, Dr. Thomas Walker, an investor in the Loyal Land Company, with five companions, made a famous exploration through the Cumberland Gap and into eastern Kentucky.  The Loyal Land Company settled people in southwest Virginia, but not Kentucky.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "In 1769, Virginia longhunter and explorer Joseph Martin made the first of several forays into the region. Acting as an agent for Dr. Thomas Walker, to whom Martin was connected through family relationships, Martin began an expedition to Powell's Valley in early 1769 in return for a promised 21,000-acre (8,500 ha) land grant from Walker and the Loyal Land Company. Martin and his men built the earliest westernmost frontier fort at present-day Rose Hill, Virginia, a fort dubbed Martin's Station. Later that year Indians chased off Martin and his men, who returned to Albemarle County. Martin returned six years later to rebuild the fort, and a few months later became an agent for Richard Henderson's Transylvania Company, a land speculation enterprise.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Henderson, a North Carolina judge, organized the Transylvania Company in 1774 with a number of other prominent North Carolinians. The men hoped to purchase land from the Cherokees on the Kentucky side of the Appalachian Mountains and establish a British proprietary colony. Henderson hired Daniel Boone, an experienced hunter who had explored Kentucky, to blaze a trail through the Cumberland Gap into central Kentucky.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Starting on March 10, 1775, Boone, along with 35 axmen, cut a trail from Long Island in Kingsport, Tennessee through the forests and mountains to Kentucky. It was a rough mud trail, hardly more than a path. The Transylvania Company had obtained title to Kentucky from the Cherokee and Iroquois, and even the Shawnee chief Cornstalk, defeated in Dunmore's War, had promised at the Treaty of Camp Charlotte on October 19, 1774, that his tribe would no longer hunt or claim land south of the Ohio River in Kentucky.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Daniel Boone was from Pennsylvania and had migrated south with his family along this road. From an early age, Boone was one of the longhunters who hunted and trapped among the Native American nations along the western frontiers of Virginia, so-called because of the long time they spent away from home on hunts in the wilderness. Boone would sometimes be gone for months and even years before returning home from his hunting expeditions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Boone recommended three essentials for a pioneer: \"A good gun, a good horse, and a good wife.\"  He also would need a strong body, a sharp ax and good luck.  Another essential was salt. Before 1776, it had to be shipped into the Thirteen Colonies from the West Indies at great expense.  It was the only meat preservative available for men on the move and Kentucky had an extra lure with its large salt brine lakes near what is today the community of Boonesborough, Kentucky. The many \"salt licks\" of Kentucky are today reflected in the many place names in the state that use the words \"lick\" or \"licking\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "The Shawnee viewed Boone and other settlers as invaders. On March 24, 1775, Boone and his party were only 15 miles (24 km) from their final destination of the Kentucky River when they camped for the night.  Just before daybreak a group of Shawnee, slinging tomahawks, attacked the sleeping men. Some of Boone's party were killed and a few were wounded but most were able to escape into the woods. Boone regrouped his men and managed to drive off the hostile Shawnee. The party lost some of their horses. Here Boone built a temporary open barricade with 6 to 7-foot (2.1 m) high logs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "By the next year, the Shawnee had been joined by the Chickamauga Cherokee in the Cherokee–American wars with the settlers, which lasted until 1794.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "The route of the Wilderness Road made a long loop from Virginia southward to Tennessee and then northward to Kentucky, a distance of 200 miles (320 km).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "From the Long Island of the Holston River (modern Kingsport, Tennessee), the road went north through Moccasin Gap of Clinch Mountain, then crossed the Clinch River and crossed rough land (called the Devils Raceway) to the North Fork Clinch River.  Then it crossed Powell Mountain at Kanes Gap.  From there it ran southwest through the valley of the Powell River to the Cumberland Gap.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "After passing over the Cumberland Gap the Wilderness Road forked.  The southern fork passed over the Cumberland Plateau to Nashville, Tennessee via the Cumberland River. The northern fork split into two parts. The eastern spur went into the Bluegrass region of Kentucky to Boonesborough on the Kentucky River (near Lexington).  The western spur ran to the Falls of the Ohio (Louisville). As settlements grew southward, the road stretched all the way to Knoxville, Tennessee, by 1792.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Due to road realignments in many places modern roads do not always follow the old wilderness trails.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "The western spur of the Wilderness road was originally known as Skaggs' Trace, named after the longhunter Henry Skaggs. The trace began just outside Hazel Patch, in present-day Laurel County, and continued to Crab Orchard.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "In 1775, Benjamin Logan's party, that included John Floyd, split with Daniel Boone's party and turned westward on Skaggs Trace. The trail went through the Crab Orchard approximately 10 miles where a Blockhouse was built to protect settlers in the area and named Logan's Fort. From there the trail went to the area that became Danville (1783) originally named Crow's Station in 1774, what would become Springfield (1793), Harrodsburg referred to as Harrod's Town or Oldtown and founded by James Harrod on June 16, 1774, abandoned and resettled in 1775, Bardstown (settled in 1780), Shepherdsville (founded as Bullitt's Lick in 1773), and the Falls of the Ohio.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Robert Emmett McDowell (1914–1975), Kentucky historian and Filson Historical Society member since 1956, claims there are errors in Filson's map. The map shows the trail leaving Louisville through Sullivan's Old Station, Kuvkendahl's Mill, the Fishpools to Bullitt's Lick, then through Bardstown to Danville. McDowell claims that originally the trail went through Harrodsburg not Danville, and Sullivan's Old Station and Kuykendahl's Mill were not on the main road but high water alternate paths. Further claims were made that the Wilderness Trail was improved after General George Rogers Clark landed at the Falls of the Ohio which would facilitate the movement of troops and supplies as well as settlers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "In 1784, Filson, also an historian, wrote The Discovery, Settlement and present State of Kentucke and an Essay towards the Topography, and Natural History of that important Country. Reuben Thomas Durrett indicates there are inaccuracies as well.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Because of the threat of Native American attacks, the road was so dangerous that most pioneers traveled well armed. Robbers and criminals also could be found on the road, ready to pounce on weaker pioneers.  Although the Transylvania Company had purchased the region from the Cherokee, and the Iroquois had ceded it at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, other tribes, such as the Shawnee, still claimed it and lived there.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Often entire communities and church congregations would move together over the road to new settlements.  Hundreds of pioneers were killed by Indian attacks.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Defensive log blockhouses built alongside the road had portholes in the walls for firing at Native American attackers. They were often called \"stations\".  No one knew exactly when the next attack would happen. The Shawnee came from the north, while the Chickamauga (Cherokees who rejected the land sale treaty) came from the south. The tribes were resentful of the settlers taking their ancestral hunting lands, and the French and Indian War had further stirred up their passions against the white man.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "There was a great variety of animal life in the wilderness. At night, the pioneers could hear the hoots and screeches of owls, the howls of wolves, and the cries of panthers and wild cats. Sometimes the Native Americans imitated these sounds. Venomous snakes such as copperheads and rattlesnakes blended into the leaves and undergrowth and were a danger to the pioneers, their horses and cattle.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Judge Richard Henderson had made a treaty with the Cherokee at Sycamore Shoals in 1775, purchasing over 20,000,000 acres (8,100,000 ha) of land between the Cumberland and Kentucky Rivers. On March 28, 1775, he left Long Island (Kingsport, Tennessee) with about 30 horsemen on the grueling trip down the Wilderness Road to Kentucky. At Martin's Station 40 to 50 additional pioneers joined the venture.  On their way, they met nearly a hundred refugees fleeing Native American attacks further down the road.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Despite the danger, the party kept going toward Kentucky. Since some of the streams were flooded, the pioneers had to swim with their horses. On April 20, they arrived at Boonesborough, a fortified town, named by Judge Henderson in honor of Boone.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "After 1770, a surge of over 400,000 Scots-Irish immigrants arrived in the colonies to escape the poor harvest, high rents and religious intolerance of Ulster. Since the better lands had already been taken, they constantly pressed onward to the western frontier of the foothills of the Carolinas.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "The flood of Scots-Irish, German, and others immigrants kept coming. Over 200,000 pioneers came over the Wilderness Road, enduring severe hardships. In the winter of 1778–79, the weather was so cold that the Kentucky River froze to a depth of two feet. The frontier settlements alongside the road struggled to survive. Many of the cattle and hogs froze to death. The settlers had to eat frozen cattle and horses to survive.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Often the Chickamauga, under the leadership of Dragging Canoe, would hide in ambush for weeks between Cumberland Gap and Crab Orchard, a distance of 100 miles (160 km).  They would not attack large groups but wait for weaker ones who were not able to defend themselves.  More than 100 men, women and children were killed in the fall of 1784 along the Wilderness Road. Many families, even in ice and snow, crossed the creeks and rivers without shoes or stockings; they often had no money and few clothes. They lived off the land by hunting in the woods and by fishing in the streams.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Since they had hardly any money, entire families sometimes walked hundreds of miles after landing in America. They even used cattle as pack animals to carry their heavy loads. Cabins were built and land was cleared of trees and undergrowth so crops could be planted.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Chestnut was the most popular wood since its logs could be used to build cabins and rail fences to protect crops from wild animals. It could easily be split into shingles for roofs to cover cabins and barns. Its bark was used to make medicine and tannic acid for tanning and dyeing. In the fall, its rich nuts were used to fatten razorback hogs for the market and the home. Hemlock was also highly valued for its many uses.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "The Wilderness Road served as a great path of commerce for the early settlers in Kentucky, as well as for wagon-loads of slaves being transported through Tennessee to plantations in Mississippi and Louisiana. Horses, cattle, sheep and hogs herded in the other direction found waiting markets in the Carolinas, Maryland and Virginia. Hogs in groups of 500 or more were driven down the Road to market.  Beef in Eastern markets had become a main source of income for farmers in Kentucky.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "A postal road was opened in 1792 from Bean Station, Tennessee through Cumberland Gap to Danville, Kentucky.  This was due largely to the efforts of Governor Isaac Shelby of Kentucky.  This connection of Kentucky to the East was a great advantage.  Frontier settlers considered the postal riders heroes and waited eagerly for their arrival for news from settlements along the trails as well as getting their mail and newspapers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Civil War and decline", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Use of the Wilderness Road fell when the National Road was opened in 1818, allowing travel to the Ohio River on more level ground from the East. The Panic of 1837, geology and new railroad technology doomed the James River Canal, once envisioned as augmenting this commercial route. At the same time, the steamboat first appeared on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, allowing faster and cheaper travel both up and down the rivers. During the 1850s, the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad was constructed along part of this route.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "During the American Civil War, both the Union Army and the Confederate States Army used the Wilderness Road. An early battle (Camp Wildcat), stymied the first Confederate attempt to seize control of neutral Kentucky. The Cumberland Gap changed hands four times throughout the war. Southern troops used the road for marches into Virginia. General Ulysses S. Grant came down the road for the Union campaign in Tennessee in 1864. Grant was so taken by the Road that he said, \"With two brigades of the Army of the Cumberland I could hold that pass against the army which Napoleon led to Moscow.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "A segment of the Wilderness Road was among the first roads in the United States to be paved. The old road from the town of Cumberland Gap, Tennessee to Middlesboro, Kentucky through the mountain pass was paved and completed on October 3, 1908. This was an \"object-lesson\" road (a new kind of paved macadam construction funded by local communities but with federal governmental supervision) initiated by the U.S. Office of Public Roads.  At that time, only about 680 miles (1,090 km) of paved roads existed in the United States. Its name was later changed to U.S. Route 25E. This new road brought a new industry, tourism, to the rural areas filling hotels and restaurants with travelers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Cumberland Gap is a National Historical Park, and portions of the Wilderness Road can be visited at Wilderness Road State Park in Virginia.  Additionally, a reconstructed fort at Martin's Station in Virginia on the Wilderness Road can be visited about 5 miles (8 km) east of the Cumberland Gap. Since the completion of the Cumberland Gap Tunnel in 1996, a project has been underway to restore the original appearance of the Wilderness Road as it crosses the historic Cumberland Gap.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Since 2001, Hwy. 25E has been obliterated over several miles of its length and the original grade restored, including the addition of 32 feet (9.8 m) of elevation to restore the Gap to its original contour, with virtually all modern artifacts, buildings and roads removed.  The replanting of thousands of seedlings from original forest stocks in the area is intended, over a period of decades, to recreate a forest that will allow visitors to view the crossing of the Gap on the Wilderness Road as travelers would have experienced it circa 1790.  This section of the Wilderness Road is now a hiking trail, including an interpretive center about the road's history located on the Tennessee side.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Kentucky County, Virginia", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Axelrod, Alan: What Every American Should Know About American History (1992)  Holbrook, MA.  Adams Media Corp. ISBN 1-55850-309-9.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Bodett, Tom: America's Historic Trails (1992) San Francisco  James Connoly (Small World Productions). ISBN 0-912333-00-6", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Calloway, Brenda: America's First Western Frontier: East Tennessee (1989) Kingsport, Tenn. The Overmountain Press  . ISBN 0-932807-34-8", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Cooke, Alistair: Alistair Cooke's America (1973) New York Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Eslinger, Ellen: Running Mad for Kentucky: Frontier Travel Accounts. University Press of Kentucky, (2004).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Drake, Richard B. A History of Appalachia. University Press of Kentucky (2001).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Kincaid, Robert: The Wilderness Road (1992) Kingsport, Tenn.  Arcata Graphics. ISBN Unknown  ASIN B0006BNK0U", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Leyburn, James G: The Scotch Irish A Social History (1962) Chapel Hill .University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0-8078-4259-1.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Newby, Eric: The Rand McNally World Atlas of Exploration (1975) London: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 0-528-83015-5.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Riley, Darnell: The Tennessee Blue Book (2004) Nashville: State of Tennessee. ASIN B000B9LQIK", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Rouse, Parke, Jr: The Great Wagon Road (2004) Richmond: The Diaz Press. ISBN 0-87517-065-X.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Webb, James: Born Fighting How the Scots-Irish Shaped America (2004) New York : Broadway Books. ISBN 0-7679-1688-3.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Williams, John Alexander: Appalachia: A History (2002) Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-5368-2.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Parr, Elizabeth L. (January 1928). \"Kentucky's Overland Trade with the Ante-Bellum South\" (PDF). Filson Club Quarterly. II. Louisville, Kentucky: Filson Historical Society: 71–81.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Interactive map of the Wilderness Road", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Map of the Kentucky part of the Wilderness Road", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "The Wilderness Road Regional Museum in Dublin, Virginia, is owned and operated by the New River Historical Society.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a47f6f62", "title": "Wilderness Road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a47f6f62.json"}}
{"text": "Austin Airways was a passenger airline and freight carrier based in Timmins, Ontario, and one of the oldest in Canada.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "Established as Capreol and Austin Air Services was one of Canada's oldest airlines, starting operations in 1934. The home base was Timmins and it operated many duties in addition to passenger and freight services. Over the years, scheduled services served over 40 cities, including one destination in the United States. In 1973 it merged with White River Air Services but continued to operate as Austin Airways.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "In June 1987 it merged with Air Ontario Ltd (formerly Great Lakes Airlines, formed in 1958) to form Air Ontario Inc. In turn Air Ontario became part of Air Canada Jazz in 2001.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "The April 26, 1987 Air Ontario/Austin Airways joint system timetable listed Air Canada Connector code share flights operated by both airlines on behalf of Air Canada with Austin Airways operating 14-passenger Beechcraft 99, 7-passenger Cessna 402, 19-passenger de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter, 37-passenger de Havilland Canada DHC-8 Dash 8 and 40 to 43-passenger Hawker Siddeley HS 748 aircraft at this time. The HS 748 turboprop was the largest aircraft operated by Austin Airways.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "Over its long history, Austin Airways operated the following aircraft:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "Beech 99 (turboprop)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "Cessna Citation (business jet)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "Consolidated PBY Canso (amphibian aircraft)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter (STOL capable turboprop)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "Douglas DC-3 (includes C-47 model)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "Hawker Siddeley HS 748 (turboprop)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "The following destinations were served by Austin Airways during its existence. Most of the destinations served by the airline were isolated and remote airports in northern Ontario and Quebec provinces as well as in the Northwest Territories (NWT) (now Nunavut) in Canada in addition to several larger airports across Ontario. Minneapolis/St. Paul in the U.S. was the only non-Canadian destination served by the airline during its existence.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "Formerly part of the Northwest Territories", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota - only U.S. destination", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "Accidents and incidents", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "On 9 January 1964 Douglas C-47 CF-ILQ crashed 50 minutes after take-off on a cargo flight from Moosonee to Nemiscan Settlement, Ontario. Both pilots were seriously injured, but were pulled from the aircraft 4–5 days later by a search and rescue party and ultimately survived. It was determined that the crash was caused by fuel deprivation leading to engine failure of both of the aircraft's engines. To this day, the hulk of the aircraft still sits where it had crashed in 1964, despite being partially salvaged, and burned from a forest fire that swept across the area in the mid-1980s.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "On 9 November 1969, Douglas C-47B CF-AAL crashed on approach to Timmins, Ontario killing two of the four people on board. The aircraft was operating a domestic flight from Winisk, Ontario.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "On 19 June 1970, Douglas C-47A CF-AAC was written off in an accident at Val-d'Or, Quebec.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "On 4 September 1976, DHC-3 CF-MIT struck power lines in the Abitibi Canyon near Fraserdale, Ontario in below VFR conditions, with loss of all 10 people on board, the worst accident in the airline's history.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "On 10 December 1976, Douglas C-47A C-FIAX crashed on take-off from Chisasibi, Quebec. All eight people on board survived.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "On 19 January 1986, Douglas C-47A C-GNNA struck a 150 feet (46 m) high Non-directional beacon tower and crashed at Sachigo Lake Airport, Ontario. After clipping the top of the tower, the pilot lost use of ailerons, and the plane began flipping over. He used the rudder to correct, spotted the runway, and made a controlled crash landing. The pilot saved all five on board with his actions, but he himself suffered two crushed vertebrae.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "List of defunct airlines of Canada", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "Ontario Plaques - Austin Airways", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame - Austin", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame - Russell", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "Partial Fleet Listing", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "Austin Airways yahoo group", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_933c692e", "title": "Austin Airways", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Airways", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_933c692e.json"}}
{"text": "Oświęcim Basin (Polish: Kotlina Oświęcimska) is a lowland, located in southern Poland, between the Lesser Poland Highlands to the north, Silesian Foothills and Wieliczka Foothills to the south. It has the size of around 1,236 km2 (477 sq mi). Its name comes from the city of Oświęcim. It is located on the Vistula River on the confluences of Biała, Soła and Skawa which begin in Carpathian Mountains and Przemsza which begins in Silesian Highlands.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_986a3b98", "title": "Oświęcim Basin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim_Basin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_986a3b98.json"}}
{"text": "Intersex medical interventions (IMI), sometimes known as intersex genital mutilations (IGM), are surgical, hormonal and other medical interventions performed to modify atypical or ambiguous genitalia and other sex characteristics, primarily for the purposes of making a person's appearance more typical and to reduce the likelihood of future problems. The history of intersex surgery has been characterized by controversy due to reports that surgery can compromise sexual function and sensation, and create lifelong health issues. The medical interventions can be for a variety of reasons, due to the enormous variety of the disorders of sex development. Some disorders, such as salt-wasting disorder, can be life-threatening if left untreated. Additionally, non-consensual surgery or stigmas surrounding intersex individuals may lead to feelings of dysphoria and negative mental health outcomes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Interventions on intersex infants and children are increasingly recognized as human rights issues. Intersex organizations, and human rights institutions increasingly question the basis and necessity of such interventions. In 2011, Christiane Völling won the first successful case brought against a surgeon for non-consensual surgical intervention. In 2015, the Council of Europe recognized, for the first time, a right for intersex persons not to undergo sex-assignment treatment and Malta became the first country to prohibit involuntary or coerced modifications to sex characteristics.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Purposes of genital reconstructive surgery", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "The goals of surgery vary with the type of intersex condition but usually include one or more of the following:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Physical health rationales:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "to improve the potential for fertility", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "to provide an outlet for menstruation", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "to prevent or reduce urinary tract infections or obstruction", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "to reduce risk of cancer in gonads with high risk levels", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "to close open wounds or exposed internal organs", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "to improve urinary or fecal continence.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Psychosocial rationales:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "to alleviate parental distress over the atypical genital appearance.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "to make the appearance more normal for the person's sex of rearing", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "to reduce effects of atypical genitalia on psychosexual development and gender identity", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "to improve the potential for adult sexual relationships", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Both sets of rationales may be the subject of debate, particularly as the consequences of surgical interventions are lifelong and irreversible. Questions regarding physical health include accurately assessing risk levels, necessity and timing. Psychosocial rationales are particularly susceptible to questions of necessity as they reflect parental, social, and cultural concerns. There remains no clinical consensus or clear evidence regarding surgical timing, necessity, type of surgical intervention, degree of difference warranting intervention and evaluation method. Such surgeries are the subject of significant contention, including community activism, and multiple reports by international human rights and health institutions and national ethics bodies.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Types of intervention", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Interventions include:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "genetic selection and terminations", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "treatment for gender dysphoria", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "psychosocial support", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Surgical interventions can broadly be divided into  masculinizing surgical procedures intended to make genitalia more like those of typical XY-males, and feminizing surgical procedures intended to make genitalia more like those of typical XX-females. There are multiple techniques or approaches for each procedure. Some of these are needed for variations in degrees of physical difference. Techniques and procedure have evolved over the last 60 years. Some of the different techniques have been devised to reduce complications associated with earlier techniques. There remains a lack of consensus on surgeries, and some clinicians still regard them as experimental.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Some children receive a combination of procedures. For example, a child regarded as a severely undervirilized boy with a pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias may have midline urogenital closure, third degree hypospadias repair, chordee release and phalloplasty, and orchiopexy performed. A child regarded as a severely virilized girl with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) may undergo both a partial clitoral recession and a vaginoplasty.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Masculinizing surgical procedures", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Orchiopexy and hypospadias repair are the most common types of genital corrective surgery performed in infant boys. In a few parts of the world 5-alpha-reductase deficiency or defects of testosterone synthesis, or even rarer forms of intersex account for a significant portion of cases but these are rare in North America and Europe. Masculinizing surgery for completely virilized individuals with XX sex chromosomes and CAH is even rarer. An early procedure was performed by London surgeon Thomas Brand in 1779.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Orchiopexy for repair of undescended testes (cryptorchidism) is the second most common surgery performed on infant male genitalia (after circumcision). The surgeon moves one or both testes, with blood vessels, from an abdominal or inguinal position to the scrotum. If the inguinal canal is open it must be closed to prevent hernia. Potential surgical problems include maintaining the blood supply. If vessels cannot be stretched into the scrotum, or are separated and cannot be reconnected, a testis will die and atrophy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Hypospadias repair may be a single-stage procedure if the hypospadias is of the first or second degree (urethral opening on glans or shaft respectively) and the penis is otherwise normal. Surgery for third-degree hypospadias (urethral opening on perineum or in urogenital opening) is more challenging, may be done in stages, and has a significant rate of complications and unsatisfactory outcomes. Potential surgical problems: For severe hypospadias (3rd degree, on perineum) constructing a urethral tube the length of the phallus is not always successful, leaving an opening (a \"fistula\") proximal to the intended urethral opening. Sometimes a second operation is successful, but some boys and men have been left with chronic problems with fistulas, scarring and contractures that make urination or erections uncomfortable, and loss of sensation. It is increasingly recognized that long-term outcomes are poor.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Epispadias repair may involve comprehensive surgical repair of the genito-urinary area, usually during the first seven years of life, including reconstruction of the urethra, closure of the penile shaft and mobilisation of the corpora.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Urogenital closure closure of any midline opening at the base of the penis. In severe undervirilization a boy may have a \"pseudovaginal pouch\" or a single urogenital opening in the midline of the perineum. Potential surgical problems: The most complicated aspect of closure involves moving the urethra to the phallus if it is not already there (i.e., repairing a perineal hypospadias). Fistulas, scarring, and loss of sensation are the main risks.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Gonadectomy (also referred to as \"orchiectomy\") removal of the gonads. This is done in three circumstances. (1) If the gonads are dysgenetic testes or streak gonads and at least some of the boy's cells have a Y chromosome, the gonads or streaks must be removed because they are nonfunctional but have a relatively high risk of developing gonadoblastoma. (2) In rare instances when an XX child has completely virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia (Prader stage 5), the ovaries can be removed before puberty to stop breast development and/or menstruation. (3) Gonadectomy can be performed in the equally rare instance of a child with true hermaphroditism virilized enough to raise as male, in which ovaries or ovotestes can be removed. A lifetime of hormone replacement will be required, to avoid osteoporosis and enable sexual functioning.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Chordee release is the cutting of ventral penile skin and connective tissue to free and straighten the penis. A mild chordee, manifest as a well-formed penis \"bent\" downward by subcutaneous connective tissue, may be an isolated birth defect easily repaired by releasing some of the inelastic connective tissue on the ventral side of the shaft. In a complete chordee the phallus is \"tethered\" downward to the perineum by skin. A more severe chordee is often accompanied by a hypospadias and sometimes by severe undervirilization: a perineal \"pseudovaginal pouch\" and bifid (\"split\") scrotum with an undersized penis. This combination, referred to as pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias, is in the spectrum of ambiguous genitalia due to a number of conditions.  Scarring and contracture are occasional complications, but most unsatisfactory outcomes occur when a severe hypospadias needs to be repaired as well. Long-term complications can include fistulas between colon or upper rectum and skin or other cavities, or between urethra and perineum. Loss of sensation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Cloacal repair is among the most complex of the surgeries described here. Bladder exstrophy or more severe cloacal exstrophy is a major birth defect involving inadequate closure and incomplete midline fusion of multiple pelvic and perineal organs as well as the front of the pelvis and lower abdominal wall. The penis and scrotum are often widely bifid (the two embryonic parts unjoined). The penis often cannot be salvaged, although the testes can be retained. Repair may involve closure of the bladder, closure of the anterior abdominal wall, colostomy (temporary or permanent) with reconstruction of the rectum. If the halves of the phallus cannot be joined, they may be removed. The smallest defect in this spectrum is an epispadias. Surgical repair for this is primarily a phalloplasty. Potential surgical problems: Surgery for the more severe degrees of cloacal exstrophy is extensive and usually multistage. A variety of potential problems and complications can occur, including need for long-term colostomy or vesicostomy. In many cases a functional penis cannot be created. Scarring is often extensive and the lower torso severely disfigured even with fairly good outcomes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Phalloplasty is a general term for any reconstruction of the penis itself, especially for more unusual types of injuries, deformities, or birth defects. The principal difficulty is that erectile tissue is not easily constructed and this limits the surgeon's ability to make more than minor size changes. Construction of a narrow tube lined with mucosa (a urethra) is a similar challenge.  Minor revisions of the skin are rarely followed by problems. More complicated reconstruction may result in scarring and contracture, which can distort the shape or curvature of the penis, or interfere with erections or make them painful.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Hysterectomy is removal of a uterus. It is rare that a uterus or Müllerian duct derivatives would need to be removed from a child being raised as a boy: see persistent Müllerian duct syndrome. The most common scenario is accidental discovery of persistent Müllerian derivatives or a small uterus during abdominal surgery of a normal boy for cryptorchidism, appendectomy, or bowel disease. Removal would not involve genital surgery. A rarer indication would be that of a completely virilized XX child with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (Prader stage 5) being raised as a male; ovaries and uterus must be removed to prevent breast development and menstruation by early adolescence. Risks are simply those of abdominal surgery.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Testicular prostheses are saline-filled plastic ovoids implanted in the scrotum. They have no function except to provide the appearance and feel of testes. Several sizes are available, but most are implanted in adolescence to avoid repeated procedures to implant larger sizes at puberty. Prostheses made of silastic are no longer available due to safety and perception-of-safety concerns. Potential surgical problems: Foreign body reactions, rarely with infection or erosion of scrotal skin, are minimal but constitute the most significant complication.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Penile augmentation surgery is surgery intended to enlarge a small penis. Early attempts in the 1950s and 1960s involved constructing a tube of non-erectile flesh extending a small penis but the penis did not function. In recent years a small number of urologists have been offering an augmentation procedure that involves moving outward some of the buried components of the corpora so that the penis protrudes more. The girth is augmented with transplantation of the patient's fat. This procedure is designed to preserve erectile and sexual function without surgically altering the urethra. This type of surgery is not performed on children and primarily produces a small increase in the size of a normal penis, but would be less likely to produce a major functional change in a severe micropenis. Potential surgical problems include reabsorption of the fat, scarring resulting in interference with erectile function, and issues with physical sensation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Concealed penis where a normal penis is buried in suprapubic fat. In most cases, when the fat is depressed with the fingers, the penis is seen to be of normal size. This is common in overweight boys before the penile growth of puberty. Surgical techniques have been devised to improve it. The most common problems post-surgery are recurrence with continued weight gain and scarring.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Feminizing surgical procedures", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "In the last 50 years, the following procedures were most commonly performed to make the genitalia more typically female: virilization due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia; genital variations due, for example, to cloacal exstrophy; genital variations in infants with XY or mixed chromosomes to be raised as girls, such as gonadal dysgenesis, partial and complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, micropenis, cloacal and bladder exstrophy. In the 21st century, feminizing surgery to support reassignment of XY infants with non-ambiguous micropenis has been largely discontinued, and surgical reassignment of XY infants with exstrophy or other significant variations or injuries is diminishing. See history of intersex surgery.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Clitorectomy amputation or removal of most of the clitoris, including glans, erectile tissue, and nerves. This procedure was the most common clitoral surgery performed prior to 1970, but was largely abandoned by 1980 because it usually resulted in loss of clitoral sensation. Potential surgical problems: The primary effect of this surgery is a drastic reduction in ability to experience orgasm. The appearance is not very normal. Regrowth of unwanted erectile tissue has sometimes presented problems.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Clitoroplasty, like phalloplasty, is a term that encompasses any surgical reconstruction of the clitoris, such as removal of the corpora. Clitoral recession and reduction can both be referred to as clitoroplasty. Potential surgical problems: Major complications can include scarring, contractures, loss of sensation, loss of capacity for orgasm, and unsatisfactory appearance.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Clitoral recession involves the repositioning of the erectile body and glans of the clitoris farther back under the symphysis pubis and/or skin of the preputium and mons. This was commonly done from the 1970s through the 1980s to reduce protrusion without sacrificing sensation. Outcomes were often unsatisfactory, and it fell into disfavor in the last 15 years. Potential surgical problems: Unfortunately the subsequent sensations were not always pleasant, and erection could be painful. Adults who had a clitoral recession in early childhood often report reduced capacity for enjoyment of sexual intercourse, though similar women who had not had surgery also report a high rate of sexual dysfunction.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Clitoral reduction was developed in the 1980s to reduce size without reducing function. Lateral wedges of the erectile tissue of the clitoris are removed to reduce the size and protrusion. The neurovascular tissue is carefully spared to preserve function and sensation. Nerve stimulation and sensory responses are now often performed during the surgery to confirm function of the sensory nerves. Clitoral reduction is rarely done except in combination with vaginoplasty when substantial virilization is present. Potential problems: The degree to which the goal of preserving sexual sensations is attained is a subject of controversy regarding the necessity of such treatments, and lack of firm evidence of good outcomes. The success of more contemporary approaches was challenged by Thomas in 2004: \"confidence in the superiority of modern surgery is almost certainly misplaced as the crucial components of current clitoral reduction surgery are not fundamentally different from those used in specialist centres 20 years ago\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Vaginoplasty, the construction or reconstruction of a vagina, can be fairly simple or quite complex, depending on the initial anatomy. If a normal internal uterus, cervix and upper vagina (the Müllerian derivatives) exist, and the outer virilization is modest, surgery involves separating the fused labia and widening the vaginal introitus. With greater degrees of virilization, the major challenge of the procedure is to provide a passage connecting the outer vaginal opening to the cervix which will stay wide enough to allow coitus. XY girls or women with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome will have a blind vaginal pouch of varying degrees of depth. Sometimes this can be dilated to a usable depth. Sometimes surgery is performed to deepen it.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "The most challenging surgery with the highest complication rate is construction of an entirely new vagina (a \"neovagina\"). The most common instance of this is when a child will be assigned and raised as a female despite complete virilization, as with Prader 5 CAH, or (in the past) when a genetic male infant with a severely defective penis was reassigned as a female. One method is to use a segment of colon, which provides a lubricated mucosal surface as a substitute for the vaginal mucosa. Another is to line the new vagina with a skin graft. Potential surgical problems: Stenosis (narrowing) of the constructed vagina is the most common long-term complication and the chief reason that a revision may be required when a girl is older. When a neovagina is made from a segment of bowel, it tends to leak mucus; when made with a skin graft, lubrication is necessary. Less common complications include fistulas, uncomfortable scarring, and problems with urinary continence.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Gonadectomy is removal of the gonads. If the gonads are dysgenetic testes or streak gonads and at least some of the cells have a Y chromosome, the gonads or streaks must be removed because they are nonfunctional but have a relatively high risk of developing gonadoblastoma. If the gonads are relatively \"normal\" testes, but the child is to be assigned and raised as female, (e.g., for intersex conditions with severe undervirilization, or major malformations involving an absent or unsalvageable penis) they must be removed before puberty to prevent virilization from rising testosterone.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Testes in androgen insensitivity are a special case: if there is any degree of responsiveness to testosterone, they should be removed before puberty. On the other hand, if androgen insensitivity is complete, the testes may be left to produce estradiol (via testosterone) to induce breast development, but there is a slowly increasing risk of cancer in adult life. Streak gonads without a Y chromosome cell line need not be removed but will not function. Finally, the gonads in true hermaphroditism must be directly examined; atypical gonads with Y line or potential testicular function should be removed but in rare instances a surgeon may try to preserve the ovarian part of an ovotestis. Potential surgical problems: A lifetime of hormone replacement will be required, to avoid osteoporosis and enable sexual functioning.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Cloacal exstrophy and bladder exstrophy repair is needed regardless of the sex of assignment or rearing. Simple bladder exstrophy in a genetic female does not usually involve the vagina. Cloacal exstrophy in a genetic female usually requires major surgical reconstruction of the entire perineum, including bladder, clitoris, symphysis pubis, and both the vaginal introitus and urethra. However, the uterus and ovaries are normally formed. Severe bladder exstrophy or cloacal exstrophy in genetic males often renders the phallus widely split, small, and unsalvageable. The scrotum is also widely split, though testes themselves are usually normal. From the 1960s until the 1990s, many of these infants were assigned and raised as females, with fashioning of a vagina and gonadectomy as part of the perineal reconstruction.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Potential surgical problems: Surgery for the more severe degrees of cloacal exstrophy is extensive and usually multistage. A variety of potential problems and complications can occur, including need for long-term colostomy or vesicostomy. Creating a functional urethra is difficult and poor healing, with scarring, stricture, or fistula can require a vesicostomy to prevent urinary incontinence. Construction of a functional internal and external anal sphincter can be equally difficult when this has been disrupted as well. Functional problems can warrant a temporary or long-term colostomy. The added challenge for the most severely affected genetic females, and for genetic males who are being raised as females, is construction of a neovagina. Scarring is extensive and the lower torso disfigured even with the best outcomes. Finally, it has become apparent that some XY males (without intersex conditions) who are reassigned and raised as females have not developed a female gender identity and have sought reassignment back to male.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "There is widespread evidence of prenatal testing and hormone treatment to prevent intersex traits. In 1990, a paper by Heino Meyer-Bahlburg titled Will Prenatal Hormone Treatment Prevent Homosexuality? was published in the Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. It examined the use of \"prenatal hormone screening or treatment for the prevention of homosexuality\" using research conducted on fetuses with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Dreger, Feder, and Tamar-Mattis describe how later research constructs \"low interest in babies and men – and even interest in what they consider to be men's occupations and games – as \"abnormal\", and potentially preventable with prenatal dex [amethasone]\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Genetic selection and terminations", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "The ethics of preimplantation genetic diagnosis to select against intersex traits was the subject of 11 papers in the October 2013 issue of the American Journal of Bioethics. There is widespread evidence of pregnancy terminations arising from prenatal testing, as well prenatal hormone treatment to prevent intersex traits.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "In April 2014, Organisation Intersex International Australia made a submission on genetic selection via preimplantation genetic diagnosis to the National Health and Medical Research Council recommending that deselection of embryos and fetuses on grounds of intersex status should not be permitted. It quoted research by Professors Morgan Holmes, Jeff Nisker, associate professor Georgiann Davis, and by Jason Behrmann and Vardit Ravitsky. It quotes research showing pregnancy termination rates of up to 88% in 47,XXY even while the World Health Organization describes the trait as \"compatible with normal life expectancy\", and \"often undiagnosed\".  Behrmann and Ravitsky find social concepts of sex, gender and sexual orientation to be \"intertwined on many levels. Parental choice against intersex may thus conceal biases against same-sex attractedness and gender nonconformity.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "The DSM-5 included a change from using gender identity disorder to gender dysphoria. This revised code now specifically includes intersex people who do not identify with their sex assigned at birth and experience clinically significant distress or impairment, using the language of disorders of sex development. This move was criticized by intersex advocacy groups in Australia and New Zealand.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "When intersex individuals receive non-consensual surgery at birth, this can lead to life-long trauma and feelings of gender dysphoria. This is because \"gender-normalizing\" surgery is non-accepting towards intersex individual by forcing them to conform to a binary. There are changing practices surrounding intersex surgery of infants with more hospitals or medical professionals discouraging intersex surgery when the child cannot make the decision themselves. However, there have not been any federal or local policies in the United States surrounding non-consensual intersex surgery on infants or children.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Psychosocial support", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "A 2006 clinician \"Consensus Statement on Intersex Disorders and Their Management\" attempted to prioritize psychosocial support for children and families, but it also supports surgical intervention with psychosocial rationales such as \"minimizing family concern and distress\" and \"mitigating the risks of stigmatization and gender-identity confusion\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "In 2012, the Swiss National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics argued strongly in favour of improved psychosocial support, saying:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "The initial aim of counselling and support is therefore to create a protected space for parents and the newborn, so as to facilitate a close bond. In addition, the parents need to be enabled to take the necessary decisions on the child's behalf calmly and after due reflection. In this process, they should not be subjected to time or social pressures. Parents' rapid requests for medical advice or for corrective surgery are often a result of initial feelings of helplessness, which need to be overcome so as to permit carefully considered decision-making.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "It is important to bear in mind and also to point out to the parents that a diagnosis does not in itself entail any treatment or other medical measures, but serves initially to provide an overview of the situation and a basis for subsequent decisions, which may also take the form of watchful waiting.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "...interventions have lasting effects on the development of identity, fertility, sexual functioning and the parent-child relationship. The parents' decisions should therefore be marked by authenticity, clarity and full awareness, and based on love for the child, so that they can subsequently be openly justified vis-à-vis the child or young adult.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "A joint international statement by intersex community organizations published in 2013 sought, amongst other demands:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Recognition that medicalization and stigmatisation of intersex people result in significant trauma and mental health concerns.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "In view of ensuring the bodily integrity and well-being of intersex people, autonomous non-pathologising psycho-social and peer support be available to intersex people throughout their life (as self-required), as well as to parents and/or care providers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Outcomes and evidence", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Specialists at the Intersex Clinic at University College London began to publish evidence in 2001 that indicated the harm that can arise as a result of inappropriate interventions, and advised minimising the use of childhood surgical procedures.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "A 2004 paper by Heino Meyer-Bahlburg and others examined outcomes from early surgeries in individuals with XY variations, at one patient centre. The study has been used to support claims that \"the majority of women... have clearly favored genital surgery at an earlier age\" but the study was criticized by Baratz and Feder in a 2015 paper for neglecting to inform respondents that:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "(1) not having surgery at all might be an option; (2) they might have had lower rates of reoperation for stenosis if surgery were performed later, or (3) that significant technical improvements that were expected to improve outcomes had occurred in the 13 or 14 years between when they underwent early childhood surgery and when it might have been deferred until after puberty.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Chicago consensus statement", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "In 2006, an invited group of clinicians met in Chicago and reviewed clinical evidence and protocols, and adopted a new term for intersex conditions: Disorders of sex development (DSD) in the journal article Consensus Statement on Intersex Disorders and their Management. The new term refers to \"congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical.\" The term has been controversial and not widely adopted outside clinical settings: the World Health Organization and many medical journals still refer to intersex traits or conditions. Academics like Georgiann Davis and Morgan Holmes, and clinical psychologists like Tiger Devore argue that the term DSD was designed to \"reinstitutionalise\" medical authority over intersex bodies. On surgical rationales and outcomes, the article stated that:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "It is generally felt that surgery that is carried out for cosmetic reasons in the first year of life relieves parental distress and improves attachment between the child and the parents. The systematic evidence for this belief is lacking. ... information across a range of assessments is insufficient ... outcomes from clitoroplasty identify problems related to decreased sexual sensitivity, loss of clitoral tissue, and cosmetic issues ... Feminising as opposed to masculinising genitoplasty requires less surgery to achieve an acceptable outcome and results in fewer urological difficulties... Long term data on sexual function and quality of life among those assigned female as well as male show great variability. There are no controlled clinical trials of the efficacy of early (less than 12 months of age) versus late surgery (in adolescence and adulthood), or of the efficacy of different techniques\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Data presented in recent years suggests that little has changed in practice. Creighton and others in the UK have found that there have been few audits of the implementation of the 2006 statement, clitoral surgeries on under-14s have increased since 2006, and \"recent publications in the medical literature tend to focus on surgical techniques with no reports on patient experiences\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "In 2013, the Australian parliamentary became the first to investigate medical procedures and interventions performed on intersex individuals without their consent. The inquiry questions whether or not these interventions were done ethically and with the patient's approval and awareness. However, even though the Australian parliament became the first to perform these inquiries on the rights of intersex individuals, they have not been implemented. Non-voluntary or forced genital-normalizing surgeries are still performed with approval from the Family Court of Australia. Although Australia has legal inclusion policies that recognize binary and intersex bodies, the continuation of nonconsensual medical interventions and treatments suggests that practices have not changed much.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "A 2014 civil society submission to the World Health Organization cited data from a large German Netzwerk DSD/Intersexualität study:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "In a study in Lübeck conducted between 2005 and 2007 ...  81% of 439 individuals had been subjected to surgeries due to their intersex diagnoses. Almost 50% of participants reported psychological problems. Two thirds of the adult participants drew a connection between sexual problems and their history of surgical treatment. Participating children reported significant disturbances, especially within family life and physical well-being – these are areas that the medical and surgical treatment was supposed to stabilize.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "A 2016 Australian study of persons born with atypical sex characteristics found that \"strong evidence suggesting a pattern of institutionalised shaming and coercive treatment of people\". Large majorities of respondents opposed standard clinical protocols.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "2016 Global DSD Update", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "A 2016 follow-up to the 2006 Consensus Statement, termed a Global Disorders of Sex Development Update stated,", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "There is still no consensual attitude regarding indications, timing, procedure and evaluation of outcome of DSD surgery. The levels of evidence of responses given by the experts are low (B and C), while most are supported by team expertise... Timing, choice of the individual and irreversibility of surgical procedures are sources of concerns. There is no evidence regarding the effect of surgically treated or non-treated DSDs during childhood for the individual, the parents, society or the risk of stigmatization... Physicians working with these families should be aware that the trend in recent years has been for legal and human rights bodies to increasingly emphasize preserving patient autonomy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "A 2016 paper on \"Surgery in disorders of sex development (DSD) with a gender issue\" repeated many of the same claims, but without reference to human rights norms. A commentary to that article by Alice Dreger and Ellen Feder criticized that omission, stating that issues have barely changed in two decades, with \"lack of novel developments\", while \"lack of evidence appears not to have had much impact on physicians' confidence in a standard of care that has remained largely unchanged.\" Another 2016 commentary stated that the purpose of the 2006 Consensus Statement was to validate existing practices, \"The authoritativeness and \"consensus\" in the Chicago statement lies not in comprehensive clinician input or meaningful community input, but in its utility to justify any and all forms of clinical intervention.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Controversies and unsettled questions", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Management practices for intersex conditions have evolved over the last 60 years. In recent decades surgical practices have become the subject of public and professional controversy, and evidence remains lacking.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "A 2024 systematic review found that \"\"Sex-normalising\" interventions are conducted based largely on rationales that were not adequately supported by evidence, a desire from parents and surgeons to match genital cosmesis typically ascribed to male and female bodies, and a parental desire for intervention conduct.\" Most studies only reported on cosmetic outcomes as viewed by parents or doctors.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Comparing early against late surgeries", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Argued or putative advantages of infant surgery:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Tissue is more elastic and heals better according to many surgeons.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Genital surgery performed before the age of memory is less emotionally traumatic.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Surgery in infancy avoids asking adolescent to make a decision that is stressful and difficult even for adults.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Assuming infant surgery is successful, there is no barrier to engaging in normal sexual activities, and less distortion of psychosexual identity.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Argued or putative advantages of surgery in adolescence or later:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "If outcome is less than satisfactory, early surgery leaves a person wondering if they would have been better off without it.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Any surgery not absolutely necessary for physical health should be postponed until the person is old enough to give informed consent.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Genital surgery should be handled differently than other birth defect surgery; this is a type of surgery that parents should not be empowered to make decisions about because they will be under social pressure to make \"bad\" decisions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "By mid-adolescence or later, persons may decide that their atypical genitalia do not need to be changed.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Infant vaginoplasties should not be done because most people who have had them performed report some degree of difficulty with sexual function; even though we have no evidence that adult sexual function will be better if surgery is deferred, the outcomes could not be worse than they currently are after infant surgery.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Others argue that the key questions are not ones of early or late surgery, but questions of consent and autonomy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Parents are frequently considered able to consent to feminizing or masculinizing interventions on their child, and this may be considered standard for the treatment of physical disorders. However this is contested, particularly where interventions seek to address psychosocial concerns. A BMJ editorial in 2015 stated that parents are unduly influenced by medicalized information, may not realize that they are consenting to experimental treatments, and regret may be high. Research has suggested that parents are willing to consent to appearance-altering surgeries even at the cost of later adult sexual sensation. Child rights expert Kirsten Sandberg states that parents have no right to consent to such treatments.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Sensation and sexual function", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Reports published in the early 1990s state that 20–50% of surgical cases result in a loss of sexual sensation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "A 2007 paper by Yang, Felsen and Poppas provided what the authors believe is the first study of clitoral sensitivity after clitoris reduction surgery, but the research was itself the subject of ethical debate. Postoperative patients aged older than five years were \"considered candidates\" for clitoral sensitivity testing, and 10 of 51 patients were tested, with 9 undergoing extended vibratory sensory testing. The initial tests were performed on the inner thigh, labia majora, labia minora, vaginal introitus and clitoris, with a \"cotton tip applicator\" and extended tests with a biothesiometer, a medical device used to measure sensitivity thresholds. Values were recorded. The authors note that there are no control data \"for assessment of the viability and function of the clitoris in unaffected women.\" The ethics of these tests have been criticized by bioethicists, and subsequently defended by the Office for Human Research Protections.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Loss of sexual function and sensation remains a concern in a submission by the Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group to the Australian Senate in 2013. Clinical decision-making has prioritized perceived advantages from infant clitoral reduction surgery over the potential disadvantages of reduced or distorted sexual sensation. Human rights institutions stress the informed consent of the individual concerned.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Decision-making on cancer and other physical risks", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "In the cases where nonfunctional testes are present, or with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome, there is a risk that these develop cancer. They are removed by orchiectomy or monitored carefully. In a major Parliamentary report in Australia, published in October 2013, the Senate Community Affairs References committee was \"disturbed\" by the possible implications of current practices in the treatment of cancer risk. The committee stated: \"clinical intervention pathways stated to be based on probabilities of cancer risk may be encapsulating treatment decisions based on other factors, such as the desire to conduct normalising surgery… Treating cancer may be regarded as unambiguously therapeutic treatment, while normalising surgery may not. Thus basing a decision on cancer risk might avoid the need for court oversight in a way that a decision based on other factors might not. The committee is disturbed by the possible implications of this...\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Gender identity issues", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Gender identity and sexuality in intersex children have been problematized, and subjective judgements are made about the acceptability of risk of future gender dysphoria. Medical professionals have traditionally considered the worst outcomes after genital reconstruction in infancy to occur when the person develops a gender identity discordant with the sex assigned as an infant. Most of the cases in which a child or adult has voluntarily changed sex and rejected sex of assignment and rearing have occurred in partially or completely virilized genetic males who were reassigned and raised as females. This is the management practice that has been most thoroughly undermined in recent decades, as a result of a small number of spontaneous self-reassignments to male. Reducing the likelihood of a gender \"mismatch\" is also a claimed advantage of deferring reconstructive surgery until the patient is old enough to assess gender identity with confidence.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Human rights institutions question such approaches as being \"informed by redundant social constructs around gender and biology\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Stigma and normality", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Parents may be advised that without surgery, their child will be stigmatized, but they may make different choices with non-medicalized information. However, there is no evidence that surgeries help children grow up psychologically healthy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Unlike other aesthetic surgical procedures performed on infants, such as corrective surgery for a cleft lip (as opposed to a cleft palate), genital surgery may lead to negative consequences for sexual functioning in later life (such as loss of sensation in the genitals, for example, when a clitoris deemed too large or penis is reduced/removed), or feelings of freakishness and unacceptability, which may have been avoided without the surgery. Studies have revealed how surgical intervention has had psychological effects, affecting well-being and quality of life. Genital surgeries do not ensure a successful psychological outcome for the patient and might require psychological support when the patient is trying to distinguish a gender identity. The Swiss National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics states that, where \"interventions are performed solely with a view to integration of the child into a family and social environment, then they run counter to the child's welfare. In addition, there is no guarantee that the intended purpose (integration) will be achieved.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Opponents of all \"corrective surgery\" on atypical sex characteristics suggest to change social opinion regarding the desirability of having genitalia that look more average, rather than perform surgery to try to make them more like those of other people.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Suicide Risks and Well-Being of Intersex Individuals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Intersex individuals often do not receive support from their parents or family members. They may experience harm through their families, such as being forced to conform to gender expectations, be forced or even without their consent be given treatments or medical interventions, or be completely shut-off from their family if they do not conform to what is expected. When examining suicide within the LGBTI community, it was found that there was limited studies conducted for the intersex community on reasons for committing suicide because researchers studied LGB communities far more frequently. It can be understood that intersex individuals have higher rates of suicide compared to the general population. In a national study conducted in the United States, it was found that \"43% of [intersex adults] rated their physical health as fair or poor in comparison to 17.7% of the general U.S population.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Medical photography and display", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Photographs of intersex children's genitalia are circulated in medical communities for documentary purposes, and individuals with intersex traits may be subjected to repeated genital examinations and display to medical teams. Problems associated with experiences of medical photography of intersex children have been discussed along with their ethics, control and usage. \"The experience of being photographed has exemplified for many people with intersex conditions the powerlessness and humiliation felt during medical investigations and interventions\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Secrecy and information provision", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Additionally, parents are not often consulted on the decision-making process when choosing the sex of the child, and they may be advised to conceal information from their child. The Intersex Society of North America stated that \"For decades, doctors have thought it necessary to treat intersex with a concealment-centered approach, one that features downplaying intersex as much as possible, even to the point of lying to patients about their conditions.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Alternative pathways", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "In 2015, an editorial in the BMJ described current surgical interventions as experimental, stating that clinical confidence in constructing \"normal\" genital anatomies has not been borne out, and that medically credible pathways other than surgery do not yet exist.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "The Council of Europe highlights several areas of concern in relation to intersex surgeries and other medical treatment:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "unnecessary \"normalising\" treatment of intersex persons, and unnecessary pathologisation of variations in sex characteristics.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "access to justice and reparation for unnecessary medical treatment, as well as inclusion in equal treatment and hate crime law.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "access to information, medical records, peer and other counselling and support.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "respecting self-determination in gender recognition, through expeditious access to official documents.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "The Council of Europe argues that secrecy and shame have perpetuated human rights abuses and a lack of social understanding of the reality of intersex people. It calls for respect for \"intersex persons' right not to undergo sex assignment treatment\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Alice Dreger, a US professor of Clinical Medical Humanities and Bioethics, argues that little has changed in actual clinical practice in recent years. Creighton and others in the UK have found that there have been few audits of the implementation of the 2006 statement, clitoral surgeries on under-14s have increased since 2006, and \"recent publications in the medical literature tend to focus on surgical techniques with no reports on patient experiences\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Australia is the first to hold a \"parliamentary inquiry\" on non-consensual medical or surgical procedures and has recognized a third gender identity. The third gender identity is represented by the letter \"X\" for individuals who do not identify as male or female. In 2003, Alex Macfarlane became the first individual to receive a passport marked \"X\" for sex assignment.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Institutions like the Swiss National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics, the Australian Senate, the Council of Europe, World Health Organization, and UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and Special Rapporteur on Torture have all published reports calling for changes to clinical practice.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "In 2011, Christiane Völling won the first successful case brought against a surgeon for non-consensual surgical intervention. The Regional Court of Cologne, Germany, awarded her €100,000.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "In 2014, the United Nations Human Rights Council published the Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment which identified gender-assigning surgery on intersex minors as examples of torture. The Special Rapporteur \"calls on states\" to ban or outlaw non-consensual surgeries or treatments that are irreversible.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "In 2015, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Human Rights identified genital-normalizing surgery on intersex minors as medically unnecessary.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "In April 2015, Malta became the first country to recognize a right to bodily integrity and physical autonomy, and outlaw non-consensual modifications to sex characteristics. The Act was widely welcomed by civil society organizations.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "In June 2017, Joycelyn Elders, David Satcher, and Richard Carmona, three former Surgeons General of the United States published a paper at the Palm Center, calling for a rethink of early genital surgeries on children with intersex traits. The statement reflected on the history of such interventions, their rationales and outcomes, stating:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "When an individual is born with atypical genitalia that pose no physical risk, treatment should focus not on surgical intervention but on psychosocial and educational support for the family and child. Cosmetic genitoplasty should be deferred until children are old enough to voice their own view about whether to undergo the surgery. Those whose oath or conscience says \"do no harm\" should heed the simple fact that, to date, research does not support the practice of cosmetic infant genitoplasty.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "History of intersex surgery", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Intersex human rights", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Disorders of sex development", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "(DoDI) 6130.03, 2018, section 5, 13f and 14m", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Australian Senate; Community Affairs References Committee (October 2013). Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia. Canberra: Community Affairs References Committee. ISBN 978-1-74229-917-4.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Consortium on the Management of Disorders of Sex Differentiation. 2006. Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Disorders of Sex Development in Childhood. Rohnert Park: Intersex Society of North America. DSD Guidelines", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Consortium on the Management of Disorders of Sex Differentiation. 2006. Handbook for Parents. Rohnert Park: Intersex Society of North America. DSD Guidelines", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Council of Europe, and Commissioner for Human Rights. \"Human Rights and Intersex People, Issue Paper\", April 2015.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "\"PACE - Doc. 13297 (2013) - Children's right to physical integrity\". www.assembly.coe.int. Council of Europe Committee on Social Affairs, Health and Sustainable Development. Retrieved 18 June 2018.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Elders, M Joycelyn; Satcher, David; Carmona, Richard (June 2017). \"Re-Thinking Genital Surgeries on Intersex Infants\" (PDF). Palm Center.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Morgan Holmes (editor) (October 2009). Critical Intersex, Ashgate Publishing.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Houk C. P.; Hughes I. A.; Ahmed S. F.; Lee P. A. (2006). \"Summary of Consensus Statement on Intersex Disorders and Their Management\". Pediatrics. 118 (2): 753–57. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0737. PMID 16882833. S2CID 46508895.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Human Rights Commission of the City and County of San Francisco, and Marcus de María Arana. A Human Rights Investigation Into The Medical \"Normalization\" Of Intersex People. San Francisco, 2005.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Katrina Karkazis (2008). Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Lee, Peter A.; Nordenström, Anna; Houk, Christopher P.; Ahmed, S. Faisal; Auchus, Richard; Baratz, Arlene; Baratz Dalke, Katharine; Liao, Lih-Mei; Lin-Su, Karen; Looijenga, Leendert H.J.; Mazur, Tom; Meyer-Bahlburg, Heino F.L.; Mouriquand, Pierre; Quigley, Charmian A.; Sandberg, David E.; Vilain, Eric; Witchel, Selma; and the Global DSD Update Consortium (2016-01-28). \"Global Disorders of Sex Development Update since 2006: Perceptions, Approach and Care\". Hormone Research in Paediatrics. 85 (3): 158–180. doi:10.1159/000442975. ISSN 1663-2818. PMID 26820577.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Lee P. A.; Houk C. P.; Ahmed S. F.; Hughes I. A. (2006). \"Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders\". Pediatrics. 118 (2): e488–500. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0738. PMC 2082839. PMID 16882788.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Machado P. S.; Costa A. B.; Nardi H. C.; Fontanari A. M. V.; Araujo I. R.; Knauth D. R. (2015). \"Follow-up of Psychological Outcomes of Interventions in Patients Diagnosed with Disorders of Sexual Development: A Systematic Review\". Journal of Health Psychology. 21 (10): 2195–2206. doi:10.1177/1359105315572454. PMID 25721455. S2CID 24498085.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Swiss National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics NEK-CNE (November 2012). On the management of differences of sex development. Ethical issues relating to \"intersexuality\".Opinion No. 20/2012 (PDF). Berne. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-23. Retrieved 2015-07-19.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "World Health Organization (2015). Sexual health, human rights and the law. Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 978-92-4-156498-4.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "World Health Organization; OHCHR; UN Women; UNAIDS; UNDP; UNFPA; UNICEF (2014). Eliminating forced, coercive and otherwise involuntary sterilization, An interagency statement (PDF). ISBN 978-92-4-150732-5.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Zillén, Kavot; Garland, Jameson; Slokenberga, Santa; Committee on Bioethics of the Council of Europe (January 2017). The Rights of Children in Biomedicine: Challenges posed by scientific advances and uncertainties. Committee on Bioethics of the Council of Europe.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Gleeson, Juliana (2025). Hermaphrodite Logic: A History of Intersex Liberation. Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-83976-094-5.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Intersex surgeries: is it right to assign sex to a baby? - video on BBC", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_456700ee", "title": "Intersex medical interventions", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_456700ee.json"}}
{"text": "Gary Hirsch (born 3 April 1987) is a Swiss former racing driver who last competed in the LMGTE Am class of the FIA World Endurance Championship for Aston Martin Racing.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f375de75", "title": "Gary Hirsch", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hirsch", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f375de75.json"}}
{"text": "Hirsch began karting at the age of 12, competing until 2004, most notably winning the Rotax Max Swiss Karting Challenge in 2002. After finishing runner-up in the Volant Mygale shootout in 2004 and racing part-time in the British Formula Ford Championship a year later, Hirsch joined Graff Racing to race in the French Formula Renault 2.0 series. Hirsch then made a one-off appearance in Formula Renault Asia 2.0 in 2008, before taking a three year hiatus to focus on his studies at the University of Geneva. In 2011, Hirsch raced in the first two rounds of the FIA GT3 European Championship with Graff Racing, taking a best result of fifth at Silverstone.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f375de75", "title": "Gary Hirsch", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hirsch", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f375de75.json"}}
{"text": "Following a two year hiatus, Hirsch joined Team Endurance Challenge to race in the LMPC class of the European Le Mans Series alongside Paul-Loup Chatin. After finishing second at Silverstone, the pair won the following three races to take the points lead, before securing the LMPC title by finishing second in the finale at Le Castellet.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f375de75", "title": "Gary Hirsch", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hirsch", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f375de75.json"}}
{"text": "Staying in the European Le Mans Series for 2014, Hirsch joined Newblood by Morand Racing to race in the LMP2 class alongside Christian Klien and Romain Brandela. Hirsch began the season with a third-place finish at Silverstone, before scoring his only win of the season two races later at Le Castellet and ending the year with a second-place finish at Estoril to end the year third in points. During 2014, Hirsch also made his debut in the 24 Hours of Le Mans alongside Klien and Brandela, finishing sixth in the LMP2 class and tenth overall.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f375de75", "title": "Gary Hirsch", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hirsch", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f375de75.json"}}
{"text": "Hirsch remained in the European Le Mans Series for 2015, joining Greaves Motorsport alongside Jon Lancaster and Björn Wirdheim for his sophomore season in the LMP2 class. Starting off the season with a win at Silverstone, Hirsch finished fourth in the following two races, before winning at Le Castellet and finishing second at Estoril to secure the LMP2 title. During 2015, Hirsch competed in the 24 Hours of Le Mans for the same team, running as high as second before retiring with an electrical issue.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f375de75", "title": "Gary Hirsch", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hirsch", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f375de75.json"}}
{"text": "The following year, Hirsch was upgraded to an FIA Gold Categorisation, and only raced at the 24 Hours of Le Mans for Aston Martin Racing. Racing in the LMGTE Am class alongside Liam Griffin and Andrew Howard, the trio finished seventh in class. Three years after his last appearance in racing, Hirsch joined Rebellion Racing as their test and reserve driver for the 2018–19 FIA World Endurance Championship.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f375de75", "title": "Gary Hirsch", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hirsch", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f375de75.json"}}
{"text": "Karting career summary", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f375de75", "title": "Gary Hirsch", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hirsch", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f375de75.json"}}
{"text": "Racing career summary", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f375de75", "title": "Gary Hirsch", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hirsch", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f375de75.json"}}
{"text": "Complete Championnat de France Formula Renault 2.0 results", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f375de75", "title": "Gary Hirsch", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hirsch", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f375de75.json"}}
{"text": "(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f375de75", "title": "Gary Hirsch", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hirsch", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f375de75.json"}}
{"text": "Complete Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 results", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f375de75", "title": "Gary Hirsch", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hirsch", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f375de75.json"}}
{"text": "(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f375de75", "title": "Gary Hirsch", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hirsch", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f375de75.json"}}
{"text": "Complete FIA GT3 European Championship results", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f375de75", "title": "Gary Hirsch", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hirsch", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f375de75.json"}}
{"text": "(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f375de75", "title": "Gary Hirsch", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hirsch", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f375de75.json"}}
{"text": "Complete European Le Mans Series results", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f375de75", "title": "Gary Hirsch", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hirsch", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f375de75.json"}}
{"text": "(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f375de75", "title": "Gary Hirsch", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hirsch", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f375de75.json"}}
{"text": "24 Hours of Le Mans results", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f375de75", "title": "Gary Hirsch", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hirsch", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f375de75.json"}}
{"text": "Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f375de75", "title": "Gary Hirsch", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hirsch", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f375de75.json"}}
{"text": "Gary Hirsch career summary at DriverDB.com", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f375de75", "title": "Gary Hirsch", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hirsch", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f375de75.json"}}
{"text": "KCHS (1400 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Truth Or Consequences, New Mexico, United States. The station is currently owned by GPK Media LLC.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_70653f0d", "title": "KCHS (AM)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCHS_(AM)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_70653f0d.json"}}
{"text": "Facility details for Facility ID 47137 (KCHS)   in the FCC Licensing and Management System", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_70653f0d", "title": "KCHS (AM)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCHS_(AM)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_70653f0d.json"}}
{"text": "KCHS in Nielsen Audio's AM station database", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_70653f0d", "title": "KCHS (AM)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCHS_(AM)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_70653f0d.json"}}
{"text": "FCC History Cards for KCHS", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_70653f0d", "title": "KCHS (AM)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCHS_(AM)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_70653f0d.json"}}
{"text": "Chaillot (French pronunciation: [ʃajo]) is a quarter of Paris, France, located in the 16th arrondissement, on the Right Bank. It is adjacent to Passy to the southwest (administratively part of la Muette) and is bound by Avenue de la Grande-Armée to the north.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_967e529d", "title": "Chaillot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaillot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_967e529d.json"}}
{"text": "It is home to many of the city's wealthiest residents, and many embassies and museums.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_967e529d", "title": "Chaillot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaillot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_967e529d.json"}}
{"text": "The first mention of Chaillot is that of its church, Ecclesia de Caleio, which appears in a Papal bull from 1097.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_967e529d", "title": "Chaillot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaillot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_967e529d.json"}}
{"text": "In later Latin documents, the term varies between Callevio, Calloio, Challoio, Calloium, and Chalouel, then in the 13th century as Chailloel. In French, in the 14th century, it was most often written Chailluyau, in the 15th century, Chailluyau, Chaleau, Chayoux or Chailliau. The spelling Chaillot would not become the norm until the 19th century.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_967e529d", "title": "Chaillot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaillot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_967e529d.json"}}
{"text": "The name Chaillot comes from the French caillou meaning pebble.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_967e529d", "title": "Chaillot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaillot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_967e529d.json"}}
{"text": "Chaillot was originally a village on the outskirts of Paris. In the 16th century, Catherine de' Medici built the Château de Chaillot (no longer existing). Chaillot was incorporated into the city of Paris in 1860 by the Law of 16 June 1859. At that time, it was planned that Auteuil and Passy would form a new arrondissement that would be numbered the 13th arrondissement, but \"The rich and powerful moving in did not like the number. They pulled strings and became the 16th, the unlucky association and postmark being transferred to the blameless but less influential folks around Porte d'Italie.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_967e529d", "title": "Chaillot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaillot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_967e529d.json"}}
{"text": "Among the landmarks of Chaillot are the Palais de Chaillot and the Jardins du Trocadéro at the Trocadéro, the Saint-Pierre de Chaillot church, the Musée Guimet, the Palais Galliera, and the Palais de Tokyo.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_967e529d", "title": "Chaillot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaillot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_967e529d.json"}}
{"text": "Lübeck School is located in Chaillot.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_967e529d", "title": "Chaillot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaillot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_967e529d.json"}}
{"text": "Marcel Proust died at his apartment 44 rue Hamelin, in Chaillot, in 1922.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_967e529d", "title": "Chaillot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaillot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_967e529d.json"}}
{"text": "The Madwoman of Chaillot by Jean Giraudoux is set in a café on Place de l'Alma.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_967e529d", "title": "Chaillot", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaillot", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_967e529d.json"}}
{"text": "Large black flying squirrels (genus Aeromys) form a taxon of squirrels under the tribe Pteromyini. They are only found in South-east Asia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5a356206", "title": "Large black flying squirrel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_black_flying_squirrel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5a356206.json"}}
{"text": "There are two species of large black flying squirrel:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5a356206", "title": "Large black flying squirrel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_black_flying_squirrel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5a356206.json"}}
{"text": "Black flying squirrel, Aeromys tephromelas", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5a356206", "title": "Large black flying squirrel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_black_flying_squirrel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5a356206.json"}}
{"text": "Thomas's flying squirrel, Aeromys thomasi", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5a356206", "title": "Large black flying squirrel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_black_flying_squirrel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5a356206.json"}}
{"text": "Thorington, R. W. Jr. and R. S. Hoffman. 2005. Family Sciuridae. pp. 754–818 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5a356206", "title": "Large black flying squirrel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_black_flying_squirrel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5a356206.json"}}
{"text": "Geoffrey Notkin (born February 1, 1961) is an American actor, author, and entrepreneur. Notkin is known as one of the hosts of Meteorite Men, a documentary reality television series from Science Channel, which ran for three seasons. He is the president of the National Space Society, and holds a seat on the National Space Society Board of Governors. He is a long-time member of The Explorer's Club. In 2013, Notkin's Twitter account was nominated for a Shorty Award, honoring the best in social media. Notkin has also been interviewed on the Today show, Coast to Coast, and NASA Edge TV, and is a regular guest speaker at TusCon, an intimate science fiction, fantasy, and horror convention held annually in Tucson, Arizona.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "Notkin was born in New York City, but spent his childhood in and around London, England. Notkin spent several of his formative years in Purley, Surrey and attended school in Croydon and St John's Wood.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "His parents were Sam Notkin, a twice-decorated World War II veteran who worked for the Port Authority, and Gay Flint Notkin, who worked for the American Embassy in Paris, the Rockefeller Foundation in New York, and the State Department. Notkin credits his father, an amateur astronomer, for his interest in space and meteorites.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "Notkin left England at age 19 and lived in New York City, later attending New York City's School of Visual Arts (SVA), where he studied under renowned cartoonists Will Eisner and Harvey Kurtzman. Notkin eventually became the editor of Will Eisner's Gallery of New Comics for SVA.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "After graduating college, Notkin worked at RAW Books & Graphics for owners Art Spiegelman and Françoise Mouly. Notkin later became a production assistant to Art Spiegelman while he was creating his graphic novel, Maus, for which Spiegelman later won the Pulitzer Prize. Notkin inspired one of Spiegelman's Garbage Pail Kids, \"Deaf Geoff.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "Notkin worked as a geologist for a year with an American oil exploration company based in London.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "In 1976, at age 15, Notkin attended his first concert with childhood friend Neil Gaiman, to which he attributes his love of music. In 1977, age 16, Notkin was the drummer for a punk rock band, Ex-Execs, whose members included Graham K. Smith, Al Kingsbury, and Gaiman. In fact, the lead character in Gaiman's short story and film, How to Talk to Girls at Parties, was inspired by Notkin.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "As part of the punk rock scene in London and New York, Notkin performed at The Rock Garden in Covent Garden, the Fulham Greyhound, CBGB, The Stone Pony, and The Knitting Factory. Notkin remained a professional musician for over 20 years and worked with many artists, among them singer-songwriter Lach, with whom he formed a band called Proper iD; drummer Billy Ficca of Television; and Anne Husick of Band of Susans. Notkin appeared on four albums with Lach, including Blang! in 1997, produced by Richard Barone, which Billy Ficca also appeared on. Other albums Notkin performed on are:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "Kids Fly Free (2001)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "Notkin's first meteorite hunt was in 1994 at Meteor Crater in Northern Arizona, followed in 1997 by a joint expedition to the Imilac strewnfield in the Atacama Desert with Steve Arnold, whom he met through email. Notkin has participated in meteorite hunting expeditions across the United States, including the famed Odessa Meteor Crater, Gold Basin in Arizona, and Brenham, Kansas, where Steve Arnold found the main mass of the Brenham meteorite.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "Meteorite hunting lead Notkin to attend his first Tucson Gem & Mineral Show in 1998, which he has attended every year since and where his meteorite company, Aerolite Meteorites, now exhibits.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "\"I was so taken in with the experience of the city and the gem show,\" Notkin said. \"As a kid, I would implore my parents to stop at roadside rock shops. Coming here for the first time, it was like a whole city of rock shops. Since then, I haven't missed a show in 22 years.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "Aerolite Meteorites, Inc.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "In 2005, Notkin established Aerolite Meteorites, an international meteorite company offering a wide range of products, from entry-level to museum quality specimens. Aerolite has supplied a genuine iron meteorite for use in The Wolverine (2013), though footage of the meteorite was ultimately cut from the film. Aerolite also supplied an iron meteorite weighing 88 pounds (40 kg) as a birthday present for Sting.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "Notkin and his company, Aerolite Meteorites, are supporters of Beads of Courage, a Tucson-based charity that aims to provide supportive arts-based care programs for children coping with serious illness. Notkin is a Carry a Bead celebrity participant and carried handcrafted beads with him while filming episodes for STEM Journals.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "Notkin co-hosted the critically acclaimed Science Channel show Meteorite Men with Steve Arnold, a fellow meteorite hunter. The show ran for three seasons and shot episodes in 11 countries, including Chile, Sweden, Poland, and Australia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "Arnold and Notkin first met via email correspondence before embarking on a meteorite hunting expedition in the Atacama Desert in Chile in 1997. Notkin's written account of this trip was published in two parts in distinguished mathematician and meteorite specialist Joel Schiff's ‘’Meteorite’’ magazine in May 1998 and August 1998.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "Meteorite Men won two bronze Telly Awards for Season 1 and Season 2.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "Stem Journals is a science educational television show on Cox7 Arizona which Notkin hosted from 2013 to 2014. In 2014, the show won a Rocky Mountain Emmy and Bronze and Silver Telly Awards.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "In 2012, Notkin hand-selected a meteorite to be donated by his company, Aerolite Meteorites, Inc., as a part of the first-place trophy for the third annual Student NewSpace Business Plan Competition, which took place at the SpaceVision conference, organized by SEDS-USA.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "In 2013, Notkin was named \"Stellar Partner of the Year\" by Challenger Space Center Arizona for his work in supporting STEM education programs at the center, as well as for his exhibit, \"They Came from Outer Space,\" which was featured in the main exhibit room at the center for two years.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "On November 14, 2015, Notkin gave a TEDx Talk at Institut Le Rosey in Switzerland titled Meteorites: Life, Death, and Hope on Earth.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "In 2015, Notkin emceed the regional edition of NASA FameLab, a global competition featuring early career scientists with the intent to nurture the skills necessary to communicate science-related topics to a public audience. The competition was held in Arizona at Phoenix Comicon 2015.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "Notkin holds a position on the Board of Governors of the National Space Society and is often a keynote speaker at the International Space Development Conference, an annual spaceflight event hosted by the NSS. He is also writes a column for Ad Astra magazine, the official publication of the NSS, titled \"Throwing Pebbles at the Sky.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "In addition to being president of the National Space Society and holding a position on its Board of Governors, Notkin also serves on the Board of Directors of the Astrosociology Research Institute and as an adviser to Deep Space Industries. Notkin is also currently involved with Megafonzie, a new multi-platform science network.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "Asteroid 132904, discovered at Mount Palomar in California by astrophysicist and fellow meteorite specialist Robert Mason, was named \"Notkin\" in honor of his work in science education.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "Notkin has participated in several spaceflight events and conferences, notably Space Rocks. The pilot event took place on April 22, 2018, at the O2 Arena in London and celebrated advances in spaceflight and the art, music, and culture they inspire. Space Rocks won Best Event at the 2018 Progressive Music Awards, hosted by Prog Magazine.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "Notkin is also involved with Taking Up Space, an organization dedicated to expanding educational and vocational opportunities for Native American girls by keeping them interested in STEM fields and ultimately sending them to Space Camp. In 2018, Notkin was the emcee for a fundraising event held in Tucson, Arizona, featuring guitarist Gabriel Ayala.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "Other spaceflight events with which Notkin has been associated include:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "Planetary Defense Conference", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "Notkin has also written articles for digital and print international publications, including:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "Tucson Gem & Mineral Show", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "Coliseum Mineral, Fossil, Gem, and Jewelry Show", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "Geoffrey Notkin at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca6480f7", "title": "Geoffrey Notkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Notkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca6480f7.json"}}
{"text": "'Grue jay' is the informal portmanteau name for a wild hybrid between a blue jay and green jay observed in Texas, United States in 2023.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_be2ec48b", "title": "Grue jay", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grue_jay", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_be2ec48b.json"}}
{"text": "In May 2023, a post on the Facebook group \"TEXBIRDS\" reported that the bird had been observed near a yard in Bexar County, Texas. The individual was first suspected to be a hybrid of a blue jay and a green jay for sharing vocal and morphological characteristics of both birds, which was later confirmed. Researchers from the University of Texas at Austin observed the bird the following month after its capture, and collected a blood sample before attaching a metal leg band and releasing it on-site. The bird was not seen in the following years, but returned to the same location in June 2025. Following its description in the scientific journal Ecology and Evolution, press coverage nicknamed it the 'grue jay', referencing the common names of both parent species.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_be2ec48b", "title": "Grue jay", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grue_jay", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_be2ec48b.json"}}
{"text": "The observed hybrid specimen is the offspring of a female green jay (Cyanocorax luxuosus, formerly Cyanocorax yncas pro parte) and a male blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata). The predominant blue color of the back and tail is most similar to the blue jay, but it has the crown, nasal tufts, and black facial mask of the green jay. Unlike both parent species, the chin and upper throat are blue. As such, it exhibits a codominant intermediate plumage phenotype, rather than a blended one. The occurrence of the hybrid is believed to have originated from an increased overlap of the ranges of the two species in the decades preceding its discovery. The most recent common ancestor of the blue and green jays lived at least 7 million years ago ago, making their hybridization surprising.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_be2ec48b", "title": "Grue jay", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grue_jay", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_be2ec48b.json"}}
{"text": "Two other cases of intergeneric hybridization (hybrids between individuals of different genera) have been documented in the family Corvidae prior to the discovery of the 'grue jay'. These are between California scrub jay (Aphelocoma californica) and Steller's jay (Cyanocitta stelleri), and between blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata) and Florida scrub jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens). No hybrids involving Cyanocorax luxuosus (green jay) have previously been reported in the wild, although a hybrid between a \"green jay\" (either Cyanocorax luxuosus or Cyanocorax yncas; not distinguished at that time) and a blue jay was produced in captivity at the Fort Worth Zoo, reported in 1981. At this time, the researchers noted that the possibility of a natural occurrence of this hybrid in the wild would be unlikely and not expected to occur, as the two species' breeding ranges were then separated by around 200 kilometres (120 mi).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_be2ec48b", "title": "Grue jay", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grue_jay", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_be2ec48b.json"}}
{"text": "The Dehumanization of Art and Other Essays on Art, Culture, and Literature is the first English translation of philosopher José Ortega y Gasset's La deshumanización del Arte e Ideas sobre la novela, published in 1925. This composition includes three more essays in addition to Ortega's original work.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0c716659", "title": "The Dehumanization of Art and Other Essays on Art, Culture, and Literature", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dehumanization_of_Art_and_Other_Essays_on_Art,_Culture,_and_Literature", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0c716659.json"}}
{"text": "The essays seek to understand and explain the relatively new movement of nonrepresentational art and defend these pioneering artists attempting to escape from the embraced realism and romanticism movements. The dehumanization of art refers to the removal of human elements from these works, eliminating the content, but keeping the form. In his work, Ortega explains how the untrained eye, which is used to seeing only content in traditional paintings, must find a new approach to viewing the work of art.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0c716659", "title": "The Dehumanization of Art and Other Essays on Art, Culture, and Literature", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dehumanization_of_Art_and_Other_Essays_on_Art,_Culture,_and_Literature", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0c716659.json"}}
{"text": "Adelaide of Auxerre (born between 865 and 870, died between 928 and 929) was a Duchess consort of Burgundy by marriage to Richard, Duke of Burgundy, and had the title Countess of Auxerre, possibly as ruling Count.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_64ee7585", "title": "Adelaide of Auxerre (born c. 870)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_of_Auxerre_(born_c._870)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_64ee7585.json"}}
{"text": "She was the daughter of Conrad II, Duke of Transjurane Burgundy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_64ee7585", "title": "Adelaide of Auxerre (born c. 870)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_of_Auxerre_(born_c._870)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_64ee7585.json"}}
{"text": "In 888, she married Richard, Duke of Burgundy. Adelaide is called Countess of Auxerre between 888 and 921. Exactly why is not clarified. It has been suggested that this was because she was given the County of Auxerre as her dowry. It is possible that she was ruler of Auxerre.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_64ee7585", "title": "Adelaide of Auxerre (born c. 870)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_of_Auxerre_(born_c._870)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_64ee7585.json"}}
{"text": "Rudolph of France, who married Emma of France, daughter of Robert I of France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_64ee7585", "title": "Adelaide of Auxerre (born c. 870)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_of_Auxerre_(born_c._870)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_64ee7585.json"}}
{"text": "Adelaide of Burgundy, married Reginar II, Count of Hainaut.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_64ee7585", "title": "Adelaide of Auxerre (born c. 870)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_of_Auxerre_(born_c._870)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_64ee7585.json"}}
{"text": "Ermengarde of Burgundy (born c. 905 and died c. 945)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_64ee7585", "title": "Adelaide of Auxerre (born c. 870)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_of_Auxerre_(born_c._870)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_64ee7585.json"}}
{"text": "Renatus is the fourth studio album by Swedish rock band Dynazty. The album shows a totally radical change in the sound of the band, where they leave the hard rock and embodied in a sound heavy metal with rapid and severe riffs, and flirtations with the power metal. The name means \"rebirth\" in Latin and describes a new phase of the band. It is also a remarkable change in their line up member, bassist Joel Fox Apelgren was replaced by Jonathan Olsson and a recent change of label, StormVox Records for the Spinefarm Records.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_83731722", "title": "Renatus (Dynazty album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renatus_(Dynazty_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_83731722.json"}}
{"text": "All songs were written by Dynazty.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_83731722", "title": "Renatus (Dynazty album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renatus_(Dynazty_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_83731722.json"}}
{"text": "Dawn Of Your Creation", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_83731722", "title": "Renatus (Dynazty album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renatus_(Dynazty_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_83731722.json"}}
{"text": "Nils Molin – lead vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_83731722", "title": "Renatus (Dynazty album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renatus_(Dynazty_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_83731722.json"}}
{"text": "Rob Love Magnusson – lead guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_83731722", "title": "Renatus (Dynazty album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renatus_(Dynazty_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_83731722.json"}}
{"text": "Mikael Lavér – lead guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_83731722", "title": "Renatus (Dynazty album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renatus_(Dynazty_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_83731722.json"}}
{"text": "Jonathan Olsson – bass", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_83731722", "title": "Renatus (Dynazty album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renatus_(Dynazty_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_83731722.json"}}
{"text": "Carya tonkinensis, the Vietnam hickory, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Carya native to Assam in India, southern China, and northern Indochina. Local people harvest the wood for timber and furniture making, and collect the edible nuts for vegetable oil production.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_71fe067c", "title": "Carya tonkinensis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carya_tonkinensis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_71fe067c.json"}}
{"text": "Sofia Church (Swedish: Sofia kyrka), named after the Swedish queen Sophia of Nassau, is one of the major churches in Stockholm, Sweden. It was designed during an architectural contest in 1899 and was inaugurated in 1906. It is located in the eastern part of the island of Södermalm, standing on the north east peak of the Vita Bergen park. Sofia church belongs to Sofia parish of the Church of Sweden.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6ace4505", "title": "Sofia Church", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Church", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6ace4505.json"}}
{"text": "List of churches in Stockholm", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6ace4505", "title": "Sofia Church", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Church", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6ace4505.json"}}
{"text": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex is a heritage-listed former hydroelectric power station at Wilsons Creek Road, Mullumbimby, Byron Shire, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by William Corin and built from 1924 to 1926. It is also known as Lavertys Gap Power Station and Mullumbimby Power Station and Substation. The property is owned by the Byron Shire Council and Essential Energy. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 27 June 2014.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "As early as 1909 government interest in securing a local water supply saw an area set aside on the main arm of the Brunswick River for a future water supply. Credit for the eventual location of the complex can be partially attributed to Councillor W. E. Selwood who advised Council that by erecting a weir across Wilsons Creek and running the water initially through an open cut drain and then through tunnels the water could operate hydro-electric units.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station was an undertaking by Mullumbimby Municipal Council. The initial station was designed by consulting engineer William Corin, who was commissioned by the local council in September 1923 to prepare and commence the scheme. The site of the power house was surveyed in December 1924.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "William Corin became Chief Electrical Engineer in the Department of Public Works in 1908, and consultant to the Department of Mines, New South Wales where he reported on the Snowy River hydro-electric scheme. After 1923 he became a private consultant to various governments. His work is commemorated by the Corin Dam in the Australian Capital Territory.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "By 1924 construction of the weir at Lavertys Gap (28°34′31.9″S 153°26′41.9″E) on Wilsons Creek was underway in preparation for the Power Station. The weir is approximately 7m high with a crest of 45.72m. With a total storage of almost 140ML, the weir provides just over 25 million litres storage. The weir is also used as the town's water supply (the plan to combine the provision of water with generation of hydro-electric power had been agreed upon by the community in 1922).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "The race, which was originally in earth fill, was 1450 feet (440m) and has since been replaced with concrete.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "The tunnel through Lavertys Gap (28°34′32.7″S 153°26′58.6″E) was completed on the 1 December 1925. The water dammed at the weir came down the race, through the 350 foot (106.7m) tunnel in Laverty's Gap, and down a woodstave pipe (approximately 509m long and now cast iron) into the power house to the turbines.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "In December 1925 the scheme was turned on for the first time lighting the town of Mullumbimby. The Sydney Morning Herald reported at the time that \"excitement prevailed in Mullumbimby on Wednesday night, when the electric light from the Mullumbimby hydro-electric scheme was switched on for the first time\". Mullumbimby Municipal Council commenced the official generation and supply of hydro-electricity from Wilsons Creek on 6 March 1926.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "At its official opening in 1926 the Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station became the fifth large scale hydro-electric power station on the mainland, the earlier ones were: the Gara River Hydro-Electric Scheme, NSW (1895); Thargomindah, QLD (1898); Dorrigo, NSW (1922) and Nymboida, NSW (1924).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Having its own power supply would be a major source of income to the Municipal Council, which had taken out loans of over 25000 pounds. Fed from the same source, Byron Bay was lit on the 12 June and Bangalow on the 3 July 1926.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "In the early days when the hydros were operating successfully, they were left unattended for long periods of time. When one of the staff come on duty, it was necessary to check the water level at the weir which meant a long walk up hill, check the water level and walk back to the power house. Later an electronic gauge was installed which, at a glance, showed the water level at the weir.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Soon after its commencement, a 4-cylinder crude oil engine was added to the plant in 1926. The engine was a Ruston Lincoln (referred to as Rustin and Hornsby by Tanner et al. (1993)). The initial capacity of the power station plant was soon insufficient. In 1934 the generating capacity was supported by a Mirrlees high speed, eight cylinder engine of 330 hp. Four years later an interconnection with the Clarence River County Council grid was achieved. A 33,000 volt transmission line from Lismore Power Station to Dunoon was extended to interconnect with the Mullumbimby Power Station at Lavertys Gap. This interconnection became effective on the 1 May 1938. Further additions to the plant were again necessary in 1941 (No.5 diesel unit), 1949 (No.6 diesel unit) and 1952 (No.7 diesel unit) . Altogether the installed capacity at the power plant in c.1958 was 3154 kW with an output of 14 million kwh per annum.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "In 1990 the Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station was decommissioned. The original two 225 hp Pelton turbines, directly coupled to 140 kilowatt GEC alternators, are still housed in the power station. The 200 hp Ruston Lincoln, the 333 hp Mirrlees Ricardo and 495 hp Mirrlees Ricardo engines are also still housed in the power station.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station is located amongst the hills outside Mullumbimby. The site of the power house has been partially cut into the hillside with a concrete retaining wall built along the northwest side. This wall, which has a height of almost 2 metres, also serves as a footing. A second retaining wall is located behind the building site to the southwest.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "The power house is a timber-framed structure clad with corrugated iron. It has a double gable end roof with static air vents fitted along the ridge line. The building measures approximately 34 metres in length by 18 metres in width and is oriented northwest to southeast. Its main entrance faces northeast. Original louver windows of various sizes remain along the length of the building. A large roller door at the east end of the north elevation allows access to an interior mezzanine floor. Inside the power house the walls are partially clad with timber. A steel frame supports an 8 Tonne travelling crane used to move heavier items.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "A unique collection of hydro and combustion engines are located inside the power station. They include two hydro-electric sets, both identical GEC Pelton wheel turbines of 144 KW capacity with Boving governor controls. The attached alternators are GEC, three phase with 650 volts output at 600rpm. The maker's plate on one of the turbines reads \"Boving & Co. Ltd. London\". The writing on the older engine from 1926 reads \"Ruston Lincoln England\". The generator's makers plate reads \"The General Electric Co. Ltd. Witton England\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "The four Mirrlees diesel engines are:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "A 7-cylinder engine with GEC alternator, 937 KVA, 11500 Volt output at 375rpm;", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "A 5-cylinder engine with GEC alternator, 344 KVA, 660 Volt output at 375rpm;", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "A 7-cylinder engine with Schorch alternator, 625 KVA, 400 volt output at 375rpm; and", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "An 8-cylinder engine with brush alternator, 1150 KVA, 6600 volt output at 375 rpm.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "All generators are three phase. In total there are three diesel engines and the old Ruston Lincoln engine, a 4-cylinder engine plus the two hydro-energy sets, each comprising turbine and generator.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Some features associated with the power generating equipment, including exhausts and a smaller cooling tower, are located on the south side of the power house; two smaller annexes are attached to the original building. A short distance southwards are the footings of two cooling towers that have been removed.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Descending down the adjacent hill, the end of the pipeline is located at the southwest corner of the powerhouse. This pipeline conveyed water to power the turbines from a weir built at Lavertys Gap above the Power House. The storage capacity of the weir is 30 million gallons. It has a height of 7m with a crest of 45.72m. Water runs away from the weir through a race, originally in earth fill that is now concrete and measures 440m. After flowing through a 106.7m tunnel driven through the saddle of the hill the water runs to a holding race above the water treatment plant. Water is diverted from this race to supply drinking water to Mullumbimby as well as flowing to the power station, at the foot of Lavertys Gap, through a cast iron pipeline, 509m in length, that was originally made in woodstave.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "The Hydro-electric station contains a catalogued Movable Heritage Collection that relates to its industrial use. The following catalogued items are considered an important part of the significance of the site:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Three phase grinder.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Prop for pipe cutting.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Timber block used for wad punching.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Handle for gate valve.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Shaft for gate valve.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Timber work benches.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Handle to roll 44 gallon drums.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Pikes for standing poles.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Ten ton block and tackle.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "44 gallon drum roller.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Hooks to store chains, wire ropes & shackles.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Transformer for lead light.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Steel bar to turn the engine over.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Pirometers used for reading exhaust gas temperature.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Set of tools for the turbine.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Buckets for the turbine.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Stand for the air tank.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Transformers for the hydro units.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Pallets of spare parts.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Timber brake for the fly wheels.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Control panel for the engines.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Mezzanine floor all items to be kept on shelves.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "The switching gear and controls appear to date from the 1950s or 1960s.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "As at 30 November 2012, the power plant shows signs of moderate deterioration and is in the need of some maintenance and repair. The asbestos sheeting on the roof had recently been replaced with galvanised corrugated iron as had the walls. The water race was in good condition, showing signs of maintenance and repair. In some sections the land at the edges of the race has been sandbagged to prevent erosion.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "The Mullumbimby Power House complex is in excellent condition. Minor modernisation has generally occurred to provide for the increased demand. The retention of machinery in its original contexts adds strength to the integrity of this site.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "A recent upgraded substation and three large sheds (Terranora Interconnector) have also been built to the north west in recent years. The original substation has been removed from the site along with two cooling towers, two sheds and a weatherboard cottage.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "The Mullumbimby Power Station Complex, incorporating Hydro-electric Power Station, Lavertys Gap Weir and associated water races, are of state heritage significance as a complete system associated with a smaller provincial hydro-electric power station built by Mullumbimby Municipal Council as part of the provision and supply of electricity from the mid-1920s. It was the fourth hydro-electric power station built in NSW for the large scale provision of electricity and the fifth constructed on the mainland. Associated with the early development of hydro-electricity in NSW it represents the transition from local councils and private companies to county councils in the provision and supply of electricity to the community.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "The Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station complex is a fine example of a 1920s provincial hydro-electric power generating complex complete with a significant collection of associated features and machinery. Its power house, machinery, steel pipes, annexes, cooling tower, valves, race and weir are an intact collection and a physical example of hydro-electric development and technical innovation in the Byron area in the since 1924.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "The size and intactness of the Mullumbimby Power Station and associated items, the dominant form and fabric of the power house and its imposing presence within a natural setting afford the complex considerable aesthetic and technical value. The surviving collection of hydro and combustion engines including two GEC Pelton wheel turbines, a Boving & Co. Ltd engine, Ruston Lincoln engine, a General Electric Co. Ltd generator, and four Mirrlees diesel engines, as well as the overhead travelling cranes, are a rare industrial collection surviving within their original context. Considered to be particularly rare, are the Pelton turbines which are two of only a few examples surviving in their original context worldwide.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "The Hydro-electric station contains a catalogued Movable Heritage Collection that relates to its industrial use including tools and machinery elements. These form an important part of the intact collection at this site.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 27 June 2014 having satisfied the following criteria.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "The Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station, Lavertys Gap Weir and Water Races meet this criterion at State level as the fourth hydro-electric power station complex to be built in NSW and the fifth in mainland Australia. In addition, it is significant for its association with the development of hydro-electric power generation in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "It meets this criterion at a local level as part of a group of power stations and associated items in the Northern Rivers region. Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station has played an important role in the development of electricity generation and supply to the local area since the mid-1920s up to its decommissioning in 1989.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Originally built by Mullumbimby Municipal Council, its ownership and management by the Council provided income to the municipality, contributing to the economic development of the region. The Power Station is also of local historical significance as it represents the transition from Local Councils and private companies to County Councils in the provision and supply of electricity to the community.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "It meets this criterion at State level due to its largely preserved appearance, its size, dominant form and its imposing presence as a steel structure within a natural setting.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "The preservation of associated features including its machinery, steel pipes, valves, race and weir also afford this historic site considerable aesthetic significance.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "The hydro-electric complex is aesthetically distinctive as an industrial display of creative and technical innovation. The power house, its associated structures and machinery are of technical interest.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "It meets this criterion at local level due to its importance to the Byron Shire community and the regional community as part of an important 1920s endeavour to make the north coast self-sufficient on hydro-electric power.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "The Power Station has special associations for former workers and is appreciated for its contribution to the economic development of the region through the provision of electricity to local industries, businesses and residences. This social significance is recognised through listing as a heritage item on the National Trust Register (NSW) and the Byron Local Environmental Plan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "It meets this criterion at State level as a reference of an early twentieth century hydro-electric complex.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station has a rare ability to demonstrate once common work practices in the early to mid 20th century, which are now almost entirely discontinued through changes in technology and workplace health and safety requirements.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "The Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station and its associated machinery, steel pipes, valves, race and weir are an intact collection of one of the earliest hydro-electric power stations in NSW. This early technology has the potential to yield information on the early development of hydro-electric schemes in Australia. The Power Station has limited historical archaeological potential.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "It meets this criterion at State level as the fourth hydro-electric power station in NSW. Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station is unique because of the early combination of hydro-electric and diesel powered technology. The size and intactness of the Power Station and associated items also afford the industrial complex rarity value.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "The two GEC Pelton wheel turbines, a Boving & Co. Ltd engine, Ruston Lincoln engine, a General Electric Co. Ltd generator, and four Mirrlees diesel engines, as well as the overhead travelling cranes, are a rare industrial collection surviving within their original context.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "In particular, the GEC Pelton wheel turbines are two of only a few known examples surviving in their original context worldwide.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "It meets this criterion at State level as the Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex is a fine representative example of a mid 1920s provincial hydro-electric power generating complex.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "It is representative of one of the earliest hydro-electric power stations in Australia and the associated items demonstrate the development of provincial power schemes by Local Councils in NSW in the 1920s.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Clarence River County Council Annual Report. 1939.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Sydney Morning Herald 26 December. 1925.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Environmental Resources Management (2008). Lismore to Mullumbimby Electricity Network Upgrade - Environmental Assessment.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Government Architects Office (2010). \"Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station CMP\" (PDF).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Brokenshire, Jim (1988). The Brunswick. Another River and its People.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Howard Tanner and Associates, McDonald Brickman Corkhill, Godden Mackay Logan Pt (1993). Northern Rivers Electricity Heritage and Conservation Register.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Stedinger Associates Pty Ltd (2008). Country Energy S170 Register.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "This Wikipedia article was originally based on Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex, entry number 01926 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 2 June 2018.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_95e7c4d7", "title": "Mullumbimby Hydro-electric Power Station Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimby_Hydro-electric_Power_Station_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_95e7c4d7.json"}}
{"text": "Adam Harvey (born 21 December 1974) is an Australian country music singer. Harvey has sold over half a million records, has been nominated five times for an ARIA Music Award and has won nine golden guitars at the Country Music Awards of Australia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6b7a4cb", "title": "Adam Harvey", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Harvey", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6b7a4cb.json"}}
{"text": "Harvey got his start musically learning country classics on the guitar as a small boy. His first gig came at the age of ten, and by his school years he was performing rock covers at a club when he was discovered and went off on tour as support for Tania Kernaghan. In 1998 Harvey won his first Country Music (CMAA) Award for 'Vocal Collaboration of the Year' with Tanya Self for \"Drive Away\". In 2001 he won another CMAA Award for 'Vocal Collaboration of the Year' this time with Beccy Cole, Darren Coggan and Felicity, for \"Do I Ever Cross Your Mind\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6b7a4cb", "title": "Adam Harvey", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Harvey", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6b7a4cb.json"}}
{"text": "In 2002, Harvey won two CMAA Awards; 'Album of the Year' and 'Male Vocalist of the Year' for Workin' Overtime. Workin' Overtime was nominated for ARIA Award for Best Country Album at the 2002 ARIA Awards.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6b7a4cb", "title": "Adam Harvey", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Harvey", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6b7a4cb.json"}}
{"text": "In 2004, Harvey won a second CMAA Award for 'Male Vocalist of the Year' that year. In 2005 he received his third ARIA award nomination for Best Country Album Can't Settle for Less. In 2008, he won Album of the Year I'm Doin' Alright.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6b7a4cb", "title": "Adam Harvey", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Harvey", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6b7a4cb.json"}}
{"text": "In 2009, he sang the Australian national anthem before the Australia vs New Zealand rugby league test match.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6b7a4cb", "title": "Adam Harvey", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Harvey", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6b7a4cb.json"}}
{"text": "Harvey has been nominated for a CMAA Award in 2010 for Collaboration of the Year with John Williamson for \"King of the Road\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6b7a4cb", "title": "Adam Harvey", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Harvey", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6b7a4cb.json"}}
{"text": "In 2013, Harvey collaborated with Troy Cassar-Daley to record The Great Country Songbook, which debuted at number 2 on the ARIA Charts.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6b7a4cb", "title": "Adam Harvey", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Harvey", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6b7a4cb.json"}}
{"text": "Awards and nominations", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6b7a4cb", "title": "Adam Harvey", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Harvey", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6b7a4cb.json"}}
{"text": "Harvey had been nominated for 5 awards at the ARIA Music Awards", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6b7a4cb", "title": "Adam Harvey", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Harvey", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6b7a4cb.json"}}
{"text": "The Country Music Awards of Australia is an annual awards night held in January during the Tamworth Country Music Festival, celebrating recording excellence in the Australian country music industry. Harvey has won nine awards.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6b7a4cb", "title": "Adam Harvey", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Harvey", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6b7a4cb.json"}}
{"text": "Official Youtube Channel", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6b7a4cb", "title": "Adam Harvey", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Harvey", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6b7a4cb.json"}}
{"text": "Adam Harvey discography @ Discogs", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6b7a4cb", "title": "Adam Harvey", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Harvey", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6b7a4cb.json"}}
{"text": "Adam Harvey @ AllMusic", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c6b7a4cb", "title": "Adam Harvey", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Harvey", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c6b7a4cb.json"}}
{"text": "California Skateparks (or CA Skateparks) is a skate park and action sports facility builder and designer. Founded in 1989 and based in Upland, California, CA Skateparks has constructed municipal city and county parks, action sports competition arenas, and professional athlete's private facilities. CA Skateparks is part of a larger group of companies, including California Landscape & Design Inc. and CA Ramp Works, all owned by founder Joe Ciaglia Jr. California Skateparks designed and built Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory, which has appeared in the MTV show Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory. The company also designed the Vans skatepark in Huntington Beach, California.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_685f264e", "title": "California Skateparks", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Skateparks", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_685f264e.json"}}
{"text": "Rautavesi (Hartola) is a medium-sized lake of Finland. It is located in Hartola and Joutsa municipalities, in the regions Central Finland and Päijät-Häme. The water quality in the lake is excellent. Water flows down to the lake Jääsjärvi. The lake is quite near to the Finnish national road 4, about ten kilometers southwards from Joutsa.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1c04d230", "title": "Rautavesi (Hartola)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautavesi_(Hartola)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1c04d230.json"}}
{"text": "List of lakes in Finland", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1c04d230", "title": "Rautavesi (Hartola)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautavesi_(Hartola)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1c04d230.json"}}
{"text": "Lost Girl is a Canadian supernatural drama television series  that premiered on Showcase on September 12, 2010. The series was created by Michelle Lovretta and is produced by Jay Firestone, Prodigy Pictures Inc.,  and Keyframe Digital Productions, Inc.,  with the participation of the Canadian Television Fund (Canada Media Fund), and in association with Shaw Media. It follows the life of a bisexual succubus named Bo, played by Anna Silk, as she learns to control her superhuman abilities, help those in need, and discover the truth about her origins.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "Lost Girl premiered on Showcase on September 12, 2010. Its debut became \"the highest-rated Canadian scripted series premiere of all time on Showcase.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "The series premiered in Australia on Sci Fi on July 14, 2011.  In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the series premiered on Syfy (UK) on September 1, 2011.  In the United States, the series premiered on Syfy on January 16, 2012.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "It’s kind of tough growing up thinking that you might have a shot at being prom queen and find out that you're part of some ageless secret race that feeds on humans.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "Bo is a Succubus who grew up in an adopted human family, unaware of her non-human nature and of the Fae world she descended from. She began to feel \"different\" when she entered puberty and didn't know she was not normal until she accidentally killed her high school boyfriend by draining his life energy during her first sexual encounter. When she told her parents what had happened, they broke the news to Bo that she had been adopted (see \"Raging Fae\"). Not knowing what she was and what she had done, Bo hated herself and ran away from home, exchanging her previous life for one without family or friends, moving from place to place and assuming a false identity whenever she killed again.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "In the first episode, Bo saves a young human woman, Kenzi, from a rapist who had surreptitiously drugged her with a \"roofie\" in her drink. The two quickly become friends and Kenzi decides they should team up to create a Fae/Human detective agency. Confronted by the Fae leaders of the local territory with a demand for her to choose a side – either \"Light\" or \"Dark\" – Bo declares herself neutral, deciding instead to side with humans after Kenzi risked her life to find out where Bo had been taken by force and what they were doing to her. Most of the Fae considered Bo an unknown entity that should either be eliminated as a risk to their secret existence or exploited for their benefit. Throughout the season, Bo learns more about the Fae world and herself while she searches for information about her origins. Along the way, Bo also develops romantic relationships with both Dyson, a Light Fae wolf shapeshifter and police detective; and Lauren, a human doctor and scientist in servitude to the Light Fae.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "On November 16, 2008, Prodigy Pictures issued a press release that they had been commissioned by Canwest (Canwest Global Communications Corp.) to produce a pilot for Lost Girl, a drama about a young woman with supernatural powers.  On August 13, 2009, Canwest announced that the Showcase television channel, a subsidiary of the main company, had given the green-light for a 13-episode, one-hour supernatural drama series named Lost Girl.  On April 6, 2010, Prodigy Pictures reported that \"principal photography is underway for 13 one-hour episodes of the new original Canadian fantasy-noir series, Lost Girl.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "Filming will take place at a West Toronto soundstage and on location in the vicinities of Toronto and Hamilton until June 25, 2010. The series is set to air on Showcase in the fall. Lost Girl follows supernatural seductress Bo (Anna Silk), a Succubus who feeds on the sexual energy of mortals. Bo’s succubus nature tangles her in a sexy, romantic love-triangle with Dyson (Kris Holden-Reid), a shape-shifting Fae and homicide detective, and Lauren (Zoie Palmer), a human doctor who has found a way through science to help give Bo the sexual self-control she's been aching for. Navigating this complicated life with Bo is her human confidante and street-smart survivor, Kenzi (Ksenia Solo). Writers include Michelle Lovretta; Peter Mohan; Jeremy Boxen; Emily Andras; and Pamela Pinch. A companion website for the series is being produced concurrently and will launch with the show to give viewers an unprecedented, interactive experience.\" The series was aimed for a September 2010 release date.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "On June 22, 2010, Keyframe Digital Productions Inc. reported that they had been given the contract for visual effects on the first thirteen episodes of Lost Girl.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "As part of the promotion of the series, an official site was opened at the beginning of August 2010 at www.lostgirlseries.com. It contained a short trailer for the series and a summary of information on the show and its characters. On August 20, 2010, \"Lost Girl: The Interactive Motion Comic\" was released as a lead-in to the series. On the same date, a press release indicated that Lost Girl cast and crew would be making an appearance at Fan Expo Canada in Toronto on August 27–29, 2010, where they would be answering questions about the show and have promotional items available for audience members as well.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "Lost Girl premiered on Showcase on September 12, 2010. The show's debut became \"the highest-rated Canadian scripted series premiere of all time on Showcase.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "The first season episode \"Vexed\" (1.08) is the original pilot shown to Showcase to obtain the green-light for the series.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "On May 18, 2011, Syfy (U.S.) announced that it had acquired 26 episodes (Season One and Season Two) of Lost Girl from Prodigy Pictures.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "The United States debut of Lost Girl on January 16, 2012, was announced by Syfy on December 12, 2011.  Episodes broadcast by Syfy in the United States are edited from their original 44:00 minutes to allow more time for commercial advertisements.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "In Canada, Entertainment One, Ltd. released the DVD of Season One on April 24, 2012. In Australia (Region 4), Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released Season 1 on DVD on November 23, 2011; In the United States (Region 1), Giant Ape Media (Funimation SC) released the Season 1 uncut episodes \"not seen on Syfy\" on DVD and Blu-ray on October 23, 2012. In the United Kingdom and Ireland (Region 2), Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released Season 1 on DVD on February 25, 2013.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "Ratings for the 9 p.m. series premiere on September 12, 2010, was over \"400,000 viewers (2+)\" and \"another 184,000 (2+)\" for the episode rerun at 10:40 p.m., making Lost Girl the \"highest-rated Canadian scripted series premiere of all time on Showcase.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "Critical response and popularity", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 75% approval rating with an average rating of 7.4 out of 10 based on 12 reviews. The consensus reads: \"Strong storytelling and intriguing characters help make Lost Girl a better-than-average supernatural/sci-fi series, even if the special effects leave something to be desired.\" On Metacritic, the season scored 68 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "In Canada, Rob Salem of the Toronto Star described the show as one that \"definitely bears watching\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "Vladislav Tinchev, writer for the German site Serienjunkies wrote that the series would benefit from \"revealing more background information about the represented world,\" rather than spend time on \"clumsy action scenes\".  But Tinchev pointed out that \"Lost Girl is not lost at all, and has immediately won the audience and entertains them well. And there is nothing wrong with that, because TV series need not be world-shaking events.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "In anticipation of its United States premiere, Brian Lowry of Variety wrote: \"At first glance, Lost Girl looks like another one of those Canadian imports picked up mostly for financial reasons. The pilot, however, proves unexpectedly fun—a sort of diluted version of True Blood... but the show has wit, style and an enticing lead in the leather-clad Anna Silk.\" Writing for The New York Times, Mike Hale said: \"Like other fantasy-tinged shows on Syfy and USA, it offers the minor pleasures of formulaic fantasy and weekly puzzle solving, though in a cheaper-looking and less original package than usual....\" In a post-premiere review for The Huffington Post, Mauren Ryan wrote: \"No one can say there's been a dearth of genre-tinged programs on television in recent years. The vampire boom of the mid-aughts was followed by the zombie bonanza of the last couple of years; all in all, we're awash in various undead and otherworldly creatures...But one of the reasons Lost Girl has made such a big impression on me...is because the Syfy show does what so many genre programs fail to do these days: It has fun with its premise...But don't expect Lost Girl to be perfect: Bo's universe can seem constricted at times, the weekly clients and monsters aren't always interesting and occasionally the storytelling has abrupt moments. But my occasional complaints have been overwhelmed by my growing appreciation of what creator Michelle Lovretta has done with this light drama: She's created a Hero's Journey with a self-confident woman — a succubus, no less — at the center of it...Lovretta has done something subversively impressive with Lost Girl. She's built a whole show around the idea of a woman who is learning just how much she can or should take from others, and how much she can rely on herself.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "The relationship between Bo and Lauren became popularly referred to as \"Doccubus\" after fans of the couple combined \"Doctor\" Lauren Lewis with Bo's  \"Succubus\" species (i.e. Doc+cubus) to create the alias. The term became widely used by entertainment media and bloggers when referring to the pairing.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "In a 2012 report by TiVo of television programs watched at bedtime, Lost Girl was rated one of the top ten, most watched shows.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "In a Slate magazine 2012 year-end list of 15 favorite television shows that are a pleasure to watch, Lost Girl (on Syfy) was named \"Number 1\" on the list, and hailed as \"Sexy, snarky, and Canadian.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "Lost Girl at  Syfy (U.S.) Archived 23 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "Lost Girl at Prodigy Pictures Inc. Archived 4 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "Lost Girl at Canadian Television Fund Archived 6 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "Lost Girl at epguides.com", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "Lost Girl list of episodes at Garn's Guides", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "Lost Girl at BO SERIES INC. (Giant Ape Media)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_23214f1b", "title": "Lost Girl season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Girl_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_23214f1b.json"}}
{"text": "Carol Schuurman (17 August 1934 – 3 April 2009) was a Dutch footballer. He played in four matches for the Netherlands national football team from 1958 to 1961.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_df976de0", "title": "Carol Schuurman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Schuurman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_df976de0.json"}}
{"text": "FC Odishi 1919 (Georgian: საფეხბურთო კლუბი ოდიში 1919), commonly referred to as simply Odishi, is a Georgian association football club based in Zugdidi, the administrative centre of Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti. Being a municipal club, they compete in Erovnuli Liga 2, the 2nd tier of Georgian football after gaining promotion from Liga 3 in 2025.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e69955c7", "title": "FC Odishi 1919", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Odishi_1919", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e69955c7.json"}}
{"text": "On 20 May 1919, two students of Zugdidi gymnasium, Leo Chedia and Pier Kobakhidze, organized a first football match in the city with Mertskhali (Swallows) represented as a local team. This date is considered a birthday for football in Zugdidi.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e69955c7", "title": "FC Odishi 1919", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Odishi_1919", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e69955c7.json"}}
{"text": "The main football club of the city has had various names, especially after 1990, and as Dinamo Zugdidi, Odishi, Zugdidi, Baia, and Mglebi has taken part in the Umaglesi Liga in different seasons.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e69955c7", "title": "FC Odishi 1919", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Odishi_1919", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e69955c7.json"}}
{"text": "Lazika Zugdidi, the predecessor of Odishi 1919, competed in lower divisions in the early 2010s. Despite being the third division leaders for most of the 2012/13 season, at the end they lost a promotion chance. A year later, though, the team remained unstoppable until a place in Pirveli Liga was booked.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e69955c7", "title": "FC Odishi 1919", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Odishi_1919", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e69955c7.json"}}
{"text": "The debutants of the second division performed remarkably well to join the battle for a promotion spot. The club slipped up at the very end again, losing three games in a row in the last five matches, which allowed Locomotive Tbilisi to claim a second place paving the way for play-offs. Still, the third place in 2014–15 in Liga 2 has been the best result shown by Lazika.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e69955c7", "title": "FC Odishi 1919", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Odishi_1919", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e69955c7.json"}}
{"text": "With another promotion set as their goal, the club started the next season. But its first phase turned out so awful that the manager and some key players were axed. Ukrainian manager Sergey Zhitski as well as forward Levan Kutalia were invited. In the same season Lazika was introduced as Odishi 1919. As the manager pointed out, while taking this decision a special emphasis was given to the history of football in Zugdidi.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e69955c7", "title": "FC Odishi 1919", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Odishi_1919", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e69955c7.json"}}
{"text": "Soon a sharp decline followed, which resulted in two successive relegations. Left out of a national league for the first time, Odishi finished as runners-up in their regional league group in 2018 and joined the newly formed Liga 4 for the next season.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e69955c7", "title": "FC Odishi 1919", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Odishi_1919", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e69955c7.json"}}
{"text": "Their tenure in the fourth tier lasted six years. In contrast with the first less ambitious four seasons, during the 2023 season Odishi were regarded as title contenders, but they took fourth place only three points below their nearest rivals. Being the only 4th division club with a foreign coach, Odishi set to accomplish the same goal in 2024 and even though went through some mid-season changes in the management, the team sealed promotion well in advance, with four games still in hand.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e69955c7", "title": "FC Odishi 1919", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Odishi_1919", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e69955c7.json"}}
{"text": "A year later, Odishi 1919 continued their successful campaign in the 3rd tier. Following a 4–3 aggregate victory over Iberia B in playoffs, the team achieved back-to-back promotions to return to the 2nd division after a nine-year absence.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e69955c7", "title": "FC Odishi 1919", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Odishi_1919", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e69955c7.json"}}
{"text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e69955c7", "title": "FC Odishi 1919", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Odishi_1919", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e69955c7.json"}}
{"text": "The club currently holds home games at the Ganmukhuri central stadium. Located in 25 km from Zugdidi, it has the capacity of 2,000.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e69955c7", "title": "FC Odishi 1919", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Odishi_1919", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e69955c7.json"}}
{"text": "As an old name for Samegrelo, the term Odishi was widely applied in medieval times.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e69955c7", "title": "FC Odishi 1919", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Odishi_1919", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e69955c7.json"}}
{"text": "The Air Force is the fifth studio album by Xiu Xiu. It was released on September 12, 2006, and was produced by Greg Saunier of Deerhoof, who also performs on the album with band members Caralee McElroy and Jamie Stewart.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2812e1e7", "title": "The Air Force", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Air_Force", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2812e1e7.json"}}
{"text": "The album was produced by Greg Saunier of Deerhoof, and released on 5 Rue Christine in September 2006. Stewart said that the year was \"one of the first not dominated by personal tragedies\" and that the album is about \"making other people feel bad\" instead of feeling bad oneself. Its major themes are \"guilt and sex as opposed to sorrow and sex\". Stewart considered it their best and most consciously pop album yet. They said that the band was obsessed with Weezer's Blue Album and The Smiths's The Queen Is Dead while on tour, though the album does not reflect those albums particularly.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2812e1e7", "title": "The Air Force", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Air_Force", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2812e1e7.json"}}
{"text": "\"Feeding the Raging Heart\" is the opening song to the 2007 Robby Reis film of the same name.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2812e1e7", "title": "The Air Force", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Air_Force", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2812e1e7.json"}}
{"text": "\"Hello from Eau Claire\" and \"Saint Pedro Glue Stick\" do not have vocals by lead member Jamie Stewart; instead, Caralee McElroy does all of the vocals on the former, while the latter is instrumental.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2812e1e7", "title": "The Air Force", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Air_Force", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2812e1e7.json"}}
{"text": "Jamie Stewart - Production, vocals (1–6, 8–11), percussion (1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9), drum programming (2–4, 6, 9, 10), synthesizer (2–4, 6, 8, 10), guitar (2, 4, 5, 8, 10), bass (4, 5, 8, 9), sampler (3, 5, 7), harmonica (4, 6), piano (1), accordion (2), recorder (2), autoharp (5), mandolin (9)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2812e1e7", "title": "The Air Force", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Air_Force", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2812e1e7.json"}}
{"text": "Caralee McElroy - Production, vocals (1, 3, 6, 10), flute (2, 4), synthesizer (4), glockenspiel (9), cymbal (10)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2812e1e7", "title": "The Air Force", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Air_Force", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2812e1e7.json"}}
{"text": "Additional personnel", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2812e1e7", "title": "The Air Force", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Air_Force", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2812e1e7.json"}}
{"text": "Greg Saunier - Production, vocals (1, 3, 5, 6, 10), sampler (2–4, 9, 11), synthesizer (1, 4, 6, 9), guitar (2, 4, 5, 10), percussion (1, 2, 5), piano (1, 8), drum programming (2, 4), bass (3), electronic drums (3), banjo (6), bass drum (6), snare drum (9), glockenspiel (9)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2812e1e7", "title": "The Air Force", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Air_Force", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2812e1e7.json"}}
{"text": "Devra Hoff - Double bass (2, 10, 11), bass (10)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2812e1e7", "title": "The Air Force", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Air_Force", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2812e1e7.json"}}
{"text": "David Horvitz - Koto (7)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2812e1e7", "title": "The Air Force", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Air_Force", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2812e1e7.json"}}
{"text": "Nedelle Torisi - Violin (9)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2812e1e7", "title": "The Air Force", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Air_Force", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2812e1e7.json"}}
{"text": "Pterosauromorpha (meaning \"pterosaur-like forms\") is one of the two basic divisions of Ornithodira that includes pterosaurs and all taxa that are closer to them than to dinosaurs and their close relatives (i.e. Dinosauromorpha). In addition to pterosaurs, Pterosauromorpha also includes the basal clade Lagerpetidae and some other Late Triassic ornithodirans (such as Scleromochlus).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aed1eaa7", "title": "Pterosauromorpha", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosauromorpha", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aed1eaa7.json"}}
{"text": "The name Pterosauromorpha was originally coined by Emil Kuhn-Schnyder and Hans Rieber (1986) for a reptilian subclass distinct from Archosauria which includes pterosaurs. In 1997, Kevin Padian classified Pterosauromorpha as a clade of archosaurs and proposed phylogenetic definition for this group: \"Pterosauria and all ornithodiran archosaurs closer to them than to dinosaurs\". Brian Andres and Kevin Padian redefined Pterosauromorpha as: \"The clade consisting of Pterodactylus (originally Ornithocephalus) antiquus (Sömmerring 1812) (Pterosauria) and all organisms or species that share a more recent common ancestor with it than with Alligator (originally Crocodilus) mississippiensis (Daudin 1802) (Suchia) and Compsognathus longipes Wagner 1859 (Dinosauromorpha)\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aed1eaa7", "title": "Pterosauromorpha", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosauromorpha", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aed1eaa7.json"}}
{"text": "Lagerpetidae was traditionally considered the earliest diverging group of dinosauromorphs. This caused no other reptiles besides the true pterosaurs to be placed in Pterosauromorpha. The only notable exception was a small reptile named Scleromochlus, whose placement within the clade itself remained controversial due the poor preservation of its otherwise complete remains. Different phylogenetic analyses found it as a basal pterosauromorph, a non-aphanosaurian, non-pterosaur basal avemetatarsalian, a basal dinosauromorph, or a basal archosauriform. This has resulted in a large gap between the fully aerial pterosaurs and their terrestrial ancestors, as the earliest pterosaurs were already capable flyers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aed1eaa7", "title": "Pterosauromorpha", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosauromorpha", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aed1eaa7.json"}}
{"text": "First iteration of phylogenetic analysis produced by Kammerer et al. (2020) restored lagerpetids as a basal dinosauromorphs, which corresponds to the traditional point of view. But the second iteration, in which were added Scleromochlus, found Lagerpetidae as the most basal pterosauromorphs, and Scleromochlus as the sister taxon of pterosaurs. In a study that used micro-CT scans, Ezcurra et al. (2020) have found additional similarities, including large semicircular canals within the bones of some lagerpetids that resemble that of pterosaurs. It is assumed that large semicircular canals are related to arboreal, aerial or other agile forms of terrestrial locomotion as well as rapid movements. The flocculus, the part of the brain that aids in transmitting information, was also large in both pterosaurs and lagerpetids, though to a lesser extent. When Ezcurra et al. (2020) included Scleromochlus in their analysis, they found it to be the most basal pterosauromorph, sister to a clade including lagerpetids and pterosaurs. Baron (2021) conducted his own analysis, which confirmed the relationship between lagerpetids and pterosaurs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aed1eaa7", "title": "Pterosauromorpha", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosauromorpha", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aed1eaa7.json"}}
{"text": "It has to do with the semicircular canals [in the ear], which orients you in 3D space. The shape of those canals correlates with ecology and how you move your head — basically, are you agile or not? And a lot of things that have flight have semicircular canals with a really large and characteristic [shape] because you're flying, you're in a lot more 3D space.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aed1eaa7", "title": "Pterosauromorpha", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosauromorpha", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aed1eaa7.json"}}
{"text": "Kellner et al. (2022) described Maehary, a small archosaur from the Late Triassic of Brazil. Along with lagerpetids, it was interpreted as a basal pterosauromorph. It is noteworthy that left maxilla of Maehary was previously considered to be a specimen of Faxinalipterus that was re-classified as a lagerpetid. Contrary to the initial classification, phylogenetic analyses conducted by Müller et al. (2023) and Müller (2024) recovered Maehary as a gracilisuchid pseudosuchian rather than a pterosauromorph. In their study on Scleromochlus, Foffa et al. (2023) noted that the phylogenetic position of Maehary remains uncertain due to the fragmentary nature of its material.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aed1eaa7", "title": "Pterosauromorpha", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosauromorpha", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aed1eaa7.json"}}
{"text": "An analysis by Garcia & Müller (2025) found lagerpetids as paraphyletic to pterosaurs, and Faxinalipterus not as a pterosauromorph but as a sister taxon to Ornithodira, more closely related to ornithodirans than to Mambachiton and Aphanosauria.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aed1eaa7", "title": "Pterosauromorpha", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosauromorpha", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aed1eaa7.json"}}
{"text": "Quintanilla de Arriba is a municipality located in the province of Valladolid, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2017 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 155 inhabitants.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_168f7176", "title": "Quintanilla de Arriba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintanilla_de_Arriba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_168f7176.json"}}
{"text": "Cuisine of the province of Valladolid", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_168f7176", "title": "Quintanilla de Arriba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintanilla_de_Arriba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_168f7176.json"}}
{"text": "Gary Cooper (born Frank James Cooper; May 7, 1901 – May 13, 1961) was an American actor known for his strong, silent screen persona and understated acting style. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor twice and had a further three nominations, as well as an Academy Honorary Award in 1961 for his career achievements. He was one of the top-10 film personalities for 23 consecutive years and one of the top money-making stars for 18 years. The American Film Institute (AFI) ranked Cooper at number 11 on its list of the 50 greatest screen legends.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper's career spanned 36 years, from 1925 to 1961, and included leading roles in 84 feature films. He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through almost the end of the golden age of classical Hollywood. His screen persona appealed strongly to both men and women, and his range included roles in most major film genres. His ability to project his own personality onto the characters he played contributed to his natural and authentic appearance on screen. Throughout his career, he sustained a screen persona that represented the ideal American hero.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper began his career as a film extra and stunt rider, but soon landed acting roles. After establishing himself as a Western hero in his early silent films, he became a movie star with his first sound picture, playing the title role in 1929's   The Virginian. In the early 1930s, he expanded his heroic image to include more cautious characters in adventure films and dramas such as A Farewell to Arms (1932) and The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935). During the height of his career, Cooper portrayed a new type of hero, a champion of the common man in films such as Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), Meet John Doe (1941), Sergeant York (1941), Ball of Fire (1941), The Pride of the Yankees (1942), and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943). He later portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in films such as The Fountainhead (1949) and High Noon (1952). In his final films, he played nonviolent characters searching for redemption in films such as Friendly Persuasion (1956) and Man of the West (1958).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Frank James Cooper was born in Helena, Montana, on May 7, 1901, the younger of two sons of English immigrant parents Alice (née Brazier) and Charles Henry Cooper. His brother, Arthur, was six years his senior. Cooper's father came from Houghton Regis, Bedfordshire, England and became a prominent lawyer, rancher, and Montana Supreme Court justice. His mother hailed from Gillingham, Kent, England, and married Charles in Montana. In 1906, Charles purchased the 600-acre (240 ha) Seven-Bar-Nine cattle ranch, about fifty miles (80 km) north of Helena, near Craig. Cooper and Arthur spent their summers at the ranch and learned to ride horses, hunt and fish. Cooper attended Central Grade School in Helena.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Alice wanted their sons to have a British education, so she took them back to the United Kingdom in 1909 to enroll them in Dunstable Grammar School in Dunstable, England. While there, Cooper and his brother lived with their father's cousins, William and Emily Barton, at their home in Houghton Regis. Cooper studied Latin, French and English history at Dunstable until 1912. While he adapted to English school discipline and learned the requisite social graces, he never adjusted to the formal Eton collars he was required to wear. He received his confirmation in the Church of England at the Church of All Saints in Houghton Regis on December 3, 1911. His mother accompanied their sons back to the U.S. in August 1912 and Cooper resumed his education in Montana, at Johnson Grammar School in Helena.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "At age fifteen, Cooper injured his hip in a car accident. On his doctor's recommendation, he returned to the Seven-Bar-Nine ranch to recuperate with horseback riding. The misguided therapy left Cooper with his characteristic stiff, off-balanced walk and slightly angled horse-riding style. He left Helena High School after two years in 1918 and returned to the family ranch to work full-time as a cowboy. In 1919, his father arranged for his son to attend Gallatin County High School in Bozeman, where English teacher Ida Davis encouraged him to focus on academics and participate in debating and dramatics. Cooper later called Davis \"the woman partly responsible for [his] giving up cowboy-ing and going to college\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "While in high school in 1920, Cooper took three art courses at Montana Agricultural College (now Montana State University) in Bozeman. His interest in art was inspired years earlier by the Western paintings of Charles Marion Russell and Frederic Remington. Cooper especially admired and studied Russell's Lewis and Clark Meeting Indians at Ross' Hole (1910), which still hangs in the state capitol building in Helena.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In 1922, to continue his art education, Cooper enrolled in Grinnell College in Grinnell, Iowa. He did well academically in most of his courses but was not accepted into the school's drama club. His drawings and watercolor paintings were exhibited throughout the dormitory and he was named art editor for the college yearbook. During the summers of 1922 and 1923, Cooper worked at Yellowstone National Park as a tour guide driving the yellow open-top buses. Despite a promising first 18 months at Grinnell, he left college suddenly in February 1924, spent a month in Chicago looking for work as an artist, and then returned to Helena, where he sold editorial cartoons to the local Independent newspaper.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In autumn 1924, Cooper's father left the state supreme court bench and moved with his wife to Los Angeles to administer the estates of two relatives, and Cooper joined his parents there in November at his father's request. After briefly working a series of unpromising jobs, he met two friends from Montana, who were working as film extras and stunt riders in low-budget Western films for the small movie studios on Poverty Row. They introduced him to another Montana cowboy, rodeo champion Jay \"Slim\" Talbot, who took him to see a casting director. Wanting money for a professional art course, Cooper worked as a film extra for five dollars a day and as a stunt rider for $10. Cooper and Talbot became close friends and hunting companions; Talbot later worked as Cooper's stuntman and stand-in for over three decades.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Silent films, 1925–1928", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In early 1925, Cooper began his film career in silent pictures such as The Thundering Herd and Wild Horse Mesa with Jack Holt, Riders of the Purple Sage and The Lucky Horseshoe with Tom Mix, and The Trail Rider with Buck Jones. He worked for several Poverty Row studios, but also the already emergent major studios, Famous Players–Lasky and Fox Film Corporation. While his skilled horsemanship led to steady work in Westerns, Cooper found the stunt work, which sometimes injured horses and riders, \"tough and cruel\". Hoping to move beyond the risky stunt work and obtain acting roles, Cooper paid for a screen test and hired casting director Nan Collins to work as his agent. Knowing that other actors were using the name \"Frank Cooper\", Collins suggested he change his first name to \"Gary\" after her hometown of Gary, Indiana. Cooper immediately liked the name.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper also found work in a variety of non-Western films, appearing, for example, as a masked Cossack in The Eagle (1925), as a Roman guard in Ben-Hur (1925), and as a flood survivor in The Johnstown Flood (1926). Gradually, he began to land credited roles that offered him more screen time, in films such as Tricks (1925), in which he played the film's antagonist, and the short film Lightnin' Wins (1926). As a featured player, he began to attract the attention of major film studios. On June 1, 1926, Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn Productions for $50 a week.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper's first important film role was a supporting part in The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) starring Ronald Colman and Vilma Bánky, in which he plays a young engineer who helps a rival suitor save the woman he loves and her town from an impending dam disaster. Cooper's experience living among the Montana cowboys gave his performance an \"instinctive authenticity\", according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers. The film was a major success. Critics singled out Cooper as a \"dynamic new personality\" and future star. Goldwyn rushed to offer Cooper a long-term contract, but he held out for a better deal – a five-year contract with Jesse L. Lasky at Paramount Pictures for $175 a week. In 1927, with help from Clara Bow, Cooper landed high-profile roles in Children of Divorce and Wings (both 1927), the latter being the first film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture. That year, Cooper also appeared in his first starring roles in Arizona Bound and Nevada, both films directed by John Waters.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Paramount paired Cooper with Fay Wray in The Legion of the Condemned and The First Kiss (both 1928), advertising them as the studio's \"glorious young lovers\". Their on-screen chemistry failed to generate much excitement with audiences. With each new film, Cooper's acting skills improved and his popularity continued to grow, especially among female movie-goers. During this time, he was earning as much as $2,750 per film and receiving 1,000 fan letters a week. Looking to exploit Cooper's growing audience appeal, the studio placed him opposite popular leading ladies such as Evelyn Brent in Beau Sabreur, Florence Vidor in Doomsday, and Esther Ralston in Half a Bride (all 1928). Around the same time, Cooper made Lilac Time (1928) with Colleen Moore for First National Pictures, his first movie with synchronized music and sound effects. It became one of the most commercially successful films of 1928.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Hollywood stardom, 1929–1935", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper became a major movie star in 1929 playing the lead role in his first talking picture, The Virginian (1929), which was directed by Victor Fleming and co-starred Mary Brian and Walter Huston. Based on the popular novel by Owen Wister, The Virginian was one of the first sound films to define the Western code of honor and helped establish many of the conventions of the Western movie genre that persist to the present day. According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, the romantic image of the tall, handsome, and shy cowboy hero who embodied male freedom, courage, and honor was created in large part by Cooper in the film. Unlike some silent-film actors who had trouble adapting to the new sound medium, Cooper transitioned naturally, with his \"deep and clear\" and \"pleasantly drawling\" voice, which perfectly suited the characters he portrayed on screen. Looking to capitalize on Cooper's growing popularity, Paramount cast him in several Westerns and wartime dramas, including Only the Brave, The Texan, Seven Days' Leave, A Man from Wyoming, and The Spoilers (all released in 1930). Norman Rockwell depicted Cooper in his role as The Texan for the cover of The Saturday Evening Post on May 24, 1930.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "One of the most important performances in Cooper's early career was his portrayal of a sullen legionnaire in Josef von Sternberg's film Morocco (also 1930) with Marlene Dietrich in her introduction to American audiences. During production, von Sternberg focused his energies on Dietrich and treated Cooper dismissively. Tensions came to a head after von Sternberg yelled directions at Cooper in German. The 6-foot-3-inch (191 cm) actor approached the 5-foot-4-inch (163 cm) director, picked him up by the collar, and said, \"If you expect to work in this country, you'd better get on to the language we use here.\" Despite the tensions on the set, Cooper produced \"one of his best performances\", according to Thornton Delehanty of the New York Evening Post.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "After returning to the Western genre in Zane Grey's Fighting Caravans (1931) with French actress Lili Damita, Cooper appeared in the Dashiell Hammett crime film City Streets (also 1931), co-starring Sylvia Sidney and Paul Lukas, playing a westerner who gets involved with big-city gangsters to save the woman he loves. Cooper concluded the year with appearances in two unsuccessful films: I Take This Woman (also 1931) with Carole Lombard, and His Woman with Claudette Colbert. The demands and pressures of making 10 films in two years left Cooper exhausted and in poor health, suffering from anemia and jaundice. He had lost 30 lb (14 kg), and felt lonely, isolated, and depressed by his sudden fame and wealth. In May 1931, Cooper left Hollywood and sailed to Algiers and then Italy, where he lived for the next year.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "During his time abroad, Cooper stayed with the Countess Dorothy di Frasso, the former Dorothy Cadwell Taylor, at the Villa Madama in Rome, where she taught him about good food and vintage wines, how to read Italian and French menus, and how to socialize among Europe's nobility and upper classes. After guiding him through the great art museums and galleries of Italy, she accompanied him on a 10-week big-game hunting safari on the slopes of Mount Kenya in East Africa, where he was credited with more than 60 kills, including two lions, a rhinoceros, and various antelopes. His safari experience in Africa had a profound influence on Cooper and intensified his love of the wilderness. After returning to Europe, the countess and he set off on a Mediterranean cruise of the Italian and French Rivieras. Rested and rejuvenated by his year-long exile, a healthy Cooper returned to Hollywood in April 1932 and negotiated a new contract with Paramount for two films per year, a salary of $4,000 a week, and director and script approval.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In 1932, after completing Devil and the Deep with Tallulah Bankhead to fulfill his old contract, Cooper appeared in A Farewell to Arms, the first film adaptation of an Ernest Hemingway novel. Co-starring Helen Hayes, a leading New York theatre star and Academy Award winner, and Adolphe Menjou, the film presented Cooper with one of his most ambitious and challenging dramatic roles, playing an American ambulance driver wounded in Italy, who falls in love with an English nurse during World War I. Critics praised his highly intense and emotional performance, and the film became one of the year's most commercially successful pictures. In 1933, after making Today We Live with Joan Crawford and One Sunday Afternoon with Fay Wray, Cooper appeared in the Ernst Lubitsch comedy film Design for Living, based on the successful Noël Coward play. Co-starring Miriam Hopkins and Fredric March, the film was a box-office success, ranking as one of the top-10 highest-grossing films of 1933. All three of the lead actors – March, Cooper, and Hopkins – received attention from this film, as they were all at the peak of their careers. Cooper's performance, as an American artist in Europe competing with his playwright friend for the affections of a beautiful woman, was singled out for its versatility and revealed his genuine ability to do light comedy. Cooper changed his name legally to \"Gary Cooper\" in August 1933.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In 1934, Cooper was lent out to MGM for the Civil War drama film Operator 13 with Marion Davies, about a beautiful Union spy who falls in love with a Confederate soldier. Despite Richard Boleslawski's imaginative direction and George J. Folsey's lavish cinematography, the film did poorly at the box office.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Back at Paramount, Cooper appeared in his first of seven films by director Henry Hathaway, Now and Forever, with Carole Lombard and Shirley Temple. In the film, he plays a confidence man who tries to sell his daughter to the relatives who raised her, but is eventually won over by the adorable girl. Impressed by Temple's intelligence and charm, Cooper developed a close rapport with her, both on and off screen. The film was a box-office success.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In 1935, Cooper was lent to Samuel Goldwyn Productions to appear in King Vidor's romance film The Wedding Night with Anna Sten, who was being groomed as \"another Garbo\". In the film, Cooper plays an alcoholic novelist who retreats to his family's New England farm, where he meets and falls in love with a beautiful Polish neighbor. Cooper delivered a performance of surprising range and depth, according to biographer Larry Swindell. Despite receiving generally favorable reviews, the film was not popular with American audiences, who may have been offended by the film's depiction of an extramarital affair and its tragic ending.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Also in 1935, Cooper appeared in two Henry Hathaway films: the melodrama Peter Ibbetson with Ann Harding, about a man caught up in a dream world created by his love for a childhood sweetheart, and the adventure film The Lives of a Bengal Lancer, about a daring British officer and his men who defend their stronghold at Bengal against rebellious local tribes. While the former, championed by the surrealists became more successful in Europe than in the United States, the latter was nominated for seven Academy Awards and became one of Cooper's most popular and successful adventure films. Hathaway had the highest respect for Cooper's acting ability, calling him \"the best actor of all of them\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "American folk hero, 1936–1943", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "From Mr. Deeds to The Real Glory, 1936–1939", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper's career took an important turn in 1936. After making Frank Borzage's romantic comedy film Desire with Marlene Dietrich at Paramount, in which he delivered a performance considered by some contemporary critics as one of his finest, Cooper returned to Poverty Row for the first time since his early silent-film days to make Frank Capra's Mr. Deeds Goes to Town with Jean Arthur for Columbia Pictures. In the film, Cooper plays Longfellow Deeds, a quiet, innocent writer of greeting cards who inherits a fortune, leaves behind his idyllic life in Vermont, and travels to New York City, where he faces a world of corruption and deceit. Capra and screenwriter Robert Riskin were able to use Cooper's well-established screen persona as the \"quintessential American hero\" – a symbol of honesty, courage, and goodness – to create a new type of \"folk hero\" for the common man. Commenting on Cooper's impact on the character and the film, Capra observed:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "As soon as I thought of Gary Cooper, it wasn't possible to conceive anyone else in the role. He could not have been any closer to my idea of Longfellow Deeds, and as soon as he could think in terms of Cooper, Bob Riskin found it easier to develop the Deeds character in terms of dialogue. So it just had to be Cooper. Every line in his face spelled honesty. Our Mr. Deeds had to symbolize incorruptibility, and in my mind Gary Cooper was that symbol.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Both Desire and Mr. Deeds opened in April 1936 to critical praise and were major box-office successes. In his review in The New York Times, Frank Nugent wrote that Cooper was \"proving himself one of the best light comedians in Hollywood\". For his performance in Mr. Deeds, Cooper received his first Academy Award nomination for Best Actor.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper appeared in two other Paramount films in 1936. In Lewis Milestone's adventure film The General Died at Dawn with Madeleine Carroll, he plays an American soldier of fortune in China who helps the peasants defend themselves against the oppression of a cruel warlord. Written by playwright Clifford Odets, the film was a critical and commercial success.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In Cecil B. DeMille's sprawling frontier epic The Plainsman, his first of four films with the director, Cooper portrays Wild Bill Hickok in a highly fictionalized version of the opening of the American western frontier. The film was an even greater box-office hit than its predecessor, due in large part to Jean Arthur's definitive depiction of Calamity Jane and Cooper's inspired portrayal of Hickok as an enigmatic figure of \"deepening mythic substance\". That year, Cooper appeared for the first time on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top-10 film personalities, where he remained for the next 23 years.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In late 1936, Paramount was preparing a new contract for Cooper that would raise his salary to $8,000 a week, when Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn for six films over six years with a minimum guarantee of $150,000 per picture. Paramount brought suit against Goldwyn and Cooper, and the court ruled that Cooper's new Goldwyn contract afforded the actor sufficient time to also honor his Paramount agreement. Cooper continued to make films with both studios, and by 1939, the United States Treasury reported that Cooper was the country's highest wage earner, at $482,819 (equivalent to $11.18 million in 2025).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In contrast to his output the previous year, Cooper appeared in only one picture in 1937, Henry Hathaway's adventure film Souls at Sea. A critical and box-office failure, Cooper referred to it as his \"almost picture\", saying, \"It was almost exciting, and almost interesting. And I was almost good.\" In 1938, he appeared in Archie Mayo's biographical film The Adventures of Marco Polo. Plagued by production problems and a weak screenplay, the film became Goldwyn's biggest failure to date, losing $700,000. During this period, Cooper turned down several important roles, including the role of Rhett Butler in Gone with the Wind. Cooper was producer David O. Selznick's first choice for the part. He made several overtures to the actor, but Cooper had doubts about the project, and did not feel suited to the role. Cooper later admitted, \"It was one of the best roles ever offered in Hollywood ... But I said no. I didn't see myself as quite that dashing, and later, when I saw Clark Gable play the role to perfection, I knew I was right.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Back at Paramount, Cooper returned to a more comfortable genre in Ernst Lubitsch's romantic comedy Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) with Claudette Colbert. In the film, Cooper plays a wealthy American businessman in France who falls in love with an impoverished aristocrat's daughter and persuades her to become his eighth wife. Despite the clever screenplay by Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder, and solid performances by Cooper and Colbert, American audiences had trouble accepting Cooper in the role of a shallow philanderer. It succeeded only at the European box-office market.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In the fall of 1938, Cooper appeared in H. C. Potter's romantic comedy The Cowboy and the Lady with Merle Oberon, about a sweet-natured rodeo cowboy who falls in love with the wealthy daughter of a presidential hopeful, believing her to be a poor, hard-working lady's maid. The efforts of three directors and several eminent screenwriters could not salvage what could have been a fine vehicle for Cooper. While more successful than its predecessor, the film was Cooper's fourth consecutive box-office failure in the American market.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In the next two years, Cooper was more discerning about the roles he accepted and made four successful large-scale adventure and cowboy films. In William A. Wellman's adventure film Beau Geste (1939), he plays one of three daring English brothers who join the French Foreign Legion in the Sahara to fight local tribes. Filmed in the same Mojave Desert locations as the original 1926 version with Ronald Colman, Beau Geste provided Cooper with magnificent sets, exotic settings, high-spirited action, and a role tailored to his personality and screen persona. This was the last film in Cooper's contract with Paramount.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In Henry Hathaway's The Real Glory (1939), he plays a military doctor who accompanies a small group of American Army officers to the Philippines to help the Christian Filipinos defend themselves against Muslim radicals. Many film critics praised Cooper's performance, including author and film critic Graham Greene, who recognized that he \"never acted better\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "From The Westerner to For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1940–1943", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper returned to the Western genre in William Wyler's The Westerner (1940) with Walter Brennan and Doris Davenport, about a drifting cowboy who defends homesteaders against Roy Bean, a corrupt judge known as the \"law west of the Pecos\". Screenwriter Niven Busch relied on Cooper's extensive knowledge of Western history while working on the script. The film received positive reviews and did well at the box office, with reviewers praising the performances of the two lead actors. That same year, Cooper appeared in his first all-Technicolor feature, Cecil B. DeMille's adventure film North West Mounted Police (1940). In the film, Cooper plays a Texas Ranger who pursues an outlaw into western Canada, where he joins forces with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police who are after the same man, a leader of the North-West Rebellion. While not as popular with critics as its predecessor, the film was another box-office success, the sixth-highest grossing film of 1940.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "The early 1940s were Cooper's prime years as an actor. In a relatively short period, he appeared in five critically successful and popular films that produced some of his finest performances. When Frank Capra offered him the lead role in Meet John Doe before Robert Riskin even developed the script, Cooper accepted his friend's offer, saying, \"It's okay, Frank, I don't need a script.\" In the film, Cooper plays Long John Willoughby, a down-and-out bush-league pitcher hired by a newspaper to pretend to be a man who promises to commit suicide on Christmas Eve to protest all the hypocrisy and corruption in the country. Considered by some critics to be Capra's best film at the time, Meet John Doe was received as a \"national event\" with Cooper appearing on the front cover of Time on March 3, 1941. In his review in the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes called Cooper's performance a \"splendid and utterly persuasive portrayal\" and praised his \"utterly realistic acting which comes through with such authority\". Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, wrote, \"Gary Cooper, of course, is 'John Doe' to the life and in the whole – shy, bewildered, nonaggressive, but a veritable tiger when aroused.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "That same year, Cooper made two films with director and good friend Howard Hawks. In the biographical film Sergeant York, Cooper portrays war hero Alvin C. York, one of the most decorated American soldiers in World War I. The film chronicles York's early backwoods days in Tennessee, his religious conversion and subsequent piety, his stand as a conscientious objector, and finally his heroic actions at the Battle of the Argonne Forest, which earned him the Medal of Honor. Initially, Cooper was nervous and uncertain about playing a living hero, so he traveled to Tennessee to visit York at his home, and the two quiet men established an immediate rapport and discovered they had much in common. Inspired by York's encouragement, Cooper delivered a performance that Howard Barnes of the New York Herald Tribune called \"one of extraordinary conviction and versatility\", and that Archer Winston of the New York Post called \"one of his best\". After the film's release, Cooper was awarded the Distinguished Citizenship Medal by the Veterans of Foreign Wars for his \"powerful contribution to the promotion of patriotism and loyalty\". York admired Cooper's performance and helped promote the film for Warner Bros. Sergeant York became the top-grossing film of the year and was nominated for 11 Academy Awards. Accepting his first Academy Award for Best Actor from his friend James Stewart, Cooper said, \"It was Sergeant Alvin York who won this award. Shucks, I've been in the business 16 years and sometimes dreamed I might get one of these. That's all I can say ... Funny when I was dreaming I always made a better speech.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper concluded the year back at Goldwyn with Howard Hawks to make the romantic comedy Ball of Fire with Barbara Stanwyck. In the film, Cooper plays a shy linguistics professor who leads a team of seven scholars who are writing an encyclopedia. While researching slang, he meets Stanwyck's flirtatious burlesque stripper Sugarpuss O'Shea who blows the dust off their staid life of books. The screenplay by Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder provided Cooper the opportunity to exercise the full range of his light comedy skills. In his review for the New York Herald Tribune, Howard Barnes wrote that Cooper handled the role with \"great skill and comic emphasis\" and that his performance was \"utterly delightful\". Though small in scale, Ball of Fire was one of the top-grossing films of the year and Cooper's fourth consecutive picture to make the top 20.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper's only film appearance in 1942 was also his last under his Goldwyn contract. In Sam Wood's biographical film The Pride of the Yankees, Cooper portrays baseball star Lou Gehrig, who established a record with the New York Yankees for playing in 2,130 consecutive games. Cooper was reluctant to play the seven-time All-Star, who had died only the previous year from ALS (now commonly called \"Lou Gehrig's disease\"). Beyond the challenges of effectively portraying such a popular and nationally recognized figure, Cooper knew very little about baseball and was not left-handed like Gehrig.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "After Gehrig's widow visited the actor and expressed her desire that he portray her husband, Cooper accepted the role that covered a 20-year span of Gehrig's life: his early love of baseball, his rise to greatness, his loving marriage, and his struggle with illness, culminating in his farewell speech at Yankee Stadium on July 4, 1939, before 62,000 fans. Cooper quickly learned the physical movements of a baseball player and developed a fluid, believable swing. The handedness issue was solved by reversing the print for certain batting scenes. The film was one of the year's top-10 pictures and received 11 Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor (Cooper's third).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Soon after the publication of Ernest Hemingway's novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, Paramount paid $150,000 for the film rights with the express intent of casting Cooper in the lead role of Robert Jordan, an American explosives expert who fights alongside the Republican loyalists during the Spanish Civil War. The original director, Cecil B. DeMille, was replaced by Sam Wood, who brought in Dudley Nichols for the screenplay. After the start of principal photography in the Sierra Nevada in late 1942, Ingrid Bergman was brought in to replace ballerina Vera Zorina as the female lead, a change supported by Cooper and Hemingway. The love scenes between Bergman and Cooper were \"rapturous\" and passionate. Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune wrote that both actors performed with \"the true stature and authority of stars\". While the film distorted the novel's original political themes and meaning, For Whom the Bell Tolls was a critical and commercial success and received 10 Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor (Cooper's fourth).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "World War II related activities", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Due to his age and health, Cooper did not serve in the military during World War II, but like many of his colleagues, he got involved in the war effort by entertaining the troops. In June 1943, he visited military hospitals in San Diego, and often appeared at the Hollywood Canteen serving food to the servicemen. In late 1943, Cooper undertook a 23,000-mile (37,000 km) tour of the South West Pacific with actresses Una Merkel and Phyllis Brooks and accordionist Andy Arcari.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Traveling on a B-24A Liberator bomber, the group toured the Cook Islands, Fiji, New Caledonia, Queensland, Brisbane – where General Douglas MacArthur told Cooper he was watching Sergeant York in a Manila theater when Japanese bombs began falling – New Guinea and Jayapura, then throughout the Solomon Islands.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "The group often shared the same sparse living conditions and K-rations as the troops. Cooper met with the servicemen and women, visited military hospitals, introduced his attractive colleagues and participated in occasional skits. The shows concluded with Cooper's moving recitation of Lou Gehrig's farewell speech. When he returned to the United States, he visited military hospitals throughout the country. Cooper later called his time with the troops the \"greatest emotional experience\" of his life.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Mature roles, 1944–1952", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In 1944, Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille's wartime adventure film The Story of Dr. Wassell with Laraine Day – his third movie with the director. In the film, Cooper plays American doctor and missionary Corydon M. Wassell, who leads a group of wounded sailors through the jungles of Java to safety. Despite receiving poor reviews, Dr. Wassell was one of the top-grossing films of the year. With his Goldwyn and Paramount contracts now concluded, Cooper decided to remain independent and formed his own production company, International Pictures, with Leo Spitz, William Goetz, and Nunnally Johnson. The fledgling studio's first offering was Sam Wood's romantic comedy Casanova Brown with Teresa Wright, about a man who learns his soon-to-be ex-wife is pregnant with his child, just as he is about to marry another woman. The film received poor reviews, with the New York Daily News calling it \"delightful nonsense\", and Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, criticizing Cooper's \"somewhat obvious and ridiculous clowning\". The film was barely profitable.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In 1945, Cooper starred in and produced Stuart Heisler's Western comedy Along Came Jones with Loretta Young for International. In this lighthearted parody of his past heroic image, Cooper plays comically inept cowboy Melody Jones, who is mistaken for a ruthless killer. Audiences embraced Cooper's character, and the film was one of the top box-office pictures of the year – a testament to Cooper's still vital audience appeal. It was also International's biggest financial success during its brief history before being sold off to Universal Studios in 1946.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper's career during the postwar years drifted in new directions as American society was changing. While he still played conventional heroic roles, his films now relied less on his heroic screen persona and more on novel stories and exotic settings. In November 1945, Cooper appeared in Sam Wood's 19th-century period drama Saratoga Trunk with Ingrid Bergman, about a Texas cowboy and his relationship with a beautiful fortune hunter. Filmed in early 1943, the movie's release was delayed for two years due to the increased demand for war movies. Despite poor reviews, Saratoga Trunk did well at the box office and became one of the top moneymakers of the year for Warner Bros. Cooper's only film in 1946 was Fritz Lang's romantic thriller Cloak and Dagger, about a mild-mannered physics professor recruited by the Office of Strategic Services during the last years of World War II to investigate the German atomic-bomb program. Playing a part loosely based on physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, Cooper was uneasy with the role and unable to convey the \"inner sense\" of the character. The film received poor reviews and was a box-office failure. In 1947, Cooper appeared in Cecil B. DeMille's epic adventure film Unconquered with Paulette Goddard, about a Virginia militiaman who defends settlers against an unscrupulous gun trader and hostile Indians on the Western frontier during the 18th century. The film received mixed reviews, but even long-time DeMille critic James Agee acknowledged the picture had \"some authentic flavor of the period\". This last of four films made with DeMille was Cooper's most lucrative, earning the actor over $300,000 (equal to $4,325,633 today) in salary and percentage of profits. Unconquered was his last unqualified box-office success for the next five years.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In 1948, after making Leo McCarey's romantic comedy Good Sam, Cooper sold his company to Universal Studios and signed a long-term contract with Warner Bros. that gave him script and director approval and a guaranteed $295,000 (equal to $3,953,082 today) per picture. His first film under the new contract was King Vidor's drama The Fountainhead (1949) with Patricia Neal and Raymond Massey. In the film, Cooper plays an idealistic and uncompromising architect who struggles to maintain his integrity and individualism in the face of societal pressures to conform to popular standards. Based on the novel by Ayn Rand, who also wrote the screenplay, the film reflects her philosophy and attacks the concepts of collectivism while promoting the virtues of individualism. For most critics, Cooper was hopelessly miscast in the role of Howard Roark. In his review for The New York Times, Bosley Crowther concluded he was \"Mr. Deeds out of his element\". Cooper returned to his element in Delmer Daves' war drama Task Force (1949), about a retiring rear admiral, who reminisces about his long career as a naval aviator and his role in the development of aircraft carriers. Cooper's performance and the Technicolor newsreel footage supplied by the United States Navy made the film one of Cooper's most popular during this period. In the next two years, Cooper made four poorly received films: Michael Curtiz' period drama Bright Leaf (1950), Stuart Heisler's Western melodrama Dallas (1950), Henry Hathaway's wartime comedy You're in the Navy Now (1951), and Raoul Walsh's Western action film Distant Drums (1951).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper's most important film during the postwar years was Fred Zinnemann's Western drama High Noon (1952) with Grace Kelly and Katy Jurado for United Artists. In the film, Cooper plays retiring sheriff Will Kane, who is preparing to leave town on his honeymoon when he learns that an outlaw he helped put away and his three henchmen are returning to seek their revenge. Unable to gain the support of the frightened townspeople, and abandoned by his young bride, Kane nevertheless stays to face the outlaws alone. During the filming, Cooper was in poor health and in considerable pain from stomach ulcers. His ravaged face and discomfort in some scenes \"photographed as self-doubt\", according to biographer Hector Arce, and contributed to the effectiveness of his performance. Considered one of the first \"adult\" Westerns for its theme of moral courage, High Noon received enthusiastic reviews for its artistry, with Time placing it in the ranks of Stagecoach and The Gunfighter. Bosley Crowther, in The New York Times, wrote that Cooper was \"at the top of his form\", and John McCarten, in The New Yorker, wrote that Cooper was never more effective. The film earned $3.75 million in the United States and $18 million worldwide. Following the example of his friend James Stewart, Cooper accepted a lower salary in exchange for a percentage of the profits, and ended up making $600,000. Cooper's understated performance was widely praised, and earned him his second Academy Award for Best Actor.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Later films, 1953–1959", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "After appearing in Andre de Toth's Civil War drama Springfield Rifle (1952) – a standard Warner Bros. film that was overshadowed by the success of its predecessor – Cooper made four films outside the United States. In Mark Robson's drama Return to Paradise (1953), Cooper plays an American wanderer who liberates the inhabitants of a Polynesian island from the puritanical rule of a misguided pastor. Cooper endured spartan living conditions, long hours, and ill health during the three-month location shoot on the island of Upolu in Western Samoa. Despite its beautiful cinematography, the film received poor reviews. Cooper's next three films were shot in Mexico. In Hugo Fregonese's action adventure film Blowing Wild (1953) with Barbara Stanwyck, he plays a wildcatter in Mexico, who gets involved with an oil-company executive and his unscrupulous wife with whom he once had an affair.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In 1954, Cooper appeared in Henry Hathaway's Western drama Garden of Evil, with Susan Hayward, about three soldiers of fortune in Mexico hired to rescue a woman's husband. That same year, he appeared in Robert Aldrich's Western adventure Vera Cruz with Burt Lancaster. In the film, Cooper plays an American adventurer hired by Emperor Maximilian I to escort a countess to Vera Cruz during the Mexican Rebellion of 1866. All these films received poor reviews, but did well at the box office. For his work in Vera Cruz, Cooper earned $1.4 million in salary and a percentage of the gross.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "During this period, Cooper struggled with health problems. He suffered a severe shoulder injury during the filming of Blowing Wild when he was hit by metal fragments from a dynamited oil well, as well as his ongoing treatment for ulcers. During the filming of Vera Cruz, he reinjured his hip by falling from a horse, and was burned when Lancaster fired his rifle too close and the wadding from the blank shell pierced his clothing.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper appeared in Otto Preminger's 1955 biographical war drama The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell, about the World War I general who tried to convince government officials of the importance of air power, and was court-martialed after blaming the War Department for a series of air disasters. Some critics felt Cooper was miscast, and that his dull, tight-lipped performance did not reflect Mitchell's dynamic and caustic personality. In 1956, Cooper was more effective playing a gentle Indiana Quaker in William Wyler's Civil War drama Friendly Persuasion with Dorothy McGuire. Like Sergeant York and High Noon, the film addresses the conflict between religious pacifism and civic duty. For his performance, Cooper received his second Golden Globe nomination for Best Motion Picture Actor. The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, was awarded the Palme d'Or at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival, and went on to earn $8 million worldwide.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper traveled to France in 1956 to make Billy Wilder's romantic comedy Love in the Afternoon with Audrey Hepburn and Maurice Chevalier. In the film, Cooper plays a middle-aged American playboy in Paris who is pursued by—and eventually falls in love with—a much younger woman. Despite receiving some positive reviews, including from Bosley Crowther, who praised the film's \"charming performances\", most reviewers concluded that Cooper was simply too old for the part. While audiences may not have welcomed seeing Cooper's heroic screen image tarnished by his playing an aging roué having an affair with a young girl, the film was still a box-office success. The following year, Cooper appeared in Philip Dunne's romantic drama Ten North Frederick. In the film, which was based on the novel by John O'Hara, Cooper plays an attorney whose life is ruined by a double-crossing politician and his own secret affair with his daughter's young roommate. While Cooper brought \"conviction and controlled anguish\" to his performance, according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, it was not enough to save what Bosley Crowther called a \"hapless film\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Despite his ongoing health problems and several operations for ulcers and hernias, Cooper continued to work in action films. In 1958, he appeared in Anthony Mann's Western drama Man of the West (1958) with Julie London and Lee J. Cobb, about a reformed outlaw and killer who is forced to confront his violent past when the train in which he is riding is held up by his former gang members. The film has been called Cooper's \"most pathological Western\", with its themes of impotent rage, sexual humiliation, and sadism. According to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, Cooper, who struggled with moral conflicts in his personal life, \"understood the anguish of a character striving to retain his integrity ... [and] brought authentic feeling to the role of a tempted and tormented, yet essentially decent man\". Mostly ignored by critics at the time, the film is now well-regarded by film scholars and is considered Cooper's last great film.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "After his Warner Bros. contract ended, Cooper formed his own production company, Baroda Productions, and made three unusual films in 1959 about redemption. In Delmer Daves' Western drama The Hanging Tree, Cooper plays a frontier doctor who saves a criminal from a lynch mob, and later tries to exploit his sordid past. Cooper delivered a \"powerful and persuasive\" performance of an emotionally scarred man whose need to dominate others is transformed by the love and sacrifice of a woman. In Robert Rossen's historical adventure They Came to Cordura with Rita Hayworth, he plays an army officer who is found guilty of cowardice and assigned the degrading task of recommending soldiers for the Medal of Honor during the Pancho Villa Expedition of 1916. While Cooper received positive reviews, Variety and Films in Review felt he was too old for the part.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In Michael Anderson's action drama The Wreck of the Mary Deare with Charlton Heston, Cooper plays a disgraced merchant-marine officer who decides to stay aboard his sinking cargo ship to prove the vessel was deliberately scuttled and to redeem his good name. Like its two predecessors, the film was physically demanding. Cooper, who was a trained scuba diver, did most of his own underwater scenes. Biographer Jeffrey Meyers observed that in all three roles Cooper effectively conveyed the sense of lost honor and desire for redemption – what Joseph Conrad in Lord Jim called the \"struggles of an individual trying to save from the fire his idea of what his moral identity should be\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper was formally introduced to his future wife, 20-year-old New York debutante Veronica Balfe, on Easter Sunday 1933 at a party given by her uncle, art director Cedric Gibbons. Called \"Rocky\" by her family and friends, she grew up on Park Avenue and attended finishing schools. Her stepfather was Wall Street tycoon Paul Shields. Cooper and Rocky were quietly married at her parents' Park Avenue residence on December 15, 1933. According to his friends, the marriage had a positive impact on Cooper, who turned away from past indiscretions and took control of his life. Athletic and a lover of the outdoors, Rocky shared many of Cooper's interests, including riding, skiing, and skeet-shooting. While she organized their social life, her wealth and social connections provided Cooper access to New York high society. Cooper and his wife owned homes in the Los Angeles area in Encino (1933–36), Brentwood (1936–53), and Holmby Hills (1954–61), and owned a vacation home in Aspen, Colorado (1949–53).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Gary and Veronica Cooper's daughter, Maria Veronica Cooper, was born on September 15, 1937. By all accounts, he was a patient and affectionate father, teaching Maria to ride a bicycle, play tennis, ski, and ride horses. Sharing many of her parents' interests, she accompanied them on their travels and was often photographed with them. Like her father, she developed a love for art and drawing. As a family, they vacationed together in Sun Valley, Idaho, spent time at Rocky's parents' country house in Southampton, New York, and took frequent trips to Europe. Cooper and Rocky were legally separated on May 16, 1951, when Cooper moved out of their home. For over two years, they maintained a fragile and uneasy family life with their daughter. Cooper moved back into their home in November 1953, and their formal reconciliation occurred in February 1954.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Romantic relationships", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Prior to his marriage, Cooper had a series of romantic relationships with leading actresses, beginning in 1927 with Clara Bow, who advanced his career by helping him get one of his first leading roles in Children of Divorce. Bow was also responsible for getting Cooper a role in Wings, which generated an enormous amount of fan mail for the young actor. In 1928, he had a relationship with another experienced actress, Evelyn Brent, whom he met while filming Beau Sabreur. In 1929, while filming The Wolf Song, Cooper began an intense affair with Lupe Vélez, which was the most important romance of his early life. During their two years together, Cooper also had brief affairs with Marlene Dietrich while filming Morocco in 1930 and with Carole Lombard while making I Take This Woman in 1931. During his year abroad in 1931–32, Cooper had an affair with the married Countess Dorothy di Frasso, the former Dorothy Cadwell Taylor, while staying at her Villa Madama near Rome.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "After he was married in December 1933, Cooper remained faithful to his wife until the summer of 1942, when he began an affair with Ingrid Bergman during the production of For Whom the Bell Tolls. Their relationship lasted through the completion of filming Saratoga Trunk in June 1943. In 1948, after finishing work on The Fountainhead, Cooper began an affair with Patricia Neal, his co-star. At first, they kept their affair discreet, but eventually it became an open secret in Hollywood, and Cooper's wife confronted him with the rumors, which he admitted were true. He also confessed that he was in love with Neal, and continued to see her. Cooper and his wife were legally separated in May 1951, but he did not seek a divorce. Neal later claimed that Cooper hit her after she went on a date with Kirk Douglas, and that he arranged for her to have an abortion when she became pregnant with Cooper's child. Neal ended their relationship in late December 1951. During his three-year separation from his wife, Cooper was rumored to have had affairs with Grace Kelly, Lorraine Chanel, and Gisèle Pascal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper biographers have explored his relationship in the late 1920s with the actor Anderson Lawler, with whom Cooper shared a house on and off for a year, while at the same time seeing Clara Bow, Evelyn Brent, and Lupe Vélez. Vélez once told Hedda Hopper of Lawler's alleged affair with Cooper; whenever he would come home after seeing Lawler, she would sniff for Lawler's cologne. Vélez's biographer Michelle Vogel wrote that Vélez consented to Cooper's alleged sexual behavior with Lawler, but only as long as she, too, could participate.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In later life, Cooper became involved with costume designer Irene, and was, according to her, \"the only man she ever loved\". A year after his death in 1961, Irene committed suicide by jumping from the 11th floor of the Knickerbocker Hotel, after telling Doris Day of her grief over Cooper's death.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Friendships, interests, and character", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "... the really satisfying things I do are offered me, free, for nothing. Ever go out in the fall and do a little hunting? See the frost on the grass and the leaves turning? Spend a day in the hills alone, or with good companions? Watch a sunset and a moonrise? Notice a bird in the wind? A stream in the woods, a storm at sea, cross the country by train, and catch a glimpse of something beautiful in the desert, or the farmlands? Free to everybody ...", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper's 20-year friendship with Ernest Hemingway began at Sun Valley in October 1940. The previous year, Hemingway drew upon Cooper's image when he created the character of Robert Jordan for the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls. The two shared a passion for the outdoors, and for years they hunted duck and pheasant, and skied together in Sun Valley. Both men admired the work of Rudyard Kipling--Cooper kept a copy of the poem \"If—\" in his dressing room--and retained as adults Kipling's sense of boyish adventure.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "As well as admiring Cooper's hunting skills and knowledge of the outdoors, Hemingway believed his character matched his screen persona, once telling a friend, \"If you made up a character like Coop, nobody would believe it. He's just too good to be true.\" They saw each other often, and their friendship remained strong through the years.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper's social life generally centered on sports, outdoor activities, and dinner parties with his family and friends from the film industry, including directors Henry Hathaway, Howard Hawks, William Wellman, and Fred Zinnemann, and actors Joel McCrea, Barbara Stanwyck, James Stewart, and Robert Taylor. In addition to hunting, Cooper enjoyed riding, fishing, skiing, and, later in life, scuba diving. He never abandoned his early love for art and drawing, and over the years, he and his wife acquired a private collection of modern paintings, including works by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Paul Gauguin, and Georgia O'Keeffe. Cooper owned several works by Pablo Picasso, whom he met in 1956. Cooper also had a lifelong passion for automobiles, with a collection that included a 1930 Duesenberg.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper was naturally reserved and introspective, and loved the solitude of outdoor activities. Not unlike his screen persona, his communication style frequently consisted of long silences with an occasional \"yup\" and \"shucks\". He once said, \"If others have more interesting things to say than I have, I keep quiet.\" His friends said that Cooper was also an articulate, well-informed conversationalist on topics ranging from horses, guns, and Western history to film production, sports cars, and modern art. He was modest and unpretentious, frequently downplaying his acting abilities and career accomplishments. His friends and colleagues described him as charming, well-mannered, and thoughtful, with a lively, boyish sense of humor. He maintained a sense of propriety throughout his career and never misused his movie-star status, never seeking special treatment or refusing to work with a director or leading lady. Cooper's close friend Joel McCrea recalled, \"Coop never fought, he never got mad, he never told anybody off that I know of; everybody [who] worked with him liked him.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Like his father, Cooper was a conservative Republican; he voted for Calvin Coolidge in 1924 and Herbert Hoover in 1928 and 1932, and campaigned for Wendell Willkie in 1940. When Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for an unprecedented fourth presidential term in 1944, Cooper campaigned for Thomas E. Dewey and criticized Roosevelt for being dishonest and adopting \"foreign\" ideas. In a radio address he had paid for himself just before the election, Cooper said, \"I disagree with the New Deal belief that the America all of us love is old and worn-out and finished – and has to borrow foreign notions that don't even seem to work any too well where they come from ... Our country is a young country that just has to make up its mind to be itself again.\" He also attended a Republican rally at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum that drew 93,000 Dewey supporters. In 1952, Cooper, along with Glenn Ford, Adolphe Menjou, and John Wayne, supported Robert A. Taft over Dwight D. Eisenhower in the Republican primaries.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper was one of the founding members of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, a conservative organization dedicated, according to its statement of principles, to preserving the \"American way of life\" and opposing communism and fascism. The organization (members included Walter Brennan, Laraine Day, Walt Disney, Clark Gable, Hedda Hopper, Ronald Reagan, Barbara Stanwyck, and John Wayne) advised the United States Congress to investigate communist influence in the motion-picture industry. On October 23, 1947, Cooper was subpoenaed to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and was asked if he had observed any \"communistic influence\" in Hollywood.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper recounted statements he had heard suggesting the Constitution was out of date and that Congress was an unnecessary institution, comments which Cooper said he found to be \"very un-American\", and testified that he had rejected several scripts because he thought they were \"tinged with communist ideas\". Unlike some other witnesses, Cooper did not name any individuals or scripts.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In 1951, while making High Noon, Cooper befriended the film's screenwriter, Carl Foreman, who had been a member of the Communist Party. When Foreman was subpoenaed by the HUAC, Cooper put his career on the line to defend Foreman. When John Wayne and others threatened Cooper with blacklisting and the loss of his passport if he did not walk off the film, Cooper gave a statement to the press in support of Foreman, calling him \"the finest kind of American\". When producer Stanley Kramer removed Foreman's name as screenwriter, Cooper and director Fred Zinnemann threatened to walk off the film if Foreman's name were not restored. Foreman later said that of all his friends and allies and colleagues in Hollywood, \"Cooper was the only big one who tried to help. The only one.\" Cooper even offered to testify on Foreman's behalf before the committee, but character witnesses were not allowed. Foreman always sent future scripts to Cooper for first refusal, including The Bridge on the River Kwai, The Key, and The Guns of Navarone. Cooper had to turn them down because of his age.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper was baptized in the Church of All Saints, Houghton Regis, in Bedfordshire, England, in December 1911, and was raised in the Episcopal Church in the United States. While he was not an observant Christian for most of his adult life, many of his friends believed he had a deeply spiritual side.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "On June 26, 1953, Cooper accompanied his wife and daughter, who were devout Catholics, to Rome, where they had an audience with Pope Pius XII. Cooper and his wife were still separated at the time, but the papal visit marked the beginning of their gradual reconciliation. In the following years, Cooper contemplated his mortality and his personal behavior, and started discussing Catholicism with his family. He began attending Mass with them regularly, and met with their parish priest, who offered Cooper spiritual guidance. After several months of study, Cooper was baptized as a Catholic on April 9, 1959, before a small group of family and friends at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Final years and death", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1960. On April 14, 1960, Cooper underwent surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston as the cancer metastasized to his colon. He fell ill again on May 13 and underwent further surgery at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Los Angeles in early June to remove a malignant tumor from his large intestine. After recuperating over the summer, Cooper took his family on vacation to the south of France before traveling to the UK in the fall to star in The Naked Edge. In December 1960, he worked on the NBC television documentary The Real West, which was part of the company's Project 20 series.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "On December 27, his wife learned from their family doctor that Cooper's cancer had metastasized to his lungs and bones and was inoperable. His family decided not to tell him immediately.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "On January 9, 1961, Cooper attended a dinner given in his honor and hosted by Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin at the Friars Club. The dinner was attended by many of his industry friends and concluded with a brief speech by Cooper, who said, \"The only achievement I'm proud of is the friends I've made in this community.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In mid-January, Cooper took his family to Sun Valley for their last vacation together. Cooper and Ernest Hemingway hiked through the snow together for the last time. On February 27, after returning to Los Angeles, Cooper learned that he was dying. He later told his family, \"We'll pray for a miracle; but if not, and that's God's will, that's all right, too.\" On April 17, Cooper watched the Academy Awards ceremony on television and saw his good friend James Stewart, who had presented Cooper with his first Oscar 19 years earlier, accept on Cooper's behalf an honorary award for lifetime achievement – his third Oscar. Holding back tears, Stewart said, \"Coop, I'll get this to you right away. And Coop, I want you to know this, that with this goes all the warm friendship and the affection and the admiration and the deep, the deep respect of all of us. We're very, very proud of you, Coop. All of us are tremendously proud.\" The following day, newspapers around the world announced that Cooper was dying. In the coming days, he received numerous messages of appreciation and encouragement, including telegrams from Pope John XXIII and Queen Elizabeth II, and a telephone call from President John F. Kennedy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In his last public statement on May 4, 1961, Cooper said, \"I know that what is happening is God's will. I am not afraid of the future.\" He received the last rites on Friday, May 12, and died quietly the next day.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "A requiem was held on May 18 at the Church of the Good Shepherd, attended by many of Cooper's friends, including Fred Astaire, Jack Benny, Marlene Dietrich, John Ford, Henry Hathaway, Audrey Hepburn, Bob Hope, Dean Martin, Joel McCrea, Walter Pidgeon, Edward G. Robinson, Randolph Scott,  Frank Sinatra, James Stewart, Jack L. Warner, and John Wayne. Cooper was buried in the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. In May 1974, after his family relocated to New York, Cooper's remains were exhumed and reburied in Sacred Hearts Cemetery in Southampton. His grave is marked next to a three-ton boulder from a Montauk quarry.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Acting style and reputation", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Naturalness is hard [for me] to talk about, but I guess it boils down to this: you find out what people expect of your type of character and then you give them what they want. That way, an actor never seems unnatural or affected, no matter what role he plays.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper's acting style consisted of three essential characteristics - his ability to project elements of his own personality onto the characters he portrayed, to appear natural and authentic in his roles, and to underplay and deliver restrained performances calibrated for the camera and the screen. Acting teacher Lee Strasberg once observed: \"The simplest examples of Stanislavsky's ideas are actors such as Gary Cooper, John Wayne, and Spencer Tracy. They try not to act, but to be themselves, to respond or react. They refuse to say or do anything they feel not to be consonant with their own characters.\" Film director François Truffaut ranked Cooper among \"the greatest actors\" because of his ability to deliver great performances \"without direction\". This ability to project elements of his own personality onto his characters produced a continuity across his performances to the extent that critics and audiences were convinced he was simply \"playing himself\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper's ability to project his personality onto his characters played an important part in his appearing natural and authentic on screen. Actor John Barrymore said of Cooper, \"This fellow is the world's greatest actor. He does without effort what the rest of us spend our lives trying to learn – namely, to be natural.\" Charles Laughton, who played opposite Cooper in Devil and the Deep agreed, \"In truth, that boy hasn't the least idea how well he acts ... He gets at it from the inside, from his own clear way of looking at life.\" William Wyler, who directed Cooper in two films, called him a \"superb actor, a master of movie acting\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In his review of Cooper's performance in The Real Glory, Graham Greene wrote, \"Sometimes his lean photogenic face seems to leave everything to the lens, but there is no question here of his not acting. Watch him inoculate the girl against cholera – the casual jab of the needle, and the dressing slapped on while he talks, as though a thousand arms had taught him where to stab and he doesn't have to think anymore.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper's style of underplaying before the camera surprised many of his directors and fellow actors. Even in his earliest feature films, he recognized the camera's ability to pick up slight gestures and facial movements. Commenting on Cooper's performance in Sergeant York, director Howard Hawks observed, \"He worked very hard and yet he didn't seem to be working. He was a strange actor because you'd look at him during a scene and you'd think ... this isn't going to be any good. But when you saw the rushes in the projection room the next day you could read in his face all the things he'd been thinking.\" Sam Wood, who directed Cooper in four films, had similar observations about Cooper's performance in Pride of the Yankees, noting, \"What I thought was underplaying turned out to be just the right approach. On the screen he's perfect, yet on the set you'd swear it's the worst job of acting in the history of motion pictures.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Fellow actors admired his abilities as an actor. Commenting on her two films playing opposite Cooper, actress Ingrid Bergman concluded, \"The personality of this man was so enormous, so overpowering – and that expression in his eyes and his face, it was so delicate and so underplayed. You just didn't notice it until you saw it on the screen. I thought he was marvelous; the most underplaying and the most natural actor I ever worked with.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Tom Hanks declared, \"In only one scene in the first film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture, we see the future of screen acting in the form of Gary Cooper. He is quiet and natural, somehow different from the other cast members. He does something mysterious with his eyes and shoulders that is much more like 'being' than 'acting'.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Daniel Day-Lewis said, \"I don't particularly like westerns as a genre, but I do love certain westerns. High Noon means a lot to me – I love the purity and the honesty, I love Gary Cooper in that film, the idea of the last man standing.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Chris Pratt stated, \"I started watching Westerns when I was shooting in London about four or five years ago. I really fell in love with Gary Cooper, and his stuff. That sucked me into the Westerns. Before, I never got engrossed in the story. I'd just dip in, and there were guys on horses in black and white. High Noon's later Gary Cooper, I liked that. But I liked The Westerner. That's my favorite one. I have that poster hung up in my house because I really like that one.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "To Al Pacino, \"Gary Cooper was a phenomenon – his ability to take some thing and elevate it, give it such dignity. One of the great presences.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Mylène Demongeot first met Gary Cooper at the opening of the first escalator to be installed in a cinema, at the Rex Theatre in Paris, on June 7, 1957. She declared in a 2015 filmed interview: \"Gary Cooper ... il est sublime ! Aaahhh (Mylène pushing a cry of love not to say ecstasy) il est sublime ... Ah ! Ah ! Ah ! Là je dois dire que ça fait partie des stars, y'a Gary Cooper, Cary Grant, John Wayne, ces grands Américains que j'ai rencontrés comme ça, c'est vraiment des mecs incroyables. Y'en a plus des comme ça ! Euh non. (Gary Cooper was sublime, there I have to say, now he, was part of the stars, Gary Cooper, Cary Grant, John Wayne, those great", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Americans who I've met really were unbelievable guys, there aren't any like them anymore).\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Career assessment and legacy", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Cooper's career spanned thirty-six years, from 1925 to 1961. During that time he appeared in eighty-four feature films in a leading role. He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood. His natural and authentic acting style appealed powerfully to both men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major movie genres, including Westerns, war films, adventure films, drama films, crime films, romance films, comedy films, and romantic comedy films. He appeared on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities for twenty-three consecutive years, from 1936 to 1958. According to Quigley's annual poll, Cooper was one of the top money-making stars for eighteen years, appearing in the top ten in 1936–37, 1941–49, and 1951–57. He topped the list in 1953. In Quigley's list of all-time money-making stars, Cooper is listed fourth, after John Wayne, Clint Eastwood, and Tom Cruise. At the time of his death, it was estimated that his films grossed well over $200 million (equivalent to $2.15 billion in 2025).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In more than half his feature films, Cooper portrayed Westerners, soldiers, pilots, sailors, and explorers, all men of action. In the rest, he played a wide range of characters, included doctors, professors, artists, architects, clerks, and baseball players. Cooper's heroic screen image changed with each period of his career. In his early films, he played the young naive hero sure of his moral position and trusting in the triumph of simple virtues (The Virginian). After becoming a major star, his Western screen persona was replaced by a more cautious hero in adventure films and dramas (A Farewell to Arms). During the height of his career, from 1936 to 1943, he played a new type of hero: a champion of the common man willing to sacrifice himself for others (Mr. Deeds, Meet John Doe, and For Whom the Bell Tolls).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In the postwar years, Cooper attempted broader variations on his screen image, which now reflected a hero increasingly at odds with the world, who must face adversity alone (The Fountainhead and High Noon). In his final films, Cooper's hero rejects the violence of the past, and seeks to reclaim lost honor and find redemption (Friendly Persuasion and Man of the West). The screen persona he developed and sustained throughout his career represented the ideal American hero – a tall, handsome, and sincere man of steadfast integrity who emphasized action over intellect, and combined the heroic qualities of the romantic lover, the adventurer, and the common man.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "On February 6, 1960, Cooper was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6243 Hollywood Boulevard for his contribution to the film industry. He was also awarded a star on the sidewalk outside the Ellen Theater in Bozeman, Montana.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "On May 6, 1961, Cooper was awarded the French Order of Arts and Letters in recognition of his significant contribution to the arts. On July 30, 1961, he was posthumously awarded the David di Donatello Special Award in Italy for his career achievements.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In 1966, Cooper was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City. In 2015, he was inducted into the Utah Cowboy and Western Heritage Hall of Fame. The American Film Institute (AFI) ranked Cooper 11th on its list of the 25 male stars of classic Hollywood. Three of his characters – Will Kane, Lou Gehrig, and Sergeant York – made AFI's list of the 100 greatest heroes and villains, all of them as heroes. His Lou Gehrig line, \"Today, I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth.\", is ranked by AFI as the 38th greatest movie quote of all time.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "More than half a century after his death, Cooper's enduring legacy, according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, is his image of the ideal American hero preserved in his film performances. Charlton Heston once observed, \"He projected the kind of man Americans would like to be, probably more than any actor that's ever lived.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "In the 1930s hit song \"Puttin' On the Ritz\", Cooper is referred to in the line \"dress up like a million-dollar trooper/Tryin' hard to look like Gary Cooper, Super duper!\" More than two decades after Cooper's death, a new version of the song was released in 1983 by Taco; the original lyrics were kept, including the references to Cooper.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Gary Cooper is referenced several times in the critically acclaimed television series The Sopranos, with protagonist Tony Soprano asking, \"Whatever happened to Gary Cooper? The strong, silent type...\" whilst complaining about his problems to his therapist Dr. Melfi.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Patricia Neal named the Abbey of Regina Laudis' outdoor theater building The Gary-The Olivia in honor of Cooper and her daughter Olivia Dahl.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "A San Antonio, Texas, subdivision has several streets named after Hollywood stars, including a Gary Cooper Drive.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Awards and nominations", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "The following is a list of feature films in which Cooper appeared in a leading role.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Gary Cooper at the TCM Movie Database", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_72f5e1d4", "title": "Gary Cooper", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_72f5e1d4.json"}}
{"text": "Isabel Oneto (born 1959) is a Portuguese politician. As a member of the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS), she has been a deputy in the Portuguese Assembly of the Republic from 2009 to 2015 and from 2019 to the present, representing Porto. Between 2017 and 2019 she served as Assistant Secretary of State and Internal Administration.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_63bd9117", "title": "Isabel Oneto", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Oneto", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_63bd9117.json"}}
{"text": "Early life and education", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_63bd9117", "title": "Isabel Oneto", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Oneto", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_63bd9117.json"}}
{"text": "Maria Isabel Solnado Porto Oneto was born in the Portuguese capital of Lisbon on 14 September 1959. Her father was an opponent of the authoritarian Estado Novo government who was arrested by the regime. The family name of Oneto comes from a carpenter from Genoa in Italy who accompanied Maria Pia of Savoy when she went to Portugal to marry King Luís I of Portugal. Isabel Oneto is a cousin to the late Raul Solnado, a well-known Portuguese actor. Oneto graduated in law from the Moderna University (Universidade Moderna) and obtained a master's in criminal law from the Faculty of Law at the University of Coimbra.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_63bd9117", "title": "Isabel Oneto", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Oneto", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_63bd9117.json"}}
{"text": "Between 1979 and 2000, Oneto was an assistant professor of law at the Universidade Lusófona in Porto. She also worked as a journalist for ANOP (Agência Noticiosa Portuguesa), now known as the Lusa News Agency (Lusa – Agência de Notícias de Portugal, SA).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_63bd9117", "title": "Isabel Oneto", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Oneto", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_63bd9117.json"}}
{"text": "Oneto served as councillor at Porto City Council from 2001 to 2005, becoming the civil governor of Porto District in 2005, a position she held until 2009. In 2009, as a member of the Socialist Party (PS), she was elected as a deputy in the National Assembly for the Porto constituency, serving until 2015. In October 2017, Oneto was appointed as Assistant Secretary of State and Internal Administration, a position she held for two years. Returning to the parliament in 2020, she was re-elected in the 2022 election as the fourth person on the PS list for the Porto District. The Socialist Party won 19 seats in the constituency and an overall majority in the Assembly.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_63bd9117", "title": "Isabel Oneto", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Oneto", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_63bd9117.json"}}
{"text": "During her time in the Assembly, Oneto has been a member of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs, Rights, Freedoms and Guarantees and the Committee on European Affairs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_63bd9117", "title": "Isabel Oneto", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Oneto", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_63bd9117.json"}}
{"text": "Interview with Oneto (in Portuguese)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_63bd9117", "title": "Isabel Oneto", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Oneto", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_63bd9117.json"}}
{"text": "Aurélien Duval (born 29 June 1988) is a French former professional cyclist. He ended his career during the 2013 season, after failing to find a team.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b6e29fa3", "title": "Aurélien Duval", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lien_Duval", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b6e29fa3.json"}}
{"text": "1st Stage 1 Liège–La Gleize (TTT)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b6e29fa3", "title": "Aurélien Duval", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lien_Duval", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b6e29fa3.json"}}
{"text": "2nd Road race, National Junior Road Championships", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b6e29fa3", "title": "Aurélien Duval", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lien_Duval", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b6e29fa3.json"}}
{"text": "4th Road race, National Under-23 Road Championships", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b6e29fa3", "title": "Aurélien Duval", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lien_Duval", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b6e29fa3.json"}}
{"text": "2nd Flèche Ardennaise", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b6e29fa3", "title": "Aurélien Duval", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lien_Duval", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b6e29fa3.json"}}
{"text": "3rd Grand Prix des Marbriers", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b6e29fa3", "title": "Aurélien Duval", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lien_Duval", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b6e29fa3.json"}}
{"text": "7th Overall Giro delle Regioni", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b6e29fa3", "title": "Aurélien Duval", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lien_Duval", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b6e29fa3.json"}}
{"text": "Aurélien Duval at Cycling Archives", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b6e29fa3", "title": "Aurélien Duval", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lien_Duval", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b6e29fa3.json"}}
{"text": "Aurélien Duval at ProCyclingStats", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b6e29fa3", "title": "Aurélien Duval", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lien_Duval", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b6e29fa3.json"}}
{"text": "Aurélien Duval at Cycling Quotient", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b6e29fa3", "title": "Aurélien Duval", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lien_Duval", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b6e29fa3.json"}}
{"text": "Aurélien Duval at InterSportStats", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b6e29fa3", "title": "Aurélien Duval", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lien_Duval", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b6e29fa3.json"}}
{"text": "Colin Fyfe Miller (born 4 October 1964) is a Canadian professional soccer coach who captained the Canadian national team several times while earning 61 caps (scoring 5 goals) in total.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8464ef5a", "title": "Colin Miller (soccer, born 1964)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Miller_(soccer,_born_1964)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8464ef5a.json"}}
{"text": "Moving to Vancouver at the age of 10, Miller began his professional playing career as a 17-year-old, joining the Toronto Blizzard of the NASL in 1982. After playing 23 games over three seasons with the Blizzard, Miller joined Scottish giants Rangers, where he spent the 1984–85 and 1985–86 seasons, appearing in four first-team games.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8464ef5a", "title": "Colin Miller (soccer, born 1964)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Miller_(soccer,_born_1964)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8464ef5a.json"}}
{"text": "Miller played in 61 games and scored three goals for Football League side Doncaster Rovers in 1986–87 and 1987–88, for Scottish Football League club Hamilton Academical 199 times over six seasons (1989–94), St Johnstone in 12 games in 1994, Heart of Midlothian 16 games in 1994–95, Dunfermline 62 times over three seasons (1995–98), Ayr United six times in 1998, and eight times as a player-coach of Academical in 1998–99. Miller also played two summer seasons for the Hamilton Steelers in the Canadian Soccer League, playing 27 times in 1988 and 11 times in 1990.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8464ef5a", "title": "Colin Miller (soccer, born 1964)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Miller_(soccer,_born_1964)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8464ef5a.json"}}
{"text": "International career", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8464ef5a", "title": "Colin Miller (soccer, born 1964)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Miller_(soccer,_born_1964)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8464ef5a.json"}}
{"text": "Miller made his national team debut against Scotland on 19 June 1983 and was a squad member for Canada's first World Cup finals appearance in 1986 although he did not play. He has represented Canada in 26 FIFA World Cup qualification matches. His final international was a November 1997 World Cup qualification match against Costa Rica, a game in which seven other national team veterans finished their international career.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8464ef5a", "title": "Colin Miller (soccer, born 1964)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Miller_(soccer,_born_1964)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8464ef5a.json"}}
{"text": "In the early 2000s, he was named Canada's assistant coach. In 2003–2004, he served as temporary coach. Miller was a youth soccer coach with the Abbotsford Soccer Association in the Fraser Valley in British Columbia, specifically the Abbotsford Rangers USL Premier Development League side, until 2007.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8464ef5a", "title": "Colin Miller (soccer, born 1964)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Miller_(soccer,_born_1964)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8464ef5a.json"}}
{"text": "On 3 July 2007, it was announced that Colin Miller was hired as assistant first-team coach of Derby County, an English club playing the 2007–08 season in the Premier League.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8464ef5a", "title": "Colin Miller (soccer, born 1964)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Miller_(soccer,_born_1964)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8464ef5a.json"}}
{"text": "On 2 April 2008, Miller was introduced as the coach and Director of Soccer Operations for the Victoria Highlanders FC of the USL Premier Development League.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8464ef5a", "title": "Colin Miller (soccer, born 1964)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Miller_(soccer,_born_1964)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8464ef5a.json"}}
{"text": "On 25 March 2010, with the resignation of German coach Thomas Niendorf, Miller was named as the new coach of the Vancouver Whitecaps Residency. Miller served as assistant coach of Vancouver Whitecaps FC during the club's 2011 inaugural season in Major League Soccer. Vancouver released Miller from his coaching contract on 26 October 2011, due to the newly appointed head coach Martin Rennie's desire to bring in his own staff.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8464ef5a", "title": "Colin Miller (soccer, born 1964)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Miller_(soccer,_born_1964)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8464ef5a.json"}}
{"text": "On 27 November 2012, FC Edmonton announced Colin Miller as its new head coach.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8464ef5a", "title": "Colin Miller (soccer, born 1964)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Miller_(soccer,_born_1964)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8464ef5a.json"}}
{"text": "In January 2013, Miller was confirmed interim head coach of Canada for a second time following the departure of Stephen Hart. On 14 March 2013, it was announced that Tony Fonseca, technical director for the Canadian Soccer Association, as coach of the Canadian national team for the friendly matches in March 2013, although Miller returned as interim head coach for a match in Edmonton on 28 May. The CSA announced in mid-June that Miller would continue as interim head coach for Canada during the 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8464ef5a", "title": "Colin Miller (soccer, born 1964)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Miller_(soccer,_born_1964)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8464ef5a.json"}}
{"text": "On 4 December 2017, FC Edmonton parted ways with Miller after five seasons following the dissolution of the North American Soccer League.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8464ef5a", "title": "Colin Miller (soccer, born 1964)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Miller_(soccer,_born_1964)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8464ef5a.json"}}
{"text": "Colin Miller is married to his high school sweet heart Maria Miller.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8464ef5a", "title": "Colin Miller (soccer, born 1964)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Miller_(soccer,_born_1964)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8464ef5a.json"}}
{"text": "Scores and results list Canada's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Miller goal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8464ef5a", "title": "Colin Miller (soccer, born 1964)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Miller_(soccer,_born_1964)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8464ef5a.json"}}
{"text": "Managerial statistics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8464ef5a", "title": "Colin Miller (soccer, born 1964)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Miller_(soccer,_born_1964)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8464ef5a.json"}}
{"text": "North American Nations Cup: 1990", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8464ef5a", "title": "Colin Miller (soccer, born 1964)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Miller_(soccer,_born_1964)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8464ef5a.json"}}
{"text": "Colin Miller at Canada Soccer / Canada Soccer Hall of Fame", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8464ef5a", "title": "Colin Miller (soccer, born 1964)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Miller_(soccer,_born_1964)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8464ef5a.json"}}
{"text": "Shoah is a 1985 French documentary film about the Holocaust (known as \"Shoah\" in Hebrew since the 1940s), directed by Claude Lanzmann. Over nine hours long and eleven years in the making, the film presents Lanzmann's interviews with survivors, witnesses and perpetrators during visits to German Holocaust sites across Poland, including extermination camps.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Released in Paris in April 1985, Shoah won critical acclaim and several prominent awards, including the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Non-Fiction Film and the BAFTA Award for Best Documentary. Simone de Beauvoir hailed it as a \"sheer masterpiece\", while documentarian Marcel Ophüls (who would go on to win the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for Hotel Terminus: The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie three years later) called it \"the greatest documentary about contemporary history ever made\". Conversely, it was not well received in Poland, wherein the government argued that it accused Poland of \"complicity in Nazi genocide\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Shoah premiered in New York at the Cinema Studio in October 1985 and was broadcast in the United States by PBS over four nights in 1987.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "The film is concerned chiefly with three topics: the Chełmno extermination camp, where mobile gas vans were first used by Germans to exterminate Jews; the death camps of Treblinka and Auschwitz-Birkenau; and the Warsaw ghetto, with testimonies from survivors, witnesses and perpetrators.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "The sections on Treblinka include testimony from Abraham Bomba, who survived as a barber; Richard Glazar, an inmate; and Franz Suchomel, an SS officer. Bomba breaks down while describing how he came across the wife and sister of a barber friend of his while cutting hair in the gas chamber. This section includes Henryk Gawkowski, who drove transport trains while intoxicated with vodka. Gawkowski's photograph appears on the poster used for the film's marketing campaign.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Testimonies on Auschwitz are provided by Rudolf Vrba, who escaped from the camp before the end of the war; and Filip Müller, who worked in an incinerator burning the bodies from the gassings. Müller recounts what prisoners said to him and describes the experience of personally going into the gas chamber: bodies were piled up by the doors \"like stones\". He breaks down as he recalls the prisoners starting to sing while being forced into the gas chamber. Accounts include some from local villagers, who witnessed trains heading daily to the camp and returning empty; they quickly guessed the fate of those on board.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Lanzmann also interviews bystanders. He asks whether they knew what was going on in the death camps. Their answers reveal that they did, but they justified their inaction by their fear of death. Two survivors of Chełmno are interviewed: Simon Srebnik, who was forced to sing military songs to entertain the Nazis; and Mordechaï Podchlebnik. Lanzmann also has a secretly filmed interview with Franz Schalling, a German security guard, who describes the workings of Chełmno. Walter Stier, a former Nazi bureaucrat, describes the workings of the railways. Stier insists he was simply managing railroad traffic and was not aware that he was transporting Jews directly to their deaths, though he admits to being aware that the destinations were concentration camps.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "The Warsaw ghetto is described by Jan Karski, a member of the Polish Underground who worked for the Polish government-in-exile, and Franz Grassler, a Nazi administrator in Warsaw who liaised with Jewish leaders. A Christian, Karski sneaked into the Warsaw ghetto and travelled using false documents to England to try to convince the Allied governments to intervene more strongly on behalf of the Jews.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Memories from Jewish survivors of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising conclude the documentary. Lanzmann also interviews Holocaust historian Raul Hilberg, who discusses the significance of Nazi propaganda against the European Jews and the Nazi development of the Final Solution and a detailed analysis of railroad documents showing the transport routes to the death camps. The complete text of the film was published in 1985.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Corporal Franz Suchomel, interviewed by Lanzmann in Germany on 27 April 1976, was an SS officer who had worked at Treblinka. Suchomel agreed to be interviewed for 500 Deutschmarks, but refused to be filmed, so Lanzmann used hidden recording equipment while assuring Suchomel that he would not use his name.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Suchomel talks in detail about the camp's gas chambers and the disposal of bodies. He states that he did not know about the extermination at Treblinka until he arrived there. On his first day, he says he vomited and cried after encountering trenches full of corpses, 6–7 m deep, with the earth around them moving in waves because of the gases seeping from the decomposing bodies. The smell of the bodies carried for kilometres depending on the wind, he said, but local people were scared to act in case they were sent to the work camp, Treblinka I.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "He explained that from arrival at Treblinka to death in the gas chambers took 2–3 hours for a trainload of people. They would undress, the women would have their hair cut, then they would wait naked outside, including during the winter in minus 10–20 °C, until there was room in the gas chamber. Suchomel told Lanzmann that he would ask the hairdressers to slow down so that the women would not have to wait so long outside.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Compared to the size and complexity of Auschwitz, Suchomel calls Treblinka \"primitive. But a well-functioning assembly line of death.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "The publicity poster for the film features Henryk Gawkowski, a Polish railway worker from Malkinia, who, in 1942–1943 when he was 20–21 years old, worked on the trains to Treblinka as an \"assistant machinist with the right to drive the locomotive\". Conducted in Poland in July 1978, the interview with Gawkowski is shown 48 minutes into the film, and is the first to present events from the victims' perspective. Lanzmann hired a steam locomotive similar to the one Gawkowski worked on and shows the tracks and a sign for Treblinka.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Gawkowski told Lanzmann that every train had a Polish driver and assistant, accompanied by German officers. What happened was not his fault, he said; had he refused to do the job, he would have been sent to a work camp. He would have killed Hitler himself had he been able to, he told Lanzmann. Lanzmann estimated that 18,000 Jews were taken to Treblinka by the trains Gawkowski worked on. Gawkowski said he had driven Polish Jews there in cargo trains in 1942, and Jews from France, Greece, Holland and Yugoslavia in passenger trains in 1943. A train carrying Jews was called a Sonderzug (special train); the \"cargo\" was given false papers to disguise that humans were being hauled. The Germans gave the train workers vodka as a bonus when they drove a Sonderzug; Gawkowski drank liberally to make the job bearable.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Gawkowski drove trains to the Treblinka train station and from the station into the camp itself. He said the smell of burning was unbearable as the train approached the camp. The railcars would be driven into the camp by the locomotive in three stages; as he drove one convoy into Treblinka, he would signal to the ones that were waiting by making a slashing movement across his throat. The gesture would cause chaos in those convoys, he said; passengers would try to jump out or throw their children out. Dominick LaCapra wrote that the expression on Gawkowski's face when he demonstrated the gesture for Lanzmann seemed \"somewhat diabolical\". Lanzmann grew to like Gawkowski over the course of the interviews, writing in 1990: \"He was different from the others. I have sympathy for him because he carries a truly open wound that does not heal.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Lanzmann was initially commissioned by Israeli officials to make what they thought would be a two-hour film, delivered in 18 months, about the Holocaust from \"the viewpoint of the Jews\". As time went on, Israeli officials withdrew as his original backers, but Lanzmann persevered, eventually taking eleven years to complete Shoah. The film was plagued by financial problems, difficulties tracking down interviewees, and threats to Lanzmann's life. The film was unusual in that it did not include any historical or archival footage, relying instead on interviews with witnesses and footage of the locations of the extermination camps.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Many German interviewees were reluctant to talk or refused to be filmed, so Lanzmann used a hidden camera, producing a grainy, black-and-white appearance. The interviewees in these scenes are sometimes obscured or distinguished by technicians watching the recording. During one interview, with Heinz Schubert, the covert recording was discovered by Schubert's family, and Lanzmann was physically attacked. He was hospitalized for a month and charged by the authorities with \"unauthorized use of the German airwaves\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Lanzmann arranged many of the scenes, but not the testimony, before filming witnesses. For example, Bomba was interviewed while cutting his friend's hair in a working barbershop; a steam locomotive was hired to recreate the journey the death train conductor had taken while transporting Jews; and the opening scene shows Srebnik singing in a rowboat, similarly to how he had \"serenaded his captors\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "The first six years of production were devoted to the recording of interviews in 14 countries. Lanzmann worked on the interviews for four years before first visiting Poland. After the shooting, editing of the 350 hours of raw footage continued for five years. Lanzmann frequently replaced the camera shot of the interviewee with modern footage from the site of the relevant death camp. The matching of testimony to places became a \"crucial trope of the film\". Shoah was made without voice-over translations. The questions and answers were kept on the soundtrack, along with the voices of the interpreters, with subtitles where necessary.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "The outtakes from Shoah were purchased by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington D.C. on October 11, 1996. Museum staff have been engaged in conserving and digitizing 185 hours of interview outtakes and 35 hours of location filming. Transcripts of the interviews, in original languages and English translations, are held by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Videos of excerpts from the interviews are available for viewing online, and linked transcripts can be downloaded from the museum's website.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Five feature-length films were subsequently made by Lanzmann from the Shoah material.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "The film received numerous nominations and awards at film festivals around the world. Prominent awards included the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Non-Fiction Film in 1985, a special citation at the 1985 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards, and the BAFTA Award for Best Documentary in 1986. That year it also won the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Non-Fiction Film and Best Documentary at the International Documentary Association.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Hailed as a masterpiece by many critics, Shoah was described in The New York Times as \"an epic film about the greatest evil of modern times\". According to Richard Brody, François Mitterrand attended the first screening in Paris in April 1985 when he was president of France, Václav Havel watched it in prison, and Mikhail Gorbachev arranged public screenings in the Soviet Union in 1989.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "In 1985, critic Roger Ebert described it as \"an extraordinary film\" and \"one of the noblest films ever made\". He wrote: \"It is not a documentary, not journalism, not propaganda, not political. It is an act of witness.\" Rotten Tomatoes shows a 100% score, based on 37 reviews, with an average rating of 9.2/10. The website's critical consensus states: \"Expansive in its beauty as well as its mind-numbing horror, Shoah is a towering – and utterly singular – achievement in cinema.\" Metacritic reports a 99 out of 100 rating, based on four critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\". As of July 2019, it is the site's 20th highest-rated film, including re-releases.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Time Out and The Guardian listed Shoah as the best documentary of all time in 2016 and 2013 respectively. In a 2014 British Film Institute (BFI) Sight and Sound poll, film critics voted it second of the best documentary films of all time. In 2012 it ranked 29th and 48th respectively in the BFI's critics' and directors' polls of the greatest films of all time. The same polls in 2022 placed it 27th among critics and 72nd among directors.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "The film had detractors, however, and it was criticized in Poland. Mieczyslaw Biskupski wrote that Lanzmann's \"purpose in making the film was revealed by his comments that he 'fears' Poland and that the death camps could not have been constructed in France because the 'French peasantry would not have tolerated them'\". Government-run newspapers and state television criticized the film, as did numerous commentators; Jerzy Turowicz, editor of the Catholic weekly Tygodnik Powszechny, called it partial and tendentious. The Socio-Cultural Association of Jews in Poland (Towarzystwo Społeczno-Kulturalne Żydów w Polsce) called it a provocation and delivered a protest letter to the French embassy in Warsaw. Foreign Minister Władysław Bartoszewski, an Auschwitz survivor and an honorary citizen of Israel, criticized Lanzmann for ignoring the thousands of Polish rescuers of Jews, focusing instead on impoverished rural Poles, allegedly selected to conform with his preconceived notions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Gustaw Herling-Grudziński, a Jewish-Polish writer and dissident, was puzzled by Lanzmann's omission of anybody in Poland with advanced knowledge of the Holocaust. In his book Dziennik pisany nocą, Herling-Grudziński wrote that the thematic construction of Shoah allowed Lanzmann to exercise a reduction method so extreme that the plight of the non-Jewish Poles must remain a mystery to the viewer. Grudziński asked a rhetorical question in his book: \"Did the Poles live in peace, quietly plowing farmers' fields with their backs turned on the long fuming chimneys of death-camp crematoria? Or, were they exterminated along with the Jews as subhuman?\" According to Grudziński, Lanzmann leaves this question unanswered, but the historical evidence shows that Poles also suffered widespread massacres at the hands of the Nazis.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "The American film critic Pauline Kael, whose parents were Jewish immigrants to the U.S. from Poland, called the film \"a form of self-punishment\", describing it in The New Yorker in 1985 as \"logy and exhausting right from the start ...\" \"Lanzmann did all the questioning himself,\" she wrote, \"while putting pressure on people in a discursive manner, which gave the film a deadening weight.\" Writing in The New Yorker in 2010, Richard Brody suggested that Kael's \"misunderstandings of Shoah are so grotesque as to seem willful.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Memory of the World status", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "In 2023, UNESCO added the restored 35mm negative of Shoah, along with 200 hours of interviews recorded on audio cassette, to the Memory of the World international register, recognising it as globally important heritage.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "In 2000, the film was released on VHS, and in 2010 on DVD. Lanzmann's 350 hours of raw footage, along with the transcripts, are available on the website of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. The entire 566-minute film was digitally restored and remastered by The Criterion Collection over 2012–13 in 2K resolution, from the original 16 mm negatives. The monaural audio track was remastered without compression. A Blu-ray edition in three disks was then produced from these new masters, including three additional films by Lanzmann.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Lanzmann released four feature-length films based on unused material shot for Shoah. The first three are included as bonus features in the Criterion Collection DVD and Blu-ray release of the film. All four are included in the Masters of Cinema Blu-ray release of the film.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "A Visitor from the Living (1997), about a Red Cross representative, Maurice Rossel, who in 1944 wrote a favorable report about the Theresienstadt concentration camp.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Sobibor, October 14, 1943, 4 p.m. (2001), about Yehuda Lerner, who participated in an uprising against the camp guards and managed to escape.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "The Karski Report (2010), about Polish resistance fighter Jan Karski's visit to Franklin Roosevelt in 1943.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "The Last of the Unjust (2013), about Benjamin Murmelstein, a controversial Jewish rabbi in the Theresienstadt ghetto during World War II.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Shoah: Four Sisters (2018), a French documentary film that aired as a four-part series on French TV on 23 January 2018. It is both Lanzmann's final film and a continuation of Shoah and chronicles the lives of four women who escaped the concentration camps and tried to find a life after the Holocaust. The four-and-a-half hour cut of the film (nearly half the length of Shoah) debuted in American theaters on 14 November 2018. It was on France's shortlist to compete in the Best Documentary category.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Previously unseen Shoah outtakes have been featured in Adam Benzine's Oscar-nominated HBO documentary Claude Lanzmann: Spectres of the Shoah (2015), which examines Lanzmann's life from 1973 to 1985, the years he spent making Shoah.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Ziva Postec's work as the film's editor was profiled in the 2018 documentary film Ziva Postec: The Editor Behind the Film Shoah (Ziva Postec : La monteuse derrière le film Shoah), by Canadian documentarian Catherine Hébert.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Director Guillaume Ribot released his documentary All I Had Was Nothingness (Je n'avais que le néant - Shoah par Lanzmann) in 2025. The film comprises outtakes from Shoah and describes Lanzmann's struggle to complete his epic film and the personal toll the project took on him. Sequences convey Lanzmann's initial uncertainty over how to shape his film and his frustrated attempts to get Nazi perpetrators of the Holocaust on camera. The voice-over of the documentary is taken from Lanzmann's memoir The Patagonian Hare.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "List of Holocaust films", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "List of longest films", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "List of films shot over three or more years", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Felman, Shoshana (1994). \"Film as Witness: Claude Lanzmann's Shoah\". In Hartman, Geoffrey (ed.). Holocaust Remembrance: The Shapes of Memory. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 1-55786-125-0.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Hirsch, Marianne; Spitzer, Leo (1993). \"Gendered Translations: Claude Lanzmann's Shoah\". In Cooke, Miriam; Woollacott, Angela (eds.). Gendering War Talk. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-06980-8.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Loshitzky, Yosefa (1997). \"Holocaust Others: Spielberg's Schindler's List versus Lanzman's Shoah\". In Loshitzky, Yosefa (ed.). Spielberg's Holocaust: Critical Perspectives on Schindler's List. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-33232-X.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "McGlothlin, Erin, Brad Prager, and Markus Zisselsberger, eds. The Construction of Testimony: Claude Lanzmann’s Shoah and its Outtakes, eds. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2020. ISBN: 9780814347348.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Stoicea, Gabriela (2006). \"The Difficulties of Verbalizing Trauma: Translation and the Economy of Loss in Claude Lanzmann’s Shoah.” In the Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 43–53.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Yvonne Kozlovsky Golan (2017), \"Benjamin Murmelstein, a Man from the \"Town 'As If'\": A Discussion of Claude Lanzmann's Film the Last of the Unjust (France/Austria, 2013)\", Holocaust Studies, A Journal of Culture and History, vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 464–482.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Yvonne Kozlovsky Golan (2020), \"Through the Director’s Lens: Claude Lanzmann’s Oeuvre: Commemorating the First Anniversary of his Passing\", Canadian Institute for the Study of Antisemitism (CISA), Antisemitism Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Spring 2020), pp. 143–168.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Shoah at Box Office Mojo", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Shoah at Rotten Tomatoes", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Claude Lanzmann Shoah Collection, video excerpts of all interviews, with transcripts, Steven Spielberg Jewish Film Archive, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "Approaching Shoah an essay by Kent Jones at the Criterion Collection", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9beef913", "title": "Shoah (film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_(film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9beef913.json"}}
{"text": "The chief of staff to the president (Korean: 대통령비서실장; Hanja: 大統領秘書室長), or chief presidential secretary, is the highest-ranking employee of the Blue House and serves as chief of staff to the president of South Korea. The chief presidential secretary is traditionally one of the first officials appointed by an incoming president. Former President Moon Jae-in was a former chief of staff.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_16f4a765", "title": "Chief of Staff to the President (South Korea)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_to_the_President_(South_Korea)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_16f4a765.json"}}
{"text": "List of chiefs of staff", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_16f4a765", "title": "Chief of Staff to the President (South Korea)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_to_the_President_(South_Korea)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_16f4a765.json"}}
{"text": "Chief Presidential Secretary for Policy", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_16f4a765", "title": "Chief of Staff to the President (South Korea)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_to_the_President_(South_Korea)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_16f4a765.json"}}
{"text": "Office of the President (South Korea)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_16f4a765", "title": "Chief of Staff to the President (South Korea)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_to_the_President_(South_Korea)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_16f4a765.json"}}
{"text": "Senior Presidential Secretary", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_16f4a765", "title": "Chief of Staff to the President (South Korea)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_to_the_President_(South_Korea)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_16f4a765.json"}}
{"text": "President of South Korea", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_16f4a765", "title": "Chief of Staff to the President (South Korea)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_to_the_President_(South_Korea)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_16f4a765.json"}}
{"text": "Government of South Korea", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_16f4a765", "title": "Chief of Staff to the President (South Korea)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_to_the_President_(South_Korea)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_16f4a765.json"}}
{"text": "Politics of South Korea", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_16f4a765", "title": "Chief of Staff to the President (South Korea)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_to_the_President_(South_Korea)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_16f4a765.json"}}
{"text": "White House Chief of Staff", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_16f4a765", "title": "Chief of Staff to the President (South Korea)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_to_the_President_(South_Korea)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_16f4a765.json"}}
{"text": "Chief Cabinet Secretary", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_16f4a765", "title": "Chief of Staff to the President (South Korea)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_to_the_President_(South_Korea)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_16f4a765.json"}}
{"text": "State Council of South Korea", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_16f4a765", "title": "Chief of Staff to the President (South Korea)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_to_the_President_(South_Korea)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_16f4a765.json"}}
{"text": "Buffalo Grove is an unincorporated community in the Ogle County township of Buffalo, Illinois, United States. It was the first settlement in  Ogle County, and was once a bustling frontier town that attracted many of Ogle County's early residents. The creation of the Illinois Central Railroad, caused most of the residents and businesses to move to Polo.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6d176461", "title": "Buffalo Grove, Ogle County, Illinois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Ogle_County,_Illinois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6d176461.json"}}
{"text": "Native Americans who originally lived on the lands of Buffalo Grove, called the area \"Nanusha\" (Na-noo-sha), which means \"buffalo.\" When white settlers came to the lands they found no buffalo; instead they found buffalo bones. In the winter of 1778, a heavy snow descended on the Mississippi Valley. Fluctuating temperatures caused the snow to melt and refreeze and the snow crusted over, thus the buffalo were unable to access their food supply and many starved to death.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6d176461", "title": "Buffalo Grove, Ogle County, Illinois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Ogle_County,_Illinois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6d176461.json"}}
{"text": "During the early 19th century, many settlers from the east coast of the United States traveled to Galena after the establishment of lead mines in the area. Many of the trails from Dixon's Ferry (originally called Ogee's Ferry) passed through what would later become Ogle County. John Ankeny marked Ankeny's Trail from Dixon's Ferry to Galena in 1829, and while doing so claimed an areas of trees as his own. In the spring of 1830, Ogle County's first settler, Isaac Chambers, erected the first cabin near the Galena Trail. Chambers intended to build and manage an inn, or tavern as a stopping point on the way to Galena. When Ankeny returned a controversy arose over the land's ownership. Chambers prevailed, and Ankeny moved further down the trail and opened an opposing tavern.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6d176461", "title": "Buffalo Grove, Ogle County, Illinois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Ogle_County,_Illinois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6d176461.json"}}
{"text": "By the spring of 1831, Oliver W. Kellogg arrived at Buffalo Grove, and bought his claim from Chambers. Another settler, Samuel Reed, planted 14 acres (57,000 m2) of corn in 1831, and by 1832 he also included wheat on the first farm in Ogle County.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6d176461", "title": "Buffalo Grove, Ogle County, Illinois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Ogle_County,_Illinois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6d176461.json"}}
{"text": "Later that spring, the Black Hawk War began with the first armed confrontation at the Stillman's Run. The Sauk were victorious during this confrontation with Colonel Isaiah Stillman's militia. Dispatches were sent to all settlers, ordering them to the military headquarters near Dixon's Ferry. Buffalo Grove's settlers first went to Dixon's Ferry, then moved on to Peoria where they remained until September. While the settlers were away, a group of men returned to their homes to look after some of the stock that remained in the settlement. When the men returned to Buffalo Grove, they found the body of William Durley in the road near the woods. The event became known as the Buffalo Grove ambush or massacre. Durley was originally buried near the spot he died at by a party who would become the victims of the St. Vrain massacre the next day. In 1910 the Polo Historical Society moved Durley's remains and erected a historical marker and memorial over his new grave.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6d176461", "title": "Buffalo Grove, Ogle County, Illinois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Ogle_County,_Illinois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6d176461.json"}}
{"text": "The settlement continued to grow, including the establishment of the Buffalo Grove Post Office on February 12, 1833. There is some discrepancy as to the date of the post office's establishment and at least one source asserts the date as 1835. The area's first merchant, Colonel John D. Stevenson, arrived from Louisiana to set up a store in 1834. The following year the town was platted and named St. Marion, but when the post office was established it was called Buffalo Grove. The name of the settlement was officially changed in 1839 by the residents. In 1836, the area's first sawmill was built along Buffalo Creek, and some traces of it remain extant.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6d176461", "title": "Buffalo Grove, Ogle County, Illinois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Ogle_County,_Illinois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6d176461.json"}}
{"text": "When construction of the Illinois Central Railroad (ICRR) began in 1852, the village population was nearly 1,000 residents; in 1835 15 families lived in the vicinity of Buffalo Grove. Also in 1852, a steam sawmill was built in order to supply the ICRR with railroad ties.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6d176461", "title": "Buffalo Grove, Ogle County, Illinois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Ogle_County,_Illinois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6d176461.json"}}
{"text": "Following the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad, the new town of Polo was founded along the tracks in March 1853.  Nearly all residents from Buffalo Grove moved their homes and businesses to Polo in order to take advantage of the new railroad. The Buffalo Grove Post Office was moved in the dead of night in January 1855 to avoid trouble. The office was opened in its new location the next morning. One notable Buffalo Grove resident was naturalist John Burroughs, who taught in Buffalo Grove from 1856 to 1857 before moving back East to marry. Today, Buffalo Grove no longer remains as a true village, instead having about a dozen homes in its area.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6d176461", "title": "Buffalo Grove, Ogle County, Illinois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Ogle_County,_Illinois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6d176461.json"}}
{"text": "Buffalo Grove is home to one cemetery; the Reed cemetery is located west of the unincorporated village. The cemetery derived its name from Samuel Reed Sr. who died suddenly on August 17, 1833. Reed was the first to be buried in the new cemetery, and the cemetery was named after him.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6d176461", "title": "Buffalo Grove, Ogle County, Illinois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Ogle_County,_Illinois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6d176461.json"}}
{"text": "In the fall of 1843, Elder Alexander Conlee established the Buffalo Grove Church. Originally the congregation met at the Doty School, which was built to serve as both a school and church.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6d176461", "title": "Buffalo Grove, Ogle County, Illinois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Ogle_County,_Illinois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6d176461.json"}}
{"text": "== External links ==", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6d176461", "title": "Buffalo Grove, Ogle County, Illinois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Ogle_County,_Illinois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6d176461.json"}}
{"text": "A glider or sailplane is a type of glider aircraft used in the leisure activity and sport of gliding (also called soaring). This unpowered aircraft can use naturally occurring currents of rising air in the atmosphere to gain altitude. Sailplanes are aerodynamically streamlined, so they can fly a significant distance forward for a small decrease in altitude.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "In North America, the term 'sailplane' is also used to describe this type of aircraft. In other parts of the English-speaking world, the word 'glider' is more common.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Gliders benefit from producing very low drag for any given amount of lift. This factor is best achieved with long, thin wings, a slender fuselage, and smooth surfaces with an absence of protuberances. Aircraft with these features are able to soar, meaning they may climb efficiently in rising air produced by thermals or hills. In still air, sailplanes can glide long distances at high speed with a minimum loss of height in between.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Sailplanes have rigid wings and either skids or undercarriage. In contrast, hang gliders and paragliders use the pilot's feet for the start of the launch and for the landing. These latter types are described in separate articles, though their differences from sailplanes are covered below. Sailplanes are usually launched by winch or aerotow, though other methods, such as auto tow and bungee, are occasionally used.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "These days, almost all gliders are sailplanes, but in the past, many gliders were not. These types did not soar. Instead, they were simply engineless aircraft towed by another aircraft to a desired destination and then cast off for landing. The prime example of a non-soaring glider was the military glider (such as those used in the Second World War). They were often used just once, then usually abandoned after landing, having served their purpose.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Motor gliders are gliders with engines that can be used for extending a flight and even, in some cases, for take-off. Some high-performance motor gliders (known as \"self-sustaining\" gliders) may have an engine-driven retractable propeller, which can be used to sustain flight. Other motor gliders have enough thrust to launch themselves before the propeller is retracted and are known as \"self-launching\" gliders. Another type is the self-launching \"touring motor glider\", where the pilot can switch the engine on and off in flight without retracting the propeller.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Sir George Cayley's gliders achieved brief wing-borne hops from around 1849. In the 1890s, Otto Lilienthal built gliders using weight shift for control. In the early 1900s, the Wright Brothers built gliders using movable surfaces for control. In 1903, they successfully added an engine.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "After World War I, gliders were built for sporting purposes in Germany. Germany's strong links to gliding were in large part due to post-World War I regulations, where Germany was not permitted to construct or fly motorized planes. Accordingly, the country's aircraft enthusiasts often turned to gliders. Many of these enthusiasts were actively encouraged by the German government, particularly at flying sites suited to gliding flight like the Wasserkuppe.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "The sporting use of gliders rapidly evolved in the 1930s; it is now their main application. As their performance improved, gliders began to be used for cross-country flying. They now regularly fly hundreds or even thousands of kilometres in a day when the weather is suitable.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Glider airframes include a fuselage, wings, and empennage section. Self-launching gliders also include built-in engines.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Early gliders had no cockpit; the pilot sat on a small seat located just ahead of the wing. These were known as \"primary gliders,\" and they were usually launched from the tops of hills, though they are also capable of short hops across the ground while being towed behind a vehicle. To enable gliders to soar more effectively than primary gliders, the designs minimized drag. Gliders now have very smooth, narrow fuselages and very long, narrow wings with a high aspect ratio and winglets.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "The early gliders were made mainly of wood with metal fastenings, stays, and control cables. Later fuselages made of fabric-covered steel tubes were married to wood and fabric wings for lightness and strength. New materials such as carbon fiber, fiberglass, and Kevlar have since been used with computer-aided design to increase performance. The first glider to use glass fiber extensively was the Akaflieg Stuttgart FS-24 Phönix, which first flew in 1957. This material is still used because of its high strength-to-weight ratio and its ability to give a smooth exterior finish to reduce drag. Drag has also been minimized by more aerodynamic shapes and retractable undercarriages. Flaps are fitted to the trailing edges of the wings on some gliders to optimise lift and drag at a wide range of speeds.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "With each generation of materials and with the improvements in aerodynamics, the performance of gliders has increased. One measure of performance is the glide ratio. A ratio of 30:1 means that in smooth air a glider can travel forward 30 meters while losing only 1 meter of altitude. Comparing some typical gliders that might be found in the fleet of a gliding club – the Grunau Baby from the 1930s had a glide ratio of just 17:1, the glass-fiber Libelle of the 1960s increased that to 36:1, and modern flapped 18-meter gliders such as the ASG29 have a glide ratio of over 50:1. The largest open-class glider, the Eta, has a span of 30.9 meters and has a glide ratio over 70:1. Compare this to the Gimli Glider, a Boeing 767 that ran out of fuel mid-flight and was found to have a glide ratio of 12:1, or to the Space Shuttle with a glide ratio of 4.5:1.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "High aerodynamic efficiency is essential to achieve a good gliding performance, so gliders often have aerodynamic features seldom found in other aircraft. The wings of a modern racing glider are designed by computers to create a low-drag laminar flow airfoil. After the wings' surfaces have been shaped by a mould to great accuracy, they are then highly polished. Vertical winglets at the ends of the wings decrease drag, improving wing efficiency. Special aerodynamic seals are used at the ailerons, rudder, and elevator to prevent the flow of air through control surface gaps. Turbulator devices in the form of a zig-zag tape or multiple blow holes positioned in a span-wise line along the wing are used to trip laminar flow air into turbulent flow at a desired location on the wing. This flow control prevents the formation of laminar flow bubbles and ensures the absolute minimum drag. Bug wipers may be installed to wipe the wings while in flight and remove insects that are disturbing the smooth flow of air over the wing.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Modern competition gliders carry jettisonable water ballast (in the wings and sometimes in the vertical stabilizer). The extra weight provided by the water ballast is advantageous if the lift is likely to be strong; it may also be used to adjust the glider's center of mass. Moving the center of mass toward the rear by carrying water in the vertical stabilizer reduces the required downforce from the horizontal stabilizer and the resultant drag from that downforce. Although heavier gliders have a slight disadvantage when climbing in rising air, they achieve a higher speed at any given glide angle. This is an advantage in strong conditions when the gliders spend only a small amount of time climbing in thermals. The pilot can jettison the water ballast before it becomes a disadvantage in weaker thermal conditions. Another use of water ballast is to dampen air turbulence such as might be encountered during ridge soaring. To avoid undue stress on the airframe, gliders must jettison any water ballast before landing.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Most gliders are built in Europe and are designed to EASA Certification Specification CS-22 (previously Joint Aviation Requirements-22). These define minimum standards for safety in a wide range of characteristics, such as controllability and strength. For example, gliders must have design features to minimize the possibility of incorrect assembly (gliders are often stowed in a disassembled configuration, with at least the wings being detached). Automatic connection of the controls during rigging is the common method of achieving this.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "The two most common methods of launching sailplanes are by aerotow and by winch. When aerotowed, the sailplane is towed behind a powered aircraft using a rope about 60 metres (200 ft) long. The sailplane pilot releases the rope after reaching the desired altitude. However, the rope can be released by the towplane also in case of emergency. Winch launching uses a powerful stationary engine located on the ground at the far end of the launch area. The sailplane is attached to one end of 800 to 1,200 metres (2,600 to 3,900 ft) of cable, and the winch rapidly winds it in. The sailplane can gain about 270 to 910 metres (900 to 3,000 ft) of height with a winch launch, depending on the headwind. Less often, automobiles are used to pull sailplanes into the air, either by pulling them directly or through the use of a reverse pulley in a similar manner to the winch launch. Elastic ropes (known as bungees) are occasionally used at some sites to launch gliders from slopes if there is sufficient wind blowing up the hill. Bungee launching was the predominant method of launching early gliders. Some modern gliders can self-launch by using retractable engines or just retractable propellers (see motor glider). These engines can use internal combustion or battery power.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Once launched, gliders try to gain height using thermals, ridge lift, lee waves or convergence zones and can remain airborne for hours. This is known as \"soaring\". By finding lift sufficiently often, experienced pilots fly cross-country, often on pre-declared tasks of hundreds of kilometers, usually back to the original launch site. Cross-country flying and aerobatics are the two forms of competitive gliding. For information about the forces in gliding flight, see lift-to-drag ratio.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Pilots need some form of control over the glide slope to land the glider. In powered aircraft, this is done by reducing engine thrust. In gliders the drag of the glider must be increased. Parasitic drag can be increased by use of airbrakes. On the other hand, lift-induced drag can be increased by use of spoilers. These reduce lift generated near the spoilers; they also cause the pilot to increase the angle of attack so the rest of the wing generates more lift to compensate. Glide slope is the distance traveled for each unit of height lost. In a steady wings-level glide with no wind, glide slope is the same as the lift/drag ratio (L/D) of the glider, called \"L-over-D\". Increasing drag will reduce the L/D, allowing the glider to descend at a steeper angle with no increase in airspeed. Simply pointing the nose downwards only converts altitude into a higher airspeed with a minimal initial reduction in total energy. Gliders, because of their long low wings, create a high ground effect, which can significantly increase the glide angle and make it difficult to bring the glider to Earth in a short distance.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "A slip is performed by crossing the controls (rudder to right with ailerons to left, for example) so that the glider is no longer flying aligned with the airflow. This will present one side of the fuselage to the airflow significantly increasing drag. Early gliders primarily used slipping for glide slope control.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Spoilers are movable control surfaces in the top of the wing, usually located mid-chord or near the spar. They are raised into the airflow to eliminate (spoil) the lift from the wing area behind the spoiler, disrupting the spanwise distribution of lift and increasing lift-induced drag. Spoilers significantly increase drag.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Air brakes, also known as dive brakes, are devices whose primary purpose is to increase drag. On gliders, the spoilers act as air brakes. They are positioned on top of and below the wing. When slightly opened, the upper brakes will spoil the lift, but when fully opened, they will present a large surface, such that they can provide significant drag. Some gliders have terminal velocity dive brakes, which provide enough drag to keep the speed below the maximum permitted speed, even if the glider were pointing straight down. This capability is considered a safer way to descend without instruments through clouds than the only alternative, which is an intentional spin.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Flaps are movable surfaces on the trailing edge of the wing, inboard of the ailerons. The primary purpose of flaps is to increase the camber of the wing, so they increase the maximum lift coefficient while reducing the stall speed. Another feature that some flapped gliders possess is negative flaps, which can deflect the trailing edge upward a small amount. This feature is included on some competition gliders to reduce the pitching moment acting on the wing, reducing the downward force that must be provided by the horizontal stabiliser; this reduces the induced drag acting on the stabilizer. On some types the flaps and ailerons are linked, known as 'flaperons'. Simultaneous movement of these allows a greater rate of roll.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Some high-performance gliders from the 1960s and 1970s were designed to carry a small drogue parachute because their air brakes were not particularly effective. This was stored in the tail cone of the glider during flight. When deployed, a parachute causes a large increase in drag; however, it has a significant disadvantage over the other methods of controlling the glide slope. This is because a parachute does not allow the pilot to finely adjust the glide slope. Consequently, a pilot may have to jettison the parachute entirely if the glider is not going to reach the desired landing area.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Early glider designs used skids for landing, but modern types generally land on wheels. Some of the earliest gliders used a dolly with wheels for taking off, and the dolly was jettisoned as the glider left the ground, leaving just the skid for landing. A glider may be designed so the center of gravity (CG) is behind the main wheel so the glider sits nose high on the ground. Other designs may have the CG forward of the main wheel so the nose rests on a nose-wheel or skid when stopped. Skids are now mainly used only on training gliders such as the Schweizer SGS 2–33. Skids are around 100 millimetres (4 in) wide by 900 mm (3 ft) long and run from the nose to the main wheel. Skids help with braking after landing by allowing the pilot to put forward pressure on the control stick, thus creating friction between the skid and the ground. The wingtips also have small skids or wheels to protect the wingtips from ground contact.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "In most high-performance gliders, the undercarriage can be raised to reduce drag in flight and lowered for landing. Wheel brakes are provided to allow stopping once on the ground. These may be engaged by fully extending the spoilers/air brakes or by using a separate control. Although there is only a single main wheel, the glider's wing can be kept level by using the flight controls until it is almost stationary.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Pilots usually land back at the airfield from which they took off, but a landing is possible in any flat field about 250 metres long. Ideally, should circumstances permit, a glider would fly a standard pattern, or circuit, in preparation for landing, typically starting at a height of 300 metres (1,000 ft). Glide slope control devices are then used to adjust the height to ensure landing at the desired point. The ideal landing pattern positions the glider on final approach so that a deployment of 30–60% of the spoilers/dive brakes/flaps brings it to the desired touchdown point. In this way, the pilot has the option of opening or closing the spoilers/air brakes to extend or steepen the descent to reach the touchdown point. This gives the pilot wide safety margins should unexpected events occur. If such control devices are not sufficient, the pilot may utilize maneuvers such as a forward slip to further steepen the glider slope.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Most gliders require assistance to launch, though some have an engine powerful enough to launch unaided. In addition, a high proportion of new gliders have an engine that will sustain the glider in the air, though these are insufficiently powerful to launch the glider. Compared with self-launchers, these lower-powered engines have advantages in weight, lower costs, and pilot licensing. The engines can be electric, jet, or two-stroke gasoline.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Instrumentation and other technical aids", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Gliders in continental Europe use metric units, like km/h for airspeed and m/s for lift and sink rate. In the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and some other countries, gliders use knots and ft/min in common with commercial aviation worldwide.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "In addition to an altimeter, compass, and airspeed indicator, gliders are often equipped with a variometer and an airband radio (transceiver), each of which may be required in some countries. A transponder may be installed to assist controllers when the glider is crossing busy or controlled airspace. This may be supplemented by ADS-B. Without these devices, access to some airspace may become increasingly restricted in some countries. In countries where cloud-flying is allowed, an artificial horizon or a turn and slip indicator is used when there is zero visibility. Increasingly, anti-collision warning systems such as FLARM are also used and are even mandatory in some European countries. An Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon (ELT) may also be fitted into the glider to reduce search and rescue time in case of an accident.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Much more than in other types of aviation, glider pilots depend on the variometer, which is a very sensitive vertical speed indicator, to measure the climb or sink rate of the plane. This enables the pilot to detect minute changes caused when the glider enters rising or sinking air masses. Most often electronic 'varios' are fitted to a glider, though mechanical varios are often installed as backup. The electronic variometers produce a modulated sound of varying amplitude and frequency depending on the strength of the lift or sink, so that the pilot can concentrate on centering a thermal, watching for other traffic, on navigation, and on weather conditions. Rising air is announced to the pilot as a rising tone, with increasing pitch as the lift increases. Conversely, descending air is announced with a lowering tone, which advises the pilot to escape the sink area as soon as possible. (Refer to the variometer article for more information).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Variometers are sometimes fitted with mechanical or electronic devices to indicate the optimal speed to fly for given conditions. The MacCready setting can be input electronically or adjusted using a ring surrounding the dial. These devices are based on the mathematical theory attributed to Paul MacCready though it was first described by Wolfgang Späte in 1938. MacCready theory solves the problem of how fast a pilot should cruise between thermals, given both the average lift the pilot expects in the next thermal climb, as well as the amount of lift or sink encountered in cruise mode. Electronic variometers make the same calculations automatically, after allowing for factors such as the glider's theoretical performance, water ballast, headwinds/tailwinds, and insects on the leading edges of the wings.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Soaring flight computers running specialized soaring software have been designed for use in gliders. Using GPS technology alongside a barometric device, these tools can:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Provide the glider's position in 3 dimensions by a moving map display", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Alert the pilot to nearby airspace restrictions", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Indicate position along track and remaining distance and course direction", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Show airports within theoretical gliding distance", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Determine wind direction and speed at current altitude", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Show historical lift information", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Create a GPS log of the flight to provide proof for contests and gliding badges", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Provide \"final\" glide information (i.e., showing if the glider can reach the finish without additional lift).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Indicate the best speed to fly under current conditions", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "After the flight, GPS data may be replayed using computer software for analysis; it may also be used to follow the trace of one or more gliders against a backdrop of a map, an aerial photograph, or the airspace.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "To ensure that ground-based observers may identify gliders in flight or in gliding competition, registration marks (\"insignias\" or \"competition numbers\" or \"contest ID\") are displayed in large characters on the underside of a single wing; they also appear also on the fin and rudder. Registration marks are assigned by gliding associations such as the US Soaring Society of America and are unrelated to national registrations issued by entities such as the US Federal Aviation Administration. This need for visual ID has somewhat been supplanted by GPS position recording. Insignias are useful in two ways: first, they are used in radio communications between gliders, as pilots use their competition number as their call signs. Secondly, to easily tell a glider's contest ID when flying near one another to alert them of potential dangers. For example, during gatherings of multiple gliders within thermals (known as \"gaggles\"), one pilot might report, \"Six-Seven-Romeo, I am right below you.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Fibreglass gliders are invariably painted white to minimise their skin temperature in sunlight. Fibreglass resin loses strength as its temperature rises into the range achievable in direct sun on a hot day. Color is not used except for a few small bright patches on wingtips; these patches (typically orange or red) improve a glider's visibility to other airborne aircraft. Such patches are obligatory for mountain flying in France. Non-fibreglass gliders made of aluminum or wood are not so subject to deterioration at higher temperatures and are often quite brightly painted.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "There is sometimes confusion about gliders/sailplanes, hang gliders, and paragliders. In particular, paragliders and hang gliders are both foot-launched. The main differences between the types are:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Eight competition classes of glider have been defined by the FAI. They are:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Standard Class (No flaps, 15 m wing-span, water ballast allowed)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "15 metre Class (Flaps allowed, 15 m wing-span, water ballast allowed)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "18 metre Class (Flaps allowed, 18 m wing-span, water ballast allowed)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Open Class (No restrictions except a limit of 850 kg for the maximum all-up weight)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Two Seater Class (maximum wing-span of 20 m), also known by the German name \"Doppelsitzer\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Club Class (This class allows a wide range of older small gliders with different performance, so the scores have to be adjusted by handicapping. Water ballast is not allowed).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "World Class (The FAI Gliding Commission which is part of the FAI and an associated body called Organisation Scientifique et Technique du Vol à Voile (OSTIV) announced a competition in 1989 for a low-cost glider, which had moderate performance, was easy to assemble and to handle, and was safe for low-hours pilots to fly. The winning design was announced in 1993 as the Warsaw Polytechnic PW-5. This allows competitions to be run with only one type of glider.)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Ultralight Class, for gliders with a maximum mass less than 220 kg.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "A large proportion of gliders have been and are still made in Germany, the birthplace of the sport. In Germany there are several manufacturers but the three principal companies are:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Germany also has Stemme and Lange Aviation. Elsewhere in the world, there are other manufacturers such as Jonker Sailplanes in South Africa, Sportinė Aviacija in Lithuania, Allstar PZL in Poland, Let Kunovice and HpH in the Czech Republic and AMS Flight in Slovenia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Rhön-Rossitten Gesellschaft", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Other unpowered aircraft", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Unpowered flying toys and models", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Radio-controlled glider", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Information about all types of glider", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Sailplane Directory at the Wayback Machine (archived 21 April 2016) – An enthusiast's web-site that lists manufacturers and models of gliders, past and present.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "FAI records Archived 17 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine – sporting aviation page with international world soaring records in distances, speeds, routes, and altitude", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "National Gliding Federations at the Wayback Machine (archived 23 November 2010)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_881be5c7", "title": "Glider (sailplane)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_881be5c7.json"}}
{"text": "Michael Organ (born 1953 Carlisle, Indiana) is an American rock drummer, best known for performing and recording with Sonny Landreth and Henry Lee Summer. Organ was a part of a number of country and bluegrass albums from the 1980s into the 1990s. He also recorded with Jimmy Buffett and a number of other country artists. He was an active musician as of 2009.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5f841072", "title": "Michael Organ (drummer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Organ_(drummer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5f841072.json"}}
{"text": "Michael Organ played drums with pop/rock singer Henry Lee Summer from 1983 to 1992 including work on all four of Summer's album releases for Epic Records as well as the 1988 single Darlin' Danielle Don't, the 1989 top twenty single Hey Baby, and the 1993 single Ain't That Love.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5f841072", "title": "Michael Organ (drummer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Organ_(drummer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5f841072.json"}}
{"text": "Organ later performed and recorded with legendary slide guitarist Sonny Landreth from 1995 to 2001 including work on the 2000 release Levee Town on Sugar Hill Records. Levee Town was re-released in April 2009 with additional tracks from the original recording sessions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5f841072", "title": "Michael Organ (drummer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Organ_(drummer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5f841072.json"}}
{"text": "During the 1990s, Organ lived in Nashville, Tennessee, working as a session musician and performing with such roots rock artists as Danny Flowers, Tim Krekel, Pat McLaughlin, Gary Nicholson, Michael Henderson, Sheila Lawrence, and Tom Ovans. During that period, Organ also recorded with Jimmy Buffett, recorded and toured with the Amazing Rhythm Aces, and performed with Bo Diddley - as well as working with country music artists Lionel Cartwright, Lee Roy Parnell, Kevin Welch, Highway 101, Claudia Church, and Deborah Allen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5f841072", "title": "Michael Organ (drummer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Organ_(drummer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5f841072.json"}}
{"text": "Organ also recorded and performed in the mid-1990s with Canadian Polygram Records rock recording artist Sue Medley and the Toronto duo Lost & Profound (Lisa Boudreau and Terry Tompkins) playing on their 1994 Polygram release Memory Thief produced by Richard Bennett.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5f841072", "title": "Michael Organ (drummer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Organ_(drummer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5f841072.json"}}
{"text": "In 1999, Organ began a music project with the creative dance and movement educator Margot Faught. Organ composed rhythmic tracks to be used in dance and movement classes which were compiled into the CD Zuni Movement. Ms. Faught utilized the CD in teaching seminars internationally, including her work for the New York City Center Project Dance program as well as the New York arts organization Together In Dance.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5f841072", "title": "Michael Organ (drummer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Organ_(drummer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5f841072.json"}}
{"text": "In 2004, Organ composed music for Current, a project by multidisciplinary performance group Susurrus that is still in performance.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5f841072", "title": "Michael Organ (drummer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Organ_(drummer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5f841072.json"}}
{"text": "2009 Sonny Landreth - Levee Town Expanded Edition - LandFall", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5f841072", "title": "Michael Organ (drummer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Organ_(drummer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5f841072.json"}}
{"text": "2000 Sonny Landreth - Levee Town - Sugar Hill", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5f841072", "title": "Michael Organ (drummer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Organ_(drummer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5f841072.json"}}
{"text": "1995 Sonny Landreth - Son of Native Stepson - Zoo/BMG EP", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5f841072", "title": "Michael Organ (drummer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Organ_(drummer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5f841072.json"}}
{"text": "1996 Tom Ovans - Nuclear Sky - Demon", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5f841072", "title": "Michael Organ (drummer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Organ_(drummer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5f841072.json"}}
{"text": "1995 Jimmy Buffett - Margaritaville Cafe: Late Night Gumbo - Margaritaville", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5f841072", "title": "Michael Organ (drummer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Organ_(drummer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5f841072.json"}}
{"text": "1994 Lost and Profound - Memory Thief - Polygram", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5f841072", "title": "Michael Organ (drummer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Organ_(drummer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5f841072.json"}}
{"text": "1992 Sue Medley - I Am Alive - Polygram EP", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5f841072", "title": "Michael Organ (drummer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Organ_(drummer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5f841072.json"}}
{"text": "1993 Henry Lee Summer - SlamDunk - Epic", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5f841072", "title": "Michael Organ (drummer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Organ_(drummer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5f841072.json"}}
{"text": "1991 Henry Lee Summer - Way Past Midnight - Epic", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5f841072", "title": "Michael Organ (drummer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Organ_(drummer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5f841072.json"}}
{"text": "1989 Henry Lee Summer - I've Got Everything - Epic", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5f841072", "title": "Michael Organ (drummer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Organ_(drummer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5f841072.json"}}
{"text": "1988 Henry Lee Summer - Henry Lee Summer - Epic", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5f841072", "title": "Michael Organ (drummer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Organ_(drummer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5f841072.json"}}
{"text": "During his career Organ was an endorsing artist for Drum Workshop Drums, Sabian Cymbals, and Pro-Mark drum sticks.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5f841072", "title": "Michael Organ (drummer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Organ_(drummer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5f841072.json"}}
{"text": "Michael Organ at AllMusic", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5f841072", "title": "Michael Organ (drummer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Organ_(drummer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5f841072.json"}}
{"text": "El Pilar is an ancient Maya city center located on the Belize-Guatemala border. The site is located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) north of San Ignacio, Belize and can be accessed through the San Ignacio and Bullet Tree Falls on the Belize River. The name \"El Pilar\" is Spanish for \"watering basin\", reflecting the abundance of streams around the site and below its escarpment, which is rare in the Maya area.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_59c35767", "title": "El Pilar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pilar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_59c35767.json"}}
{"text": "The monuments of El Pilar are at the center of a 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) protected area known as El Pilar Archeological Reserve for Maya Flora and Fauna, declared a cultural monument in both Belize and Guatemala in 1998.  El Pilar is the largest Maya site in the Belize River area with over 25 plazas and hundreds of other major buildings, covering about 120 acres (49 ha).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_59c35767", "title": "El Pilar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pilar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_59c35767.json"}}
{"text": "Archeological discovery", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_59c35767", "title": "El Pilar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pilar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_59c35767.json"}}
{"text": "Archaeologist Anabel Ford first mapped El Pilar in 1983  in the course of her Belize River Archaeological Settlement Survey or BRASS project. Settlement patterns in the region suggest a hierarchy of community size and composition that was directly related to farmland.  One of the most extensive areas was of farmlands discovered at El Pilar, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of the Belize River on the edge of the major upland escarpment that leads 47 kilometres (29 mi) to the major center of Tikal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_59c35767", "title": "El Pilar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pilar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_59c35767.json"}}
{"text": "Since 1993, a major archaeological field survey excavation project marked the initial examination of El Pilar.  Under the direction of Anabel Ford, the detailed map was executed with engineering survey instruments and excavations focused on access ways, stairs, and doorways. When the monuments were mapped, the team verified the causeway system that linked from the east to the west uniting one ancient Maya center in two modern nations: Belize and Guatemala. Later excavations tunneled into major temple revealing a 2000 years construction history. Ford and her team are currently working with Lidar in order to map the area more extensively.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_59c35767", "title": "El Pilar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pilar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_59c35767.json"}}
{"text": "The city grew from Middle Preclassic period (800 BC), with the first small temples and plazas identified in the main eastern temple of Plaza Copal.  The civic area was expanded, reaching its greatest extent before 1000 AD.  At its height in the Late Classic, the total population of El Pilar is estimated to have exceeded 180,000.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_59c35767", "title": "El Pilar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pilar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_59c35767.json"}}
{"text": "Ford and her team have excavated many of the plazas, temples and palaces of the monumental civic area. Surrounding the monuments is the residence that made up the ancient Maya community. Tzunu’un, a residential unit discovered, mapped and tested in 1984, became the focus of a major investigation that excavated, exposed, and consolidated an elite Maya house.  This is the only archaeological house that the public has access to today.  Working with Master Maya forest gardeners, the team has developed a forest garden around the house site. The forest gardens of El Pilar are now maintained by the Maya farmers as part of the El Pilar Forest Garden Network.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_59c35767", "title": "El Pilar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pilar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_59c35767.json"}}
{"text": "Conservation and ecotourism", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_59c35767", "title": "El Pilar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pilar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_59c35767.json"}}
{"text": "The El Pilar Archeological Reserve for Maya Flora and Fauna is open to the public and has a series of trails providing access throughout the site. Tourists can take a taxi from Bullet Tree Falls directly into the Maya site. Intrepid visitors  can experience both ancient and contemporary aspects of Maya life promoting Maya culture in the area. There is an active initiative to make El Pilar of Belize and Guatemala the first archaeological peace park in the world. While El Pilar is protected in Belize and Guatemala and rangers are on site, it remains under threat by looters and was placed on the World Monument Fund's 1996 list of 100 Most Endangered Sites in the World. Ford’s conservation strategy, called Archaeology Under the Canopy, promotes the conservation of ancient Maya monuments in the context of their natural environmental context. Sheltered under the forest canopy after 1000 years of neglect, El Pilar and all the Maya monuments are best maintained in the shade. This preserves Maya cultural heritage along with the forest gardens the Maya created.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_59c35767", "title": "El Pilar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pilar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_59c35767.json"}}
{"text": "\"Maya Forest Garden\". The El Pilar Forest Garden Network. Retrieved September 25, 2015.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_59c35767", "title": "El Pilar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pilar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_59c35767.json"}}
{"text": "\"Mesoamerican Research Center\". MesoAmerican Research Center. Retrieved September 25, 2015.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_59c35767", "title": "El Pilar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pilar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_59c35767.json"}}
{"text": "\"Exploring Solutions Past\". Exploring Solutions Past.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_59c35767", "title": "El Pilar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pilar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_59c35767.json"}}
{"text": "Jānis Bulis (born 17 August 1950 in Briģi Parish, Ludza Municipality) is a Catholic bishop of the Diocese of Rēzekne-Aglona in Latvia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbdba14e", "title": "Jānis Bulis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Bulis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbdba14e.json"}}
{"text": "Jānis Bulis was born on 17 August 1950 in Briģi Parish, Ludza Municipality, Latvia. After his secondary education, he entered in the Riga's Metropolitan Roman Catholic Theological Seminary in 1972, from which he finished in 1977. The same year, on May 22, 1977, he was ordained to the priesthood at St. James's Cathedral in Riga by Cardinal Julijans Vaivods. Bulis' first religious services occurred on June 5, 1977 at the Holy Trinity Church in Briģi. On May 8, 1991, Bulis was nominated to become bishop, being consecrated in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Liepāja on June 24 the same year. On December 7, 1995, Bulis was appointed bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rēzekne-Aglona, and on January 6, 1996, he was installed as its diocesan bishop.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbdba14e", "title": "Jānis Bulis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Bulis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbdba14e.json"}}
{"text": "Devotional service before became bishop", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbdba14e", "title": "Jānis Bulis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Bulis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbdba14e.json"}}
{"text": "14/06/1977 - 06/11/1980 - Vicar of St. Peter's Chains Church in Daugavpils.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbdba14e", "title": "Jānis Bulis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Bulis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbdba14e.json"}}
{"text": "06/11/1980 - 11/07/1984 - Parish priest of the Virgin of Anguish Church and at that time also served Dukstigals Virgin Mary Church.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbdba14e", "title": "Jānis Bulis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Bulis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbdba14e.json"}}
{"text": "11/07/1984 - 26/01/1989 - Parish priest at Christ the King Church in Riga.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbdba14e", "title": "Jānis Bulis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Bulis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbdba14e.json"}}
{"text": "26/01/1989 - 31.08.1991 - Parish priest at Ludzas and the Dean's Office from 23/01/1991, also served Virgin Mary church in Pušmucovas.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbdba14e", "title": "Jānis Bulis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Bulis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbdba14e.json"}}
{"text": "Order of the Three Stars II degree (2012)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbdba14e", "title": "Jānis Bulis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Bulis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbdba14e.json"}}
{"text": "http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbulis.html", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbdba14e", "title": "Jānis Bulis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Bulis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbdba14e.json"}}
{"text": "Walter Greaves (4 July 1846 – 28 November 1930) was a British painter, etcher and topographical draftsman.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_47a751f7", "title": "Walter Greaves (artist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Greaves_(artist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_47a751f7.json"}}
{"text": "The son of Charles William Greaves, a Chelsea boat builder and waterman, and his wife, Elizabeth Greenway, Greaves was born in 1846 at 31 Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, London. His father had been J. M. W. Turner's boatman. Greaves and one of his brothers, Henry Greaves (1844–1904), met James McNeill Whistler in 1863, introducing him to the sights of the River Thames, and becoming his studio assistants, pupils and close friends for over 20 years. The American painter later used these Thames expeditions for inspiration when painting his ‘nocturne’ views of the river at night. \"He taught us to paint\", Walter Greaves said, \"and we taught him the waterman's jerk\".  Walter Greaves had initially trained as a shipwright and boatman.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_47a751f7", "title": "Walter Greaves (artist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Greaves_(artist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_47a751f7.json"}}
{"text": "The most famous of Greaves' paintings is Hammersmith Bridge on Boat-Race Day, a naïve masterpiece which he claimed to have painted when he was aged sixteen in 1862; however, since he was unreliable over dates, its history has never been settled. The Greaves brothers accompanied Whistler to life class and Walter Greaves attempted to paint portraits, some of his most successful being of their neighbour Thomas Carlyle, whom Whistler also painted. Greaves also drew and painted Whistler, sometimes in caricature, in Chelsea settings and in characteristic moods. In 1876 the Greaves brothers helped Whistler decorate The Peacock Room (now in the Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.), for the shipowner Frederick Leyland.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_47a751f7", "title": "Walter Greaves (artist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Greaves_(artist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_47a751f7.json"}}
{"text": "During the late 1870s Whistler began to gather a more sophisticated group of friends about himself, including Walter Sickert and Mortimer Menpes. Excluded from this distinguished circle, Greaves suffered years of neglect, misfortune and poverty before his discovery by William Marchant, proprietor of the Goupil Galleries, who exhibited Greaves's work in his London gallery in 1911.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_47a751f7", "title": "Walter Greaves (artist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Greaves_(artist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_47a751f7.json"}}
{"text": "Greaves's new-found glory was short-lived, however: three weeks after the exhibition opened, Whistler's self-appointed biographers, Joseph Pennell and Elizabeth Pennell, damaged Greaves's reputation by claiming that he had plagiarized Whistler's work. In May 1911, Greaves sold eight letters from Whistler to his father and himself at auction. Another exhibition of his work was held in 1922 at the Grosvenor Gallery arranged by Augustus John, William Nicholson and William Rothenstein. He was elected an honorary member of the Chelsea Arts Club.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_47a751f7", "title": "Walter Greaves (artist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Greaves_(artist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_47a751f7.json"}}
{"text": "Despite the support of a few fellow painters, including Sickert, Greaves again fell into obscurity and spent his last eight years as a Poor Brother of the London Charterhouse.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_47a751f7", "title": "Walter Greaves (artist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Greaves_(artist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_47a751f7.json"}}
{"text": "Greaves died, unmarried, of pneumonia in the West London Hospital, Hammersmith, on 23 November 1930. He was buried in the Charterhouse graveyard at Little Hallingbury in Essex.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_47a751f7", "title": "Walter Greaves (artist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Greaves_(artist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_47a751f7.json"}}
{"text": "The Tate Gallery holds examples of his work, including two self-portraits. The Parkin Gallery held exhibitions of his work in 1980 and 1984.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_47a751f7", "title": "Walter Greaves (artist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Greaves_(artist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_47a751f7.json"}}
{"text": "His former home at 104 Cheyne Walk in Chelsea, where he lived from 1855 to 1897, has a commemorative blue plaque.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_47a751f7", "title": "Walter Greaves (artist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Greaves_(artist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_47a751f7.json"}}
{"text": "50 artworks by or after Walter Greaves at the Art UK site", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_47a751f7", "title": "Walter Greaves (artist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Greaves_(artist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_47a751f7.json"}}
{"text": "Greaves on Artcyclopedia.com", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_47a751f7", "title": "Walter Greaves (artist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Greaves_(artist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_47a751f7.json"}}
{"text": "Greaves on the Tate Collection website", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_47a751f7", "title": "Walter Greaves (artist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Greaves_(artist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_47a751f7.json"}}
{"text": "Greaves on Artnet.com", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_47a751f7", "title": "Walter Greaves (artist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Greaves_(artist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_47a751f7.json"}}
{"text": "Greaves on the Museum of London website", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_47a751f7", "title": "Walter Greaves (artist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Greaves_(artist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_47a751f7.json"}}
{"text": "Portraits by Greaves in the National Portrait Gallery", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_47a751f7", "title": "Walter Greaves (artist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Greaves_(artist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_47a751f7.json"}}
{"text": "Biography of Greaves on the Christie's website", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_47a751f7", "title": "Walter Greaves (artist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Greaves_(artist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_47a751f7.json"}}
{"text": "Cornwallis Island is one of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, part of the Arctic Archipelago, in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut in the Canadian Arctic. It lies to the west of Devon Island, the largest uninhabited island in the world, and at its greatest length is about 113 km (70 mi). At 6,995 km2 (2,701 sq mi) in size, it is the 96th largest island in the world, and Canada's 21st largest island. Cornwallis Island is separated by the Wellington Channel from Devon Island, and by the Parry Channel from Somerset Island to the south. Northwest of Cornwallis Island lies Little Cornwallis Island, the biggest of a group of small islands at the north end of McDougall Sound, which separates Cornwallis Island from nearby Bathurst Island.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_54a5cdc5", "title": "Cornwallis Island (Nunavut)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallis_Island_(Nunavut)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_54a5cdc5.json"}}
{"text": "Cape Airy is located at the island's southwestern extremity. Also on the southwestern coast, Griffith Island lies directly across from the island's only hamlet, Resolute (Qausuittuq), separated by the 10.5 km (6.5 mi) wide Resolute Passage.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_54a5cdc5", "title": "Cornwallis Island (Nunavut)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallis_Island_(Nunavut)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_54a5cdc5.json"}}
{"text": "The first European to visit Cornwallis Island was the British Arctic explorer and naval officer Sir William Edward Parry in 1819. The island is named for Royal Navy admiral Sir William Cornwallis.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_54a5cdc5", "title": "Cornwallis Island (Nunavut)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallis_Island_(Nunavut)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_54a5cdc5.json"}}
{"text": "Cornwallis Island is also home to microbiological colonies known as hypoliths, from their tendency to take hold under (\"hypo\") stones (\"lith\").", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_54a5cdc5", "title": "Cornwallis Island (Nunavut)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallis_Island_(Nunavut)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_54a5cdc5.json"}}
{"text": "Several sites on Cornwallis Island including Char Lake and Meretta Lake were key research locations in the International Biological Program and proved foundational to the development of high-latitude limnology.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_54a5cdc5", "title": "Cornwallis Island (Nunavut)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallis_Island_(Nunavut)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_54a5cdc5.json"}}
{"text": "Resolute is Canada's second most northerly public community, after Grise Fiord, and has a population of 183 in 2021. Resolute Bay Airport acts as a transportation hub for the central islands of the high Arctic of Nunavut.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_54a5cdc5", "title": "Cornwallis Island (Nunavut)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallis_Island_(Nunavut)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_54a5cdc5.json"}}
{"text": "The island has a polar arctic climate (ET) with long cold winters and short cool summers. Resolute, which lies on the south coast of the island, has an annual average temperature of −15.1 °C (4.8 °F), with an average high for the year of −12.2 °C (10.0 °F) and the average low for the year is −17.9 °C (−0.2 °F). Resolute has a very dry climate with an average precipitation of 164.1 mm (6.46 in) a year, most of it falling as snow from September to November. The record high for Resolute is 20.1 °C (68.2 °F) on July 2, 2012 and the record low for Resolute is −52.2 °C (−62.0 °F) on January 7, 1966.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_54a5cdc5", "title": "Cornwallis Island (Nunavut)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallis_Island_(Nunavut)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_54a5cdc5.json"}}
{"text": "Resolute has never experienced an above-freezing temperature between October 20 and May 6.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_54a5cdc5", "title": "Cornwallis Island (Nunavut)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallis_Island_(Nunavut)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_54a5cdc5.json"}}
{"text": "Between around April 30 and August 13, Resolute experiences midnight sun; whilst between around November 7 and February 4 there is polar night. Between late November and mid-January, the sun is so low that there is not even civil twilight, with the only exception from complete darkness being a deeper-blue sky called nautical twilight at noon, but there is no true experience of 24 hours of pitch black darkness around noon. For about two weeks before and after the midnight sun in Resolute, the nights are still quite bright since it does not get any darker than civil twilight (this is the twilight where surrounding objects are still visible and outdoor activities can go on without the need for artificial lighting). Resolute, however, does not experience night (the phase of day) from about March 14 to September 29.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_54a5cdc5", "title": "Cornwallis Island (Nunavut)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallis_Island_(Nunavut)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_54a5cdc5.json"}}
{"text": "Resolute does experience thunderstorms during the summer, but they are typically rare in the region.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_54a5cdc5", "title": "Cornwallis Island (Nunavut)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallis_Island_(Nunavut)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_54a5cdc5.json"}}
{"text": "Cornwallis Island in the Atlas of Canada - Toporama; Natural Resources Canada", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_54a5cdc5", "title": "Cornwallis Island (Nunavut)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallis_Island_(Nunavut)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_54a5cdc5.json"}}
{"text": "Krishnakumar Kunnath (23 August 1968 – 31 May 2022), popularly known as KK, was an Indian playback singer. KK is regarded as one of the most prolific playback singers in India. Noted for his versatility in a variety of music genres, he recorded songs primarily in Hindi, Telugu, Tamil and Kannada language. KK was a recipient of several accolades including two Screen Awards, along with six Filmfare Awards nominations.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "KK began his career by singing advertising jingles and made his film debut in 1996 with a song in Maachis. KK released his debut album, Pal in 1999. The songs \"Pal\" and \"Yaaron\" from the album became popular, and are used in school graduations. The album turned out to be his career breakthrough. The song \"Tadap Tadap Ke\" from the 1999 film Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam, earned him his first Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer nomination.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "KK went onto establish himself as one of the leading singers of the 2000s with successful songs in various languages. His most popular songs include — \"Koi Kahe Kehta Rahe\" from Dil Chahta Hai (2001), \"O Humdum Suniyo Re\" from Saathiya (2002), \"Dola Re Dola\" from Devdas (2002), \"Uyirin Uyirae\" from Kaaka Kaaka (2003), \"Apadi Podu\" from Ghilli (2004), \"Dus Bahane\" from Dus (2005), \"Kya Mujhe Pyaar Hai\" from Woh Lamhe... (2006), \"Tu Hi Meri Shab Hai\" from Gangster: A Love Story (2006), \"Aankhon Mein Teri\" from Om Shanti Om (2007), \"Khuda Jane\" from Bachna Ae Haseeno (2008), \"Zara Sa\" from Jannat (2008), \"Sajde\" from Khatta Meetha (2010), \"Piya Aaye Na\" from Aashiqui 2 (2013), \"Mat Aazma Re\" from Murder 3 (2013), \"India Wale\" from Happy New Year (2014), and \"Tu Jo Mila\" from Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "KK was popularly known as \"The Mesmerizer\", for his romantic songs. KK received the Screen Awards for Best Singer – Male (non-film music) for his song \"Pal\" and Best Playback Singer – Male for \"Khuda Jaane\", from the film Bachna Ae Haseeno.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "Born in Delhi on 23 August 1968 to Malayali parents, his mother, Kanakavalli of the Kunnath house and father, C. S. Menon. Krishnakumar grew up in New Delhi. He got his family name, Kunnath, through matrilineal succession. He sang 3,500 jingles before breaking into Bollywood.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "Kunnath attended Delhi's Mount St Mary's School, and Kirori Mal College, Delhi University. He appeared in the song \"Josh of India\", released to support the Indian national team during the 1999 Cricket World Cup.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "After receiving a degree in commerce from Kirori Mal College, Kunnath spent six months as a marketing executive before pursuing his love of music. He struggled to establish himself in the competitive recording industry, singing at hotels to make ends meet. Kunnath moved to Mumbai in 1994.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "In 1994, KK gave a demo tape to Louis Banks, Ranjit Barot and Lesle Lewis. He was called by UTV, and sang a jingle for a Santogen Suiting ad. In a four-year period, KK sang over 3,500 jingles in 11 languages. He considered Lesle Lewis his mentor for giving him his first jingle to sing in Mumbai. KK then became a playback singer, beginning with A. R. Rahman's songs, \"Kalluri Saalai\" and \"Hello Dr.\", from Kathir's Kadhal Desam (1996) and \"Strawberry Kannae\" from AVM Productions's 1997 musical film, Minsara Kanavu.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "KK made his Bollywood debut with the song \"Tadap Tadap Ke Is Dil Se\" in Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999). Before this song, however, he had sung parts of \"Chhod Aaye Hum\" in Gulzar's Maachis (1996). KK considered \"Tadap Tadap Ke Is Dil Se\" the turning point of his career. Other popular songs included \"Dola Re Dola\" in Devdas (2002), \"Kya Mujhe Pyaar Hai\" in Woh Lamhe... (2006), \"Aankhon Mein Teri\" in Om Shanti Om (2007), \"Khuda Jane\" in Bachna Ae Haseeno (2008), \"Piya Aaye Na\" in Aashiqui 2 (2013), \"Mat Aazma Re\" in Murder 3 (2013), \"India Wale\" in Happy New Year (2014) and \"Tu Jo Mila\" from Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "KK received six Filmfare Awards nominations for his songs: \"Tadap Tadap\", \"Bardaasht Nahi Kar Sakta\", \"Dus Bahane\", \"Ajab Si\", \"Zara Sa\" and \"Khuda Jane\". He received the 2009 Screen Award for Best Playback Singer – Male for \"Khuda Jaane\", from the film Bachna Ae Haseeno. In 2022, KK worked with filmmaker Srijit Mukherji and lyricist Gulzar on a song for Sherdil: The Pilibhit Saga. The song, \"Dhoop Paani Bahne De\", was the first song released since his death.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "KK sang popular songs in several languages, including Tamil. According to Outlook, his songs defined Tamil film music during the 2000s and became part of Tamil culture. In 2004, KK's Tamil song \"Appadi Podu\" became popular across India and was played at clubs and weddings. He worked with A. R. Rahman on \"Strawberry Kanne\", a popular song, in 1997.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "He had a decade of hit songs during the 2000s. KK sang \"Love Pannu\" for Harris Jayaraj in 2001, followed by \"Kadhal Oru Thani Katchi\" and \"Gundu Gundu Ponne\". In 2003, he had two hits composed by Harris Jayaraj: \"Uyirin Uyire\" and \"Kalyanam Dhaan Kattitkittu\". \"Uyirin Uyire\" was popular in cities, and \"Kalyanam Dhaan Kattitkittu\" became popular across Tamil Nadu.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "KK sang \"Kadhal Valarthen\", composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja. He worked with Harris Jayaraj and Yuvan Shankar Raja to produce two hit songs: \"Kadhalikkum Aasai\" and \"Ninaithu Ninaithu\". \"Andankaaka Kondaikaari\", composed by Harris Jayaraj, was another successful song. KK sang \"Annanoda Paatu\" in the film Chandramukhi. Other Tamil hit songs by were \"Pani Thuli\", \"Olikuchi Udambukari\", and \"Lelakku Lelakku Lela\". Despite his birth to a Malayali family in Thrissur, KK sang only one Malayalam song in his 25-year career: \"Rahasyamay\" in Puthiya Mukham (2009).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "In 1999, Sony Music had been launched in India and wanted to introduce a new artist. KK was selected, and released his debut solo album: Pal, with music by Lesle Lewis of the duo Colonial Cousins (who also arranged and produced the album). Pal was a pop rock album. and the songs \"Aap Ki Dua\", \"Yaaron\" and the title track, \"Pal\" were popular with audiences and on the music charts; \"Pal\" and \"Yaaron\" are frequently played at school farewells. KK received the 1999 Screen Award for Best Singer – Male (non-film music) for the album.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "He released his next album, Humsafar, on 22 January 2008. Humsafar featured \"Aasman Ke\", \"Dekho Na\", \"Yeh Kahan Mil Gaye Hum\", \"Rain Bhai Kaari (Maajhi)\", and the English-language ballad \"Cineraria\". The lyrics of its title track are a mixture of English and Hindi, and eight songs on the album were composed by KK.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "He sang many songs for television serials, including Just Mohabbat, Shaka Laka Boom Boom, Kuch Jhuki Si Palkein, Hip Hip Hurray, Kkavyanjali and Just Dance. KK was a jury member on the talent-hunt show, Fame Gurukul.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "He sang \"Tanha Chala\" on the Pakistani TV show The Ghost, which aired on Hum TV in 2008. The song was composed by Farrukh Abid and Shoaib Farrukh, with lyrics by Momina Duraid.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "KK appeared on the MTV India musical programme Coke Studio, singing the qawwali \"Chadta Suraj\" with the Sabri Brothers and a reprise of \"Tu Aashiqui Hai\" from Jhankaar Beats. He appeared on Surili Baat, on the Aaj Tak channel. KK performed on Sony Mix and MTV Unplugged, which aired on MTV on 11 January 2014. He presented his Salaam Dubai 2014 concert in Dubai in April 2014, and performed in concert in Goa, Dubai, Chennai and Hong Kong.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "On 29 August 2015, KK appeared in season two of the television singing-reality show Indian Idol Junior as a judge and guest jury member. On 13 September of that year, he appeared on the Sony Mix show Baaton Baaton Mein. In a 2019 Hindustan Times interview, KK said that he was active in the music industry with live performances and playback singing. Live performances made him happy; he did not want to abandon his \"commitment to the audience\", and wanted to release a new album after the 2008 success of his second album.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "KK married his childhood friend Jyothy Krishna in 1991. His son, Nakul Krishna Kunnath, sang \"Masti\" (from his album, Humsafar) with him. KK also has a daughter, named Taamara Krishna Kunnath.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "Vocals and musical style", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "KK had no formal musical training. According to film director Mahesh Bhatt, \"KK had an emotional bandwidth which echoed all the seasons of the heart. He could be frivolous, romantic and anguished. He could go into the depths, talk about the wonder and magic of life.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "KK believed that it was unimportant for a singer's face to be seen, but \"a singer must be heard\". In a 2019 interview, he said that he felt comfortable with a microphone but awkward in front of a camera. KK valued and \"fiercely\" protected his privacy. He did not want his singing to be associated with a particular actor and preferred singing for a number of actors.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "He is widely regarded as a highly versatile singer. Elaborating on his singing style, Ilina Acharya of Film Companion noted: \"KK's smooth, honey-textured voice flowed like water. It could project any tone and tenor. He could mould his pitch to reach and resonate with the ups and downs of the human experience.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "KK has often termed legendary singer Kishore Kumar as his inspiration. On not taking any formal training, KK stated his idol as one of the reason and added, \"From the beginning, I was able to learn a song by just hearing it, it is something that I’ve been blessed with. I later learned that Kishoreda had never learned music, so I had even more reasons to not go to a music class.\" Sneha Bengani from CNBC TV18 compared him to his inspiration and noted, \"Much like Kumar’s, KK’s songs are standalone entities too, larger than the films or the albums they belong to.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "Impact and recognition", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "KK is described in the media as one of the most popular and versatile singers of Indian cinema. S. R. Praveen termed him a \"rare Malayali singer\" who made it big in Bollywood. India TV placed him in its \"Top 10 Bollywood Singers\" of all time list. KK was placed 30th in Google's \"Top 100 Most Searched Asians\" list of 2022. A total of nine songs of KK were placed in BBC's \"Top 40 Bollywood Soundtracks of all time\" list.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "KK's work has received praises from several artists. Arijit Singh considered KK as his favourite singer and mentor. In 2023, Singh gave a tribute to him and sang his song \"Dil Ibadat\" in one of his concert. Calling him a \"path-breaking singer\", Abhijeet Bhattacharya added, \"KK was a trendsetting singer, which still continues. He was the last playback singer we had… those who came after him, I don’t count them as playback singers. His songs were written for the screen and heroes.\" Anupam Roy called KK his idol and added that he was a \"livewire performer\", who drew his energy from the crowd. Shaan praised KK's work ethics and added, \"We had some of our best times while recording songs together or while performing on stage. KK was very disciplined. He’d be on time and his preparation – for a song recording or stage show – was always on point. We did some great duets together.\" Sunidhi Chauhan called him her favourite and added, \"I used to go insane with KK on stage and I will never forget the few shows we have done together. I am personally a fan of KK, so much so that I would love to be a little bit of KK.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "Several other artists such as A. R. Rahman, Richa Sharma, Amit Mishra, Usha Uthup, Shreya Ghosal, Sonu Nigam, Vishal Dadlani and Mohit Chauhan have often praised his musical abilities and songs. Many actors have also termed KK their favourite. Pankaj Tripathi stated, \"I have been a huge fan of KK, he is one of my favourite singers. The song that he sang is a very soulful and wonderful track.\" KK sang several songs for Emraan Hashmi who said, \"A voice and talent like no other… They don't make them like him anymore. Working on the songs KK sang was always that much more special.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "On 31 May 2022, KK performed a concert at a college festival at Nazrul Mancha in South Kolkata. After the concert, he returned to his hotel in Esplanade. He complained of feeling unwell on the way back to his hotel, where he experienced cardiac arrest. He collapsed, and efforts to revive him at the hotel were unsuccessful. KK was rushed to Calcutta Medical Research Institute (CMRI) at about 10:30 pm, where he was declared dead. He was 53 years old.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "On 1 June 2022, Kolkata Police registered a case of unnatural death to investigate KK's death. His autopsy was videographed; the report cited myocardial infarction (heart attack) as the probable cause of death, ruling out foul play. According to the doctor who conducted the autopsy, KK could have survived if he had received cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) immediately after losing consciousness. He had complained to his wife about pain in his shoulder and arm for several days before his death, thinking it was caused by digestive problems. According to the autopsy report, KK's heart had an 80-percent blockage.  Three public interest litigations (PILs) related to the singer's death were registered in the Calcutta High Court.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "KK was given a gun salute by the West Bengal government at Rabindra Sadan in Kolkata. West Bengal chief minister Mamata Banerjee was present for the salute; film- and music-industry figures and politicians, including Prime Minister Narendra Modi, offered their condolences. KK's remains were brought to Mumbai, and his funeral was held at the Versova Hindu Cemetery on the following day (2 June). It was attended by family members, friends and colleagues.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "In a Hindustan Times interview, KK was asked if he was bothered by being nominated for a number of awards but seldom winning. He said no: \"As a singer, I haven't felt any lesser by not getting an award. Winning or not winning an award doesn't affect me. I just like to do my work in the best possible manner. I am happy getting good songs. I am happy not getting awards.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "Reporting KK's death, Deccan Herald called him the \"voice of love\". According to The Times of India, he was Bollywood's most versatile singer. An article in The Hindu said, \"Till the end, he remained a rage in the concert circuit and will be remembered as the singer who became the voice of the heart\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "In 2023, a statue of KK was installed at Gurudas Mahavidyalaya in Kolkata, the same place where he performed his last concert. Several singers like Arijit Singh, Shaan, Sunidhi Chauhan, Sonu Nigam, Shilpa Rao and others have given a tribute to KK, by singing his songs during their concerts.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "On 25 October 2024, Google honoured him with a Google Doodle to celebrate the anniversary of his debut as a playback singer in 1996 when he sang Chhod Aaye Hum in the film Maachis.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "In 2025, Shruti Music School UK released \"Humein Asha Hai\", recorded by KK in 2008, via Musecoinx, a blockchain platform.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "KK discography at Discogs", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_eb5b834b", "title": "KK (singer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_eb5b834b.json"}}
{"text": "Tarun Majumdar (or Mazumdar, 8 January 1931 – 4 July 2022) was an Indian film director, documentary filmmaker, author, illustrator, and screenwriter known for his work in Bengali cinema. He received five National Film Awards, seven BFJA Awards, five Filmfare Awards, and one Anandalok Award. In 1990, the Government of India awarded him the Padma Shri, the fourth-highest civilian award in the country. The National Film Archive of India has restored and digitized several of his works, including Nimantran (1971),  for which he received a National Award, a BFJA Award and a Filmfare Award. Ganadevata (1978) earned him a National Award and a Filmfare Award.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1769242f", "title": "Tarun Majumdar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1769242f.json"}}
{"text": "His commercially successful films include Balika Badhu (1967), Kuheli (1971), Shriman Prithviraj (1973), Fuleswari (1974), Dadar Kirti (1980), Bhalobasa Bhalobasa (1985), and Apan Amar Apan (1990).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1769242f", "title": "Tarun Majumdar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1769242f.json"}}
{"text": "Majumdar was born on 8 January 1931 in Bogra, which was then part of the Bengal Presidency of British India. His father Birendranath Majumdar was a freedom fighter from Munsirhat. He studied intermediate from St. Paul's Cathedral Mission College and had his graduation at Scottish Church College, both affiliated to the University of Calcutta.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1769242f", "title": "Tarun Majumdar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1769242f.json"}}
{"text": "Majumdar started his career as a poster illustrator and film technician. His early films were credited to Yatrik (phonetically Jatrik in Bengali), the screen name of the trio of directors Tarun Majumdar, Sachin Mukherji, and Dilip Mukherji until 1963, after which each began to be credited separately. As Yatrik, their first venture was Chaowa Paowa (1959) starring Uttam Kumar and Suchitra Sen. Yatrik made Kancher Swarga (1962) featuring Dilip Mukherjee as the lead.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1769242f", "title": "Tarun Majumdar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1769242f.json"}}
{"text": "In 1965, Majumdar made two films — Ektuku Basa with Soumitra Chatterjee and Alor Pipasa with Basanta Choudhury. Both films featured Sandhya Roy as the female protagonist. In 1967, he directed Balika Badhu, an adaptation of a Bengali story written by Bimal Kar, in which a teenage Moushumi Chatterjee made her debut. Majumdar later remade the film Hindi in 1976. He also directed Shriman Prithviraj (1973).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1769242f", "title": "Tarun Majumdar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1769242f.json"}}
{"text": "In 1974, Majumdar directed Fuleswari, starring Sandhya Roy as the titular character. Prominent Bengali artists like Hemanta Mukherjee, Manna Dey, Sandhya Mukherjee, Aarti Mukherjee and Anup Ghoshal provided vocals for the film's songs. Years later, Majumdar acknowledged Fuleswari as his favorite film. In 1975, he directed Sansar Simante, based on a screenplay by Rajen Tarafdar, which was itself adapted from a short story by Premendra Mitra. In 1979, Majumdar's film Ganadevata became the first Bengali film to win the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment. The film was based on the novel of the same name, written by Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1769242f", "title": "Tarun Majumdar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1769242f.json"}}
{"text": "Mahua Roychoudhury was cast as the female lead in Dadar Kirti (1980), a film based on a short story by Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay. The film marked the debut of Tapas Paul, who starred as the protagonist Kedar who falls in love with Saraswati, portrayed by Mahua Roychoudhury. The film won Roychoudhury Filmfare Awards East in 1981.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1769242f", "title": "Tarun Majumdar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1769242f.json"}}
{"text": "Majumdar went on to cast Sandhya Roy in four consecutive films — Shahar Theke Dure (1981), Meghmukti (1982), Khelar Putul (1982) and Amar Geeti (1984). These two films had lower box office returns compared to his previous works, leading to contemporary media discussion regarding Roy's commercial impact at the time. He then cast Tapas Paul and Debashree Roy in the romantic drama Bhalobasa Bhalobasa (1985), which achieved box office success. Majumdar cast Paul in another three films, Agaman (1988), Parashmoni (1988) and Apan Amar Apan (1990) alongside Prosenjit Chatterjee and Satabdi Roy, which again achieved box office success.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1769242f", "title": "Tarun Majumdar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1769242f.json"}}
{"text": "In 2003, he returned to directing with Alo, a film based on a story written by Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay. Rituparna Sengupta played the titular role. Consistent with Majumdar's established style, the soundtrack incorporated Rabindra Sangeet.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1769242f", "title": "Tarun Majumdar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1769242f.json"}}
{"text": "In 2006, he directed Bhalobasar Onek Naam, casting Uttam Kumar's grandson Gourab Chatterjee, Hemanta Mukherjee's granddaughter, and Moushumi Chatterjee's daughter Megha as lead actors.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1769242f", "title": "Tarun Majumdar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1769242f.json"}}
{"text": "In 2007, he made another feature film, Chander Bari. Rituparna Sengupta again was the main lead. Playback singer Babul Supriyo made his debut in this film opposite Rituparna. The songs featured were again composed by Rabindranath Tagore.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1769242f", "title": "Tarun Majumdar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1769242f.json"}}
{"text": "His last full-length feature film, Bhalobashar Bari was released in 2018. Rituparna Sengupta again played the protagonist in the film.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1769242f", "title": "Tarun Majumdar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1769242f.json"}}
{"text": "Majumdar's films frequently adapted classical literature and followed a narrative-driven structure, a style that differed from the experimental approaches of some of his contemporaries. He stated in interviews that a film's commercial performance served as an indicator of its quality.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1769242f", "title": "Tarun Majumdar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1769242f.json"}}
{"text": "Majumdar was married to actress Sandhya Roy. While the couple later lived separately, they remained legally married until his death.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1769242f", "title": "Tarun Majumdar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1769242f.json"}}
{"text": "On 4 July 2022, at the age of 91, Majumdar died from a heart attack at a hospital in Kolkata. He suffered from a chest infection, and kidney and heart ailments prior to his death.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1769242f", "title": "Tarun Majumdar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1769242f.json"}}
{"text": "Majumdar donated his body for promotion of medical education to the Anatomy Department of IPGMER and SSKM Hospital in Kolkata.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1769242f", "title": "Tarun Majumdar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1769242f.json"}}
{"text": "Cinemapara Diye Part 1 & 2.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1769242f", "title": "Tarun Majumdar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1769242f.json"}}
{"text": "Shapla Shaluker Dinguli", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1769242f", "title": "Tarun Majumdar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1769242f.json"}}
{"text": "Nimantran has been restored and digitized by the National Film Archive of India. Tarun Majumdar was the recipient of the prestigious Padma Shri Award in 1990. He won the Lifetime Achievement honor at the West Bengal Film Journalist Association Awards in 2017.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1769242f", "title": "Tarun Majumdar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1769242f.json"}}
{"text": "West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee expressed grief over the death of Tarun Majumdar.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1769242f", "title": "Tarun Majumdar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1769242f.json"}}
{"text": "Shiboprosad Mukherjee", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1769242f", "title": "Tarun Majumdar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1769242f.json"}}
{"text": "Tarun Majumdar at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1769242f", "title": "Tarun Majumdar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1769242f.json"}}
{"text": "Tarun Majumdar at BookMyShow", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1769242f", "title": "Tarun Majumdar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Majumdar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1769242f.json"}}
{"text": "RockPaperScissors is a 2006 album by Canadian electronic musician Michael Brook.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19519f1c", "title": "RockPaperScissors", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockPaperScissors", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19519f1c.json"}}
{"text": "\"When not recording in his Lavanderia studio located in the Hollywood Hills, Michael and his co-producer, multi-instrumentalist and arranger Rich Evans (of Peter Gabriel's band) traveled to Sofia, Bulgaria on behalf of this ambitious project, where they recorded local orchestral and choral ensembles. Into this mix, Brook introduced several vocalist/songwriters such as his former 4AD label mate Lisa Germano, Shira Myrow and Paul Buchanan from the Blue Nile\". [1]", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19519f1c", "title": "RockPaperScissors", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockPaperScissors", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19519f1c.json"}}
{"text": "YouTube music critic, Darren Lock, gave it a score of 3.5/5, noting that the album might've been too long with the addition of the two \"Pasadena\" tracks.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19519f1c", "title": "RockPaperScissors", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockPaperScissors", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19519f1c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Strange Procession\" – 4:56", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19519f1c", "title": "RockPaperScissors", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockPaperScissors", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19519f1c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Want\" featuring Lisa Germano – 3:53", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19519f1c", "title": "RockPaperScissors", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockPaperScissors", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19519f1c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Darker Room\" featuring Sir Richard Burton – 6:05", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19519f1c", "title": "RockPaperScissors", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockPaperScissors", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19519f1c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Rock Paper Scissors\" featuring Paul Buchanan – 3:54", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19519f1c", "title": "RockPaperScissors", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockPaperScissors", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19519f1c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Pond\" featuring Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan – 4:18", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19519f1c", "title": "RockPaperScissors", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockPaperScissors", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19519f1c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Pasadena, Part 1\" featuring Ben Christophers – 3:14", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19519f1c", "title": "RockPaperScissors", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockPaperScissors", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19519f1c.json"}}
{"text": "\"Pasadena, Part 2\" – 11:08", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19519f1c", "title": "RockPaperScissors", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockPaperScissors", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19519f1c.json"}}
{"text": "Michael Brook: guitar, programming", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19519f1c", "title": "RockPaperScissors", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockPaperScissors", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19519f1c.json"}}
{"text": "Paul Buchanan: vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19519f1c", "title": "RockPaperScissors", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockPaperScissors", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19519f1c.json"}}
{"text": "Bulgarian Studio Orchestra, Conductor in Bulgaria: Ognian Mitonov", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19519f1c", "title": "RockPaperScissors", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockPaperScissors", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19519f1c.json"}}
{"text": "Richard Evans: string arrangement", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19519f1c", "title": "RockPaperScissors", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockPaperScissors", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19519f1c.json"}}
{"text": "Shira Myrow: backing vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19519f1c", "title": "RockPaperScissors", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockPaperScissors", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19519f1c.json"}}
{"text": "Writing and production", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19519f1c", "title": "RockPaperScissors", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockPaperScissors", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19519f1c.json"}}
{"text": "Shira Myrow (Shira Myrow Music/ASCAP)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19519f1c", "title": "RockPaperScissors", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockPaperScissors", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19519f1c.json"}}
{"text": "Michael Brook (Canadian Rational/ASCAP)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19519f1c", "title": "RockPaperScissors", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockPaperScissors", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19519f1c.json"}}
{"text": "Produced by Michael Brook and Richard Evans", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19519f1c", "title": "RockPaperScissors", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockPaperScissors", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19519f1c.json"}}
{"text": "Executive Producer/A&R: Hugo Vereker", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19519f1c", "title": "RockPaperScissors", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockPaperScissors", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19519f1c.json"}}
{"text": "Recorded by Richard Evans, Michael Brook and Craig Conard. Additional engineering by David Donaldson", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_19519f1c", "title": "RockPaperScissors", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockPaperScissors", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_19519f1c.json"}}
{"text": "The Droid Razr M (Motorola XT905/XT906/XT907) is an Android-based, 4G LTE-capable smartphone designed by Motorola as a smaller successor to the Droid Razr. It was advertised as \"The full screen phone\" with thin edges, though it lacked a robust resolution. It came with a light skin of Android (operating system) for Verizon Wireless (XT907), SoftBank Mobile (XT902), and Telstra as well as an unbranded retail version for the Australian market (both XT905). The Electrify M (XT901) for U.S. Cellular is a CDMA handheld with a different housing, but otherwise same specification as the Razr M.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5add53a9", "title": "Droid Razr M", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droid_Razr_M", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5add53a9.json"}}
{"text": "The lower-end Droid Razr M was announced alongside the Droid Razr HD and Razr Maxx HD on 5 September 2012. The Razr HD and M models ship with Android 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich). The Android 4.1 (Jelly Bean) upgrade for the Razr M started rolling out on Nov 9, 2012 and the upgrade to Android 4.4 (KitKat) on May 12, 2014.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5add53a9", "title": "Droid Razr M", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droid_Razr_M", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5add53a9.json"}}
{"text": "The RAZR i (XT890) is an almost identical edition except it has an Intel Atom Z2460 processor. This means it has more processing power, but less imaging power; however, it lacks LTE support.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5add53a9", "title": "Droid Razr M", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droid_Razr_M", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5add53a9.json"}}
{"text": "Mudhole Assembly constituency is a constituency in Nirmal district of Telangana  that elects representatives to the Telangana Legislative Assembly in India. It is one of the seven assembly segments of Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dd7fccf3", "title": "Mudhole Assembly constituency", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhole_Assembly_constituency", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dd7fccf3.json"}}
{"text": "Rama Rao Pawar is the current MLA of the constituency, having won the 2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election from Bharatiya Janata Party.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dd7fccf3", "title": "Mudhole Assembly constituency", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhole_Assembly_constituency", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dd7fccf3.json"}}
{"text": "The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dd7fccf3", "title": "Mudhole Assembly constituency", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhole_Assembly_constituency", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dd7fccf3.json"}}
{"text": "Members of Legislative Assembly", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dd7fccf3", "title": "Mudhole Assembly constituency", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhole_Assembly_constituency", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dd7fccf3.json"}}
{"text": "Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dd7fccf3", "title": "Mudhole Assembly constituency", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhole_Assembly_constituency", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dd7fccf3.json"}}
{"text": "Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dd7fccf3", "title": "Mudhole Assembly constituency", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhole_Assembly_constituency", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dd7fccf3.json"}}
{"text": "Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dd7fccf3", "title": "Mudhole Assembly constituency", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhole_Assembly_constituency", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dd7fccf3.json"}}
{"text": "Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2009", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dd7fccf3", "title": "Mudhole Assembly constituency", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhole_Assembly_constituency", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dd7fccf3.json"}}
{"text": "List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dd7fccf3", "title": "Mudhole Assembly constituency", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhole_Assembly_constituency", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dd7fccf3.json"}}
{"text": "Klaus Täuber (17 January 1958 – 1 July 2023) was a German professional footballer who played as a forward for SpVgg Erlangen, 1. FC Nürnberg, Stuttgarter Kickers, Schalke 04, and Bayer Leverkusen. His brothers – Jürgen and Stephan – were also professional footballers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_702e18d3", "title": "Klaus Täuber", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_T%C3%A4uber", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_702e18d3.json"}}
{"text": "Täuber died on 1 July 2023, at the age of 65.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_702e18d3", "title": "Klaus Täuber", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_T%C3%A4uber", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_702e18d3.json"}}
{"text": "Klaus Täuber at fussballdaten.de (in German)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_702e18d3", "title": "Klaus Täuber", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_T%C3%A4uber", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_702e18d3.json"}}
{"text": "Naked Woman Sleeping by the Water (French: Femme nue dormant au bord de l'eau) is an oil on canvas painting by the Swiss and French artist Félix Vallotton, from 1926. It was given to the Strasbourg museum by Vallotton's widow in 1926 and is now in the Strasbourg Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art. Its inventory number is 55.974.0.879.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1d679256", "title": "Naked Woman Sleeping by the Water", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_Woman_Sleeping_by_the_Water", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1d679256.json"}}
{"text": "The woman's body, with its greenish shadows and uncomfortable posture, is deliberately depicted in an anti-naturalistic manner. The three rowing men on the right edge of the painting are supposed to be the products of the woman's dream. In any case, their movement and activity contrast with the sleeper's indolence and inertia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1d679256", "title": "Naked Woman Sleeping by the Water", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_Woman_Sleeping_by_the_Water", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1d679256.json"}}
{"text": "Femme nue dormant au bord de l'eau Archived 2020-07-29 at the Wayback Machine, presentation of the painting on the museum's website", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1d679256", "title": "Naked Woman Sleeping by the Water", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_Woman_Sleeping_by_the_Water", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1d679256.json"}}
{"text": "The Eagle Falls trailhead or Eagle Lake trailhead is located in the  El Dorado National Forest, in the Sierra Nevada, within Emerald Bay State Park, on the western shore of Lake Tahoe, California.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e72e4599", "title": "Eagle Falls trailhead", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Falls_trailhead", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e72e4599.json"}}
{"text": "It is on California State Route 89, a few miles west of the city of South Lake Tahoe, at approximately 7,100 feet in elevation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e72e4599", "title": "Eagle Falls trailhead", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Falls_trailhead", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e72e4599.json"}}
{"text": "The trailhead provides summer and winter access to the Desolation Wilderness; permits are required. Some of the destinations most accessed by the trailhead are in the wilderness, including Eagle Lake and the Velma Lakes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e72e4599", "title": "Eagle Falls trailhead", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Falls_trailhead", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e72e4599.json"}}
{"text": "GPS Coords: 38°57′7″N 120°6′43″W (estimated)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e72e4599", "title": "Eagle Falls trailhead", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Falls_trailhead", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e72e4599.json"}}
{"text": "Lieutenant-General Sir Reginald Francis Stewart Denning,  (12 June 1894 – 23 May 1990) was a British Army staff officer and administrator.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e1f8627b", "title": "Reginald Denning", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Denning", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e1f8627b.json"}}
{"text": "Reginald Denning was born in Whitchurch, Hampshire, in 1894 to Charles and Clara Denning. His siblings included Alfred Thompson \"Tom\" Denning and Norman Denning. He joined the British Army at the beginning of the First World War as a private with the Queen's Westminsters, and was sent to serve on the Western Front in 1914, where he was posted to Ypres. He initially refused to apply for a commission until his elder brother forced him to, and in 1915 he was commissioned in the Bedfordshire Regiment. On 15 June 1915 he was severely injured. After running forward in an assault against the enemy flank he spotted some soldiers hiding in a trench. Running over to confront them he was hit with a 'pole-axe blow' to the head, which turned out to be a bullet passing through his shoulder and into the back of his head. He was left for dead and recovered consciousness about twelve hours later. A corporal from his company picked him up and carried him to a field ambulance, and after surgery he was shipped back to England, where a metal plate was put in his head.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e1f8627b", "title": "Reginald Denning", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Denning", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e1f8627b.json"}}
{"text": "Denning recovered from his wound and returned to France in 1918 to join his regiment as a company commander, but the wound had taken its toll and he collapsed. After being sent back to base he was transferred to brigade headquarters with the Third Army. For the rest of the war he served as a staff captain at Third Army Headquarters, but was transferred back to his regiment in 1919 to take part in the training of the regiment. He served for six years as an adjutant, three years for each regular battalion, and in 1925 attended the Staff College, Camberley. After training he again returned to the Bedfordshire Regiment and served with the regiment in both India and England.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e1f8627b", "title": "Reginald Denning", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Denning", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e1f8627b.json"}}
{"text": "Denning left the regiment in 1936, again to join the staff, and helped prepare the British Expeditionary Force. After the Dunkirk evacuations he was appointed to the XI Corps defending South East England. He was promoted to major general in 1943 to lead the planning for D-Day; he asked to be demoted to brigadier so he would be allowed to take part in the landings themselves, but this request was denied. After the success of the operation he was posted to Far East Command and became Chief Administrative Officer for the south-east Asian campaign.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e1f8627b", "title": "Reginald Denning", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Denning", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e1f8627b.json"}}
{"text": "In 1947 Denning was made Chief of Staff Eastern Command and was made Colonel of the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment. In 1949 he was promoted to lieutenant general and made General Officer Commanding Northern Ireland District.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e1f8627b", "title": "Reginald Denning", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Denning", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e1f8627b.json"}}
{"text": "Denning retired in 1952 with the rank of Colonel in the regiment and helped organise the merging of the county regiments into larger units, forming the Royal Anglian Regiment and serving as its first Colonel. After his retirement he became chairman of the Soldiers', Sailors' and Airmen's Families Association and worked with the organisation for over 20 years. He was made a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in thanks for his work. He was also a Deputy lieutenant for Essex between 1959 and 1968.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e1f8627b", "title": "Reginald Denning", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Denning", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e1f8627b.json"}}
{"text": "Denning, Alfred Thompson (1981). The Family Story. London: Butterworths. ISBN 9780406176097.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e1f8627b", "title": "Reginald Denning", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Denning", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e1f8627b.json"}}
{"text": "Heward, Edmund (1990). Lord Denning: A Biography. George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Limited. ISBN 0-297-81138-X.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e1f8627b", "title": "Reginald Denning", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Denning", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e1f8627b.json"}}
{"text": "Smart, Nick (2005). Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War. Barnesley: Pen & Sword. ISBN 1844150496.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e1f8627b", "title": "Reginald Denning", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Denning", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e1f8627b.json"}}
{"text": "Generals of World War II", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e1f8627b", "title": "Reginald Denning", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Denning", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e1f8627b.json"}}
{"text": "Municipal elections were held across Latvia on 5 June 2021. This was the first election after the Saeima passed a municipal reform in 2020 that reduced the 110 municipalities and 9 cities to 43 municipalities, including 11 state cities and added 5 new Latvian towns: Ādaži, Iecava, Ķekava, Koknese, and Mārupe. In total, 645 councilors were elected to 40 municipal councils across the country. The 60 seats in the Riga City Council is not up for election until 2025, as snap elections were held in August 2020.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_63068cf5", "title": "2021 Latvian municipal elections", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Latvian_municipal_elections", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_63068cf5.json"}}
{"text": "On 28 May, following the decision of the Constitutional Court of Latvia that declared a part of the municipal reform about the inclusion of Varakļāni Municipality into the new Rēzekne Municipality unconstitutional, the Central Election Commission (CEC) cancelled elections in the municipalities of both Rēzekne and Madona. The Saeima decided on 1 June to reverse the decision of the CEC and to move forward with the elections in Madona Municipality on 5 June as initially scheduled.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_63068cf5", "title": "2021 Latvian municipal elections", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Latvian_municipal_elections", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_63068cf5.json"}}
{"text": "All 645 councilors were elected using open-list proportional representation with a 5% electoral threshold. Seats are allocated using the Webster/Sainte-Laguë method. The number of councilors a given municipality were to elect was determined by the Central Election Commission based on the number of residents in that municipality.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_63068cf5", "title": "2021 Latvian municipal elections", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Latvian_municipal_elections", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_63068cf5.json"}}
{"text": "Participating parties", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_63068cf5", "title": "2021 Latvian municipal elections", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Latvian_municipal_elections", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_63068cf5.json"}}
{"text": "2021 election hub on the Central Election Commission website (in English)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_63068cf5", "title": "2021 Latvian municipal elections", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Latvian_municipal_elections", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_63068cf5.json"}}
{"text": "The Internationalist Workers Party (Parti ouvrier internationaliste, POI) was a French Trotskyist party established in 1936 after the exclusion of militant Trotskyists from the French Section of the Workers' International in 1935 and dissolved in 1939 when most of the militants had rejoined the Workers and Peasants' Socialist Party. It was an official section of the Fourth International.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7c49e9ea", "title": "Internationalist Workers Party", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalist_Workers_Party", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7c49e9ea.json"}}
{"text": "Frédéric Charpier, Histoire de l'extrême-gauche trotskiste de 1929 à nos jours.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7c49e9ea", "title": "Internationalist Workers Party", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalist_Workers_Party", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7c49e9ea.json"}}
{"text": "Magician's Academy (まじしゃんず・あかでみい, Majishanzu Akademii), also known as Macademi Wasshoi! is a Japanese light novel series by Ichirō Sakaki, with illustrations by Blade. Nine volumes were published between January 24, 2003, and August 30, 2007; there is also a series of seven illustrated short stories called Macademi Radical. A manga adaptation by Blade was serialized in Enterbrain's Magi-Cu magazine in 2006. Another manga adaptation by Hitomi Nakao was serialized in Media Factory's Monthly Comic Alive magazine between February 27, 2008, and November 27, 2009, and collected in three volumes. An anime television series adaptation animated by Zexcs aired between October and December 2008.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Magician's Academy revolves around Takuto Hasegawa, who attends a magic academy that is not marked on any map. During a summoning spell exam, he accidentally creates a girl named Tanarotte, who happens to hold enough magical power to destroy his country, but fortunately Tanarotte professes undying loyalty to her \"creator.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "The universe separated in three worlds: Heaven, Human World (Earth), and the Demon realm. The Gods and Demons are not seen fighting among themselves in the human world and try to keep their existence a secret from them. The human world is only source of entertainment and enlightenment to both the demons and the gods to the point of smuggling human goods to both realms.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Takuto Hasegawa (羽瀬川 拓人, Hasegawa Takuto)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Voiced by: Ami Koshimizu (anime)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "The main male lead, he is described as being \"extremely normal in all fields\" and attends school in both the normal world and the magic world. During an incident on his retake summoning test, he accidentally summoned Tanarotte. Most of the predicaments he is in are caused by the antics of Tanarotte or by him being summoned by Sakuma for some mission (given the nickname Harem, which Takuto dislikes). He is normally the voice of reason and finds ways to get the answer without the use of violence. At the end of Episode 8 of the anime, Gabuyan and Agarin refer to Takuto as the 'Holy Mother', a being with the power to create Gods and Demons. Fablom has told Sagami that Takuto must be killed out of fear of him causing an upset of power between the Gods and Demons. Agarin and Byakarin spoke on his behalf though as his true powers haven't awakened yet. In a fit of anger, caused by Takuto witnessing his friends being hurt, Takuto's powers awoke and he began to summon at least five monstrous beings (each emitting the cries of a newborn) before he was subdued by Gabriel and Agaliarept. It is suggested that Takuto is in fact immensely powerful as the pair suffer burns along their arms, and also join in on a plot to erase him from existence out of fear. Takuto may or may not recall this incident. Tanarotte rescues him from being erased from existence. It is revealed that Tanarotte is part of Takuto's soul.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Suzuho Hasegawa (羽瀬川 鈴穂, Hasegawa Suzuho)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Voiced by: Ui Miyazaki (anime)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "She is Takuto's cousin and is so shy that she is mute, communicating to others by writing on a sketch pad and hiding in various objects, most commonly a doll helmet whose eyes also move on their own. Like her cousin, she is a magic user, and she has the rare ability to suck the powers of any magic user around her when she unbraids her hair, turning a distinctive blue color which led her terrified classmates to nickname her \"Midnight Blue Vampire.\" In this form, she speaks rudely and has no strength other than that of a normal teenage girl, leading her to use a mechanical sword called 'Walpurgis', which with no magical properties isn't affected by her powers. It has been confirmed that she is another personality of Suzuho, she referred to Takuto as \"ours\", and her blue haired personality was referred to as the other Suzuho. She clearly has affection for Takuto, blushing at his compliments and nearly destroying Magic Academy to get him back; because of this she moved in with Takuto now that he lives with Tanarotte to keep an eye on her. However anytime a character points that affection out, she gets extremely nervous. In episode 4 she becomes a student in the same school as Takuto where she is popular among the other female students because of the high-class high school she used to go to before this school. In episode 11, where Takuto is placed in alternated world. A world being made where Takuto wasn't a magician, Suzuho's copy suggested that the two have sex, as she will soon die, however Takuto refuses. The copy claims that her imminent death is due to the fact that one body cannot support two souls, in addition to her having suffered the injuries she took before Takuto awoke. Unlike in the \"real world\", her copy is able to talk.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Voiced by: Mariya Ise (anime)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Described as being \"Unknown\", Tanarotte is a young, well-endowed, familiar who was summoned by Takuto. Whether she is a god or a demon is unknown. Her magical power is over 100,000, divinity power 5,000, offensive power 5,000 and defensive power 78,000 and is physically strong as well, able to hold off a small army of Golem units with only a single hand. When first summoned she was running on pure animal-like instincts and tended to act like an affectionate cat around Takuto (only saying Myu, clinging to him while being completely naked, and licking his cheek). It wasn't till Takuto had named her (as she reminded him of a cat he once had named Tanarotte) that she calmed down and was able to talk. She is shown to have a genuine affection towards Takuto and treats her Familiar service to him as if they were a newly married couple, but her personality resembles that of an energetic child. It is later revealed that Tanarotte has the power to 'evolve' into either a god or a demon. Both the gods and demons are concerned by this as it could shift the already delicate balance between light and darkness to one side. A running gag is every time she is in a risqué scene, she is replaced with a claymation version for the TV version, while in the DVD version they are fully animated. In episode 4 she becomes a student in the same school as Takuto going by the name Tanarotte Unthirteen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Falcé the Variable Wand (ファルチェ・ザ・ヴァリアブルワンド)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Voiced by: Yukari Fukui (anime)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Also known as \"Falcé the Variablewand\". When Falcé is in her 'humanoid' form, she has the appearance of a tall, well endowed woman with a pair of spiraled horns on either side of her head. She has a very ditzy and naïve personality, calling herself the Demon King despite being female, but she is incredibly powerful (Magical power estimated to be around 58,000), able to use magic even when Suzuho is in her \"Midnight Blue Vampire\" form. She was the last and greatest masterpiece of a powerful dark magician and alchemist who died long ago, leaving her alone without even naming her. When Takuto stumbled across her chamber during a training session, Falcé took him captive. After fighting with Tanarotte and Suzuho, she was defeated. Later she returned, having accepted Takuto as her new master. In episode 4 she uses her powers to transform into many class related objects (mechanical pencil, etc), though she transforms to her original form as a staff for Takuto, and also Tanarotte describes her as being Takuto's Dutch wife. Though she has genuine affection for Takuto, unlike Suzuho and Tanarotte she doesn't force her feelings onto him but rather comforts him from their antics, however she does go along with their ideas from time-to-time.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Futaba Kirishima (霧島 双葉, Kirishima Futaba)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Voiced by: Rina atou (anime)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Described as being \"bright, active, and courageous yet also girly\". She attends the normal school along with Takuto and is completely unaware of his magical powers. She has a strong crush on Takuto, but hides this fact. She is very surprised when she discovers that Tanarotte and Suzuho are living with Takuto. Matters become more complicated when she meets Falce at Takuto's apartment in a naked apron outfit.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Hazuki Kirishima (霧島 葉月, Kirishima Hazuki)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Voiced by: Yuuichi Ishigami (anime)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "It is said that \"his face is Yakuza.\" He is the twin of his sister Futaba and knows about her crush on Takuto. He always figures out ways to hint at his sister's attraction to Takuto, even though doing so causes Futaba to hit him hard (to the point his body impression is left on a stone wall). Then again, she seems to hit him after he speaks about anything.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "A gatekeeper between the Human and the Magic world that is a large stone face on the door. He allows the students into the school and many other locations as well. He has also appeared as a shield for Takuto and grown to a large size that he could transport the entire school of Magician's Academy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Only mentioned in episode 11 but is never seen. The Santa in episode 12 is called \"principal\" by Sakura Eitarou and may also be Takuto's father. It is implied that, like Sakuma, the principal has a hidden nature.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "A professor that is always seen chained and hanging upside-down. It is his school uniform design that the students are currently wearing, winning the MaU-con 3 years in a row. It is never truly explained what position he has in Magician's Academy but it is suggested it might be right below the Principal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Eitarou Sakuma (佐久間 榮太郎, Sakuma Eitarou)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Voiced by: Takuma Terashima (anime)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Described as being a \"part-time teacher [at the school] and also very skilled magician.\" He is an easy-going teacher and helps out Takuto and Suzuho. He is clearly a powerful magician, as shown when he easily broke the barrier which Miyabi and Sinclavier erected and even overpowered them. He is also highly knowledgeable on the use of magic, as demonstrated by his ability to summon a black demon lord to do his bidding. However, his personality and behavior are rather perverted, and he is an unabashed otaku, who often joins in with Professor Frankenstein perverted schemes. He appears to favor the paws of animal girls, to the point that he made battle gloves for Tanarotte in the shape of cat's paws, and maid outfits, which is why he dressed up Eineus, Miyabi, and Sinclavier as maids. Eineus has stated that he spends more time on his assorted hobbies than on his actual work. There is some indication that he is other than human and is, in fact, Samael, the Angel of Death; when confronting Gabriel and Agaliarept and his identity demanded, he responds simply with his name (\"SAkuMA EitaROU\" with emphasis, \"SAMAEROU\" with the L-as-R of Japanese). After a moment of repetition, Agaliarept says \"You couldn't be...!\" and Gabriel chimes in with \"Samae...\" Sakuma goes on to prove capable of defeating the both of them, and seems dismissive of the possibility that beings of their level could do anything to truly harm him, stating \"if you want to kill me, get Lucifer to do it\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Eineus the Vergest (エーネウス・ザ・バージェスト)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Voiced by: Ayako Kawasumi (anime)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Eineus is Eitarou's familiar, described as being \"a relatively ethical character in the show.\" She is actually a type of demonic beast, called Vergest, and she is known to be the strongest among them all. Eitarou has her dressed up as a dog-girl maid; she is very devoted to him, but will not hesitate to harm him if he strays off because of his perverted ways, and frequently lectures him. She is a very capable fighter, able to fight on-par with Tanarotte, with the ability to make copies of herself. She wields a weapon which is a combination of spear and broom in combat. It is hinted that she might have feelings for Takuto, as she was annoyed that he referred to her as a \"mother figure\", and has a picture of when they went out on their \"date\" stickered to her weapon.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Sakuma has made a bunch of miniature versions of her. All of them function properly, except for one, which is comically seen tripping and needing the help of the others. Sakuma has also made a giant robot version. He is proud of how closely his design mimics the original, stating they wear the same type of underwear and have the same placement of birthmarks. His pride has led Eineus to punish him repeatedly before he can describe where her birthmarks are located.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Professor Sagami (寒河江教授, Sagami Kyouju)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Voiced by: Omi Minami (anime)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Described as being \"Professor and also adviser of the discipline committee [who] uses his \"Golem\" Droid Army,\" he is child-sized and has the unique ability to separate his head from his body, which he uses to instruct his class while his body writes on the board. This ability has shown to be a problem, however, as they tend to separate from any attack. It is suggested that he is a possessed doll, inhabited by a tentacle-eyed demon who uses magic to control both his body and his head separately. When Suzuho takes off her ribbon, he equips an oversized AAA battery on his back to power his body.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Voiced by: Akiko Kimura (anime)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Described as being \"Virtual God in a PC. She works as a coach, guide and examiner for students.\" She appears to be a little girl in the computer system that helps students with their exams. Takuto usually calls her Trin or Torin.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Professor Frankram Stein (フランクラム・シュタイン教授)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Voiced by: Nobuyuki Hiyama (anime)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "A professor, he is perverted like Sakuma but more vocal about it, even describing why girls dressed in animal cosplay are the best as one of his class lectures. To fulfill his perverted fantasies, he invented a machine called Mimigar Z uses magic to change the students of Magician's Academy into part animal and gives out animal ear headbands to his students. He reinvented the machine to the point that it doesn't rely on magic, which he called Mimigar ZZ. He appears to prefer the ears of animal girls to the point when he is upset, the only thing that can calm him down is if the student wears an animal ear headband. His current invention is Mimigar ZZZ, which is an animal ear headband that forces the user to act tsundere (this most likely a reference to the anime Mazinger Z's Sayaka Yumi, known for being one of the earliest anime characters with a tsundere personality.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Voiced by: Nobuo Tobita (anime)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "A mid class level 3 angel who is a masochist, pansexual, and a former teacher of the magical academy. From his appearance, he is muscular man, wearing a black/purple S&M, purple lipstick, & has halo over his head in the shape of a fused male and female sign (symbolizing that he is pansexual ), and he has 3 sets of small angel wings along his back. 20 years prior the start of the story, he was a tyrant who would give a horrible French kiss to his students, whom he adores. To evade his horrible love, his students sealed him away. Later, his seal was broken when Metalys accidentally punched George. His policy is Love and Peace. He is so annoying to everyone, not even the Gods or Demons want him back. He now works as the school's janitor after being fired due to his 20 year absence that was later revealed to be voluntary because of his masochism. He now replaces Falce's embrace scene in the opening credits. He still sexually harasses the students, but becomes a source of support and guidance to student George in the last episode. Although their apparent closeness (George voluntarily hugs Hapxier when George himself is emotionally distraught) is shocking to all who perceive it, it seems that Hapxier does provide George with genuine comfort. Whenever Hapxier dramatically appears, a rendition of the theme song of the 1980 Flash Gordon movie is played.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "They are employed to repair the damages to the Academy, but they can be used to fix stuff in the human world as Takuto called them to fix the hole Suzuho blasted through his apartment and completely fix a city.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Voiced by: Akeno Watanabe (anime)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "A robotic student that is powered by magic. Because of this he is heavily affected to Suzuho's magic stealing ability. He is initially hinted to be homosexual and attracted to his friend George. However, it turns out that he is actually in love with the Midnight Blue Vampire, Suzuho's other personality, and only wanted to talk to George about his feelings. Metalys's feelings for the Midnight Blue Vampire prove to be so strong that he is willing to risk his own life to save hers. Though he discovers she has feelings for Takuto, he keeps trying to impress her though he needs to run off a separate battery system to be able to chat with her. The two seem to have at least hit up an unusual friendship, though Metalys craves more.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Voiced by: Mitsuhiro Sakamaki (anime)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "A student that is commonly seen with Metalys, yet over time he seems to be growing increasingly creeped out by Metalys' unusual attraction towards him. However, when he thinks Metalys is about to confess to him he starts to respond positively, only to find out Metalys was speaking to Suzuho, and he becomes deeply distraught. Later, George repeatedly tries to win Metalys back (although he never actually had him), even conspiring to kill Suzuho, but fails (comically getting injured by Metalys, who was too excited to notice him as he was trying to impress Midnight Blue Vampire). In the end, George becomes so distraught that he seeks refuge in prayer – and attracts the attention of Hapxier, who seems to become a mentor figure, as well as a source of support to him. At the very end, George has even begun dressing like Hapxier, and addresses him as 'my lord'.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Voiced by: Kei Shindou (anime)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "The 1st apprentice of professor Sagami. She builds heavily armed battle golems and gives long monologues before attacking with them. Her golems have German names, such as Kreis Kreuz Drei. She is rather manic and dreams of surpassing her master, but also adores him.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Synclavier the Siren (シンクラヴィア・ザ・セイレーン) Voiced by: Yu Kobayashi and Miyabi, The West of the Four Gods – Byakko (ミヤビ) Voiced by: Hitomi Nabatame", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "A Demon and a God that went on a secret mission to find and destroy Tanarotte to keep the balance of Gods and Demons in check, since if Tanarotte awakens as a member of either group, it will tip the scale that has existed since the beginning of existence, under orders from Gabriel and Agaliarept. Miyabi is The West of the Four Gods, Byakko, with long silver hair dressed in a miko outfit with the special ability to heal others through kissing, whereas Synclavier is a Demon with short red hair and a very revealing leather outfit with chains. Miyabi infrequently sports the ears and tail of the white tiger she is associated with through her 'Byakko' title. As in the anime Shuffle! the only physical differences between the two species compared to that of a normal human appears to be their ears: the Demons have long pointed ears and Gods have short pointed ears. Because Miyabi and Synclavier undertook their mission in secret, after their capture neither the Gods or the Demons took credit for sending them and are suggesting they acted on their own. As punishment, they have been enslaved by Sakuma Eitaro, who has among other things forced them to dress up as maids, and also to help him draw a manga – both as models and as his assistants in drawing and coloring, a chore they loathe with a passion. Their combat capabilities are bound by Sakuma Eitarou's seal – a constraint magic, which leaves them with no choice but to oblige to his orders. Their magical power levels are both around 60,000.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "He is Takuto's, Suzuho's, Tanarott's and Falce's next door neighbor who has been identified by other inhabitants of the apartment building as 'Omuro-san's husband'; he has a young daughter who lives in the same apartment as he, and presumably his wife. His own name is never mentioned. His most noticeable feature is his large, carp-like lips. He appears to be a bit of a pervert as he enjoys listening to the suggestive antics of his neighbors. In episode 12 of the anime, it is revealed the constant mind-wipes from the dwarfs repairing the apartment have damaged his cognitive functions in a seemingly irreversible way.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Gabriel (Gab-yan) Voiced by: Miyu Matsuki and Agaliarept (Aga-rin) Voiced by: Junichi Suwabe", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "In the continuity of Macademi Wasshoi, Gabriel is a high class angel in the form of a little girl, dressed up in gothic outfits and listening to music. Agaliarept is a high class demon who is an otaku and a moe expert, who keeps a huge collection of bishōjo games and anime in his lair, and doesn't want anyone to disturb him when he's watching or playing them. He is the First President of the Underworld Dark Moe Anime League.  He has a masochistic maid, named Fermi, who is loyal to him and enjoys being punished by her master's lightning bolts. Both came to Magician's Academy to observe Tanarotte after their agents Miyabi and Synclavier failed to seal her, and in order to keep the \"Holy Mother\" in check. They are mostly seen enjoying themselves in the human world, and have not redeemed Miyabi and Synclavier. Despite the difference in race, they actually get along quite well, enjoying activities such as shopping together, watching the MaU-con in Magician's Academy, going to the hot springs in Eitaro's villa, and even call each other by nicknames: Gabu-yan and Aga-rin.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Voiced by: Akeno Watanabe", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "She is a masochistic maid or servant of Agaliarept, who loves to receive his punishment. She is loyal to him and was greatly concerned when she found out his huge collection of gal games (all with his name on the package – as the president of the underworld anime league). She does not appear to be hugely intelligent.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Voiced by: Ayahi Takagaki", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "She is a demon who is known as a fanatical bishōjo figure collector and a smuggler of goods (most are bishōjo figures) from the human world to the demon realm. She respects Sakuma Eitaro after their encounter and wouldn't go against him despite being bribed to do so by Miyabi and Synclavier, and even sold them out to Sakuma. In episode 12 she is running a shop selling anime goods. She is only seen wearing a black or dark purple cloak and in her first appearance it is suggested that she doesn't have anything else.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Anime official website(dead) Archived 2010-12-19 at the Wayback Machine (in Japanese)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Video game official website(dead) (in Japanese)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "Magician's Academy (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_86e38987", "title": "Magician's Academy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician%27s_Academy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_86e38987.json"}}
{"text": "The King–Crane Commission, officially called the 1919 Inter-Allied Commission on Mandates in Turkey, consisting primarily of an American delegation was a commission of inquiry concerning the disposition of areas within the former Ottoman Empire.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "The Commission began as an outgrowth of the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. The Commission visited areas of Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, and Anatolia, surveyed local public opinion, and assessed its view on the best course of action for the region. Originally meant to be led by French, British, Italian, and American representatives, it ended as an investigation conducted solely by the United States government after the other countries withdrew to avoid the risk of being \"confronted by recommendations from their own appointed delegates which might conflict with their policies\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "The Commission submitted its report to the Paris Peace Conference in August 1919. Its working being undercut from the beginning by France and the United Kingdom's pact, the Sykes–Picot Agreement, and colonialist designs, the Peace Conference had largely concluded the area's future by the time the report was finished.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "At the Paris Peace Conference, France and Britain sought to divide the Ottoman Empire among themselves using the mandate system while President Wilson sought to oppose such plans. The conference began in 1919. In the wake of World War I, the participants were exhausted and particularly interested in the fate of their imperial rival, the Ottoman Empire.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "The French, in particular, had extensive claims in the Middle East. Since as early 1900, the French began to build relationships and claims on political, moral and economic grounds. They created a role for themselves as the traditional protector of Lebanese Christians. The French supported the Maronites in Lebanon with missionaries and schools, deepening their relationship with the Christian religious community. Many Lebanese Christians feared domination as a religious minority and vocally supported the French Mandate. This gave the French political credibility in the region.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Finally, French capitalists controlled 63% of the Ottoman Public Debt. This economic tie made France very concerned about the fate of the Ottoman Empire. The French were adamant that because of their unique relationship with Syria, they should be one of the nations to receive a mandate in Syria.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Meanwhile, after World War I, people in the Levant, including Palestine, sought independence due to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and global revolutionary activities, namely, the “year of traveling revolutions” across the North Africa and the Middle East. They aimed to establish independent nation-states, inspired by President Wilson's emphasis on self-determination. The King–Crane Commission played a crucial role in evaluating their aspirations. Many had relied on Wilson's assurances of security and autonomy, expecting democratic principles to guide the postwar period. They hoped for Western support to achieve self-rule, marking the end of imperialism in the Middle East. However, their disillusionment was palpable as reflected in the reactions during the King–Crane Commission, where \"William Yale’s disappointed expectations of Arab nationalist enthusiasm... found insufficiently proven by the Arabs' lackluster emotional reactions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "The French allied themselves with the British in order to press their claims. While the British did not have the same connection with the Middle East, they were still interested in expanding and defending their existing colonial empire. In what came to be known as the Sykes-Picot agreement, the French and the British agreed to divide the Middle East between the two of them after the war. When they reached the Paris Peace Conference, this agreement made negotiation on the Middle East nearly impossible. When American diplomats proposed the King–Crane Commission to investigate popular sentiment in the region of Syria, both French and British diplomats greeted it with public approval, but behind the scenes the outcome had already been decided. Lord Snell criticized the British government's handling of Arab nationalism, noting that the King–Crane Commission report commented: \"Arab nationalism in Palestine has been artificially puffed up by methods which the Government should never have allowed. Only a little firmness is needed to deflate it.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "The British also engaged in secret negotiations with the emir of Mecca in the Hussein-McMahon correspondence before the conference occurred. Ultimately, this would cause the British to fall into poor standing with the Arabs because they would betray Arab trust by conducting simultaneous negotiations in the Sykes-Picot agreement and the Balfour Declaration.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "The Commission was originally proposed by the United States as an international effort to assess ''the state of opinion there with regard to [the post-Ottoman Middle East], and the social, racial, and economic conditions.'' The plan received little support from the other nations, with many claimed delays. The Americans gradually realized that the British and French had already come to their own backroom deals about the future of the region, and new information could only muddy the waters. So, the United States alone sponsored the commission.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "The Commission's representatives appointed by President Woodrow Wilson were Henry Churchill King, a theologian and fellow college president (of Oberlin College), and Charles R. Crane, a prominent Democratic Party contributor.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "The dispatch of the Commission, combined with Wilson's claim that the “nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of an autonomous development,” sparked optimism in the Arab world that the era of imperialism was coming to an end. The Arabs united to form their political proposals, based on ideas of self-determination and minority rights.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "The Commission's effectiveness was hampered by the fact that it was the British army that actually protected them and controlled the translators, giving a skewed view of opinion where it was considerably easier to decry the French than the British. In spite of this, based on interviews with local elites, the Commission concluded that, while independence was preferred, the Americans were considered the second-best choice for a colonial power, the British the third-best, and the French easily the worst choice.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Based on these interviews, King concluded that while the Middle East was \"not ready\" for independence, a colonial government would not serve the people well either. He recommended instead that the Americans move in to occupy the region, because only the United States could be trusted to guide the people to self-sufficiency and independence rather than become an imperialist occupier. From King's personal writings, it seems that his overriding concern was the morally correct course of action, not necessarily tempered by politics or pragmatism. The Republicans had regained control of the United States Senate in the 1918 midterm elections. In light of Republican isolationism, the probability of a huge military involvement and occupation overseas, even given British and French approval, was practically nil.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "The British Foreign Office was willing to allow either the United States or Great Britain to administer the proposed Palestine mandate, but not the French or the Italian governments. The point ended up being moot in any case, as Lloyd George and Georges Clemenceau, heads of governments of Great Britain and France, prevailed in drafting the provisions of the San Remo conference and the Treaty of Sèvres. Lloyd George commented that \"the friendship of France is worth ten Syrias.\" France received Syria while Britain would get Mesopotamia (Iraq) and Palestine, contrary to the expressed wishes of both the interviewees and the Commission itself. In the United States, the report floundered with Wilson's sickness and later death.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Delay in publication", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "The Report was not intended to be published until the US Senate actually passed the Treaty of Versailles, which it never did. As a result, the report was only released to the public in 1922, after the Senate and House had passed a joint resolution favoring the establishment of a Jewish National Home in Palestine along the lines of the Balfour Declaration. Public opinion was divided when it was learned that the Arab majority had requested an American mandate with a democratically elected constituent assembly.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Conclusions regarding Syria, Palestine, and Lebanon", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "The commission's \"Report upon Syria\" covered the Arab territories of the defunct Ottoman Syria, then under the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration. This area covered would today encompass Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, and Jordan, as well as Hatay and Cilicia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "The commission's visit to the region was 42 days long, from June 10 to July 21, 1919; 15 days were spent in OETA South, 10 in OETA West, 15 in OETA East, and 2 in OETA North. With respect to OETA North (\"Cilicia\"), the Commission \"did not endeavor to give thorough hearings... feeling that it is not seriously to be considered a part of Syria, and desiring not to open up as yet the question of the Turkish-speaking portion of the former Turkish Empire.\" The population estimates included in the report are as follows:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "The Commission Report, which was published in 1922, concluded that the Middle East was not ready for independence and urged mandates be established on the territories whose purpose was to accompany a process of transition to self-determination.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "The Commission hoped for a \"Syria\" built along liberal and nationalistic grounds that would become a modern democracy that protected the rights of its minorities. The Commission succeeded in convincing many of the educated, secular elite of this goal, but this didn't affect the negotiations at Versailles. Historian James Gelvin believes that the Commission actually weakened the stature of the pro-Western elites in Syria, as their vocal support of complete independence made no impact upon the result. The French Mandate of Syria was the result regardless, and the native elites were left either powerless or granted power only at the whim of the French. This helped set back the cause of an actual Syrian liberal democracy in Gelvin's view.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Although the commission was sympathetic toward Zionism, the Balfour Declaration's requirement that \"nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights existing in non-Jewish communities in Palestine\" led the commission to recommend \"that only a greatly reduced Zionist program be attempted by the Peace Conference, and even that, only very gradually initiated.\" The commission found that \"Zionists looked forward to a practically complete dispossession of the present non-Jewish inhabitants of Palestine, by various forms of purchase\". Nearly 90% of the Palestinian population was emphatically against the entire Zionist program.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "The report noted that there is a principle that the wishes of the local population must be taken into account and that there is widespread anti-Zionist feeling in Palestine and Syria, and the holy nature of the land to Christians and Muslims as well as Jews must preclude solely Jewish dominion. It also noted that Jews at that time constituted only 10% of the population of Palestine.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "The Commission Report was skeptical of the viability of a Jewish state in Palestine. The logic of the Commission went along the lines that the first principle to be respected must be self-determination. It pointed out that \"feeling against the Zionist program is not confined to Palestine\", but \"people throughout Syria\" were also against the formation of a Jewish state. It concluded that the only way to establish a viable Jewish state would be with armed force to enforce it. This was precisely what the Commission wanted to avoid, so they dismissed the idea, saying that Zionists anticipated \"a practically complete dispossession of the present non-Jewish inhabitants to Palestine, by various forms of purchase\". That said, there would be nothing wrong with Jews coming to \"Israel\" and simply living as Jewish Syrian citizens, but noted \"nor can the erection of such a Jewish State be accomplished without the gravest trespass upon the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine\". The latter statement was based on the assumption that an army of at least 50,000 would be required to establish Jewish ownership by force. In respect to the creation of a Jewish state in the Middle East, the report cautioned \"Not only you as president but the American people as a whole should realise that if the American government decided to support the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine, they are committing the American people to the use of force in that area, since only by force can a Jewish state in Palestine be established or maintained.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "About the international importance of Palestine, the report noted:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "\"The fact that the Arabic-speaking portion of the Turkish Empire has been the birthplace of the three great religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and that Palestine contains places sacred to all three, makes inevitably a center of interest and concern for the whole civilised world. No solution which is merely local or has only a single people in mind can avail.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Narrating the fear felt by Christians and Muslims over their holy places, it mentions: \"With the best possible intentions, it may be doubted whether the Jews could possibly seem to either Christians or Moslems proper guardians of the holy places, or custodians of the Holy Land as a whole. ..... The places which are most sacred to Christians-those having to do with Jesus-and which are also sacred to Moslems, are not only not sacred to Jews, but abhorrent to them. It is simply impossible, under those circumstances, for Moslems and Christians to feel satisfied to have these places in Jewish hands, or under the custody of Jews.\" The Commission recommended to include Palestine in a united Syrian State, the holy places being cared for by an International and Inter-religious Commission, in which also the Jews would have representation. All Syria should become under a single Mandate, led by a Power desired by the people, with America as first choice.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Results of the petitions received", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "The King–Crane Commission created \"the first-ever survey of Arab public opinion,\" but its results went largely unheeded. The table below shows results of the petitions received from OETA South (became Palestine), OETA West (became Lebanon and Western Syria) and OETA East (became Syria and Transjordan).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Conclusions regarding Armenia", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "The Commission expressed support for the creation of an Armenian state and rejected that Turkey would respect the rights of the Armenian population, in the light of the genocide suffered by the Armenians during the war.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Significance for the Palestinian cause", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Even though the Commission's report did not lead to Palestinian independence, it acts as an important historical reference point for Palestinians to prove the existence of their movement, nationhood, and political goals as early as 1919.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Its publication was initially suppressed for various reasons, and later reported by the State Department that publication \"would not be compatible with the public interest\". The Commission's report was ultimately published in the December 2, 1922 edition of the Editor & Publisher magazine.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Report of the American Section of the International Commission on Mandates in Turkey, Paris, August 28, 1919, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Volume XII, Field Missions of the American Commission to Negotiate Peace, Document 380, Paris Peace Conf. 181.9102/9 (Office of the Historian)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "King Crane Commission, “King-Crane report on the Near East,” Editor and Publisher 55 no. 27 (winter 1922)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "World War I Document Archive", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "King-Crane Commission Digital Collection, Oberlin College Archives", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Gelvin, James L. (1999). Lesch, David W. (ed.). \"The Ironic Legacy of the King-Crane Commission\". The Middle East and the United States. Westview Press. ISBN 9780786734504.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Andrew Patrick (2015). America's Forgotten Middle East Initiative: The King-Crane Commission of 1919. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78453-274-1.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Smith, L. V., 'Wilsonian Sovereignty in the Middle East: The King–Crane Commission Report of 1919', in D. Howland and L. White, The State of Sovereignty, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict, edited by Walter Laqueur, 31-33. New York: B. L. Mazel, 1969.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Friedman, Isaiah. The Question of Palestine, 1914-1918: British-Jewish-Arab Relations. New York: Schocken Books, 1973.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Hourani, Albert. Syria and Lebanon: A Political Essay. London: Oxford University Press, 1946.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Ingrams, Doreen. Palestine Papers 1917-1922 Seeds of Conflict. New York: Braziller, George, 1972.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Khoury, Philip. Syrian and the French Mandate: The Politics of Arab Nationalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Longrigg, Stephen Hemsley. Syria and Lebanon Under French Mandate. London: Oxford University Press, 1958.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Petran, Tabitha. Syria. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1972.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Tibawi, Abdul. A Modern History of Syria: Including Lebanon and Palestine. London: Macmillan and Co, 1969.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "Knee, Stuart (1997). \"Anglo-American Relations in Palestine 1919-1925: An Experiment in Realpolitik\". Journal of American Studies of Turkey. 5: 3–18. Archived from the original on 2005-03-09.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3596a6e7", "title": "King–Crane Commission", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3596a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "The Great Debate was an era in Cuban history retroactively named by historians, that was defined by public debate about the future of Cuban economic policy that took place from 1962 to 1965. The debate began after Cuba fell into an economic crisis in 1962 after years of internal economic complications, United States sanctions, and the flight of professionals from Cuba. In 1962 Fidel Castro invited Marxist economists around the world to debate two main propositions. One proposition proposed by Che Guevara was that Cuba could bypass any capitalist then \"socialist\" transition period and immediately become an industrialized \"communist\" society if \"subjective conditions\" like public consciousness and vanguard action are perfected. The other proposition held by the Popular Socialist Party was that Cuba required a transitionary period as a mixed economy in which Cuba's sugar economy was maximized for profit before a \"communist\" society could be established.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_242677e7", "title": "Great Debate (Cuba)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_242677e7.json"}}
{"text": "The Great Debate would result in somewhat of a compromise in which Fidel Castro used moral incentives rather than material incentives to motivate workers, and industrialization would be ignored in favor of a focus on the sugar economy. These policies would eventually culminate in the Revolutionary Offensive where the economy would be oriented in producing 10 million tons of sugar by 1970. The campaign failed and led to a reorientation of domestic Cuban politics.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_242677e7", "title": "Great Debate (Cuba)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_242677e7.json"}}
{"text": "Political consolidation", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_242677e7", "title": "Great Debate (Cuba)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_242677e7.json"}}
{"text": "In the months following the Cuban Revolution a pluralistic political alliance assembled to form the first provisional government. After elections failed to materialize, Batistianos were executed in the national sports stadium, and appeals for agrarian reform became popular, more moderate politicians started to become disillusioned in the government and believed communists were slowly gaining control. By late 1959 the Central Intelligence Agency began training exiled Cubans for an invasion of Cuba. In early 1960 the Cuban government entered into a trade deal with the Soviet Union that exchanged Cuban sugar for Soviet oil. Throughout 1960 the United States would begin to create sanctions on Cuba and the Cuban government would retaliate by nationalizing American owned businesses. By 1961 U.S. trained rebels would attempt the Bay of Pigs Invasion and fail to overthrow the Castro government in Cuba. The original pluralistic platform of the Cuban Revolution had by then been constricted to just socialists sympathetic to the Eastern Bloc. By 1962 the Cuban government was reorganized under one political organization headed by Popular Socialist Party leader Anibal Escalante.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_242677e7", "title": "Great Debate (Cuba)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_242677e7.json"}}
{"text": "Starting in 1961, Guevara spearheaded a Four Year Plan to rapidly industrialize the Cuban economy, and minimize the sugar industry in favor of other agricultural sectors. The plan was designed to be carried out from 1962 to 1965, but was cancelled early in 1964 due to economic setbacks.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_242677e7", "title": "Great Debate (Cuba)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_242677e7.json"}}
{"text": "Agricultural diversification led to a steep drop in sugar production. Industrialization goals were also not reached because machinery which was typically imported from the United States, was prevented from being imported due to the embargo. Cuba also lacked the necessary educated technicians. Falling sugar profits and expanding social services also contributed to economic failure. As sugar profits fell, and social services increased, Cuba needed greater consumer goods to give to the poor, but could not provide them due to reduced national profits.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_242677e7", "title": "Great Debate (Cuba)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_242677e7.json"}}
{"text": "In March 1962, Guevara admitted in a speech that the economic plan was a failure, specifically stating it was \"an absurd plan, disconnected from reality, with absurd goals and imaginary resources.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_242677e7", "title": "Great Debate (Cuba)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_242677e7.json"}}
{"text": "By 1962 Cuba was entering an economic crisis, and recently experienced the Escalante affair in which it was revealed that Anibal Escalante had given most positions of power in the new Integrated Revolutionary Organizations to Popular Socialist Party members. The economic crisis spurred on a reevaluation of the economic models proposed at the time and the previous Escalante affair motivated distrust in the Popular Socialist Party and their Soviet modeled propositions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_242677e7", "title": "Great Debate (Cuba)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_242677e7.json"}}
{"text": "In 1962 leftist economists from all over the world were invited to print their opinions in economic journals in Cuba about how Cuba should develop into a communist society. The two main spokespeople in the debate were Che Guevara who argued for an independent Cuban model to communism, and Carlos Rafael Rodríguez of the Popular Socialist Party who advocated for more of a \"soviet\" model towards communism which meant a development of capitalism before socialism and later communism.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_242677e7", "title": "Great Debate (Cuba)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_242677e7.json"}}
{"text": "Rodriguez advocated for material incentives given to individuals based on how well they created profit for an enterprise. Enterprises themselves will be \"self-managed\" like in the Soviet Union, rather than all managed by a central planner.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_242677e7", "title": "Great Debate (Cuba)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_242677e7.json"}}
{"text": "Guevara's view was that the Soviet system had developed following the historical contingency of the New Economic Policy, rather than objective Marxist principles. Guevara advocated for moral incentives as the main motivator to increase workers' production. The main ideal that compromised the consciousness that would develop socialism was the praise of the New Man, a citizen that was only motivated by human solidarity and self-sacrifice. According to Guevara's view, the state should undermine the law of value and encourage voluntarism to develop a sense of social duty among the people.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_242677e7", "title": "Great Debate (Cuba)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_242677e7.json"}}
{"text": "All profits created by enterprises were to be given to the state budget, and the state budget would cover losses. Institutions that developed socialist consciousness were regarded as the most important element in maintaining a path to socialism rather than materially incentivized increases in production. Implementation of the profit-motive was regarded as a path towards capitalism and was one of the flaws of the Eastern bloc economies. The economy would also rely on mass mobilizations and centralized planning as a method for developing the economy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_242677e7", "title": "Great Debate (Cuba)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_242677e7.json"}}
{"text": "The Great Debate came to an end when Guevara left Cuba in 1965. Initially, his view lost support. In 1968, however, Fidel Castro announced the reforms of the Revolutionary Offensive which drew on Guevara's ideas.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_242677e7", "title": "Great Debate (Cuba)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_242677e7.json"}}
{"text": "In 1966 the Cuban economy was reorganized on moral lines. Cuban propaganda stressed voluntarism and ideological motivations to increase productions. Material incentives were not given to workers who were more productive than others. Cuban intellectuals were expected to participate actively in creating a positive national ethos and ignore any desire to create \"art for art's sake\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_242677e7", "title": "Great Debate (Cuba)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_242677e7.json"}}
{"text": "Cuba became more politically independent from the Soviet Union and instead focused it's foreign policy on third-world affairs. Guerilla groups in third-world anti-imperialist struggles would receive funding from the Cuban government.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_242677e7", "title": "Great Debate (Cuba)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_242677e7.json"}}
{"text": "In 1968 all non-agricultural private businesses were nationalized, central planning was done more on an ad-hoc basis and the entire Cuban economy was directed at producing a 10 million ton sugar harvest. These developments were generally inspired by the resolutions brought about by the Great Debate years earlier. The focus on sugar would eventually render all other facets of the Cuban economy underdeveloped and would be the ultimate legacy of the offensive.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_242677e7", "title": "Great Debate (Cuba)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_242677e7.json"}}
{"text": "Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_242677e7", "title": "Great Debate (Cuba)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_242677e7.json"}}
{"text": "The Pan-African University of the Congo (French: Université Panafricaine du Congo), colloquially referred to by its acronym UPAC, is a public higher education and research institution located in Mont Ngafula, Kinshasa. Established under Ministerial Decree No. 004/MINESU/CABMIN/MML/DESP/KOB/2010 on 7 January 2010, the university officially began operations on 12 November 2011. As the first institution in the country to implement the Bachelor-Master-Doctorate (LMD) system, UPAC serves as a multidisciplinary center for training, research, and economic and social development projects. It also provides consultancy services and an analysis center to support national and international initiatives.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6badb9ef", "title": "Pan-African University of the Congo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_University_of_the_Congo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6badb9ef.json"}}
{"text": "UPAC was officially established on 7 January 2010, by Ministerial Decree No. 004/MINESU/CABMIN/MNL/DESP/KOB/2010. Spanning an area of 1,800 square meters, the university commenced its academic activities on 12 November 2011, with three foundational faculties: Law, Economics and Management, and Science and Technology, as well as a specialized program in Architecture. UPAC became the first university in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to adopt the Bachelor-Master-Doctorate (LMD) system.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6badb9ef", "title": "Pan-African University of the Congo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_University_of_the_Congo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6badb9ef.json"}}
{"text": "The inaugural academic year, 2011–2012, was officially declared open by the university's first rector, Professor Willy Moke-Sangol Bongo Pasi, during a conference held on the opening day. The university, in line with Minister Léonard Mashako Mamba's vision for modernizing Congolese universities, began with 200 students per class.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6badb9ef", "title": "Pan-African University of the Congo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_University_of_the_Congo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6badb9ef.json"}}
{"text": "On 16 September 2014, UPAC initiated the construction of a second second campus at 12th Street No. 45 in the Cité-Verte neighborhood of Selembao. At this juncture, academic programs were restructured into two primary faculties: the Faculty of Science and Technology, which encompasses Civil Engineering, Architecture, and Computer Engineering, and the Faculty of Human Sciences, comprising departments of Law and Economics. In 2015, it introduced the Faculty of Health Sciences and the Faculty of Information and Communication Sciences.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6badb9ef", "title": "Pan-African University of the Congo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_University_of_the_Congo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6badb9ef.json"}}
{"text": "Organization and trainings", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6badb9ef", "title": "Pan-African University of the Congo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_University_of_the_Congo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6badb9ef.json"}}
{"text": "UPAC's governance consists of three central components. The board of directors establishes the university's policies, sanctions the budget, and oversees key decisions. The management committee is responsible for managing daily operations, academic policies, and the quality of university life. The scientific council guides the research focus, supervises publications, and promotes and disseminates research outcomes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6badb9ef", "title": "Pan-African University of the Congo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_University_of_the_Congo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6badb9ef.json"}}
{"text": "The training structure in the LMD system is divided into cycles, beginning with the first cycle, which awards the bachelor's degree. This degree prioritizes interdisciplinary studies and progressive development, consisting of three phases. The first phase, lasting the first two semesters, includes introductory and exploratory courses common to a group of subjects, assisting students in adjusting to university life. The second phase deepens basic knowledge in the chosen field and introduces specialization during the 3rd and 4th semesters. The final stage focuses on specialized courses and culminates in the preparation of an end-of-studies dissertation, internship report, or project, depending on the program's objectives. The bachelor's degree is granted to students who fulfill all academic requirements and accumulate 180 credits (30 per semester). At the end of the six semesters, most students (80%) join the workforce, while a minority may pursue further studies through specialization or research pathways, leading to a master's degree or doctorate. Mechanisms for monitoring and ensuring training quality must be identified and implemented at appropriate intervals.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6badb9ef", "title": "Pan-African University of the Congo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_University_of_the_Congo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6badb9ef.json"}}
{"text": "The second cycle, leading to the master's degree, concentrates on specialization with objectives directed at professional or research-oriented outcomes. The master's program usually comprises two stages: a preparatory stage covering fundamental sector knowledge to define key skills and professional profiles, and a specialization phase in which students refine their expertise and engage in scientific research. The program requires the completion of 120 credits (30 per semester), with the final requirement being the submission and defense of a master's thesis before a committee.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6badb9ef", "title": "Pan-African University of the Congo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_University_of_the_Congo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6badb9ef.json"}}
{"text": "Continuing education is also integral, with programs designed to respond to the ever-changing needs of professionals and the job market. These programs are developed in collaboration with companies, unions, NGOs, and other stakeholders to address workforce needs and career advancement. The programs aim to provide career-focused training to meet job market demands and facilitate career reconversions. Training is categorized into short-term programs (seminars, colloquiums, and conferences lasting 3 days to 3 months), medium-term programs (refresher and advanced training lasting 1 to 6 months), and long-term programs (lasting 1 to 2 years).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6badb9ef", "title": "Pan-African University of the Congo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_University_of_the_Congo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6badb9ef.json"}}
{"text": "Faculty of Science and Technology", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6badb9ef", "title": "Pan-African University of the Congo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_University_of_the_Congo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6badb9ef.json"}}
{"text": "Faculty of Human Sciences", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6badb9ef", "title": "Pan-African University of the Congo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_University_of_the_Congo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6badb9ef.json"}}
{"text": "Faculty of Health Sciences", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6badb9ef", "title": "Pan-African University of the Congo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_University_of_the_Congo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6badb9ef.json"}}
{"text": "Faculty of Information and Communication Sciences", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6badb9ef", "title": "Pan-African University of the Congo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_University_of_the_Congo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6badb9ef.json"}}
{"text": "University of Lubumbashi", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6badb9ef", "title": "Pan-African University of the Congo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_University_of_the_Congo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6badb9ef.json"}}
{"text": "University of Kisangani", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6badb9ef", "title": "Pan-African University of the Congo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_University_of_the_Congo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6badb9ef.json"}}
{"text": "University of Kinshasa", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6badb9ef", "title": "Pan-African University of the Congo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_University_of_the_Congo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6badb9ef.json"}}
{"text": "Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6badb9ef", "title": "Pan-African University of the Congo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_University_of_the_Congo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6badb9ef.json"}}
{"text": "Official website Archived 2017-12-09 at the Wayback Machine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6badb9ef", "title": "Pan-African University of the Congo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_University_of_the_Congo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6badb9ef.json"}}
{"text": "The Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (DCAL; Irish: An Roinn Cultúir, Ealaíon agus Fóillíochta; Ulster Scots: Männystrie o Fowkgates, Airts an Aisedom) was a devolved government department in the Northern Ireland Executive. The minister with overall responsibility for the department was the Minister of Culture, Arts and Leisure.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "After the election to the Northern Ireland Assembly in 2016, the DCAL was closed and its roles and functions were amalgamated with other departments in order to reduce the size of the Northern Ireland Executive.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "DCAL's overall vision was a \"confident, creative, informed and healthy society\". It described its mission as delivering economic growth and enhancing the quality of life in Northern Ireland by \"unlocking the full potential of the culture, arts and leisure sectors.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "The last Minister was Carál Ní Chuilín (Sinn Féin). The Minister was, by virtue of office, the Keeper of the Records for Northern Ireland.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "The department had the following main responsibilities:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "the distribution of National Lottery funding;", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI); and", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "Broadcasting, intellectual property and the administration of the National Lottery are reserved to Westminster and are therefore not devolved.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "DCAL's main counterparts in the United Kingdom Government were:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS);", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (on inland fisheries); and", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "the National Archives (on public records).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "Its main counterparts in the Irish Government were:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (on the Irish language);", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "the Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government (on public libraries);", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "the Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport;", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources (on inland fisheries).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "Following a referendum on the Belfast Agreement on 23 May 1998 and the granting of royal assent to the Northern Ireland Act 1998 on 19 November 1998, a Northern Ireland Assembly and Northern Ireland Executive were established by the United Kingdom Government under Prime Minister Tony Blair. The process was known as devolution and was set up to return devolved legislative powers to Northern Ireland. DCAL was one of five new devolved Northern Ireland departments created in December 1999 by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 and the Departments (Northern Ireland) Order 1999.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "A devolved minister first took office on 2 December 1999.  Devolution was suspended for four periods, during which the department came under the responsibility of direct rule ministers from the Northern Ireland Office:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "between 12 February 2000 and 30 May 2000;", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "on 22 September 2001;", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "between 15 October 2002 and 8 May 2007.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "Under the St Andrews Agreement (signed 13 October 2006), the Executive is obliged to adopt strategies on enhancing and protecting the development of the Irish language and enhancing and developing Ulster Scots language, heritage and culture. The agreement also committed the United Kingdom Government to introducing \"an Irish Language Act reflecting on the experience of Wales and Ireland\". Welsh and Irish are official languages in those respective countries.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "Language policy was devolved, alongside the department's other responsibilities, on 8 May 2007.  As of March 2012, neither an Irish language strategy or act, nor an Ulster Scots strategy, had been adopted. The department stated that a Strategy for Indigenous or Regional Minority Languages would \"be presented to the Executive in due course\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "Ministers of Culture, Arts and Leisure", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "Direct rule ministers", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "During the periods of suspension, the following ministers of the Northern Ireland Office were responsible for the department:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "George Howarth MP (2000)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "Angela Smith MP (2002–2005)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "David Hanson MP (2005–2006)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "Maria Eagle MP (2006–2007)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "Committee for Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland Assembly)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "List of government ministers in Northern Ireland", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "DCAL Archived 3 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "\"The Departments (Northern Ireland) Order 1999\" (PDF). (37.0 KB)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cb3ddcb2", "title": "Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Culture,_Arts_and_Leisure_(Northern_Ireland)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cb3ddcb2.json"}}
{"text": "Uh Huh Her is an American indie/rock/electropop band that was formed in January 2006. The band's name came from an album by artist PJ Harvey, titled Uh Huh Her.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "Camila Grey (lead vocals, guitar, keyboard), former member of the lo-fi rock band Mellowdrone, had not released any solo material prior to joining Uh Huh Her; however, she had played bass and keyboards for a variety of artists, such as Dr. Dre, Melissa Auf der Maur, Busta Rhymes, and Kelly Osbourne. She was also a member of Adam Lambert's live band (keyboardist).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "Leisha Hailey (backing vocals, bass, keyboard), formerly of The Murmurs and Gush, had temporarily left the music business to join the cast of Showtime's series The L Word as the character Alice Pieszecki, with the band forming during filming of the final seasons of the show.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "Originally, drummer Alicia Warrington had been Uh Huh Her's third member; however, she separated from the group early on.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "Uh Huh Her is generally still regarded as a duo, with the only official members being Camila Grey and Leisha Hailey despite both being opened to evolving.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "The band members considered changing their name to UHH (pronunciation \"U-H-H\"), as opposed to the full \"Uh Huh Her\", believing the original name looked good in written form, but was awkward to pronounce.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "2006–2009: I See Red and Common Reaction", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "The band formed in 2006, when Camilia Grey and Leisha Hailey met at a paint ball game.  The band recorded their first project I See Red EP, released on July 24, 2007, in Camila Grey's house.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "I See Red includes a version of the song \"Say So\", the first song the band wrote together, in which Hailey sang lead vocals (the later release of the song had Grey singing lead). I See Red was initially released digitally with limited amounts of hard copies, with a bonus track available on hard copies and on iTunes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "Uh Huh Her's debut album Common Reaction was released on August 19, 2008, after a delay. Both \"Explode\" and \"Say So\" were released for a second time on the full-length album as both members felt the songs deserved to be more polished.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "Common Reaction, which was recorded in Westside Pacific Studio, charted at number 9 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "Uh Huh Her was dropped from Nettwerk in 2009, with Camilia Grey stating that they still owe them money.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "2010–2012: label change, new music, and touring", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "Since making the switch to an independent label, a lack of funding (and Grey's tour with Adam Lambert) put a halt on the immediate release of the second full-length album. To fill the gap between albums, the band released their second EP, Black and Blue on April 19, 2011. The release fell just prior to the band's second major tour, so that they would have new material for fans to purchase.  They also headlined at the SXSW Music Festival. The entire six-track EP was recorded and produced in under two weeks.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "Nocturnes, Uh Huh Her's second studio album, was eventually released on October 11, 2011. Grey wrote \"Human Nature\", \"Wake To Sleep\" and \"Darkness Is\" independently (\"Darkness Is\" was originally titled \"Never Absolute\") while Hailey wrote \"Debris\" on her own, and she has said on several occasions that the song is about phone sex. \"Wake To Sleep\" was written about the process of making the album, and refers to the differing sleeping habits of the band members. \"Criminal\" was written about the band's experience splitting with their former record label and managers.  Uh Huh Her made their first TV appearance when they appeared on Jimmy Kimmel.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "The third EP was released on December 11, 2012, and as a cdr exclusively sold through Amazon, and features reworked, acoustic versions of \"Debris\", \"I See Red\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Not a Love Song\", \"Common Reaction\", and \"Philosophy,\" with Camila Grey stating \".....The EP is different because it was recorded with the intention of being acoustic.  We essentially took old songs and revamped them and recorded some live, some with a full band, and some with just a piano and vocal.  Its unique because we're known for being really electro, and in this case it's the opposite, very organic and pared down.\" In this version of \"Debris\", Grey sings lead vocals (as opposed to Hailey, who wrote the song).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "2013–2014: Future Souls", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "In 2013, Camilia and Leisha moved their record studio into their home, with Leisha saying \"We didn't have to rush ourselves with any sort of deadlines. Everything was created within these four walls.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "On January 20, 2014, the band started accepting pre-orders for a new album called Future Souls available on March 25, 2014, with the cover being designed by Zavier Schipani. The lead single, titled \"Innocence\", was made available on iTunes on February 4, 2014. The second single, \"It's Chemical\", was made available on March 4, 2014. Future Souls was released on iTunes and other digital providers on March 25, 2014. The band will be touring in support of the album from April 27 through the end of June, across the US and Canada.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "In 2016, Camilia Grey and Leisha Hailey decided to take a break from Uh Huh Her, stating \".....We decided after our \"Future Souls\" tour to take time off to pursue other endeavors. You could officially say we are on a \"hiatus\" of sorts. We feel like we needed to take this break to bring some new magic into our music and give our other loves some attention...Leisha has been back to acting, Camila has joined another indie band called \"Summer Moon\" and is working on many solo side projects and DJing and Josh is currently a Zen Buddha Yogi Master teaching others the art of meditation and mindfulness in addition to being the best drummer ever......\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "The songs \"Same High\" and \"Human Nature\" were both originally written for films (The Kids Are All Right and Twilight, respectively... although \"Human Nature\" was not included in the Twilight movie).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "Uh Huh Her appeared uncredited as performers in Awkward and Privileged while the song \"Same High\" appeared in the movie Breaking the Girls.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "\"No Sacrifice\" and \"Time Stands Still\" were featured on the American television show The Secret Circle. \"Say So\" was featured on the soundtrack to the 2009 movie Hotel for Dogs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "In 2017, their song \"Explode\" was featured in The Carmilla Movie, based on the web series of the same name.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "Common Reaction tour: The first major tour was from October 17, 2008, until November 18, 2008, after the release of Common Reaction. The tour consisted 19 tour dates, mostly in the US, with a few shows in Canada and one in the UK.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "Black and Blue tour: The second major tour (commonly referred to as the \"Black and Blue Tour\" or \"B&B Tour\") went from March 14, 2011, until May 19, 2011. This tour included 39 shows across the US and Canada.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "Keep a Breast tour: The third major tour was in association with the Keep A Breast Foundation (and is appropriately referred to as the \"Keep A Breast Tour\" or \"KAB Tour\"). It featured 21 tour dates in the US and Canada, from October 8, 2011, until November 6, 2011.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "European tour: The fourth major tour took place from April 13–24, 2012, and included 10 tour dates across Europe. It has sometimes been referred to as the \"UK Tour\", despite several shows in the Netherlands/Germany. Unlike previous tours, the European tour did not feature a lead guitarist, and they also chose to perform several songs acoustically.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "Future Souls tour: The fifth major tour took place from April 27, 2014, until July 2, 2014. It consisted of 45 tour dates in the US and Canada. This tour featured DJ Kim Anh as an opening act.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "Common Reaction (2008)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "Black and Blue (2011)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "\"Not A Love Song\" (2008)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "\"Another Case\" (2011)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "\"Wake To Sleep\" (2012)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "\"Human Nature\" (2012)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f82fe25", "title": "Uh Huh Her (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uh_Huh_Her_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f82fe25.json"}}
{"text": "When Midnight Strikes (French: Quand minuit sonnera) is a 1936 French-Dutch crime drama film directed by Léo Joannon and starring Marie Bell, Pierre Renoir and Roger Karl. It was adapted by Alfred Machard from his own novel of the same title. The film's sets were designed by the art director Jacques-Laurent Atthalin. A separate Dutch-language version Klokslag twaalf was also produced.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f9c63c50", "title": "When Midnight Strikes", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Midnight_Strikes", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f9c63c50.json"}}
{"text": "Marie Bell as \tMattia", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f9c63c50", "title": "When Midnight Strikes", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Midnight_Strikes", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f9c63c50.json"}}
{"text": "Pierre Renoir as \tJean Verdier", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f9c63c50", "title": "When Midnight Strikes", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Midnight_Strikes", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f9c63c50.json"}}
{"text": "Roger Karl as \tRouque", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f9c63c50", "title": "When Midnight Strikes", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Midnight_Strikes", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f9c63c50.json"}}
{"text": "René Bergeron as \tLe capitaine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f9c63c50", "title": "When Midnight Strikes", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Midnight_Strikes", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f9c63c50.json"}}
{"text": "Simone Barillier as Régine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f9c63c50", "title": "When Midnight Strikes", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Midnight_Strikes", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f9c63c50.json"}}
{"text": "Thomy Bourdelle as Eric Schutz", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f9c63c50", "title": "When Midnight Strikes", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Midnight_Strikes", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f9c63c50.json"}}
{"text": "Lucien Callamand as Le maître d'hôtel", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f9c63c50", "title": "When Midnight Strikes", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Midnight_Strikes", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f9c63c50.json"}}
{"text": "Bessy, Maurice & Chirat, Raymond. Histoire du cinéma français: 1935-1939. Pygmalion, 1986.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f9c63c50", "title": "When Midnight Strikes", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Midnight_Strikes", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f9c63c50.json"}}
{"text": "Crisp, Colin. Genre, Myth and Convention in the French Cinema, 1929-1939. Indiana University Press, 2002.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f9c63c50", "title": "When Midnight Strikes", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Midnight_Strikes", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f9c63c50.json"}}
{"text": "Rège, Philippe. Encyclopedia of French Film Directors, Volume 1. Scarecrow Press, 2009.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f9c63c50", "title": "When Midnight Strikes", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Midnight_Strikes", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f9c63c50.json"}}
{"text": "When Midnight Strikes at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f9c63c50", "title": "When Midnight Strikes", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Midnight_Strikes", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f9c63c50.json"}}
{"text": "The Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017 (Cth) is an act of the Parliament of Australia, which legalises same-sex marriage in Australia by amending the Marriage Act 1961 to allow marriage between two persons of marriageable age, regardless of their gender.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Introduced as a private member's bill by Western Australian senator Dean Smith of the Liberal Party following the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey, the bill passed the Parliament on 7 December 2017. It received royal assent on the following day and came into effect on 9 December 2017.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Same-sex marriage legislation had been presented to the Parliament of Australia on 22 occasions between September 2004 and May 2017, though on each occasion the legislation failed to pass either the House of Representatives or the Senate. These attempts followed the Howard government's 2004 amendment to the Marriage Act 1961 which explicitly defined marriage as a union between only a man and a woman and banned the recognition of same-sex marriages conducted lawfully in foreign jurisdictions. Prior to the legalisation of same-sex marriage, same-sex relationships could only be treated as de facto unions under federal law. These unions provide couples with most, though not all, of the legal rights of marriage, although those rights may be difficult to assert and are not always recognised in practice.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "The Malcolm Turnbull-led Liberal/National government went to the July 2016 federal election promising to put the issue of same-sex marriage to a national vote, in the form of a plebiscite. Despite narrowly winning the election, the government could not pass the legislation to establish the plebiscite in the Senate and so eventually decided to conduct a voluntary postal survey of all Australians on the electoral roll. Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull pledged the government would facilitate the passage of a private member's bill in the event of a \"Yes\" result in favour of same-sex marriage, which occurred when the results of the survey were announced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics on 15 November 2017.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "On the day the postal results were released, Liberal Party Senator Dean Smith, an openly gay backbencher in the government, introduced the Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Bill 2017 into the Senate. Smith's bill had been publicly released earlier in August, during the midst of a divisive internal effort in the Liberal Party to change policy and vote on same-sex marriage legislation without conducting a national vote.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "The bill itself was the result of a cross-party effort following the reporting of a Senate committee in February 2017 which investigated how a same-sex marriage law with religious freedoms incorporated in it might operate.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Several months later, Smith published a draft of the bill which would later be the one to be introduced to the Parliament in November. The bill was formally introduced into the Parliament and read for a first time on 15 November 2017. Chief among the bill's reforms is the amendment of the definition of the word \"marriage\" in the Marriage Act, replacing \"a man and a woman\" with \"a union of 2 people\", as well as the repeal of Section 88EA of the Act, which bans the recognition of same-sex marriages lawfully entered into in foreign jurisdictions. This means that same-sex couples who married in foreign jurisdictions automatically have their marriages recognised in Australia. In accordance with the recommendation of the Senate committee report, the bill creates a new category of marriage celebrants in Australia, the \"religious marriage celebrant\", who is protected from being required to solemnise any marriage. Additionally, religious bodies and organisations established for a religious purpose are exempt from being required to provide facilities or goods or services for a marriage ceremony that conflicts with their faith.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "The terminology in the bill, specifically the wording \"2 people\" with respect to the definition of \"marriage\", alleviates the concerns of several transgender and intersex rights organisations. These groups had expressed concern in the past that a same-sex marriage bill might not include this terminology, but rather only mention \"same-sex\" marriage, potentially prolonging the inability of some intersex and transgender people to marry. This had been a concern expressed when the Australian Capital Territory drafted a same-sex marriage law in 2013. The bill addresses these concerns by defining marriage in Australia in gender neutral terms; \"the union of 2 people\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Though introduced by Smith, the bill was co-sponsored by eight other senators; Linda Reynolds (Liberal), Penny Wong (Labor), Louise Pratt (Labor), Richard Di Natale (Greens), Janet Rice (Greens), Skye Kakoschke-Moore (Nick Xenophon Team), Derryn Hinch (Justice Party) and Jane Hume (Liberal).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "There was some unresolved disagreement by politicians who advocated for a \"No\" result in the postal survey as to whether further religious protections should be added to the Smith bill as an amendment at this time or whether a later bill for this purpose should be considered. In the Senate, several politicians sought to incorporate amendments designed to further religious, conscientious and other protections, in areas relating to marriages, classrooms and organisations. All such amendments were rejected by the Senate. Similar amendments were sought by government MPs Andrew Hastie and Michael Sukkar in the House of Representatives, such as including two definitions of marriage (both man-woman marriage and two-person marriage) and expanding exemptions from anti-discrimination laws for religious organisations and conscientious objectors. All such amendments were also similarly rejected by the House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Schedule 1 – Part 1:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Sets out objectives of the bill.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Amends the definition of \"authorised celebrant\" to include a minister of a registered religion, a person authorised to solemnise marriages, a marriage celebrant, religious marriage celebrant, and chaplain or officer other than a chaplain authorised by the Chief of the Defence Force to solemnise marriages.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Omits the phrase \"a man and a woman\" from the definition of \"marriage\" and substitutes \"2 people\". Also makes an identical change with respect to the requirement of a celebrant to state the nature of a lawful marriage in Australia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Makes revisions to the laws relating to establishment of religious marriage celebrants and their rights and obligations and makes general provisions relating to all marriage celebrants.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Establishes that ministers of religion, religious marriage celebrants and bodies established for religious purposes may refuse to make facilities available or provide goods or services for a marriage ceremony.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Repeals section of the Act (88EA) which banned the recognition of same-sex marriages lawfully solemnised in foreign jurisdictions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Schedule 1 – Part 2:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Amends the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 to establish that a minister of religion, religious marriage celebrant and chaplain may refuse to solemnise a marriage irrespective of other provisions in the Act.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Schedule 1 – Part 3:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Makes minor, technical amendments to the Marriage Act which go into effect only if Schedule 9 to the Civil Law and Justice Legislation Amendment Act 2017 is not yet in effect by the date of this bill's commencement.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Schedule 1 – Part 4:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Amends the Marriage Act to create a list of people who are religious marriage celebrants and the religious body or organisation to which they belong. Commenced on 26 October 2018.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Schedule 1 – Part 5:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Establishes that marriages of same-sex couples lawfully entered into in foreign jurisdictions, prior to the commencement of this bill, are recognised as valid in Australia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Clarifies that for the purpose of this bill, \"Australia\" includes the external territories.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Makes additional amendments to the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 so that a state or territory government can no longer impose the requirement of being unmarried in order for a person to request a gender change on a document issued by that state or territory government. It commenced on 9 December 2018 (only provision to commence 1 year after Act goes into effect)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Makes consequential amendments to references to \"spouse\" and \"married couple\" in several Commonwealth laws which previously were not gender neutral.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Inserts transitional provisions relating to family law matters, financial agreements, separation declarations and related matters that have been before or were currently before the courts at the time of the bill's commencement.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "The bill had its first reading in the Senate on 15 November 2017. The second reading debate on the bill began on 16 November and continued on 27 November. The bill passed the second reading stage without a division being called for on 28 November 2017.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "The committee stage was where amendments to the bill were proposed. The committee stage was held on 28 and 29 November. Several amendments to the bill were proposed, though only one package of technical amendments making minor changes to other legislation, proposed by the Attorney-General George Brandis, was approved by the Senate. Following Brandis' amendments being agreed to, Senators Fawcett and Paterson introduced five separate tranches of amendments. The amendments went to a range of issues, including inserting a different definition of \"marriage\" in the Act, extending legal protections to individuals who hold a \"traditional marriage belief\", adding a \"no-detriments clause\" for people who hold a traditional view of marriage (which would supersede state anti-discrimination laws) and legislating for the right of parents to remove their children from classes relating to marriage, among other areas. All of Fawcett and Paterson's amendments were rejected by the Senate. Subsequently, Senator Brandis and Canavan jointly moved two amendments (one to insert the words \"nothing in this Act limits the right of any person...to manifest [one's] religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching\" and the other to extend a right of conscientious objection to civil celebrants). The Labor Party opposed the first amendment on the basis that it \"cherry-picked\" elements of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Both sets of amendments proposed by Brandis and Canavan were rejected by the Senate.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "On 29 November, additional amendments were proposed by Senators Hanson, Leyonhjelm and Rice, all of which were rejected by the Senate. The bill, in its amended form, was then agreed to by the Senate in committee.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "On 29 November 2017, immediately after the committee stage concluded, the bill proceeded to the third reading and was passed by 43 votes to 12.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "House of Representatives", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "The bill was read for a first time in the House of Representatives on 4 December 2017. The bill was introduced into the House by the member for Leichhardt, Warren Entsch.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "The second reading debate on the bill began immediately after the bill was read a first time, on 4 December 2017. During the second reading stage, Tony Abbott, the member for Warringah, moved an amendment to the bill which would have inserted the words \"whilst not declining to give the bill a second reading, the House notes that it is vital that individuals and entities are not disadvantaged nor suffer any adverse effects as a result of conscientiously holding a particular view of the nature of marriage\". Entsch later advised the House that Abbott's motion constituted a wrecking amendment, citing advice from the Clerk that the amendment, if carried, would deny the House an opportunity to consider the bill read a second time and stop any further passage of the bill, unless the House later made substantive action such as suspending standing orders, which would require an absolute majority. In his second reading speech, Abbott conceded that same-sex marriage would be introduced in Australia and said he looked forward to attending his sister's same-sex wedding in 2018. Elsewhere, openly gay MP and same-sex marriage supporter Tim Wilson made history during his second reading speech when he proposed to his partner, Ryan Bolger, who was sitting in the gallery. Bolger accepted Wilson's proposal. It was the first known engagement on the floor of the House of Representatives. The second reading debate continued on 5 and 6 December 2017. On 7 December 2017, the amendment moved by Abbott was rejected by the House and the bill passed the second reading stage, in both cases without a division being called for.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "The bill moved to the consideration in detail stage immediately after the second reading was held. All amendments, most of which were moved by government MPs which mirrored the failed Senate amendments, and sought to expand religious and conscientious exemptions to same-sex marriages, were rejected by the House. The bill then passed the consideration in detail stage.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "The bill then immediately passed the third reading stage. A division on the third reading was called for, but because the number of MPs voting against the bill was less than five, the Speaker, in accordance with the standing orders, simply declared that the question was resolved in the affirmative and formally recorded the votes of only those MPs who voted against the third reading. At least eleven MPs are known to have abstained from the division, by leaving the House before the third reading commenced.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Commencement of the Act", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Royal assent was provided by the Governor-General on 8 December 2017. The Act went into effect on 9 December 2017, allowing same-sex couples who lawfully married in overseas jurisdictions to be recognised as married from that date, and therefore also able to divorce in Australia under the Family Law Act 1975. The date of effect allowed the first marriages under the amended law to occur on 9 January 2018, some of these occurring just after midnight. However, several couples successfully applied for an exemption from the normal one-month waiting period, and the first legal same-sex wedding under Australian law was held on 15 December 2017, with further weddings occurring the following day. The Australian Capital Territory Government offered free marriage certificates for couples who married there under the annulled 2013 law, which was struck down by the High Court.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Marriage in Australia", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "LGBT rights in Australia", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Same-sex marriage in Australia", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "History of same-sex marriage in Australia", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Marriage Act 1961 on Austlii", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Legislative Tracker: Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Bill 2017", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b1c03ac7", "title": "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Amendment_(Definition_and_Religious_Freedoms)_Act_2017", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b1c03ac7.json"}}
{"text": "Live My Life is the third studio album by Boris. It was released at 30 January 2009, on the Bo-Rush / Upper Room label, and distributed by Rough Trade Benelux. Main producer is Antoon Tolsma (DutchFlower). The preliminary single \"If You Wanna Roll with Me\" has been released on 7 November 2008.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_44422c76", "title": "Live My Life (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_My_Life_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_44422c76.json"}}
{"text": "The album reached the charts with a number 4 entry during the first week in the Dutch Album Top 100.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_44422c76", "title": "Live My Life (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_My_Life_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_44422c76.json"}}
{"text": "All songs were written by Boris Titulaer and Anthony Tolsma, except where noted.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_44422c76", "title": "Live My Life (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_My_Life_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_44422c76.json"}}
{"text": "\"Everything About You\" – 3:12", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_44422c76", "title": "Live My Life (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_My_Life_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_44422c76.json"}}
{"text": "\"If You Wanna Roll With Me\" – 2:26", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_44422c76", "title": "Live My Life (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_My_Life_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_44422c76.json"}}
{"text": "\"Stupid Again\" – 3:32", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_44422c76", "title": "Live My Life (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_My_Life_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_44422c76.json"}}
{"text": "\"Live My Life\" (Titulaer, Tolsma, B. Tam) – 3:19", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_44422c76", "title": "Live My Life (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_My_Life_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_44422c76.json"}}
{"text": "\"Leave it Alone\" (Titulaer, Marcus Machado, Micheal Johnson) – 4:36", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_44422c76", "title": "Live My Life (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_My_Life_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_44422c76.json"}}
{"text": "\"The Ohhhh Song\" – 3:44", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_44422c76", "title": "Live My Life (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_My_Life_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_44422c76.json"}}
{"text": "\"I Want You to Know\" (Titulaer, Machado, Johnson) – 4:36", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_44422c76", "title": "Live My Life (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_My_Life_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_44422c76.json"}}
{"text": "\"Do You Love Me\" (Titulaer, Machado) – 4:59 (+ hidden track – One World (Acoustic))", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_44422c76", "title": "Live My Life (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_My_Life_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_44422c76.json"}}
{"text": "Limestone Township is located in Peoria County, Illinois. As of the 2020 census, its population was 18,357 and it contained 8,111 housing units.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c81a345", "title": "Limestone Township, Peoria County, Illinois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_Township,_Peoria_County,_Illinois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c81a345.json"}}
{"text": "For the census year of 2010, its population was 19,705 and it contained 8,103 housing units.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c81a345", "title": "Limestone Township, Peoria County, Illinois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_Township,_Peoria_County,_Illinois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c81a345.json"}}
{"text": "Limestone Township was named from the abundance of limestone and attendant lime kilns in the area. After the dissolution of neighboring West Peoria Township, portions of the township outside of the City of West Peoria's corporate boundaries were absorbed into Limestone Township.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c81a345", "title": "Limestone Township, Peoria County, Illinois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_Township,_Peoria_County,_Illinois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c81a345.json"}}
{"text": "According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 35.95 square miles (93.1 km2), of which 35.7 square miles (92 km2) (or 99.30%) is land and 0.26 square miles (0.67 km2) (or 0.72%) is water.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c81a345", "title": "Limestone Township, Peoria County, Illinois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_Township,_Peoria_County,_Illinois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c81a345.json"}}
{"text": "Bartonville (vast majority)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c81a345", "title": "Limestone Township, Peoria County, Illinois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_Township,_Peoria_County,_Illinois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c81a345.json"}}
{"text": "Peoria (small portion)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c81a345", "title": "Limestone Township, Peoria County, Illinois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_Township,_Peoria_County,_Illinois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c81a345.json"}}
{"text": "West Peoria (partial)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c81a345", "title": "Limestone Township, Peoria County, Illinois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_Township,_Peoria_County,_Illinois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c81a345.json"}}
{"text": "Lake Camelot (east three fifths)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c81a345", "title": "Limestone Township, Peoria County, Illinois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_Township,_Peoria_County,_Illinois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c81a345.json"}}
{"text": "Illinois State Archives", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c81a345", "title": "Limestone Township, Peoria County, Illinois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_Township,_Peoria_County,_Illinois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c81a345.json"}}
{"text": "Lake View is a city in Alabama, United States, with the majority of the city located within Tuscaloosa County and with a small portion of the city located in Jefferson County. At the 2020 census the population was 3,560, up from 1,943 in 2010. It is part of the Tuscaloosa Metropolitan Statistical Area (the Tuscaloosa County portion) and the Birmingham metropolitan area (the Jefferson County portion). It is located approximately halfway between Tuscaloosa and Birmingham via Interstates 20 and 59.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cda5b9c8", "title": "Lake View, Alabama", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View,_Alabama", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cda5b9c8.json"}}
{"text": "Lake View was incorporated in 1998.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cda5b9c8", "title": "Lake View, Alabama", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View,_Alabama", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cda5b9c8.json"}}
{"text": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.8 square miles (4.7 km2), of which 1.6 square miles (4.1 km2) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) (12.57%) is water.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cda5b9c8", "title": "Lake View, Alabama", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View,_Alabama", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cda5b9c8.json"}}
{"text": "At the 2020 census there were 3,560 people, 1,377 households, and 1,258 families in the town. The population density was 847.7 inhabitants per square mile (327.3/km2). There were 475 housing units at an average density of 296.7 units per square mile (114.6 units/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.35% White, 0.81% Black or African American, 0.07% Native American, 0.22% Asian, and 1.55% from two or more races. 0.22% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cda5b9c8", "title": "Lake View, Alabama", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View,_Alabama", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cda5b9c8.json"}}
{"text": "Of the 457 households 44.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 82.3% were married couples living together, 3.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 11.2% were non-families. 10.1% of households were one person and 3.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.97 and the average family size was 3.17.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cda5b9c8", "title": "Lake View, Alabama", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View,_Alabama", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cda5b9c8.json"}}
{"text": "The age distribution was 28.8% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 36.6% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 7.4% 65 or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cda5b9c8", "title": "Lake View, Alabama", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View,_Alabama", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cda5b9c8.json"}}
{"text": "The median household income was $86,552 and the median family income was $59,674. Median income designated by the 2020 Census are listed below:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cda5b9c8", "title": "Lake View, Alabama", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View,_Alabama", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cda5b9c8.json"}}
{"text": "Employment rate: 62.6%", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cda5b9c8", "title": "Lake View, Alabama", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View,_Alabama", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cda5b9c8.json"}}
{"text": "Without health care coverage: 6.0%", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cda5b9c8", "title": "Lake View, Alabama", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View,_Alabama", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cda5b9c8.json"}}
{"text": "At the 2010 census there were 1,943 people, 676 households, and 564 families in the town. The population density was 1,214.4 inhabitants per square mile (468.9/km2). There were 700 housing units at an average density of 437.5 units per square mile (168.9 units/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 93.9% White, 4.2% Black or African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.7% Asian, and .9% from two or more races. 0.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cda5b9c8", "title": "Lake View, Alabama", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View,_Alabama", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cda5b9c8.json"}}
{"text": "Of the 676 households 39.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.2% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.6% were non-families. 13.2% of households were one person and 3.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.87 and the average family size was 3.16.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cda5b9c8", "title": "Lake View, Alabama", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View,_Alabama", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cda5b9c8.json"}}
{"text": "The age distribution was 26.4% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 8.3% 65 or older. The median age was 35.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.8 males.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cda5b9c8", "title": "Lake View, Alabama", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View,_Alabama", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cda5b9c8.json"}}
{"text": "The median household income was $77,750 and the median family income was $81,250. Males had a median income of $53,646 versus $37,109 for females. The per capita income for the town was $28,334. About 0% of families and 2.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0% of those under age 18 and 0% of those age 65 or over.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cda5b9c8", "title": "Lake View, Alabama", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View,_Alabama", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cda5b9c8.json"}}
{"text": "The portion in Tuscaloosa County is in the Tuscaloosa County School District.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cda5b9c8", "title": "Lake View, Alabama", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View,_Alabama", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cda5b9c8.json"}}
{"text": "The portion in Jefferson County is in the Jefferson County School District.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cda5b9c8", "title": "Lake View, Alabama", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View,_Alabama", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cda5b9c8.json"}}
{"text": "Bachelor's degree or higher: 28.6%", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cda5b9c8", "title": "Lake View, Alabama", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View,_Alabama", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cda5b9c8.json"}}
{"text": "List of towns in Alabama", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cda5b9c8", "title": "Lake View, Alabama", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View,_Alabama", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cda5b9c8.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Lake View, Alabama at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cda5b9c8", "title": "Lake View, Alabama", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View,_Alabama", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cda5b9c8.json"}}
{"text": "Louisa (1987) is a biography of Louisa Lawson by Australian writer Brian Matthews. It was originally published by University of Queensland Press in Australia in 1987.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b001c8e8", "title": "Louisa (biography)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_(biography)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b001c8e8.json"}}
{"text": "Writing in The Canberra Times critic Peter Pierce noted: \"The gaps in the biographical record of our writers are gradually being filled. Recently we have had Lawson's Archibald, Munro's Stephensen, Kinnane's Johnston. In progress are biographies of Gilmore, Furphy, Boyd and Stead. But following the audacious experiment of Louisa and its brilliant success (even as, and because Matthews admits not to have resolved all the problems of an alternative text), the game will never be the same again.\" And he concluded \"...readers of Louisa are compelled to recognise 'a great Australian woman whose face has been in shadow too long'. Those readers will encounter a book that will radically affect literary scholarship in Australia. At the same time it is not only an outstanding biography, but one of the finest stories yet told here.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b001c8e8", "title": "Louisa (biography)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_(biography)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b001c8e8.json"}}
{"text": "After its original publication in 1987 in Australia by publisher University of Queensland Press the biography was later republished as follows:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b001c8e8", "title": "Louisa (biography)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_(biography)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b001c8e8.json"}}
{"text": "McPhee Gribble, Australia, 1987 and 1988", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b001c8e8", "title": "Louisa (biography)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_(biography)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b001c8e8.json"}}
{"text": "University of Queensland Press, Australia, 1998", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b001c8e8", "title": "Louisa (biography)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_(biography)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b001c8e8.json"}}
{"text": "ALS Gold Medal, 1988, winner", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b001c8e8", "title": "Louisa (biography)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_(biography)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b001c8e8.json"}}
{"text": "New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards — Douglas Stewart Prize, 1988, winner", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b001c8e8", "title": "Louisa (biography)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_(biography)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b001c8e8.json"}}
{"text": "Victorian Premier's Literary Awards — Nettie Palmer Prize for Nonfiction, 1988, winner", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b001c8e8", "title": "Louisa (biography)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_(biography)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b001c8e8.json"}}
{"text": "1987 in Australian literature", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b001c8e8", "title": "Louisa (biography)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_(biography)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b001c8e8.json"}}
{"text": "Shebang is a solo studio album by Australian musician Oren Ambarchi. It was released on 30 September 2022, through Drag City. It received universal acclaim from critics.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8470c846", "title": "Shebang (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8470c846.json"}}
{"text": "The inspiration for Shebang came when Oren Ambarchi saw Julia Reidy playing a concert on 12-string guitar. The album contains performances by Ambarchi (on guitar), Joe Talia (on drums), Sam Dunscombe (on bass clarinet), B. J. Cole (on pedal steel guitar), Johan Berthling (on double bass), Chris Abrahams (on piano), Jim O'Rourke (on synthesizer), and Reidy (on 12-string guitar). It is said to be an extension of past \"long-form rhythmic workouts\" found on Ambarchi's albums Quixotism (2014) and Hubris (2016). The album was released on 30 September 2022, through Drag City.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8470c846", "title": "Shebang (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8470c846.json"}}
{"text": "According to the review aggregator Metacritic, Shebang received \"universal acclaim\" based on a weighted average score of 82 out of 100 from 6 critic scores.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8470c846", "title": "Shebang (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8470c846.json"}}
{"text": "Vanessa Ague of The Quietus commented that \"There's something enticing about the ways Shebang offers each artist their own space yet still maintains cohesiveness, finding the connections between each line to form a quilt made of each artist's individuality.\" Paul Simpson of AllMusic stated, \"As dense as the mix gets, it never suffocates, and all of the instruments are allowed to breathe easily.\" He called the album \"an inventive, vibrant work that constantly surprises and uplifts.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8470c846", "title": "Shebang (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8470c846.json"}}
{"text": "Lucas Martins of Beats Per Minute wrote, \"For an outsider, it is best approached without expectations, as Ambarchi has no intention to conform to them.\" He added, \"Long-time followers of his work, however, will find the label of 'workout' very appropriate, as he flexes the creative muscles which have allowed him to create so many long-winded symphonies in the past.\" Philip Sherburne of Pitchfork called the album \"Ambarchi's most ambitious and absorbing piece to date.\" He commented that \"Even when Ambarchi's instrument is hard to pick out, his vision is unmistakable.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8470c846", "title": "Shebang (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8470c846.json"}}
{"text": "Credits adapted from liner notes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8470c846", "title": "Shebang (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8470c846.json"}}
{"text": "Oren Ambarchi – guitar, etc., editing, mixing", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8470c846", "title": "Shebang (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8470c846.json"}}
{"text": "Joe Talia – drums, additional recording, mixing, mastering", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8470c846", "title": "Shebang (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8470c846.json"}}
{"text": "Sam Dunscombe – bass clarinet (1, 2), additional recording", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8470c846", "title": "Shebang (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8470c846.json"}}
{"text": "B. J. Cole – pedal steel guitar (2, 4), additional recording", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8470c846", "title": "Shebang (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8470c846.json"}}
{"text": "Johan Berthling – double bass (3), additional recording", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8470c846", "title": "Shebang (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8470c846.json"}}
{"text": "Chris Abrahams – piano (3, 4), additional recording", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8470c846", "title": "Shebang (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8470c846.json"}}
{"text": "Jim O'Rourke – synthesizer (3, 4), additional recording", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8470c846", "title": "Shebang (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8470c846.json"}}
{"text": "Julia Reidy – 12-string guitar (3, 4)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8470c846", "title": "Shebang (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8470c846.json"}}
{"text": "Joerg Hiller – editing, recording", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8470c846", "title": "Shebang (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8470c846.json"}}
{"text": "Konrad Sprenger – executive production", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8470c846", "title": "Shebang (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8470c846.json"}}
{"text": "Dick Wolf – executive production", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8470c846", "title": "Shebang (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8470c846.json"}}
{"text": "Stephen O'Malley – design", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8470c846", "title": "Shebang (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8470c846.json"}}
{"text": "April Pethybridge – front cover cake photography", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8470c846", "title": "Shebang (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8470c846.json"}}
{"text": "Traianos Pakioufakis – feet photography", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8470c846", "title": "Shebang (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8470c846.json"}}
{"text": "Glenn Han – party photography", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8470c846", "title": "Shebang (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8470c846.json"}}
{"text": "Shebang at Discogs (list of releases)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8470c846", "title": "Shebang (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8470c846.json"}}
{"text": "Astyanax jordani  is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Acestrorhamphidae, the American characins. This fish is found in Mexico. It is sometimes called the cave tetra, or by its local Spanish name sardina ciega.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_816dcf21", "title": "Astyanax jordani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astyanax_jordani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_816dcf21.json"}}
{"text": "A blind cave fish, A. jordani is very closely related to the Mexican tetra (A. mexicanus) and their taxonomy is disputed. Some treat the two as variants of a single species (in which case A. jordani is a junior synonym of A. mexicanus) and this is supported by phylogenetic evidence, but others continue to recognize the two as separate species.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_816dcf21", "title": "Astyanax jordani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astyanax_jordani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_816dcf21.json"}}
{"text": "A. jordani is listed on the IUCN Red List as Endangered on the basis of a dwindling population and an acutely-restricted, highly variable habitat. It is fairly resilient, however, having a population doubling time of 15 months.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_816dcf21", "title": "Astyanax jordani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astyanax_jordani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_816dcf21.json"}}
{"text": "The fish was named in honor of C. Basil Jordan of the Texas Aquaria Fish Company (Dallas, Texas), who donated the first type specimens and documented and observed the first wild blind characins known to science.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_816dcf21", "title": "Astyanax jordani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astyanax_jordani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_816dcf21.json"}}
{"text": "It reportedly has been introduced to the Philippines.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_816dcf21", "title": "Astyanax jordani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astyanax_jordani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_816dcf21.json"}}
{"text": "Julia Gutiérrez Caba OAXS (born on 20 October 1928 in Madrid) is a Spanish theatre and film actress.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a3f6144c", "title": "Julia Gutiérrez Caba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Caba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a3f6144c.json"}}
{"text": "She is the daughter of actors Emilio Gutiérrez Esteban and Irene Caba Alba and sister of the actress Irene Gutiérrez Caba and actor Emilio Gutiérrez Caba.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a3f6144c", "title": "Julia Gutiérrez Caba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Caba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a3f6144c.json"}}
{"text": "Caba has not acted in a lot of films, she preferred stage and television, but she's the protagonist of Juan Antonio Bardem's masterpiece Nunca pasa nada and she appears in cult classic La gran familia film. She's very popular, even in Finland, for her role in TV series Los Serrano. She has won a Goya Awards as Best Supporting Actress for her role in José Luis Garci's You're the one.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a3f6144c", "title": "Julia Gutiérrez Caba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Caba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a3f6144c.json"}}
{"text": "Gold Medal of Merit in Labour (Kingdom of Spain, 1 December 2006).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a3f6144c", "title": "Julia Gutiérrez Caba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Caba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a3f6144c.json"}}
{"text": "Dame Grand Cross of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise (Kingdom of Spain, 7 October 2016).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a3f6144c", "title": "Julia Gutiérrez Caba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Caba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a3f6144c.json"}}
{"text": "Julia Gutiérrez Caba at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a3f6144c", "title": "Julia Gutiérrez Caba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Caba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a3f6144c.json"}}
{"text": "HMAS Supply (AO 195) was a Tide-class replenishment oiler of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA) and the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Originally named Tide Austral and intended to be the first ship of a post-World War II Royal Australian Fleet Auxiliary, manpower and financial shortages meant that when the Belfast-built ship was launched in 1955, she could not be accepted into Australian service. Instead, she was loaned to the RFA, operating RFA Tide Austral (A99). In August 1962, the ship was commissioned directly into the RAN, then renamed a month later to HMAS Supply. Supply operated as part of the RAN until her decommissioning at the end of 1985.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d1c4ad76", "title": "HMAS Supply (AO 195)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Supply_(AO_195)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d1c4ad76.json"}}
{"text": "Design, construction, and acquisition", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d1c4ad76", "title": "HMAS Supply (AO 195)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Supply_(AO_195)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d1c4ad76.json"}}
{"text": "In the early 1950s, the RAN considered acquiring a fleet tanker to support their forces. It was suggested that Australia order a Tide-class replenishment oiler from the United Kingdom (the Royal Navy having ordered three ships of the design), as the backlog of Navy construction in Australian dockyards would prevent an Australian-built tanker from entering service until at least the late 1950s. The tanker was to be the first ship of a post-war Royal Australian Fleet Auxiliary, would be manned by merchant seafarers to reduce demand on RAN service personnel, and would reduce the RAN's dependency on foreign fuel suppliers. The acquisition was approved by the Defence Committee and the Cabinet of Australia in August 1951, with the order placed by the end of the year.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d1c4ad76", "title": "HMAS Supply (AO 195)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Supply_(AO_195)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d1c4ad76.json"}}
{"text": "The ship, which was to be named RAFA Tide Austral, was laid down by Harland & Wolff Limited at Belfast in Northern Ireland on 5 August 1952, and launched on 1 September 1954. The tanker was completed at the start of 1955, at a cost of £A3.13 million: 20% over the forecast price. However, financial difficulties and a manpower shortage meant that the RAN could not operate the ship, and efforts to find a merchant operator were unsuccessful. Efforts to sell the ship to another navy or a civilian operator also failed, but in March 1955, the British Admiralty offered to take Tide Austral on loan and operate her as part of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d1c4ad76", "title": "HMAS Supply (AO 195)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Supply_(AO_195)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d1c4ad76.json"}}
{"text": "The tanker was operated by the British Admiralty with a civilian crew as a Royal Fleet Auxiliary under the name Tide Austral from 1955 to 1962. Her service under Admiralty control included various charter periods, including two years (1956–58) when she was employed at the Admiralty's discretion, operating in direct payment of a debt incurred for the taking over of Shell Tankers Ltd building berths.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d1c4ad76", "title": "HMAS Supply (AO 195)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Supply_(AO_195)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d1c4ad76.json"}}
{"text": "In 1962, the ship was purchased by Australia and commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy on 15 August 1962, under her original name. She was renamed HMAS Supply on 7 September 1962 in a ceremony presided over by the wife of Rear Admiral Otto Becher, the Australian Naval Representative in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d1c4ad76", "title": "HMAS Supply (AO 195)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Supply_(AO_195)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d1c4ad76.json"}}
{"text": "During her Australian service, Supply, accompanied initially by Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) frigate Otago, and later by RNZN frigate Canterbury, sailed to Moruroa Atoll in official protest of the French Canopus atmospheric nuclear test. On 27 December 1974, Supply sailed from Sydney as part of Operation Navy Help Darwin; a 13-ship relief force sent to Darwin following Cyclone Tracy. In 1975, Supply was present for the proclamation of Papua New Guinea's independence from Australia, and later for the bicentennial of the United States of America's independence from Britain.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d1c4ad76", "title": "HMAS Supply (AO 195)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Supply_(AO_195)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d1c4ad76.json"}}
{"text": "On 8 September 1980, Supply joined five other RAN vessels to form the Australia Squadron. The Squadron, which included HMA Ships Melbourne, Perth, Derwent, Stalwart, and Otama spent two months in the Indian Ocean as part of a flag-showing cruise; the largest RAN deployment since World War II.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d1c4ad76", "title": "HMAS Supply (AO 195)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Supply_(AO_195)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d1c4ad76.json"}}
{"text": "HMAS Supply paid off on 16 December 1985, and was replaced by HMAS Success.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d1c4ad76", "title": "HMAS Supply (AO 195)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Supply_(AO_195)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d1c4ad76.json"}}
{"text": "== Further reading ==", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d1c4ad76", "title": "HMAS Supply (AO 195)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Supply_(AO_195)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d1c4ad76.json"}}
{"text": "WDEE-FM (97.3 FM, \"Sunny 97.3\") is a radio station licensed to Reed City, Michigan, with studios in Big Rapids. The station plays the Classic Hits from 1955 through 2006.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7264d284", "title": "WDEE-FM", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDEE-FM", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7264d284.json"}}
{"text": "WDEE originally began as an AM station broadcasting on 1500 kHz, first going on the air in 1981, and under the ownership of David A. Carmine, a well-known country music radio personality from Detroit known by his on-air name of Dave Carr.  Carmine had moved to Harrison, Michigan, in 1973 to put his first station on the air in 1975, known then as WKKM.  WDEE first broadcast with its own independent staff and programming originating from downtown Reed City at 410 W. Upton Avenue.  By the end of the decade, WDEE was reduced to a simulcast outlet of WKKM in Harrison before finally being silenced in October 1992.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7264d284", "title": "WDEE-FM", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDEE-FM", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7264d284.json"}}
{"text": "Prior to this version of WDEE, the WDEE call sign was used on a well known 50,000–watt AM station in Detroit, Michigan, on the same frequency of 1500 kHz (now known as WLQV).  WDEE in Detroit was one of the first radio stations to program a country music format using top 40 methods and was very popular.  Like the original WDEE, Reed City's WDEE was a country station.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7264d284", "title": "WDEE-FM", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDEE-FM", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7264d284.json"}}
{"text": "From 1960 to 1967 the call letters WDEE were assigned to a daytime AM station in Hamden, Connecticut broadcasting on frequency 1220.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7264d284", "title": "WDEE-FM", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDEE-FM", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7264d284.json"}}
{"text": "Sale to current owner", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7264d284", "title": "WDEE-FM", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDEE-FM", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7264d284.json"}}
{"text": "In January 1994, WDEE was sold to Steven V. Beilfuss known to northwestern Michigan listeners as Steve Masters and best known for his tenure at 100,000 watt stations WLDR-FM in Traverse City and WKJF-FM in Cadillac. Beilfuss put the station back on the air in 1994 with an Oldies format.  Studios and offices were established at 2071⁄2 W. Upton Avenue in Reed City, not far from the original location.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7264d284", "title": "WDEE-FM", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDEE-FM", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7264d284.json"}}
{"text": "Originally a weak daytime-only AM signal of 250 watts, ownership then successfully applied for an FM license for 97.3 MHz, which made its debut as WDEE-FM as a full simulcast of its AM sister-station. At that time, the station was known as \"Classic Hits 97.3.\" At around this same time, studios and offices were relocated to 101 S. Higbee Street in Reed City.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7264d284", "title": "WDEE-FM", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDEE-FM", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7264d284.json"}}
{"text": "Eventually, programming was separated between the two stations, with a classic country format on WDEE. After ownership chose not to renew WDEE's license, WDEE-FM was left as the only license owned by Beilfuss Broadcasting and continues to broadcast today.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7264d284", "title": "WDEE-FM", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDEE-FM", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7264d284.json"}}
{"text": "Shortly after the turn of the 21st Century, WDEE-FM re-located its studios from Reed City into downtown Big Rapids. Their studios are currently located at 120 North Michigan Ave, Suite 4 in the plaza along with Family Dollar and the Michigan Secretary of State's office.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7264d284", "title": "WDEE-FM", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDEE-FM", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7264d284.json"}}
{"text": "Michiguide.com - WDEE-FM History", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7264d284", "title": "WDEE-FM", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDEE-FM", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7264d284.json"}}
{"text": "Facility details for Facility ID 63424 (WDEE-FM)   in the FCC Licensing and Management System", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7264d284", "title": "WDEE-FM", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDEE-FM", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7264d284.json"}}
{"text": "WDEE-FM in Nielsen Audio's FM station database", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7264d284", "title": "WDEE-FM", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDEE-FM", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7264d284.json"}}
{"text": "Kyle is a town in the Rural Municipality of Lacadena No. 228 in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The town had a population of 423 in the 2006 Census. The village was named for its original settler, Jeremiah Kyle, in 1923. Kyle is 72 kilometres (45 mi) north of Swift Current, and is situated along the remains of the historic Swift Current-Battleford Trail, 201 kilometres (125 mi) south-west of Saskatoon, 320 kilometres (200 mi) west of Regina and 32 kilometres (20 mi) north of Saskatchewan Landing Provincial Park on Highway 4.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_105c6043", "title": "Kyle, Saskatchewan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle,_Saskatchewan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_105c6043.json"}}
{"text": "In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Kyle had a population of 413 living in 216 of its 241 total private dwellings, a change of -8% from its 2016 population of 449. With a land area of 1.16 km2 (0.45 sq mi), it had a population density of 356.0/km2 (922.1/sq mi) in 2021.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_105c6043", "title": "Kyle, Saskatchewan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle,_Saskatchewan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_105c6043.json"}}
{"text": "The town is well-known locally both for being the site of a 12,000-year-old woolly mammoth discovery during road construction in 1964 (the bones of which are now on display at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum in Regina), and being the nearest community to La Reata Ranch, a working cattle ranch that doubles as a resort allowing guests to experience a real cowboy lifestyle first-hand.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_105c6043", "title": "Kyle, Saskatchewan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle,_Saskatchewan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_105c6043.json"}}
{"text": "Near the town of Kyle is the Clearwater Lake Regional Park. On the road to it stands one of the last few drive-in theatres in Western Canada, which remains a very popular evening attraction for both young and old in the summer months. That drive-in is one of the few remaining in Saskatchewan. The others include the Jubilee Drive-in Theatre in Manitou Beach, the Prairie Dog Drive-in Theatre in Carlyle, the Moonlight Movies Drive-in in Pilot Butte, and the Twilite Drive-in Theater in Wolseley.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_105c6043", "title": "Kyle, Saskatchewan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle,_Saskatchewan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_105c6043.json"}}
{"text": "List of towns in Saskatchewan", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_105c6043", "title": "Kyle, Saskatchewan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle,_Saskatchewan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_105c6043.json"}}
{"text": "Matador Cooperative Farm", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_105c6043", "title": "Kyle, Saskatchewan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle,_Saskatchewan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_105c6043.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Kyle, Saskatchewan at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_105c6043", "title": "Kyle, Saskatchewan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle,_Saskatchewan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_105c6043.json"}}
{"text": "Holly Ross is a musician from Lancaster, England. She was the guitarist and lead vocalist of the band Angelica from 1994 to 2003. She became the lead performer for The Lovely Eggs from 2006. Her singing has been described as \"soft as butter Lancastrian tones.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37486d33", "title": "Holly Ross", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Ross", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37486d33.json"}}
{"text": "The End of a Beautiful Career (2000) (Mini-Album)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37486d33", "title": "Holly Ross", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Ross", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37486d33.json"}}
{"text": "The Seven Year Itch (2002)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37486d33", "title": "Holly Ross", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Ross", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37486d33.json"}}
{"text": "\"Teenage Girl Crush\" (1997)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37486d33", "title": "Holly Ross", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Ross", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37486d33.json"}}
{"text": "\"Why Did You Let My Kitten Die?\" (1999)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37486d33", "title": "Holly Ross", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Ross", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37486d33.json"}}
{"text": "\"Bring Back Her Head\" (1999)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37486d33", "title": "Holly Ross", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Ross", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37486d33.json"}}
{"text": "\"Take Me I'm Your Disease\" (2000)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37486d33", "title": "Holly Ross", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Ross", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37486d33.json"}}
{"text": "Deceptive Fifty (1998)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37486d33", "title": "Holly Ross", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Ross", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37486d33.json"}}
{"text": "Ladyfest UK 2001 (2001)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37486d33", "title": "Holly Ross", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Ross", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37486d33.json"}}
{"text": "Ladyfest UK 2003 (2003)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37486d33", "title": "Holly Ross", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Ross", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37486d33.json"}}
{"text": "The Manhattan Beach Botanical Garden (.66 acres (0.27 ha)) is a botanical garden located within Polliwog Park in Manhattan Beach, California. It is open daily with free admission. The garden was first envisioned in 1992, with garden construction starting in 1994. In 1997 the garden became a nonprofit organization, and its grand opening was on Earth Day 2001. It consists primarily of plants native to California.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca9da966", "title": "Manhattan Beach Botanical Garden", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Beach_Botanical_Garden", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca9da966.json"}}
{"text": "South Coast Botanic Garden", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca9da966", "title": "Manhattan Beach Botanical Garden", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Beach_Botanical_Garden", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca9da966.json"}}
{"text": "Santa Barbara Botanic Garden", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca9da966", "title": "Manhattan Beach Botanical Garden", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Beach_Botanical_Garden", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca9da966.json"}}
{"text": "California Botanic Garden", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca9da966", "title": "Manhattan Beach Botanical Garden", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Beach_Botanical_Garden", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca9da966.json"}}
{"text": "Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ca9da966", "title": "Manhattan Beach Botanical Garden", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Beach_Botanical_Garden", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ca9da966.json"}}
{"text": "Martin Thomsen (born 6 August 1982) is a Danish professional football manager and former player. He is currently the assistant coach of Viborg FF.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_967f455c", "title": "Martin Thomsen (footballer, born 1982)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Thomsen_(footballer,_born_1982)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_967f455c.json"}}
{"text": "Thomsen started his career playing for Valsgård IF 83, before joining his hometown side Hobro IK. Viborg FF quickly caught notion of the midfielder, and he signed a three-year contract at the Superliga team. Thomsen only played nine minutes altogether in the Superliga, as a substitute against F.C. Copenhagen on 21 July 2001. In the summer of 2003 he was loaned to Skive IK on a one-year basis. Viborg terminated Thomsen's contract after his loan spell at Skive.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_967f455c", "title": "Martin Thomsen (footballer, born 1982)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Thomsen_(footballer,_born_1982)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_967f455c.json"}}
{"text": "Thomsen signed with Skive IK on a permanent basis in 2004. He would stay at the club until 2013. In 2011, Thomsen scored 12 goals in the Danish second division, which was a decisive factor in Skive's surprising fourth place in the league. He was therefore awarded the Most Valuable Player award, ahead of players like Simon Makienok, Peter Graulund and Stephan Petersen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_967f455c", "title": "Martin Thomsen (footballer, born 1982)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Thomsen_(footballer,_born_1982)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_967f455c.json"}}
{"text": "On the last day of the transfer window on 31 January 2013, Thomsen moved from Skive IK to his former club Hobro IK, who bought him free from his contract. He experienced promotion to the Danish Superliga during his first season back at the club. In the 2014–15 season, Thomsen played all 33 matches with six goals and two assists as a result. On 28 May 2015, it was announced that Silkeborg IF had signed Thomsen on a free transfer, with him signing a two-year contract. It was announced on 16 December 2016 that Silkeborg and Thomsen had agreed to terminate the agreement. In January 2017, it was announced that he was taking up a position as player-assistant at Jammerbugt FC for a period of six months.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_967f455c", "title": "Martin Thomsen (footballer, born 1982)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Thomsen_(footballer,_born_1982)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_967f455c.json"}}
{"text": "In the summer of 2017, Thomsen returned to Skive IK, where he also played from 2004 to 2013. There, he signed a two-year contract, where he was to both act as a player and be part of the coaching team.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_967f455c", "title": "Martin Thomsen (footballer, born 1982)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Thomsen_(footballer,_born_1982)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_967f455c.json"}}
{"text": "Thomsen announced his retirement as a player in August 2018, and was instead appointed as the assistant coach to Thomas Røll at Skive. He signed a two-year contract extension as assistant coach for the club on 3 May 2019. Røll and Thomsen became a head coaching duo in July 2019, as the club wanted to use his talent in discovering and developing talents in the first team.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_967f455c", "title": "Martin Thomsen (footballer, born 1982)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Thomsen_(footballer,_born_1982)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_967f455c.json"}}
{"text": "Thomsen became the only head coach of Skive on 18 July 2020, as the club could not afford to pay two head coaches. As a result, Røll was dismissed.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_967f455c", "title": "Martin Thomsen (footballer, born 1982)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Thomsen_(footballer,_born_1982)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_967f455c.json"}}
{"text": "In June 2021, Thomsen left Skive and was announced as the new manager of Hobro IK. After four years, Thomsen announced his departure on 28 July 2025, as he had been sold to Danish Superliga club Viborg FF, where he had been appointed assistant coach under new head coach Nickolai Lund.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_967f455c", "title": "Martin Thomsen (footballer, born 1982)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Thomsen_(footballer,_born_1982)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_967f455c.json"}}
{"text": "Martin Thomsen at Soccerbase", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_967f455c", "title": "Martin Thomsen (footballer, born 1982)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Thomsen_(footballer,_born_1982)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_967f455c.json"}}
{"text": "Pixel Defenders Puzzle is a tile-matching video game developed by American studio Social Titans for iOS and Android.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_294117f0", "title": "Pixel Defenders Puzzle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Defenders_Puzzle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_294117f0.json"}}
{"text": "The game follows standard match-3 mechanics, where the player places three identical units next to each other to upgrade them. Units with defined roles such as barbarians, wizards and rangers can be created depending on the matched pixel colors. Each turn taken earns action points, which can be spent to attack the enemy, which aims to kill your \"VIP\", a piece that moves around the board and cannot attack. As of 2012, the game had 36 levels.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_294117f0", "title": "Pixel Defenders Puzzle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Defenders_Puzzle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_294117f0.json"}}
{"text": "The iOS version received \"favorable\" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_294117f0", "title": "Pixel Defenders Puzzle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Defenders_Puzzle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_294117f0.json"}}
{"text": "SlideToPlay wrote, \"Pixel Defenders Puzzle has lots of charm and challenge, and that's exactly what we look for in a great puzzle game. Although the main gameplay is somewhat similar to another title, Triple Town, the combat elements make Pixel Defenders Puzzle feel fresh and exciting.\" TouchArcade wrote, \"There's always been something satisfying about match-3 mechanics, but after enough years playing them over and over they're bound to start feeling stale. Pixel Defenders Puzzle steps beyond that by taking something from a game that was already an excellent evolution of the genre and moving it forward to another, even-more satisfying level.\" The Times described it as a \"clever and great-value game\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_294117f0", "title": "Pixel Defenders Puzzle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Defenders_Puzzle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_294117f0.json"}}
{"text": "Pixel Defenders Puzzle at MobyGames", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_294117f0", "title": "Pixel Defenders Puzzle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_Defenders_Puzzle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_294117f0.json"}}
{"text": "The Ahmad Yani class of six general-purpose frigates were acquired by the Indonesian Navy in the 1980s. They were originally built in the Netherlands for the Royal Netherlands Navy as the Van Speijk class which were licence-built versions of the British Leander class, Unlike its predecessors, this ship has been extensively modernized and modified by the Indonesian Navy since the 2000s, so its performance is not the same as the original.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94ca3584", "title": "Ahmad Yani-class frigate", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Yani-class_frigate", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94ca3584.json"}}
{"text": "In 1992, KRI Ki Hajar Dewantara, along with KRI Yos Sudarso and KRI Teluk Banten intercepted the Portuguese ship Lusitania Expresso in East Timor. Col. Widodo, deputy assistant of the Indonesian Navy´s Eastern Fleet, told Radio Republik Indonesia from aboard the Indonesian warship KRI Yos Sudarso that the ferry entered Indonesian waters at 5:28 a.m. local time on March 11, 1992. At 6:07, the Lusitania Expresso had travelled two to three nautical miles (3.7 to 5.6 km; 2.3 to 3.5 mi) into Indonesian territory and Captain Luis Dos Santos (Lusitania Expresso's captain) was ordered to leave immediately. Col. Widodo said the Portuguese ship captain obeyed the order and turned his ship around and headed back to sea.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94ca3584", "title": "Ahmad Yani-class frigate", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Yani-class_frigate", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94ca3584.json"}}
{"text": "All six frigates have had their steam turbine power plants replaced with marine diesel engines.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94ca3584", "title": "Ahmad Yani-class frigate", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Yani-class_frigate", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94ca3584.json"}}
{"text": "The frigates of the Ahmad Yani class are due to be replaced by the Martadinata-class frigates (SIGMA PKR 10514); the first of which, Raden Eddy Martadinata (331), was commissioned on 7 April 2017.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94ca3584", "title": "Ahmad Yani-class frigate", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Yani-class_frigate", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94ca3584.json"}}
{"text": "List of active Indonesian Navy ships", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94ca3584", "title": "Ahmad Yani-class frigate", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Yani-class_frigate", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94ca3584.json"}}
{"text": "Equipment of the Indonesian Navy", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94ca3584", "title": "Ahmad Yani-class frigate", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Yani-class_frigate", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94ca3584.json"}}
{"text": "Hubert Phillips (13 December 1891 – 9 January 1964) was a British economist, journalist, broadcaster, bridge player and organiser, composer of puzzles and quizzes, and the author of some 70 books.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Education and early career", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips was educated at Sexey's School, Bruton, and Merton College, Oxford, where he read History and Economics, taking a first class degree. He served in the British Army with the Essex Regiment throughout World War I.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "After the war, he became Head of the Department of Economics at Bristol University and Head of Extra-Mural Studies 1919–24; he was Director, Liberal Research Dept 1924; Economic Adviser and Secretary, Liberal Industrial Inquiry 1924–28; and adviser to the Parliamentary Liberal Party 1926-8. He stood as a Liberal Party candidate in 1929 at Wallasey. He joined the News Chronicle in 1930.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips' later career was as a journalist, broadcaster, freelance author, and organiser.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips was the founder (1932) and editor (1936–39) of the British Bridge World, and a pioneer of bridge organisation in England. He was the first chairman of the English Bridge Union in 1936. He was a key person in setting up the first Anglo-American match (Buller v Culbertson). He was the devisor and co-presenter of the first ever bridge programs on television, BBC 1936. These were programs which involved discussion of pre-selected hands, displayed on boards, followed by their bidding and play by expert pairs. Some of the hands were taken from famous matches, others were devised by Phillips. After play, comparison might be made, for example, with the play on the same hand in the Beasley–Culbertson match. The series was thought to be a great success, though of course viewership was limited in those days.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "As an author (the greater part of his income) he wrote on bridge, and on general knowledge, intellectual, mathematical and bridge puzzles and quizzes. Chess, he said, was his favourite game, but he wrote little on that subject. He wrote over 100 crime stories. He composed thousands of puzzles, both mathematical and inferential, and about 6000 crosswords. He wrote on bridge for the News Chronicle as 'Nine-spot', as well as being (by his own testimony) the chief leader writer for the paper for several years during World War II. He also contributed to The Nation and The New Statesman as 'Caliban'. He was the editor of the London early editions of Ely Culbertson's Contract Bridge Blue Book. He broadcast regularly on BBC radio – on Transatlantic Quiz and its offshoot Round Britain Quiz and later, on occasion, The Brains Trust. In his heyday he earned a five-figure income; but in later years a fondness for drink and gaming led to a decline in his fortunes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips as a bridge writer and as an organiser was always in competition with A.E. Manning Foster, who had been a professional player since the days of auction bridge, and was the bridge correspondent of The Times. Each of them founded a magazine (Foster's was the Bridge Magazine) and a duplicate bridge organisation (Phillips' was the National Bridge Association, founded 1933). It was not until after WWII that the two organisations were unified. He helped Terence Reese on his first steps to becoming a professional contract bridge player, and co-authored several books with him.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips donated the Hubert Phillips Bowl for the English Mixed Teams Championship. This competition has been played annually since 1937, with the exception of 1939–46, and is the only major event in the country played with aggregate scoring.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Opinions of colleagues", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "\"For many years Phillips was internationally the most eminent author of intellectual and mathematical puzzles under the name \"Caliban\" and \"Dogberry\", and of cryptic crosswords.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "\"He never lost his courtesy and good humour... he had a largeness of spirit that one seldom sees in this game or indeed in these times.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "\"Oh, yes, bridge players owe a lot to Hubert Phillips, particularly in the South [of England] where he organised and founded the English Bridge Union and the Duplicate Bridge Control Board.\" H. St John Ingram", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips was married twice: in 1919, to Margery Davies, who died in 1959, with whom he had a son, John, who died in 1961; and in 1961 to Madeleine Bartlett.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Ely Culbertson, edited by Hubert Phillips 1932. Contract Bridge Blue Book. Faber and Faber. London.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Ely Culbertson, Foreword by Hubert Phillips 1933. Britain v. America: Contract Bridge Championship of 1933. News Chronicle Publications Department. London.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Ely Culbertson, edited by Hubert Phillips 1933. Contract Bridge For Auction Players. Faber and Faber. London.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Harold Thorne, Fourth edition revised and enlarged by \"Petronius\" (Hubert Phillips), 1939. Thorne's Complete Contract Bridge. Eyre & Spottiswoode, London.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Aileen McCabe, Foreword by Hubert Phillips, 1933. Contract Without Tears. Faber and Faber. London.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Jordanis Pavlides, Foreword by M. Kissa and Hubert Phillips, One-Page Guide to Bidding. Games Publishers Ltd. London.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1951. Bridge at Ruff's Club. edited by Terence Reese. Batchworth. London", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1959. Bridge is Only a Game. Parrish, London. Illustrated by Pearl Falconer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1960. Bridge with Goren. Citadel Press. New York. Contributions by Charles Goren.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1939. Brush up Your Bridge. Dent, London. Illustrated by Ward.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1962. Making Bridge Pay: how to win at rubber bridge. Parrish, London.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1932. One Hundred Contract Bridge Hands. Faber and Faber. London.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1934. You Can Play and Laugh. Faber, London.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert and Terence Reese 1952. Bridge with Mr Playbetter. Batchworth. London", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert and Terence Reese 1937. The Elements of Contract. British Bridge World. London. Edition 1.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert and Terence Reese 1948. The Elements of Contract. Eyre and Spottiswoodie. London. Edition 2.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert and Terence Reese 1945. How to Play Bridge. Penguin. London.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert and Bernard Westall 1934. Two Hundred Hands from Match Play: an annotated case-book for contract bridge. De La Rue; Faber and Faber. London.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1921. The development of a residential qualification for representatives in colonial legislatures. Abingdon, Cincinnati, OH. [developed as a Columbia University doctoral dissertation]", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert, Shovelton S.T. & Marshall G.S. 1933. Caliban's problem book: mathematical, inferential and cryptographic puzzles. De La Rue, London.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1936. Brush Up Your Wits. J M Dent, London.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1941. Charteris Royal. Gollancz, London. [a thriller]", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert and Westall B.C. 1945. The complete book of card games. Witherby, London.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1945. Ask Me Another. Penguin (Ptarmigan Books No. 1). Illustrated by Pearl Falconer. A general knowledge quiz book.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1945. Something to think about. Penguin (Ptarmigan Books No. 2), Harmondsworth. Illustrated by Pearl Falconer. A book of logical and mathematical puzzles that sold over 100,000 copies.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1945. Word play. Penguin, Harmondsworth.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1948. Who wrote that? Penguin, Harmondsworth.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1947. Chipwinkle: 100 Crosswords with solutions. Penguin, Harmondsworth. [X-words are by Phillips; book includes a spoof biography of 'Eugene Chipwinkle']", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert and Falconer, Pearl (1949). Meet William Shakespeare. Cornleaf, London.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1950. Round Britain Quiz. Hamilton, London.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1951. The Hubert Phillips Annual 1951. [a compendium of puzzles and quizzes]", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1958. The Penguin Hoyle: a book of indoor games. Penguin, C.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Golombek, H. and Hubert Phillips 1959. Chess. Witherby.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1960. The Pan book of card games. Pan, London.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1960. 100 Crossword puzzles (the Hubert Phillips Crossword puzzle book). Penguin, Harmondsworth.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1960. Profitable poker: the mathematics and psychology of playing a winning game. Arco, NY.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1960. Journey to nowhere. MacGibbon & Kee, London. [a discursive autobiography, which concentrates on his early days]", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1961. My best puzzles in logic and reasoning. Dover, NY.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1961. My best puzzles in mathematics. Dover, NY.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Phillips, Hubert 1992. Mathematische puzzles: Homo ludens. Munich.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "\"The Chess-loving Puzzle-master\" by Edward Winter (chesshistory.com)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Hubert Phillips at the Library of Congress, with 38 library catalogue records (1928–1972)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_818257fa", "title": "Hubert Phillips", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Phillips", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_818257fa.json"}}
{"text": "Private Jones is a 1933 American pre-Code comedy film directed by Russell Mack and written by Prescott Chaplin, Bill Cohen, George Jessel, William N. Robson and Sam Spewack. The film, which stars Lee Tracy, Gloria Stuart, Donald Cook, Emma Dunn, Shirley Grey and Frank McHugh, was released by Universal Pictures on March 25, 1933.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a16f3995", "title": "Private Jones", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Jones", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a16f3995.json"}}
{"text": "Mr. Jones is drafted to fight in World War I, after America declares war on Germany in 1917. He is, however, wholly unwilling. He attempts to evade the draft by arguing to be the sole provider for his family, but to no avail. He \"snarl[s] at patriotism,\" and does not think there is any reason for him to fight the Germans. After actively fighting for his country, his opinions may have changed.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a16f3995", "title": "Private Jones", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Jones", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a16f3995.json"}}
{"text": "Lee Tracy as Pvt. William 'Bill' Jones", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a16f3995", "title": "Private Jones", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Jones", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a16f3995.json"}}
{"text": "Gloria Stuart as Mary Gregg", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a16f3995", "title": "Private Jones", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Jones", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a16f3995.json"}}
{"text": "Donald Cook as Lt. John Gregg", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a16f3995", "title": "Private Jones", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Jones", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a16f3995.json"}}
{"text": "Emma Dunn as Mrs. Jones", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a16f3995", "title": "Private Jones", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Jones", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a16f3995.json"}}
{"text": "Shirley Grey as Helen Jones", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a16f3995", "title": "Private Jones", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Jones", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a16f3995.json"}}
{"text": "Frank McHugh as 'Greasy'", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a16f3995", "title": "Private Jones", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Jones", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a16f3995.json"}}
{"text": "Russell Gleason as Williams", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a16f3995", "title": "Private Jones", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Jones", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a16f3995.json"}}
{"text": "Walter Catlett as Spivey", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a16f3995", "title": "Private Jones", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Jones", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a16f3995.json"}}
{"text": "Berton Churchill as Roger Winthrop", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a16f3995", "title": "Private Jones", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Jones", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a16f3995.json"}}
{"text": "Private Jones at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a16f3995", "title": "Private Jones", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Jones", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a16f3995.json"}}
{"text": "Music, Music is the eighth studio album by Australian-American pop singer Helen Reddy that was released in the summer of 1976 by Capitol Records and later described by J. Scott McClintock for AllMusic: \"There are breezy, Bacharach-ian excursions ('Gladiola,' 'You Make It So Easy'), bluesy numbers ('Get Off Me Baby,' 'Ladychain'), light country ('Mama'), jazzy ballads (Paul Williams' torchy contribution, 'Nice to Be Around'), and even a little Philly soul ('I Can't Hear You No More'). On August 2 of that year the Recording Industry Association of America awarded the album with Gold certification for sales of 500,000 copies in the United States.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "It debuted on Billboard's Top LP's & Tapes chart that same month, in the issue dated August 14, and got as high as number 16.  It stopped at #36 in Cash Box magazine and #30 in Record World but made it to #14 in Canada's RPM magazine. The third album recorded by Reddy with producer Joe Wissert, Music, Music was cited in 1977 by Reddy as a personal favorite from among her albums. On August 23, 2005, Music, Music was released for the first time on compact disc as one of two Helen Reddy albums on one CD, the other album being her 1975 studio release, No Way to Treat a Lady.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "\"I Can't Hear You No More\" was released in the United States on July 26, 1976, and debuted on Billboard's  Hot 100 in the issue of the magazine dated August 7, eventually making it to number 29 over the course of nine weeks. In the following issue, dated August 14, it made its first appearance on the magazine's Easy Listening chart, where it spent 11 weeks, one of which was at number one. In RPM magazine the song got as high as number 36 pop.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "In Billboard's August 28 issue the single's B-side, \"Music Is My Life\", started to be listed on the Hot 100 alongside \"I Can't Hear You No More\" as a \"tag along\" to indicate that some radio stations were opting to play the flip side of the original hit that charted. While \"Music Is My Life\" did not have any showings on the list of Easy Listening hits, a third song from the album, \"Gladiola\", began a 12-week chart run there in the issue dated November 13 of that year that included a number 10 peak position but saw no activity on the pop chart.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "\"Music, Music\" (Pamela Polland) – 3:14", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Jeff Porcaro – drums", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "David Hungate – bass guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Fred Tackett – guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Bobbye Hall – congas", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "\"Gladiola\" (Alan Gordon) – 3:27", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Harvey Mason – drums", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Reini Press – bass guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Victor Feldman – percussions", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Tom Scott – alto sax solo", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "\"Mama\" (Harriet Schock) – 4:03", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Harvey Mason – drums", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Scotty Edwards – bass guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Ray Parker Jr. – guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Clarence McDonald – piano", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "\"Hold Me in Your Dreams Tonight\" (Marie Cain) – 2:42", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Harvey Mason – drums", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Reini Press – bass guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Victor Feldman – percussions", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "\"Get Off Me Baby\" (Jeff Langley, Holly Near) – 4:58", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Harvey Mason – drums", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Scotty Edwards – bass guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Ray Parker Jr. – guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Clarence McDonald – piano", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "\"I Can't Hear You No More\" (Gerry Goffin, Carole King) – 2:49", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Harvey Mason – drums", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Scotty Edwards – bass guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Larry Muhoberac – piano", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "\"Ladychain\" (Marcia Waldorf) – 3:58", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Harvey Mason – drums", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Scotty Edwards – bass guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Ray Parker Jr. – guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Clarence McDonald – piano", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Tom Scott – alto sax solo", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "\"Music Is My Life\" (Alan Gordon) – 2:29", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Jeff Porcaro – drums", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "David Hungate – bass guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Fred Tackett – guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Victor Feldman – percussions", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "\"Nice to Be Around\" (John Williams, Paul Williams) – 2:58", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Harvey Mason – drums", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Reini Press – bass guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Tom Scott – alto flute solo", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "\"You Make It So Easy\" (Helen Reddy, Carole Bayer Sager) – 2:23", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Harvey Mason – drums", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Scotty Edwards – bass guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "Larry Muhoberac – piano", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2ee6a0c6", "title": "Music, Music", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_Music", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2ee6a0c6.json"}}
{"text": "The Wolverhampton School of Art (George Wallis Building) is a nine-storey Brutalist Grade II listed building in Wolverhampton, England.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b02a387d", "title": "George Wallis Building", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallis_Building", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b02a387d.json"}}
{"text": "Grade II Listing Status", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b02a387d", "title": "George Wallis Building", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallis_Building", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b02a387d.json"}}
{"text": "On 16 December 2025, the School of Art building was granted Grade II listed status by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS), following advice from Historic England. The designation affords the structure legal protection as a site of special architectural or historic interest and effectively prevented its planned demolition. The decision followed a sustained campaign by heritage organisations, notably the Twentieth Century Society, which submitted the original listing application, alongside a public petition that attracted thousands of signatures.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b02a387d", "title": "George Wallis Building", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallis_Building", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b02a387d.json"}}
{"text": "The 1960s Brutalist building, overlooking Wolverhampton's inner ring road, had previously been earmarked for demolition as part of the University of Wolverhampton's proposals for a \"radical\" overhaul of its estate announced earlier in the year. Under these plans, the art school would have been removed and the site redeveloped on the advice of external university consultants.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b02a387d", "title": "George Wallis Building", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallis_Building", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b02a387d.json"}}
{"text": "Historic England's recommendation for listing cited the building's dual significance. This included its association with the British Black Art movement, particularly its role as the host venue for the First National Black Art Convention in 1982, as well as its architectural importance as a “striking” example of post-war Brutalist design. The organisation described the structure as an \"emblem on the skyline of the city\", highlighting its visual prominence and sculptural concrete form.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b02a387d", "title": "George Wallis Building", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallis_Building", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b02a387d.json"}}
{"text": "Opponents of demolition argued that the building possessed \"abundant potential\" for adaptive reuse and retrofitting, and that redevelopment proposals failed to adequately account for its cultural, architectural and environmental value.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b02a387d", "title": "George Wallis Building", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallis_Building", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b02a387d.json"}}
{"text": "Wolverhampton Inner Ring Road", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b02a387d", "title": "George Wallis Building", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallis_Building", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b02a387d.json"}}
{"text": "The Wolverhampton inner ring road (A4150) was planned and built in stages from the 1960s onwards as a traffic-relief route around the city centre. Its construction (circa 1960–1980s) required clearing some older streets and buildings. For example, St Patrick’s parish church was relocated in 1970 when its site was cleared for the new road. However, the School of Art (George Wallis Building, opened 1969) was built after the main route was laid out and was incorporated into the final road alignment.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b02a387d", "title": "George Wallis Building", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallis_Building", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b02a387d.json"}}
{"text": "The only recent proposals to remove the School of Art building came from the University of Wolverhampton’s own campus redevelopment plan – not from highway planning. In early 2025 the university announced it would vacate and demolish its nine‑storey art school on the ring road, a move aimed at campus reorganization. This demolition plan prompted heritage campaigns and ultimately Grade II listing of the building.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b02a387d", "title": "George Wallis Building", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallis_Building", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b02a387d.json"}}
{"text": "Isaac Staples (September 25, 1816 – June 27, 1898) was a powerful lumber baron in the St. Croix River Valley during the logging boom of the late 19th century.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2d8cecea", "title": "Isaac Staples", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Staples", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2d8cecea.json"}}
{"text": "Aside from his massive holdings and operations in timber, sawmills and the St. Croix Boom Company, Staples was also the region's most successful farmer and an important banker.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2d8cecea", "title": "Isaac Staples", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Staples", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2d8cecea.json"}}
{"text": "Isaac Staples was born in Topsham, Maine on September 25, 1816. He arrived in Stillwater, Minnesota, the heart of the timber-rich St. Croix River Valley, in 1853 as a representative of eastern investors, including Samuel F. Hersey.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2d8cecea", "title": "Isaac Staples", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Staples", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2d8cecea.json"}}
{"text": "He married Caroline B. Rogers in 1839. She died a year later, and he remarried to Olivia J. Pettengill in 1841. They had four sons and four daughters together.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2d8cecea", "title": "Isaac Staples", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Staples", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2d8cecea.json"}}
{"text": "Staples died in Stillwater on June 27, 1898.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2d8cecea", "title": "Isaac Staples", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Staples", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2d8cecea.json"}}
{"text": "Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDE1B gene.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_613073d4", "title": "PDE1B", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDE1B", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_613073d4.json"}}
{"text": "== Further reading ==", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_613073d4", "title": "PDE1B", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDE1B", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_613073d4.json"}}
{"text": "River Valley Mall is an enclosed shopping mall serving Lancaster, Ohio, United States. It was built in 1987 by Glimcher Realty Trust. The mall's anchor stores are Cinemark Theatres, Dick's Sporting Goods, and JCPenney. There is anchor store under construction that is expected to open in 2026 called Rural King which is opening in a space formerly occupied by Elder-Beerman. There is also one vacant anchor store that was once Sears. The mall is owned by Namdar Realty Group.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_710633e2", "title": "River Valley Mall", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Valley_Mall", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_710633e2.json"}}
{"text": "In 1985, Fairfield County, Ohio commissioners approved a contract submitted by Glimcher Realty Trust to develop River Valley Mall along Memorial Drive, then part of US 33, west of the city of Lancaster, Ohio. Initial building costs were estimated at $4,000,000, not counting improvements to the infrastructure around the property. Construction began in June 1986, by which point Glimcher had confirmed that the mall would consist of nearly 500,000 square feet (46,000 m2) of retail space, including approximately 80 shops and restaurants and a movie theater. Two anchor stores had also committed to the project at this point: Lazarus, and J. C. Penney, which would relocate from its existing store in the Plaza Shopping Center. By August 1986, Hills had been confirmed as the mall's third anchor, and Elder-Beerman as the fourth in March 1987. Mall developers noted that the mall's tenant mix reflected the retail needs of a market the size of Lancaster, and that the decision to add a fourth department store was due to the initial success of the company's Indian Mound Mall in Heath, Ohio. Upon opening for business on October 1, 1987, the mall had more than 50 spaces leased. Over 25 stores joined the mall by 1989, including a 100,000-square-foot (9,300 m2) expansion consisting of the movie theater and a fifth anchor store, Sears, which opened that October. Sears had also relocated from the Plaza Shopping Center. On July 23, 1995, a Target store opened near the mall.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_710633e2", "title": "River Valley Mall", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Valley_Mall", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_710633e2.json"}}
{"text": "Ames acquired the Hills chain in 1999, but closed the store in 2001 as part of its departure from Ohio. Lazarus was converted to Macy's in 2005, but closed in 2007 due to declining sales. Steve & Barry's, which took the former Ames in 2003, closed in 2009 when the chain went out of business, although the mall also added IHOP and Old Navy at this point. A 2009 Columbus Dispatch article noted that the additions of these new stores countered concerns about decreasing mall traffic after the US 33 by pass of Lancaster was built in 2005. Dick's Sporting Goods took the former Lazarus/Macy's anchor in 2010.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_710633e2", "title": "River Valley Mall", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Valley_Mall", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_710633e2.json"}}
{"text": "In 2014, Regal Cinemas closed the mall's movie theater, following announcements that Cinemark would demolish the former Steve & Barry's building for a new theater. At the same time, Glimcher put up both River Valley and Indian Mound malls for sale. Glimcher forfeited ownership of the mall to Woodmont Company in 2016 to avoid foreclosure, and Woodmont in turn sold it to RVM LLC in 2017. Sears closed in April 2017 as part of a plan to close 150 stores nationwide. Elder-Beerman closed on August 29, 2018 when its parent company The Bon-Ton went out of business. As of 2021, River Valley Mall had an occupancy rate of 50 percent.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_710633e2", "title": "River Valley Mall", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Valley_Mall", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_710633e2.json"}}
{"text": "The Lancaster Eagle-Gazette reported on September 3, 2025 that Rural King was planning to move into the former Elder-Beerman space in 2026 after receiving a permit from the city on an exemption on having an outdoor sales space. The location, which would supplement Rural King's existing local footprint in Heath and Circleville and compete with two Tractor Supply Company locations in the immediate Lancaster area, would be retrofitted into the former Elder-Beerman as opposed to a new build, as is common at other Rural King locations including the aforementioned locations in Heath (former Hobby Lobby after the latter moved) and Circleville (former Walmart after the latter built a supercenter across the street) and would fit a growing trend of Rural King being located at shopping malls such as at the Beaver Valley Mall in Monaca, Pennsylvania. The former Sears space has been used for Toys for Tots drives and Spirit Halloween pop-up stores since its vacancy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_710633e2", "title": "River Valley Mall", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Valley_Mall", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_710633e2.json"}}
{"text": "Rozanne Slik (born 12 April 1991) is a Dutch racing cyclist, who competes in mountain biking for the KMC Mountainbike Team. Prior to this, Slik also competed in road bicycle racing from 2013 to 2021 for five different UCI Women's Teams – and took two professional victories, winning stages at the 2015 Auensteiner–Radsporttage, and the 2018 Thüringen Rundfahrt der Frauen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6f328b37", "title": "Rozanne Slik", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozanne_Slik", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6f328b37.json"}}
{"text": "She is the sister of racing cyclist Ivar Slik.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6f328b37", "title": "Rozanne Slik", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozanne_Slik", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6f328b37.json"}}
{"text": "2014 Parkhotel Valkenburg Continental Team season", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6f328b37", "title": "Rozanne Slik", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozanne_Slik", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6f328b37.json"}}
{"text": "Rozanne Slik at Cycling Archives", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6f328b37", "title": "Rozanne Slik", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozanne_Slik", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6f328b37.json"}}
{"text": "Rozanne Slik at ProCyclingStats", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6f328b37", "title": "Rozanne Slik", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozanne_Slik", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6f328b37.json"}}
{"text": "Rozanne Slik at Cycling Quotient", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6f328b37", "title": "Rozanne Slik", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozanne_Slik", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6f328b37.json"}}
{"text": "Rozanne Slik at MTB Data", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6f328b37", "title": "Rozanne Slik", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozanne_Slik", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6f328b37.json"}}
{"text": "The Fort de Barchon (French pronunciation: [fɔʁ də baʁʃɔ̃]) is one of twelve forts built around Liège, Belgium, in the late 19th century. The overall Fortified Position of Liège was a constituent part of the country's National Redoubt. Fort de Barchon was built between 1881 and 1884 according to the plans of General Henri Alexis Brialmont. Contrasting with the French forts built in the same era by Raymond Adolphe Séré de Rivières, the fort was built exclusively of unreinforced concrete, a new material, rather than masonry. The fort was heavily bombarded by German artillery in the Battle of Liège. Barchon was upgraded in the 1930s in an attempt to forestall or slow an attack from Germany.  It saw action in 1940 during the Battle of Belgium, and was captured by German forces. It is preserved as a museum and may be visited by the public.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bfe00ba2", "title": "Fort de Barchon", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_de_Barchon", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bfe00ba2.json"}}
{"text": "The Fort de Barchon is located about 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) northeast of the center of Liège, just off the E40 highway.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bfe00ba2", "title": "Fort de Barchon", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_de_Barchon", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bfe00ba2.json"}}
{"text": "The fort forms an isosceles triangle whose base is 300 metres (980 ft) long and whose sides measure 235 metres (771 ft). A 6-metre (20 ft) deep by 8-metre (26 ft) ditch encircles the fort. The principal armament was concentrated in the central massif. The ditches were defended in enfilade by 57 mm guns in casemates resembling counterscarp batteries, firing at shot traps at the other end of the ditch. It is one of the larger forts of Liège.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bfe00ba2", "title": "Fort de Barchon", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_de_Barchon", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bfe00ba2.json"}}
{"text": "With the exception of the Fort de Loncin, the Belgian forts made little provision for the daily needs of their wartime garrisons, locating latrines, showers, kitchens and the morgue in the fort's counterscarp, a location that would be untenable in combat. This would have profound effects on the forts' ability to endure a long assault. The service areas were placed directly opposite the barracks, which opened into the ditch in the rear of the fort (i.e., in the face towards Liège), with lesser protection than  the two \"salient\" sides. The Brialmont forts placed a weaker side to the rear to allow for recapture by Belgian forces from the rear, and located the barracks and support facilities on this side, using the rear ditch for light and ventilation of living spaces. In combat heavy shellfire made the rear ditch untenable, and German forces were able to get between the forts and attack them from the rear.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bfe00ba2", "title": "Fort de Barchon", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_de_Barchon", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bfe00ba2.json"}}
{"text": "The Brialmont forts were designed to be protected from shellfire equaling their heaviest guns: 21 cm. The top of the central massif used 4 metres (13 ft) of unreinforced concrete, while the caserne walls, judged to be less exposed, used 1.5 metres (4.9 ft). Under fire, the forts were damaged by 21 cm fire and could not withstand heavier artillery.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bfe00ba2", "title": "Fort de Barchon", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_de_Barchon", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bfe00ba2.json"}}
{"text": "Barchon's armament included two rotating Grüsonwerke turrets with a single 21 cm gun, a 15 cm Creusot turret with twin guns and two 12 cm Châtillon-Commentry turret with two guns, all for distant targets. Four retractable 57 mm Grüsonwerke gun turrets were provided for local defense. The fort also mounted an observation turret with a searchlight. nine rapid-fire 57 mm Grüsonwerke guns were provided in casemates for the defense of the ditches and the postern, as well as two mobile guns.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bfe00ba2", "title": "Fort de Barchon", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_de_Barchon", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bfe00ba2.json"}}
{"text": "The fort's heavy guns were German, typically Krupp, while the turret mechanisms were from a variety of sources. The fort was provided with signal lights to permit communication with the neighboring Fort de Loncin and Fort de Liers. The guns were fired using black powder rather than smokeless powder, producing choking gas in the confined firing spaces that spread throughout the fort.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bfe00ba2", "title": "Fort de Barchon", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_de_Barchon", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bfe00ba2.json"}}
{"text": "The fort was defended by 300 artillery troops and 90 infantry, commanded by Captain-Commandant Hannefstingels.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bfe00ba2", "title": "Fort de Barchon", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_de_Barchon", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bfe00ba2.json"}}
{"text": "Barchon first came under attack on 5 August 1914, a day before the city first came under fire. On the 6th German forces seeking to infiltrate between Barchon and the Meuse were forced to retreat. Because the Liège fortifications had proved to be unexpectedly stubborn, the Germans brought heavy siege artillery to bombard the forts with shells far larger than they were designed to resist. Barchon was heavily bombarded starting 8 August with 21 cm artillery. The fort's surrender was demanded under a flag of truce: once refused, the bombardment recommenced. Much of the fort's armament was damaged, and the air became unbreathable. Barchon surrendered at 1600 hours, the first of the Liège forts to do so. Twenty-two of the garrison had been killed.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bfe00ba2", "title": "Fort de Barchon", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_de_Barchon", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bfe00ba2.json"}}
{"text": "In 1915 the Germans undertook an improvement program for Barchon and other Liège positions, modifying the entrance, adding concrete cover and adding metal decking under concrete ceilings. Non-structural improvements included forced ventilation and moving latrines, kitchens and the bakery into the main fort.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bfe00ba2", "title": "Fort de Barchon", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_de_Barchon", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bfe00ba2.json"}}
{"text": "Fortified Position of Liège", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bfe00ba2", "title": "Fort de Barchon", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_de_Barchon", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bfe00ba2.json"}}
{"text": "Barchon's armament was upgraded in the 1930s to become part of the Fortified Position of Liège II, which was planned to deter a German incursion over the nearby border. The 21 cm turrets were replaced with longer-range 15 cm turrets, the 15 cm turret was replaced by a turret with machine guns and grenade launchers, and the 12 cm turrets were replaced with turrets containing twin 105 mm guns. Twin twin 120 mm mortars were added. These new weapons were German in origin. Five 75 mm turrets were added as well as an anti-aircraft battery of machine guns. Protection was substantially increased. This was accompanied by improvements to ventilation, protection, sanitary facilities, communications and electrical power. A fortified air intake tower was provided to improve ventilation. New barracks were built at this time for peacetime accommodation. The fort also featured a pigeon loft for carrier pigeons. The fort was defended by 221 soldiers, 53 non-commissioned officers and 11 officers, under the command of Captain-Commandant Pourbaix.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bfe00ba2", "title": "Fort de Barchon", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_de_Barchon", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bfe00ba2.json"}}
{"text": "Barchon opened fire on the morning of 10 May in support of Fort Eben-Emael with 15 cm guns. The anti-aircraft battery shot down a German aircraft. Belgian Army field forces withdrew on 11 May, leaving the Liège forts to fight alone. Barchon continued to support Eben-Emael and Aubin-Neufchâteau. On the 12th the fort was directly attacked by German infantry. The next day Barchon was heavily bombarded by artillery. One of the 75 mm guns was overcharged and exploded. Bombardment and infantry attacks continued through the 17th, when the fort was attacked by air. Heavily damaged, the fort fought into the 18th, when the 105 mm turret was knocked out. The Germans requested surrender, whereupon the artillery and aerial bombardments resumed. The Germans mounted an infantry assault in the afternoon, supported by flamethrowers, that took the fort at 1800 hours. The garrison suffered four dead and twenty-two wounded.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bfe00ba2", "title": "Fort de Barchon", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_de_Barchon", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bfe00ba2.json"}}
{"text": "The fort has been restored by and is operated by a preservation organization. The fort's air intake tower remains as a prominent landmark. It is also used as an Airsoft arena.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bfe00ba2", "title": "Fort de Barchon", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_de_Barchon", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bfe00ba2.json"}}
{"text": "Donnell, Clayton, The Forts of the Meuse in World War I, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2007, ISBN 978-1-84603-114-4.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bfe00ba2", "title": "Fort de Barchon", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_de_Barchon", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bfe00ba2.json"}}
{"text": "Kauffmann, J.E., Jurga, R., Fortress Europe: European Fortifications of World War II, Da Capo Press, USA, 2002, ISBN 0-306-81174-X.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bfe00ba2", "title": "Fort de Barchon", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_de_Barchon", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bfe00ba2.json"}}
{"text": "Le fort de Barchon 1914 & 1940 (in French)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bfe00ba2", "title": "Fort de Barchon", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_de_Barchon", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bfe00ba2.json"}}
{"text": "Fort de Barchon at fortiff.be (in French)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bfe00ba2", "title": "Fort de Barchon", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_de_Barchon", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bfe00ba2.json"}}
{"text": "Antiguraleus ula is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_795c8457", "title": "Antiguraleus ula", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiguraleus_ula", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_795c8457.json"}}
{"text": "The length of the shell attains 6 mm, its diameter 3 mm.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_795c8457", "title": "Antiguraleus ula", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiguraleus_ula", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_795c8457.json"}}
{"text": "(Original description) The small shell is fusiform, biconical, angulated, obsoletely ribbed and spirally striate. The siphonal canal short. The sculpture consists of about 18 axial, very oblique, rather obsolete riblets, parted by wider shallow furrows. They are strongest and somewhat mucronate at the angulation, extending over the base, but not over the beak. There are many fine hairlike growth lines. The spirals there are a great many remote fine threads, finer and closer on the shoulder than on the body whorl. Those at the carination are strong, ornamented with minute granules, which swell into small tubercles in crossing the riblets. The interstices of the ribs and the spirals are microscopically granulated. The colour of the shell is semitransparent, flinty, white, with a crisp aspect. The spire is scalar, conoidal. The protoconch consists of 2 globose whorls, the nucleus is immersed. They are remotely microscopically regularly striated. The shell contains 5+1⁄2½ whorls|, slowly increasing, with a long sloping shoulder and a sharp carinated angle, below which they are cylindrical, slightly contracted at the suture. The base of the shell is convexly contracted to the short broad siphonal canal. The suture is linear, well marked by the contraction of the whorls. The aperture is rather large, pyriform, with 3 angles above and a wide open siphonal canal below. The outer lip is thin, angulated. rectilinear above the angle, flatly curved below. The sinus is shallow and rounded. The columella is short and straight. The inner lip is thin and narrow.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_795c8457", "title": "Antiguraleus ula", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiguraleus_ula", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_795c8457.json"}}
{"text": "This marine species occurs off North Island, East Cape to Otago, South Island, New Zealand, at a depth of 195 m.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_795c8457", "title": "Antiguraleus ula", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiguraleus_ula", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_795c8457.json"}}
{"text": "Powell, A.W.B. 1979: New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells, Collins, Auckland (p. 239)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_795c8457", "title": "Antiguraleus ula", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiguraleus_ula", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_795c8457.json"}}
{"text": "Tucker, J.K. 2004 Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zootaxa 682:1–1295.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_795c8457", "title": "Antiguraleus ula", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiguraleus_ula", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_795c8457.json"}}
{"text": "New Zealand Mollusca: Propebela ula", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_795c8457", "title": "Antiguraleus ula", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiguraleus_ula", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_795c8457.json"}}
{"text": "Nyctibatrachus major, the Malabar night frog, large wrinkled frog, or Boulenger's narrow-eyed frog, is a species of frog in the family Nyctibatrachidae, commonly known as the robust frogs. It was described in 1882 by the zoologist George Albert Boulenger, and is the type species of the genus Nyctibatrachus. It is a large frog for its genus, with an adult snout–vent length of 31.5–52.0 mm (1.24–2.05 in) for males and 43.7–54.2 mm (1.72–2.13 in) for females. It is mainly brownish to greyish in colour, with a dark greyish-brown upperside, a greyish-white underside, and light grey sides. It also has a variety of grey or brown markings. When preserved in ethanol, it is mostly greyish-brown to grey, with whitish sides. Sexes can be told apart by the presence of the femoral glands (bulbous glands near the inner thigh) in males.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_85c83d7b", "title": "Nyctibatrachus major", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctibatrachus_major", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_85c83d7b.json"}}
{"text": "The species is endemic to the Western Ghats mountain range of India, where it is found in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka. Adults inhabit fast-moving forest streams at elevations of up to 900 m (3,000 ft) and have highly specific habitat requirements. Adults are mostly found in or near water and are nocturnal; subadults can be found during both the night and day. Its diet mainly consists of other frogs and insect larvae. Over a period of several days or weeks, females lay multiple small clutches of eggs on leaves and rocks overhanging water; tadpoles drop into the water below on hatching. The species is currently classified as being endangered on the IUCN Red List owing to its small and severely fragmented range and ongoing habitat degradation. Threats to the species include habitat loss, increased human presence near the streams it inhabits, and possibly nitrate pollution caused by fertiliser overuse.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_85c83d7b", "title": "Nyctibatrachus major", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctibatrachus_major", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_85c83d7b.json"}}
{"text": "The zoologist George Albert Boulenger formally described the species as Nyctibatrachus major in 1882 on the basis of twelve type specimens from what he referred to as \"Wynaad\" and \"Malabar\", creating the genus Nyctibatrachus in the same publication. N. major was subsequently designated as the type species of Nyctibatrachus in 1942 by the American herpetologist George Myers. In 1910, zoologist Nelson Annandale described the species Rana travancorica on the basis of specimens collected from Travancore, presumably because of the shape of the pupils in these specimens, which was typical of the genus Rana. This species was synonymised with N. major by the herpetologist Raghavan Pillai in 1978, as he found the shape of the pupil to be a variable characteristic in preserved specimens. Although this synonymisation was disputed by the herpetologist Sushil Dutta in 1997, it has since been found to be valid and R. travancorica is currently treated as a synonym of N. major. In 2011, the herpetologist Sathyabhama Biju and colleagues re-examined the specimens from which the species was described, and concluded that several of these actually represented species distinct from N. major; they then designated an adult female collected from \"Malabar\" as the lectotype to avoid subsequent taxonomic uncertainty and ensure that the genus Nyctibatrachus could be tied to a single type species.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_85c83d7b", "title": "Nyctibatrachus major", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctibatrachus_major", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_85c83d7b.json"}}
{"text": "There are no subspecies of N. major. It is currently treated as one of 34 species in the night frog genus Nyctibatrachus, in the family Nyctibatrachidae, commonly known as the robust frogs. According to a 2017 study by the herpetologist Sonali Garg and colleagues, within the genus, it is sister (most closely related) to a clade (group of organisms descending from a common ancestor) formed by N. acanthodermis and N. gavi. These three species are further sister to a clade formed by N. grandis and N. sylvaticus. The clade of these five species is sister to N. radcliffei, and these six species are sister to N. indraneili. A study from 2014 found a slightly different relationship, with major being sister to gavi, and acanthodermis being sister to that clade. The following cladogram shows relationships within this clade based on a phylogeny from the 2017 study by Sonali Garg and colleagues:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_85c83d7b", "title": "Nyctibatrachus major", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctibatrachus_major", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_85c83d7b.json"}}
{"text": "The species had its DNA barcoded in 2010. This barcoding allows unknown specimens of the frog to be identified accurately with even small tissue samples, which could help resolve taxonomic uncertainties and aid conservation efforts for the species. The development of species-specific microsatellite markers could offer tools for assessing genetic variation and population dynamics, further informing conservation strategies for this species.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_85c83d7b", "title": "Nyctibatrachus major", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctibatrachus_major", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_85c83d7b.json"}}
{"text": "Nyctibatrachus major is a large species of night frog, with an adult snout–vent length of 31.5–52.0 mm (1.24–2.05 in) for males and 43.7–54.2 mm (1.72–2.13 in) for females; other species in the \"large\" group of Nyctibatrachus range in size from 41 to 77 mm (1.6 to 3.0 in). The upperside is dark greyish-brown, with variable light grey and dark brown markings, and the underside is greyish-white. The lores (area between the eyes and nostrils) and area around the tympanum (external ear) are dark brown, with a dark grey stripe between the eyelids, and the irises are dark brown. The sides of the belly are light grey, mottled with white and dark grey, and the groin is dark brown. The limbs are brown with pale diagonal bands. When preserved in 70% ethanol, the colour of the upperside changes to greyish-brown, marked variably with pale and dark brown. The colour of the band between the eyelids changes to faint grey, and the underside and sides become whitish, the latter marked with black spots. Males and females are broadly similar in their external appearance, but can be distinguished by the presence of the femoral glands (bulbous glands near the inner thigh) in males. Like other frogs in the genus, it has two rows of vomerine teeth along each vomerine ridge and a bluish-black liver that can be seen through the skin of the underside. Male frogs also have two vocal sacs, which are seen as an internal pair of slits at the back of the lower jaw. The sacs expand towards the sides and to a large size when inflated.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_85c83d7b", "title": "Nyctibatrachus major", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctibatrachus_major", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_85c83d7b.json"}}
{"text": "The species may be confused with several other species in its genus, namely N. dattatreyaensis, N. humayuni, N. indraneili, N. jog, N. karnatakaensis, N. petraeus and N. vrijeuni. It can be distinguished from these species by its large size; well-developed toe and finger discs; the absence of a groove on the third finger disc; the presence of a groove on the fourth toe disc; conspicuous wrinkling and glandular protrusions on the skin of the upperside; medium-sized webbing between the fingers; and a prominent Y-shaped ridge from the upper lip to the nostrils.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_85c83d7b", "title": "Nyctibatrachus major", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctibatrachus_major", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_85c83d7b.json"}}
{"text": "Tadpoles of the species are mainly black, with a brown body, brown underside of head, and a mostly white tail. There are two long pale marks on the lower back, and the tail has darks bands near the front. Tadpoles have a maximum length of 5.2 cm (2.0 in), of which one-half to two-thirds is the tail. Their heads and bodies are roughly egg-shaped and somewhat flattened, and the mouth is small with no teeth. After reaching a length of 1.5–1.9 cm (0.59–0.75 in), tadpoles have only a tail stump and begin metamorphosing; they can be distinguished from adults by the lack of grooves on the fingers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_85c83d7b", "title": "Nyctibatrachus major", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctibatrachus_major", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_85c83d7b.json"}}
{"text": "Advertisement calls consist of solitary notes 0.05 seconds long, delivered around 20 seconds apart. The calls are mainly delivered in a frequency band of 0.6–1.9 kHz, the frogs modulating calls significantly at the higher end of this range, although some calls are also delivered at a frequency of around 2.43 kHz.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_85c83d7b", "title": "Nyctibatrachus major", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctibatrachus_major", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_85c83d7b.json"}}
{"text": "Habitat and distribution", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_85c83d7b", "title": "Nyctibatrachus major", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctibatrachus_major", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_85c83d7b.json"}}
{"text": "The species is endemic to the Western Ghats of southern India, where it is found in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka. It was previously thought to also occur in Maharashtra, but those records are likely erroneous. Adults inhabit fast-moving streams in evergreen deciduous forest, secondary forest, and forest edge at elevations of 0–900 m (0–2,950 ft). They prefer undisturbed forest, and generally are not found in highly degraded habitats or in open areas near the boundary of a forest. In particular, streams inhabited by adults are slightly acidic (pH of 6.0–6.5), with low temperatures (18–24.5 °C (64–76 °F)), low light intensities, and low concentrations of calcium carbonate, as well as high levels of dissolved oxygen. Tadpoles also have highly specific requirements for their microhabitat, preferring streams with low air and water temperatures, low light intensity and dense canopy cover, high humidity, and large amounts of leaf litter. Tadpoles have been found at elevations up to 825 m (2,700 ft).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_85c83d7b", "title": "Nyctibatrachus major", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctibatrachus_major", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_85c83d7b.json"}}
{"text": "Adults are mostly nocturnal and spend most of their time in aquatic environments, most commonly being seen on rocks near water. During the day, adults typically conceal themselves below rocks, but subadults are more active. When disturbed or threatened, they scramble through the mud of the streambed and stay underwater for some time before coming to the surface again. Other observers have found that they rarely bury themselves in mud or try to exit the water and hide in nearby undergrowth.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_85c83d7b", "title": "Nyctibatrachus major", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctibatrachus_major", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_85c83d7b.json"}}
{"text": "Nyctibatrachus major mainly feeds on insect larvae and other frogs. It consumes insects like dragonflies in the genus Ophiogomphus, beetles in the genera Psephenus and Enochrus and the families Dytiscidae and Haliplidae, true bugs in the genus Neides, and springtails in the genus Sminthurinus. Frogs that N. major feeds on include Fejervarya limnocharis,  Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis, and Micrixalus saxicola; the especially high rates at which the species predates F. limnocharis and E. cyanophlyctis may be due to the fact that all of these species share the same microhabitat.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_85c83d7b", "title": "Nyctibatrachus major", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctibatrachus_major", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_85c83d7b.json"}}
{"text": "The species' life cycle and breeding behaviour are poorly known. Females with mature eggs have been collected from May to June; tadpoles have been collected in October. Femoral glands are only present in males and seem to show subtle seasonal variation, being longer proportional to total body length from February to September (before and during the monsoon) than from October to January (after the monsoon). This may indicate that these glands have a reproductive function and aid in amplexus (mating). Males also have extremely small testes proportional to their body size, although the reasons for this are unclear. The sperm of the species is rather distinctive, with a loosely coiled, S-shaped head and an unusually thin tail.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_85c83d7b", "title": "Nyctibatrachus major", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctibatrachus_major", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_85c83d7b.json"}}
{"text": "Mature eggs are pigmented and have an outer diameter of 4.1 mm (0.16 in). Immature eggs are smaller and colourless. Females possess egg cells undergoing several stages of maturity at any time; this suggests that they lay multiple small clutches of eggs over several days or weeks, instead of one large clutch at once. Eggs are laid on leaves and rocks overhanging water, after which the males guard them until they hatch and the tadpoles fall into the water below. Tadpoles metamorphose into froglets by 98 days.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_85c83d7b", "title": "Nyctibatrachus major", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctibatrachus_major", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_85c83d7b.json"}}
{"text": "Nyctibatrachus major is classified as being vulnerable on the IUCN Red List due to its small and fragmented range and ongoing habitat degradation. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by factors such as deforestation, wood and timber harvesting, and conversion of land for agricultural use. It is also threatened by the construction of check dams, road construction, and an increase in tourism in its range. Adults and tadpoles of N. major are highly sensitive to changes in their microhabitat. Consequently, increased human activities that alter their habitat may lead to declines in the species' population, as has occurred in the related N. aliciae.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_85c83d7b", "title": "Nyctibatrachus major", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctibatrachus_major", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_85c83d7b.json"}}
{"text": "The species may also be threatened by nitrate pollution caused by overuse of fertilisers. Due to habitat fragmentation, many of the streams the frog inhabits are adjacent to farms that experience high levels of nitrogen-based fertilizer use, leading to elevated nitrate concentrations in the water. The LC50 (concentration at which 50% of exposed tadpoles die) for nitrates in the species is 2,510 micrograms (μg) per litre over a 30-day period; nitrate concentrations in streams with N. major tadpoles have been collected vary from 110 to 6,000 μg per litre. Even sub-lethal concentrations of nitrates in the water lead to adverse effects such as paralysis, restlessness, abnormal swimming patterns, and swollen body parts.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_85c83d7b", "title": "Nyctibatrachus major", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctibatrachus_major", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_85c83d7b.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Nyctibatrachus major at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_85c83d7b", "title": "Nyctibatrachus major", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctibatrachus_major", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_85c83d7b.json"}}
{"text": "Madeleine Fié-Fieux (23 September 1897, Varennes-Changy — 28 August 1995, Clohars-Fouesnant) was a French painter. A student of the Académie Julian, she married the dentist Philippe Fieux with whom she moved to Nantes. In 1930, she continued studying painting at the city's art college where she developed a close friendship with her teacher Émile Simon. After the Second World War, Fié-Fieux, her husband and Simon moved into Squividan Manor near Bénodet, where they lived together for the next 30 years. She and Simon painted together in their studio there. Fie-Fieux is remembered mainly for her portraits, flower paintings and depictions of Breton statues. After Simon died in 1976, she created a museum on the estate where she exhibited his paintings together with a few of her own.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4d2d975d", "title": "Madeleine Fié-Fieux", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Fi%C3%A9-Fieux", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4d2d975d.json"}}
{"text": "Early life and education", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4d2d975d", "title": "Madeleine Fié-Fieux", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Fi%C3%A9-Fieux", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4d2d975d.json"}}
{"text": "Born in Varennes-Changy on 21 September 1897, Madeleine Fié was the daughter of the dentist Émile-Édouard Fié (1873–1952) and his wife Joséphine Maria née Desforges (1872–1958) who went on to run a pharmacy. Raised in a well-to-do family, from the age of six she attended the Lycée Molière in Paris where she proved to be a talented artist. She was given additional training in drawing in the Passy Town Hall. As a result of her early paintings, she was recommended to the Académie Julian where she studied for about ten years.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4d2d975d", "title": "Madeleine Fié-Fieux", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Fi%C3%A9-Fieux", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4d2d975d.json"}}
{"text": "Around 1926, she met Philippe Fieux (1896–1980) a friend of her father's who was studying dentistry. After he graduated, the couple married and moved to Nantes. Fié-Fieux decided to continue her art studies, receiving private tuition under Émile Simon who taught at the Nantes Fine Arts School.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4d2d975d", "title": "Madeleine Fié-Fieux", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Fi%C3%A9-Fieux", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4d2d975d.json"}}
{"text": "Fié-Fieux developed a close friendship with Simon who became her permanent mentor. After Nantes was bombed during the Second World War, she and her husband moved to Quimper and soon afterwards to the Squividan estate near Bénodet where they were joined by Simon. All three lived happily together there for some thirty years. Simon and Fié-Fieux painted together in a studio on the second floor of the manor house, inspired by scenes they saw in their travels around Brittany. Simon was highly productive but Fié-Fieux also produced portraits, still-lifes and religious works. She was a particularly competent portrait painter.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4d2d975d", "title": "Madeleine Fié-Fieux", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Fi%C3%A9-Fieux", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4d2d975d.json"}}
{"text": "Simon died on 25 September 1976, leaving a huge collection of his paintings which Fié-Fieux had encouraged him not to sell. In 1990, after suffering a burglary, she decided to donate them, together with her own works, to the Department of Finistère on condition the Squividan Manor was converted into a public museum.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4d2d975d", "title": "Madeleine Fié-Fieux", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Fi%C3%A9-Fieux", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4d2d975d.json"}}
{"text": "Madeleine Fié-Fieux died on 28 August 1995 in the Squividan Manor, Clohars-Fouesnant, aged 97. Her paintings are exhibited at Squividan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4d2d975d", "title": "Madeleine Fié-Fieux", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Fi%C3%A9-Fieux", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4d2d975d.json"}}
{"text": "Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth a.s. is a Czech manufacturing company of stationery products, based in České Budějovice. Established in 1790, it is one of the oldest stationery companies in the world.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b03a4233", "title": "Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh-i-Noor_Hardtmuth", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b03a4233.json"}}
{"text": "With four factories in its country of origin (České Budějovice, Městec Králové, Broumov, and Milevsko) and one in Bulgaria, the company manufactures and sells a wide range of writing implements, art materials, and office products, exporting them to more than 90 countries worldwide.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b03a4233", "title": "Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh-i-Noor_Hardtmuth", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b03a4233.json"}}
{"text": "The company was founded in 1790 by Joseph Hardtmuth (1758–1816) of Austria. In 1802, the company patented the first pencil lead made from a combination of kaolin and graphite.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b03a4233", "title": "Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh-i-Noor_Hardtmuth", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b03a4233.json"}}
{"text": "In 1848, Joseph's sons, Karl and Ludwig, took over the family business, and the production was relocated to the Bohemian city of Budweis (České Budějovice, within the current Czech Republic). The products were given awards in many world exhibitions, including in 1855 in New York City, 1856, 1900 and 1925 in Paris, 1862 in London, 1882 in Vienna and 1905 in Milan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b03a4233", "title": "Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh-i-Noor_Hardtmuth", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b03a4233.json"}}
{"text": "At the 1889 World Fair in Paris, the Hardtmuths displayed their pencils rebranded as \"Koh-I-Noor Hardtmuth\". Each pencil was encased in a yellow cedar-wood barrel. The inspiration for the name was the Koh-i-Noor diamond (Persian for \"Mountain of Light\"), part of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom (confiscated from the area of Kohinoor in India were the diamond originates from) , and the largest diamond in the world at the time.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b03a4233", "title": "Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh-i-Noor_Hardtmuth", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b03a4233.json"}}
{"text": "After the Second World War, Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth was nationalized. It became privately held in 1992. Since 2007, it has been a member of the Czech parent company KOH-I-NOOR Holding a.s.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b03a4233", "title": "Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh-i-Noor_Hardtmuth", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b03a4233.json"}}
{"text": "Since 2000 the owner of the company is Vlastislav Bříza, who is its chairman. The previous owner was Petr Kellner.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b03a4233", "title": "Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh-i-Noor_Hardtmuth", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b03a4233.json"}}
{"text": "The company has production facilities in more than 80 countries. It is also a contract manufacturer of small injection-moulded plastic products. Koh-i-Noor was a partner in making Jiří Barta's 2009 animated feature Toys In the Attic, and its pencils appear frequently throughout the film.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b03a4233", "title": "Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh-i-Noor_Hardtmuth", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b03a4233.json"}}
{"text": "Koh-i-Noor's range of products include:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b03a4233", "title": "Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh-i-Noor_Hardtmuth", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b03a4233.json"}}
{"text": "Del Monte Field (active 1941–1942) was a heavy bomber airfield of the Far East Air Force (FEAF) of the United States Army Air Forces, located in Mindanao in the Philippines. The airfield was located in a meadow of a Del Monte Corporation pineapple plantation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "Del Monte Airfield was first selected in September 1941 as an emergency landing strip on Mindanao, capable of landing four-engine B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers during the May to October wet season. It was built on a natural meadow on the Del Monte Pineapple Corporation plantation along the Sayre Highway, in the municipality of Maluko (now Manolo Fortich) of Bukidnon Province in northern Mindanao. The población of the rural municipality was nearby. The airfield was established as part of the build-up of United States military forces in the Philippines due to the rising tensions with the Empire of Japan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "In mid-November 1941, with the creation of the FEAF, General Douglas MacArthur approved the expansion of Del Monte into a heavy bomber base for the 7th Bombardment Group, projected to arrive in early December. His plans, MacArthur told the Chief of Staff on 29 November, called ultimately for more bomber bases in the Visayas to accommodate three additional groups, but since funds for construction of runways for such bases could not be immediately allocated, he agreed to use the field at Del Monte.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "On 21 November Col. Harold H. George, acting in place of FEAF commander Maj. Gen. Lewis H. Brereton while he was in Australia trying to arrange support bases for his air force, sent the newly arrived 5th Air Base Group to Del Monte in two inter-island steamers to hurry construction. Work on the field was rushed and by 5 December it was able to accommodate heavy bombers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "Two runways were built: No. 1 (main runway) and No. 2 (pursuit). A golf course was used as a third auxiliary strip. Additional dispersal airstrips were built over the next few months at Dalirig near Del Monte, Malaybalay, Maramag, and Valencia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "On the morning of 4 December, after the only operational FEAF radar site detected Japanese weather reconnaissance flights on several successive nights, MacArthur's headquarters ordered the 19th BG to be moved out of range of direct attack. However Brereton decided to send only half of the 35 B-17s at Clark Field to Del Monte because the latter could accommodate only six squadrons and the 7th BG was expected to arrive soon.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "Orders were issued on 5 December to move the 16 B-17s of the 14th and 93d Bombardment Squadrons from Clark to Del Monte. Since there were no barracks built at Del Monte yet, and intending to remain only 72 hours, the bombers were filled with tents, cots, blankets and rations. The men also took only what they needed, some toiletries and a few changes of uniform. The aircraft flew down singly on the night of 5–6 December, circling at the end of their 4-hour flight before being permitted to land at dawn (5 December in the United States) at Del Monte No. 1, just completed the day before. Materiel to support the arrival of the 7th BG was not scheduled to leave Luzon until 10 December.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "Battle of the Philippines", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "On 8 December, the initial Japanese attack on Clark Field caught most of the remainder of the 19th Bombardment Group on the ground. The bomber and fighter sweeps on the field destroyed most of the aircraft.  In the ensuing Battle of the Philippines (1942) and after the destruction of Clark and Nichols Fields on Luzon in the first days of the war, the Japanese flew extensive reconnaissance missions to discover the remaining American aircraft in the Philippines. They had been unable to find the Del Monte field, but it was only a question of time before this last haven would be discovered and destroyed as were the airfields on Luzon. Moreover, it was becoming increasingly difficult to service the B-17s with the inadequate facilities at Del Monte. There were no spare parts, engines, or propellers for the B-17s in the Philippines; damaged B-17s had to be cannibalized to keep the bombers flying. The only tools were those in the possession of the crews. The men who worked on the planes all night often got no rest the next day because of air alerts. On some days the heavy bombers had to remain aloft during the daylight hours to avoid destruction on the ground. They dodged back and forth between Mindanao and Luzon, playing a game of hide-and-seek that wore out men as well as planes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "B-17s flying from Del Monte Airfield became the first United States aircraft to engage in offensive action against the Japanese. On December 14, 1941, the American Army Air Forces reacted to the Japanese invasion of the Philippines at Legaspi, Luzon by sending 3 of a group of 6 Del Monte-based B-17s, ordered to attack the landing force. They attacked a Japanese minesweeper and a transport, thought to be a destroyer, with meager results, and 9 naval aircraft based on the Legaspi strip. The unescorted bombers were no match for the Japanese fighters and soon beat a hasty retreat. Only one of the B-17s was able to make its way back to Del Monte; the others had to crash-land short of their base. The Japanese lost at most 4 fighters.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "Under these conditions, it was evident that the remaining heavy bombers could not operate efficiently in the Philippines. General Brereton therefore requested authority on December 15 to move the B-17s to Darwin in northwest Australia, 1,500 miles away, where they could be based safely and serviced properly. His intention was to operate from fields near Darwin, using Del Monte as an advance base from which to strike enemy targets in the Philippines. The planes were immediately prepared for the long flight southward, and on December 15 the first group of B-17s left Del Monte airfield. By the following evening ten of the bombers had reached Batchelor Field outside Darwin. They had left Mindanao none too soon, as the complex of airfields was discovered by the Japanese on December 18, 1941 and attacked the following day by Japanese planes based on the carrier Ryujo.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "On December 22, 1941, 9 B-17's from Batchelor Field near Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, attacked shipping in Davao Bay, Mindanao Island and landed at Del Monte. The next day 4 B-17s took off from Del Monte after midnight and bombed enemy shipping in Lingayen Gulf. On the 24th, 3 B-17's based at Del Monte bombed the airfield and shipping at Davao on the southeast coast of Mindanao before flying to Australia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "On March 16, 1942, Del Monte was later used to evacuate General MacArthur, his family, and senior staff from the Philippines, leaving before midnight. The evacuation party had arrived by PT boat from Corregidor and on March 16, four B-17 Flying Fortresses from Australia flew up to Del Monte: B-17E 41-2408, B-17E 41-2429, B-17E 41-2434 and B-17E 41-2447 and evacuated them to Batchelor Field, arriving on the 17th.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "On Thursday, March 26, 1942, Del Monte was again used to evacuate Philippine President, Manuel Quezon, his family, doctors, chaplain, and senior staff.  Two B-17's had flown up from Australia and arrived at 8:45pm and departed again at 11pm for Australia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "On April 8, 1942, the air echelons of the 24th Pursuit Group along with the remaining Army Air Corps flying operations in the Philippines were withdrawn from Luzon and transferred to Del Monte with whatever aircraft were left to carry on the fight.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "In April 1942, a group of 7 B-25s and 3 B-17s from Australia returned to Del Monte for the Royce Mission, to attack the Japanese on three bombing missions. On April 12, B-25s hit the harbor and shipping at Cebu, Cebu Island while B-17s carried out single-bomber strikes against Cebu harbor and Nichols Field on Luzon. On 13 April B-25s hit targets in the Philippines for the second consecutive day. The B-25s took off just after midnight and bombed shipping at Cebu and installations at Davao on Mindanao. Later in the day the B-25s again attacked Davao, bombing the dock area.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "The advancing Japanese forced their return to Australia. In addition to the raids, they brought out a number of important military and diplomatic personnel who had gathered at Del Monte to await evacuation. The last of the 24th Pursuit Group's aircraft were captured or destroyed by enemy forces on or about May 1, 1942 when the airfield was abandoned by the United States, leaving its facilities to the Japanese invaders.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "Del Monte Airfield today", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "The complex was not used by the United States or Philippine Commonwealth armed forces during the Philippines Campaign (1944–45), and the airfields were returned to the Del Monte Pineapple Corporation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "MacArthur evacuation memorial at the site of the Del Monte Field, Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon, Philippines,", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "The present-day airstrip of the Del Monte company, built for their light aircraft, is about two miles south of the wartime airfield. Both #1 (Main) and #2 (Fighter) fields have become rice paddies and cornfields, a dirt road being the only trace of their wartime purpose. As of October 2013, The Del Monte Airfield is closed to general aviation, but ultralight aircraft, paramotor aircraft from paramotor flying school of Kampo Juan eco resort, and radio-controlled aircraft enthusiasts from nearby Cagayan de Oro city use the airfield with the approval of the Del Monte management.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "The Gen. Douglas MacArthur Landmark was erected by the Rotary Club of Northern Bukidnon in Barangay Dicklum to mark the site of Del Monte Field.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "United States Army Air Forces in the South West Pacific Theatre", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-89201-092-4.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "United States Army in World War II The Fall of the Philippines", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f172f941", "title": "Del Monte Airfield", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Airfield", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f172f941.json"}}
{"text": "\"Pow 2011\" (often capitalized as POW 2011 or POW! 2011) is a song by grime MC Lethal Bizzle, featuring fellow grime artists Jme, Wiley, Chipmunk, Face, P Money, Ghetts and Kano – who are usually credited as 'Grime All Stars'. The song is a sequel of Lethal Bizzle's hit single \"Pow! (Forward)\" which was released in 2004. \"Pow 2011\" was released as a single on 6 February 2011 for digital download and was produced by Teddy, also known as Silencer. It was the first single from Bizzle's compilation album, Best of Bizzle. Soccer AM used the song for the background music to a part of the show called \"Frimponged\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e11a54af", "title": "Pow 2011", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_2011", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e11a54af.json"}}
{"text": "The song was premiered by Tim Westwood on 18 November 2010. Each artist who is on the song wrote their own verse. The re-make is produced by Teddy, also known as Silencer – whose trademark is heard at the beginning of the song. He stated that he decided to re-make the original Pow beat, and make it \"Teddy-style\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e11a54af", "title": "Pow 2011", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_2011", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e11a54af.json"}}
{"text": "It was announced by Lethal Bizzle on Twitter that he would be re-releasing \"Pow!\" on 13 December 2010, to try to get the Christmas number 1 in the UK Singles Chart, like many people were trying to do by using Facebook campaigns. On 18 November 2010, Lethal was interviewed by Grime Daily. Bizzle revealed: \"The whole Pow 2011 thing started as a joke. I was on Twitter one day and I said 'You know what? Pow for Christmas number 1'. And bare people retweeted it and someone was like 'Bizz you should do an updated version to go with it.'\" Lethal (saying to another source) said: \"I felt the original was still relevant, 6 years on it's still one of the biggest club tunes, so it was kind of a no brainer. I was messing around on Twitter about doing a new POW and getting it to the top of the charts- and the reaction was so crazy I thought wow I actually have to make this happen...\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e11a54af", "title": "Pow 2011", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_2011", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e11a54af.json"}}
{"text": "Lethal then discussed how the collaborations came together, saying that he was not serious about recreating Pow at first: \"Wiley phoned me from Australia or Jamaica, he was in another country somewhere – and he was goin' \"bruv, what's this about you doing another Pow? I wanna be on it!\" When I said I was joking he was like \"No! Biz, you have to do it.\" Then some 1Xtra DJ called me and said \"bruv, you need to do that!\" I was just like \"are you bein' serious?\" Then I thought alright, I'll phone a few people, see who's on it. So I phoned Jme, he's like \"yup, I'm on it, 1000%\", I phoned Chipmunk, he's like \"yup, I'm on it, 1000%\". I was just like rah, people really want this!\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e11a54af", "title": "Pow 2011", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_2011", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e11a54af.json"}}
{"text": "Lethal said that there were other people who he asked to do a verse but were taking too long. Other Grime artists, Sway and Maxsta were originally supposed to be on the final version. Bizzle was also going to ask Tempa T (also known as Tempz) to do a verse but was touring with Chase & Status. Rumours went around that Chipmunk told Bizzle to not put Maxsta on but Bizzle declined those rumours. Kano, another Grime artist that is featured on Pow 2011, recorded a 16-bar rap – when originally everyone was expected to do an 8-bar. Sway recorded his verse but decided that he was not going to be on the song because of Kano's verse being a 16-bar. Sway did, however, record his own version containing 72-bars, named Wow 2011, which he uploaded on his YouTube channel. Kano also released an extended solo version of his verse for free download via SoundCloud, which he dubbed the 'Dench Edition'.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e11a54af", "title": "Pow 2011", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_2011", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e11a54af.json"}}
{"text": "The music video was uploaded to YouTube on 24 December 2010 and is directed by Carly Cussen, who has directed other music videos for 360 Records since the age of 17 (notably Tinie Tempah's early debut, \"Wifey\"). The storyline focuses on all the artists (except for Wiley, who is not in the video, however a picture of him is shown during his verse) successfully robbing a vault full of money. The police split up and chase after each of them. In the behind-the-scenes video, Bizzle described the storyline briefly; \"We're trying to make some money with this big plot while breaking in the vault. Everyone's got their own role to play in terms of trying to get the 10 million pounds.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e11a54af", "title": "Pow 2011", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_2011", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e11a54af.json"}}
{"text": "Lethal Bizzle plays the look-out, Jme being the distraction (who is captured and interrogated, then escapes), Chipmunk and Face collect the money and P Money plays the getaway driver. Two vans are shown – one with the money and one without (in order to fool the police). Ghetts drives the distraction van during his verse, who is then cornered. The policemen open the back of the van showing a goat. The van with the money, which is being driven by P Money, stops at a warehouse where Kano is shown hiding the bags of money. The rest of them arrive, take the bags, put them in the van and drive off – with some parts showing the van with the goat, along with the confused policemen. During Wiley's verse, Jme is shown being further interrogated and all the artists together outside the vault. Other scenes include Bizzle rapping alone outside the vault and at some points all of the artists together as shown during Wiley's verse.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e11a54af", "title": "Pow 2011", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_2011", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e11a54af.json"}}
{"text": "While talking about the video and Carly Cussen, Bizzle said: \"..;it was all her idea. Amazing, it was so funny – when we had the meeting, and she was like \"OK I've got this idea\" I'm sat there like cool. She says \"basically there's gonna be police; police chases, we're gonna rob a bank, we're gonna be on top of a roof...\" I was like is this girl being serious? Then she done a script and got all the locations and somehow we did it man! Incredible and yeah, me and her are working together to do the whole sequel thing, so look out for that!\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e11a54af", "title": "Pow 2011", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_2011", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e11a54af.json"}}
{"text": "\"POW 2011\" (Radio Edit) – 3:00 *", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e11a54af", "title": "Pow 2011", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_2011", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e11a54af.json"}}
{"text": "\"POW 2011\" (Big Beats Productions Remix) (Radio Edit) – 3:23 *", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e11a54af", "title": "Pow 2011", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_2011", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e11a54af.json"}}
{"text": "\"POW 2011\" (Original Edit) – 3:43", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e11a54af", "title": "Pow 2011", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_2011", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e11a54af.json"}}
{"text": "\"POW 2011\" (Original Edit Instrumental) – 3:43 *", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e11a54af", "title": "Pow 2011", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_2011", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e11a54af.json"}}
{"text": "\"POW 2011\" (Big Beats Productions Remix) – 4:30", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e11a54af", "title": "Pow 2011", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_2011", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e11a54af.json"}}
{"text": "\"POW 2011\" (Original Edit) – 3:43 *", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e11a54af", "title": "Pow 2011", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_2011", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e11a54af.json"}}
{"text": "\"POW 2011\" (Accapella Original Edit) – 3:29 *", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e11a54af", "title": "Pow 2011", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_2011", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e11a54af.json"}}
{"text": "\"POW 2011\" (Big Beats Productions Remix) – 4:30 *", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e11a54af", "title": "Pow 2011", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_2011", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e11a54af.json"}}
{"text": "\"POW 2011\" (Skream Murky Mix) – 3:41 *", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e11a54af", "title": "Pow 2011", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_2011", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e11a54af.json"}}
{"text": "* – explicit version.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e11a54af", "title": "Pow 2011", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_2011", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e11a54af.json"}}
{"text": "The Act of 5th November of 1916 was a declaration of Emperors Wilhelm II of Germany and Franz Joseph of Austria. This act promised the creation of the Kingdom of Poland out of territory of Congress Poland, envisioned by its authors as a puppet state controlled by the Central Powers. The origin of that document was the dire need to draft new recruits from German-occupied Poland for the war with Russia. Even though the act itself expressed very little in concrete terms, its declaration is regarded as one of main factors in the Polish efforts to regain independence. Despite official statements, the German Empire really planned to annex up to 30,000 km2 of prewar Congress Poland, with expulsion of between 2 and 3 million Poles and Jews out of these territories to make room for German settlers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0a2d227a", "title": "Act of 5th November", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_5th_November", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0a2d227a.json"}}
{"text": "Creation of the Provisional Council of State", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0a2d227a", "title": "Act of 5th November", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_5th_November", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0a2d227a.json"}}
{"text": "Following the declaration, on 6 December 1916, the Provisional Council of State was created, with Waclaw Niemojowski as its president, and Józef Piłsudski as chairman of its Military Commission. Units of the Polish Military Organisation were put under management of the Provisional Council of State, but the council itself had very limited authority and, after the oath crisis, was disbanded in August 1917. It was followed by the Temporary Committee of the Provisional Council of State (Komisja Przejściowa Tymczasowej Rady Stanu) and then by the Regency Council.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0a2d227a", "title": "Act of 5th November", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_5th_November", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0a2d227a.json"}}
{"text": "Plans for an independent Polish state by Italy, Russia, and the United States", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0a2d227a", "title": "Act of 5th November", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_5th_November", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0a2d227a.json"}}
{"text": "The Act of 5th November had a wide impact among the Allies of World War I. In December 1916, the Italian Parliament supported the independence of Poland, and in early 1917, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia  returned to the idea of independent Poland, tied in a union with the Russian Empire that Russian officials proposed already in 1914. At the same time, US President Woodrow Wilson also publicly expressed his support of a free Polish state.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0a2d227a", "title": "Act of 5th November", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_5th_November", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0a2d227a.json"}}
{"text": "Proto state for the Second Polish Republic", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0a2d227a", "title": "Act of 5th November", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_5th_November", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0a2d227a.json"}}
{"text": "Following the Armistice of 11 November 1918 ending the World War I, in spite of the previous  initial total dependence of the kingdom on its sponsors, it ultimately served against their intentions as the cornerstone proto state of the nascent Second Polish Republic, the latter composed also  of territories never intended by the Central Powers to be ceded to Poland.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0a2d227a", "title": "Act of 5th November", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_5th_November", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0a2d227a.json"}}
{"text": "Provisional Council of State", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0a2d227a", "title": "Act of 5th November", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_5th_November", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0a2d227a.json"}}
{"text": "Proclamation of the German Emperor and the Emperor of Austria, respecting the establishment of a Kingdom of Poland", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0a2d227a", "title": "Act of 5th November", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_5th_November", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0a2d227a.json"}}
{"text": "Protest of the Russian Government against the Austro-German proclamation of Nov.6, 1916, respecting Poland", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0a2d227a", "title": "Act of 5th November", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_5th_November", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0a2d227a.json"}}
{"text": "Protest of the Governments of Great Britain, France and Italy, against the Austro-German Proclamation of Nov. 6, 1916, respecting Poland", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0a2d227a", "title": "Act of 5th November", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_5th_November", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0a2d227a.json"}}
{"text": "Górniczy Klub Sportowy Górnik Łęczna (pronounced [ɡurˈɲit͡ʂɨ ˈklup spɔrˈtɔvɨ ˈɡurɲik ˈwɛnt͡ʂna]), commonly referred to as Górnik Łęczna, is a sports club based in Łęczna, Poland. It is best known for its men's professional football team, which competes in I liga, the second division in the Polish football league system. The club also fields teams in women's football and wrestling.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f103be4f", "title": "GKS Górnik Łęczna", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKS_G%C3%B3rnik_%C5%81%C4%99czna", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f103be4f.json"}}
{"text": "The club was founded in 1979, as a club for the local coal miners. As the years went, the local Bogdanka Coal Mine decided to invest more and more money and as a result the club quickly rose through the leagues. The club shed its relative obscurity when it gained promotion to the Ekstraklasa in 2003.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f103be4f", "title": "GKS Górnik Łęczna", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKS_G%C3%B3rnik_%C5%81%C4%99czna", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f103be4f.json"}}
{"text": "Górnik Łęczna played in the top division from 2003 until 2007, when they were relegated to the 3rd division, as a consequence of their involvement in a match fixing scandal. However they were promoted straight back up as league winners after the 2007–08 season and competed in the I Liga for six years before winning promotion to the 2014–15 Ekstraklasa.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f103be4f", "title": "GKS Górnik Łęczna", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKS_G%C3%B3rnik_%C5%81%C4%99czna", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f103be4f.json"}}
{"text": "Since 1 January 2007, the men's football department has been operating as a business entity separate from the rest of the club.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f103be4f", "title": "GKS Górnik Łęczna", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKS_G%C3%B3rnik_%C5%81%C4%99czna", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f103be4f.json"}}
{"text": "In February 2011, the team was renamed GKS Bogdanka (Polish pronunciation: [bɔɡˈdaŋka]) for sponsorship reasons, a decision from the local Bogdanka coal mine. As a result, a group of supporters opposing the name change formed an amateur team GKS Górnik 1979 Łęczna. On 23 July 2013, GKS Bogdanka's board of directors announced the return to the former name.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f103be4f", "title": "GKS Górnik Łęczna", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKS_G%C3%B3rnik_%C5%81%C4%99czna", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f103be4f.json"}}
{"text": "Champions: 1987–88 (gr. VII), 1995–96 (gr. V), 2007–08 (gr. IV), 2019–20", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f103be4f", "title": "GKS Górnik Łęczna", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKS_G%C3%B3rnik_%C5%81%C4%99czna", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f103be4f.json"}}
{"text": "Semi-finalists: 2022–23", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f103be4f", "title": "GKS Górnik Łęczna", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKS_G%C3%B3rnik_%C5%81%C4%99czna", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f103be4f.json"}}
{"text": "Polish U-19 Championship", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f103be4f", "title": "GKS Górnik Łęczna", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKS_G%C3%B3rnik_%C5%81%C4%99czna", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f103be4f.json"}}
{"text": "Third place: 2004, 2005", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f103be4f", "title": "GKS Górnik Łęczna", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKS_G%C3%B3rnik_%C5%81%C4%99czna", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f103be4f.json"}}
{"text": "As of 27 February 2026", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f103be4f", "title": "GKS Górnik Łęczna", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKS_G%C3%B3rnik_%C5%81%C4%99czna", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f103be4f.json"}}
{"text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f103be4f", "title": "GKS Górnik Łęczna", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKS_G%C3%B3rnik_%C5%81%C4%99czna", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f103be4f.json"}}
{"text": "GKS Górnik 1979 Łęczna", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f103be4f", "title": "GKS Górnik Łęczna", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKS_G%C3%B3rnik_%C5%81%C4%99czna", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f103be4f.json"}}
{"text": "Górnik 1979 Łęczna was a club founded in 2011 by Górnik Łęczna fans who were unhappy with the name change to GKS Bogdanka. The club eventually changed its name back in 2013 but the fan owned counterpart has continued to operate in amateur football leagues. On 22 August 2014 the club withdrew from all competitions and ceased to operate, the reason cited were the lack of funds and the fact that the original Górnik Łęczna team went back to its original name scrapping the GKS Bogdanka name.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f103be4f", "title": "GKS Górnik Łęczna", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKS_G%C3%B3rnik_%C5%81%C4%99czna", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f103be4f.json"}}
{"text": "The women's section of Górnik Łęczna played for years in the second and third-tier leagues of Poland. In 2006–07 the team reached the semi-finals of the Polish Cup but lost to Medyk Konin. In the 2009–10 season with the expansion of the Ekstraliga Kobiet the team finally gained promotion to it by finishing second in its 2nd tier division. In its Ekstraliga debut Górnik was 5th.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f103be4f", "title": "GKS Górnik Łęczna", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKS_G%C3%B3rnik_%C5%81%C4%99czna", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f103be4f.json"}}
{"text": "List of football teams", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f103be4f", "title": "GKS Górnik Łęczna", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKS_G%C3%B3rnik_%C5%81%C4%99czna", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f103be4f.json"}}
{"text": "Official website (in Polish)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f103be4f", "title": "GKS Górnik Łęczna", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKS_G%C3%B3rnik_%C5%81%C4%99czna", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f103be4f.json"}}
{"text": "Górnik Łęczna at the Fans website (in Polish)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f103be4f", "title": "GKS Górnik Łęczna", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKS_G%C3%B3rnik_%C5%81%C4%99czna", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f103be4f.json"}}
{"text": "Górnik Łęczna at 90minut.pl (Polish)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f103be4f", "title": "GKS Górnik Łęczna", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKS_G%C3%B3rnik_%C5%81%C4%99czna", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f103be4f.json"}}
{"text": "Jurassic World: The Ride is a dark water ride attraction that is themed to the Jurassic World series at Universal Studios Hollywood. The original Jurassic Park: The Ride, which operated from June 21, 1996, to September 3, 2018, underwent a major refurbishment and reopened as Jurassic World: The Ride on July 12, 2019.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52699e41", "title": "Jurassic World: The Ride", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_World:_The_Ride", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52699e41.json"}}
{"text": "The ride was announced on May 10, 2018, by Universal Studios Hollywood officials during a 25th anniversary celebration of the 1993 film Jurassic Park, directed by Steven Spielberg. It was stated that Jurassic Park: The Ride, which opened on June 21, 1996, would be closed for retheming based on the 2015 film Jurassic World and its 2018 sequel Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. The Jurassic Cafe restaurant and Jurassic Outfitters retail store near the original attraction were also closed temporarily to be rethemed.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52699e41", "title": "Jurassic World: The Ride", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_World:_The_Ride", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52699e41.json"}}
{"text": "Universal Creative worked on the new ride, and Jon Corfino was the project director and show producer. He worked closely on the ride with Colin Trevorrow and Frank Marshall, the director and producer respectively for the 2015 film. Corfino worked to blend elements of the old ride with the new one with the final idea presented to Spielberg. The team had to rush to complete the ride in time for the busy summer tourist season. A digital version of the Mosasaurus, an aquatic reptile from the films, is in the ride. Industrial Light & Magic collaborated with the design team at Universal Studios Hollywood to create the animal and its environment. The walls of the Mosasaurus tank are depicted across four large, high-definition screens on both sides of the boat. A 3D effect makes objects in the foreground move faster than those in the background, a technique that gives the Mosasaurus a realistic appearance. The attraction also features larger dinosaurs than Jurassic Park: The Ride and replacement animatronics allow the dinosaurs to move better than their predecessors. A few stars from the films return for the ride: Chris Pratt as Owen Grady, Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing and BD Wong as Dr. Henry Wu.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52699e41", "title": "Jurassic World: The Ride", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_World:_The_Ride", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52699e41.json"}}
{"text": "The attraction officially opened on July 12, 2019, without advanced notice or fanfare. It previously had a soft opening for friends and family of Universal employees. The official opening coincided with a number of other Jurassic World-themed attractions adjacent to the ride entrance. Guests can take part in the Triceratops Encounter, where guests interact with Juliet, a Triceratops, and Dino Play, in which young visitors excavate large dinosaur fossils. Guests can also interact with baby Velociraptors such as Sierra or Tango with their trainer. The Mosasaurus is part of the Aquarium Observatory section, an area that responds to real-life weather, changing between day time and night time depending on the real time of day. Jurassic Cafe introduced a bar called Isla Nu-bar, named after the series' fictional Isla Nublar island.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52699e41", "title": "Jurassic World: The Ride", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_World:_The_Ride", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52699e41.json"}}
{"text": "Following a refurbishment in 2021, the ride's climax was updated with a new Indominus rex animatronic.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52699e41", "title": "Jurassic World: The Ride", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_World:_The_Ride", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52699e41.json"}}
{"text": "In celebration for the arrival of the upcoming film Jurassic World Rebirth, Universal Studios Hollywood announced four more animatronic Dilophosaurus with improved splashes by the Mosasaurus during the Universal Mega Movie Summer event.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52699e41", "title": "Jurassic World: The Ride", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_World:_The_Ride", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52699e41.json"}}
{"text": "Guests enter through the Jurassic World gates and into a series of switchbacks. The queue is designed to look like Isla Nublar from the film. The queue is covered with posters and billboards explaining the dinosaurs at the park. Overhead, video monitors display \"Jurassic World Network\", the island's TV station which plays Dino facts and also interviews with characters from the film. As guests approach the loading area, smaller monitors display safety info before guests board their boat.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52699e41", "title": "Jurassic World: The Ride", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_World:_The_Ride", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52699e41.json"}}
{"text": "Each boat is capable of holding 25 people. The ride begins by climbing the first lift hill and the boats are taken to the Mosasaurus Aquarium Observatory, encountering the Mosasaurus. The boats then go into Herbivore Valley, a lush tropical area, where riders meet a mother Stegosaurus and her baby and encounter a Parasaurolophus before entering Predator Cove, where riders see carnage has ensued after the Indominus rex escaped with the other dinosaurs. Riders overhear that the ACU (especially Dr. Wu) is being called in to round up the escaped dinosaurs, passing by a damaged Gyrosphere and a pair of Compsognathus/Procompsognathus fighting over a tourist's hat. Claire Dearing comes in over a monitor and tries to comfort the riders, but her signal cuts off before riders travel up the second lift hill, where they see the Indominus herself spying on them through a hole in the nearby wall. Owen Grady then patches in and advises the riders not to move out of the boat. He then sends Blue the Velociraptor help the riders escape.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52699e41", "title": "Jurassic World: The Ride", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_World:_The_Ride", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52699e41.json"}}
{"text": "As the boat nears the top of the lift, the first Velociraptor holding a destroyed electrical wire lunges at riders through the ceiling. Following attempts by two Dilophosaurus to spit venom (actually water) at riders and a close call with the Indominus, the riders meet up with Blue, who leads them to an exit, but the Indominus arrived there first. The Tyrannosaurus rex then arrives and attacks the Indominus; their subsequent fight buying riders some time to escape. The boat then goes down the 84-foot drop, splashing all guests with water once it reaches the bottom and the ride ends. The riders exit the ride into the gift shop.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52699e41", "title": "Jurassic World: The Ride", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_World:_The_Ride", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52699e41.json"}}
{"text": "Reaction from riders was mostly positive at the time of opening. Todd Martens of the Los Angeles Times called it \"an imperfect ride but the perfect one for where the 'Jurassic Park' franchise has gone,\" stating that the Jurassic World films focused more on thrills than story. Martens stated that the ride \"packs plenty of tension and scares and wow-inducing special effects into its five-plus minutes. But it does this at the expense of a sense of awe, grandeur and basic grasp of storytelling that the original attraction possessed.\" Laure Prudom of IGN wrote \"once you move past the nostalgia, most of the updates help enhance the exhilaration of the ride, and aside from the mosasaurus's screens, the rest of the ride focuses on practical effects and tangible animatronics, which helps it retain its charm.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52699e41", "title": "Jurassic World: The Ride", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_World:_The_Ride", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52699e41.json"}}
{"text": "Campbell Blackshear Hodges (27 March 1881 – 23 November 1944) was a United States Army major general. He commanded the 5th Infantry Division from October 1939 to May 1940, the 5th Corps Area from June 1940 to October 1940 and VII Corps (Tactical) from October 1940 to June 1941. After retirement from the Army, he served as president of Louisiana State University from 1941 to 1944.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6e331352", "title": "Campbell B. Hodges", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_B._Hodges", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6e331352.json"}}
{"text": "Early life and education", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6e331352", "title": "Campbell B. Hodges", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_B._Hodges", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6e331352.json"}}
{"text": "Born on the Elm Grove Plantation along the Red River in Bossier Parish, Louisiana, Hodges studied at Mount Lebanon College and the Louisiana Polytechnic Institute before entering the United States Military Academy in 1899. He graduated in June 1903 and was commissioned as an infantry officer. Hodges later earned an A.M. degree from Louisiana State University in 1913. He graduated from the field officers' course at the Chemical Warfare School in 1931 and the United States Army War College in 1933.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6e331352", "title": "Campbell B. Hodges", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_B._Hodges", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6e331352.json"}}
{"text": "Hodges served in the Philippines with the 4th Infantry from October 1903 to June 1905 and with the 4th Infantry and the 30th Infantry from April 1907 to September 1909. After returning to the United States, he briefly served with the 5th Infantry before rejoining the 4th Infantry and briefly commanding a company from July to August 1910.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6e331352", "title": "Campbell B. Hodges", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_B._Hodges", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6e331352.json"}}
{"text": "Hodges was reassigned to teach tactics at the Military Academy from August 1910 to June 1911. He then taught military science and tactics and also Spanish at Louisiana State University from August 1911 to December 1912 before completing the requirements for his master's degree in March 1913.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6e331352", "title": "Campbell B. Hodges", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_B._Hodges", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6e331352.json"}}
{"text": "Hodges returned to the 4th Infantry in March 1913, serving at Galveston, Texas and Vera Cruz, Mexico and commanding a company from August 1914 to April 1915. He served as a temporary lieutenant colonel with the 1st Infantry, Louisiana National Guard at San Benito, Texas from June to September 1916.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6e331352", "title": "Campbell B. Hodges", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_B._Hodges", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6e331352.json"}}
{"text": "In September 1917, five months after the American entry into World War I, Hodges was assigned to the 31st Division at Camp Wheeler in Georgia as an assistant chief of staff, but ended up serving as the acting chief of staff for ten months. In September 1918, he was given command of the 122nd Infantry Regiment and received a temporary promotion to colonel when the division was sent to France towards the end of the war. Hodges received the Army Distinguished Service Medal for his World War I service with the 31st Division. The citation for the medal reads:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6e331352", "title": "Campbell B. Hodges", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_B._Hodges", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6e331352.json"}}
{"text": "The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Colonel (Infantry) Campbell Blackshear Hodges, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. As Acting Chief of Staff, 31st Division, Colonel Hodges demonstrated the highest professional attainments, and through his zeal and never-failing tact he was responsible in a large measure for the development of the high efficiency of that Division. Later, as a member of the War Department General Staff, he rendered most valuable service in the development of the system of classification of commissioned personnel now in use.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6e331352", "title": "Campbell B. Hodges", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_B._Hodges", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6e331352.json"}}
{"text": "In March 1920, Hodges reverted to his permanent rank of captain before being promoted to major in July of that year. He served as military attaché in Spain and Portugal from May 1923 to January 1926. In April 1926, he was assigned as the commandant of cadets at the Military Academy. Hodges was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 23 April 1927.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6e331352", "title": "Campbell B. Hodges", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_B._Hodges", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6e331352.json"}}
{"text": "While serving as commandant of cadets, Hodges was offered the presidency of Louisiana State University. He declined the offer to remain in the army and instead became the Senior Military Aide to President Herbert Hoover in March 1929. Hodges served as Hoover's aide until March 1933 and then as President Franklin Roosevelt's aide until June 1933 when relieved by Lieutenant Colonel Edwin M. Watson.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6e331352", "title": "Campbell B. Hodges", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_B._Hodges", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6e331352.json"}}
{"text": "In November 1933, Hodges joined the 14th Infantry Regiment at Fort Davis in the Panama Canal Zone. On 1 October 1934, he was promoted to colonel and given command of Fort Davis. In August 1936, Hodges became the chief of staff of the 4th Corps Area at Atlanta, Georgia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6e331352", "title": "Campbell B. Hodges", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_B._Hodges", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6e331352.json"}}
{"text": "Promoted to brigadier general on 24 December 1936, Hodges was given command of the 14th Brigade and Fort Snelling in Minnesota. He then commanded the 5th Infantry Division at Fort McClellan in Alabama from October 1939 to May 1940. In June 1940, Hodges was given command of the 5th Corps Area at Fort Hayes in Ohio. He was promoted to major general on 1 September 1940. In October 1940, Hodges assumed command of VII Corps (Tactical) at Camp Beauregard in Louisiana. He relinquished command and retired from active duty on 30 June 1941.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6e331352", "title": "Campbell B. Hodges", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_B._Hodges", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6e331352.json"}}
{"text": "Hodges assumed the presidency of Louisiana State University on 1 July 1941 and served until 1944. Not long afterwards, he died of an intracerebral hemorrhage at LaGarde General Hospital in New Orleans. Hodges was buried at the West Point Cemetery on 27 November 1944.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6e331352", "title": "Campbell B. Hodges", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_B._Hodges", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6e331352.json"}}
{"text": "In 1949, Campbell B. Hodges Hall was built at Louisiana State University in his honor.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6e331352", "title": "Campbell B. Hodges", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_B._Hodges", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6e331352.json"}}
{"text": "Yachad (Hebrew: יחד, lit. 'together') is a non-governmental organization based in the United Kingdom. It describes itself as \"pro-Israel, pro-peace\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bdb3b64d", "title": "Yachad (NGO)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachad_(NGO)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bdb3b64d.json"}}
{"text": "Yachad asserts that \"Israel's best hope for safety and security lies in a comprehensive peace with its neighbors. That means a two-state solution: Israel and Palestine.\" According to Yachad, \"time is running out and the two-state solution is in peril\". Facing this situation, \"Now is the moment for diaspora Jews to play their part and do all they can in the search for peace.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bdb3b64d", "title": "Yachad (NGO)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachad_(NGO)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bdb3b64d.json"}}
{"text": "Yachad supports the creation of a Palestinian state based on 1967 borders, with mutually agreed land swaps, supports United Nations recognition of Palestinian statehood, opposes the expansion of West Bank settlements (and supported UN resolutions against this), opposed the 2020 Trump peace plan for Israel/Palestine, and opposes Israeli plans to annex the West Bank.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bdb3b64d", "title": "Yachad (NGO)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachad_(NGO)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bdb3b64d.json"}}
{"text": "Yachad has a wide-ranging programme of activities through campaigns that claim to aim to build support for those in Israel working for peace and democracy. Yachad organizes day trips to East Jerusalem and the southern West Bank.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bdb3b64d", "title": "Yachad (NGO)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachad_(NGO)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bdb3b64d.json"}}
{"text": "It has campaigned against evictions of Palestinian Arab households in East Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bdb3b64d", "title": "Yachad (NGO)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachad_(NGO)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bdb3b64d.json"}}
{"text": "It has commissioned major surveys of British Jewish opinion about the Middle East, including in 2015 and 2016.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bdb3b64d", "title": "Yachad (NGO)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachad_(NGO)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bdb3b64d.json"}}
{"text": "Speakers at its events have included the former head of the Shin Bet, Ami Ayalon (2014, 2016) anti-Brexit campaigner Gina Miller(2017), Labour MPs Wes Streeting (2019) and Stephen Twigg (2019), Conservative former UK Minister of State for the Middle East Alistair Burt (2019, 2022), historian Simon Schama (2021), Palestinian Liberal Democrat MP Layla Moran, Israeli human rights lawyer Michael Sfard, and journalist Jonathan Freedland (2023).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bdb3b64d", "title": "Yachad (NGO)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachad_(NGO)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bdb3b64d.json"}}
{"text": "Its donors include Trevor Chinn.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bdb3b64d", "title": "Yachad (NGO)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachad_(NGO)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bdb3b64d.json"}}
{"text": "Yachad was launched in May 2011, “to provide a voice for British Jews who believe that to be pro-Israel today means safeguarding a Jewish and democratic Israel within internationally recognized borders, through the creation of a Palestinian state.”", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bdb3b64d", "title": "Yachad (NGO)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachad_(NGO)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bdb3b64d.json"}}
{"text": "In 2012, Yachad ran 88 events attended by 3,480 people, and raised £87,372 ($132,289) from 88 donors.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bdb3b64d", "title": "Yachad (NGO)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachad_(NGO)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bdb3b64d.json"}}
{"text": "In 2013, its application to join the Zionist Federation was rejected, a decision criticised by communal leaders such as Jeremy Newmark, chief executive of the Jewish Leadership Council, and Vivian Wineman, president of the Board of Deputies.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bdb3b64d", "title": "Yachad (NGO)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachad_(NGO)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bdb3b64d.json"}}
{"text": "By 2014, its director said it had 4,000 supporters and hundreds of donors. That year it was admitted to the Board of Deputies after a vote that was postponed twice due to controversy; the vote passed by 135 to 61.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bdb3b64d", "title": "Yachad (NGO)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachad_(NGO)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bdb3b64d.json"}}
{"text": "During the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict Yachad organised 1000 members of the British Jewish community, to lobby Mark Lyall Grant — as UK ambassador, then President of the United Nations Security Council — to secure a ceasefire between Israel and Gaza.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bdb3b64d", "title": "Yachad (NGO)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachad_(NGO)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bdb3b64d.json"}}
{"text": "In 2019, Stephen Twigg described it as an “increasingly important player” in the UK Parliament.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bdb3b64d", "title": "Yachad (NGO)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachad_(NGO)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bdb3b64d.json"}}
{"text": "In 2023, it protested in solidarity with the judicial reform protests in Israel and refused to attend a meeting with an Israeli minister during them.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bdb3b64d", "title": "Yachad (NGO)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachad_(NGO)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bdb3b64d.json"}}
{"text": "During the 2023 Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip, Yachad promoted pro-peace and Israeli moderate voices in the UK. It commemorated Israelis murdered in the October 7 attack by Hamas and later participated in “Humanity, Not Hatred” peace vigils organised by the Together Coalition led by Brendan Cox.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bdb3b64d", "title": "Yachad (NGO)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachad_(NGO)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bdb3b64d.json"}}
{"text": "\"Limmud 2014: Yachad founder warns over Israel's future\". The Jewish Chronicle. 24 November 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2024.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bdb3b64d", "title": "Yachad (NGO)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachad_(NGO)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bdb3b64d.json"}}
{"text": "\"Yachad's Hannah Weisfeld on educating from the grassroots\". The Jewish Chronicle. 24 November 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2024.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bdb3b64d", "title": "Yachad (NGO)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachad_(NGO)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bdb3b64d.json"}}
{"text": "Witchville is a 2010 made-for-television fantasy-adventure film based on witchcraft in a medieval feudal time period, written by John Werner and Amy Krell, and directed by Pearry Reginald Teo. The film was released and distributed by Syfy Network and it stars Luke Goss, Sarah Douglas, MyAnna Buring and Eragon star, Ed Speleers. The film premiered on 22 May 2010 in the USA via Syfy Channel.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b90998f2", "title": "Witchville", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchville", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b90998f2.json"}}
{"text": "Prince Malachi returns to the kingdom of Draeganoth to find his father has died and the kingdom is in disarray. Kramer, a witchhunter, warns that there is no famine or pestilence, that the troubles are caused by witches and that with his skills and book of magic they might have a chance of defeating them. Malachi cannot believe there is no more rational explanation but gives Kramer a chance to prove himself and gathers the villagers. Kramer casts a spell that creates a red cloud that moves towards an old woman, and he calls for the townspeople to burn the witch. As she burns she cries out and warns that the Red Queen is coming.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b90998f2", "title": "Witchville", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchville", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b90998f2.json"}}
{"text": "Malachi and his friends set out on a quest to destroy the witches and restore the kingdom. They battle a group of brigands, whom Malachi convinces to join them in their quest. The group comes to a town where they are welcomed and offered hospitality. They decide to continue with their quest but the red cloud comes out of their host revealing enemies and the Red Queen herself. They are overwhelmed, Erik is killed, Jason is taken prisoner, and the rest of the group is forced to retreat.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b90998f2", "title": "Witchville", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchville", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b90998f2.json"}}
{"text": "The Red Queen attacks the castle, wanting the book of magic. Malachi tells Kramer to flee and hide the book. The Red Queen reveals that she is Malachi's mother. The former king was desperate for an heir and she gave him a daughter and a son but when the boy died she used her powers to revive him. Afraid of her powers the king banished her. Jozefa overhears, learning that she has a brother. The Red Queen urges Malachi to join her and to hand over the book, but when he refuses she throws him in the dungeon with Kramer.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b90998f2", "title": "Witchville", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchville", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b90998f2.json"}}
{"text": "Before Kramer dies he realises that as Malachi being of the same blood as the Red Queen, he alone fulfills the prophecy of how to kill her. Jason convinces Jozefa to turn against the Red Queen and release him and then Malachi. Together they confront the Red Queen but cannot beat her. Then Malachi begins to understand the spell Kramer had taught him earlier, and realizes that he must kill himself and release the energy she once used to restore him. Malachi tries to stab his mother and she deflects the blade into him. He falls down. Josefa takes the knife and stabs herself to mingle their blood. And Malachi returns it to his mother completing the circle by stabbing her successfully this time. Looking into her eyes he recites the spell shown to him by Kramer from the book. \"Not of my mother. Nor my father. I am born of the Light. My faith surrounds me. It protects me from your might. The earth.  Water. The fire and sky. In our elemental combat, you shall die.\" The combination of the incantation and the blood sacrifice fulfills the prophecy and finally kills the Red Queen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b90998f2", "title": "Witchville", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchville", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b90998f2.json"}}
{"text": "After the victory Malachi holds a funeral for Erik, but watching in the background are two minions, and they release their ominous red cloud of magic.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b90998f2", "title": "Witchville", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchville", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b90998f2.json"}}
{"text": "Luke Goss as Malachi", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b90998f2", "title": "Witchville", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchville", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b90998f2.json"}}
{"text": "Sarah Douglas as the Red Queen, leader of the witches", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b90998f2", "title": "Witchville", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchville", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b90998f2.json"}}
{"text": "Ed Speleers as Jason, Malachi's best friend", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b90998f2", "title": "Witchville", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchville", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b90998f2.json"}}
{"text": "Andrew Pleavin as Erik, Jason's older brother, a great warrior", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b90998f2", "title": "Witchville", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchville", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b90998f2.json"}}
{"text": "MyAnna Buring as Jozefa, the Red Queen's daughter and enforcer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b90998f2", "title": "Witchville", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchville", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b90998f2.json"}}
{"text": "Simon Thorp as Kramer, a witch hunter", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b90998f2", "title": "Witchville", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchville", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b90998f2.json"}}
{"text": "Lynne Verrall as Baba, an old woman from the village", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b90998f2", "title": "Witchville", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchville", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b90998f2.json"}}
{"text": "Ian Virgo as Hobart, headman of a neighbouring village", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b90998f2", "title": "Witchville", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchville", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b90998f2.json"}}
{"text": "Xiaofei Zhou as Darian (voiced by Ava Lyn Koh), leader of a group of brigands from Cathay", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b90998f2", "title": "Witchville", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchville", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b90998f2.json"}}
{"text": "Ian Reed as Castle Priest", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b90998f2", "title": "Witchville", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchville", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b90998f2.json"}}
{"text": "Jack Smith as Longchamps, one of Malachi's guards", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b90998f2", "title": "Witchville", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchville", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b90998f2.json"}}
{"text": "Witchville was filmed in Yixian, China.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b90998f2", "title": "Witchville", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchville", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b90998f2.json"}}
{"text": "The film was released on DVD by Lionsgate Home Entertainment on July 5, 2011.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b90998f2", "title": "Witchville", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchville", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b90998f2.json"}}
{"text": "Justin Felix of DVD Talk emphasized that this was \"a SyFy production, and anyone at all familiar with the channel's weekend programming knows exactly what to expect here\" and \"worth watching once if you like this sort of thing\". He said the film deviates little from the expected low-budget nonsense, but says the film \"has a few interesting ideas and a fantastic supporting character in MyAnna Buring's Jozefa\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b90998f2", "title": "Witchville", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchville", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b90998f2.json"}}
{"text": "The Radio Times gave it 2 out of a possible 5 stars.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b90998f2", "title": "Witchville", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchville", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b90998f2.json"}}
{"text": "Microseris campestris is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name San Joaquin silverpuffs. It is endemic to California, where it grows in the San Joaquin Valley and adjacent Sierra Nevada foothills, and the central California Coast Ranges. It is a resident of grassland and open slope habitats, sometimes near vernal pools.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fd8ea616", "title": "Microseris campestris", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microseris_campestris", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fd8ea616.json"}}
{"text": "Microseris campestris is an annual herb growing up to half a meter-1.5 feet tall from a basal rosette of erect leaves; there is no true stem. Each leaf is up to 20 centimeters long and has edges divided into many lobes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fd8ea616", "title": "Microseris campestris", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microseris_campestris", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fd8ea616.json"}}
{"text": "The inflorescence is borne on a peduncle arising from ground level. The flower head contains up to 100 white or yellow ray florets. The fruit is an achene with a gray or brown, sometimes speckled body a few millimeters long. At the tip of the body is a large pappus made up of five long, bristly scales.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fd8ea616", "title": "Microseris campestris", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microseris_campestris", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fd8ea616.json"}}
{"text": "Calflora Database: Microseris campestris (San Joaquin microseris,  San Joaquin silverpuffs)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fd8ea616", "title": "Microseris campestris", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microseris_campestris", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fd8ea616.json"}}
{"text": "Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Microseris campestris", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fd8ea616", "title": "Microseris campestris", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microseris_campestris", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fd8ea616.json"}}
{"text": "USDA Plants Profile for Microseris campestris (San Joaquin silverpuffs)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fd8ea616", "title": "Microseris campestris", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microseris_campestris", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fd8ea616.json"}}
{"text": "Flora of North America", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fd8ea616", "title": "Microseris campestris", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microseris_campestris", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fd8ea616.json"}}
{"text": "UC Photos gallery — Microseris campestris", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fd8ea616", "title": "Microseris campestris", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microseris_campestris", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fd8ea616.json"}}
{"text": "The Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015 (E3 2015) was the 21st E3 held. The event took place at the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles, California. It took place from June 16 to June 18, 2015, with 52,200 total attendees.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_249d845c", "title": "E3 2015", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2015", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_249d845c.json"}}
{"text": "Major exhibitors at the convention included Activision Blizzard, Atlus, Bethesda Softworks, Electronic Arts, Microsoft Studios, Nintendo, Nvidia, Sony Computer Entertainment, Square Enix and Ubisoft.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_249d845c", "title": "E3 2015", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2015", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_249d845c.json"}}
{"text": "While E3 is a closed event to only members of the video game industry and the media, the Entertainment Software Association (ESA) allowed access to the event from gamers for the first time by distributing 5,000 tickets the various exhibitors that they subsequently distributed to their fans.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_249d845c", "title": "E3 2015", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2015", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_249d845c.json"}}
{"text": "Oculus VR hosted a pre-E3 press conference on June 11, 2015 at 10:00 a.m. During the conference, Oculus Rift's final design was revealed. Oculus Touch, a controller for the Rift, as well as exclusives, including Damaged Core from High Voltage Software, VR Sports Challenge from Sanzaru Games, Chronos from Gunfire Games and Edge of Nowhere from Insomniac Games were announced.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_249d845c", "title": "E3 2015", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2015", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_249d845c.json"}}
{"text": "Bethesda hosted its first ever E3 press conference on June 14 at 7:00 p.m. During the conference, Bethesda Softworks revealed Fallout Shelter,  Dishonored: Definitive Edition, Dishonored 2, as well as The Elder Scrolls: Legends, a card game set within the Elder Scrolls universe. Release windows, trailers and gameplay demo were released for Fallout 4, Doom and BattleCry.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_249d845c", "title": "E3 2015", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2015", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_249d845c.json"}}
{"text": "Microsoft hosted a press conference on June 15 at 9:30 a.m.  During the conference, Microsoft announced ReCore, Xbox One backward compatibility, a new Elite controller, Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare 2, Dark Souls III, Ashen, Beyond Eyes, Ion, Rare Replay, Sea of Thieves and Gears of War: Ultimate Edition and showed footage of Halo 5: Guardians, Forza Motorsport 6, Fallout 4 with mod support, Tom Clancy's The Division, Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege, Gigantic, Tacoma, Cuphead, Rise of the Tomb Raider, Fable Legends, a version of Minecraft compatible with Microsoft HoloLens and Gears of War 4.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_249d845c", "title": "E3 2015", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2015", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_249d845c.json"}}
{"text": "Electronic Arts hosted a press conference on June 15 at 1:00 p.m. The conference lasted for an hour.  During the conference, Electronic Arts announced Mass Effect Andromeda, showed gameplay of Need for Speed, announced the Star Wars: The Old Republic – Knights of the Fallen Empire, Unravel, showed gameplay of Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare 2, announced NHL 16, NBA Live 16, Star Wars: Galaxy of Heroes, Minions Paradise, showed footage of FIFA 16, showed gameplay of Mirror's Edge Catalyst, showed footage of Madden NFL 16 and showed gameplay of Star Wars Battlefront.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_249d845c", "title": "E3 2015", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2015", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_249d845c.json"}}
{"text": "Ubisoft hosted a press conference on June 15 at 3:00 p.m. During the conference, Ubisoft announced South Park: The Fractured but Whole, a new IP titled For Honor, The Crew Wild Run, Trials Fusion: Awesome Level Max, Anno 2205, Just Dance 2016, Trackmania Turbo and Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Wildlands and showed gameplay of Tom Clancy's The Division, Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege and Assassin's Creed Syndicate.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_249d845c", "title": "E3 2015", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2015", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_249d845c.json"}}
{"text": "Sony hosted a press conference on June 15 at 6:00 p.m.  During the conference, Sony re-announced The Last Guardian, announced a new IP titled Horizon Zero Dawn, Hitman, Dreams, Firewatch, Destiny: The Taken King, Final Fantasy VII Remake, and Shenmue III, in addition to showing footage of No Man's Sky, Assassin's Creed Syndicate, Batman: Arkham Knight, Call of Duty: Black Ops III, Disney Infinity 3.0, Star Wars: Battlefront, Ratchet & Clank and Uncharted 4: A Thief's End.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_249d845c", "title": "E3 2015", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2015", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_249d845c.json"}}
{"text": "Nintendo, for a third consecutive E3, decided to forego hosting a traditional press conference in favor of a Nintendo Digital Event—a pre-recorded video presentation that was streamed online on June 16 at 9:00 a.m. with an accompanying press release. Prior to E3, Nintendo also held an event, the Nintendo World Championships 2015 (a competition in which a group of players participated in a multi-round competition across multiple Nintendo games), and also featured the announcement of new content for Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, EarthBound Beginnings, Blast Ball, and new gameplay of Super Mario Maker as part of the competition's finale.  During the Digital Event, Nintendo announced Star Fox Zero, amiibo figures compatible with Skylanders: SuperChargers, The Legend of Zelda: Tri Force Heroes, Hyrule Warriors Legends, Metroid Prime: Federation Force, Fire Emblem Fates, Tokyo Mirage Sessions ♯FE, showed footage of Xenoblade Chronicles X, announced Animal Crossing: Happy Home Designer, Animal Crossing: amiibo Festival, showed footage of Yoshi's Woolly World, announced Yo-kai Watch, Mario & Luigi: Paper Jam, Mario Tennis: Ultra Smash and showed footage of Super Mario Maker.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_249d845c", "title": "E3 2015", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2015", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_249d845c.json"}}
{"text": "Square Enix hosted a press conference on June 16 at 10:00 a.m.  During the conference, Square Enix announced Nier: Automata under the provisional title Nier New Project, Lara Croft Go, Kingdom Hearts Unchained χ, Star Ocean: Integrity and Faithlessness and a new IP titled I Am Setsuna and showed footage of Just Cause 3, Rise of the Tomb Raider, Kingdom Hearts III, World of Final Fantasy, Hitman and Deus Ex: Mankind Divided. Announcement footage of Final Fantasy VII Remake was revealed as part of Sony's presentation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_249d845c", "title": "E3 2015", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2015", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_249d845c.json"}}
{"text": "A webcast focusing on PC gaming was held on June 16 at 5:00 p.m. by gaming magazine PC Gamer and AMD, and hosted by Sean Plott. Representatives of studios including Blizzard Entertainment, Microsoft Studios, Bohemia Interactive, Paradox Interactive, Obsidian Entertainment, as well as Tripwire Interactive, ArenaNet, The Creative Assembly, Frictional Games, Frontier Developments, SCS Software, Splash Damage, Square Enix, Cloud Imperium Games and Devolver Digital made appearances. Rising Storm 2: Vietnam,  a PC port of Killer Instinct, American Truck Simulator, a Pillars of Eternity expansion known as The White March, Planet Coaster and an expansion of Arma 3 known as Tanoa were announced, and there was footage shown of Killing Floor 2, Star Citizen, Deus Ex: Human Revolution, Total War: Warhammer, Fable Legends, Gigantic, Gears of War: Ultimate Edition, Eve Valkyrie, Ion, Strafe, the Guild Wars 2 expansion Heart of Thorns, Hitman, Soma, Day Z, Take on Mars, BlueStreak, Enter the Gungeon and No Man's Sky.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_249d845c", "title": "E3 2015", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2015", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_249d845c.json"}}
{"text": "List of notable exhibitors", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_249d845c", "title": "E3 2015", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2015", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_249d845c.json"}}
{"text": "This is a list of major video game exhibitors who made appearances at E3 2015.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_249d845c", "title": "E3 2015", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2015", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_249d845c.json"}}
{"text": "List of featured games", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_249d845c", "title": "E3 2015", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2015", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_249d845c.json"}}
{"text": "This is a list of notable titles that appeared at E3 2015.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_249d845c", "title": "E3 2015", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2015", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_249d845c.json"}}
{"text": "E 009 is a European B class road in Tajikistan, connecting the cities Jirgatal – Khorugh – Ishkoshim – Lyanga – border of Afghanistan", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_62cbaba8", "title": "European route E009", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E009", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_62cbaba8.json"}}
{"text": "РБ07  РБ07 Road: Vahdat (Jirgatol) -  Gharm (Rasht) - Labi Jar (E 60)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_62cbaba8", "title": "European route E009", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E009", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_62cbaba8.json"}}
{"text": "РБ03  РБ03 Road: Labi Jar - Qal'ai Khumb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_62cbaba8", "title": "European route E009", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E009", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_62cbaba8.json"}}
{"text": "РБ04  РБ04 Road: Qal'ai Khumb - Khorugh  (E 008)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_62cbaba8", "title": "European route E009", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E009", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_62cbaba8.json"}}
{"text": "РБ06  РБ06 Road: Khorugh - Ishkoshim - Langar - Border of Afghanistan", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_62cbaba8", "title": "European route E009", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E009", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_62cbaba8.json"}}
{"text": "Wakhan Corridor: Theoretically, E009 will go from Border of Tajikistan, Dehqan Khana to the border of China. Such a road does not exist in reality", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_62cbaba8", "title": "European route E009", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E009", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_62cbaba8.json"}}
{"text": "UN Economic Commission for Europe: Overall Map of E-road Network (2007)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_62cbaba8", "title": "European route E009", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E009", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_62cbaba8.json"}}
{"text": "The Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat (Nyctimene rabori) locally known in Tagalog as Bayakan is a species of bat in the family Pteropodidae. It is endemic to the Philippines and known from the islands of Cebu, Negros and Sibuyan. It occurs in and near primary and secondary subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is often found near water.  The species is named for Dioscoro S. Rabor who, with several others, first collected the species.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31ffa230", "title": "Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_tube-nosed_fruit_bat", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31ffa230.json"}}
{"text": "Other common names of the species include Visayan tube-nosed fruit bat and Rabor's tube-nosed fruit bat.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31ffa230", "title": "Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_tube-nosed_fruit_bat", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31ffa230.json"}}
{"text": "Nyctimene rabori is currently classified as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It is threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31ffa230", "title": "Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_tube-nosed_fruit_bat", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31ffa230.json"}}
{"text": "Giant golden-crowned flying fox", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31ffa230", "title": "Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_tube-nosed_fruit_bat", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31ffa230.json"}}
{"text": "Philippine naked-backed fruit bat", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31ffa230", "title": "Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_tube-nosed_fruit_bat", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31ffa230.json"}}
{"text": "IUCN Red List endangered species (Animalia)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_31ffa230", "title": "Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_tube-nosed_fruit_bat", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_31ffa230.json"}}
{"text": "Werneck is a market town in the district of Schweinfurt in Lower Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. It has a population of around 10,000 and is best known for its Baroque palace, Schloss Werneck.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Werneck lies in the Lower Franconia region of Bavaria, approximately 12 km from Schweinfurt and 25 km from Würzburg. It is located on a bend in the Wern, a tributary of the Main, on the edge of the plateau above the river. Its highest point is at 337.20 m of elevation, its lowest at 212.50 m. The total area of the municipality is 73.65 km², of which approximately 9 km² are wooded.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Werneck has the following Ortsteile:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "The first written record of Werneck is dated 10 August 1223, as a fief granted by Bodo of Ravensburg, confirmed by the Pope on 9 April 1223. Between 1224 and 1250, possession of the fief was shared between first the Teutonic Knights and later Conrad of Reichenberg and Conrad of Schmiedefeld, until it finally passed to the Bishopric of Würzburg. A fort located there was sacked in the Peasants' War in 1525 and then seized and burnt down by Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach in 1553. It was rebuilt in 1601 under Prince-Bishop Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn, but was again destroyed by fire in 1723 and merely patched up in 1724.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "The current baroque palace, Schloss Werneck, designed by Balthasar Neumann, was built in 1733–45 by Prince Bishop Friedrich Karl von Schönborn. For half a century it was, with Veitshöchheim, a summer residence of the Bishops of Würzburg. On 28 November 1802, the last Prince-Bishop of Würzburg, Georg Karl von Fechenbach, released his vassals there from their oaths of service and recommended them to the new regional overlord, Maximilian, Prince-Elector of Bavaria.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "In 1803, following secularisation, Werneck became a Bavarian possession. In 1805 it was transferred to Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany as part of the formation of the Grand Duchy of Würzburg. The Treaty of Paris in 1814 returned it to Bavaria.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Beginning in 1853, the palace was converted into a hospital for the mentally ill, the Unterfränkische Landes-Irrenanstalt (Lower Franconian State Asylum), which opened on 1 October 1855. Its first director was Bernhard von Gudden (who later wrote the clinical assessment which justified deposing King Ludwig II and who drowned with him in Lake Starnberg). The hospital is thus one of the oldest psychiatric institutions in Germany. In 1940, the approximately 800 patients were murdered on the orders of Otto Hellmuth, Gauleiter of Mainfranken, as part of the Nazi elimination of mentally ill and handicapped people, Action T4.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Werneck is predominantly Roman Catholic. A Jewish congregation existed in Werneck from the 16th century until 1904.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Schloss Werneck - The grounds of the palace, including the Baroque garden and English-style park, may be visited, as may part of the palace, chiefly the chapel, which dates to 1744.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Former palace in Vasbühl, built in 1677", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Fortified churches in Schleerieth und Schnackenwerth", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "The tithe barn (built in 1628) was converted into a church in 1856. There has been a parish since 1910; a new parish church was consecrated in 1967. The Church of St. Bartholomew in Zeuzleben was built in 1753–1754.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Merovingian cemetery in Zeuzleben", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "The Musikverein Werneck has a wind band and a young people's wind band, and a variety of beginners' musical groups.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "The Bayerische Kammerorchester Bad Brückenau (Bad Brückenau Chamber Orchestra of Bavaria) was founded in 1979 as the Kammerorchester Schloß Werneck (Schloss Werneck Chamber Orchestra) and was formerly based in Werneck.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Although the villages within the municipality of Werneck are still agricultural in character, there have been several decades of economic dependency on industries in Schweinfurt, to which many residents commute. In 1998, the municipality had 8 agricultural and forestry jobs, 595 production jobs and 228 trade and transport jobs subject to social insurance; 1,555 were employed there in other fields. A total of 3,559 residents held jobs subject to social insurance. There were 2 businesses engaged in the harvesting of natural resources (such as mining and quarrying) and 10 in construction. In addition in 1999 there were 195 agricultural businesses, utilising 6,382 km², of which 5,681 km² was cropland and 672 km² permanently planted (pasturage, orchards, etc.)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Werneck is located at the Werneck Autobahn junction, where the A 7 and A 70 merge; in addition, the A 71 has passed close by since its Werntal connection to the A 70 opened in November 2005. Bundesstraßen B 19, B 26 and B 26a pass through Werneck. On 16 December 2007 the Werneck bypass on the B 19 was opened.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "There is a railway station on the Schweinfurt - Würzburg line in the centre of Eßleben and another very close to Werneck proper, on its border with Waigolshausen. The Werntalbahn (Wern Valley Railway), now used mainly for goods traffic, runs through the municipality.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Today the psychiatric clinic (Krankenhaus für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatische Medizin Schloss Werneck) is operated by the Administrative Region of Lower Franconia and serves northeast Lower Franconia (Schweinfurt, Hassberge, Rhön-Grabfeld, Bad Kissingen and Kitzingen, with a total population of 500,000) with a modern 290-bed building, while the palace houses the Lower Franconia orthopaedic clinic (Orthopädische Klinik Schloss Werneck), one of the largest such facilities in Germany, with 153 beds. There are also care homes for psychiatric and senile dementia patients (Albert-Schweitzer-Haus, Haus Erthal and Haus Schönborn) on the grounds. Together these facilities are the largest source of employment in Werneck.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "In 1999, Werneck had 459 kindergarten spaces with 434 pupils, two Volksschulen with 973 pupils and the Lower Franconian school of nursing.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Friedrich Fehr (1862-1927), artist", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Harald Ganzinger (1950-2004), computer scientist", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Gerhard Launer (born 1949), aerial photographer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Winfried Bonengel (born 1960), film and TV director", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Sebastian Remelé (born 1969), mayor of Schweinfurt", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Jesse Schmitt (born 1972), American educator", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Christian Wück (born 1973), former footballer and since 2002 coach", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Tobias Oertel (born 1975), actor", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Jens Sobisch (born 1977), author (non-fiction)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Christopher Schadewaldt (born 1984), ice hockey player", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Manfred Fuchs. Chronik der jüdischen Gemeinde von Werneck. Spuren jüdischen Lebens 1677–1904. Werneck: Historisches Verein Markt Werneck, 2010 (in German)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Official website  (in German)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Historischer Verein Markt Werneck (Historical Society)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Denkmale in Werneck (Monuments) (requires agreement with terms of service)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Werneck in Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, 4th ed. (1885–1892)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f0e4f267", "title": "Werneck", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werneck", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f0e4f267.json"}}
{"text": "Decapitated is a Polish death metal band formed in Krosno in 1996. The group is composed of guitarist, founder and composer Wacław \"Vogg\" Kiełtyka, vocalist Eemeli Bodde, bassist Paweł Pasek and drummer James Stewart. Decapitated are recognized as one of death metal's most widely respected bands and one of the finest exponents of technical death metal. The band earned an international fan base in the underground music community and became an innovating act in the modern death metal genre.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "Vogg and his younger brother, drummer Witold \"Vitek\" Kiełtyka, founded Decapitated along with vocalist Wojciech \"Sauron\" Wąsowicz in their mid-teens, joined by bassist Marcin \"Martin\" Rygiel one year later. After releasing two demos, the band signed with Wicked World (subsidiary of Earache Records) and released their debut album Winds of Creation in 2000. In 2002 and 2004 the band released the albums Nihility and The Negation, respectively. The band's fourth album, Organic Hallucinosis was released in 2006 with vocalist Adrian \"Covan\" Kowanek, who had replaced Wąsowicz the year before.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "In late 2007, the band was involved in an automobile accident. Vitek died at the age of 23 on November 2, 2007, from the injuries he suffered from the accident; Covan survived, but he slipped into a coma as a result. After a period of disbandment, Vogg reformed Decapitated in 2009 and the band has released four more studio albums since then: Carnival Is Forever (2011), Blood Mantra (2014), Anticult (2017) and Cancer Culture (2022). Alternative Press described Decapitated as remaining one of \"death metal's elite\" bands.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "Winds of Creation, Nihility and The Negation (1996–2004)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "Decapitated was founded in Krosno, Poland in 1996, by guitarist Wacław \"Vogg\" Kiełtyka, who was 15 at the time, his brother drummer Witold \"Vitek\" Kiełtyka, who was 12 years old, and vocalist Wojciech \"Sauron\" Wąsowicz, who was 16. One year later, bassist Marcin \"Martin\" Rygiel, 13, joined the band. Decapitated released its first demo, Cemeterial Gardens, in 1997 and its second demo, The Eye of Horus, in 1998. After signing to Earache Records subsidiary Wicked World, the band released its debut album, Winds of Creation, which included a cover version of Slayer's \"Mandatory Suicide\", and was produced by Piotr Wiwczarek from the Polish band Vader, in April 2000. The band toured with Vader in early 2001 in the United Kingdom. Allmusic states that \"Decapitated have quickly gained recognition as one of Poland's, and even Europe's, finest exponents of ultra-technical death metal.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "Decapitated's self-produced second album, Nihility, which was released in February 2002, fulfilled the high expectations that followed the well-received debut album. Nihility also included a cover version of Napalm Death's \"Suffer the Children\". Decapitated was chosen to perform at the Polish Ozzfest event in late May and toured in North America and Europe in August. Sławek and Wojtek Wiesławscy produced the band's next album, The Negation, which was released in February 2004. The album received a positive response from critics and was followed by a tour in Europe and the United States throughout 2004.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "Organic Hallucinosis, accident, Vitek's death and hiatus (2005–2008)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "In mid-2005, Sauron announced his withdrawal from Decapitated, stating: \"It was not an easy decision. However, I could reconcile the welfare of the band with my personal plans, and hence quitting appeared to be the best solution not hampering the evolution of Decapitated.(...) Moreover, another reason that contributed to my decision have been some health complications.\" The band chose Adrian \"Covan\" Kowanek, a previous member of Atrophia Red Sun, as his replacement and entered Hertz Studios in Białystok in August to record their ambitious fourth album Organic Hallucinosis, which was released the following February. According to Allmusic, the band's musical change of direction on this album was \"likely to polarize longtime Decapitated fans\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "During the following tour in December 2005, Marcin could not perform with the band due to military conscription issues and was shortly substituted by Richard Gulczynski, but joined again in February 2006. During the year, Decapitated toured with American bands Suffocation, Six Feet Under, Fear Factory, and others. In June and July 2007, Decapitated played with Cephalic Carnage and others in the Summer Slaughter trek across the US. Once the tour ended, Marcin departed from Decapitated to live with his family and to move to California.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "On October 28, 2007, the remaining three band members were involved in an automobile accident that injured Vitek and Covan. Their tour bus collided with a truck carrying wood in Gomel, near the border from Russia to Belarus. Vitek died on November 2, 2007, at the age of 23 in a Russian hospital from the injuries. Covan slipped into a coma and was later moved to Poland. In 2008, Metal Mind Productions released the concert DVD Human's Dust.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "Reformation and Carnival Is Forever (2009–2013)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "On March 8, 2009, after a period of disbandment, Vogg announced he was planning to continue the band and was searching for a new drummer and vocalist. Covan was unable to continue with Decapitated due to the slow improvement of his condition. In early 2009, Vogg participated on recording of the guitars for Vader's album Necropolis and continued with the band on a tour in support of the album, starting in September.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "In mid-2009 Vogg stated: \"It has been the hardest thing for me to move on without Vitek by my side, but he would have wanted me to continue with the band. Finally, I have found some great musicians who can continue the work of Vitek and Covan.\" \"There's no sense in stopping this amazing thing we built up so many years ago together with Vitek, Sauron, Martin and Covan.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "On July 31, 2009, the Austrian drummer Kerim \"Krimh\" Lechner of Thorns of Ivy joined Decapitated. On November 20, 2009, the new line-up was completed with the vocalist Rafał Piotrowski of the band Ketha and bassist Filip \"Heinrich\" Hałucha of Vesania and Masachist. Decapitated continued with support of Nuclear Blast record label and Hard Impact Music management. The band toured in United Kingdom in February 2010 as well as in April and May in Australia, New Zealand and European festivals and the Summer Slaughter tour in United States in mid-2010.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "The band entered RG Studio in Gdańsk on February 9, 2011 to begin recording their fifth studio album entitled Carnival Is Forever. The album was produced by Vogg; while mixing and drums production was done by Swedish producer Daniel Bergstrand, who previously worked with Behemoth and Meshuggah among others. Heinrich departed from Decapitated after the recording in order to concentrate on Vesania, and Carnival Is Forever was released on July 12, 2011.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "On November 1, 2011, the band was on board LOT Polish Airlines Flight 16 when the crew were unable to extend the landing gear and were forced to land the aircraft on its belly. Everyone aboard the flight survived. Decapitated went on a European tour with Meshuggah in mid-2012. Lechner left the band in September 2012 and was replaced by former Vader drummer Paweł Jaroszewicz. In late 2012, Decapitated played concerts in Nepal, Japan, and Thailand, among others. In 2013, the band joined Lamb of God on a tour in North America.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "Blood Mantra, Anticult and members' arrests (2014–2020)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "On March 13, 2014, the band announced the addition of drummer Michał Łysejko to its lineup, who had been touring with Decapitated since January 2014. Decapitated recorded Blood Mantra during March in Hertz Studio in Poland, and released the album in September. During a tour in United States in October, the band was involved in serious van accident on the way to a show in New Orleans, Louisiana. Nobody was seriously injured and the band continued on tour. Decapitated accompanied Soulfly on their 2015 We Sold Our Souls To Metal Tour.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "The album Anticult was released on July 7, 2017. Vogg stated about the songwriting process: \"[This] album is one that we created together as a band. Our drummer, Michał [Łysejko], [helped] a lot with the arrangements and the songs. He's like the co-author of the songs. It's like I used to do with Vitek [Witold Kiełtyka].\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "On 9 September 2017, all four members of Decapitated's line up at the time (Michał Łysejko, Wacław \"Vogg\" Kiełtyka, Rafał Piotrowski and Hubert Więcek) were arrested in Santa Ana, California, after a show while on tour with Thy Art Is Murder. Prior to the arrest, the band members had offered to surrender to the police as soon as they had learned of an investigation, but never heard anything back. After being extracted to Spokane, each band member was formally charged with rape in October 2017. Piotrowski and Kiełtyka were both charged with second degree rape, while Łysejko and Więcek's charges were for third degree rape. All members of the band plead not guilty to their respective criminal charges. All charges were dropped by prosecutors in January 2018, citing the \"well-being of the victim\" and \"in the interest of justice\", and the scheduled trial later that month was cancelled. According to Piotrowski's attorney Jeffry Finer, the accuser was heavily involved in the decision to drop charges and the band's defence attorneys also highlighted testimonies from numerous concert attendees and musicians from other bands in support of the band's version of events. In March 2018, Kiełtyka wrote a statement explicitly rejecting the accusations and describing the experience as \"one of the most terrible and irrational times in our lives\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "In July 2018, the band released a music video for the song \"Kill The Cult\" from their 2017 album. In December 2018, the band announced departure of drummer Łysejko.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "On September 28, 2019, Vogg was announced as Phil Demmel's replacement in Machine Head for a tour. Vogg revealed that Decapitated would begin writing new music in 2020 for their eighth studio album. In September 2020, Decapitated re-signed with Nuclear Blast and also announced former touring drummer James Stewart has become a full-time band member, while bassist Hubert Więcek was no longer in the band.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "Cancer Culture and next album (2021–present)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "The band announced dates in July 2021 for their upcoming 2022 European tour to mark their 25th anniversary, with support from Black Tongue, Heart of a Coward and INFERI. Heart of a Coward later withdrew from the tour and were replaced with Archspire.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "On March 17, 2022, the band announced their eighth studio album Cancer Culture would be released on May 27, and also released the title track from the album. They also revealed the album would feature guest performances from members of Jinjer and Machine Head. The album and music videos feature the return of Paweł Pasek on bass.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "On February 17, 2024, while announcing his departure from Machine Head, Vogg confirmed that Decapitated has \"a studio session lined up\" for the next album. He was also open to joining new bands. Decapitated continued touring.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "On October 11, 2024, it was announced vocalist Rasta had departed the band, and was being replaced by Eemeli Bodde of Mors Subita. It was also announced former vocalist Sauron would be performing with the band at the 2024 Damnation Festival. Later that year, Stewart was confirmed as a full Obscura member.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "Vogg confirmed in October 2025 that Decapitated has begun working on new material for their ninth studio album, with a tentative release date of 2026.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "Musical style and critical reception", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "Decapitated's music is written by Vogg, who co-worked with Vitek while writing prior to his death. Decapitated became known for its songwriting and technical instrumental approach at an extraordinarily young age and earned an international fan base in the underground music community. In the review of Decapitated's debut album, Allmusic said \"the band has a seemingly effortless understanding and command of ... their instruments and ... the songwriting is extremely solid; even in the first listen.\" The characteristics of Nihility and Negation are \"powerful, blastbeat-filled drumming, dissonant yet memorable guitar riffs, and inventive guitar solos\" and substantially high production quality. In the review of The Negation, Metal Hammer states that \"Sauron is one of the most capable vocalists on the scene\". With Organic Halucinosis, Decapitated focused on non-traditional death metal aesthetics, more complex songwriting and grooves, and polyrhythmic approach; Covan contributed more versatile vocals. A notable element of groove is present in Decapitated's death metal sound, which has been often described as technical death metal. Vogg cited Dimebag Darrell of Pantera as an \"inspiration for making groovy riffs\". Recently, the band and their later musical output have been described as groove metal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "Decapitated's releases are some of death metal's most significant albums of the early 21st century. Winds of Creation was \"responsible for re-igniting a stagnating death metal scene\" and Organic Hallucinosis proved to be substantially influential in the subsequent development of the genre. According to Kerrang!, Decapitated have released \"classic albums; (...) that have turned these youthful Poles into one of the genre's most widely respected bands. Tomas Haake, the drummer of the Swedish band Meshuggah, commented the death of Vitek: \"The metal community has lost one of the most talented and skillful drummers of our time! [...] Vitek was a true talent and drummer genius.\" In 2017, Alternative Press described Decapitated as one of \"death metal's elite\" bands.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Decapitated at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9b5ca496", "title": "Decapitated (band)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitated_(band)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9b5ca496.json"}}
{"text": "The Agencia Espacial Española (AEE; Spanish Space Agency) is an agency of the Spanish government responsible for the Spanish space program. The agency was officially announced on 27 May 2021 and it became operational in 20 April 2023.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "This new agency aims to group in a single body all the space powers of the General State Administration, mainly those of the National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA, created in 1942) and the Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (CDTI, created in 1977).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "INTA and other agencies", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "The concern of the Spanish government in relation to space issues appears in the 1940s, when the National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA) was created. However, this body focused its efforts on satellite and rocket programs, but has never been configured as a true space agency that would coordinate public and private efforts around a defined space program.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "For this reason, in 1963 the National Space Research Commission (CONIE) was created, initially attached to the Ministry of the Air and later to the Ministry of Defence.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "This organization had three objectives:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "To advise and propose to the Government the national programs of tests, achievements and research of the very high atmosphere and outer space, together with the necessary budgets for the development of such programs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "To distribute the programs among the various national Research Services or Institutes that specifically must participate in them, as well as promote, stimulate, direct and coordinate the activities of such Services and Institutes in what refers to the investigation of the very high atmosphere and from outer space.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "To promote collaboration with international space organizations.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "In 1986, the Promotion and General Coordination of Scientific and Technical Research Act dismissed the commission and it transferred its powers to two bodies: first, to the Interministerial Committee for Science and Technology (CICYT, a collective government body to coordinate this affairs) and, secondly, to the Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (CDTI), which acts as a space project funding agency and coordinate the European Space Agency's programs in Spain.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "In 2014, the Interministerial Committee for Space Industrial and Technological Policy was created to coordinate the interest of the several ministries that at that time had space responsibilities. This committee was made up of representatives from the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Finance and Public Administrations, the Ministry of Development, the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Tourism, the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, the National Institute of Aerospace Technology, the Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology and the State Meteorological Agency (AEMET). In 2015, the government announced the creation of the agency to unify all space research activities, but this was not carried out.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "With the arrival at the Ministry of Science of former astronaut Pedro Duque, the industry recovered the idea of creating a space agency, but the government discarded the idea again since they considered that creating more structures was not going to solve the problem and that the most logical was to continue betting on the European Space Agency (ESA). Despite this, in 27 May 2021, the new Science Minister, Diana Morant, announced that the draft Science Act included the possibility of creating said body, and that, indeed, they would do so. The new Science, Technology and Innovation Act was passed on 26 August 2022 and entered into force on 7 September 2022.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "Between 2021 and 2022 the government has been implementing measures in this regard, establishing a new National Security Strategy that considered vital to have a space agency, presenting the Science bill to Parliament and the creation in June 2022 of the Space Council, an interministerial working group in charge of drawing up the internal regulations and the initial action plan of the future Spanish Space Agency. The Space Council is chaired by a Special Commissioner, a position established in 2022 to coordinate all the public and private efforts to promote the space industry. The government also announced in June 2022 that the Spanish Air Force, the Army of the Air, would be renamed as Army of the Air and Space.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "As initially expected, the agency became operational in 2023. On 7 March 2023, the Council of Ministers approved the internal regulations of the Agency and in 20 April 2023 the Agency's Governing Council held its constitutive session.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "The Spanish Space Agency is organized into three main bodies and several subordinated directorates:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "The President. The presidency is exercised by the minister of Science and Innovation. The president represents the Agency, convenes and directs the meetings of the Governing Council, and proposes to it, after consulting with the minister of Defense, the appointment director of the Agency.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "The Governing Council. It is the collective governing body of the Agency, made up of the president, the vice-presidents (there are four of them, one for each representative of the Ministries of Defence, Transport, Industry and Economy), the director of the Agency, and other representatives of the General State Administration. There are members, with voice but no vote, representatives of the scientific field, the space industry sector and workers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "As a permanent working body, it has a Permanent Commission, headed by the director of the Agency.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "The Director of the Agency, with the rank of undersecretary. It is the executive office of the Agency, on which the rest of the administrative bodies depend.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "The General Secretariat. It is responsible for the management and administrative direction of human, economic, financial, technological, logistical and material resources. Likewise, it acts as the Secretary of the Governing Council.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "The Directorate for Security and Planning. Its office holder is the first in the line of succession to the director of the Agency and this department is in charge of supporting the achievement of the goals of the different national strategies of which the Agency is a part, coordinating and supervising everything related to support to Aerospace Security, assists in the certification of space infrastructures, and it is responsible for everything related to the safe operation of Space Traffic and the monitoring of activities related to \"Space Surveillance and Tracking\" (SST) and \"Space Situational Awareness\" (SSA). Likewise, it is in charge of ensuring the environmental sustainability of space operations and cybersecurity, the protection of information, the accreditation of companies, premises and people who participate in classified projects, as well as protection against threats and risks, in Coordination with other bodies with competencies in this matter.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "The Directorate for Programs and Industry, which is responsible for promoting, managing and coordinating the National Space Program, the technical and economic monitoring of existing programs, supervising the correct use of funds for the development of these programs and the national participation in all space programs. Also, it promote the space industry, analyzing the possible public investment in private initiatives of start-up companies.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "The Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation, which is responsible for identifying, promoting and developing space technologies in all areas, whether by carrying out its own programmes, financing others or helping to create and consolidate space technology-based companies.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "The Directorate for Users, Services and Applications. This department is responsible for the promotion and development of space applications for public and private users and for the development of the downstream sector of the space industry.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "The Space and Society Office, responsible for the promotion, through the appropriate communication and dissemination actions, of social interest in space and in projects, science, research, actions and others that derive from the Agency's powers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "Likewise, to ensure the proper functioning of the Agency, there is a Control Commission that collects information and transmits it to the Governing Council.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "Finally, there are several advisory and support bodies to assist the different departments of the Agency.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "From March 2023 to December 2023, Miguel Belló Mora, the government commissioner for aerospace projects of the Ministry of Science served as acting director. After leaving both offices, the director for Security and Planning of the agency, brigadier general Juan Carlos Sánchez Delgado, assumed as acting director. Finally, in May 2024 the aerospace engineer Juan Carlos Cortés Pulido, then director for Programs and Industry of the agency, was appointed as the first director.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "The Spanish prime minister disclosed the newly created state agency to be headquartered outside of the capital, Madrid, pursuant to the wider administrative decentralization plan devised by the government. The Government of Spain however announced that it would positively assess places located less than an hour away from an international airport, with connections to Brussels and Paris, and preferably to Amsterdam, Rome, Frankfurt, Prague, and Toulouse too, cited as the most frequent destinations for work trips among agency staff members.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "The following municipalities submitted bids to host the headquarters: Huelva, Seville, Teruel, Elche, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Cabanillas del Campo, Yebes, Puertollano, Ciudad Real, León, Palencia, Cebreros, San Javier, Tres Cantos, Robledo de Chavela, and L'Hospitalet de Llobregat.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "On 5 December 2022, the Government of Spain, via its spokesperson Isabel Rodríguez, disclosed the city of Seville as the location for the headquarters of the agency, tentatively intended to be operational in early 2023.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3890218f", "title": "Agencia Espacial Española", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3890218f.json"}}
{"text": "The 2011–12 FA Trophy is the 42nd season of the FA Trophy, the Football Association's cup competition for teams at levels 5–8 of the English football league system. A total of 266 clubs entered the competition.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6cdc969", "title": "2011–12 FA Trophy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FA_Trophy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6cdc969.json"}}
{"text": "The competition was won for the first time by York City, who defeated Newport County 2–0 in the Final at Wembley on 12 May 2012. Newport County became the second Welsh club to reach an FA Trophy final, after Bangor City in 1984.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6cdc969", "title": "2011–12 FA Trophy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FA_Trophy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6cdc969.json"}}
{"text": "Ties will be played on 8 October 2011.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6cdc969", "title": "2011–12 FA Trophy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FA_Trophy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6cdc969.json"}}
{"text": "† – After extra time", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6cdc969", "title": "2011–12 FA Trophy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FA_Trophy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6cdc969.json"}}
{"text": "First round qualifying", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6cdc969", "title": "2011–12 FA Trophy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FA_Trophy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6cdc969.json"}}
{"text": "Ties will be played on 22 October 2011", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6cdc969", "title": "2011–12 FA Trophy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FA_Trophy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6cdc969.json"}}
{"text": "Teams from Premier Division of Southern League, Northern Premier League and Isthmian League entered in this round.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6cdc969", "title": "2011–12 FA Trophy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FA_Trophy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6cdc969.json"}}
{"text": "† – After extra time", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6cdc969", "title": "2011–12 FA Trophy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FA_Trophy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6cdc969.json"}}
{"text": "Second round qualifying", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6cdc969", "title": "2011–12 FA Trophy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FA_Trophy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6cdc969.json"}}
{"text": "Ties will be played on 5 November 2011", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6cdc969", "title": "2011–12 FA Trophy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FA_Trophy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6cdc969.json"}}
{"text": "† – After extra time", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6cdc969", "title": "2011–12 FA Trophy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FA_Trophy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6cdc969.json"}}
{"text": "Third round qualifying", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6cdc969", "title": "2011–12 FA Trophy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FA_Trophy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6cdc969.json"}}
{"text": "Ties will be played on 26 November 2011. This round is the first in which Conference North and South teams join the competition.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6cdc969", "title": "2011–12 FA Trophy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FA_Trophy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6cdc969.json"}}
{"text": "† – After extra time", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6cdc969", "title": "2011–12 FA Trophy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FA_Trophy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6cdc969.json"}}
{"text": "Ties will be played on 10 December 2011. This round is the first in which Conference Premier teams join those from lower reaches of the National League System.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6cdc969", "title": "2011–12 FA Trophy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FA_Trophy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6cdc969.json"}}
{"text": "Ties will be played on 14 January 2012.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6cdc969", "title": "2011–12 FA Trophy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FA_Trophy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6cdc969.json"}}
{"text": "† – After extra time", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6cdc969", "title": "2011–12 FA Trophy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FA_Trophy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6cdc969.json"}}
{"text": "Ties will be played on 4 February 2012.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6cdc969", "title": "2011–12 FA Trophy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FA_Trophy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6cdc969.json"}}
{"text": "Ties will be played on 25 February 2012.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6cdc969", "title": "2011–12 FA Trophy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FA_Trophy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6cdc969.json"}}
{"text": "Newport County win 3–1 on aggregate", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6cdc969", "title": "2011–12 FA Trophy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FA_Trophy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6cdc969.json"}}
{"text": "York City win 2–1 on aggregate", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6cdc969", "title": "2011–12 FA Trophy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FA_Trophy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6cdc969.json"}}
{"text": "Football Club History Database: FA Trophy 2011–12", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6cdc969", "title": "2011–12 FA Trophy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FA_Trophy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6cdc969.json"}}
{"text": "MacKay United Church is a United Church of Canada church in the New Edinburgh neighbourhood of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The church is located at the intersection of 39 Dufferin and Mackay at the southwest corner of the Rideau Hall estate. MacKay's present minister is the Arnprior-born Reverend Peter Woods.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cdcf7629", "title": "MacKay United Church", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacKay_United_Church", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cdcf7629.json"}}
{"text": "The church was founded in 1875 on land donated by William MacKinnon, grandson of Thomas McKay, and the founder of New Edinburgh and namesake of the church. The Romanesque Revival style building was constructed from 1909-1910.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cdcf7629", "title": "MacKay United Church", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacKay_United_Church", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cdcf7629.json"}}
{"text": "The building was expanded in 1924 and the entire structure was demolished for a new building completed in 1910.  It was originally called MacKay Presbyterian, but became MacKay United, on June 10, 1925. The building was given a Municipal designation under the Ontario Heritage Act, Section 29.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cdcf7629", "title": "MacKay United Church", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacKay_United_Church", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cdcf7629.json"}}
{"text": "MacKay United Church website", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cdcf7629", "title": "MacKay United Church", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacKay_United_Church", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cdcf7629.json"}}
{"text": "Queen Seondeok (Korean: 선덕여왕 Korean pronunciation: [sʌn.dʌk jʌ.waŋ]; Unknown  – 20 February [O.S. 17 February] 647; 8th day of the 1st lunar month of the 14th year of Inpyeong [인평 14년 정월 8일; 仁平14年正月8日]) reigned as Queen Regnant of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, from 632 to 647. She was Silla's twenty-seventh ruler, and its first reigning queen. In the Samguk sagi, Queen Seondeok was described as \"generous, benevolent, wise, and smart\". According to the Legend of Jigwi, she was also beautiful.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "In texts, Queen Seondeok is indicated not only as Seondeok yeowang (선덕여왕; 善德女王), but also as Seondeok wang (선덕왕; 善德王), Seondeok yeodaewang (선덕여대왕; 善德女大王) and Seongjohwanggo (성조황고; 聖祖皇姑).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Yeowang (여왕; 女王; lit. 'female king') – Yeowang (\"female king\") is the title of queen regnant in Korean.  Because there is no feminine equivalent to king and emperor in East Asian languages, different titles are used for female monarchs and female consorts.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Wang (왕; 王; lit. 'king') –  Unlike European languages, in East Asia, the titles of female monarchs can also be abbreviated as \"king\" or \"emperor\", much like their male counterparts. However, to avoid confusion with male monarchs, they are usually referred to as \"female king\" or \"female emperor\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Yeodaewang (여대왕; 女大王; lit. 'female great king') –  It is a combination of yeowang (\"female king\") and daewang (대왕; 大王; lit. 'great king'). In the Samguk yusa, she is also called Seondeok yeodaewang (선덕여대왕), meaning Great Queen (Regnant) Seondeok.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Seongjohwanggo (성조황고; 聖祖皇姑; lit. 'divine ancestors' emperor-woman') – The title given to Queen Seondeok when she ascended the throne was Seongjohwanggo (聖祖皇姑). It means Empress descended from divine ancestors. This is one of the cases in which Silla used the title of emperor/empress as well as the title of king/queen. (See Emperor at home, king abroad for more information.)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Succession to the throne", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Born Princess Deokman (德曼), Seondeok was the daughter of King Jinpyeong and Queen Maya of Silla. She had two siblings, Princess Cheonmyeong and Princess Seonhwa (although Seonhwa's existence is controversial due to the discovery of evidence in 2009 that points to King Uija's mother as being Queen Sataek and not Seonhwa as indicated by historical records). It is uncertain whether she or Cheonmyeong was the first born. According to the disputed text Hwarang Segi, Cheonmyeong was older than Seondeok. According to the historical text Samguk sagi, Seondeok was the eldest daughter.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "According to the disputed text Hwarang Segi, because King Jinpyeong had no son whom he could pass the crown to, he began to consider his son-in-law, Kim Yongsu (husband of Princess Cheonmyeong) as his successor - after recognizing his achievements for the country. When Princess Deokman heard of it, she made a plea to her father, asking him to give her a chance to compete for the throne, insisting that she too had the right to compete for the throne as much as Kim Yongsu had. Seeing her determination, the King gave her the chance to prove herself worthy of the throne. Although it was not unusual for women to wield power in Silla (Queen Sado also served as a regent for King Jinpyeong), the thought of having a female ruler sitting on the throne was still unacceptable for most of them. Therefore, Princess Deokman had to prove herself in order to gain the trust and support of her people. Eventually, she succeeded, and was named as King Jinpyeong's successor. But this story is not mentioned in the historical texts Samguk sagi and Samguk yusa. According to the Samguk yusa, the reason Seondeok became a female monarch was just because there was no male Seonggol of Bone-rank system.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "The decision was not accepted by everyone, and as a result; some officials planned an uprising in order to stop her from being crowned. On May of 631, Ichan Chilsuk (이찬 칠숙) and Achan Seokpum (아찬 석품) planned a rebellion. But, their plan was discovered and suppressed early on. As punishment, Chilsuk was beheaded in the market place along with his entire family. Seokpum was able to escape and ran to the Baekje border. However, he missed his wife and decided to return after exchanging clothes with a woodcutter. Upon his return, he was arrested by soldiers waiting for him at his home, and was later executed.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "In January 632, Queen Seondeok became the first queen regnant of Silla. As a ruler, Queen Seondeok's primary concern was the livelihood of her people. Right after she was crowned, she appeased her people by telling them what her policies would be. She sent royal inspectors throughout the kingdom to improve the care of widows, widowers, orphans, the poor, and the elderly. During that same year, she sent a diplomat to pay tribute to the Emperor of the Tang dynasty of China, and inform him about Silla's new ruler. However, Emperor Taizong of Tang refused to acknowledge Seondeok as a ruler because she was a woman.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "In the second year of Queen Seondeok's reign, Cheomseongdae, an astronomical observatory, was built to help the farmers. She also announced a whole year of tax exemption for the peasants and reduced the tax for the middle class, and through this act of kindness, the queen won the people's support and her position was strengthened against the opposition of the male aristocracy. In June of the same year, Queen Seondeok sent a diplomat to pay nominal tribute to the Tang Emperor again; however, Emperor Taizong still refused to acknowledge her as a ruler but Seondeok was unfazed as Korean rulers of Korean dynasties have always seen themselves as equal to the rulers of Chinese dynasties.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "According to the Samguk sagi, in March, 636, the queen became ill and no amount of prayers and medicine worked. In March, 638, a large stone on the south side of the mountain moved on its own, and seven months later, Goguryeo attacked the mountain valley. The next year, the sea water on the eastern part of the Silla kingdom turned red, which caused all of the fish living in it to die. These events made the people anxious, and some of them considered them as bad omens portending the Silla kingdom's downfall.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "In 642, Uija of Baekje personally led a campaign against Silla, and conquered 40 fortresses in the western part of Silla. General Yunchung conquered the strategically important Daeya Fortress with 10,000 men and executed the daughter and son-in-law of Kim Chunchu. In 643, Baekje and Goguryeo conquered Danghang Fortress, blocking an important sea route to the Tang dynasty. Because of this, Queen Seondeok sent a diplomat to the Emperor of Tang and asked for assistance. The Emperor gave her three proposals. First, he would attack the Liaodong Peninsula and carry out a naval campaign on the west to occupy the Baekje. Second, the emperor would provide thousands of Tang uniforms and army flags in order to help Silla soldiers disguise themselves as Chinese troops. Third, he would send a male royal of Tang descent to serve as a new king of Silla, as, according to him, Silla faced constant threat because their enemies did not fear them due to their having a female ruler. The diplomat returned to Silla, unable to tell the Queen of the proposals that the Tang Emperor had offered.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "At that point of crisis, Queen Seondeok sent for the well known Buddhist monk, Jajang, who had been studying under the great Buddhist masters of the Tang dynasty for seven years. Monk Jajang returned to Silla in 643. He advised the queen and her counselors to build the great nine-story pagoda for the dual purpose of blocking foreign invasions and calming her people. After careful consideration, the queen decided to accept Jajang's proposal, seeing it as necessary to overcome the crisis that they were facing at that time. However, during her meeting with her royal subjects, she learned that they were strongly against it due to concern for the state of the royal treasury, knowing that the construction of the pagoda would bring a heavy tax burden on her people. But the queen still decided to continue with the plan with the firm belief that a work of religious devotion would bring her people together and show her people that Silla was still far from ruin. She told her royal subjects to \"tear down her palace and use its bricks and timbers, if they think they lack the funds\". After two years, the pagoda was finally completed; it was called Hwangnyongsa (meaning \"Imperial Dragon Temple\") and was considered the tallest temple in East Asia at that time. During that same year, Queen Seondeok appointed a nobleman named Bidam to the highest position in the court (Sangdaedeung).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "During the reign of Queen Seondeok, the first foundation for unifying the three Kingdoms under Silla was laid. A series of attacks and raids by the combined forces of Baekje and Goguryeo had brought the kingdom to a point of crisis. The queen decided to form an alliance with the Tang dynasty. She was ridiculed at first; however, after seeing the growing strength of Goguryeo, the Emperor of Tang, finally accepted her offer.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "On February 8, 647 (January 8, lunar calendar), Queen Seondeok faced her greatest challenge when several of her highest officials started a rebellion against her. They were led by Bidam, who asserted that: \"The female king failed to rule the country, therefore women should stop ruling\". Bidam had strong political influence in the court, and thus created the biggest rebellion in Silla's history. Since most of the army had been sent to different parts of the Silla kingdom to defend it from potential foreign invasions, the rebellion was a great threat.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "According to a famous anecdote about Bidam's rebellion, on the night of Bidam's rebellion, Queen Seondeok's health had deteriorated sharply due to illness, and a star fell near the Queen's residence. Bidam, who saw the star, claimed it was a sign of the queen's impending downfall, to encourage his superstitious followers. The queen, who heard of the event, became fearful and anxious, but Kim Yushin calmed her by telling her not to worry, for he had a plan to suppress the rebellion. He then flew a huge kite with a burning scarecrow attached to it, to make it appear that the star was back in its place. Bidam's followers saw this, and became greatly discouraged.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "The rebellion was eventually suppressed by Kim Yu-sin and Kim Alcheon. According to the Samguk sagi, Bidam and his thirty followers were executed on February 17, 647 (lunar calendar). The rebellion therefore lasted for fewer than 10 days, and failed in its goal to overthrow the government of Queen Seondeok.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Queen Seondeok died on February 20, 647 (January 8, 647 in the lunar calendar) shortly before Bidam's rebellion was completely suppressed. There is no known record identifying the exact cause of her death, but Queen Seondeok was known to have had an unspecified illness shortly prior to her death, and this illness is most commonly theorized as the cause of her death. Some historians state it is also possible she died partly out of shock that Bidam had instigated a rebellion against her. Queen Seondeok was buried in a tomb on Nangsan, one of the sacred mountains in Gyeongju. After Queen Seondeok's death, her cousin was then named as the next female ruler of Silla, and became Queen Jindeok.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Buddhism and astrology", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Like her father, Queen Seondeok was drawn to Buddhism. Silla built many temples, pagodas, and Buddha statues during her reign. One of the famous temples that was built during her time was the temple of Hwangnyongsa. According to ancient architectural records, the pagoda was 68 or 80 meters in height, making it one of the tallest structures in East Asia at the time. The pagoda represented the earnest wish of Queen Seondeok and the Silla people, to protect the country and bring the three kingdoms of Korea under one ruler. It was an offering to the Buddha, in hope that these wishes would be fulfilled. The queen often visited the Hwangnyongsa temple to pray for the wisdom and strength to save Silla from danger.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Bunhwangsa, Oseam, Sangwonsa, Yeongmyosa, Tongdosa, Woljeongsa, Baekdamsa, and Magoksa were built during her reign. She also built the \"Star-Gazing Tower,\" or Cheomseongdae, considered the first dedicated observatory in the Far East, which helped farmers at that time. The tower still stands in the old Silla capital of Gyeongju, South Korea and is the oldest surviving observatory in East Asia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "She encouraged a renaissance in thought, literature, and the arts in Silla. She developed Buddhist culture, selected great talent, and established diplomacy with the Tang dynasty, laying the foundation for the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "However, there are also negative evaluations due to the military failure and the squandering of national power by the excessive construction of temples, and since Queen Seondeok's ascension to the throne itself was achieved through a compromise between two conflicting powers, no reforms that could even slightly affect the existing balance could be promoted during her reign. It was evaluated that the absence of any achievements related to system reorganization during Queen Seondeok's reign, except for Buddhist rites such as the construction of temples, clearly shows this. In addition, it was interpreted that the balance between the two powers was broken by King Uija's invasion west of the Nakdong River in 642, which led to the Rebellion of Sangdaedeung Bidam, the leader of the noble faction, as Queen Seondeok neared death in 647.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "According to the historical text Samguk yusa, she married Galmunwang Eum (음갈문왕).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "According to the disputed text Hwarang Segi, Queen Seondeok had three husbands.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Kim Yongchun (김용춘), a child of King Jinji and Princess Cheonmyeong's brother-in-law. He served as an official during King Jinpyeong's reign and served as a Sangdaedeung for Queen Seondeok. Supposedly King Jinpyeong ordered Kim Yong Chun to become Princess Deokman's consort, in hope that a son would be born, so that the kingdom would not be entrusted to a woman. When they failed to conceive a child, Kim Yong Chun asked the king to allow him to retire as Princess Deokman's consort. The king agreed to his request, but asked him to assist Princess Deokman once she took over the throne. He went on to marry Princess Cheonmyeong in order to fulfill his brother's dying wish.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Eulje (을제): served as an official during King Jinpyeong's reign and as a Sangdaedeung for Queen Seondeok.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Lord Heumban (흠반공): was said to be one of King Jinpyeong's brothers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "According to Changnyeong Jo clan (창녕 조씨) tradition, she was married to the clan founder Jo Gye-ryong (조계룡).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "However, it is widely believed that she did not let herself be wed in order to avoid political conflicts, hence the next female rulers after her (Queen Jindeok and Queen Jinseong) were not married either.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Peony flowers and painting", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "This story is recorded in the Samguk yusa.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Emperor Taizong of China once sent the queen a painting of three peony flowers in red, purple and white, along with its actual seeds. When the queen had the seeds planted in her garden, she made a remark that \"even though the flower was pretty, it probably does not have much fragrance\". Her words were then proven to be correct when the flowers bloomed, wilted and died, without giving off any scent. People were surprised that she had known of it, and asked her about it. She explained it thus: \"The painting showed no butterfly or bees beside the flowers. When he sent me this gift, Emperor Taizong was mocking me for not having a husband.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "The peony flower does not have any scent, which is why butterflies were not interested on it — implying the reason why she did not have a husband was probably because no man was interested on her (not being married was seen as something negative for one's character and status during those days). It is said that the temple Bunhwangsa (Fragrance of the Royal Temple) was built as a response to the mockery.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Another version of that story tells that when Queen Seondeok was seven years old, her father King Jinpyeong received a box of peony seeds and a peony painting sent by Emperor Taizong of Tang. When she saw the painting, she commented that even though the flowers are pretty, it must not have much fragrance because no butterflies or bees were around them. Peonies, therefore, are equated with her wisdom and insight.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "The Legend of Jigwi is recorded in Daedongunbugunok.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "A man named Jigwi, who lived near the border of Goguryeo, went to Seorabeol and saw the queen who was passing by while on a visit to the capital city. He fell in love with her despite their difference in age and social status. He stopped eating and sleeping and did nothing but call out the queen's name all day, eventually losing his mind.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "One day, Queen Seondeok went to visit a Buddhist temple to pray. As she was passing by, Jigwi appeared while calling out the queen's name as usual. The queen's guard thrust him aside, causing a commotion. When the queen asked one of her attendants about the commotion, she was told of his story and took pity on him, and allowed him to follow her retinue to the temple. While the queen was praying inside the temple, Jigwi had to wait outside while sitting underneath a pagoda, where he fell asleep. When the queen finally emerged, she noticed Jigwi who was sleeping behind the pagoda. She asked her attendants not to disturb the sleeping man, but placed her bracelet on Jigwi's chest as a keepsake. When Jigwi woke up and saw the bracelet that she had left for him, he was so overwhelmed with joy and love for the queen, that his whole body turned into a fire. The fierce flames of his love burned down the pagoda and Jigwi himself. Some versions of the legend tell that Jigwi burned down himself and the temple to express his burning passion for the queen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "In another version of the story, Jigwi was beaten by the palace guards for calling out the queen's name every day until he could no longer move. His soul became a fire spirit and burned down the pagoda and people's houses. The people who were scared of Jigwi's wrath asked the Queen for help, so she made a talisman for them to put in front of their houses to block away Jigwi's fire spirit.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "In a modern version of the story. Jigwi fell in love with Queen Seondeok, whom he met every night through her dream. In her dream, he appears as a handsome Hwarang, who gave her predictions and solutions for the crises she faced as a ruler. Through Jigwi's assistance, Queen Seondeok overcame many problems. They met each other in a bridge in her dream, but suddenly Jigwi stopped appearing in her dreams. The queen started to wonder what happened to the man in her dreams and started to miss him and so she went to the bridge where they used to meet in her dreams. But Jigwi was nowhere to be found, and instead, the one she saw was a sleeping beggar. The queen did not recognize him as the same man who appeared in her dream but still, she decided to leave her bracelet on the chest of the sleeping man. When Jigwi woke up, he was overwhelmed with love and longing for the queen, that his heart turned into a fire that spread through his whole body. The fire flew to heaven and then rain started to fall, which ended the drought in Silla.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Croaking Frogs and Jade Gate", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "This story is recorded in the Samguk yusa.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Near the banks of the Seongjin river in the capital city, there was a temple called Yeongmyosa. In the temple grounds was a pond named Okmun (\"Jade Gate\"). On a certain day in winter, five years into her reign, frogs gathered together at the pond and began to croak loudly for several days. When this strange phenomenon was reported to the queen, she immediately ordered two of her generals to lead 2,000 of her best soldiers to the western suburb of the city, and to look for a valley named Yeogeungok (\"Cradle of Life\"). She added that an enemy force would be found there lying in wait, which they would be sure to take by surprise. The two generals led their armies to the valley the queen had mentioned, near Mt. Bu, and destroyed not only the detachment of 500 Baekje soldiers they found there, but also a force of 1,200 reinforcements which came later to aid them.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "When asked how she had foreseen the Baekje invasion simply because of the croaking of frogs. The queen explained, \"A group of angry frogs signifies an army. Jade Gate is an expression for a woman's chastity. Woman is one of the meanings of Yin, which also has the meaning of white, and the white color stands for the West. So I knew that an army was lying in the West. As we say, a man is supposed in some sense to die during the act of creating new life. Since the Baekje army was hiding in the valley known as the Cradle of Life, I knew that it would be easy to defeat them.\" This shows that the queen was well-versed in the philosophy of Yin and Yang, and interpreted all the icons correctly. It is also remarkable to see the queen's reference to the symbolic \"death\" of the male during the act of love. The fact that the queen openly dealt with the topic in front of her male courtiers also showed her boldness.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Burial near the Doricheon", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "This story is recorded in the Samguk yusa.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Some days before she died, Seondeok gathered her officials and gave the order \"When I die, bury me near the Doricheon (忉利天, \"Heaven of Grieved Merits\")\" which in Buddhism refers to a certain level of Heaven. When asked where the Doricheon was, she replied that it was on the southern side of Mt. Namsan. Decades after her death, the thirtieth king Munmu of Silla constructed Sacheonwang-sa (四天王寺, \"Temple of the Four Heavenly Kings\") in her tomb. Then the nobles realized that one of the Buddha's sayings, \"Dori-cheon is above the Sacheonwang-cheon\", was accomplished by the queen. However, rather than prediction, some historians think of it as her last wish: having suffered so much jealousy and prejudice for being a woman during her reign, this may have been her way to show her desire to be reincarnated as a man in Doricheon in her next life.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Father: King Jinpyeong (진평왕; 眞平王, 567–632)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Mother: Kim Bokhilgu, the Lady Maya (김복힐구 마야부인; 金福肹口 摩耶夫人, dates unknown)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Princess Cheonmyeong (천명공주; 天明公主, dates unknown), 1st or 2nd daughter", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Kim Yongsu (김용수; 金龍樹, 578–647), Princess Cheonmyeong's husband, 13th Pungwolju.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Kim Chun-chu (김춘추; 金春秋, 604–661), 18th Pungwolju; later King (Taejong) Muyeol (태종무열왕; 太宗武烈王).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Princess Seonhwa (선화공주; 善化/花公主, dates unknown), 3rd daughter (There is constant debate over her identity.)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Cousin: Kim Seung-man (김승만; 金勝曼), only daughter of Gukban (국반; 國飯) and Lady Wolmyeong of the Park clan (월명부인 박씨; 月明夫人朴氏); later Queen Jindeok", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Portrayed by Kim Hye Jung in the 1992–1993 KBS TV series Chronicle of the three Kingdoms", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Portrayed by Lee Ae-jung in the 2005 EBS TV series Jump", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Portrayed by Lee Hyun Jung in the 2006–2007 SBS TV series Yeon Gaesomun", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Portrayed by Lee Yo-won and Nam Ji-hyun in the 2009 MBC TV series Queen Seondeok.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Portrayed by Yoon So-yi in the 2011 film The Bracelet of Blue Tears.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Portrayed by Park Joo-mi, Sun Joo-ah and Hong Eun-hee in the 2012–2013 KBS1 TV series Dream of the Emperor.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "She is the leader of the Korean civilization in the Rise and Fall expansion of the 4X video game Civilization VI.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Seondeok is a playable character in the Mobile/PC Game Rise of Kingdoms.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Featured in Sheri Holman's Sondok: Princess of the Moon and Stars, Korea, A.D. 595.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Portrayed by Ahn So Ri in the 2017 KBS TV series Chronicles of Korea", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Playable hero character in the online video game Art of War", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Three Kingdoms of Korea", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Queen Seondeok (TV series)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Sondok: Princess of the Moon and Stars (Korea, 595 A.D.)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Lee, Bae-yong (2008). Women in Korean History. Ewha Womans University Press.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Wollock, Jennifer G. (2011). Rethinking Chivalry and Courtly Love. Praeger.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "KSCPP Archived 2018-03-03 at the Wayback Machine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "선덕여왕. 문화원형백과 (in Korean). Retrieved 2023-02-04.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "선덕여왕. 인물한국사 (in Korean). Retrieved 2023-02-04.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Royal Tomb of Queen Seondeok of Silla", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38ab2699", "title": "Queen Seondeok of Silla", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38ab2699.json"}}
{"text": "Atractus schach, is a species of colubrid snake. It is found in French Guiana, Guyana, and Suriname. It is also known as Schach's ground snake.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aade49e6", "title": "Atractus schach", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atractus_schach", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aade49e6.json"}}
{"text": "The A575 is an A road in Greater Manchester which connects Worsley and Farnworth.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8cb5ab71", "title": "A575 road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A575_road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8cb5ab71.json"}}
{"text": "The road begins in Worsley village at junction 13 of the M60 at the A572, where this road goes beneath the M60. It crosses the East Lancashire Road – A580, after which it loses primary status. It then goes through Walkden past the railway station and crosses the A6. It heads over the M61 before meeting with the A5082. The road then comes to its end at Moses Gate near the A666.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8cb5ab71", "title": "A575 road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A575_road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8cb5ab71.json"}}
{"text": "It has a 30 mph speed limit for its full length.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8cb5ab71", "title": "A575 road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A575_road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8cb5ab71.json"}}
{"text": "The A575 previously continued from Worsley through Trafford Park, and terminated at the A56 in Stretford. This section is now the B5211 road from Worsley to Trafford Park and the A5181 (Park Road) from thereon.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8cb5ab71", "title": "A575 road", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A575_road", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8cb5ab71.json"}}
{"text": "The Searcy Municipal Courthouse, formerly the Searcy Post Office is a historic government building at Gum and Arch Streets in downtown Searcy, Arkansas.  It is a two-story brick building with Renaissance Revival styling.  The central bays of its main facade are articulated by paneled pilasters of the Corinthian order, with large two-story windows flanking a two-story entrance, all set in recessed segmented-arch openings.  The shallow hipped roof has elongated eaves with large brackets.  The building was designed by Oscar Wenderoth and built in 1914, and is the only high-style Renaissance Revival building in White County.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e035eb94", "title": "Searcy Municipal Courthouse", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searcy_Municipal_Courthouse", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e035eb94.json"}}
{"text": "The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e035eb94", "title": "Searcy Municipal Courthouse", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searcy_Municipal_Courthouse", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e035eb94.json"}}
{"text": "National Register of Historic Places listings in White County, Arkansas", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e035eb94", "title": "Searcy Municipal Courthouse", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searcy_Municipal_Courthouse", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e035eb94.json"}}
{"text": "The target shrimpgoby (Cryptocentrus strigilliceps) is a species of goby native to the Indo-West-Pacific where it occurs near coasts on silty or sandy reefs at depths of from 3 to 15 metres (9.8 to 49.2 ft).  This species is symbiotic with alpheid shrimps.  It can reach a length of 10 centimetres (3.9 in) TL.  This species can also be found in the aquarium trade.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_62e5c3d3", "title": "Target shrimp goby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_shrimp_goby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_62e5c3d3.json"}}
{"text": "David Lyon  (born 1948) is a sociologist who directed the Surveillance Studies Centre at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. He previously held a Queen’s Research Chair position and appointments in the Department of Sociology and the Faculty of Law at Queen's University.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Lyon received Bachelor of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in social science and history at the University of Bradford in Yorkshire, England, fuelling a fascination with driving forces behind and social consequences of some major transformations of the modern  world.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon defines surveillance as the \"operations and experiences of gathering and analyzing personal data for influence, entitlement or management.\" As well, he has developed key concepts in the field, such as social sorting. Lyon has also taught and researched in the areas of information society, globalization, secularization, and postmodernity. He is author, co-author, editor or co-editor of 32 books. His books have been translated into 19 languages.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "He was a founding editor of the journal Surveillance & Society, is an associate editor of The Information Society, and is on the international editorial board of a number of other academic journals. Since 2000 Lyon has led a series of team projects; currently, \"Big Data Surveillance\" (2015–2020). He is also on the international advisory boards of other major projects in surveillance studies.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "He has held visiting appointments in a number of universities including Auckland, Bir Zeit, Edinburgh, Leeds, Melbourne, Sydney, Rio de Janeiro, Tokyo, the Centre for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore, and the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris. Lyon has also encouraged surveillance research initiatives and groups around the world, especially in Israel/Palestine and the Middle East, Japan, and Latin America.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Sociology, religion, the secular", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon’s dissertation focused on the historical sociology of belief-change in Victorian England and his early work explored the mutual relations of Christian social thought and the social sciences in works such as Karl Marx: A Christian Appreciation of his Life and Thought (1979) and Sociology and the Human Image (1983).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "The Steeple’s Shadow: On the Myths and Realities of Secularization (1986), questioned theories which suggest that religious belief and practice decline with the coming of modernity. Locally, he wrote a parish study of St James’ Anglican church, Kingston; Living Stones (1995).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Jesus in Disneyland (2000) investigated the ways in which religious activities are affected by the so-called postmodern turn, and the co-edited (with Marguerite Van Die) Rethinking Church, State and Modernity: Canada between Europe and America (2000) examined the question from the perspective of political sociology. The latter research was funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon has contributed to the debate over the \"post-secular\" both directly, for example in \"Being post-secular in the social sciences: Charles Taylor’s social imaginaries\" New Blackfriars, 91: 648-662, 2010 and indirectly, in \"Surveillance and the Eye of God\" Studies in Christian Ethics, 27(1): 21-32, 2014.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Surveillance, technology, digital modernity", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "During the 1980s Lyon examined how new technologies are involved in social change and offered a balanced assessment in books such as The Information Society: Issues and Illusions (1988).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "In a short book on Postmodernity (1994) he suggested that currently fashionable theoretical debates had to be understood in relation to social changes, especially the development of new media and the cultural prominence of consumerism. Today, he refers more to \"liquid\" and \"digital\" modernity.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon’s work on social aspects of new technologies concerns the processing of personal data. See The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society (1994). This blossomed into a research program that became increasingly collaborative, international and multi-disciplinary. Lyon’s \"social sorting\" concept signals that while \"privacy\" is not to be minimized, broader questions of ethics and social justice, including civil liberties and human rights, are also prompted by the intensification of surveillance. This is seen even more starkly in a post-Snowden environment (see Surveillance After Snowden, 2015) where Big Data practices now play a central role (see \"Snowden, surveillance and big data: capacities, consequences and critique\" Big Data & Society,  1(1), 2014.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "The argument of The Electronic Eye was complemented by Surveillance Society: Monitoring Everyday Life (2001) that focused on global developments and the increasing use of the body as a source of data, and then by Surveillance after September 11 (2003) that focuses on 9/11’s role in expanding surveillance and diminishing human rights, capitalizing on fear, suspicion and secrecy. In the ironically titled Surveillance Studies: An Overview (2007) Lyon lays out dynamically the key features of surveillance studies.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Identification, ethics, human flourishing", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Identifying Citizens: ID Cards as Surveillance (2009) picked up on themes explored by Lyon since the late 1980s but also relating to more recent technical and political developments. The parallel volume here is the co-edited (with Colin Bennett) Playing the Identity Card: Surveillance, Security and Identification in Global Perspective (2008). Each book refers to Lyon’s concept of the \"card cartel\" as a means of understanding the political economy of IDs at a time when \"showing ID\" has become a central – and novel – feature of social relations around the world.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Ethics has been integral to Lyon's work over many years, seen in his current work (e.g. \"Liquid Surveillance: the Contribution of Zygmunt Bauman to Surveillance Studies\" International Political Sociology, 4: 325-338, 2010 and Liquid Surveillance, co-authored with Zygmunt Bauman 2013). Today, says Lyon, more than ever, ethical questions demand attention because the issues are so large, urgent and intractable. While educational, legal, technical and other approaches are vital, he insists that it is also crucial both to confront the agents of surveillance and to consider current developments in terms of emerging political subjects, the common good and human flourishing.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon’s scholarship on surveillance has been criticized as drawing explicitly upon Christian beliefs to postulate that “caring” forms of surveillance are both possible and desirable. James M. Harding, in particular, has questioned whether this stance ultimately functions as an apology for abusive and corrupt surveillance practices by casting them as being in need of reform rather than eradication. Following the publication of Harding’s critique in his book Performance, Transparency, and the Cultures of Surveillance, Lyon and Harding engaged in a published debate about these issues in the journal Surveillance & Society. Lyon contends that, while abusive and corrupt surveillance practices should indeed be eradicated, this does not mean that a surveillance of care doesn't exist or should not be aspired to.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "2007 Lifetime Achievement Award American Sociological Association Communication and Information Technology Section", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "2008 Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "2008–2010 Killam Research Fellow, the Canada Council's highest award", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "2012 Outstanding Contribution Award from the Canadian Sociological Association", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "2014 Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences (UK)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "2015 Insight-Impact Award from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SHRCC)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "2016 Doctor honoris causa, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Switzerland", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "2018 Outstanding Contribution Award from the Surveillance Studies Network", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "2020 Molson Prize from the Canada Council for the Arts and SSHRC", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, David (June 1981). Karl Marx: A Christian Assessment of His Life and Thought. Intervarsity Press. ISBN 0-87784-879-3.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, David (19 November 1983). Sociology and the Human Image. Downers Grove, Illinois: Inter-Varsity Press. ISBN 0-87784-843-2.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, David (July 1986). The Silicon Society: How Will Information Technology Change Our Lives?. Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. ISBN 0-8028-0238-9.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, David (February 1987). The Steeple's Shadow: On the Myths and Realities of Secularization. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0261-3.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, D (1988). The Information Society: Issues and Illusions. Polity. ISBN 0-7456-0369-6.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, D (1994). The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-2515-8.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, D (1996). Zureik, E (ed.). Computers, Surveillance and Privacy. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-2653-7.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, D (1999). Postmodernity (2nd ed.). University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-3227-8.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, D (2000). Jesus in Disneyland: Religion in Postmodern Times. Polity. ISBN 0-7456-1489-2.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, D (2001). Surveillance Society: Monitoring Everyday Life. Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-20546-1.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, D. (15 December 2002). Surveillance as Social Sorting: Privacy, Risk and Digital Discrimination. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-27873-2.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, D (26 September 2003). Surveillance After September 11. Polity. ISBN 0-7456-3181-9.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, D. (2006). Theorizing Surveillance: The Panopticon and Beyond. Willan. ISBN 978-1-84392-191-2.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, D (30 July 2007). Surveillance Studies: An Overview. Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3592-7.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, D (2008). Bennett, C (ed.). Playing the Identity Card: Surveillance, Security and Identification in Global Perspective. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-92713-7.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, D. (2009). Identifying Citizens: ID Cards as Surveillance. Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-4156-0.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, D (2010). Elia Zureik; Yasmeen Abu-Laban (eds.). Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory, Power. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-58861-4.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, D (2011). Aaron Doyle; Randy Lippert (eds.). Eyes Everywhere: The Global Growth of Camera Surveillance. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-69655-5.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, D (2012). Kirstie Ball; Kevin Haggerty (eds.). Routledge Handbook of Surveillance Studies. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-58883-6.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, D; Zygmunt Bauman (2013). Liquid Surveillance: A Conversation. Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-6283-1.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, D.; Bennett, Colin; Haggerty, Kevin; Steeves, Valerie, eds. (4 December 2014). Transparent Lives: Surveillance in Canada. Athabasca University Press. ISBN 978-1-927356-77-7.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, David (17 August 2015). Surveillance after Snowden. Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-9085-8.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, David (2018). The Culture of Surveillance: Watching as a Way of Life. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-7456-7173-4.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, David and David Murakami Wood (eds. 2021) Big Data Surveillance and Security Intelligence. University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-774-86418-3.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, David (2021). Pandemic Surveillance. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-5095-5030-2.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Lyon, David (2024). Surveillance: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198796848.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "Surveillance Studies Centre", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f75b3314", "title": "David Lyon (sociologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyon_(sociologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f75b3314.json"}}
{"text": "The Bale Oak was a large oak tree in Bale, a village in north Norfolk, England; it was over 500 years old when it was felled in 1860. It measured 36 feet (11 m) in circumference, and, reportedly, featured branches over 70 feet (21 m) long.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e598638", "title": "Bale Oak", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bale_Oak", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e598638.json"}}
{"text": "In the middle of the 14th century, All Saints church was erected immediately east of the site of the tree. According to folk legend, the tree had previously been a site for pre-Christian worship and may have been a part of a larger grove.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e598638", "title": "Bale Oak", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bale_Oak", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e598638.json"}}
{"text": "In 1795, the oak was severely damaged. The oak was heavily pollarded and the removed bark and some of the wood was sold to the Hardys of Letheringsett for tanning.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e598638", "title": "Bale Oak", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bale_Oak", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e598638.json"}}
{"text": "Norfolk historian Rev. Blomfield recorded use of the oak in the 18th century:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e598638", "title": "Bale Oak", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bale_Oak", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e598638.json"}}
{"text": "A great oak at bathele near the church, its hollow so large that ten or twelve men may stand within it and a cobbler had his shop and lodge there of late and it is or was used for a swinestry.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e598638", "title": "Bale Oak", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bale_Oak", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e598638.json"}}
{"text": "Deemed dangerous by the local populace, the abuse of the tree lead to its destruction in 1860. The Lord of the Manor Sir Willoughby Jones ordered the tree removed and, with much local mourning, the remains taken carted to Cranmer Hall at Fakenham.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e598638", "title": "Bale Oak", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bale_Oak", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e598638.json"}}
{"text": "The site is now covered by a grove of Holm oaks and is protected by the National Trust.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e598638", "title": "Bale Oak", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bale_Oak", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e598638.json"}}
{"text": "Leaflet: Stone, Joyce E. 1966. As big as Bale Oak.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e598638", "title": "Bale Oak", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bale_Oak", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e598638.json"}}
{"text": "Newspaper Article: Eastern Daily Press. 2015. Riddle of two skeletons found by builders in a former village pub. 8 December.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e598638", "title": "Bale Oak", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bale_Oak", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e598638.json"}}
{"text": "Monograph: Bryant, T. H. 1902. Hundred of Holt. The Churches of Norfolk. Vol IX. p 2.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e598638", "title": "Bale Oak", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bale_Oak", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e598638.json"}}
{"text": "Norfolkchurches.co.uk's site on All Saints, the church built next to the oak, including various photographs of the site where the oak stood.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e598638", "title": "Bale Oak", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bale_Oak", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e598638.json"}}
{"text": "Glavenvalley.co.uk's tourist site regarding Bale (the village) with a small description and photograph of the site of the oak.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e598638", "title": "Bale Oak", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bale_Oak", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e598638.json"}}
{"text": "Norfolk Coast & Countryside's article regarding the history of the tree.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e598638", "title": "Bale Oak", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bale_Oak", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e598638.json"}}
{"text": "Odderhei is a neighborhood in the city of Kristiansand in Agder county, Norway. It is  in the borough of Oddernes and in the district of Randesund. It is located northwest of Tømmerstø and Holte. The nearby district of Søm lies to the north.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c53653c0", "title": "Odderhei", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odderhei", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c53653c0.json"}}
{"text": "Rise Station (Norwegian: Rise stasjon) is a railway station at Rise in Arendal, Norway. Located on the Arendal Line, it is served by the Go-Ahead Norge. The station opened as the terminus of the Grimstad Line in 1907; the following year it became a transfer station to the Arendal Line. It then received a station building designed by Paul Armin Due. In 1935 and 1936, the lines were converted from narrow gauge to standard gauge, although for a year the station served as a break-of-gauge station. The Grimstad Line closed in 1961 and in 1983 the station was unstaffed.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c7cc0ea1", "title": "Rise Station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_Station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c7cc0ea1.json"}}
{"text": "Facilities and service", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c7cc0ea1", "title": "Rise Station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_Station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c7cc0ea1.json"}}
{"text": "Located at 344.8 meters (1,131 ft) above mean sea level, the station is 10.19 kilometers (6.33 mi) from Arendal Station and was 22.19 kilometers (13.79 mi) from Grimstad Station, and 307.44 kilometers (191.03 mi) from Oslo Central Station. The station is owned by the Norwegian National Rail Administration; it has parking for 15 cars, is unstaffed and lacks a ticket machine.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c7cc0ea1", "title": "Rise Station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_Station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c7cc0ea1.json"}}
{"text": "The station is served by the Norwegian State Railway's feeder service on the Arendal Line with up to five daily services per direction. Travel time to Arendal is 10 minutes while travel time to Nelaug is 25 minutes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c7cc0ea1", "title": "Rise Station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_Station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c7cc0ea1.json"}}
{"text": "The station opened on 14 September 1907 as the terminus of the private Grimstad–Froland Line (GFB) which ran to Grimstad. The station was from the opening owned by the Norwegian State Railways (NSB), who were in the process of building the Arendal–Åmli Line. GFB therefore had to pay rent to NSB until 1912, when NSB took over the Grimstad Line. Originally, the station consisted of temporary platform, a roundhouse, a turntable with a 6.5-meter (21 ft) diameter and a coal shed.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c7cc0ea1", "title": "Rise Station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_Station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c7cc0ea1.json"}}
{"text": "NSB built a station building designed by Paul Armin Due. It was of the Flikkeid-type, as it was a duplicate of Flikkeid Station on the Flekkefjord Line and was the same as was built at Froland Station on the Arendal Line. It was in Art Nouveau style with a goods room built as an extension. The outhouse was the same type as had been built at Flikkeid and at Urdland Station and has three places and a wood storage. Also the water tower was the same type as at Flikkeid. The station also received a guard residence and a small shed. The line from Treungen came from the north-west, while the lines from Arendal and Grimstad game from the south-east, with the Grimstad Line south of the Arendal Line. Track 1 had a side platform which it shared with the station building, while Track 2 and 3 had a shared island platform. Eastwards, Track 1 was only connected to the Arendal Line, while Track 3 and 4 was only connected to the Grimstad Line. All four were connected towards Treungen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c7cc0ea1", "title": "Rise Station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_Station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c7cc0ea1.json"}}
{"text": "Rise was originally a transfer station between the Arendal Line and the Grimstad Line. Trains were normally coordinated so there would be a train to Arendal at Track 1, a train to Treungen at Track 2 and a train to Grimstad at Track 3. The Arendal Line was converted to standard gauge in 1935, and Rise Station temporarily became a station on the Sørland Line from 9 November. This caused a break-of-gauge at Rise, causing transshipment of all passengers and freight. This caused a break-of-gauge at Rise, causing transshipment of all passengers and freight. In 1936, the Grimstad Line was converted to standard gauge and the turntable replaced with one with a 16-meter (52 ft) diameter.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c7cc0ea1", "title": "Rise Station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_Station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c7cc0ea1.json"}}
{"text": "The last train to run on the Grimstad Line was on 31 August 1961. The passenger service was replaced by bus; the service from Grimstad to Rykene was extended to Rise, where there was transfer with the train. Later, the bus service was moved to transfer to the Grimstad bus was made in Arendal. Demolition of the line started on 19 September and lasted until 21 November, when all but the last 100 meters (330 ft) from Rise Station had been removed. The level crossing east of the station was subsequently replaced with an overpass. As the roundtable was no longer needed, it was removed, although the pit remains. Scheduled train remained at Rise until 1979. From 1 November 1983, the station was unstaffed. In 1985, the guard house and outhouse were sold. The line took electric traction into use on 15 June 1995.  From 20 October, the service was terminated on the Arendal Line and the Bratsberg Line. NSB had a large shortage of motormen, and chose to close operations on the lines with least traffic to allocate sufficient personnel to areas with higher ridership. Traffic resumed on 24 June 2001.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c7cc0ea1", "title": "Rise Station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_Station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c7cc0ea1.json"}}
{"text": "Bjerke, Thor; Tovås, Ove (1989). Togbytte på Nelaug (in Norwegian). Norsk Jernbaneklubb. ISBN 82-90286-10-4.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c7cc0ea1", "title": "Rise Station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_Station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c7cc0ea1.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Rise train station at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c7cc0ea1", "title": "Rise Station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_Station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c7cc0ea1.json"}}
{"text": "William Alison Anders (17 October 1933 – 7 June 2024) was a United States Air Force (USAF) major general, electrical engineer, nuclear engineer, NASA astronaut, and businessman. In December 1968, he was a member of the crew of Apollo 8, the first three people to leave low-Earth orbit and travel to the Moon. Along with fellow astronauts Frank Borman and Jim Lovell, he circled the Moon ten times, and broadcast live images and commentary back to Earth, including the Christmas Eve Genesis reading. During one of the mission's lunar orbits, he took the iconic Earthrise photograph.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "A 1955 graduate of the United States Naval Academy, Anders was commissioned a second lieutenant in the USAF the same year and became a fighter pilot flying Northrop F-89 Scorpions equipped with AIR-2A nuclear-tipped air-to-air rockets. In 1962, he earned a Master of Science degree in nuclear engineering at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) of Air University, and was sent to the Air Force Weapons Laboratory to manage the technical aspects of the service's nuclear reactor programs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Anders was the executive secretary of the National Aeronautics and Space Council from 1969 to 1973, a commissioner of the United States Atomic Energy Commission from 1973 to 1975, and chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission from 1975 to 1976. He then became the United States Ambassador to Norway from 1976 to 1977. In September 1977, he joined General Electric (GE) as the vice president and general manager of its Nuclear Products Division and became the general manager of the GE Aircraft Equipment Division in 1980. He left GE to join Textron as executive vice president for aerospace, and two years later became senior executive vice president for operations. During his time in the Civil Service, he remained a USAF reserve officer and retained his active flight status. He retired from the reserve as a major general in 1988. In 1990, he became vice chairman of General Dynamics, and in 1991 its chairman and CEO. He retired as CEO in 1993 and as chairman in 1994.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Anders died in a crash of his Beechcraft T-34 Mentor in June 2024 near the San Juan Islands.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "William Alison Anders was born in Hong Kong on 17 October 1933, the son of Arthur Ferdinand Anders (1903–2000), a United States Navy lieutenant, and his wife, Muriel A. Anders (née Adams; 1911–1990). The family moved from Hong Kong to Annapolis, Maryland, where his father taught mathematics at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. After Annapolis, Anders's father received orders to billet in Nanjing, China. After the family moved there, the Second Sino-Japanese War erupted in 1937, followed by Japan invading China. In December of that year, his father was serving as the executive officer of the river gunboat USS Panay when he was wounded as the ship was attacked and sunk by Japanese bombers. As the Japanese began to advance toward Nanjing, Anders and his mother fled by taking a train to Guangzhou.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "From the porch of the Guangzhou hotel in which they stayed, they could see Japanese aircraft bombing ships on the Pearl River 200 yards (180 m) away. This was ominous since the river was their only means of escape. In addition to the threat of Japanese aircraft, the river was mined and there was the danger of being boarded by bandits. Foreigners were allocated special areas on the boat and separated from Chinese people by barbed wire. They eventually reached the Philippines, where they awaited news of his father. Arthur Anders was rescued by the British and sent to San Diego Naval Hospital to recover from his wounds and a staphylococcal infection. He was awarded the Purple Heart and the Navy Cross but was discharged from the Navy owing to his wounds. He was recalled to active duty during World War II.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "The family returned to the United States, where Anders was active in the Boy Scouts, achieving the organization's second-highest rank, Life Scout. As a teen, Anders attended St Martin's Academy and Grossmont High School in El Cajon, California. To improve his grades so that he could be accepted at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, Anders was sent to the Boyden School, a military academy prep school in downtown San Diego. He commuted to Boyden by bus from La Mesa, California. The school lay under the flight path into Lindbergh Field and aircraft such as the huge Convair B-36 Peacemaker would fly low over the school. He was fascinated with flight and built model aircraft. He graduated from Boyden in 1951.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "United States Air Force", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Anders received an appointment to Annapolis, following in the footsteps of his father, who had graduated in the Class of 1927. Part of the course was orientation cruises during which midshipmen could experience life at sea. A cruise aboard an aircraft carrier convinced him that he did not want to become a naval aviator, for there were too many fatal accidents. He graduated in 1955 with a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Air Force (USAF).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "While at Annapolis, he had met Valerie Elizabeth Hoard on a blind date. Midshipmen were not allowed to marry, but they were married soon after he graduated. They would have six children: Alan (born in 1957), Glen (1958), Gayle (1960), Gregory (1962), Eric (1964) and Diana (1972).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "After graduation, Anders reported for flight training, which was conducted in the piston-engine Beechcraft T-34 Mentor and North American T-28 Trojan and then in the jet Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star. After receiving his pilot wings in 1956 he became a fighter pilot with the 84th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, an all-weather interceptor squadron of the Air Defense Command based at Hamilton Air Force Base in California, flying Northrop F-89 Scorpions equipped with MB-1 nuclear-tipped air-to-air rockets. He then served with the 57th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron in Iceland, where he participated in intercepts of Soviet heavy bombers, which were challenging America's air defense borders. After a year he returned to the 84th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Hamilton, which was now flying the McDonnell F-101 Voodoo.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Anders set his sights on becoming a test pilot. He spoke to Chuck Yeager, who recommended that he first obtain an advanced degree. Anders submitted an application to the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio, hoping to study aeronautical engineering, but the Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program was ongoing, and the AFIT had him study nuclear engineering instead. While there he took a course in aeronautical engineering at Ohio State University. He graduated from the AFIT with a Master of Science degree in nuclear engineering in 1962. By that time, the Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program had been canceled, so he was assigned to the Air Force Weapons Laboratory at Kirtland Air Force Base in New Mexico, where he was responsible for the technical management of nuclear reactor programs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Selection and training", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Anders then applied to the USAF Aerospace Research Pilots School (ARPS) for test pilot training, but on 5 June 1963, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced that it would be recruiting ten to fifteen new astronauts for Project Gemini and Project Apollo, and Anders decided to apply for that too. In two previous astronaut selections, applicants had to be test pilots, but this time it was preferred but not required, making Anders eligible. He was one of the 34 finalists chosen for interviews, and on his birthday, 17 October 1963, he was informed by Mercury Seven astronaut Deke Slayton that he had been accepted as a member of the third group of NASA astronauts. Three days later, Yeager informed him that he had failed to make the cut for the ARPS but recommended that he apply again the following year.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "While at NASA, he became involved in dosimetry, radiation effects, and environmental controls. In September 1966, he was the backup pilot for the Gemini 11 mission, with Neil Armstrong as the backup commander. This would have put him in line to fly a Gemini 13 mission, but no such mission was flown; Project Gemini ended with Gemini 12. Armstrong and Anders then became the first astronauts to fly the Lunar Landing Training Vehicle. The astronauts in his group without test pilot training—Anders, Roger B. Chaffee, Walter Cunningham, Rusty Schweickart, Gene Cernan, and Buzz Aldrin—were assigned to Apollo crews as the Lunar Module pilot (LMP), the lowest-ranking crew member.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "On 22 December 1966, Anders was assigned to the third Apollo mission, which was to be commanded by Frank Borman, with command module pilot (CMP) Michael Collins; Neil Armstrong, Jim Lovell and Buzz Aldrin were assigned as their backup crew the following year. Collins was replaced by Lovell in July 1968, after suffering a cervical disc herniation that required surgery to repair. The mission, scheduled for December 1968, was intended to be a second test of the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) in medium Earth orbit, but the delivery of the LM fell behind schedule, and when it arrived at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in June 1968, more than a hundred significant defects were discovered. There was no prospect of it being ready to fly in 1968. In August 1968, there were reports, including one from the CIA, that the Soviet Union was planning a crewed circumlunar mission before the end of the year.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Although the LM would not be ready to fly in December 1968, the Apollo command and service module (CSM) would be, so a CSM-only mission could be flown. It could be sent to the Moon, entering lunar orbit before returning to Earth. Slayton asked James McDivitt, the designated commander of the second mission, if he still wanted to fly it. McDivitt turned it down; his crew had spent a great deal of time preparing to test the LM, and that was what he still wanted to do. When Borman was asked the same question, he answered \"yes\" without any hesitation. Slayton then decided to swap the crews and spacecraft, so Borman, Lovell, and Anders's mission became Apollo 8. Anders was less enthusiastic about being the Lunar Module pilot of a mission without a Lunar Module.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "According to Borman:Rookie Bill Anders was thirty-five, slightly built, a devout Roman Catholic, and very serious minded. I'm not sure he ever got used to my rough sense of humor or Lovell's free-wheeling spirit. But Anders was one hell of a worker, a superb technician and all in all a great guy. Anders was always friendly and cooperative, but he avoided the usual astronaut bull sessions. Some of the guys regarded him as a younger version of Frank Borman in his single-minded concentration on work, his aversion to unnecessary conversation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "In December 1968, Anders flew on the Apollo 8 mission, the first mission where humans traveled beyond low-Earth orbit, and the first crewed flight to reach and orbit the Moon. When the spacecraft came out from behind the Moon for its fourth pass across the front, the crew witnessed an \"Earthrise\" for the first time in human history. NASA's Lunar Orbiter 1 had taken the first picture of an Earthrise from the vicinity of the Moon, on 23 August 1966.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Anders saw the Earth emerging from behind the lunar horizon and called in excitement to the others, taking a black-and-white photograph as he did so. Anders asked Lovell for color film and then took Earthrise, which was later picked by Life magazine as one of its hundred photos of the century. Anders reflected on the lasting impact of the Earthrise photograph, noting that it gained iconic status over time and helped people realize the need to take care of our fragile planet. He remarked on the photograph's message for humanity, highlighting the contrast between our only home and the conflicts, including nuclear threats and terrorism, that we face. \"It amazes me.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "According to Anders:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "We came all this way to explore the Moon, and the most important thing is that we discovered the Earth.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "On conservation of the planet, he said:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "If you can imagine yourself in a darkened room with only one clearly visible object, a small blue-green sphere about the size of a Christmas-tree ornament, then you can begin to grasp what the Earth looks like from space. I think that all of us subconsciously think that the Earth is flat ... Let me assure you that, rather than a massive giant, it should be thought of as the fragile Christmas-tree ball which we should handle with considerable care.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "The Apollo 8 command module splashed down in the Pacific Ocean on 27 December after a flight lasting 147 hours and 42 seconds and a voyage of 504,006 nautical miles (933,419 km). It landed just 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) from the recovery ship, the aircraft carrier USS Yorktown. Due to time dilation, the three astronauts had aged about 300 microseconds more than people back on Earth.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "The July 1969 Apollo 11 mission was commanded by Armstrong, with Collins as the CMP and Aldrin as the LMP. The Apollo 8 crew became its backup, but without Borman. Lovell stepped up to become the backup commander, and Anders became the backup CMP, with rookie astronaut Fred Haise as the backup LMP.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Anders could see that Project Apollo was coming to a close and felt that his chances of commanding a Moon mission were slim. On 16 May 1969, President Richard Nixon nominated him to become the executive secretary of the National Aeronautics and Space Council (NASC). This was the highest government post ever offered to an astronaut up to that time. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on 19 June. The Space Council consisted of the Administrator of NASA, the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), and the Secretaries of State, Defense, and Transportation, and was chaired by the Vice President. Due to his commitment to the Apollo 11 backup crew, Anders was unable to assume the position until August.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "In his new role, Anders was responsible for developing aeronautical and space policy. He worked closely with the Office of Science and Technology (OST) and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and became a personal advisor to the OMB director, Caspar Weinberger. Anders worked hard to bridge the gap between OMB and OST on the one hand and NASA on the other. He became increasingly pessimistic about the future of the NASC and the space program generally. He opposed the development of the Space Shuttle, urging instead that NASA concentrate on developing the Skylab space station. He argued that a small Space Shuttle would be a better option than a large one, but the large one was approved because it would involve more jobs in California. Frustrated with the NASC's lack of influence, he recommended in 1972 that it be abolished. This was done on 30 June 1973.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Nixon was impressed by Anders and wanted to retain him in the administration. On 6 August 1973, he appointed Anders to the five-member AEC. Nixon felt that the commission was dominated by lawyers and he wanted an engineer on it. The chairman of the AEC, Dixy Lee Ray, appointed Anders to be the lead commissioner for nuclear and non-nuclear power research and development. He also served as the U.S. chairman of the joint US-Soviet Union nuclear fission and fusion power technology exchange program. He spent much of his time dealing with the AEC's problematic research and development programs, particularly the troubled breeder reactor program.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "One issue that had dogged the AEC since its inception was its dual role in both developing nuclear energy and regulating it. The perception that there was a conflict of interest between the two roles became acute with the growth of the nuclear power industry. On 19 January 1975, the commission was split in two, with its research and development responsibilities assumed by the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), and its regulatory ones by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Some 1,970 former employees of the AEC joined the NRC. President Gerald Ford appointed Anders as the first chairman of the NRC. He was the only one of the five AEC commissioners to transition to one of the new organizations. Anders made the decision process of the commissioners of the NRC more transparent than that of the AEC. The NRC inherited nuclear safety and environmental compatibility functions from the AEC, but unlike the AEC's regulatory branch, the NRC had its own safety and security research capability, so it was not reliant on the ERDA.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "After his term as NRC chairman, Anders was asked if he would be interested in an ambassadorship. He did not want to, but asked his wife Valerie. She expressed an interest in Norway, based on their trip there during the Apollo 8 world publicity tour. So Anders asked if Norway was available. Lawrence Eagleburger submitted his name for the position. Anders was appointed Ambassador to Norway on 13 April 1976 and held that post until 18 June 1977.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Anders served briefly as a fellow of the American Enterprise Institute. In September 1977, he joined General Electric (GE) as its vice president and general manager of its Nuclear Products Division. Based in San Jose, California, Anders was responsible for the fuel, equipment, and instrumentation used in its boiling water reactors in San Jose and Wilmington, North Carolina. He also oversaw GE's partnership with Chicago Bridge & Iron Company, which manufactured large steel pressure vessels in Memphis, Tennessee. In August 1979, GE sent him to Harvard Business School to attend its six-week Advanced Management Program. On 1 January 1980, he became the general manager of the GE Aircraft Equipment Division. From its headquarters in Utica, New York, the division controlled more than 8,500 employees in five locations in the northeastern United States. Its products included aircraft flight and weapon control systems, cockpit instruments, aircraft electrical generating systems, airborne radars and data processing systems, electronic countermeasures, space command systems, and aircraft/surface multi-barrel armament systems.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "In 1984, Anders left GE to join Textron as its executive vice president for aerospace. Two years later he became senior executive vice president for operations, but Anders did not get along well with the CEO. A perk of the job was that he got to fly Bell helicopters, as Bell was a subsidiary of Textron. During his time in the civil service, Anders had remained in the Air Force as a reservist and had retained his active flight status flying NASA Northrop T-38 Talon aircraft and helicopters, retiring from the reserves as a major general in 1988. He was also a consultant to the U.S. Office of Science and Technology Policy, and a member of the Defense Science Board and the NASA Advisory Council.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "General Dynamics board", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Anders became vice chairman of General Dynamics in January 1990, and on 1 January 1991, its chairman and CEO. Soon after he took over as CEO, the company lost $700 million (equivalent to $1.7 billion in 2025) in write-offs over the canceled A-12 Avenger II program. The January 1991 cancelation directly caused about 3,500 employees to be laid-off at the Fort Worth, Texas plant that built the A-12. On 19 June 1991, Anders announced that General Dynamics was moving its corporate headquarters from St. Louis, Missouri, to Falls Church, Virginia, to be closer to its military customers at The Pentagon. The move started on 20 December 1991, with 110 of the 275 headquarters employees moving to the Washington Beltway location, and 50 remaining in the accounting office in St. Louis, leaving 115 unemployed.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "When Anders took over, General Dynamics was in financial trouble. The quarter before he became chairman and CEO was the worst in the company's history, losing $858 million (equivalent to $2 billion in 2025) between October and December 1990. Anders sold off assets worth nearly $3 billion (equivalent to $6.9 billion in 2025), including the missile-systems business and the subsidiary of Cessna. On 9 December 1992, he sold the military aircraft division, which made the F-16 jet fighter, to the Lockheed Corporation for $1.5 billion (equivalent to $3.4 billion in 2025). These selloffs reduced the number of employees from 98,600 to around 35,000, and the company's debt from $430 million (equivalent to $900 million in 2025) to $183 million (equivalent to $400 million in 2025). GD shareholders received $600 million in dividends. Although annual sales dropped from $10 to $3.5 billion, the value of the company's share price quadrupled. Anders earned over $40 million. He retired as CEO in 1993, and as chairman on 4 May 1994.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Retirement and death", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "After retirement, Anders and his wife purchased a house in Anacortes, Washington, overlooking Puget Sound and Burrows Island. After realizing he disliked the winters in northwest Washington, he purchased a second home in Point Loma, California.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Anders established the William A. Anders Foundation, a philanthropic organization for the benefit of educational and environmental issues.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "In 1996, he founded the Heritage Flight Museum in Bellingham, Washington; it moved to Skagit Regional Airport in Burlington, Washington. It was initially run by his family, with Anders as president until 2008, his wife Valerie as secretary, son Greg as vice president, executive director and webmaster, and son Alan as vice president and director of maintenance.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Anders died on 7 June 2024, at the age of 90, while flying the vintage T-34 registered to him. The aircraft crashed into the waters of north Puget Sound between Jones Island and Orcas Island. Witnesses reported the plane in a nosedive into a small channel between the islands, catching fire, then sinking. After a search by the U.S. Coast Guard and the San Juan County Sheriff's Department, Greg Anders confirmed the death of his father and the recovery of his body. Beginning with his Air Force career, Anders had logged over 8,000 flight hours.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Kulp, B. A.; Detweiler, R. M.; Anders, W. A. (1 September 1963). \"Temperature Dependence of Edge Emission in Single-Crystal Cadmium Sulfide\". Physical Review. 131 (5): 2036–2038. Bibcode:1963PhRv..131.2036K. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.131.2036.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Air Force Distinguished Service Medal", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Air Force Commendation Medal", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "NASA Distinguished Service Medal", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Nuclear Regulatory Commission Distinguished Service Medal", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "National Geographic Society's Hubbard Medal for Exploration", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Collier, Harmon, Dr. Robert H. Goddard and General Thomas D. White USAF Trophies", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1969)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "American Astronautical Society's Flight Achievement Award", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "American Defense Preparedness Association's Industry Leadership Award (May 1993)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "In October 2018, the International Astronomical Union named a crater seen in the Anders's photo as \"Anders' Earthrise\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Along with his Apollo 8 crewmembers, Anders received AIAA's Haley Astronautics Award in 1970.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "In March 2023, Bill Anders was awarded the 2023 Michael Collins Trophy for Lifetime Achievement; by the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Anders was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1983, the International Air & Space Hall of Fame in 1990, the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1997, and the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 2004. He was a member of Tau Beta Pi National Engineering Honor Society, American Nuclear Society, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Academy of Engineering, and Society of Experimental Test Pilots.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Robert John Burke played Anders in the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon. Anders appeared in the 2005 documentary Race to the Moon, which was shown as part of the PBS American Experience television series (season 18, episode 2). He was interviewed for a chapter of the 2015 book No More Worlds to Conquer by Chris Wright. The chapter is roughly evenly split between his life in the Apollo program and his later corporate life. The book's front cover is the Earthrise image. He appeared with fellow astronauts Frank Borman and Jim Lovell on the C-SPAN book review, Rocket Men. He confirmed the story that he had fallen asleep while awaiting the Apollo 8 launch.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "The Astronaut Monument", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "List of spaceflight records", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "This article incorporates public domain material from William A. Anders (Major General, USAF Reserve, Ret.) (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 8 January 2021.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Appearances on C-SPAN", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "William Anders at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "William Anders discography at Discogs", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a439f02", "title": "William Anders", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a439f02.json"}}
{"text": "Lewis Albanese (April 27, 1946 – December 1, 1966), born Luigi Albanese, was an Italian-born United States Army Private First Class who posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ab58b268", "title": "Lewis Albanese", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Albanese", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ab58b268.json"}}
{"text": "Born in Italy, Albanese immigrated to the United States as a young child with his parents and was drafted into the Army in 1965 after graduating from high school. During an exercise in the Republic of Vietnam, Albanese's platoon was under heavy fire from North Vietnamese positions. Albanese then bayonet charged his way to an enclosed sniper position, killing eight snipers before being mortally wounded.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ab58b268", "title": "Lewis Albanese", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Albanese", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ab58b268.json"}}
{"text": "Lewis Albanese (in Italian Luigi) was born in Cornedo Vicentino, Vicenza, Italy and graduated from Franklin High School in Seattle, Washington in 1964. He briefly worked for Boeing before being drafted into the Army on 26 October 1965. Albanese received basic training with B Co 1st Bn 11th Inf at Fort Carson, Colorado and was sent to Vietnam in August 1966 as part of the 7th Cavalry attached to the 1st Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ab58b268", "title": "Lewis Albanese", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Albanese", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ab58b268.json"}}
{"text": "In December 1966, while on patrol in Binh Dinh Province, Republic of Vietnam with Company B of the 5th Battalion, Albanese's unit received heavy fire from concealed enemy positions. During an attempted encirclement of the platoon by the Vietnamese forces, Albanese fixed a bayonet to his weapon and charged the enemy positions. Upon arriving and momentarily silencing the enemy fire, Albanese discovered that the ditch he had charged was a well-entrenched position. He continued 100 meters through the position, killing at least eight enemy snipers despite running out of ammunition, being forced to fight hand to hand, and being mortally wounded.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ab58b268", "title": "Lewis Albanese", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Albanese", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ab58b268.json"}}
{"text": "Albanese's actions enabled his unit to advance further, and he posthumously received the Medal of Honor, which was presented to his family at the Pentagon by Secretary of the Army Stanley Rogers Resor on February 16, 1968. Albanese is buried in Evergreen-Washelli Memorial Park and Funeral Home in Seattle, Washington. His name is found on Panel 12E, Row 131 of the Vietnam War Memorial.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ab58b268", "title": "Lewis Albanese", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Albanese", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ab58b268.json"}}
{"text": "In 2014, Cornedo Vicentino, Italy named a street in Albanese's honor.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ab58b268", "title": "Lewis Albanese", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Albanese", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ab58b268.json"}}
{"text": "Awards and decorations", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ab58b268", "title": "Lewis Albanese", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Albanese", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ab58b268.json"}}
{"text": "PFC Albanese Revived the following awards for his service", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ab58b268", "title": "Lewis Albanese", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Albanese", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ab58b268.json"}}
{"text": "List of Medal of Honor recipients", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ab58b268", "title": "Lewis Albanese", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Albanese", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ab58b268.json"}}
{"text": "List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ab58b268", "title": "Lewis Albanese", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Albanese", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ab58b268.json"}}
{"text": "List of Italian American Medal of Honor recipients", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ab58b268", "title": "Lewis Albanese", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Albanese", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ab58b268.json"}}
{"text": "\"MOH record page\". Archived from the original on December 2, 2010. Retrieved October 4, 2010.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ab58b268", "title": "Lewis Albanese", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Albanese", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ab58b268.json"}}
{"text": "Anna Ciccotti (May 6, 2013). \"Vietnam War Medal of Honor recipient Luigi Albanese recognized by Italian author\". Retrieved August 4, 2016.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ab58b268", "title": "Lewis Albanese", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Albanese", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ab58b268.json"}}
{"text": "Echi di Pianto dall'Indocina Francese by Franco Lovato, edited by SGI Edizioni Torino 2013. ISBN 978-8890199561", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ab58b268", "title": "Lewis Albanese", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Albanese", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ab58b268.json"}}
{"text": "Beccariophoenix is a genus of three species of Arecaceae (palms), native to Madagascar. The genus is closely related to the Cocos, or coconut genus, and notably Beccariophoenix alfredii is similar in appearance to the coconut palm. It was named after Odoardo Beccari (1843-1920).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b085538d", "title": "Beccariophoenix", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beccariophoenix", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b085538d.json"}}
{"text": "Palms in this group have solitary trunks. Crownshafts are not present in the genus; the leaves are pinnate, to 2–5 m long. The term \"windowpane\" palm comes from the leaflets on younger plants that are only partially divided from each other, where there appear to be 'windows' in the leaves between the leaflets. Older specimens do not display the windowpanes as the leaflets completely divide from each other.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b085538d", "title": "Beccariophoenix", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beccariophoenix", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b085538d.json"}}
{"text": "They are somewhat cold hardy, down to about −3 °C, making them a good look-alike for the coconut in cooler climates.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b085538d", "title": "Beccariophoenix", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beccariophoenix", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b085538d.json"}}
{"text": "The 'windows' palm was originally classified as a variant of B. madagascariensis, but was given its own name in June 2014.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b085538d", "title": "Beccariophoenix", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beccariophoenix", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b085538d.json"}}
{"text": "The siege of Savannah (December 9 – 21, 1864) occurred at the conclusion of the Savannah campaign, when Union armies under the command of Major-General William T. Sherman successfully besieged the Confederate city of Savannah during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8c5fb7d4", "title": "Siege of Savannah (1864)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah_(1864)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8c5fb7d4.json"}}
{"text": "Arriving in eastern Georgia, Major-General William T. Sherman discovered that Confederate Lieutenant-General William J. Hardee held fortified Savannah with 15,000 men. A skillful Confederate defense at Honey Hill kept the railroad open to Charleston, South Carolina.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8c5fb7d4", "title": "Siege of Savannah (1864)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah_(1864)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8c5fb7d4.json"}}
{"text": "On December 13th, Major-General William T. Sherman stormed Fort McAllister at the mouth of the Ogeechee River, 15 miles from Savannah. On the 16th, the Confederate forces were strengthened by the arrival of Brigadier-General Ferguson's brigade of dismounted cavalry. Then, establishing communications with the Union naval forces under the command of Rear-Admiral John A. Dahlgren, Sherman began an investment of the city. With his lines of communication about to be cut, Hardee evacuated Savannah on the night of the 20th of December, and Sherman moved in on December 21st, presenting the city in a shipborne and telegraph message as a \"Christmas gift\" to United States President Abraham Lincoln.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8c5fb7d4", "title": "Siege of Savannah (1864)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah_(1864)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8c5fb7d4.json"}}
{"text": "Jones, Charles C. (1874). The Siege of Savannah in December, 1864, and the Confederate Operations in Georgia and the Third Military District of South Carolina During General Sherman's March from Atlanta to the Sea. Albany, N. Y.: Joel Munsell. OCLC 1084957628. OL 6915627M – via Internet Archive.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8c5fb7d4", "title": "Siege of Savannah (1864)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah_(1864)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8c5fb7d4.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Siege of Savannah at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8c5fb7d4", "title": "Siege of Savannah (1864)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah_(1864)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8c5fb7d4.json"}}
{"text": "Battle of Savannah at EBSCO", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8c5fb7d4", "title": "Siege of Savannah (1864)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah_(1864)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8c5fb7d4.json"}}
{"text": "Evacuation of Savannah at the Historical Marker Database", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8c5fb7d4", "title": "Siege of Savannah (1864)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah_(1864)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8c5fb7d4.json"}}
{"text": "Fall of Savannah at C-SPAN", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8c5fb7d4", "title": "Siege of Savannah (1864)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah_(1864)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8c5fb7d4.json"}}
{"text": "NCWM Snapshot - \"The Fight for and Surrender of Savannah\" on YouTube", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8c5fb7d4", "title": "Siege of Savannah (1864)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah_(1864)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8c5fb7d4.json"}}
{"text": "Crosby is a city in Crow Wing County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 2,360 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Brainerd Micropolitan Statistical Area. Crosby is adjacent to its twin city of Ironton, in the Cuyuna Iron Range.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f85c5992", "title": "Crosby, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f85c5992.json"}}
{"text": "Crosby was built for the sole purpose of mining. It was named for George H. Crosby, a businessman in the mining industry.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f85c5992", "title": "Crosby, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f85c5992.json"}}
{"text": "Crosby was the location of Minnesota's worst mining disaster, the Milford Mine disaster. On February 5, 1924, a new tunnel was blasted too close to nearby Foley Lake, and water rushed in, killing 41 miners.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f85c5992", "title": "Crosby, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f85c5992.json"}}
{"text": "In the 1932 local elections, Karl Emil Nygard was elected president of Crosby's Village Council, making it the first city in the United States to have a Communist mayor.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f85c5992", "title": "Crosby, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f85c5992.json"}}
{"text": "In August 1957, David G. Simons, a 35-year-old Air Force major, climbed to nearly 102,000 feet (31,000 m) above the earth as part of Project Manhigh. The flight, which was launched from Crosby's 400-foot-deep (120 m) Portsmouth Mine Pit Lake, helped the United States take its fledgling steps into space exploration. Simons returned to Crosby in 2007 to mark the 50th anniversary of the project.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f85c5992", "title": "Crosby, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f85c5992.json"}}
{"text": "Crosby is in eastern Crow Wing County at the intersection of Minnesota Highways 6 and 210. Ironton is adjacent to the west and Deerwood lies to the east along route 210. Serpent Lake is adjacent to the southeast and the Cuyuna Country State Recreation Area is to the northwest. The Mississippi River flows by four miles to the north.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f85c5992", "title": "Crosby, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f85c5992.json"}}
{"text": "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.73 square miles (9.66 km2), of which 3.07 square miles (7.95 km2) is land and 0.66 square miles (1.71 km2) is water.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f85c5992", "title": "Crosby, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f85c5992.json"}}
{"text": "As of the census of 2010, there were 2,386 people, 1,065 households, and 552 families living in the city. The population density was 777.2 inhabitants per square mile (300.1/km2). There were 1,241 housing units at an average density of 404.2 per square mile (156.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.3% White, 0.4% African American, 1.1% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.3% of the population.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f85c5992", "title": "Crosby, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f85c5992.json"}}
{"text": "There were 1,065 households, of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.3% were married couples living together, 13.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 48.2% were non-families. 42.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.88.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f85c5992", "title": "Crosby, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f85c5992.json"}}
{"text": "The median age in the city was 43.2 years. 23.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.5% were from 25 to 44; 24.3% were from 45 to 64, and 24.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.7% male and 53.3% female.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f85c5992", "title": "Crosby, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f85c5992.json"}}
{"text": "As of the census of 2000, there were 2,299 people, 989 households, and 554 families living in the city. The population density was 755.0 inhabitants per square mile (291.5/km2). There were 1,081 housing units at an average density of 355.0 per square mile (137.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.69% White, 0.04% African American, 0.91% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 0.35% from other races, and 0.70% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.00% of the population. 23.9% were of German, 14.1% Norwegian, 11.7% Swedish, 9.6% American and 7.0% English ancestry according to Census 2000.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f85c5992", "title": "Crosby, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f85c5992.json"}}
{"text": "There were 989 households, out of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.3% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.9% were non-families. 39.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.93.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f85c5992", "title": "Crosby, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f85c5992.json"}}
{"text": "In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 21.9% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 25.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.5 males.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f85c5992", "title": "Crosby, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f85c5992.json"}}
{"text": "The median income for a household in the city was $24,053, and the median income for a family was $31,629. Males had a median income of $28,879 versus $20,842 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,465. About 15.6% of families and 16.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.8% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f85c5992", "title": "Crosby, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f85c5992.json"}}
{"text": "Nick Anderson, pitcher for the Atlanta Braves", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f85c5992", "title": "Crosby, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f85c5992.json"}}
{"text": "Anthony \"The Bullet\" Bonsante, boxer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f85c5992", "title": "Crosby, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f85c5992.json"}}
{"text": "Robert A. Good, physician", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f85c5992", "title": "Crosby, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f85c5992.json"}}
{"text": "Rick Nolan, politician", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f85c5992", "title": "Crosby, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f85c5992.json"}}
{"text": "Karl Emil Nygard, first Communist mayor in the United States", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f85c5992", "title": "Crosby, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f85c5992.json"}}
{"text": "Thomas W. Simons Jr., U.S. Ambassador to Poland and Pakistan", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f85c5992", "title": "Crosby, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f85c5992.json"}}
{"text": "Howard E. Smith, businessman and Minnesota state legislator", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f85c5992", "title": "Crosby, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f85c5992.json"}}
{"text": "City of Crosby, MN – Official Website", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f85c5992", "title": "Crosby, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f85c5992.json"}}
{"text": "Cuyuna Lakes Chamber of Commerce – Visitor Information site", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f85c5992", "title": "Crosby, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f85c5992.json"}}
{"text": "Culm Davy is a historic manor and present-day hamlet within the parish of Hemyock in Devon.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6aa6e0fa", "title": "Culm Davy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culm_Davy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6aa6e0fa.json"}}
{"text": "The estate of Cumbe is listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as one of 27 Devonshire holdings of Theobald FitzBerner, an Anglo-Norman warrior and magnate, one of the tenants-in-chief in Devon of King William the Conqueror. His tenant was Oliver, who held three of FitzBerner's Devonshire manors, the others being Widworthy and Marwood.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6aa6e0fa", "title": "Culm Davy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culm_Davy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6aa6e0fa.json"}}
{"text": "The manor subsequently became a possession of the feudal barony of Great Torrington. The 13th century Book of Fees records that the manor was held from the feudal barony by David de Wydworth (fl. tempore King Henry III (1216–1272) (alias de Widworthy), and was called after him either \"Culm Davy\" or \"Culm Wydeworth\". He lived chiefly in Wales and was a younger son of Sir William de Widworthy of Widworthy, in Colyton hundred, also a Domesday Book possession of Theobald FitzBerner tenanted by Oliver.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6aa6e0fa", "title": "Culm Davy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culm_Davy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6aa6e0fa.json"}}
{"text": "Following the de Widworthy tenure, the manor was held by Sir John Wogan (during the reign of King Edward I [1272–1307]), then by Roger Corbet (during the reign of King Edward III [1327–1377]).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6aa6e0fa", "title": "Culm Davy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culm_Davy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6aa6e0fa.json"}}
{"text": "From the reign of King Edward III (1327–1377) and following the Corbet tenure, the manor was held by John Bourman (whose family name was later spelled \"Bowerman\"). It was the seat of his descendants for seven generations until the time of Pole (d.1635). According to The Visitations of Hampshire 1530–1634; The publications of the Harleian Society 1913 Vol: LXIV (MS, Harl. 1544, fo.141b) the Bowerman family of Hemyock was descended from Nicholas Bourman of Brooke in the Isle of Wight, by his wife Elizabeth Russell, a sister of John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford (c.1485–1555). However The College of Arms shows no pedigree from Nicholas Bowerman to John Bowerman. Research carried out on 10 November 2021 by the Rouge Dragon Pursuivant states the following:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6aa6e0fa", "title": "Culm Davy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culm_Davy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6aa6e0fa.json"}}
{"text": "\"several college pedigrees were found to mention Nicholas Bourman who married Elizabeth Russell and with her had two sons named William and John. However, none of the pedigrees of Nicholas Bourman suggest that his son was the John Bowerman of Hemyock who married Jane/Joan Bykham. Indeed, the latest of Nicholas's pedigrees, which is dated to 1622 or 1634 and is the first to locate his descendants at Broke in the Isle of Wight, explicitly states that Nicholas's son John died without issue. Nicholas's line instead continued, at Broke, through the descendants of his eldest son William. If that is correct, there is no way that Nicholas's son John could be the same John Bowreman who resided at Hemyock, married Jane Bykham and had issue. It must be borne in mind that visitation pedigrees are not perfect and there is always the possibility that other documentary evidence could contradict them; but on the basis of the College records alone, there is no obvious relationship between Bowreman of Hemyock and Bourman of Broke.\"<Rouge Dragon Pursuivant></The College of Arms>", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6aa6e0fa", "title": "Culm Davy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culm_Davy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6aa6e0fa.json"}}
{"text": "Two of his grandsons were Rev. John Bourman, a priest and confessor to the nuns of Canonsleigh Abbey, near Hemyock; and Rev. William Bourman, a priest and sub-dean and canon of Wells Cathedral in Somerset.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6aa6e0fa", "title": "Culm Davy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culm_Davy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6aa6e0fa.json"}}
{"text": "The Kerslake family acquired Culm Davy in about 1700 and then a Mr. Marsh of Wellington acquired it from the Kerslake family. A series of deeds relating to Culm Davy dating from 1612 to 1778 are held at the Somerset Heritage Centre.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6aa6e0fa", "title": "Culm Davy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culm_Davy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6aa6e0fa.json"}}
{"text": "In the early 19th century Culm Davy was the property of Mr. Henry Pook.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6aa6e0fa", "title": "Culm Davy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culm_Davy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6aa6e0fa.json"}}
{"text": "Part of the mediaeval manor house of the Bowerman family survives within the structure of the present Culm Davy farmhouse, including the roof timbers. Nearby is the small 15th century chapel of ease, which survives today, although it was heavily restored in 1860. It contains an unusual mural monument \"of the utmost primitiveness\" for such a late date, to Anne Garvis (d.1705) of Ash Culm, comprising a classical entablature below an effigy lying on its side.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6aa6e0fa", "title": "Culm Davy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culm_Davy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6aa6e0fa.json"}}
{"text": "Thorn, Caroline & Frank, (eds.) Domesday Book Vol. 9: Devon, Parts 1 & 2, Phillimore Press, Chichester, 1985.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6aa6e0fa", "title": "Culm Davy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culm_Davy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6aa6e0fa.json"}}
{"text": "Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620. Exeter, 1895.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6aa6e0fa", "title": "Culm Davy", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culm_Davy", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6aa6e0fa.json"}}
{"text": "Veres Pálné Secondary Grammar School (Hungarian: Veres Pálné Gimnázium, VPG) is a prestigious Hungarian public grammar school based in Budapest. The school was founded by Pálné Veres in 1869 and it became the first institution in Hungary to admit women. Throughout the years the school has been considered one of the strongest secondary schools in Hungary. Its library boasts more than 30,000 books, many of which have significant historical importance.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_65170ca6", "title": "Veres Pálné Secondary Grammar School", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veres_P%C3%A1ln%C3%A9_Secondary_Grammar_School", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_65170ca6.json"}}
{"text": "Vikersundbakken or Vikersund Hill is a ski flying hill at Vikersund in Modum, Norway. It is one of the two largest purpose-built ski flying hills in the world. Nine world records have been set there. The complex consists of a large hill, a normal hill and several training hills.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aa597cde", "title": "Vikersundbakken", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikersundbakken", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aa597cde.json"}}
{"text": "The hill originally constructed by Kristian Hovde was opened in 1936 as a large hill. It was rebuilt as ski flying hill in 1964, and was modified in 1989, 1999 and 2010. The present large hill was built in 1988.  Vikersundbakken was the first ski flying hill to receive floodlights in 2006. It has hosted the FIS Ski Flying World Championships in 1977, 1990, 2000, 2012 and 2022.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aa597cde", "title": "Vikersundbakken", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikersundbakken", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aa597cde.json"}}
{"text": "In 1894, Vikersund SK was established and started with ski jumping. Until the 1930s, they used six different ski jumping hills around the area. By then, the club had fostered sufficiently good jumpers that it was proposed to build a proper hill. A committee was established on 19 March 1935 and led by Gustav N. Hovde. At first they found a suitable location north of Heggen. However, they failed to reach an agreement with the land owner. Instead, Hovde proposed using the steep hill close to Heggen Church. After purchasing the land, construction started later in 1935. The original hill was designed by Thunold Hansen. Construction cost 6,290 Norwegian krone (NOK), of which NOK 1000 was borrowed and the rest of financed through private donations.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aa597cde", "title": "Vikersundbakken", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikersundbakken", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aa597cde.json"}}
{"text": "The first hill had a length from the top of the in-run to the bottom of the out-run of 425 meters (1,394 ft) and an elevation difference of 130 meters (430 ft). The in-run was 115 meters (377 ft) long and had an elevation difference of 46 meters (151 ft). The hill was inaugurated on 29 January 1936 with a 50-meter jump by Birger Henriksen. The longest jump on the opening day was made by Reidar Andersen, who jumped 86 meters. At the most he was 10 to 12 meters (33 to 39 ft) above the landing slope, so the take-off was lowered 40 centimeters (16 in) from 6 to 11 degrees.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aa597cde", "title": "Vikersundbakken", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikersundbakken", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aa597cde.json"}}
{"text": "The main logistical issue with the events was the poor transport service, with only a narrow road to the hill. During the 1950s, the attendance rose well beyond the former 5,000, forcing the road to be upgraded in 1955. By the 1950s, ski jumps were being built larger and in 1954, Kristian Hovde proposed to expand Vikersundbakken, which he hoped would allow jumps of 100 meters (330 ft). The plans were passed by the club's annual meeting on 13 September, with construction starting in the summer of 1955. The lower part of the landing slope was dug down 1.75 meters (5 ft 9 in), the in-run was raised up to 85 centimeters (33 in) and a new jury tower and stairway was built. Additional expansion was passed on 27 April 1956: a 12-meter (39 ft) tall scaffolding in-run was built on top of the old in-run. The hill was designed by Carl Borgen. Contractors were Brødrene Teigen and since the club did not have sufficient funds, they were willing to wait with the payment until they had. The new hill was inaugurated on 10 March 1956.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aa597cde", "title": "Vikersundbakken", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikersundbakken", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aa597cde.json"}}
{"text": "The new hill was too large to be regarded as a large hill, but was not large enough to be categorized as a ski flying hill. In 1964, the club appointed a committee led by Ottar Grøtterud to consider an expansion of the hill. There was only to be built one ski flying hill in the Nordic Countries, with the main alternative being Renabakken in Rena. Construction cost NOK 445,000 and was in part financed with a NOK 75,000 grant and NOK 150,000 loan from Modum Municipality, NOK 20,000 from volunteer work, NOK 80,000 from the club, grants from companies and banks and from Buskerud County Municipality, and NOK 100,000 in betting funds. Construction was done by Entreprenør Gunnar Sterkebye. The hill received a new 23-meter (75 ft) tall in-run and a new jury tower 70 meters (230 ft) form the jump. On the landing slope and out-run, 200,000 cubic meters (7,100,000 cu ft) of earthwork had to be moved. Work was made more difficult because of high snowfall and temperatures down to −28 °C (−18 °F). The hill was inaugurated on 13 March 1966.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aa597cde", "title": "Vikersundbakken", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikersundbakken", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aa597cde.json"}}
{"text": "The next upgrade of the venue were minor upgrades ahead of the 1977 World Championships. Ahead of the 1990 World Championships, the venue was again renovated. However, to secure better recruitment, the venue also received a new normal hill with a K point of K-90.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aa597cde", "title": "Vikersundbakken", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikersundbakken", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aa597cde.json"}}
{"text": "The hill was rebuilt for the 2012 Ski Flying World Championships. It was the first in the world with a hill size of 225 meters, making Vikersundbakken the largest ski flying hill in the world at the time. It has been built further into the terrain with sidewalls made of natural gravel to avoid wind problems during competitions. Furthermore, it has been slanted slightly to the south from the inrun area to further reduce wind problems. The hill was ready for the 2011 Trial Ski Flying World Championships held on 11–13 February 2011.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aa597cde", "title": "Vikersundbakken", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikersundbakken", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aa597cde.json"}}
{"text": "The old inrun was demolished in 2010. The engineers of the new and larger hill were Slovenians Janez Gorišek and his son Sebastjan. Janez, together with his brother Lado, is most famous for creating Letalnica Bratov Gorišek in Planica, previously the largest hill in the world at HS 215, before Vikersundbakken was reprofiled and enlarged in 2011. Janez is usually named as the 'father' of modern ski flying and is also known as an expert on ski flying hills.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aa597cde", "title": "Vikersundbakken", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikersundbakken", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aa597cde.json"}}
{"text": "At the trial ski flying championship, Johan Remen Evensen jumped 243 meters to set a new world record during the first official training on 11 February 2011. Later, during qualification, Evensen improved the world record to 246.5 meters.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aa597cde", "title": "Vikersundbakken", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikersundbakken", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aa597cde.json"}}
{"text": "During autumn 2011 the hill was further improved with a different radius at HS 225, increasing the ability to stand on greater lengths. Additionally the jump itself was cut a meter short because of decreased inrun speed needed by the jumpers. During the 2011 event, it was deemed necessary to add several inrun gates the hill below gate 1 due to better conditions not anticipated by the organisers during construction in 2010. A total of five gates were added. Gregor Schlierenzauer praised the hill during interviews, calling it the best hill in the world. Evensen was also extremely satisfied with the hill, calling it \"perfect\". The K point was increased from K-195 in 2012 to K-200 in time for the 2015 event, resulting in two new world records on the same weekend: Peter Prevc jumped 250 m (820 ft) and became to first to ever surpass the 250 m mark, and this was followed by Anders Fannemel with 251.5 m (825 ft) the next day. In a training round prior to Fannemel's jump, Dimitry Vassiliev jumped 254 m (833 ft) but fell hard upon landing, rendered his jump invalid as a world record.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aa597cde", "title": "Vikersundbakken", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikersundbakken", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aa597cde.json"}}
{"text": "Opened as large hill in 1936 and converted into flying hill in 1966.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aa597cde", "title": "Vikersundbakken", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikersundbakken", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aa597cde.json"}}
{"text": "The inaugural competition was held on 25 February 1936 in front of 5,000 spectators. Hilmar Myhra won the race, setting the first official hill record at 86 meters (282 ft). The hill was used for a single major competition each year, Vikersundrennet. Arnold Kongsgård beat the hill record in 1946 when he jumped 87.5 meters (287 ft) and then beat it with another meter two years later. The ultimate hill record in the original hill was 98 meters (322 ft), which was also a new Norwegian record, set by Arne Hoel in 1951. After the opening of the new jump in 1957, Hoel set a new hill record of 100.5 meters (330 ft). The following year, Asbjørn Osnes set a new hill record of 108.5 meters (356 ft) and then again in 1960 by Paavo Lukkariniemi of 116.5 meters (382 ft).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aa597cde", "title": "Vikersundbakken", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikersundbakken", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aa597cde.json"}}
{"text": "On the first ski flying competition on 14 March 1966 saw Bjørn Wirkola set a new world record at 146 meters (479 ft). Starting on 12 March 1967, the club introduced the International Ski Flying Week. The inaugural tournament was held on 12 March 1967 and saw Austria's Reinhold Bachler set a world record of 154 meters (505 ft). On 11 March 1968, the tournament was canceled due to strong winds, although 22,500 people had come to spectate. In 1973, the International Ski Flying Week was canceled because of lack of snow. On this hill were also two Continental Cup competitions in 2004 both won by Austrian Roland Müller.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aa597cde", "title": "Vikersundbakken", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikersundbakken", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aa597cde.json"}}
{"text": "In the late 1960s, the International Ski Federation (FIS) started planning a world championship in ski flying. The Norwegian Ski Federation was opposed to this. Vikersundbakken was awarded the fourth FIS Ski Flying World Championships, held in 1977. Switzerland's Walter Steiner won the race, while Czechoslovakia's František Novák set a new hill record of 157 meters (515 ft). Vikersundbakken was used in the FIS Ski Jumping World Cup in 1980, 1983 and 1986.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aa597cde", "title": "Vikersundbakken", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikersundbakken", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aa597cde.json"}}
{"text": "The normal hill was used for the Norwegian Ski Championships in 1989. As there was no snow, 3,000 cubic meters (110,000 cu ft) was freighted by train from Finse via the Bergen Line and up from Vikersund Station by truck.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aa597cde", "title": "Vikersundbakken", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikersundbakken", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aa597cde.json"}}
{"text": "Drolsum, Nils; Flattum, Odd; Lund, Thure (1994). Klang har navnet: Vikersund idrettsforening 1894–1994 (in Norwegian). Vikersund: Vikersund idrettsforening. ISBN 82-993278-0-6.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aa597cde", "title": "Vikersundbakken", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikersundbakken", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aa597cde.json"}}
{"text": "The Skiflying Hill - Technical Data", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aa597cde", "title": "Vikersundbakken", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikersundbakken", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aa597cde.json"}}
{"text": "Yi Sun-sin Stadium (Korean: 이순신종합운동장) is a multi-purpose stadium in Asan, South Chungcheong Province, South Korea. It has a seating capacity for 17,376 spectators.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c402131b", "title": "Yi Sun-sin Stadium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin_Stadium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c402131b.json"}}
{"text": "World Stadiums Archived 2020-08-11 at the Wayback Machine profile", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c402131b", "title": "Yi Sun-sin Stadium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin_Stadium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c402131b.json"}}
{"text": "The Minerva Theatre was a theatre located in Orwell Street in Kings Cross, Sydney. Originally a live venue, it was converted to the Metro Cinema in 1950, before returning to live shows in 1969. It ceased operating as a theatre in 1979. From 2019 onwards, there were community efforts to ensure the building would continue operating as a theatre.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5cd50386", "title": "Minerva Theatre, Sydney", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_Theatre,_Sydney", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5cd50386.json"}}
{"text": "In 1937, David N Martin, a theatrical publicity and advertising agent, formed a new theatre company named Minerva Centre Ltd to erect two live theatres on opposite sides of Macleay Street, Potts Point. An early design for the Orwell Street site by Bruce Dellit was rejected in favour of a more modest design by cinema specialists Crick & Furse, which opened on 18 May 1939 with a production of Robert Sherwood's Idiot's Delight. The site for the other proposed theatre site was acquired by the City of Sydney and is now the Fitzroy Gardens. The site in front of the Minerva facing Macleay Street was developed as the Minerva Cafe and Nightclub, with a vaulted roof.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5cd50386", "title": "Minerva Theatre, Sydney", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_Theatre,_Sydney", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5cd50386.json"}}
{"text": "In May 1941 it was leased by Whitehall Theatrical Productions, an independent production company. They remained in the venue for almost a decade, staging their last show there in April 1950.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5cd50386", "title": "Minerva Theatre, Sydney", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_Theatre,_Sydney", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5cd50386.json"}}
{"text": "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer purchased the building in 1950 and converted to a movie theatre, renaming it the Metro Cinema. Harry M. Miller returned the venue to live theatre in 1969 with a production of the musical Hair.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5cd50386", "title": "Minerva Theatre, Sydney", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_Theatre,_Sydney", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5cd50386.json"}}
{"text": "In 1979 the building was converted to a market. In the early 1980s, it became offices for the Kennedy Miller film production company.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5cd50386", "title": "Minerva Theatre, Sydney", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_Theatre,_Sydney", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5cd50386.json"}}
{"text": "In 2019, Kennedy Miller sold the building to the Abacus Property Group, amidst hopes by members of the local community that it could become a community centre and theatre. Heritage listed by the City of Sydney including the interior, it was nominated by them to the NSW Heritage Register in 2019. The Metro-Minerva Theatre Action Group (MTAG) was formed in 2019 to lobby and campaign for the reinstatement of the Minerva to a fully functioning theatre. In 2021, property developer Central Element purchased the building from Abacus.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5cd50386", "title": "Minerva Theatre, Sydney", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_Theatre,_Sydney", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5cd50386.json"}}
{"text": "On 9 November 2023, the City of Sydney approved plans for the Metro-Minerva building to become a hotel/nightclub. The MTAG website was then updated with the below message:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5cd50386", "title": "Minerva Theatre, Sydney", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_Theatre,_Sydney", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5cd50386.json"}}
{"text": "We are devastated at this news, and this heritage gem will be lost forever after this irrevocable alteration for a business plan that stacks up or has longevity... Thank you for your support over the years. Sadly, despite much pressure for local residents, due to a system stacked against us and the inertia of the NSW arts minister, we have lost.Central Element put the building on the market in January 2024 and it was sold to Gretel Packer's company Sacred Firebird for $26 million in July 2024.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5cd50386", "title": "Minerva Theatre, Sydney", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_Theatre,_Sydney", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5cd50386.json"}}
{"text": "The Art Deco theatre was designed for comfort, with lounge seating and only 1000 seats. The stage had a proscenium design and there were two small side stages.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5cd50386", "title": "Minerva Theatre, Sydney", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_Theatre,_Sydney", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5cd50386.json"}}
{"text": "The City of Sydney heritage citation states that :", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5cd50386", "title": "Minerva Theatre, Sydney", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_Theatre,_Sydney", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5cd50386.json"}}
{"text": "\"The Metro Theatre, although altered, is an exceptional example and represents the apotheosis of the Art Deco Streamline Moderne style in New South Wales. The Metro Theatre has an expertly controlled geometric massing of the exterior form, exhibiting all the trademarks of the Streamline Moderne style. Strongly influenced by Expressionism, the tower is one of the most strikingly successful Streamline Moderne structures ever realised in New South Wales. Although altered internally, the shell of the auditorium remains. Strongly influenced by Expressionism, the auditorium is one of the most striking theatre interiors ever realised in New South Wales.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5cd50386", "title": "Minerva Theatre, Sydney", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_Theatre,_Sydney", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5cd50386.json"}}
{"text": "Dimond, Jill & Kirkpatrick, Peter (2000). Literary Sydney: A Walking Guide. University of Queensland Press. p. 83. ISBN 0-7022-3150-9.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5cd50386", "title": "Minerva Theatre, Sydney", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_Theatre,_Sydney", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5cd50386.json"}}
{"text": "Milne, Geoffrey (2004). Theatre Australia (Un)limited: Australian Theatre Since the 1950s. Rodopi. pp. 79, 180. ISBN 90-420-0930-6.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5cd50386", "title": "Minerva Theatre, Sydney", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_Theatre,_Sydney", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5cd50386.json"}}
{"text": "\"Minerva Theatre (Sydney)\". Sydney Theatre History. Australian Catholic University. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5cd50386", "title": "Minerva Theatre, Sydney", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_Theatre,_Sydney", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5cd50386.json"}}
{"text": "Metro Theatre (Part 2) at TheatreHeritage.org.au", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5cd50386", "title": "Minerva Theatre, Sydney", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_Theatre,_Sydney", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5cd50386.json"}}
{"text": "Metro Theatre (Part 3) at TheatreHeritage.org.au", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5cd50386", "title": "Minerva Theatre, Sydney", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_Theatre,_Sydney", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5cd50386.json"}}
{"text": "Paul Shrivastava is professor of management and organizations, at the Pennsylvania State University. He served as chief sustainability officer and director of the Sustainability Institute, until July 1, 2022. In November 2023 he was elected as co-president of the Club of Rome. Previously he was the executive director of Future Earth, an international sustainability research program. Before that, he was distinguished professor and director of the David O'Brien Centre for Sustainable Enterprise at Concordia University.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Early life and education", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Shrivastava was born in Bhopal, India. He attended the St. Joseph's Convent School in Bhopal. He received a bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, a Post Graduate Diploma in Management (MBA) from the Indian Institute of Management Calcutta and a Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Shrivastava held the Howard I. Scott Chair in Management, a distinguished professorship at Bucknell University, and was Associate Professor of Management at the Stern School of Business, New York University.  He was awarded a Fulbright Program Senior Scholar award to study Japanese corporate environmental management at Kyoto University, Japan. He has also taught at the Helsinki School of Economics, and IIM Shillong.  He is the author of Bhopal: Anatomy of a Crisis (1989), a book that launched the field of organizational crisis management. He founded the Organizations and Natural Environment Division of the Academy of Management (the world's largest academic professional association in Management studies).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "He was distinguished professor and director of the David O'Brien Centre for Sustainable Enterprise at Concordia University, Montreal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "In February 2015 Shrivastava was appointed Executive Director of Future Earth, an international research programme for sustainability and global environmental change. He also holds the International Research Chair in Art and Sustainable Enterprise at ICN Business School, Nancy, France.  In these roles he combines scientific and artistic approaches to sustainable development, exemplified in the conference Balance unBalance 2011, and his book Learning from the Financial Crisis (edited with Matt Statler) published by Stanford University Press  He has published 17 books and over 100 articles.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "He has served on the editorial boards of several leading management studies journals, on the board of trustees of DeSales University, on the board of the Finance and Sustainability Initiative, Montreal, and as senior advisor to the Indian Institute of Management Shillong.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Shrivastava's major contributions to the field of business management are concepts for understanding strategic industrial and environmental crises and crisis management, corporate strategies for sustainability and sustainable strategic management.  His contributions to management practice include crisis management techniques, environmental and sustainability strategies, and use of the arts for creativity and sustainability programs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Shrivastava's professional work is rooted in a concern for human-technology-nature relationships.  Having grown up in the small town of Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh in the 1950s and 60s, he was enchanted by the promise of technology to improve the lives of people.  He studied engineering in college and graduated first (gold medal) in his mechanical engineering class.  He received a Post Graduate Diploma in Management at IIM Calcutta and Ph.D. from University of Pittsburgh. The Bhopal disaster (the worst industrial accident in history) revealed the two-headedness of technology, and he turned to examining the risks and crises associated with industrial technologies, leading to systematic studies of crisis management.  The field of crisis management has emerged since then as a vital field of study.  It is concerned with identifying systemic causes and consequences of crises.  It has led to development of crisis management and crisis prevention practices in the areas of industrial disasters, computer disasters, risk management, worker safety, metals mining and oil industries.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "He developed \"embodied learning\" methods wherein concepts are intertwined with physically and emotionally engaging activities to create learning experiences that endure and transform.  His course \"Managing with Passion\" is an events management course in which students learn by planning, organizing, training for and participating in a real event – a USA Triathlon sanctioned public triathlon race.  Students gain understanding of concepts that are interwoven with physical activities, emotional activities, cognitive exercises and online activities.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "An element in Shrivastava's professional work is the creation of new organizations. In 1976, along with six entrepreneurs from Microcomp Pvt. Ltd., and eSocrates, Inc., he helped launch the HCL Enterprise group of computer companies.  He has also created academic organizations such as the ONE Division of the Academy of Management, the David O'Brien Centre for Sustainable Enterprise, the World Business School Council for Sustainable Business and non-profit organizations (Industrial Crisis Institute). He has co-founded two academic journals: Industrial Crisis Quarterly published by Elsevier, and Organization & Environment published by SAGE Publications. He is steering WBSCSB in collaboration with UN-Principles of Responsible Management Education and Global Responsible Leadership Initiative, to create a report on the Next 50 Years of Management Education to be presented at Rio+20 Conference in May 2012.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Shrivastava has been studying corporate sustainability for the past two decades.  Despite the scientific understanding of global climate change, global poverty, and biodiversity decline, global leaders are unable to reach effective international agreements to address these challenges.  He suggests that science alone will not solve the problem of sustainability.  Humans have to find a new way of engaging nature, that allows them to care and preserve it in enduring ways.  Shrivastava is extending the scientific understanding of sustainability to the realm of the arts, which as the repository of human emotions offer a vehicle for creating passionate engagement between humans and nature. This project uses transdisciplinary approaches to science and arts in aesthetic inquiry into sustainability issues.  This collaboration of a dozen researchers in France, Canada, USA and India, has produced results including the Balance unBalance 2011 conference and Montreal Degrowth 2012 conference.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "His work has been featured in The Los Angeles Times,  The Philadelphia Inquirer, The Christian Science Monitor, The Globe and Mail, and The Montreal Gazette, and on the MacNeil-Lehrer News Hour", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "The Academy of Management ONE Division Distinguished Scholar Award 2023", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "IIM Calcutta Distinguished Alumni Award, 2016.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "AACSB Influential Leader, 2015.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "ONE Founders Award, The Academy of Management, 1998.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Partial List of Publications:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Shrivastava, P., Bhopal: Anatomy of a Crisis, Vol. 2. Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd, London.: 1992.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Shrivastava, P.,  Strategy Formulation and Implementation.  Cincinnati, OH: Southwestern Publishing Co., 1994.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Shrivastava, P., A. Huff and J. Dutton (Eds). Advances in Strategic Management, Vol. 10. 1994, Greenwich CT.: JAI Press.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Shrivastava, P., and C. Stubbart, Advances in Strategic Management, Vol 12 (A & B), (Challenges from Outside the Mainstream, Challenges Within the Mainstream), Greenwich CT: JAI Press, 1995.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Shrivastava, P., Greening Business:  Profiting the Corporation and the environment.  Cincinnati, OH:  Thomson Executive Press, 1996.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Shrivastava, P., A. Huff and J. Dutton (Series Eds). Advances in Strategic Management: Organizational Learning and Strategic Management, Vol. 14. 1997, Greenwich CT.: JAI Press.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Timo Busch and P. Shrivastava, Corporate Strategies for Global Climate Change, Greenleaf Publishers, London, 2011.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Paul Shrivastava and Matt Statler, Learning from the Global Financial Crisis: Sustainably, Reliably, Creatively.  Stanford University Press, Palo Alto CA, 2011.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Alfred Marcus, Paul Shrivastava, Sanjay Sharma, and Stefano Pogutz (Eds), Cross Sector Leadership for the Green Economy, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2012.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Shrivastava, P, and O. Ivanova, “Corporate Legitimacy Challenges from the Occupy Wallstreet Movement”, Human Relations, August, 2015.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Persson, Sybil, and Paul Shrivastava, “Which paradigm for a caring and sustainable HRM? Insights from traditional Chinese thought”, accepted Management Organization Review,  Sept 2015.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Machalaba, C., Daszak, P. and P. Shrivastava, “Future Earth and EcoHealth: A New Paradigm Toward Global Sustainability and Health”, International Association for Ecology and Health, December 2015.  DOI: 10.1007/s10393-015-1076-6.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Gerlinde Berger-Walliser, Paul Shrivastava & Adam Sulkowski, Using Proactive Legal Strategies for Corporate Environmental Sustainability, 6 Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law. 1 (2016). Available at: http://repository.law.umich.edu/mjeal/vol6/iss1/1", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Mark Stafford-Smith, David Griggs, Owen Gaffney, Farooq Ullah, Belinda Reyers, Norichika Kanie, Bjorn Stigson, Paul Shrivastava, Melissa Leach, Deborah O’Connell, “Integration: the key to implementing the Sustainable Development Goals”.  Sustainability Science, July 2016.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Shrivastava, P, and C. Cucuzella, “The art of regenerative regional development: Echigo Tsumari”. Culture and Dialogue, Sept 2016.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Anik Bhaduri, Janos Bogardi, Afreen Siddiqi, Holm Voigt, Charles Vörösmarty, Claudia Pahl-Wostl, Stuart E Bunn, Paul Shrivastava, Richard Lawford, Stephen Foster, Hartwig Kremer, Fabrice Renaud, Antje Bruns, Vanesa Rodriguez Osuna, “Achieving Sustainable Development Goals from a Water Perspective”. Frontiers in Environmental Science, section Freshwater Science, September 2016.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Shrivastava, Paul; Raivio, Kari; Kasuga, Fumiko; Tewksbury, Joshua; Haines, Andy; Daszak, Peter (2016). \"Future Earth Health Knowledge-Action Network\". Public Health Reviews. 37 25. doi:10.1186/s40985-016-0039-y. PMC 5810101. PMID 29450067.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Bai, Xuemei; Surveyer, Alyson; Elmqvist, Thomas; Gatzweiler, Franz W; Güneralp, Burak; Parnell, Susan; Prieur-Richard, Anne-Hélène; Shrivastava, Paul; Siri, José Gabriel; Stafford-Smith, Mark; Toussaint, Jean-Patrick; Webb, Robert (2016). \"Defining and advancing a systems approach for sustainable cities\". Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 23: 69–78. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2016.11.010.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Shrivastava, P., E. G. Schumacher, D. M. Wasieleski, and M. Tasic, “Aesthetic Rationality for Sustainability Decision-Making: Exploring Cognitive and Emotional Factors of an Aesthetics Process”, the Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, March 2017.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Shrivastava, Paul; Guimarães-Costa, Nuno (2017). \"Achieving environmental sustainability: The case for multi-layered collaboration across disciplines and players\". Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 116: 340–346. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2016.11.019.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "Shrivastava, P. Mark Stafford-Smith, Karen O’Brien, Laszlo Zsolnai, “Transforming Sustainability Science to Generate Positive Social and Environmental Change Globally”, One Earth, 2, April 24, 2020.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "International Research Chair in Art and Sustainable Enterprise www.ircase.org", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b9dac32", "title": "Paul Shrivastava", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b9dac32.json"}}
{"text": "John Bird (1768-1829) was a Welsh landscape artist. He was born in Cardiff, where some of his works may be seen in the National Museum of Wales. Several of his drawings were published in 'Principal Seats of the Nobility' in 1787.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4cfb2400", "title": "John Bird (artist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bird_(artist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4cfb2400.json"}}
{"text": "He died in Whitby in 1829.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4cfb2400", "title": "John Bird (artist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bird_(artist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4cfb2400.json"}}
{"text": "Kurtz is an unincorporated community in Owen Township, Jackson County, Indiana.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b7f760a8", "title": "Kurtz, Indiana", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurtz,_Indiana", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b7f760a8.json"}}
{"text": "Kurtz is an unincorporated community in Jackson County, Indiana. The name of Kurtz was taken from Colonel Harry Kurtz, an attorney for the Evansville & Richmond Railroad who was instrumental in steering the rail lines through Owen and Salt Creek Townships.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b7f760a8", "title": "Kurtz, Indiana", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurtz,_Indiana", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b7f760a8.json"}}
{"text": "Alisa Kovalenko (born September 24, 1987) is a Ukrainian documentary filmmaker and ex-soldier in the Ukrainian Voluntary Army. Her films have focused on Russia's invasion of Ukraine both during the 2014 annexation of Crimea and the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bd3657b9", "title": "Alisa Kovalenko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisa_Kovalenko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bd3657b9.json"}}
{"text": "She is known for films such as We Will Not Fade Away (2023) and Alisa in Warland (2015).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bd3657b9", "title": "Alisa Kovalenko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisa_Kovalenko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bd3657b9.json"}}
{"text": "Early life and education", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bd3657b9", "title": "Alisa Kovalenko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisa_Kovalenko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bd3657b9.json"}}
{"text": "Alisa Kovalenko was born in Zaporizhia, Ukraine in 1987. In Kyiv, she studied documentary filmmaking at the Karpenko-Karyi University and then went on to study at the Wajda Film School in Warsaw, Poland.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bd3657b9", "title": "Alisa Kovalenko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisa_Kovalenko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bd3657b9.json"}}
{"text": "In 2014, while still a film student, she made her first film, Sestra Zo about a former soccer player. In 2015, her first feature-length documentary, Alisa in Warland, premiered at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam. The footage came about when Kovalenko traveled to the front line of the war in Donbas during Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014. It was co-directed by Liubov Durakova.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bd3657b9", "title": "Alisa Kovalenko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisa_Kovalenko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bd3657b9.json"}}
{"text": "In 2018, her second documentary, Home Games, which centered around a 20-year-old female soccer player from a poor family, premiered at IDFA.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bd3657b9", "title": "Alisa Kovalenko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisa_Kovalenko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bd3657b9.json"}}
{"text": "In 2019, Kovalenko's experiences in Donbas lead her to begin a documentary film about the lives of teenagers in the war torn area and an opportunity five of them had to travel to the Himalayas.  In 2023, the final film We Will Not Fade Away premiered at the 73rd Berlin International Film Festival.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bd3657b9", "title": "Alisa Kovalenko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisa_Kovalenko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bd3657b9.json"}}
{"text": "Originally, We Will Not Fade Away was going to have a very different tone, but the Russian Invasion of Ukraine completely changed the project. Following the Russian occupation, some of those in the film safely fled, but at the time of the release, two of the leads of the film were unaccounted for. Kovalenko said that the experience made her feel \"powerless as a documentary filmmaker.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bd3657b9", "title": "Alisa Kovalenko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisa_Kovalenko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bd3657b9.json"}}
{"text": "The full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 prompted Kovalenko to join the Ukrainian Volunteer Army (before production of We Will Not Fade Away was complete). Saying, \"I promised myself if a war ... will cover all Ukraine, then I will fight not with my camera but with a gun.\" After her tour, she finished editing We Will Not Fade Away and then turned new footage from the frontlines into the film My Dear Theo, a video diary for her young son, which premiered in the main competition at CPH:DOX in 2025.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bd3657b9", "title": "Alisa Kovalenko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisa_Kovalenko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bd3657b9.json"}}
{"text": "Her upcoming project Traces is co-directed by Marysia Nikitchuk and focused on conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bd3657b9", "title": "Alisa Kovalenko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisa_Kovalenko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bd3657b9.json"}}
{"text": "Kovalenko is a member of SEMA Ukraine, which advocates for survivors of conflict-related sexual violence. During the war in Donbas, Kovalenko was sexually assaulted by Russian-backed forces. She has said that many cases go unspoken and wants to help other survivors with her work and by being open about her experience and the realities of the Russian invasion.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bd3657b9", "title": "Alisa Kovalenko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisa_Kovalenko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bd3657b9.json"}}
{"text": "Since 2019 Kovalenko has been a member of the European Film Academy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bd3657b9", "title": "Alisa Kovalenko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisa_Kovalenko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bd3657b9.json"}}
{"text": "She is married to producer Stéphane Siohan and together they have one son.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bd3657b9", "title": "Alisa Kovalenko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisa_Kovalenko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bd3657b9.json"}}
{"text": "Alisa in Warland (2015) co-directed with Liubov Durakova", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bd3657b9", "title": "Alisa Kovalenko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisa_Kovalenko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bd3657b9.json"}}
{"text": "Home Match (2017, Short)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bd3657b9", "title": "Alisa Kovalenko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisa_Kovalenko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bd3657b9.json"}}
{"text": "Girl Away from Home (2023, Short)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bd3657b9", "title": "Alisa Kovalenko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisa_Kovalenko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bd3657b9.json"}}
{"text": "We Will Not Fade Away (2023)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bd3657b9", "title": "Alisa Kovalenko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisa_Kovalenko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bd3657b9.json"}}
{"text": "Alisa Kovalenko at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bd3657b9", "title": "Alisa Kovalenko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisa_Kovalenko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bd3657b9.json"}}
{"text": "Rowing New Zealand is the sports governing body for rowing in New Zealand. Its purpose is to provide leadership and support to enable an environment of success for the New Zealand rowing community. This includes secondary schools, clubs, masters, universities and high performance.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "Rowing New Zealand was founded as the New Zealand Amateur Rowing Association on 16 March 1887. The New Zealand Amateur Rowing Association was formed by nine clubs in an effort to coordinate and regulate the sport of amateur rowing in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "Since the turn of the 21st century, Rowing New Zealand has had moderate success on the water, which has resulted in increased media interest in the sport of rowing and record participation at secondary school level. The aim is eventually to replicate the success of Great Britain and Australia on the water by the 2020 Olympics. This increase in the number of active rowers has been attributed in particular to Rob Waddell's gold medal victory at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. There have also been increases, particularly in the number of women rowers, since Georgina Evers-Swindell and Caroline Evers-Swindell won gold at the 2004 Athens Olympic Games.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "The 2008 Olympic trials gained intense public and media interest as previous Olympic champion Rob Waddell challenged current world champion Mahé Drysdale for the sole men’s single sculls spot. In the final race, Waddell suffered a repeat of his atrial fibrillation condition, resulting in Drysdale claiming the victory and the sole 2008 Olympic single sculls spot.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "Waddell was then selected into the double sculls with the young Nathan Cohen, world champion at the 2006 World University Games in single sculls, in early 2008. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park, Shunyi, Beijing in August 2008, the two finished fourth in the double sculls final.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "Cohen won the gold medal in double sculls at the next Olympic Games in 2012, with rowing partner Joseph Sullivan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "Cohen and Sullivan also won the World Championship in both 2010 and 2011.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "Sixty-eight clubs are affiliated to Rowing New Zealand. Clubs within New Zealand are affiliated to their regional rowing associations, which include the Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Canterbury, East Coast, Marlborough, Otago, Southland, Waikato, Whanganui and Wellington Rowing Associations.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "Other members affiliated with Rowing New Zealand include the New Zealand Secondary Schools Rowing Association (NZSSRA), the New Zealand Universities Rowing Council, the New Zealand Rowing Race Officials Association, Regional Performance Centres (RPCs), Karapiro Rowing and Ruataniwha Rowing. RPCs provide a pathway for rowers to compete for selection in national representative crews as well as providing a high performance training environment for rowers. Karapiro Rowing and Ruataniwha Rowing operate and maintain the country's two main rowing venues: Lake Karapiro near Cambridge in the North Island, and Lake Ruataniwha near Twizel in the South Island.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "National Club Championships – First held in 1888 and only fours and single sculls competed. Now it is held alternatively at Lake Karapiro, Cambridge, and Lake Ruataniwha, Twizel. The event is now held over 5 days and more than 60 events are raced.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "Masters Championships – These are held annually and a rower may compete as a masters rower from the beginning of the year during which he or she reaches the age of 27.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "New Zealand University Championships – Are held annually and the top prizes include The Ashes (Overall NZU Rowing Champs Winners), the Tamaki Cup (Championship Women's Eight), the Paul Griffiths Cup (Championship Women's Four), and the Hebberley Shield (Championship Men's Eight).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "New Zealand Secondary School Championships (Maadi Cup) – The regatta is the largest school sports event in New Zealand and is held alternatively at Lake Karapiro, Cambridge, and Lake Ruataniwha, Twizel. 'Maadi Cup' is the name given to the regatta and the cup for the New Zealand Secondary Schools Boys' Under 18 Rowing Eights which is raced at the regatta. The top prizes at the regatta are the Maadi Cup, Springbok Shield, Levin Jubilee Cup, Dawn Cup and Star Trophy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "Rowing New Zealand selects Elite, Development, Under 23, Under 21, Junior and Under 18 National Teams through selection camps and trials process. The Elite National Team represents New Zealand at the highest level of competition, either at the Olympic Games, World Championships or the Rowing World Cup. While the Olympics are held once every four years, the World Championships are held every year. The Rowing World Cup comprises 3 regattas held each year and overall winners are determined by points that are awarded to the top finishing boats at each event.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "The Under 23 National Team competes at the Under 23 World Championship regatta each year while the Under 21 National Team competes at the Youth Cup Regatta in Australia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "The Junior National Team competes at the Junior World Championships each year and the Under 18 crews from the North Island and the South Island are selected annually to compete against one another.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "2010 World Championship Regatta", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "Rowing New Zealand hosted the 2010 World Championship Regatta at Lake Karapiro, 12–19 September. New Zealand secured the rights to hold the 39th World Rowing Championship in 2006 and, in doing so, became one of only a handful of world rowing nations that have held more than one championship. At the official Closing Ceremony, FISA President Denis Oswald said: \"I praise the Organising Committee for having staged such an outstanding event and I include all members of the Organising Committee and volunteers who have been so helpful and friendly to us. It won't take 32 years until we come back. Karapiro 2010 brought the World Championships to new standards and set a new model.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "The first time the event came to New Zealand was in 1978. The 2010 event joins the 1978 event as being considered by many of the rowing community worldwide as being amongst the greatest ever world championships.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "2005 World Championship Regatta", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "The 2005 World Championship Regatta was one of the most successful event for Rowing New Zealand and New Zealand sport when four gold medals were won within 45 minutes, making New Zealand the most successful country at the regatta.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "The four victories were:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "Mahé Drysdale in the men's single sculls.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "Juliette Haigh and Nicky Coles in the women's coxless pair.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "George Bridgewater and Nathan Twaddle in the men's coxless pair.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "Caroline Evers-Swindell and Georgina Evers-Swindell in the women's double sculls.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "Historical information on Rowing in New Zealand 1996 to 2005", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_04978094", "title": "Rowing New Zealand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_04978094.json"}}
{"text": "Mjällom is a locality situated in Kramfors Municipality, Västernorrland County, Sweden with 275 inhabitants in 2010.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8b70d8df", "title": "Mjällom", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mj%C3%A4llom", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8b70d8df.json"}}
{"text": "Aprophata ruficollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Heller in 1916. It is known from the Philippines.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_44d6fb79", "title": "Aprophata ruficollis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprophata_ruficollis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_44d6fb79.json"}}
{"text": "Le Pouget is a hydroelectric power station located at Le Truel, on the River Tarn, in the department of Aveyron in France. It uses the difference in height between the artificial lakes of Villefranche-de-Panat and Pareloup on the Lévézou plateau and the river 500 m below. It ranks as the 16th largest station in France. It is part of the complex system that connects the rivers  Alrance, Ceor, Viaur, Bage and Violou with the Tarn.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6fafe3c", "title": "Le Pouget (power station)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Pouget_(power_station)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6fafe3c.json"}}
{"text": "In addition to its 440 MW generating capacity it houses a small pumping station that can return 6.6 m³/s of water from the Tarn to its header reservoir.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6fafe3c", "title": "Le Pouget (power station)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Pouget_(power_station)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6fafe3c.json"}}
{"text": "The catchment of this system is on the Lévézou plateau- which is at the western end of the Grandes Causses. The plateau lies between 700 m and 900 m and consist of granite rocks. It is a landscape of gentle valleys, drained to the north by the  Ceor, Viaur, Bage and Violou which flow towards Rodez, and to the south by the Alrance and the Ruisseau de Asseynes which fall steeply into the Tarn.  To the south, exploiting a geological fault is the River Tarn which is at 265 m altitude, and to the south of the river the land rises again to over 600 m. The area is called Les Raspes de Tarn- 30 km to the east is the A75 autoroute and the Viaduc de Millau which crosses the Tarn and Dourdan at the level of the plateau. Further east is the town of Millau and the Karst landscape of the Gorges du Tarn. The impervious granites of the Lévézou make this a suitable location for water capture.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6fafe3c", "title": "Le Pouget (power station)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Pouget_(power_station)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6fafe3c.json"}}
{"text": "The catchment area of Le Pouget  is extensive. The Alrance valley was dammed at Villefranche-de-Panat, creating the 197 hectare Lac de Villefranche-de-Panat. The dam at Villefranche is 17.10 m high and holds back 8.66 hm3 of usable water. This passes by a 5.3 km tunnel to the small 11 ha Lac de Saint-Amans reservoir, and then by steel penstocks the last 1.2 km to Le Pouget.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6fafe3c", "title": "Le Pouget (power station)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Pouget_(power_station)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6fafe3c.json"}}
{"text": "To the north is the Lac de Pareloup. This is the fifth largest hydroelectric reservoir by area in France having an area of 1260 hectares. It was formed by creating a dam across the Vioulou, and pumping water 6.4 km, up 80 m from the 53-hectare Bage reservoir on the Bage river and water from the 200 ha Pont-de-Salars reservoir on the Viaur. Waters from Pareloup can be directed either through the downstream Viaur to the power station at Thuries or through a 10.9 km tunnel to the power station at Alrance at the head of the Lac de Villefranche-de-Panat. A small amount (3.5 hm3) is extracted for use as drinking water in Rodez and Ségala. Pareloup has a catchment area of 376 km2: 160 km2 from the Vioulou, Gourde and Céor, 216 km2 from the Viaur and Bage. The dam at Pareloup is 43.45 m high and 232 m long- it is 15.87 metres thick at its base, tapering to 2.77 m at the rim. It holds back 167 million  m3 of usable water.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6fafe3c", "title": "Le Pouget (power station)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Pouget_(power_station)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6fafe3c.json"}}
{"text": "Water from Le Pouget exits into the Tarn both above and below the Barrage du Truel.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6fafe3c", "title": "Le Pouget (power station)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Pouget_(power_station)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6fafe3c.json"}}
{"text": "In 1952, the station was equipped with 3 PELTON type turbines. They take 11 m3/s of water and together generate 127.5 MW. They are denominated G1, G2, G3. In 1983 two new generators were installed. These were G4, a 275 MW FRANCIS type turbine, the most powerful of its type used in France; and the unique G5 41.5 MW reversible FRANCIS type turbine. Reversible, the latter could also be used to pump water 461 m up to the lac de Saint-Amans.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6fafe3c", "title": "Le Pouget (power station)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Pouget_(power_station)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6fafe3c.json"}}
{"text": "G4 uses a turbine that develops 286 MW of power, using  74 m3/s of water. At the time of its installation it was the most powerful gravity fed turbine in Europe and in 2012 is still the most powerful in France. This drives an alternator running at 333 revolutions / minute. It is 91% efficient delivering 275 MW (MVA) of electrical energy to the grid at 15.5 kV – that is nominally 10,245 kA.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6fafe3c", "title": "Le Pouget (power station)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Pouget_(power_station)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6fafe3c.json"}}
{"text": "La Jourdanie (power station)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6fafe3c", "title": "Le Pouget (power station)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Pouget_(power_station)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6fafe3c.json"}}
{"text": "Pinet (power station)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6fafe3c", "title": "Le Pouget (power station)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Pouget_(power_station)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6fafe3c.json"}}
{"text": "Renewable energy in France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6fafe3c", "title": "Le Pouget (power station)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Pouget_(power_station)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6fafe3c.json"}}
{"text": "EDF Production Transport- Energie Midi-Pyrénées (1994). \"Présentation de l aménagement hydroélectrique du Pouget et du barrage de Pareloup (Aveyron)\". Hydroécol. Appl. (1994) (in French). 6. Toulouse: EDF: 1–7. doi:10.1051/hydro:1994001. Retrieved November 14, 2021.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6fafe3c", "title": "Le Pouget (power station)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Pouget_(power_station)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6fafe3c.json"}}
{"text": "Hydroweb Pouget in French", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6fafe3c", "title": "Le Pouget (power station)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Pouget_(power_station)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6fafe3c.json"}}
{"text": "Catocala meskei, or Meske's underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1873. It is found in North America from Maine and Quebec west to southern Alberta and Montana, south to South Carolina in the east and at least Montana in the west.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_88940139", "title": "Catocala meskei", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catocala_meskei", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_88940139.json"}}
{"text": "The wingspan is 65–75 mm. Adults are on wing from July to September depending on the location.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_88940139", "title": "Catocala meskei", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catocala_meskei", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_88940139.json"}}
{"text": "The larvae feed on Populus and Salix species.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_88940139", "title": "Catocala meskei", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catocala_meskei", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_88940139.json"}}
{"text": "Catocala meskei orion, described from Alberta, is now considered a synonym.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_88940139", "title": "Catocala meskei", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catocala_meskei", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_88940139.json"}}
{"text": "Robinson, E. & Anweiler, G. G. \"Species Details Catocala meskei\". University of Alberta Museums. E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum. Retrieved November 10, 2020.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_88940139", "title": "Catocala meskei", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catocala_meskei", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_88940139.json"}}
{"text": "Fauske, Gerald M. (March 27, 2002). \"Catocala meski Grote 1873\". Moths of North Dakota. Department of Entomology North Dakota State University. Retrieved December 13, 2020.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_88940139", "title": "Catocala meskei", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catocala_meskei", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_88940139.json"}}
{"text": "Anniela (born 3 June 1990) is a Swedish pop singer originally from Rinkaby in Skåne,", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a3f1e12", "title": "Anniela", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniela", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a3f1e12.json"}}
{"text": "but has been living in Stockholm for a few years. Signed to Hitworks, she", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a3f1e12", "title": "Anniela", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniela", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a3f1e12.json"}}
{"text": "released her début album Extravaganza in 2009. She appeared on a talent show TV4 when", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a3f1e12", "title": "Anniela", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniela", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a3f1e12.json"}}
{"text": "she was 13 years old and in various musicals. Her music", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a3f1e12", "title": "Anniela", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniela", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a3f1e12.json"}}
{"text": "can be described as international electro dance pop in English with hints of R&B and she", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a3f1e12", "title": "Anniela", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniela", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a3f1e12.json"}}
{"text": "offers avery visual performance. Annielas debut was released in a number", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a3f1e12", "title": "Anniela", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniela", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a3f1e12.json"}}
{"text": "of foreign countries. In 2011 she participated in Melodifestivalen 2011 with the song Elektrisk, with lyrics in Swedish, which is a first for her. She didn't make it to the final, getting 6th place in the second semi-final.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a3f1e12", "title": "Anniela", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniela", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a3f1e12.json"}}
{"text": "2009 – \"Strip-teaser\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a3f1e12", "title": "Anniela", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniela", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a3f1e12.json"}}
{"text": "2010 – \"My Confession\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a3f1e12", "title": "Anniela", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniela", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a3f1e12.json"}}
{"text": "2011 – \"Elektrisk/Electric\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a3f1e12", "title": "Anniela", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniela", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a3f1e12.json"}}
{"text": "2011 – \"Sin of my Own\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a3f1e12", "title": "Anniela", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniela", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a3f1e12.json"}}
{"text": "2011 – \"Party Crusher\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a3f1e12", "title": "Anniela", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniela", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a3f1e12.json"}}
{"text": "Katja Wüstenfeld (née Beer, born 10 October 1976) is a German former biathlete. Beer competed in the women's individual event at the 1998 Winter Olympics.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a47ed5b", "title": "Katja Wüstenfeld", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katja_W%C3%BCstenfeld", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a47ed5b.json"}}
{"text": "Her father Manfred Beer was a biathlete who earned a bronze medal for East Germany at the 1976 Winter Olympics. Katja married German biathlete Jan Wüstenfeld in 2010.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a47ed5b", "title": "Katja Wüstenfeld", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katja_W%C3%BCstenfeld", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a47ed5b.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Katja Wüstenfeld at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a47ed5b", "title": "Katja Wüstenfeld", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katja_W%C3%BCstenfeld", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a47ed5b.json"}}
{"text": "Katja WUESTENFELD at IBU BiathlonWorld.com Katja WUESTENFELD at IBU BiathlonResults.com", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a47ed5b", "title": "Katja Wüstenfeld", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katja_W%C3%BCstenfeld", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a47ed5b.json"}}
{"text": "Katja BEER at Olympics.com", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a47ed5b", "title": "Katja Wüstenfeld", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katja_W%C3%BCstenfeld", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a47ed5b.json"}}
{"text": "Katja Beer at Olympedia", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a47ed5b", "title": "Katja Wüstenfeld", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katja_W%C3%BCstenfeld", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a47ed5b.json"}}
{"text": "MEmphis Rock and Soul is the fourteenth studio album by American singer-songwriter Melissa Etheridge, released by Stax Records on October 7, 2016. A collection of soul covers, the album received a positive critical reception.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Recording and release", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Etheridge wanted to record an album of songs in Memphis and from the Stax Records catalog that inspired her as a child growing up in Kansas, specifically in historic Memphis studios with recordings that included her own sound while being faithful to the original versions. Etheridge additionally recruited some of the original artists who recorded the initial songs and even used Al Green's microphone to record her vocals. The album was preceded by a music video for her cover of Sam and Dave's \"Hold On, I’m Coming\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "The spelling of the title with \"MEmphis\" represents Etheridge's initials.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Editors at AllMusic rated this album three out of five stars, with reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine characterizing the covers as \"faithful and loving to the original versions, preserving the arrangements but sometimes allowing the band to vamp a bit\", noting that \"her affection for both the songs and sound of Southern soul in the '60s is evident\". Lee Zimmerman of Glide scored this album a nine out of 10, writing \"there's no pomp or pretension needed; Etheridge revels in her own edge and authority, thereby making these songs an ideal match for a style that's always been borne by a certain soulful edge to begin with\". Hal Horowitz of American Songwriter rated MEmphis Rock and Soul four out of five stars and also noted the natural fit between this genre and Etheridge's style, noting that the music \"leaves you with an appreciation that Etheridge loves and cares about the music and is determined to do it justice\". PopMatters' Colin McGuire gave the album a five out of 10, calling out several tracks as weaker than the originals and assessing that her vocals don't \"match the amount or the type that it takes to successfully embody these songs\" leaving the album \"a soul record that lacks soul\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "\"Memphis Train\" (Mack Rice, Willie Sparks, and Rufus Thomas) – 3:50", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "\"Respect Yourself (People Stand Up)\" (Melissa Etheridge, Luther Ingram, Priscilla Renae, and Mack Rice) – 4:25", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "\"Who's Making Love\" (Homer Banks, Bettye Crutcher, Don Davis, and Raymond Jackson) – 3:51", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "\"Hold On, I’m Coming\" (Isaac Hayes and David Porter) – 3:23", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "\"I've Been Loving You Too Long (to Stop Now)\" (Jerry Butler and Otis Redding) – 4:05", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "\"Any Other Way\" (William Bell) – 3:24", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "\"I'm a Lover\" (John Burk, Lowell Fulson, Melissa Etheridge, and Jimmy McCracklin) – 3:06", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "\"Rock Me Baby\" (Joe Josea and B. B. King) – 4:47", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "\"I Forgot to Be Your Lover\" (William Bell and Booker T. Jones) – 4:52", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "\"Wait a Minute\" (Barbara Stephens) – 2:55", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "\"Born Under a Bad Sign\" (Jones) – 4:36", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "\"I've Got Dreams to Remember\" (Otis Redding and Zelma Redding) – 4:34", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Deluxe edition bonus tracks", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "\"Your Good Thing (Is About to End)\" (Isaac Hayes and David Porter) – 4:33", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "\"I Know a Place (I'll Take You There)\" (Al Bell) – 3:03", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "\"These Arms of Mine\" (Otis Redding) – 3:49", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Melissa Etheridge – guitar, vocals, production", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Paul Blakemore – mastering", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Stefanie Bolton – backing vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "John Burk – production, executive production", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Yennifer Correia – violin", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Michael Fahey – mixing assistance", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Theron Feemster – programming", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Marc Franklin – trumpet", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Charles Hodges – organ", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Leroy Hodges – bass guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Jonathan Kirkscey – cello", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Beth Luscombe – viola", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "John Mayer – lead guitar on \"Rock Me Baby\" and \"Born Under a Bad Sign\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Lannie McMillan – saxophone", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Lawrence \"Boo\" Mitchell – recording at Royal Studios", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Jessie Munson – violin", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Sharisse Norman – backing vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Seth Presant – recording at The Village Studios", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Vance Powell – mixing at Sputnik Sound", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Candice Rayburn-Marshall – backing vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "James Robertson – drums", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Myriam Santos – photography", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Carrie Smith – art direction, design", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Kirk Smothers – baritone saxophone", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Lester Snell – horn arrangement on \"I've Been Loving You Too Long (to Stop Now)\", string arrangement on \"I've Been Loving You Too Long (to Stop Now)\" and \"I Forgot to Be Your Lover\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Jim Spake – tenor saxophone", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Michael Toles – guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Archie Turner – keyboards", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "MEmphis Rock and Soul at Discogs (list of releases)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "MEmphis Rock and Soul at MusicBrainz (list of releases)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Melissa Etheridge: 5 Songs to Heal a Broken Heart from Rolling Stone", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e06139b", "title": "MEmphis Rock and Soul", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEmphis_Rock_and_Soul", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e06139b.json"}}
{"text": "Scarborough Beach bus station in Western Australia is a Transperth bus station located at the west end of Scarborough Beach Road in Scarborough. It has four stands and is served by 6 Transperth routes operated by Swan Transit.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8a4365b", "title": "Scarborough Beach bus station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_Beach_bus_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8a4365b.json"}}
{"text": "The bus station provides the bus services in Doubleview and Woodlands, and connects to Stirling and Glendalough Station, both part of the Yanchep Line. The bus station opened on 25 June 2017.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e8a4365b", "title": "Scarborough Beach bus station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_Beach_bus_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e8a4365b.json"}}
{"text": "Thotlakonda Buddhist Complex is situated on a hill near Bheemunipatnam about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, India. The hill is about 128 metres (420 ft) above sea level and overlooks the ocean. The Telugu name Toṭlakoṇḍa (తొట్లకొండ) derived from the presence of a number of rock-cut cisterns hewn into the bedrock of the hillock. “Thotlakonda\" may also mean “hill of cisterns.”  In 2019, the stupa was partially damaged due to monsoons, but it was restored by 2021 at the cost of Rs 42 lakh.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7878ad43", "title": "Thotlakonda", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thotlakonda", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7878ad43.json"}}
{"text": "Thotlakonda was well within the influence of Kalinga, an important source of dissemination of Buddhism to Sri Lanka and various parts of Southeast Asia. Also, it was one of the ports of entry for pilgrims arriving via th sea to visit prominent Buddhist places located near the 83.3 degree Meridian East. Thotlakonda's history provides an insight into the process of transoceanic diffusion of Indic culture, especially Buddhism.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7878ad43", "title": "Thotlakonda", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thotlakonda", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7878ad43.json"}}
{"text": "A hill on the sea coast with a salubrious (healthy) climate was an ideal attraction for the Buddhist monks to build a monastery complex. The placid sea, sheltered by the deeply curved coastline, provided a safe haven for anchoring ships. Buddhist sites such as Thotlakonda, Sarnath, Kushinagar and Lumbini lie very close to the longitudinal 83.3 degrees Meridian East. People coming to India by sea to visit important Buddhist sites looked for the shortest route to travel; it is believed that many stopped at Thotlakonda, a transit point where they anchored their ships, rested on the hill for a while, and then continued along the 83.3° East meridian northwards.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7878ad43", "title": "Thotlakonda", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thotlakonda", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7878ad43.json"}}
{"text": "Thotlakonda came to light during an aerial survey by the Indian Navy for setting up a naval base. After its discovery, major excavations were conducted by the Andhra Pradesh State Archaeology Department from 1988 to 1993. The excavations established the existence of a Nikaya Buddhist complex which flourished 2000 years ago. To the south of the complex there is a tank which served as a water source to the monastery inhabitants.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7878ad43", "title": "Thotlakonda", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thotlakonda", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7878ad43.json"}}
{"text": "The excavations reveal Satavahana dynasty lead and Roman silver coins indicating foreign trade; terracotta tiles, stucco decorative pieces, sculptured panels, miniature stupa models in stone, and Buddha footprints were also found. The excavations also yielded twelve inscriptions. From linguistic studies, it appears that the hill might have been known as Senagiri; Sena in Pali means \"elder, superior\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7878ad43", "title": "Thotlakonda", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thotlakonda", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7878ad43.json"}}
{"text": "Thotlakonda's peak activity was between the 2nd century BCE and the 2nd century CE owing to brisk Roman trade and religious missions sent abroad. Thotlakonda came into existence along with nearby Buddhist sites in Visakhapatnam like Bavikonda and Pavurallakonda. The lofty stupas shining during the day, with their light lime plaster and with rows of wick lamps during nights, might have served as guiding landmarks of nautical commuters. While there appears to have been no royal patronage, traders and local Buddhists seem to have supported the monasatic sangha. In its heyday, Thotlakonda might have accommodated more than 100 bhikkhus.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7878ad43", "title": "Thotlakonda", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thotlakonda", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7878ad43.json"}}
{"text": "The complex served as a religious-academic center, with arrangements for storing food, clothing, and medicines. Nikaya Buddhism appears to have been practiced at Thotlakonda, including the worship of Gautama Buddha through aniconic symbols such as padukas, ashtamangala and other methods of non-human representation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7878ad43", "title": "Thotlakonda", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thotlakonda", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7878ad43.json"}}
{"text": "Thotlakonda had declined by the end of the 3rd century.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7878ad43", "title": "Thotlakonda", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thotlakonda", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7878ad43.json"}}
{"text": "Travel Article on Thotlakonda.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7878ad43", "title": "Thotlakonda", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thotlakonda", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7878ad43.json"}}
{"text": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170626104454/http://asihyd.ap.nic.in/monuments.html", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7878ad43", "title": "Thotlakonda", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thotlakonda", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7878ad43.json"}}
{"text": "Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk is a satirical war novel written by Ben Fountain, which was published in early May 2012 by Ecco Press, a publishing imprint of HarperCollins. The novel chronicles the experience of a group of Iraq War veterans who are hailed as heroes and sent on a victory tour following their engagement in an intense firefight that happened to be caught on camera. Set during a single day, the story primarily focuses on Specialist Billy Lynn's perspective as he struggles to reconnect with his family and come to grips with the huge disconnect between the realities of the war at home and the war overseas as Bravo Squad is sent to participate in the Dallas Cowboys' Thanksgiving halftime show. The novel's primary themes include fraternity, the commercialization of war, and what it really means to support the war when the real costs are barely felt by the majority of US citizens at home.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b454673", "title": "Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Lynn%27s_Long_Halftime_Walk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b454673.json"}}
{"text": "A sharp satire, Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk is Fountain's first novel. It received highly positive reviews from critics and won several awards, including the National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction and the Flaherty-Dunnan First Novel Prize. It was also a finalist for the 2012 National Book Award. The novel was especially praised for its dialogue and \"pitch-perfect ear for American talk.\" A film adaptation of the novel directed by Ang Lee was released in November 2016.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b454673", "title": "Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Lynn%27s_Long_Halftime_Walk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b454673.json"}}
{"text": "19-year-old Specialist Billy Lynn is part of an eight-man unit, Bravo Squad, fighting in Iraq. After key moments of a brief but intense fight anointed as \"the Battle of Al-Ansakar Canal\" are filmed by an embedded Fox News crew, Lynn and seven other surviving members return to the US hailed as war heroes. Lynn is awarded the Silver Star.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b454673", "title": "Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Lynn%27s_Long_Halftime_Walk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b454673.json"}}
{"text": "The squad is sent on a two-week nationwide Victory Tour by the Bush administration to evoke support for the war. The culmination of the Victory Tour is Bravo Squad's invitation to attend the Dallas Cowboys' Thanksgiving game as the team's guests and to make an appearance during the halftime show with Destiny's Child. The squad is also accompanied by Albert Ratner, a veteran Hollywood producer who has attached himself to Bravo Squad and is trying to help them sell the rights of their story to a movie studio. Albert hopes to secure Cowboys owner Norman Oglesby as a major investor for the film project, and while Norman is interested in the project he reduces Albert's initial offer for Bravo Squad's story from $100,000 apiece to $5,500 each.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b454673", "title": "Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Lynn%27s_Long_Halftime_Walk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b454673.json"}}
{"text": "It is later revealed that following the Victory Tour, the government has not relieved the men of their duty for their achievements and they are to return to Iraq. A long flashback section of the book relays an earlier visit Lynn spends with his family in small-town Texas where his sister encourages him to consider abandoning the army and refusing to return to fight in Iraq.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b454673", "title": "Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Lynn%27s_Long_Halftime_Walk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b454673.json"}}
{"text": "As the book progresses, Lynn begins to express disenchantment with the treatment of supposed war heroes from American citizens who have seen nothing of war. He engages in a fight, has revelations about his family and how he was raised, reconsiders past decisions, and reminisces about dead comrades, including Shroom, the sergeant who died in Billy's arms in Iraq. As Lynn's time in the US and at the Cowboys' stadium wraps to a close, he experiences a lusty and intimate romance with a cheerleader on the team. However, she becomes shocked and noticeably shaken when he informs her that he is to return to duty despite his squad's accomplishments. She reassures him she wants to stay in contact and that they will make it work, but he is not so optimistic: he figures that people do not want to wait years for a soldier to return home. As he leaves, he finds comfort in his comrades and friends, who accompany him as they leave Texas Stadium.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b454673", "title": "Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Lynn%27s_Long_Halftime_Walk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b454673.json"}}
{"text": "A movie based on the novel premiered at the New York Film Festival on October 14, 2016, and was theatrically released in the United States on November 11, 2016. Directed by Ang Lee, the film starred Joe Alwyn in the title role.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b454673", "title": "Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Lynn%27s_Long_Halftime_Walk", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b454673.json"}}
{"text": "Robert Gray (1762–1834) was an English Bishop of Bristol.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7717d6b2", "title": "Robert Gray (bishop of Bristol)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gray_(bishop_of_Bristol)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7717d6b2.json"}}
{"text": "Born 11 March 1762, he was the son of Robert Gray, a London silversmith. Having entered St Mary Hall, Oxford, he graduated B.A. 1784, M. A, 1787, B.D. 1799, and D.D. 1802.  Soon after 1790 he was presented to the vicarage of Faringdon, Berkshire.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7717d6b2", "title": "Robert Gray (bishop of Bristol)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gray_(bishop_of_Bristol)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7717d6b2.json"}}
{"text": "In 1796 he was appointed Bampton lecturer, and his discourses were published the same year, under the title of Sermons on the Principles upon which the Reformation of the Church of England was established. Through the favour of Shute Barrington, Bishop of Durham, he was promoted, in 1800, to the rectory of Crayke, Yorkshire, and resigned Faringdon; in 1804 he was collated by Barrington to the seventh stall in Durham Cathedral, and again, in 1805, to the rectory of Bishopswearmouth, and resigned Crayke. He held this living, in which he had succeeded William Paley, until his elevation, in 1827, to the bishopric of Bristol.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7717d6b2", "title": "Robert Gray (bishop of Bristol)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gray_(bishop_of_Bristol)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7717d6b2.json"}}
{"text": "In 1815, when he was Vicar of Bishopwearmouth, Robert Gray played an important part in one of the most important moments in the industrialisation of the World. After witnessing many mining accidents, it was Gray that wrote to Humphry Davy asking for his help with the problem of providing light safely in the local underground collieries.  As a result, Davy visited the Northeast of England in August 1815 and discussed the problem with Colliery owners and mining expert John Buddle. Davy took samples of the gas to his London laboratory and designed his famous \"miners lamp\". Buddle was one of the first people to test the lamp. Stating in a report from the Select Committee on Accidents in Mines on the 4 September 1835 \"I first tried the lamp in an explosive mixture on the surface; and then took it to the mine; it is impossible for me to express my feelings at the time when I first suspended the lamp in the mine and saw it red hot. I said to those around me: \"We have at last subdued this monster [fire-damp].\" Thus is recorded one of the most significant moments in the industrialization of the world. Davy did not patent his lamp effectively giving it to the Nation and the miners of the world.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7717d6b2", "title": "Robert Gray (bishop of Bristol)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gray_(bishop_of_Bristol)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7717d6b2.json"}}
{"text": "During the Bristol riots of 1831, when one of the minor canons suggested a postponement of divine service, since the rioters were masters of the city, Gray replied that it was his duty to be at his post.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7717d6b2", "title": "Robert Gray (bishop of Bristol)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gray_(bishop_of_Bristol)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7717d6b2.json"}}
{"text": "The service was held as usual, and he was himself the preacher. Before the close of the evening his palace was burned to the ground, and the loss which he sustained was estimated at £10,000. He died at Rodney House, Clifton, 28 September 1834, and was buried in the graveyard attached to Bristol Cathedral. A marble monument by Edward Hodges Baily was erected in the cathedral.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7717d6b2", "title": "Robert Gray (bishop of Bristol)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gray_(bishop_of_Bristol)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7717d6b2.json"}}
{"text": "His wife was Elizabeth, sister of Alderman Camplin of Bristol, with whom he had numerous children; including Robert Gray who became Bishop of Cape Town and Metropolitan of Africa.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7717d6b2", "title": "Robert Gray (bishop of Bristol)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gray_(bishop_of_Bristol)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7717d6b2.json"}}
{"text": "His first literary undertaking was his 'Key to the Old testament and Apocrypha; or, an Account of their several Books, their Contents and Authors, and of the Times in which they were respectively written;' a work compiled on the plan of Thomas Percy's 'Key to the New Testament,' first published in 1790, and repeatedly reprinted. In 1793 he published 'Discourses on various subjects, illustrative of the Evidence, Influence, and Doctrines of Christianity;' and in 1794, 'Letters during the course of a Tour through Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, in 1791 and 1792.'", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7717d6b2", "title": "Robert Gray (bishop of Bristol)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gray_(bishop_of_Bristol)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7717d6b2.json"}}
{"text": "Gray also published sermons, and the following:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7717d6b2", "title": "Robert Gray (bishop of Bristol)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gray_(bishop_of_Bristol)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7717d6b2.json"}}
{"text": "'Religious Union,' a sketch of a plan for uniting Roman Catholics and presbyterians with the established church, 1800.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7717d6b2", "title": "Robert Gray (bishop of Bristol)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gray_(bishop_of_Bristol)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7717d6b2.json"}}
{"text": "'A Dialogue between a Churchman and a Methodist,' 1802, 5th edit. 1810.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7717d6b2", "title": "Robert Gray (bishop of Bristol)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gray_(bishop_of_Bristol)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7717d6b2.json"}}
{"text": "'Theory of Dreams,' 2 vols., 1808, anonymous.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7717d6b2", "title": "Robert Gray (bishop of Bristol)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gray_(bishop_of_Bristol)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7717d6b2.json"}}
{"text": "'Discourse at Bishopswearmouth', 1812, on the assassination of Spencer Perceval.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7717d6b2", "title": "Robert Gray (bishop of Bristol)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gray_(bishop_of_Bristol)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7717d6b2.json"}}
{"text": "'The Connection between the Sacred Writings and the Literature of the Jewish and Heathen Authors, particularly that of the Classical Ages,' &c., 2 vols., 1816; 2nd edition 1819.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7717d6b2", "title": "Robert Gray (bishop of Bristol)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gray_(bishop_of_Bristol)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7717d6b2.json"}}
{"text": "Portraits of Robert Gray at the National Portrait Gallery, London", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7717d6b2", "title": "Robert Gray (bishop of Bristol)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gray_(bishop_of_Bristol)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7717d6b2.json"}}
{"text": "John Nutting (14 January 1739, Cambridge, Massachusetts – 1800, Newport, Nova Scotia) was the Master Builder and Surveyor of Lumber for the King in New Ireland and later Nova Scotia.  He fought for the British in the French and Indian War and worked as a Loyalist throughout the American Revolution. He contributed to the successful defence of New Ireland from a 21 day siege by the Penobscot Expedition.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1089478e", "title": "John Nutting (loyalist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nutting_(loyalist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1089478e.json"}}
{"text": "French and Indian War", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1089478e", "title": "John Nutting (loyalist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nutting_(loyalist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1089478e.json"}}
{"text": "He was a member of Captain Fuller’s  company of William Brattle’s regiment (1746). The next year he enlisted under Captain Aaron Fay in Col Ebenezer Nichols's regiment at Lake George in 1758. He fought with Abercrombie against Montcalm at Ticonderoga.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1089478e", "title": "John Nutting (loyalist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nutting_(loyalist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1089478e.json"}}
{"text": "He married Mary Walton 23 April 1761 of Reading, Massachusetts. They built a home in Cambridge, Massachusetts near present-day Epworth Church.  He worked under his father-in-law John Walton as a master builder and was in the lumber trade. He built Lieut Governor Thomas Oliver’s house, later named Elmwood, currently the official residence of the Presidents of Harvard University.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1089478e", "title": "John Nutting (loyalist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nutting_(loyalist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1089478e.json"}}
{"text": "On 1 September 1774, he was involved with the Powder Alarm, when tried to block those who wanted to prevent General Gage’s intention to move the Magazine of Powder to Boston.  He was physically beaten by the patriots but escaped Cambridge to Boston.  The patriots turned his home into a barracks. In Boston, Nutting built barracks and other fortifications under Colonel Cleaveland. He became to acting Lieutenant of the Cambridge company.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1089478e", "title": "John Nutting (loyalist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nutting_(loyalist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1089478e.json"}}
{"text": "Six weeks before evacuation day, under the orders of Captain Spry he went to Halifax with his wife, six children.  He became the Master Carpenter and Superintendent of Mechanics. He participated in the failed attack on Machias.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1089478e", "title": "John Nutting (loyalist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nutting_(loyalist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1089478e.json"}}
{"text": "He returned to England and was appointed the Chief Overseer of His Majesty’s works at Landguard Fort, which was under the direction of Lord Towshend. Through this work, he came to know William Knox.  Knox was committed to planting British forces on the coast of Maine, to protect the Bay of Fundy and the coast of Nova Scotia.  It would also form the nucleus and bulwark for a new province for loyalists.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1089478e", "title": "John Nutting (loyalist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nutting_(loyalist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1089478e.json"}}
{"text": "He was sent from London to rebuild the Fort at Penobscot. En route to Penobscot, Nutting travelled on the Harriet to Penobscot under the command of Sampson Sprague. En route they were attacked by the much larger American brigantine Vengeance, under the command of Wingate Newman. Of the 45 men on the Harriet, one man killed and six wounded, including Nutting.   He was taken prisoner to A Coruña, Spain.  He was later returned to England.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1089478e", "title": "John Nutting (loyalist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nutting_(loyalist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1089478e.json"}}
{"text": "The following year, 1779, he embarked again to help establish New Ireland.  He served as Brig. General McLean’s pilot.  The Penobscot Expedition arrived, which included the Vengeance. His choices of Penobscot was disapproved of by many officers including Collier. At the same time, McLean praised his efforts in the 21 day siege: Nutting “served under my Command on the Expedition to Penobscot much to my satisfaction, on my taking post there.  I appointed him Overseer of Works, which duty he performed with Zeal and fidelity to the King’s service.\" For 1779-1780, Nutting cared for his own land at Castine, where his family joined him after the siege.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1089478e", "title": "John Nutting (loyalist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nutting_(loyalist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1089478e.json"}}
{"text": "Nutting returned to London to advocate for support for New Ireland.  He was caught in the Gordon Riots on 2 June 1780  and was detained.  He was then ordered by Lord Townsend  to proceed to Landguard Fort. Nutting also requested 394 pounds to cover his expenses, of which he received 150.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1089478e", "title": "John Nutting (loyalist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nutting_(loyalist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1089478e.json"}}
{"text": "In 1782, Nutting was sent back to New York to work with Guy Carleton.  Carleton ordered him to Halifax to oversee the building of homes for the arriving Loyalists.  He was given 2000 acres of land (double of that granted to field officers) that stretched from the Avon River to the Tennecape River.  He became the Surveyor of Lumber for the King in the colony as he had been in Penobscot.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1089478e", "title": "John Nutting (loyalist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nutting_(loyalist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1089478e.json"}}
{"text": "His father was the armorer of the Man of war Prince of Orange in the early 1740s. His brother James was a patriot mariner.  During the Revolution he was captured by the British brig Ruby and confined in a prison ship at St. Lucia.  He escaped in the night and overtook a crew and sailed away with 10 other prisoners. His brother Samuel was a patriot and served as a surgeon aboard the Independence and Rhodes throughout the Revolution.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1089478e", "title": "John Nutting (loyalist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nutting_(loyalist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1089478e.json"}}
{"text": "His wife Mary Walton died about 1831 and was buried at Loyal Hill, property belonging to John Robert Grant, a loyalist who fought beside Nutting at Ticonderoga in the French and Indian War.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1089478e", "title": "John Nutting (loyalist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nutting_(loyalist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1089478e.json"}}
{"text": "He was granted Walton, Nova Scotia, which is named after his son James Walton Nutting (who was named after his mother Mary Walton)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1089478e", "title": "John Nutting (loyalist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nutting_(loyalist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1089478e.json"}}
{"text": "The 1980 Epping Forest District Council election took place on 1 May 1980 to elect members of Epping Forest District Council in Essex, England. 20 members of Epping Forest District Council in Essex were elected. The council remained under Conservative majority control.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bad235bc", "title": "1980 Epping Forest District Council election", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Epping_Forest_District_Council_election", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bad235bc.json"}}
{"text": "The 1980 Epping Forest District Council election took place on 1 May 1980 to elect members of Epping Forest District Council in Essex, England. A total of 18 of the 58 seats were contested, representing roughly one-third of the council. The election occurred against the backdrop of national political and economic challenges, with the Conservative Party retaining control of the council, though losing two seats to Labour in Loughton Roding and Waltham Abbey East.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bad235bc", "title": "1980 Epping Forest District Council election", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Epping_Forest_District_Council_election", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bad235bc.json"}}
{"text": "The election took place during a period of industrial unrest and economic difficulty in the United Kingdom. Earlier in the year, workers at the British Steel Corporation staged a nationwide strike over pay, the first major steel strike since 1926, affecting some 90,000 employees. By March, an Evening Standard opinion poll indicated growing public dissatisfaction with the Conservative government led by Margaret Thatcher, who had become Prime Minister following the 1979 general election. Rising unemployment and austerity measures, including halved benefits to striking workers announced in February, were major national concerns influencing local voting behaviour.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bad235bc", "title": "1980 Epping Forest District Council election", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Epping_Forest_District_Council_election", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bad235bc.json"}}
{"text": "The Conservatives maintained a majority on the council despite minor losses, and voter turnout was far lower than in the previous 1979 election. The election results illustrated the continuing strength of the Conservative Party in Epping Forest, while also highlighting Labour’s ability to regain ground in selected wards.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bad235bc", "title": "1980 Epping Forest District Council election", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Epping_Forest_District_Council_election", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bad235bc.json"}}
{"text": "Waltham Abbey Paternoster", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bad235bc", "title": "1980 Epping Forest District Council election", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Epping_Forest_District_Council_election", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bad235bc.json"}}
{"text": "Roosendaal (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈroːzə(n)ˌdaːl] ) is both a city and a municipality in the southern Netherlands, in the province of North Brabant.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Population count of towns/villages in the municipality", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Wouwse Plantage (1,215)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Under King Louis Bonaparte of the Kingdom of Holland, Roosendaal received city rights in 1809.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Nispen merged with Roosendaal to form the municipality Roosendaal en Nispen. On 1 January 1997 the municipalities Roosendaal en Nispen and Wouw merged into the municipality now simply known as Roosendaal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Roosendaal goes back to the 12th and 13th century. The name Rosendaele was first mentioned in a document of 1268. Roosendaal was always a part of North Brabant. In the Middle Ages, Roosendaal grew as a result of the turf business, but the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) put an end to the growth as Roosendaal and Wouw were suffering from itinerant combat troops that plundered and ravaged everything they came across. For decades the countryside of Roosendaal was abandoned.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "During the German occupation (World War II), the occupiers operated a subcamp of the Herzogenbusch concentration camp for Jews in the city.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "The leading football team of Roosendaal is RBC. RBC plays in the Derde Divisie (Fourth Division) of Dutch football. Other known Dutch football clubs are Alliance, DVO '60, BSC, HSC '28, RKVV Rimboe, RKSV Cluzona, RKVV NSV and RKVV Roosendaal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "The Korps Commandotroepen have their headquarters and main garrison, the Engelbrecht van Nassaukazerne, in Roosendaal. The Royal Marechaussee used to have a brigade in the city. The first brigade was placed in the city on 16 July 1818 and was disbanded on 1 March 1943. On 2 September 1946 the brigade returned to the city, to be disbanded again on 1 September 1989. The Marechaussee would keep a small office on the railway station, due to the station being one of few to directly lead into Belgium.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Railway station: Roosendaal", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "The city serves as a regional railway hub: the Zwolle-Roosendaal Intercity service starts and ends here, the IC from Amsterdam to Vlissingen (Flushing) stops at the station, as did the international Intercity train from Amsterdam to Brussels until 2018, when that train was rerouted via Breda and the HSL-Zuid. There is still an hourly stop-train service to Antwerp.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "The Bravis Ziekenhuis Roosendaal is the main general hospital for residents of Roosendaal and surrounding areas.  Bravis Ziekenhuis offers specialised medical care provided by a broad team of medical specialists.  Special units include: Cardiology, Dermatology, Gynaecology, Oncology, Ophthalmology and Intensive Care.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Draai van de Kaai cycling race", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Annual \"International ABBA Day\" – A weekend-long event, normally each April, operated by ABBA's official Fan Club which is based in Roosendaal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Cornelis of Glymes (1458 in Wouw – 1508/1509), Admiral of the Netherlands", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Hendrick Lonck (1568–1634), first Dutch sea captain to reach the New World", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Léon Orthel (1905–1985), classical pianist and composer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Jean Defraigne (1929-2016), Belgian liberal politician", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Jack Jersey (1941–1997), singer-songwriter and producer of light music", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Jan Ridders (born 1941), machinist", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Joe de Bruyn (born 1949), Australian trade union official", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Ad Konings (born 1956), ichthyologist, researches African rift lake cichlids", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Joost Lagendijk (born 1957), politician and former journalist and MEP", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Ben van Beurden (born 1958), CEO, Royal Dutch Shell plc", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Ronny Moorings (born 1961), musician, works with darkwave band Clan of Xymox", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Frans Bauer (born 1973), singer of Dutch Schlager music", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Harmen Fraanje (born 1976), jazz pianist and composer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Jesse Klaver (born 1986), political leader of Groenlinks", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Harry Broos (1898–1954), sprinter, team bronze medallist in the 1924 Summer Olympics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Antoine Mazairac (1901–1966), cyclist, silver medallist in the 1928 Summer Olympics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "George Knobel (1922–2012), football manager", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Theo Laseroms (1940–1991), footballer, over 400 club caps", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Jacques van Meer (born 1958), retired cyclist, competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Jolanda van Dongen (born 1966), road racing cyclist, national time trial champion, 2003", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Henk Vos (born 1968), footballer with 600 club caps, now a coach", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Ingrid van Lubek (born 1971), triathlete, competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Bram Lomans (born 1975), hockey player, twice team gold medallist at the 1996 and 2000 Summer Olympics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Tim van Rijthoven (born 1997), tennis player", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Niek van der Velden (born 2000), snowboarder & 2017 Roosendaal Sportsman of the Year", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Roosendaal at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Roosendaal travel guide from Wikivoyage", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc4d9f24", "title": "Roosendaal", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc4d9f24.json"}}
{"text": "Sing Mother Goose is a 1945 picture book with music by Opal Wheeler and illustrated by Marjorie Torrey. The book contains a collection of Mother Goose Nursery rhymes set to music. The book was a recipient of a 1946 Caldecott Honor for its illustrations.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b96e5de", "title": "Sing Mother Goose", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_Mother_Goose", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b96e5de.json"}}
{"text": "Chelidonium is a genus of long-horned beetles with about twenty known species distributed mainly in Asia. The larvae of most species in the genus bore into trees in the citrus family.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a559ab5", "title": "Chelidonium (beetle)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelidonium_(beetle)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a559ab5.json"}}
{"text": "The genus is differentiated from Aphrodisium and Chloridolum by the rounded (untoothed) apex to the scape or base of antenna. Polyzonus also has a rounded scape but it does not have laterally compressed hind tarsi and the antennal segments are toothed from the 5th segment onwards in Chelidonium while in Polyzonus, they are toothed from the 6th segment onwards. The body is slender and cylindrical in Chelidonium and the pronotum lacks any median protrusions and has a central shiny longitudinal line. The shape of the aedeagus is used to differentiate it from the genera Schwarzerium and Anubis.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a559ab5", "title": "Chelidonium (beetle)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelidonium_(beetle)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a559ab5.json"}}
{"text": "Species in the genus include:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a559ab5", "title": "Chelidonium (beetle)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelidonium_(beetle)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a559ab5.json"}}
{"text": "Chelidonium argentatum (Dalman, 1817)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a559ab5", "title": "Chelidonium (beetle)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelidonium_(beetle)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a559ab5.json"}}
{"text": "Chelidonium binotaticolle", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a559ab5", "title": "Chelidonium (beetle)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelidonium_(beetle)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a559ab5.json"}}
{"text": "Chelidonium boessnecki", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a559ab5", "title": "Chelidonium (beetle)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelidonium_(beetle)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a559ab5.json"}}
{"text": "Chelidonium buddleiae", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a559ab5", "title": "Chelidonium (beetle)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelidonium_(beetle)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a559ab5.json"}}
{"text": "Chelidonium cheongae (Bentanachs & Drouin, 2013)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a559ab5", "title": "Chelidonium (beetle)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelidonium_(beetle)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a559ab5.json"}}
{"text": "Chelidonium hefferni", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a559ab5", "title": "Chelidonium (beetle)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelidonium_(beetle)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a559ab5.json"}}
{"text": "Chloridolum nadleri Skale, 2018", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a559ab5", "title": "Chelidonium (beetle)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelidonium_(beetle)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a559ab5.json"}}
{"text": "Chelidonium nepalense", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a559ab5", "title": "Chelidonium (beetle)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelidonium_(beetle)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a559ab5.json"}}
{"text": "Chelidonium obscurum", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a559ab5", "title": "Chelidonium (beetle)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelidonium_(beetle)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a559ab5.json"}}
{"text": "Chelidonium punctigerum (Pascoe, 1869)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a559ab5", "title": "Chelidonium (beetle)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelidonium_(beetle)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a559ab5.json"}}
{"text": "Chelidonium purpureipes Gressitt, 1939", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a559ab5", "title": "Chelidonium (beetle)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelidonium_(beetle)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a559ab5.json"}}
{"text": "Chelidonium semivenereum", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a559ab5", "title": "Chelidonium (beetle)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelidonium_(beetle)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a559ab5.json"}}
{"text": "Chelidonium sifanicum", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a559ab5", "title": "Chelidonium (beetle)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelidonium_(beetle)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a559ab5.json"}}
{"text": "Chelidonium venereum", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a559ab5", "title": "Chelidonium (beetle)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelidonium_(beetle)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a559ab5.json"}}
{"text": "Chelidonium violaceimembris", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a559ab5", "title": "Chelidonium (beetle)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelidonium_(beetle)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a559ab5.json"}}
{"text": "Chelidonium zaitzevi", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6a559ab5", "title": "Chelidonium (beetle)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelidonium_(beetle)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6a559ab5.json"}}
{"text": "Engal Thangam (transl. Our Gold) is a 1970 Indian Tamil-language action film directed by Krishnan–Panju. The film stars M. G. Ramachandran and Jayalalithaa. It was released on 9 October 1970 and became a success, besides winning three Tamil Nadu State Film Awards.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1b7e9eb3", "title": "Engal Thangam", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engal_Thangam", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1b7e9eb3.json"}}
{"text": "Thangam, a truck driver comes to the rescue of Sumathi, his blind younger sister, by putting on (by assuming) the offences of Moorthy, her husband. Moorthy is a childhood friend of Thangam. Today, Moorthy fell to the hands of a mysterious group of burglars, because he is the best professional safe-cracker in the city. Thangam wants at all costs to save him from this gang and to stop them. Thangam will be helped in his quest by Kaladevi, his lover.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1b7e9eb3", "title": "Engal Thangam", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engal_Thangam", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1b7e9eb3.json"}}
{"text": "M. Karunanidhi and Murasoli Maran were jointly produced M. G. Ramachandran along with J. Jayalalithaa acted in Engal Thangam without taking any remuneration.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1b7e9eb3", "title": "Engal Thangam", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engal_Thangam", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1b7e9eb3.json"}}
{"text": "The colours of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) flag – red and black – are featured in the attire Ramachandran frequently wears in the film as his character. The song \"Naan Sethu Pulachavanda\", where he sings that he has risen from the dead, is a reference to Ramachandran having survived a gunshot wound inflicted on his throat by M. R. Radha in 1967.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1b7e9eb3", "title": "Engal Thangam", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engal_Thangam", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1b7e9eb3.json"}}
{"text": "Music is composed by M. S. Viswanathan, with lyrics by Vaali. The song \"Don't Touch Mr X\" includes English lyrics. \"Thangapadhakkathin Mele\" was remixed in Vetrivel Sakthivel (2005).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1b7e9eb3", "title": "Engal Thangam", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engal_Thangam", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1b7e9eb3.json"}}
{"text": "Release and reception", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1b7e9eb3", "title": "Engal Thangam", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engal_Thangam", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1b7e9eb3.json"}}
{"text": "Engal Thangam was released on 9 October 1970, and distributed by Venus Movies. The Indian Express criticised the film for not offering anything new, but lauded Ramachandran's performance of the harikatha and concluded, \"One is tired of this kind of movie with a huge bag of morals\". The film ran for over 100 days in theatres. It won the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film – Second Prize, Vaali won the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Lyricist, and Pushpalatha won the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Female).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1b7e9eb3", "title": "Engal Thangam", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engal_Thangam", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1b7e9eb3.json"}}
{"text": "Baskaran, S. Theodore (1996). The Eye of the Serpent: An Introduction to Tamil Cinema. Chennai: East West Books. OCLC 243920437.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1b7e9eb3", "title": "Engal Thangam", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engal_Thangam", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1b7e9eb3.json"}}
{"text": "Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1998) [1994]. Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema. British Film Institute and Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-563579-5.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1b7e9eb3", "title": "Engal Thangam", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engal_Thangam", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1b7e9eb3.json"}}
{"text": "Engal Thangam at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1b7e9eb3", "title": "Engal Thangam", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engal_Thangam", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1b7e9eb3.json"}}
{"text": "Union Mills is a historic textile mill complex located on Pleasant Street in Fall River, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fd7d12e7", "title": "Union Mills (Fall River, Massachusetts)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Mills_(Fall_River,_Massachusetts)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fd7d12e7.json"}}
{"text": "The Union Mills company was incorporated in 1859, and was the first large steam-powered mill built in the city, having installed Corliss steam engines. The buildings are constructed from local Fall River granite. The company's first president was S. Angier Chace, and David Anthony was the first treasurer. It was the first mill corporation established in the city on the basis of general subscriptions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fd7d12e7", "title": "Union Mills (Fall River, Massachusetts)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Mills_(Fall_River,_Massachusetts)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fd7d12e7.json"}}
{"text": "In 1865, Mill No. 2 was constructed. In 1876 the original gable roofs of both mills were removed and replaced with flat roofs, thereby adding additional floor space. A third mill was later constructed adjacent to Mill No. 2, but was demolished in the 1960s for the construction of Interstate 195. Production of textiles ceased in 1929.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fd7d12e7", "title": "Union Mills (Fall River, Massachusetts)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Mills_(Fall_River,_Massachusetts)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fd7d12e7.json"}}
{"text": "In 1968 the site was photographed by Jack E. Boucher of the Historic American Buildings Survey, along with the adjacent Durfee Mills, as part of the New England Textile Mill Survey II, led by Robert M. Vogel of the Smithsonian Institution. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fd7d12e7", "title": "Union Mills (Fall River, Massachusetts)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Mills_(Fall_River,_Massachusetts)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fd7d12e7.json"}}
{"text": "Over the years, the Union Mills have been occupied by numerous small businesses, including Nate Lions Appliance Warehouse for many years before its move to the nearby Durfee Mills. Both mills have been completely restored and are now the location of Prima CARE Medical Center.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fd7d12e7", "title": "Union Mills (Fall River, Massachusetts)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Mills_(Fall_River,_Massachusetts)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fd7d12e7.json"}}
{"text": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Fall River, Massachusetts", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fd7d12e7", "title": "Union Mills (Fall River, Massachusetts)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Mills_(Fall_River,_Massachusetts)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fd7d12e7.json"}}
{"text": "List of mills in Fall River, Massachusetts", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fd7d12e7", "title": "Union Mills (Fall River, Massachusetts)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Mills_(Fall_River,_Massachusetts)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fd7d12e7.json"}}
{"text": "Carlo Alessandro Annoni, Count V of Cerro Pieve San Giuliano (1770 – 13 September 1825), was an Italian politician.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cccdc64f", "title": "Alessandro Annoni", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Annoni", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cccdc64f.json"}}
{"text": "Belonging to an ancient noble patrician family of Milan, Annoni was the only male son of Count Giovanni Pietro and his wife, the Genoese noblewoman Giulia Pallavicino, of the Marquises of Persia. He was born in the family's Milanese palace, in Corso di Porta Romana. Through his great-grandmother Teopista Mosca, he was related to the famous poet Giacomo Leopardi.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cccdc64f", "title": "Alessandro Annoni", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Annoni", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cccdc64f.json"}}
{"text": "Having obtained the noble titles of his family on his father's death, in 1792 he was appointed Emperor's chamberlain as Duke of Milan. Later he was one of the nobles who entered the administration of the Italian Republic under the aegis of vice-president Francesco Melzi d'Eril at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Rich landowner of the newborn Department of Olona, he became the representative of the landowners at the Consulte de Lyon. In 1804 he started the construction of a majestic monumental residence, in Cuggiono as his country villa, entrusting the project to the famous architect Leopoldo Pollack. In 1809 he was awarded the title of Commander of the Order of the Iron Crown and was chamberlain to the viceroy Eugène de Beauharnais, by whom he was appointed Count of the Kingdom of Italy on 11 October 1810. In 1810 he bought the Chiappana and Chiappanella farmsteads in Abbiategrasso from the Policlinico of Milan. After the fall of the Napoleonic regime, Alessandro always remained faithful to the Bonapartist cause, but to regain full possession of his property and titles he had to renounce the recognition of the title of Napoleonic count and submit to the Austrian restoration.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cccdc64f", "title": "Alessandro Annoni", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Annoni", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cccdc64f.json"}}
{"text": "Annoni married the Countess Leopoldina Cicogna Mozzoni, later lady of the viceroy Princess Augusta of Bavaria, in Milan on 7 July 1803. This was the daughter of Count Francesco Leopoldo Cicogna Mozzoni and the noblewoman Teresa Marliani. The couple had one son, Francesco (1804 – 1872), who was a general during the Italian unification period.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cccdc64f", "title": "Alessandro Annoni", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Annoni", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cccdc64f.json"}}
{"text": "After Annoni's death, his wife later remarried with Count Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert von Berg, a general in the service of the Russian Empire, from whom she had no children.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cccdc64f", "title": "Alessandro Annoni", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Annoni", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cccdc64f.json"}}
{"text": "Annoni suffered from erythema, epilepsy, circulation and brain problems for some time and died in Milan on September 13, 1825 at 09:00. The funeral took place in the Basilica of San Nazaro in Brolo in Milan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cccdc64f", "title": "Alessandro Annoni", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Annoni", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cccdc64f.json"}}
{"text": "The Capture of Kyiv in 1651 took place during the Khmelnytsky Uprising under the command of Janusz Radziwiłł on August 4.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_318e4599", "title": "Capture of Kyiv (1651)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Kyiv_(1651)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_318e4599.json"}}
{"text": "In 1651, the Lithuanian forces marched toward Kyiv, and after the Battle of Loyew, they approached the city on August 3.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_318e4599", "title": "Capture of Kyiv (1651)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Kyiv_(1651)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_318e4599.json"}}
{"text": "The Lithuanian troops withdrew from Kyiv after a one-month occupation due to an outbreak of plague, which caused heavy losses.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_318e4599", "title": "Capture of Kyiv (1651)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Kyiv_(1651)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_318e4599.json"}}
{"text": "St. George is a 6th-century Armenian church located at the outskirts of Sverdlov village, Armenia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_010148f3", "title": "St. George Church, Sverdlov", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George_Church,_Sverdlov", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_010148f3.json"}}
{"text": "The church has underrun reconstruction in 19th century and by 2010. The recent reconsecration took place on 19 June 2010 under leadership of Bishop Sebouh Chouldjian, primate of the Diocese of Gougark.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_010148f3", "title": "St. George Church, Sverdlov", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George_Church,_Sverdlov", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_010148f3.json"}}
{"text": "\"www.report.am\" Վերաօծվել է Սվերդլով գյուղի Սուրբ Գեւորգ եկեղեցին (in Armenian). Report.am. 2010-06-21. Retrieved 18 June 2011. Google Translation", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_010148f3", "title": "St. George Church, Sverdlov", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George_Church,_Sverdlov", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_010148f3.json"}}
{"text": "Chunchucmil was once a large, sprawling pre-Columbian Maya city located in the western part of what is now the state of Yucatán, Mexico.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "Although the famous explorer and author John Lloyd Stephens traveled within a few kilometers of Chunchucmil during his historic journey across the Yucatán Peninsula (he even met with the owner of the nearby haciendas), the archaeological site went relatively unnoticed by Maya scholars for more than a century because virtually no monuments (stelae) or other grand sculptures have been found there.  The lack of royal monuments, combined with other archaeological data, may indicate that Chunchucmil was not a city ruled by a single divine king, as most other Maya polities.  Instead, it may have been a commercial center, organized by various lineages and focused upon funneling goods between regions—such as the trade between the Gulf of Mexico and the interior of the Yucatán Peninsula.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "Chunchucmil was most populous in the Middle Classical Period (400–650 AD), with an estimated 31,000–43,000 (within the central 25 km2 area) people.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "Site characteristics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "The site center is located ca. 27 km (16.8 mi) inland from the Gulf of Mexico and approximately halfway between the coast and the next largest archaeological site of Oxkintok.  It was named in the late 1970s after the nearest modern settlement (the Hacienda and village of Chunchucmil), however the archaeological site is so large that it extends onto the ejido lands of at least five modern communities: Chunchucmil, Kochol, San Mateo, Coahuila and Halachó.  The majority of the ancient Maya site is located within the municipality of Maxcanú, however a portion of it is situated on land pertaining to the municipality of Halachó.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "Environment and ecology", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "The site of Chunchucmil is located on a narrow band of semi-arid terrain that parallels portions of the western and northern coastlines in Yucatán and Campeche.  This particular environmental zone is considered the driest in all of the Maya area, with less than 800 mm (31.5 in) of annual rainfall.  Compounding these harsh conditions, nearly fifty percent of the surface around Chunchucmil is exposed limestone bedrock.  Even when soils are encountered, they are rarely more than a few centimeters in depth.  Vegetation in this region is generally considered scrub forest dominated by acacia and other drought-resistant species (similar to the European heathland).  One of the mysteries surrounding Chunchucmil is how such a large city could have sustained itself in one of the poorest regions for agriculture.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "However, the ancient city was situated at the edge of this semi-arid ecological zone, exactly where the dry Yucatecan plains dip and fracture into vast wetlands (see map).  Immediately to the west of Chunchucmil are found the seasonally inundated savannas, fresh water petenes (or ojos de agua), and eventually the brackish mangrove estuary where the Yucatán aquifer empties into the Gulf of Mexico near the ancient Maya coastal site of Canbalam.  It is likely that ancient Chunchucmil was purposefully situated to take advantage of multiple ecological zones, including coastal resources such as the salt-beds of the Celestún peninsula, and to increase accessibility to the vigorous circum-peninsular canoe trade route of Pre-Columbian times, using Canbalam as its port of entry.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "The term \"Chunchucmil\" was originally used to name a freshwater well (Ch'en Chun Chukum), the central water source for the cattle ranch that eventually grew to become the historic henequen hacienda of Chunchucmil.  Most wells in this region are named after animals or plants.  In this case, the words Ch'en Chun Chukum literally mean \"the well at the base of the Chukum tree\" (Havardia albicans).  Local Maya speakers still refer to the modern village of Chunchucmil as Chun Chukum when speaking in their native tongue.  The ancient Maya archaeological site was given the name Chunchucmil by archaeologists in the 1970s because that was the closest modern community to the site center.  Local Maya villagers today do not have a single term to refer to the ruins, since the ancient city is so large that it encompasses most of their lands.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "The exact size of Chunchucmil is currently being studied using aerial photography, satellite imagery, and survey transects by the Pakbeh Regional Economy Project (who have been working at Chunchucmil since the mid-1990s, under the direction of Dr. Bruce H. Dahlin).  Estimates range from 25 km2 for the more compact urban settlement to around 64 km2 for the city and its adjoining suburbs and farmsteads. In either case, this places the site of Chunchucmil among some of the largest and most densely settled ancient Maya polities.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "Ceramic data indicate that the Chunchucmil region was occupied from the Middle Preclassic (Middle Formative) through the Postclassic periods of Maya prehistory.  However, widespread test excavations within the architectural groups of ancient Chunchucmil indicate that the city reached its apogee during the latter part of the Early Classic and the early part of the Late Classic, attaining its maximum spatial extent, population, and structural density.  This period is defined in some areas as the  \"Middle Classic.\"  Chunchucmil appears to have gone into decline during the latter part of the Late Classic.  The Terminal Classic (or Puuc) occupation at Chunchucmil is ephemeral at best, and the Postclassic occupation at the site consisted of squatter-like settlement.  A few early colonial homesteads have been found, but the region was largely abandoned between the Maya Postclassic period and the beginnings of the cattle ranches and henequen haciendas of historic and modern times.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "Monumental architecture", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "The Classic Period site center of Chunchucmil is dominated by over a dozen pyramids ranging in height from 8 to 18 m (26 to 60 ft) tall.  Each pyramid is part of a structural arrangement referred to as a \"quadrangle group\" by members of the Pakbeh Regional Economy Project.  Quadrangle groups consist of an enclosed courtyard flanked by a pyramid on one side (which faces inward towards the courtyard) and a number of ranged and compact structures along the remaining three sides.   Within each quadrangle group's courtyard is a small central platform that is interpreted as a focal point of ritualized activities (such as an altar).  Other ceremonies would have taken place within the temples atop each pyramid.  With the temple pyramids and central platforms acting as loci of lineage-based ritual, quadrangle groups likely housed the upper-echelon elites of ancient Chunchucmil that may have been active in the socio-political, ideological and economic administration of the city.  Of particular importance is the fact that each major quadrangle group is connected to the others through a network of sacbeob (stone causeways), suggesting an unknown degree of connectedness between the residing lineages and (potentially) cooperation or competition in ruling Chunchucmil. If this was indeed the case, Chunchucmil's political structure may have been roughly analogous to that suggested for the later Maya capital of Chichen Itza, referred to as a \"multepal\" system and characterized as rulership through council.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "Residential architecture", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "Residential architecture at Chunchucmil often follows the same pattern as the large quadrangle groups, with structures arranged on four sides of a small plaza.  This arrangement conforms to the \"patio cluster\" or \"patio group\" model for Maya residential organization, where two or more structures, potentially housing multiple family units, face a shared patio or courtyard.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "At Chunchucmil, these clusters of associated structures are encircled by low-lying stone walls (called albarradas), that demarcate domestic space by bounding the group's residential lot or yard (called a solar).  The entire unit, consisting of the architecture and the associated solar, is today referred to as an \"albarrada group\".  Unlike at the vast majority of Maya sites, Chunchucmil's albarrada groups contain clear boundaries between residential house lots and, as of result of this, researchers are better able to study such issues as settlement patterns, occupational density, population estimates, lineage structure, and social organization.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "Many residential groups had a small temple or shrine (similar to the placement of the temple pyramids of their larger counterparts).  These buildings served as loci for the performance of household rituals or other types of ideological practices. One such residential shrine that has been excavated and consolidated at the Lool Group revealed its form to be talud-tablero.  This style of architecture is most famous at sites in Central Mexico, such as at the contemporaneous city of Teotihuacan.  Beneath the stair of this shrine was a vessel that also replicated the pottery of that Central Mexican city.  While this should not be used as evidence of direct Teotihuacan influence, it does suggest Chunchucmil's participation in the greater Mesoamerican communication sphere at the time of Teotihuacan's dominance. All other structures excavated at Chunchucmil thus far lack demonstrable Teotihuacan influence.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "Transportation arteries", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "One of the distinguishing characteristics of Chunchucmil is its network of stone-lined paths.  As mentioned above, the majority of residential lots are surrounded by albarradas (stone walls) that, when viewed on a map, give the site a honeycomb appearance.  The space between adjacent albarradas form avenues or paths for foot traffic (called callejuelas, see photo) that radiate outward from the site center and into Chunchucmil's dense residential zone.  By mapping these formations, researchers have been able to better understand the flow of traffic in and out of the site center as well as the relationship between Chunchucmil's central core, its residential urban sprawl, and its outlying peripheral settlement.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "Beyond Chunchucmil, in the seasonally inundated western wetlands, researchers have found a network of rock alignments that connect Chunchucmil's periphery to other outlying settlements.  Such rock alignments, called andadores by Maya archaeologists, would have provided sure footing through the wetlands, like stepping stones, leading travelers to various towns and resources in Chunchucmil's hinterland.  While not all of these andadores have been followed to their final destinations, the general orientation of the longest alignments suggest that they may have functioned to connect Chunchucmil with the coast near Canbalam.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "Barricade and abandonment", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "One of the first features of Chunchucmil to gain widespread attention was a stone wall, visible in aerial photos taken by the Atlas project, that roughly encircles 350,000 square metres of the site center (including most of the major Quadrangle Groups).  Early reconnaissance by the Pakbeh Regional Economy Project in the late 1990s found that the wall, which stood between 1 and 1.5 m tall and had a perimeter of 1.8 km, was incomplete.  It formed a large \"C\" shape with a 340 m wide gap open to the west (see map).  Further mapping and excavation revealed that the wall runs above every major feature at the ancient site (crossing sacbeob', albarradas, and many residential groups).  Based upon the law of superposition (an archaeological concept borrowed from the field of geology), this meant that the large barricade was likely the last feature to be built at the site.  Furthermore, the stones used to create the barricade were clearly robbed from nearby structures (rather than freshly quarried).  Given this data, it has been hypothesized that the barricade was constructed rapidly at the end of Chunchucmil's history, possibly to protect the remaining inhabitants from an invasion that arrived before the wall could be completed, leading to the ultimate demise of the ancient city.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "The chipped-stone assemblage of Chunchucmil is dominated by obsidian prismatic blades.  The prismatic blade industry was ubiquitous throughout Mesoamerica and primarily used in the production of obsidian tools.  Lithic analyses have determined that the majority of the blades at Chunchucmil were likely imported in finished form, as suggested by the general scarcity of polyhedral cores, production debitage, rejuvenation artifacts, and manufacturing errors at the site. Other types of tools made from obsidian, especially formal bifacial tools, are rare, but present, at Chunchucmil.  Bifacial obsidian tools include a small collection of projectile points and ambiguous tool fragments.  Unifacial tools are generally absent.  Other types of industries, such as expedient flake production or bipolar reduction, are also absent at Chunchucmil.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "The exploitation of non-obsidian stone resources (e.g., chert, chalcedony, and quartz) did occur at Chunchucmil, but these materials are much less common than obsidian.  The majority of these resources, especially chert, were obtained locally from nodules in the limestone bedrock, but were very poor in quality.  While a number of formal tools were produced from chert and quartz, most non-obsidian tools were informal and produced through expedient flake production.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "The fact that obsidian was favored over local resources for utilitarian tools is interesting, especially considering that obsidian had to be imported over long distances.  The El Chayal obsidian source (which is the most common at Chunchucmil), is located nearly 1000 km (621 mi) away (as the crow flies) in Guatemala.  This, once again, indicates Chunchucmil's close ties with external trade routes and the greater Mesoamerican world of the Classic period.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "The site of Chunchucmil is also notable for the likely presence of a marketplace.  Geochemical soil tests combined with careful excavations of an open area in the site center have revealed a possible market for distributing comestibles and other goods.  Excavations also revealed ephemeral stone alignments that may have been brace foundations for perishable market stall walls.  High levels of phosphorus correlate with these alignments, suggesting high concentrations of organic decay.  Additionally, the distribution of obsidian within the Chunchucmil region itself, especially among a variety of sociocultural contexts, may also indicate the presence of a market economy, which is relatively rare among Early Classic Maya economies.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "As mentioned above, one important question concerning ancient Chunchucmil is how such a large population could have survived in one of the poorest areas for agriculture.  According to bone isotope studies conducted by Pakbeh Regional Economy Project member Geni Mansell, the diet of the ancient inhabitants may have been more diversified than in other areas of the Maya region.  When compared with skeletal remains from other parts of Yucatán, Belize and the southern Maya lowlands, human remains from Chunchucmil indicate that their diet included significantly less corn (maize, the staple crop for most communities in the Maya area).  Access to the more ecologically diverse wetlands and coastal resources, as well as access to inter-regional trade routes and a centralized marketplace, may have been critical to ancient subsistence at Chunchucmil.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "Prehistory of Chunchucmil at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2006-10-03) – A summary of the prehistory of ancient Chunchucmil, also containing a link to the modern history of Hacienda Chunchucmil.  These summaries were created to assist volunteers who provided free medical, dental, and construction services to the modern village in 2002.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "Digital reconstruction of Chunchucmil – Digital reconstructions of one neighborhood within Chunchucmil using the \"Unreal Runtime\" 3D engine.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "Mayaquest visit – Brief notes by the \"Mayaquest\" team as they visited Chunchucmil in their tour of the Maya region.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1804c993", "title": "Chunchucmil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchucmil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1804c993.json"}}
{"text": "Mission Township is a township in Crow Wing County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 733 at the 2000 census.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6812ff6d", "title": "Mission Township, Crow Wing County, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Township,_Crow_Wing_County,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6812ff6d.json"}}
{"text": "Mission Township was named from the Indian mission it once contained.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6812ff6d", "title": "Mission Township, Crow Wing County, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Township,_Crow_Wing_County,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6812ff6d.json"}}
{"text": "According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 34.7 square miles (89.8 km2), of which 29.6 square miles (76.6 km2) is land and 5.1 square miles (13.2 km2) (14.68%) is water.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6812ff6d", "title": "Mission Township, Crow Wing County, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Township,_Crow_Wing_County,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6812ff6d.json"}}
{"text": "As of the census of 2000, there were 733 people, 323 households, and 225 families residing in the township.  The population density was 24.8 people per square mile (9.6/km2).  There were 871 housing units at an average density of 29.5 per square mile (11.4/km2).  The racial makeup of the township was 98.77% White, 0.55% African American, 0.27% Native American, and 0.41% from two or more races.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6812ff6d", "title": "Mission Township, Crow Wing County, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Township,_Crow_Wing_County,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6812ff6d.json"}}
{"text": "There were 323 households, out of which 20.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.4% were married couples living together, 2.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.3% were non-families. 25.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.72.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6812ff6d", "title": "Mission Township, Crow Wing County, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Township,_Crow_Wing_County,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6812ff6d.json"}}
{"text": "In the township the population was spread out, with 18.1% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 30.2% from 45 to 64, and 21.3% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.8 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.3 males.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6812ff6d", "title": "Mission Township, Crow Wing County, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Township,_Crow_Wing_County,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6812ff6d.json"}}
{"text": "The median income for a household in the township was $41,750, and the median income for a family was $46,932. Males had a median income of $37,500 versus $21,406 for females. The per capita income for the township was $26,503.  About 4.7% of families and 3.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.8% of those under age 18 and 3.1% of those age 65 or over.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6812ff6d", "title": "Mission Township, Crow Wing County, Minnesota", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Township,_Crow_Wing_County,_Minnesota", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6812ff6d.json"}}
{"text": "Walter David Schnaubelt (born 4 October 1966) of New Ireland, Chinese and Austrian parentage is the Member of Parliament for the Namatanai Open Electorate in the New Ireland Province of Papua New Guinea. He is a member and current National President of the National Alliance Party. He defeated his first cousin Byron Chan by a landslide victory collecting 20,479 votes to Byron's 12,804 to claim the Namatanai Open Seat. He won gold in Karate at the Pacific Games in 1999 in Guam. Join the coalition government led by James Marape and Steven Davis in August 2019.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7bc640d3", "title": "Walter Schnaubelt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Schnaubelt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7bc640d3.json"}}
{"text": "Schnaubelt is a nephew of former prime minister Julius Chan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7bc640d3", "title": "Walter Schnaubelt", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Schnaubelt", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7bc640d3.json"}}
{"text": "Northgate is a suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Northgate had a population of 4,876 people.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "The land area comprises industrial and residential areas.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "Inter war homes can be found on Northgate Hill—elevated land that rises west of the railway station; and post World War II real estate on \"the flat\"—the large arc of flat land that extends to Moreton Bay at Nudgee Beach with most of the housing stock being post-WWII.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "The suburb's railway station was originally called North Coast Junction, as it was the junction where the North Coast railway line branched from the Sandgate railway line (later the Shorncliffe railway line). In 1890, the Queensland Railways Department renamed the station Northgate, being a coined word combining North from North Coast and gate from Sandgate. The suburb is named after the railway station.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "The Northgate-Virginia School of Arts was opened on 20 January 1922 by Matthew Nathan, the Queensland Governor. It consisted of a public hall and a library. It was taken over by the Brisbane City Council circa 1960 and became the Northgate-Virginia Municipal Library and held over 10,000 books. It ceased to be a library and returned to its former role as a public hall under the name Northgate Hall.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "Northgate Methodist Church opened in 1928. In 1977, it participated in the amalgamation to create the Uniting Church in Australia and was then known as Northgate Uniting Church. It was subsequently closed, sold, and converted into a house. It was at 116 Peary Street (27.3902°S 153.0650°E / -27.3902; 153.0650 (Northgate Methodist/Uniting Church)).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "Golden Circle was established as a growers' co-operative in the 1940s. It opened a pineapple cannery in Northgate in 1947.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "St Peter's Mission Anglican Church opened on 13 September 1947. It closed in August 1991. It was at 194 Toombul Road, Northgate East (27.3930°S 153.0730°E / -27.3930; 153.0730 (St Peter's Mission Anglican Church)); the church building no longer exists.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "In February 1949, it was announced that the name of the new railway station on the Sandgate line built to service the cannery would be Bindha, an Aboriginal word meaning food.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "On 8 April 1951, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Brisbane, James Duhig, laid the foundation stone for St John's School on the corner of Nudgee Road and Fraser Road (27.3979°S 153.0747°E / -27.3979; 153.0747 (St John's Catholic School)). The school opened on 29 January 1952 and was operated by the Presentation Sisters. Declining enrolments caused the school to close at the end of 1995 school year.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "Northgate State School opened on 27 January 1959.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "St John's Catholic Church was built beside St John's School. Archbishop Duhig laid the foundation stone on 13 May 1962. The completed church was opened on Sunday 5 August 1962 by Archbishop Patrick O'Donnell who dedicated the church as a war memorial for the Royal Australian Navy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "In the 2011 census, Northgate had a population of 4,304 people; 49.7% female and 50.3% male. The median age of the Northgate population was 34 years of age, 3 years below the Australian median.  Children under 15 years made up 16.9% of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 9.6% of the population. 72.1% of people living in Northgate were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 69.8%; the next most common countries of birth were New Zealand 4.8%, England 3.1%, India 3%, Philippines 1.1%, China 1.1%. 82.9% of people spoke only English at home; the next most popular languages were 2% Punjabi, 0.8% Hindi, 0.7% Cantonese, 0.7% Mandarin, 0.6% Tagalog.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "In the 2016 census, Northgate had a population of 4,568 people.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "In the 2021 census, Northgate had a population of 4,876 people.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "Northgate State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 128 Amelia Street (27.3987°S 153.0708°E / -27.3987; 153.0708 (Northgate State School)). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 258 students with 25 teachers (16 full-time equivalent) and 17 non-teaching staff (10 full-time equivalent). Although within the suburb of Northgate, it sits on the boundary with Nundah and is accessed via Amelia Street in Nundah. Virginia State School in Virginia and Nundah State School in Nundah also serve students in the north and west of Northgate respectively.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "There are no secondary schools in Northgate. The nearest government secondary schools are Earnshaw State College in Banyo and Aviation High in Hendra.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "The Northgate Hall is on the corner of Scott and Ridge Streets (27.3870°S 153.0637°E / -27.3870; 153.0637 (Northgate Hall)). It is operated by the Brisbane City Council and can be hired for events.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "St John's Catholic Church is at 688 Nudgee Road (27.3983°S 153.0744°E / -27.3983; 153.0744 (St John's Catholic Church)) within the Mother of Mercy parish.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "Norths Rugby League football club is located in Nundah, and has developed Australian footballers including Melbourne Storm players Billy Slater, Greg Inglis and Cooper Cronk.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "Northgate holds the Golden Circle processing plant, which is on Earnshaw Road (27.3847°S 153.0729°E / -27.3847; 153.0729 (Golden Circle cannery)). Golden Circle is 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) long and occupies 16.5 hectares (41 acres) with its factories processing all the Golden Circle foods which are found in stores all around Australia. The factory in Northgate once contained a café for visitors to come to and sample Golden Circle produced food. The café and factory outlet is now closed but there are two new ones in Capalaba to the east of Brisbane and in Morayfield to the north of Brisbane.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "Northgate railway station is the junction for the Shorncliffe and North Coast Lines (27.3931°S 153.0694°E / -27.3931; 153.0694 (Northgate railway station)), with frequent services to the city, Shorncliffe and Caboolture and interurban services to Nambour/Gympie. Northgate train station is the branching point were both Shorncliffe and Caboolture trains can be caught, meaning that a lot of express trains stop at Northgate, for passengers making a switch between branches. Transport for Brisbane also operates the \"306\" and \"307\" bus services through this suburb. The railway station was the limit of train service until the line was extended to Sandgate in the late 1880s.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "In the 2011 census, 22.6% of employed people traveled to work on public transport and 53.2% by car (either as driver or as passenger).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "Bindha railway station is on the Shorncliffe railway line on the boundary between Northgate and Virginia (27.3829°S 153.0725°E / -27.3829; 153.0725 (Bindha railway station)).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "Steven Bradbury – 2002 winter Olympic gold medal winner.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "Australian singers The Bee Gees were students at Northgate State School.  They lived then at Cribb Island which was later demolished to build the Brisbane Airport runway.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "\"Northgate\". Queensland Places. Centre for the Government of Queensland, University of Queensland.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "\"Northgate\". BRISbites. Brisbane City Council. Archived from the original on 23 July 2008.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "\"Northgate\". Our Brisbane. Brisbane City Council. Archived from the original on 14 September 2007.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c98ed42b", "title": "Northgate, Queensland", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Queensland", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c98ed42b.json"}}
{"text": "Mr Mulligan (15 April 1988 – 28 June 1999) was an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse. He was a specialist steeplechaser who ran twelve times and won seven races under National Hunt rules. After mixed success in Point-to-point, Mr Mulligan rose to prominence by winning five successive races of increasing importance in the 1995/1996 National Hunt season. He became known for his front-running style and occasionally erratic jumping. In the following year he appeared to have lost his form before recording an upset win over a strong field in the 1997 Cheltenham Gold Cup. He was retired after being injured in training in 1998. Eighteen months later he died after being injured in a paddock accident.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f09c8a98", "title": "Mr Mulligan (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Mulligan_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f09c8a98.json"}}
{"text": "Mr Mulligan was a chestnut horse with a broad white blaze bred by James Rowley of Clifton Lodge. He was sired by Torus out of the mare Miss Manhattan. When Rowley died in 1991 his bloodstock was sold and the four-year-old gelding was sent to the Tattersalls Ireland sales in February 1992 where was sold for 1,700 guineas. Mr Mulligan was later bought privately for £18,000 by Michael Worcester.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f09c8a98", "title": "Mr Mulligan (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Mulligan_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f09c8a98.json"}}
{"text": "Mr Mulligan was a huge, awkward-looking horse. Richard Edmondson in The Independent wrote that he was \"no oil painting, rather something a child might produce on the kitchen table with crayon\", while the horse's owner described him as \"a great orange thing\". Mr Mulligan appeared almost useless in training: according to Noel Chance, who trained him to his greatest success, he was an exceptionally lazy animal who only showed his best in a competitive race.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f09c8a98", "title": "Mr Mulligan (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Mulligan_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f09c8a98.json"}}
{"text": "Point-to-point racing", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f09c8a98", "title": "Mr Mulligan (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Mulligan_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f09c8a98.json"}}
{"text": "Before running under official National Hunt rules, Mr Mulligan competed in Ireland on the amateur Point-to-point circuit. In early 1994, the six-year-old failed to complete the course in his first three attempts. He fell at Punchestown, \"slipped up\" at Cashel and unseated his rider in a race at Summerhill. On 8 May he finally showed some promise, winning a three-mile event for maidens at Nenagh in County Tipperary by a distance (more than thirty lengths).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f09c8a98", "title": "Mr Mulligan (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Mulligan_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f09c8a98.json"}}
{"text": "Mr Mulligan was then sent to England to be trained professionally by Kim Bailey. In November 1994 Mr Mulligan had his first race under rules when he ran in a Novice chase at Newbury Racecourse. He went into a clear lead despite several jumping mistakes, but stumbled and fell at the eleventh fence. Mr Mulligan sustained a serious neck injury in the fall and did not race again for ten months.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f09c8a98", "title": "Mr Mulligan (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Mulligan_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f09c8a98.json"}}
{"text": "1995/1996 season: novice chasing", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f09c8a98", "title": "Mr Mulligan (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Mulligan_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f09c8a98.json"}}
{"text": "Mr Mulligan's absence following his failure at Newbury meant that he began the 1995/1996 season as a novice, never having won a race under National Hunt rules. He was now trained by Noel Chance, who had become Worcester's private trainer at the Folly House stable in Lambourn. Mr Mulligan was ridden in five of his six races that season by Richard Johnson. He began in a Novices' hurdle race at Uttoxeter Racecourse in September. He led from the start and pulled away from the field to win by fifteen lengths, despite being eased by Johnson in the closing stages. A month later he won a similar event at Wetherby, leading from the start and coming home thirteen lengths clear of Rye Crossing.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f09c8a98", "title": "Mr Mulligan (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Mulligan_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f09c8a98.json"}}
{"text": "In November, Mr Mulligan returned to larger obstacles for a Novice steeplechase at Bangor-on-Dee Racecourse. He was so far clear of the opposition at the finish, that his rider, Mark Dwyer, was able to walk the horse over the line and still win by more than thirty lengths. In January, Mr Mulligan was promoted to Grade II class for the Towton Novices' Chase at Wetherby, in which he was matched against the David Nicholson-trained Call It A Day, who started favourite. Mr Mulligan took an early lead, turned back the challenge of Call It A Day, and drew away to win by fifteen lengths. In the Reynoldstown Novices' Chase a month later, Mr Mulligan faced St Mellion Fairway, another Nicholson runner who had won his last three races, and the Jenny Pitman-trained Nahthen Lad. The field appeared to be the strongest assembled for a novice chase up to that point in the season. Johnson sent Mr Mulligan into the lead from the start and the gelding was never seriously challenged, winning by fifteen lengths from Nahthen Lad. The future Grand National winner Lord Gyllene was beaten more than forty lengths in fifth.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f09c8a98", "title": "Mr Mulligan (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Mulligan_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f09c8a98.json"}}
{"text": "Mr Mulligan's run of five victories made him an obvious choice for the Sun Alliance Chase at the Cheltenham Festival in March, and he was made 11/8 favourite. He made a bad mistake at the first fence and another at the eleventh. He reached the lead on the second circuit of the course but when challenged by Nahthen Lad at the last fence he weakened quickly and was beaten eight lengths.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f09c8a98", "title": "Mr Mulligan (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Mulligan_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f09c8a98.json"}}
{"text": "1996/1997 season: steeplechasing", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f09c8a98", "title": "Mr Mulligan (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Mulligan_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f09c8a98.json"}}
{"text": "Competing against experienced chasers in the 1996/1997 season, Mr Mulligan's first two runs were disappointing. He was made 2/1 favourite for the Rehearsal Handicap Chase at Chepstow despite carrying top weight of 166 pounds. A new jockey, David Bridgwater, was unable to improve his jumping as Mr Mulligan made two serious errors and finished fourth of the seven runners behind Belmont King. Tony McCoy took over the ride in the King George VI Chase at Kempton Park on Boxing Day, but after running well for much of the way, the gelding fell when in second place at the last fence. Mr Mulligan returned from the race with a grapefruit-sized hematoma on his back which was slow to heal and put the rest of his season in doubt. The horse spent three weeks in the care of Mary Bromiley, an equine physiotherapist, before returning to Chance to be prepared for the Cheltenham Gold Cup. Twelve days before the race, the horse was sent to Newbury racecourse for an exercise gallop, where, according to Chance, he \"worked appallingly, badly even for him.\" A better piece of work a week later convinced the trainer to send him to Cheltenham.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f09c8a98", "title": "Mr Mulligan (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Mulligan_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f09c8a98.json"}}
{"text": "Mr Mulligan's erratic performances and disrupted preparation saw him sent off a 20/1 outsider in the Gold Cup on 13 March. The field appeared to be a strong one, with the 1996 winner Imperial Call starting favourite ahead of One Man, Dorans Pride, Danoli, Nahthen Lad and Barton Bank. McCoy had Mr Mulligan among the leaders from the start before sending him to the front just after half way in the three and a quarter mile race. Mr Mulligan made a mistake at the fourth-last fence, but went clear of the field at the next and ran on strongly to win by nine lengths from Barton Bank and Dorans Pride.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f09c8a98", "title": "Mr Mulligan (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Mulligan_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f09c8a98.json"}}
{"text": "1997/1998 season: steeplechasing", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f09c8a98", "title": "Mr Mulligan (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Mulligan_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f09c8a98.json"}}
{"text": "Mr Mulligan made his first appearance since his Gold Cup win when he ran in the Desert Orchid Chase at Wincanton Racecourse in October. He finished second to Gales Cavalier, who was carrying thirteen pounds less than the champion. In November, Mr Mulligan was sent to Scotland for the Sean Graham Handicap Chase at Ayr Racecourse. The opposition was not strong and Mr Mulligan started at odds of 1/6 despite conceding at least twenty-one pounds to his opponents. He made two bad mistakes but still won comfortably by three lengths.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f09c8a98", "title": "Mr Mulligan (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Mulligan_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f09c8a98.json"}}
{"text": "In early 1998 Mr Mulligan injured a tendon in training. Rather than have the horse fired and prepared for a comeback, Worcester decided to end the horse's career on a winning note and Mr Mulligan was retired from racing.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f09c8a98", "title": "Mr Mulligan (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Mulligan_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f09c8a98.json"}}
{"text": "Mr Mulligan was sent to spend his retirement at Worcester's Home Farm at Thornbury, near Bristol. On 28 June 1999 Mr Mulligan was kicked by another horse and sustained a serious fracture to his left foreleg. The injury proved untreatable and the horse was quickly euthanized. On hearing the news a tearful Chance said \"I owe everything to that horse\" and described Mr Mulligan as \"a wonderfully brave chaser\".Michael Worcester said that Mr Mulligan had been thriving in retirement and that the horse's death was \"desperately sad\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f09c8a98", "title": "Mr Mulligan (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Mulligan_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f09c8a98.json"}}
{"text": "* Mr Mulligan is inbred 4S x 5D x 5D to the stallion Hyperion, meaning that he appears fourth generation once on the sire side of his pedigree and fifth twice (via His Highness and Ringtime) on the dam side of his pedigree.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f09c8a98", "title": "Mr Mulligan (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Mulligan_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f09c8a98.json"}}
{"text": "* Mr Mulligan is inbred 4D x 4D to the stallion Sayajirao, meaning that he appears fourth generation twice on the dam side of his pedigree.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f09c8a98", "title": "Mr Mulligan (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Mulligan_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f09c8a98.json"}}
{"text": "The water kingfishers or Cerylinae are one of the three subfamilies of kingfishers, and are also known as the cerylid kingfishers. All six American species are in this subfamily.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5caa33cf", "title": "Water kingfisher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_kingfisher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5caa33cf.json"}}
{"text": "These are all specialist fish-eating species, unlike many representatives of the other two subfamilies, and it is likely that they are all descended from fish-eating kingfishers which founded populations in the New World. It was believed that the entire group evolved in the Americas, but this seems not to be true. The original ancestor possibly evolved in Africa – at any rate in the Old World – and the Chloroceryle species are the youngest ones.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5caa33cf", "title": "Water kingfisher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_kingfisher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5caa33cf.json"}}
{"text": "Evidence from molecular phylogenetic studies suggests that the Cerylinae originated in Asia and have colonised the New World on two occasions: the first time was around 8 million years ago by the Chloroceryle and the second time was around 1.9 million years ago by the common ancestor of the ringed kingfisher and the belted kingfisher in the genus Megaceryle.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5caa33cf", "title": "Water kingfisher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_kingfisher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5caa33cf.json"}}
{"text": "The subfamily Cerylinae contains nine kingfisher species and is divided into three genera:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5caa33cf", "title": "Water kingfisher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_kingfisher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5caa33cf.json"}}
{"text": "Fry, K & Fry, H. C. (1999): Kingfishers, Bee-eaters and Rollers, new edition. Christopher Helm Publishers. ISBN 0-7136-5206-3", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5caa33cf", "title": "Water kingfisher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_kingfisher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5caa33cf.json"}}
{"text": "Moyle, Robert G. (2006): A Molecular Phylogeny of Kingfishers (Alcedinidae) With Insights into Early Biogeographic History. Auk 123(2): 487–499. HTML fulltext (without images)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5caa33cf", "title": "Water kingfisher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_kingfisher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5caa33cf.json"}}
{"text": "Water kingfisher videos on the Internet Bird Collection", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5caa33cf", "title": "Water kingfisher", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_kingfisher", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5caa33cf.json"}}
{"text": "Gummiinsel (German for Rubber Island) is the nickname of a residential estate in the western part of Giessen (Germany), so-called because of its location close to the rubber factory Poppe & Co., and also because of a history of flooding from the nearby Lahn river. It lies on the opposite side of the Lahn from the rest of the city, and stands out by its distinctive building style.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c47cf85", "title": "Gummiinsel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gummiinsel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c47cf85.json"}}
{"text": "The Gummiinsel was built 1932-39 as part of the Nazi Siedlungspolitik, a programme of relocating parts of the urban populations in highly organized self-suffient suburban communities. The homes were small two-storey red brick houses with no basement, each with a small front yard. They were built within a concept similar to council houses as emergency shelters, especially for families of Yenish tradesmen, showmen, scrap merchants, second-hand dealers and descendants of regional Sinti families.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c47cf85", "title": "Gummiinsel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gummiinsel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c47cf85.json"}}
{"text": "Later these houses have been renovated, partially demolished, replaced by high-rise public housing and the residential area to the west city expanded. As far as they still exist, they are now in possession of the municipal-private housing company, Wohnbau Gießen GmbH.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c47cf85", "title": "Gummiinsel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gummiinsel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c47cf85.json"}}
{"text": "The Gummiinsel was and still is regarded as a social focal point. The name of the neighbourhood had a disparaging tone. The population structure of the area is still (as of 31 December 2012) characterized by a high concentration of low-income and socially disadvantaged households and by a great ethnic diversity. The percentage of children is higher than in other parts of the town. The proportion of households living on benefits is very high. Due to the elimination of jobs in the manufacturing sector for the people in the western city there are few chances of employment. For part of the person concerned, this means permanent unemployment and persistent chronic poverty. In recent times, there was an increased influx of families with a migration background. This has intensified integration and tolerance problems between traditional incumbent poverty, substandard poverty and new immigrant groups.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c47cf85", "title": "Gummiinsel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gummiinsel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c47cf85.json"}}
{"text": "Under the influence of the student movement there emerged citizens' groups, who took care of the misery in this remote district, and offered especially support to the many large families. Community work in the area and extensive building renovations defused the social focus. Since the early 1970s the city tried to apply counter measures to the continued threat of isolation and impoverishment.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c47cf85", "title": "Gummiinsel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gummiinsel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c47cf85.json"}}
{"text": "Residents of Gummiinsel spoke, at least until the 1980s, an unusual dialect within the traditional neighborhood including the close-by estates Margaretenhütte (Henriette-Fürth-Straße) and Eulenkopf (\"Owl Head\"): It was a Sociolect based on Manisch and Romani language. Today the Manisch slang exists only in relics and the cant or cryptolect (i.e. secret language) has nearly disappeared.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3c47cf85", "title": "Gummiinsel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gummiinsel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3c47cf85.json"}}
{"text": "Pallas Mountain is the natural monument and a watershed mountain on the Yablonoi range (unofficially — \"Velikiy Istok\") — in the west of the Zabaykalsky Krai with the absolute height of 1,236 m; a triple watershed located on the Yablonoi Mountains, the confluence of the basins of the Amur, Lena and Yenisey rivers. There is no other place in the world where the basins of three such great rivers converge at the same time.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_466796b5", "title": "Pallas Mountain", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Mountain", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_466796b5.json"}}
{"text": "It is named in honor of the naturalist and geographer who made a significant contribution to the study of Russia, Academician Peter Simon Pallas (Russian Government Resolution No. 903 of September 10, 2012). In 1772, he also visited the Zabaykalsky Krai, where his route passed through the Yablonoi Mountains.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_466796b5", "title": "Pallas Mountain", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Mountain", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_466796b5.json"}}
{"text": "Marked on many maps, Pallas Mountain, then an unnamed peak, was rediscovered in 1977 by Timur Ukhinovich Zhalsarayn, a local historian and geography teacher, as the confluence of the Amur, Yenisei, and Lena river systems.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_466796b5", "title": "Pallas Mountain", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Mountain", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_466796b5.json"}}
{"text": "In 1982, the Zabaykalsky Branch of the Russian Geographical Society organized an expedition to the Yablonoi Mountains, as a result of which the watershed was determined on the ground and the peak received the status of the state natural monument \"Watershed Mountain on the Yablonoi Mountains\" (Decision of the Chita Regional Executive Committee № 353 of August 14, 1983). The boundaries of the monument run along the base of the mountain, framed by the valleys of the rivers Kadala (flowing into the Kenon lake), Gryaznukha (flowing into the Arakhlei lake) and Khara-Kadala (flowing into the Ivan lake).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_466796b5", "title": "Pallas Mountain", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Mountain", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_466796b5.json"}}
{"text": "Because the waters of the Yenisey flow into the Kara Sea, the Lena into the Laptev Sea, and the mouth of the Amur River is on the border of two seas (the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan). Pallas Mountain is also called the \"Mountain of Five Seas\". The fifth in this list can rightly be called Baikal, which, although it is a lake, has long been given the title of \"Glorious Sea\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_466796b5", "title": "Pallas Mountain", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Mountain", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_466796b5.json"}}
{"text": "In terms of height above sea level (1236 m), it rises no more than 600 meters above the nearby regional center — the city of Chita. At the same time, it is inferior to other peaks of the Yablonoi Mountains, such as Saranakan (1579 m) and Chingikan (1644 m). Even in the immediate vicinity of Watershed Mountain there are higher hills, reaching 1279 and 1243 m.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_466796b5", "title": "Pallas Mountain", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Mountain", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_466796b5.json"}}
{"text": "The mountain is located 35 km northwest of the city of Chita in the territory of the Ivano-Aleksandrovsky Natural Park (the center is the system of Ivan-Arakhley Lake System). The most convenient way to get to the natural monument is through Kadalinskiy rocks \"Dvortsy\". From here the most picturesque part of the route leads up the Kadalinka River and its right source. The total length of the route to the summit is 15-20 km.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_466796b5", "title": "Pallas Mountain", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Mountain", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_466796b5.json"}}
{"text": "Misunderstandings and misrepresentations of facts", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_466796b5", "title": "Pallas Mountain", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Mountain", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_466796b5.json"}}
{"text": "There are a number of misunderstandings and misrepresentations of facts concerning the name \"Pallas Mountain\". Almost a complete set of them is spread by the founder of the \"Great Istok\" — K. Shlyamov. Because of this, the organization of Russian Germans and the daughter of T.U. Zhalsarain were forced to publish refutations, and a member of ZRO VPO \"RGO\" P.V. Matafonov — to present on December 9, 2021 at the \"Zhalsarainov readings\" the report \"Mount Pallas: fictions and facts\" with detailed refutations of distortions of facts.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_466796b5", "title": "Pallas Mountain", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Mountain", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_466796b5.json"}}
{"text": "1) P. S. Pallas has no connection with Pallas Mountain, as he never visited it and knew nothing about it. 2) Pallas Mountain was discovered by Timur Zhalsarayn. 3) On July 14, 1983, the place was officially proclaimed a natural monument \"Watershed Mountain on the Yablonoi Mountains\", until 2012 the mountain had the name \"Watershed Mountain\" or \"Vodorazdelnaya\". 4) T. U. Zhalsarayn never expressed his disagreement with the name of the natural monument \"Vodorazdelnaya Mountain on the Yablonoi Mountains\", because he liked this name. 5) There was a renaming of Vodorazdelnaya Mountain into Pallas Mountain. 6) The renaming of Vodorazdelnaya Mountain violated the law of the Russian Federation. 7) The name \"Pallas Mountain\" was given at the suggestion of the \"Community of Germans of the Zabaykalsky Krai\". 8) The decision was made by the Zabaykalsky branch of the RGS without discussion of alternatives. 9) Scientists proposed to disparagingly name some neighboring mountains in the area of Pallas Mountain after T.U. Zhalsarain. 10) Velikiy Istok and Pallas Mountain are one and the same. 11) Geographers tried to erase the name of T. U. Zhalsarain in order to name the mountain after P. S. Pallas.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_466796b5", "title": "Pallas Mountain", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Mountain", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_466796b5.json"}}
{"text": "The misconceptions and misrepresentations do not withstand scrutiny for accuracy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_466796b5", "title": "Pallas Mountain", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Mountain", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_466796b5.json"}}
{"text": "P. S. Pallas correctly described the confluence of the Yenisei, Lena, and Amur basins in the area where the town of Pallas is located. Pallas. But his merit is not only this: in his atlas there is a map of a part of the Tobolsk and Irkutsk governorates, which, in comparison with other maps of the 18th century, shows quite accurately the area in question to the west of Chita. Between Chita and the Ivan-Arakhley lake system, P. S. Pallas' scheme shows mountains, one of which can be associated with the Amur-Leno-Enisei watershed junction in accordance with modern ideas about its extent. The map of the area considered by P. S. Pallas is the basis of modern maps on which T.U. Zhalsarain understood the uniqueness of the Amur-Leno-Enisei junction. According to the map of P.S. Pallas and his description, the Amur-Leno-Enisei river basin confluence in the area of Chita was already known in the 18th century. Besides, P. S. Pallas described the influence of the Yablonoi Mountains on the nature on its different sides.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_466796b5", "title": "Pallas Mountain", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Mountain", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_466796b5.json"}}
{"text": "At the time of the publication of the first article by T. U. Zhalsarain in 1977, the area under consideration was not a \"terra incognita\" and a \"white spot\" on topographic maps, since it is located near the regional center and air routes pass over it. In 1981 it was shown on the 1:100000 topographic map. So there was no need to discover the mountain. The search for the watershed was carried out by geographers and local historians of the Transbaikal Branch of the Geographical Society of the USSR in cooperation with Y.T. Rudenko and T.U. Zhalsarain. T.U. Zhalsarain himself did not visit the mountain, because at the time of its \"discovery\" he was already quite old. There was no need to discover the confluence of the Amur, Lena and Yenisey basins, it was already shown in 1967 on the map \"River network density\" in the \"Atlas of Transbaikalia\" on the terrain between Chita and Lake Arakhlei. It could only be a matter of specifying the characteristics of the junction and its position on the terrain in question. After several attempts, the mountain was \"discovered\" on the terrain by the local historian A.A. Shipitsyn and others — members of the Zabaykalsky branch of the Geographical Society of the USSR.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_466796b5", "title": "Pallas Mountain", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Mountain", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_466796b5.json"}}
{"text": "On the proposal of the geographer and local historian Y.T. Rudenko, who actively participated in the search of the crossing, on July 14, 1983 by the Resolution of the Chita Oblast Committee ¹ 353 \"On the recognition of state natural monuments on the territory of the Chita region\" the official name of the complex natural monument \"Watershed Mountain on the Yablonoi Mountains\" was approved. The official name of the complex natural monument \"Watershed Mountain on the Yablonoi Mountains\" has been approved. The natural monument was named exactly \"Watershed Mountain on the Yablonoi Mountains\", so T.U. Zhalsarain could not be satisfied or displeased with the distorted name of the natural monument \"Watershed Mountain on the Yablonoi Mountains\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_466796b5", "title": "Pallas Mountain", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Mountain", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_466796b5.json"}}
{"text": "Until 2012, the mountain had no official name. Unofficially and conditionally until then it was called Watershed Mountain on the Yablonoi Mountains, Watershed Mountain, since 1986 — Pallas Mountain, and provisionally since 2000 — Great Istok. In 2003 geographers were sure that the name Pallas Mountain was legitimized at the meeting of the Zabaikalsky Branch of the Russian Geographical Society in 1986. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation ¹ 903 of September 10, 2012. \"On the Naming of Geographical Objects in the Zabaikalsky territory\", the name of the mountain \"Pallas\" was assigned to a certain geographical object — an unnamed mountain peak. Thus, since that moment the main attraction of the complex natural landmark \"Watershed Mountain on the Yablonoi Mountains\" has become a geographical object — the peak \"Pallas Mountain\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_466796b5", "title": "Pallas Mountain", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Mountain", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_466796b5.json"}}
{"text": "The name of the mountain was given for the first time. The mountain has no name in the real, not substituted, name of the natural monument. There was no renaming of the peak Pallas Mountain, so there was no violation of the law.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_466796b5", "title": "Pallas Mountain", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Mountain", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_466796b5.json"}}
{"text": "The name \"Pallas Mountain\" was proposed by A.A. Shipitsyn, a local historian, a member of the Zabaikalsky branch of the Geographical Society of the USSR, on October 19, 1986 in the article \"A drop in the sea\" published by him in the newspaper \"Komsomolets Zabaikalya\". According to him, A. A. Shipitsyn suggested the name of the mountain only on his own initiative and without the influence of any \"Community of Germans of the Zabaikalsky region\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_466796b5", "title": "Pallas Mountain", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Mountain", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_466796b5.json"}}
{"text": "In the manuscript of Y. T. Rudenko's reply to the magazine \"Zabaikalye\" there is a statement that the decision on the name \"Pallas Mountain\" was made by the Zabaykaksky branch of the Russian Geographical Society in 1986, that is, immediately after the publication of A.A. Shipitsyn's article. According to A.A. Shipitsyn and V.S. Rachinsky, about 20 members of the Branch were present at the meeting. The specialists did not like the name options with the wording: \"Watershed Mountain\", etc., since there are countless watershed mountains on the Yablonoi Mountains.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_466796b5", "title": "Pallas Mountain", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Mountain", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_466796b5.json"}}
{"text": "In 2008, the so-called \"Scientific Council of the Museum of the Great World Watershed and the Velikiy Istok\" and the head of this \"museum\" K. Shlyamov proposed to name the mountain (in the article — \"place\" and the point of planetary division of fresh water) \"the Velikiy Istok\", and the names of T. U. Zhalsarain and P. S. Pallas \"some unnamed mountains near the point of planetary division of fresh water\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_466796b5", "title": "Pallas Mountain", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Mountain", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_466796b5.json"}}
{"text": "Geographers did not support the name of the mountain Velikiy Istok because they did not understand what exactly the founder of Velikiy Istok K. Shlyamov meant by Velikiy Istok and they were sure that such a name would mislead people as if there were river springs on the mountain. In 2004, K. Shlyamov defined Velikiy Istok in the \"Encyclopedia of the Zabaykalsky Krai\" only as a guitar song studio, he did not mention T. U. Zhalsarain and the watershed mountain on the Yablonoi Mountains. In 2021, in the same article, he gives two mutually exclusive definitions of the Great Source — in the first case, he identifies the Great Source with the Great Watershed Point on the Earth's Great Watershed Line, as well as Watershed Mountain and Pallas Mountain. Elsewhere in the same article, with the statement \"...the Great Source we do not call a mountain...\" he denies that the Great Source is a mountain and defines it as a complex of three small headwaters into the three great rivers of the world. Based on the definition of the term \"source\", there is no watershed on Pallas Mountain from which the watercourses to the three great rivers of the world permanently flow, since it is known that the river source often corresponds to the place from which the bed of a permanent watercourse appears, or the place from which the permanent flow of water in the bed appears. There are no permanent streams or beds of permanent streams on Pallas Mountain.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_466796b5", "title": "Pallas Mountain", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Mountain", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_466796b5.json"}}
{"text": "A lot of work on popularization of the heritage of T. U. Zhalsarain was done by geographers and first of all by Y. T. Rudenko. Y. T. Rudenko helped T. U. Zhalsarain to publish his first article, on his initiative he created the natural monument \"Watershed Mountain on the Yablonoi Mountains\", as the first or the only author he published at least 16 publications mentioning T. U. Zhalsarain and describing his discovery. Y. T. Rudenko was known to the Transbaikal people as a very active popularizer of T. U. Zhalsarain's legacy on excursions to Pallas Mountain, in classes with students and in radio programs. In the \"Encyclopedia of Transbaikalia\" there is his article \"Watershed Mountain. Mount Pallas\" with mention of T. U. Zhalsarain. In March 2019, members of ZRO SBI \"Russian Geographical Society\" created a separate article on Wikipedia about T. U. Zhalsarain. In 2020 the daughter of T. U. Zhalsarain — N. A. Atutova published a book \"An unadventurous story of a discovery\" about her father and his legacy. Since 2011 conferences in memory of T. U. Zhalsarain have become a regular event in Aginskoye settlement.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_466796b5", "title": "Pallas Mountain", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Mountain", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_466796b5.json"}}
{"text": "Eli Holstein (born October 26, 2004) is an American college football quarterback for the Virginia Cavaliers. He previously played for the Alabama Crimson Tide and Pittsburgh Panthers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ac9af91d", "title": "Eli Holstein", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Holstein", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ac9af91d.json"}}
{"text": "Holstein attended Zachary High School in Zachary, Louisiana. During his career, he passed for 7,014 yards with 62 touchdowns and rushed for 1,233 yards with 30 touchdowns. He committed to the University of Alabama to play college football.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ac9af91d", "title": "Eli Holstein", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Holstein", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ac9af91d.json"}}
{"text": "Holstein redshirted his only season at Alabama in 2023. After the season, he entered the transfer portal and transferred to the University of Pittsburgh. In his first year at Pittsburgh in 2024, he beat out Nate Yarnell to earn the starting quarterback job. In his first career start he completed 30 of 40 passes for 336 yards and three touchdowns. He led Pitt to its first 7-0 start since 1982.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ac9af91d", "title": "Eli Holstein", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Holstein", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ac9af91d.json"}}
{"text": "Alabama Crimson Tide bio", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ac9af91d", "title": "Eli Holstein", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Holstein", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ac9af91d.json"}}
{"text": "Pittsburgh Panthers bio", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ac9af91d", "title": "Eli Holstein", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Holstein", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ac9af91d.json"}}
{"text": "Virginia Cavaliers bio", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ac9af91d", "title": "Eli Holstein", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Holstein", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ac9af91d.json"}}
{"text": "Sven Olaf Bjarte Høiby (14 November 1936 – 21 March 2007) was the father of Crown Princess Mette-Marit of Norway. In his younger years he had briefly worked as a journalist with a local paper in his hometown of Kristiansand but was on welfare when he became known as the father of Mette-Marit; he had been convicted twice of assault. After his daughter married the Crown Prince, he became a national celebrity due to his years-long cooperation with the yellow press, especially Se og Hør, and his subsequent marriage to a stripper. He was accused of exploiting his daughter's relationship with the royal family and of selling articles about her and his grandson Marius Borg Høiby.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e55e7304", "title": "Sven O. Høiby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_O._H%C3%B8iby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e55e7304.json"}}
{"text": "He and Mette-Marit's mother, Marit Tjessem, divorced in 1984. After the divorce, Mette-Marit grew up with her mother, stepfather, and siblings, while visiting her father regularly on weekends. She later revealed in an interview that her father also suffered from alcoholism, which she \"had to hide\" from her friends. Høiby worked for several years as a journalist in a local newspaper and as a small-scale advertiser and publisher in his hometown. By the time his daughter's relationship to the Crown Prince was publicly known, he had retired from working and was receiving a disability pension.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e55e7304", "title": "Sven O. Høiby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_O._H%C3%B8iby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e55e7304.json"}}
{"text": "In his younger days, he had participated in athletics. Among others, he achieved a time of 58.0 seconds in the 400 metres hurdles in 1959. He represented the club Kristiansands IF.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e55e7304", "title": "Sven O. Høiby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_O._H%C3%B8iby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e55e7304.json"}}
{"text": "Sven O. Høiby became controversial following his daughter's marriage to the Crown Prince. The national tabloids and especially the gossip magazine Se og Hør printed several stories where he gave interviews and was presented in less-than-flattering situations.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e55e7304", "title": "Sven O. Høiby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_O._H%C3%B8iby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e55e7304.json"}}
{"text": "\"En helt vanlig dag på jobben\" (\"Just another day at the office\"), a book published by former Se og Hør journalist Håvard Melnæs, who knew Høiby personally, reveals that Høiby was being paid up to 400,000 Norwegian krone a year by the magazine to appear in articles, and for sharing private pictures and information about his daughter's childhood. The magazine even purchased a mobile phone for him (he couldn't afford one himself) and paid his phone bills as a bonus for his \"services\". In his book Melnæs reveals that as Høiby had financial problems, he could not afford to say \"no\" to any suggestions from Se og Hør. The magazine and other tabloids have been criticized for taking advantage of a man who seemed to have a less than sound judgment on what kind of articles to participate in.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e55e7304", "title": "Sven O. Høiby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_O._H%C3%B8iby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e55e7304.json"}}
{"text": "During this period, Høiby made several outspoken comments, and he announced that he was writing a book about Mette-Marit's young son, Marius, her child from a previous relationship. The book never materialised, but the relationship between father and daughter had been strained by this, and Høiby giving information about her to the tabloids. Høiby further estranged himself from his daughter by marrying Renate Barsgård, a former stripper half his age. The couple divorced after three months. At their wedding, folk singer Sputnik was best man.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e55e7304", "title": "Sven O. Høiby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_O._H%C3%B8iby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e55e7304.json"}}
{"text": "Reportedly, father and daughter had reconciled some time before his death and he was, among other events, invited to attend the baptism of his granddaughter, Princess Ingrid Alexandra, in 2004.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e55e7304", "title": "Sven O. Høiby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_O._H%C3%B8iby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e55e7304.json"}}
{"text": "On 25 August 2006, Høiby told Se og Hør that he had been diagnosed with lung cancer. He died on 21 March 2007 at the age of 70. Høiby was buried at Kristiansand Cemetery together with his parents.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e55e7304", "title": "Sven O. Høiby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_O._H%C3%B8iby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e55e7304.json"}}
{"text": "Nola Isabel Constance Barber OBE (27 December 1901 – 29 December 1985) was an Australian mayor and community worker.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_48f262ba", "title": "Nola Barber", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nola_Barber", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_48f262ba.json"}}
{"text": "Born at Woodend in Victoria to estate agent William Oswald Griffiths and Elizabeth, née Dick, Nola was educated in Melbourne and graduated from the College of Domestic Economy, after which she was a teacher in Melbourne and Geelong. After studying part-time at the University of Melbourne from 1926 to 1939, she gave up teaching in 1940. On 12 March 1940 she married law clerk David Reaburn Barber, and the couple settled at Aspendale.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_48f262ba", "title": "Nola Barber", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nola_Barber", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_48f262ba.json"}}
{"text": "Barber was elected to Chelsea City Council in 1948, serving until 1957 and again from 1960 to 1975. She was mayor from 1962 to 1963, the first woman to hold that position. A left-leaning councillor, she campaigned for a trained social worker for the area, the establishment of Meals on Wheels, kindergartens, a local library, a sewerage authority, a spastic centre and elderly citizens' club. She was also a strong supporter of increased federal funding for schools and attended the National Education Congress in 1963.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_48f262ba", "title": "Nola Barber", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nola_Barber", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_48f262ba.json"}}
{"text": "Barber was active in the local community as president of the Aspendale Technical School council, executive member of the Technical Schools Association of Victoria and member of the Aspendale Elderly Citizens' Club, Chelsea Citizens Advice Bureau, Chelsea Community Health Centre, City of Chelsea Historical Society Girl Guides' Association, Chelsea Benevolent Society, Australian Red Cross Society and the Victorian Baby Health Centres Association. A swimming teacher, she was awarded the recognition badge of the Royal Life Saving Society in 1963 and the community services award of the Rotary Club of Aspendale in 1977. Appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1970, she was included on the Victorian Honour Roll of Women in 2001 and has a kindergarten in Aspendale named after her.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_48f262ba", "title": "Nola Barber", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nola_Barber", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_48f262ba.json"}}
{"text": "Barber co-founded the Australian Local Government Women's Association in 1951 and joined the Australian Labor Party in 1955, visiting China and Japan as a delegate in 1958. She ran unsuccessfully as a Labor candidate for the federal seat of Flinders in 1958 and 1963 and the state seat of Mentone in 1961 and 1967. She served on the 1959 peace congress committee in Melbourne and was a member of the Australian and New Zealand Congress for International Co-operation and Disarmament, the United Nations Association of Australia (Victoria), the Union of Australian Women and the Aborigines Advancement League (Victoria). Founding president of the Save Our Sons organisation, an anti-conscriptionist movement, in 1965, Barber was also a trained violinist. She died at Colac in 1985 and was cremated.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_48f262ba", "title": "Nola Barber", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nola_Barber", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_48f262ba.json"}}
{"text": "The United Reformed Church (formerly known as the village's Congregationalist Church) is a now redundant Christian church that operated under the United Reformed denomination in the small Nottinghamshire village of Burton Joyce. It was founded by a generous endowment made by local yarn and cotton tradesman Samuel Milne in 1896, and closed as a formal place of worship in 2015.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b63ecdc", "title": "United Reformed Church, Burton Joyce", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Reformed_Church,_Burton_Joyce", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b63ecdc.json"}}
{"text": "The church was founded as a Congregationalist Chapel in 1896 using money endowed by successful local tradesman Samuel Milne. He had initially made his fortune from the wool and cotton industry, using both the villages of Bulcote and Burton Joyce's vast acreage of arable lands to graze sheep and grow cotton crop. His success was eventually recognized on being granted membership of the Royal Society of Arts in 1873; where he is noted to have attended meetings with Admiral Lord Clarence Paget, who accepted his membership personally.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b63ecdc", "title": "United Reformed Church, Burton Joyce", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Reformed_Church,_Burton_Joyce", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b63ecdc.json"}}
{"text": "=== Bibliography ===", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7b63ecdc", "title": "United Reformed Church, Burton Joyce", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Reformed_Church,_Burton_Joyce", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7b63ecdc.json"}}
{"text": "A bubble is a globule of a gas substance in a liquid. In the opposite case, a globule of a liquid in a gas, is called a drop.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Due to the Marangoni effect, bubbles may remain intact when they reach the surface of the immersive substance.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Bubbles are seen in many places in everyday life, for example:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "As spontaneous nucleation of supersaturated carbon dioxide in soft drinks", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "As vapor in boiling water", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "As air mixed into agitated water, such as below a waterfall", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "As given off in chemical reactions, e.g., baking soda + vinegar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "As a gas trapped in glass during its manufacture", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "As the indicator in a spirit level", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Physics and chemistry", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Bubbles form and coalesce into globular shapes because those shapes are at a lower energy state. For the physics and chemistry behind it, see nucleation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Bubbles are visible because they have a different refractive index (RI) than the surrounding substance. For example, the RI of air is approximately 1.0003 and the RI of water is approximately 1.333. Snell's Law describes how electromagnetic waves change direction at the interface between two mediums with different RI; thus bubbles can be identified from the accompanying refraction and internal reflection even though both the immersed and immersing mediums are transparent.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "The above explanation only holds for bubbles of one medium submerged in another medium (e.g. bubbles of gas in a soft drink); the volume of a membrane bubble (e.g. soap bubble) will not distort light very much, and one can only see a membrane bubble due to thin-film diffraction and reflection.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Nucleation can be intentionally induced, for example, to create a bubblegram in a solid.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "In medical ultrasound imaging, small, encapsulated bubbles called contrast agent are used to enhance the contrast.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "In thermal inkjet printing, vapor bubbles are used as actuators. They are occasionally used in other microfluidics applications as actuators.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "The violent collapse of bubbles (cavitation) near solid surfaces and the resulting impinging jet constitute the mechanism used in ultrasonic cleaning. The same effect, but on a larger scale, is used in focused energy weapons such as the bazooka and the torpedo. Pistol shrimp also uses a collapsing cavitation bubble as a weapon. The same effect is used to treat kidney stones in a lithotripter. Marine mammals such as dolphins and whales use bubbles for entertainment or as hunting tools. Aerators cause the dissolution of gas in the liquid by injecting bubbles.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Bubbles are used by chemical and metallurgical engineers in processes such as distillation, absorption, flotation and spray drying. The complex processes involved often require consideration for mass and heat transfer and are modeled using fluid dynamics.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "The star-nosed mole and the American water shrew can smell underwater by rapidly breathing through their nostrils and creating a bubble.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Research on the origin of life on Earth suggests that bubbles may have played an integral role in confining and concentrating precursor molecules for life, a function currently performed by cell membranes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Bubble lasers use bubbles as the optical resonator. They can be used as highly sensitive pressure sensors.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "When bubbles are disturbed (for example when a gas bubble is injected underwater), the wall oscillates. Although it is often visually masked by much larger deformations in shape, a component of the oscillation changes the bubble volume (i.e. it is pulsation) which, in the absence of an externally-imposed sound field, occurs at the bubble's natural frequency. The pulsation is the most important component of the oscillation, acoustically, because by changing the gas volume, it changes its pressure, and leads to the emission of sound at the bubble's natural frequency. For air bubbles in water, large bubbles (negligible surface tension and thermal conductivity) undergo adiabatic pulsations, which means that no heat is transferred either from the liquid to the gas or vice versa. The natural frequency of such bubbles is determined by the equation:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle f_{0}={1 \\over 2\\pi R_{0}}{\\sqrt {3\\gamma p_{0} \\over \\rho }}}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle \\gamma }", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "is the specific heat ratio of the gas", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle R_{0}}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "is the steady state radius", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle p_{0}}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "is the steady state pressure", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle \\rho }", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "is the mass density of the surrounding liquid", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "For air bubbles in water, smaller bubbles undergo isothermal pulsations.  The corresponding equation for small bubbles of surface tension σ (and negligible liquid viscosity) is", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle f_{0}={1 \\over 2\\pi R_{0}}{\\sqrt {{3p_{0} \\over \\rho }+{4\\sigma  \\over \\rho R_{0}}}}}", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Excited bubbles trapped underwater are the major source of liquid sounds, such as inside our knuckles during knuckle cracking, and when a rain droplet impacts a surface of water.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Physiology and medicine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Injury by bubble formation and growth in body tissues is the mechanism of decompression sickness, which occurs when supersaturated dissolved inert gases leave the solution as bubbles during decompression. The damage can be due to mechanical deformation of tissues due to bubble growth in situ, or by blocking blood vessels where the bubble has lodged.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Arterial gas embolism can occur when a gas bubble is introduced to the circulatory system and lodges in a blood vessel that is too small for it to pass through under the available pressure difference. This can occur as a result of decompression after hyperbaric exposure, a lung overexpansion injury, during intravenous fluid administration, or during surgery.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Foods containing bubbles includes bread, cakes, cereals and chocolate, and drinks including beer, champagne, mineral water and soft drinks, as well as more experimental applications in foams as made by chefs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Antibubble – Droplet of liquid surrounded by a thin film of gas", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Bubble fusion – Nuclear fusion reaction", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Bubble sensor – Device to detect bubbles in liquid-filled tubes", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Foam – Form of matter", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Minnaert resonance – Sound of a drop of water falling into water", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Nanobubble – Sub-micrometer gas-containing cavity, or bubble, in aqueous solutions", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Sonoluminescence – Luminescence induced by sound waves", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Underwater acoustics – Study of the propagation of sound in water", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Pugh, RJ; Hamlett, CAE; Fairhurst, DJ (April 2023). \"A short overview of bubbles in foods and chocolate\". Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 314 102835. doi:10.1016/j.cis.2023.102835. PMID 36958180.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1de6d9f4", "title": "Bubble (physics)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1de6d9f4.json"}}
{"text": "Nikki Cleary is a self-titled album by Nikki Cleary released in 2003.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_05537602", "title": "Nikki Cleary (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Cleary_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_05537602.json"}}
{"text": "The song \"Summertime Guys\" was featured in the episode \"The Golden Years\" of Kim Possible in 2003, and was a track on the Kim Possible soundtrack.  It was also featured in the film Aquamarine.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_05537602", "title": "Nikki Cleary (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Cleary_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_05537602.json"}}
{"text": "The song \"1-2-3\" was featured in the film Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen, the Lizzie McGuire: Total Party! album and on the second volume of the 2003 Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards promotional albums.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_05537602", "title": "Nikki Cleary (album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Cleary_(album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_05537602.json"}}
{"text": "High-Dollar Gospel is the seventh album by Virginia-based blues rock artist, Eli Cook. It was released on August 18, 2017.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b227f204", "title": "High-Dollar Gospel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Dollar_Gospel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b227f204.json"}}
{"text": "The album consists of mostly acoustic, original songs and revamped covers of Muddy Waters and Bob Dylan. At the time of release, Cook stated this album contained the most \"authenticity\" in his songwriting to date.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b227f204", "title": "High-Dollar Gospel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Dollar_Gospel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b227f204.json"}}
{"text": "The ironic nature of the title was inspired by a spiritual \"loss of direction\" that Cook noticed in American youth.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b227f204", "title": "High-Dollar Gospel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Dollar_Gospel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b227f204.json"}}
{"text": "Critical response has been highly positive. Scott Bampton of Rock & Blues Muse noted that Eli had marked a \"new blues territory\" with the album's release. Shane Handler of Glide Magazine stated that High-Dollar Gospel proves that \"Eli can play with the best.\" Blues Festival Guide complimented the energy of the album, stating that the record \"preaches a high voltage bolt to your ears and shakes you loose.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b227f204", "title": "High-Dollar Gospel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Dollar_Gospel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b227f204.json"}}
{"text": "Eli Cook – Vocals, Guitar, Mandolin", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b227f204", "title": "High-Dollar Gospel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Dollar_Gospel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b227f204.json"}}
{"text": "Peter Spaar – Upright Bass", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b227f204", "title": "High-Dollar Gospel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Dollar_Gospel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b227f204.json"}}
{"text": "Nathan Brown – Drums", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b227f204", "title": "High-Dollar Gospel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Dollar_Gospel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b227f204.json"}}
{"text": "All songs written by Eli Cook, except where noted.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b227f204", "title": "High-Dollar Gospel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Dollar_Gospel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b227f204.json"}}
{"text": "\"The Devil Finds Work\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b227f204", "title": "High-Dollar Gospel", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Dollar_Gospel", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b227f204.json"}}
{"text": "Fox Interactive was an American video game publisher based in Los Angeles, California that was active from May 1994 to 2006. The company published games based on 20th Century Fox properties such as The Simpsons and Die Hard, yet also published several original titles, such as Croc: Legend of the Gobbos and The Operative: No One Lives Forever.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf4cf96f", "title": "Fox Interactive", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Interactive", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf4cf96f.json"}}
{"text": "News Corporation (1994–2003)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf4cf96f", "title": "Fox Interactive", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Interactive", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf4cf96f.json"}}
{"text": "Fox Interactive was formed in May 1994, and was led by former Time Warner Interactive executive Ted Hoff. The first two games published by the new division were The Tick, based on the Fox Kids cartoon series of the same name, and The Pagemaster, based on the film of the same name.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf4cf96f", "title": "Fox Interactive", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Interactive", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf4cf96f.json"}}
{"text": "On January 5, 1996, the company announced the release of Die Hard Trilogy for an August–September 1996 release window. On March 21, 1996, Fox Interactive signed a deal with Electronic Arts (EA) for distribution of their titles outside North America. The company would attend their first Electronic Entertainment Expo in 1996, and announced six mainstream titles during the event: The Simpsons Cartoon Studio, The Simpsons: Virtual Springfield and The X-Files for Windows and Macintosh, Aliens Versus Predator and Independence Day for PlayStation, Sega Saturn and Windows, and The Tick for PlayStation and Sega Saturn, alongside the already announced Die Hard Trilogy. The company also announced the launch of the Fox Toons Interactive label, consisting of educational games for Windows and Macintosh based on licensed properties, with the first five titles: Baby Felix, Hello Kitty Big Fun, Eekstravaganza,  The Tick and Keroppi being released within a Fall release window. In November 1996, the company announced the release of a CD-ROM based on Romeo + Juliet for December.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf4cf96f", "title": "Fox Interactive", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Interactive", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf4cf96f.json"}}
{"text": "In February 1997, the company announced a video game based on Alien Resurrection for the PlayStation, Sega Saturn and PC, and two CD-ROM tie-in titles - The X-Files: Data Files, and Anastasia, based on the 1997 movie. In the same month, the company announced major marketing plans for Independence Day before the game's release on March 11 in the United States, including a multi-million dollar ad campaign. In April, the Fox Toons Interactive division announced the release of four more titles: Baby Felix Creativity Center, Hello Kitty Creativity Center, Danny and the Dinosaur and Frog and Toad are Friends, the latter two based on children's books. In May, Fox Interactive announced the acquisition of the publishing rights to Argonaut Software's Croc: Legend of the Gobbos, and announced to showcase it at E3 1997. During E3 in June, in addition to the previously announced titles, the Aliens Versus Predator title was announced for an Early 1998 release. The only newly announced title at E3 that year for the publisher was Aliens Online, developed by then-fellow News Corporation subsidiary Kesmai. On December 15, 1997, Fox Interactive formed a joint-venture with News Corporation's Fox Sports division and formed Fox Sports Interactive, which would be used to publish sports titles for consoles and computers. The company signed a long-term North American development agreement with Gremlin Interactive to re-name and publish some of the latter's Actua Sports titles for the North American market.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf4cf96f", "title": "Fox Interactive", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Interactive", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf4cf96f.json"}}
{"text": "On April 15, 1998, the company announced to publish Gremlin's N20: Nitrous Oxide for the US market for a June 1998 release. The first two republished Actua Sports titles were also announced for the same release window - Fox Sports Soccer '99 and Fox Sports Golf '99. During E3 1998, the company acquired the rights to two more Gremlin titles - Team Losi: RC Racer and Motorhead, as well as also announcing Croc 2 for PlayStation and Windows, and Virtual K'Nex for CD-ROM. Other titles showcased included Aliens Versus Predator and several Fox Sports titles. In August, the company announced the CD-ROM title James Cameron's Titanic Explorer, based on the film of the same name. In November 1998, the company delayed the releases of Alien Resurrection and Croc 2 to Mid-1999.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf4cf96f", "title": "Fox Interactive", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Interactive", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf4cf96f.json"}}
{"text": "In May 1999, during E3, the company announced Activision as the exclusive worldwide distributor of Fox Sports Interactive titles in Europe, Asia and Africa, excluding Japan. Fox would continue to distribute and publish the titles in North America and Japan, and would not affect EA's existing worldwide distribution deal with Fox's non-Sports titles. During the event, the company announced Die Hard Trilogy 2 and a video game based on Planet of the Apes., in addition to Croc 2 and Fox Sports Interactive title Fox Sports Pro Baseball 2000 . In July, a Game Boy Color version of Croc was announced for a Winter 1999 release window. In August 1999, the company was announced to be publishing two titles from Monolith Productions: Sanity: Aiken's Artifact, and The Operative: No One Lives Forever. On the same day, the company announced plans to release games for the PlayStation 2. In September 1999, the company announced to support the Dreamcast, announcing versions of Croc 2 and Planet of the Apes for the system, and a game based on World's Scariest Police Chases tentatively titled World's Scariest Police Chases: Deadly Pursuit.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf4cf96f", "title": "Fox Interactive", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Interactive", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf4cf96f.json"}}
{"text": "On March 16, 2000, it was announced that THQ would publish the Game Boy Color version of Croc under license from Fox. In April, the company's Dreamcast games would be released at the end of 2000. and within the same month announced a full worldwide publishing deal with THQ for the company's Game Boy Color titles, with the additions of games based on The Simpsons, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Aliens and Croc 2 in addition to the already announced Croc title. At E3 2000, in addition to several previously announced titles, the company announced Buffy the Vampire Slayer and World's Scariest Police Chases for the PlayStation, Dreamcast and Windows, and The Simpsons Wrestling and Titan AE for PlayStation. Dreamcast ports of Alien Resurrection and Sanity: Aiken's Artifact were announced, alongside the company's first PlayStation 2 projects, a port of The Operative: No One Lives Forever and Aliens: Colonial Marines. In July 2000, the company announced a sequel to Aliens Versus Predator as part of their deal with Monolith Productions. In August 2000, the company announced that the Dreamcast port of Croc 2 would be cancelled. In the same month, Unique Development Studios signed a deal to co-publish and develop a Futurama title with Fox for a 2002 release. In November 2000, the company announced a King of the Hill game that was released for Windows and Macintosh.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf4cf96f", "title": "Fox Interactive", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Interactive", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf4cf96f.json"}}
{"text": "In January 2001, Fox Interactive announced they would start to focus more on development and would begin to co-publish their titles with a selection of well-known companies from then-on. Activision became the first of these publishing partners, acquiring US rights to The Simpsons Wrestling on March 13, and worldwide rights to World's Scariest Police Chases on April 20. The company also announced a reevaluation of their Dreamcast titles following Sega's announcement to discontinue the system., Eventually, the company canceled the Dreamcast versions of Alien Resurrection and World's Scariest Police Chases, and left Planet of the Apes and Buffy the Vampire Slayer in limbo. In April 2001, the company announced their plans for the Xbox, including a game based on Cops titled The Cops: Too Hot for TV, and a racing game based on The Simpsons. The already-announced Buffy the Vampire Slayer title was moved to the system as an exclusive, leaving the existing PlayStation and Dreamcast versions scrapped. During E3 2001, Fox Interactive announced four titles: The Simpsons: Road Rage, Die Hard: Nakatomi Plaza, Die Hard: Vendetta and No One Lives Forever 2: A Spy in H.A.R.M.'s Way, in addition to the previously announced Aliens: Colonial Marines, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Cops: Too Hot for TV and the PlayStation 2 port of The Operative: No One Lives Forever. During E3 2001 the company announced that EA would publish the Aliens, The Simpsons and Buffy titles, in addition to Vivendi Universal Interactive Publishing publishing the Die Hard, Cops and the No One Lives Forever titles, which was announced a week prior to E3. In August 2001, the company and DreamWorks SKG's consumer products division signed a 5-year publishing deal with Activision for the publication on games based on Minority Report.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf4cf96f", "title": "Fox Interactive", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Interactive", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf4cf96f.json"}}
{"text": "At E3 2002, the company showcased three existing titles: No One Lives Forever 2, Die Hard: Vendetta and Buffy the Vampire Slayer, and announced two new titles: The Simpsons Skateboarding and a game based on the Dark Angel television series. In July 2002, the company signed another publishing deal with THQ to include Game Boy Advance titles, with a Buffy the Vampire Slayer title and a port of The Simpsons: Road Rage confirmed to be in development.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf4cf96f", "title": "Fox Interactive", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Interactive", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf4cf96f.json"}}
{"text": "Vivendi Universal Games (2003–2006)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf4cf96f", "title": "Fox Interactive", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Interactive", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf4cf96f.json"}}
{"text": "In March 2003, 20th Century Fox sold Fox Interactive to Vivendi Universal Games for an undisclosed amount. After being purchased, the name was reduced to solely being a label for 20th Century Fox games published by Vivendi Universal Games. The label would be phased out by 2006, although Vivendi Universal continued to publish titles based on 20th Century Fox properties, with such examples including Eragon, and Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem. 20th Century Fox would later partner with other publishers to create games based on their properties, something which continues on to this day.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf4cf96f", "title": "Fox Interactive", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Interactive", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf4cf96f.json"}}
{"text": "Most of Fox Interactive's game library was copyrighted to 20th Century Fox and therefore is currently owned by The Walt Disney Company.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf4cf96f", "title": "Fox Interactive", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Interactive", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf4cf96f.json"}}
{"text": "As a publisher/licensor", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf4cf96f", "title": "Fox Interactive", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Interactive", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf4cf96f.json"}}
{"text": "As a label of VU Games", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf4cf96f", "title": "Fox Interactive", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Interactive", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf4cf96f.json"}}
{"text": "Fox Interactive official website", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf4cf96f", "title": "Fox Interactive", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Interactive", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf4cf96f.json"}}
{"text": "Fox Interactive at MobyGames", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bf4cf96f", "title": "Fox Interactive", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Interactive", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bf4cf96f.json"}}
{"text": "Kirksville Regional Airport (IATA: IRK, ICAO: KIRK, FAA LID: IRK) is a city-owned public-use airport located four miles south of Kirksville, Missouri, on the west side of U.S. Highway 63. It serves both commercial flights and general aviation.  One airline provides scheduled passenger flights, subsidized by the Essential Air Service program.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "Contour Airlines serves Kirksville with 12 weekly flights to Chicago O'Hare International Airport using CRJ100/200 and Embraer 135/145 regional jets.  Contour began its Kirksville service on August 1, 2023, and offers either one or two round trips each day between Kirksville and Chicago.  Contour has interline agreements with American Airlines, United Airlines, JetBlue, and Alaska Airlines, which facilitate passenger bookings and connections on itineraries that include flights operated by those carriers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "According to the Federal Aviation Administration, the airport had 5,611 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2024, an increase of 31% from 2023 when there were 4,281 enplanements.  The FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2025-2029 categorized it as a regional facility with non-primary commercial service (between 2,500 and 10,000 enplanements per year).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "A groundbreaking ceremony was held on March 17, 2025, to mark the start of construction of a new 6,500 square foot terminal at Kirksville, which will provide nearly twice as much passenger service area as the current building.  Completion of the project is planned for July 2026.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "In 1924, Roy B. \"Cap\" Dodson started the first airport in the area, located on the north edge of Kirksville. However, an airfield at the present location of Kirksville Regional Airport wasn't created until 1930 when the federal government built \"Intermediate Field, Site 12\" on the Kansas City-Chicago airway as one of a series of emergency landing strips across the nation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "With America's entry into World War II, the Kirksville Municipal Airport (as it had been declared in the late 1930s) received a major upgrade from the Civilian Pilot Training Program, later renamed the War Training Service. In 1942 a paved all-weather landing strip, hangars, a tower, and a small restaurant were built.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "On October 1, 1960, Ozark Air Lines began scheduled flights to Kirksville. The initial Ozark route flew between Kansas City and Chicago with stops in Kirksville, Ottumwa and Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and Moline, Ill. Later in the 1960s, Ozark switched Kirksville service from a Kansas City-Chicago route to a Des Moines-to-St. Louis one.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "Airport improvements came after a bond issue was approved by Kirksville voters in November 1967. A new six-thousand-foot concrete runway was built, as well as a new terminal building and improved hangar facilities. With the airport improvements came a new name, Clarence Cannon Memorial Airport—chosen to honor long-time U.S. Congressman Clarence Cannon of Missouri who had done much to help secure air service and funding for the airport. That name was retained until the Kirksville Regional name was adopted in 1984, and the terminal building was named after Rep. Cannon.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "Ozark flew its final route to Kirksville on April 23, 1976. Fortunately a local pilot and dentist, Dr. Stephen Barber, had established a small commuter air service, Horizon Airways, in 1972. Horizon was able to help fill the void left by Ozark's departure, eventually expanding by 1976 to offer service to both Kansas City and St. Louis, and changing its name to Air Missouri.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "From 1978 to 1987, Kirksville was served by Green Hills Aviation with commuter flights to St. Louis.  From 1987 through December 1989, Midcontinent Airlines flew to Kansas City as Braniff Express on behalf of Braniff (1983-1990).  Kirksville then went without commercial service during 1990 until Redwing Airways began commuter flights to Kansas City, which continued until October 2001.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "From 2001 through 2006 Corporate Airlines, which later became RegionsAir, provided flights to St. Louis. The carrier first operated as Trans World Express on behalf of TWA, then as American Connection on behalf of American Airlines.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "Air Midwest (operating as US Airways Express), a subsidiary of Mesa Air Group, provided flights to Kansas City from November 2006 through May 2008.  Kirksville went without service until July 2008, when Air Choice One began scheduled flight operations twice daily, to and from St. Louis.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "In September 2010, Cape Air replaced Air Choice One with service to St. Louis that continued until 2023, providing three daily round trips. In October 2022, Cape Air notified Kirksville of its plans to terminate service unless its contract was renegotiated.  However, the airline was still required to continue its flights until the city selected a replacement.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "The Kirksville City Council approved a contract on February 6, 2023, with Contour Airlines, with 12 flights per week to Chicago O'Hare International Airport using regional jet aircraft. This is the first scheduled jet service to Kirksville.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "Scheduled operations are currently subsidized by the federal Essential Air Service program.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "The airport covers 476 acres (193 ha) at an elevation of 966 feet (294 m). It has two runways: 18/36 is 6,005 by 100 feet (1,830 x 30 m) concrete; 9/27 is 1,370 by 100 feet (418 x 30 m) turf.  An instrument landing system (ILS) was installed for Runway 36 in 2007.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "In the year ending April 30, 2023, the airport had 5,888 aircraft operations, average 113 per week: 50% general aviation, 37% airline, 12% air taxi, and <1% military. 20 aircraft were then based at the airport: 17 single-engine, 2 multi-engine, and 1 jet.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "Airline and destination", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "Total Passengers (Arriving and Departing)  -  11,480 (2024).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "On February 24, 1967, two people were killed when a Mooney M20B Mark 21 crashed about 7 miles west of the airport. The National Transportation Safety Board concluded that the plane went into a spin for undetermined reasons shortly after taking off, and the pilot was unable to recover control.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "On August 3, 1981, four people were killed when a Piper PA-28 Warrior crashed shortly after midnight about a quarter mile south of the airport. The plane had taken off in dense fog after the airport had closed for the evening.  The NTSB concluded that the pilot experienced spatial disorientation after initiating the flight in adverse weather conditions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "On October 19, 2004, Corporate Airlines Flight 5966, a BAe Jetstream 32 turboprop, crashed on approach to Kirksville. Thirteen individuals died and two sustained injuries. The NTSB determined pilot error to be the cause of the accident.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "On May 12, 2005, a Midwest Airlines Boeing 717 en route from Kansas City to Washington, D.C., safely made an emergency landing at Kirksville after icing caused unreliable airspeed indications and a subsequent pilot-induced loss of control. To date it is the largest aircraft to have landed at Kirksville.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "On November 5, 2013, two people were killed when a Piper PA-32R-301 Saratoga crashed on approach to Kirksville. The plane went down about 3 miles northeast of the runway, shortly after a radio message in which the pilot reported no difficulties. The NTSB determined that the pilot lost control due to spatial disorientation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "The emergency landing strip at the Kirksville airport's future site also played an indirect role in a 1935 crash that impacted U.S. aviation history.  On May 6, 1935, TWA Flight 6, a Douglas DC-2, crashed near Barnesville, Mo., while trying to reach the emergency strip.  The crash killed five of the 13 people on board, including U.S. Sen. Bronson M. Cutting of New Mexico.  His death led Congress to examine the management of U.S. civil aviation under the Bureau of Air Commerce – a political battle that led to the establishment in 1938 of the Civil Aeronautics Authority, a predecessor of the FAA.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "List of airports in Missouri", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "Kirksville Regional Airport Archived 2020-09-20 at the Wayback Machine at City of Kirksville website", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "Aerial image as of April 1995 from USGS The National Map", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "FAA Airport Diagram (PDF), effective March 19, 2026", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "FAA Terminal Procedures for IRK, effective March 19, 2026", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "Resources for this airport:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "FAA airport information for IRK", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "AirNav airport information for KIRK", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "ASN accident history for IRK", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "SkyVector aeronautical chart, Terminal Procedures", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fcb48f1f", "title": "Kirksville Regional Airport", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fcb48f1f.json"}}
{"text": "Macromia flavicincta is a species of dragonfly in the family Macromiidae. It is an endemic dragonfly in India.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_43348a47", "title": "Macromia flavicincta", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromia_flavicincta", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_43348a47.json"}}
{"text": "It is a medium sized dragonfly with emerald-green eyes. Its thorax is dark brown with a blue metallic reflex, marked with citron-yellow. There is a rather broad humeral stripe, an oblique lateral stripe on mesepimeron, and a narrow stripe on the posterior border of metepimeron. Abdomen is black, ringed with citron-yellow. Segment 2 has its basal half yellow. Segments", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_43348a47", "title": "Macromia flavicincta", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromia_flavicincta", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_43348a47.json"}}
{"text": "3 to 6 have the whole space from jugal suture to base of segment yellow. But the extreme basal area is reddish-brown, cutting into the yellow annule dorsally. Segment 7 has a broad ring covering more than the basal half. Segment 8 has a similar ring covering rather less than the basal half. Segment 9 has a small baso-lateral transverse spot. Segment 10 is unmarked. Anal appendages are ochreous.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_43348a47", "title": "Macromia flavicincta", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromia_flavicincta", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_43348a47.json"}}
{"text": "This species can be distinguished from other Macromia by its very broad abdominal yellow annules, entirely yellow labium, and by the black T-shaped mark on the frons.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_43348a47", "title": "Macromia flavicincta", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromia_flavicincta", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_43348a47.json"}}
{"text": "List of odonates of India", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_43348a47", "title": "Macromia flavicincta", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromia_flavicincta", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_43348a47.json"}}
{"text": "List of odonata of Kerala", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_43348a47", "title": "Macromia flavicincta", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromia_flavicincta", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_43348a47.json"}}
{"text": "Data related to Macromia flavicincta at Wikispecies", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_43348a47", "title": "Macromia flavicincta", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromia_flavicincta", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_43348a47.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Macromia flavicincta at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_43348a47", "title": "Macromia flavicincta", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromia_flavicincta", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_43348a47.json"}}
{"text": "Thunderbirds is a 1952 war film directed by John H. Auer and starring John Derek, John Drew Barrymore, Mona Freeman, Gene Evans, Eileen Christy and Ward Bond. It features the exploits of the 45th Infantry Division in the Italian campaign of World War II. The film was made by Republic Pictures with sequences filmed at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Close friends Gil Hackett and Tom McCreery both love and leave the same girl, Mary Caldwell, after they are called up to the Oklahoma National Guard and then on to the Army for wartime duty in 1940.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "A tough, stoic sergeant named Logan keeps an eye on them as the unit ships out to North Africa following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Tom speaks of his father John, who supposedly died a hero's death in the First World War, but Keith Watson, another soldier, claims he's heard that Tom's father was disgraced and dishonorably discharged.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Mary reveals that Tom is the one she loves. Gil finds solace in meeting Lt. Ellen Henderson, an army nurse. The fighting continues in Sicily and when Tom ends up missing, Logan will not permit a search. Logan later heroically reports a movement of German tanks just before being shot.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "With the invasion of Southern France at hand, it is learned that Logan had been court-martialed during World War I for authorizing a search party that led to the death of more soldiers. He reenlisted under a false name to prove himself again, particularly to Tom, who is actually his son.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "John Derek as Lt. Gil Hacket", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "John Barrymore Jr. as Pvt. Tom McCreery", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Mona Freeman as Lt. Ellen Henderson", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Gene Evans as Sgt. Mike Braggart", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Eileen Christy as Mary Caldwell", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Ward Bond as Lt. John McCreery (Sgt. Logan)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Barton MacLane as Sgt. Durkee", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Wally Cassell as Pfc. Sam Jacobs", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Ben Cooper  as Calvin Jones", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Robert Neil as Keith Watson", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Slim Pickens as Pvt. Wes Shelby", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Armando Silvestre as Cpl. Ralph Mogay", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Norman Budd as Pvt. Lou Radtke", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Mae Clarke as Mrs. Jones", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Sammy McKim as Cpl. Ray Hanford (as Sam McKim)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Allene Roberts as Margie Hanford", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Richard Simmons as Capt. Norton", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Walter Reed as Lt. Hammond", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Suzanne Dalbert as Marie Etienne", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Barbara Pepper as Mrs. Louise Braggart", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Pepe Hern as Pvt. Jim Lastchance", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Victor Millan as Pvt. Joe Lastchance", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "FilmInk wrote \"This film set the template for many of Derek’s subsequent war movies: a story about two friends in love with the same girl who deal with a crusty old timer and lots of stock footage. It’s really dull.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Thunderbirds at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_53f74b04", "title": "Thunderbirds (1952 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(1952_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_53f74b04.json"}}
{"text": "Trichosporon asteroides is an asexual basidiomycetous fungus first described from human skin but now mainly isolated from blood and urine. T. asteroides is a hyphal fungus with a characteristically yeast-like appearance due to the presence of slimy arthroconidia. Infections by this species usually respond to treatment with azoles and amphotericin B.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b08480", "title": "Trichosporon asteroides", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichosporon_asteroides", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b08480.json"}}
{"text": "History and taxonomy", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b08480", "title": "Trichosporon asteroides", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichosporon_asteroides", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b08480.json"}}
{"text": "Trichosporon asteroides was isolated from lesion of male chin skin by Rinchin in Bern in 1926 and named in the genus, Parendomyces. T. asteroides was later reevaluated by Masao Ota and transferred to the genus Trichosporon as T. asteroides. Ota noted that its hyphae were more sparsely branched than other species in Trichosporon, and it lacked the ability to ferment glucose, maltose, sucrose and fructose. Molecular phylogenetic study has since supported the placement of T. asteroides in the genus Trichsporon. T. asteroides was determined to be conspecific with Fissuricella filamenta on the basis of DNA/DNA reassociation. Modern classifications support the placement of this species within the order Trichosporonales.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b08480", "title": "Trichosporon asteroides", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichosporon_asteroides", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b08480.json"}}
{"text": "Growth and morphology", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b08480", "title": "Trichosporon asteroides", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichosporon_asteroides", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b08480.json"}}
{"text": "Trichosporon asteroides grows in a range of media including in the presence of the antifungal agent, cycloheximide. Colonies of T. asteroides grown on Sabouraud agar appear white with a brain-like texture, reaching a diameter of 10 mm after 10 days growth at 25 °C (77 °F). Colonies have a radially furrowed outer zone and matt appearance that is not powdery like the related species, T. asahii. Antibodies produced by infected patients can also be used to differentiate T. asahii and T. asteroides in disease. Weak growth is seen at 37 °C (99 °F) but is absent at higher temperatures. T. asteroides can be distinguished from related Trichosporon species by its ability to utilize D-galactose, L-rhamnose, erythritol and L-arabinitol.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b08480", "title": "Trichosporon asteroides", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichosporon_asteroides", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b08480.json"}}
{"text": "Physiology and pathogenesis", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b08480", "title": "Trichosporon asteroides", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichosporon_asteroides", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b08480.json"}}
{"text": "Trichosporon asteroides does not ferment glucose, maltose, sucrose or fructose, a feature common to all Trichosporon species. T. asteroides causes trichosporonosis, causing deep-seated, mucosa-associated, superficial, and systematic infections including blood. This species is one of the three most common Trichosporon species isolated in clinical settings. The fungus is sometimes recovered from specimens of blood, urine, and aspiration fluid, vaginal mucosa, male perigenital skin area, and catheters. The first record of this agent in a systemic infection involved a bloodstream infection. Main types of latent infection include fungemia, urinary tract infections, peritonitis, endocarditis, arthritis, esophagitis, meningitis, brain abscess, splenic abscess, and uterine infections. Allergies and systemic infections can also be caused by this fungus particularly in immunosuppressed people. Recently, T. asteroides was implicated in a case of kerion celsi, a rare, highly inflammatory scalp infection seen mainly in children.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b08480", "title": "Trichosporon asteroides", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichosporon_asteroides", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b08480.json"}}
{"text": "This fungus is rarely encountered in zoonotic infections and has never been shown to cause disease in insects. However, T. asteroides was isolated from multifocal, irregularly raised skin lesions on a female bottle-nosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, in Japan. In the absence of cultures and molecular biological analysis, the agent was initially suspected to be Paracoccidioides ceti, a worldwide causative agent of Paracoccidioidomycosis in dolphins.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b08480", "title": "Trichosporon asteroides", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichosporon_asteroides", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b08480.json"}}
{"text": "Azole antifungals are often used as a front-line therapy in trichosporonosis. Resistance to amphotericin, flucytosine, fluconazole, and itraconazole have been described. Echinocandins, as a group, are ineffective against Trichosporon species. Triazoles show better in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity than amphotericin B, while voriconazole also has excellent in vitro activity against Trichosporon asteroides. Combination therapy regimens such as voriconazole and amphotericin B are also effective in serious infections. Fluconazole has been used successfully in subcutaneous and deep infections.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_52b08480", "title": "Trichosporon asteroides", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichosporon_asteroides", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_52b08480.json"}}
{"text": "Loivre (French pronunciation: [lwavʁ]) is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France. Loivre station has rail connections to Reims and Laon.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d48c46c4", "title": "Loivre", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loivre", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d48c46c4.json"}}
{"text": "The commune is governed by the Mayor and a Municipal Council composed of fourteen members.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d48c46c4", "title": "Loivre", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loivre", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d48c46c4.json"}}
{"text": "Intercommunal governance", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d48c46c4", "title": "Loivre", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loivre", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d48c46c4.json"}}
{"text": "Since 1 January 2017, the commune has been part of the Communauté urbaine du Grand Reims, which provides integrated communal services to both Reims and the surrounding area. Prior to 2017, the commune was part of the Communauté de communes de la Colline from 23 December 1994 until 1 January 2014, and the Communauté de communes du Nord Champenois between 2014 and 2017.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d48c46c4", "title": "Loivre", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loivre", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d48c46c4.json"}}
{"text": "Communes of the Marne department", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d48c46c4", "title": "Loivre", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loivre", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d48c46c4.json"}}
{"text": "The Siege of Isfahan (1387) was part of Timur’s Persian campaigns. Timur captured the city from the Muzaffarid dynasty, resulting in heavy casualties and its incorporation into the Timurid Empire.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790cf58e", "title": "Siege of Isfahan (1387)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Isfahan_(1387)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790cf58e.json"}}
{"text": "To annex the Muzaffarid kingdom, Timur would have to capture its two main cities: Isfahan and Shiraz. In 1387, when Timur arrived with his army at Isfahan, it immediately surrendered, and he treated it with relative mercy, as he normally did with cities that surrendered.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790cf58e", "title": "Siege of Isfahan (1387)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Isfahan_(1387)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790cf58e.json"}}
{"text": "Soon after, Isfahan revolted against Timur’s taxes by killing the tax collectors and some of his soldiers. Timur laid siege to the city and recaptured it with little effort.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790cf58e", "title": "Siege of Isfahan (1387)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Isfahan_(1387)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790cf58e.json"}}
{"text": "Massacre of citizens", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790cf58e", "title": "Siege of Isfahan (1387)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Isfahan_(1387)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790cf58e.json"}}
{"text": "After restoring his control over the city, he ordered the massacre of the citizens who had resisted; the death toll has been estimated between 70,000 – 200,000.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790cf58e", "title": "Siege of Isfahan (1387)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Isfahan_(1387)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790cf58e.json"}}
{"text": "An eyewitness counted more than 28 towers constructed of about 1,500 heads each. This has been described as a “systematic use of terror against towns…an integral element of Tamerlane’s strategic method,” which he viewed as preventing bloodshed by discouraging resistance. His massacres were selective, sparing those who were artistic and educated. This would later influence the next great Iranian conqueror, Nader Shah.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790cf58e", "title": "Siege of Isfahan (1387)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Isfahan_(1387)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790cf58e.json"}}
{"text": "After the massacre, Isfahan remained loyal to Timur, and he then went on to capture Shiraz. Unlike the events following the Siege of Herat, Timur did not destroy any buildings or architecture, allowing the city to retain its importance and influence in Persia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_790cf58e", "title": "Siege of Isfahan (1387)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Isfahan_(1387)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_790cf58e.json"}}
{"text": "Jānis Birks (born 31 July 1956 in Riga) is a Latvian politician. He was the Mayor of Riga between 19 February 2007 and 1 July 2009.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_13381477", "title": "Jānis Birks", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Birks", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_13381477.json"}}
{"text": "A wet market (also called a public market or a traditional market) is a marketplace selling fresh foods, such as meat, fish, and produce, and other consumption-oriented perishable goods in a non-supermarket setting, as distinguished from \"dry markets\" that sell durable goods, such as fabrics, kitchenwares and electronics. These include a wide variety of markets, such as farmers' markets, fish markets, and wildlife markets. Not all wet markets sell live animals, but the term wet market is sometimes used to signify a live animal market in which vendors slaughter animals upon customer purchase, such as is done with poultry in Hong Kong. Wet markets are common in many parts of the world, notably in China, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. They often play critical roles in urban food security due to factors of pricing, freshness of food, social interaction, and local cultures. Despite their importance in local food systems and livelihoods, wet markets often lack essential food safety infrastructure, such as cold chains, standardized hygiene practices, regular inspection, and product traceability.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Most wet markets do not trade in wild or exotic animals, but some that do have been linked to outbreaks of zoonotic diseases including COVID-19, H5N1 avian flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and monkeypox. Several countries have banned wet markets from holding wildlife. Media reports that fail to distinguish between all wet markets and those with live animals or wildlife, as well as insinuations of fostering wildlife smuggling, have been blamed for fueling Sinophobia related to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "The term \"wet market\" came into common use in Singapore in the early 1970s when the government used it to distinguish such traditional markets from the supermarkets that had become popular there. The term was added to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) in 2016, as a term used throughout Southeast Asia. The OED's earliest cited use of the term is from The Straits Times of Singapore in 1978.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "The \"wet\" in \"wet market\" refers to the constantly wet floors due to the melting of ice used to keep food from spoiling, the washing of meat and seafood stalls and the spraying of fresh produce that are common in wet markets.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "The term \"public market\" may be synonymous with \"wet market\", although it may sometimes refer exclusively to state-owned and community-owned wet markets. Wet markets may also be called \"fresh food markets\" and \"good food markets\" when referring to markets consisting of numerous competing vendors primarily selling fresh produce like fruits and vegetables. The term \"wet market\" is frequently used to signify a live animal market that sells directly to consumers, although the terms are not synonymous.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Although the term \"wet market\" may refer to markets that sell wild animals and wildlife products, it is not synonymous with the term \"wildlife market\" which exclusively refers to markets that contain wildlife products.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "The term \"wet market\", which specifies markets that sell fresh produce and meat, includes a broad variety of markets. Wet markets can be categorized according to their ownership structure (privately owned, state-owned, or community-owned), scale (wholesale or retail), and produce (fruits, vegetables, slaughtered meat, or live animals). They can be further subcategorized based on whether the meat inventory originates from domesticated or wild animals.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Traditional wet markets are typically housed in temporary sheds, open-air sites, or partially open commercial complexes, while modern wet markets are housed in buildings often equipped with improved ventilation, freezing, and refrigeration facilities.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Wet markets are less dependent on imported goods than supermarkets due to their smaller volumes and lesser emphasis on consistency. Wet markets have been described in a 2019 food security study as \"critical for ensuring urban food security\", particularly in Chinese cities. The roles of wet markets in supporting urban food security include food pricing and physical accessibility.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Academic papers in urban studies, studies on food distribution, and the Singapore National Environment Agency have noted lower prices, greater freshness of food, and the facilitation of both bargaining and social interaction as key reasons for the persistence of wet markets. The persistence of wet markets has also been attributed to \"culinary traditions that call for freshly slaughtered meat and fish as opposed to frozen meats\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "In developing countries with agriculture-based economies, fresh meat is mainly distributed through traditional wet markets or meat stalls. Wet markets selling fresh meat are often attached to, or located near, slaughter facilities.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Wildlife markets and zoonoses", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "If sanitation standards are not maintained, wet markets can spread disease. Those that carry live animals and wildlife are at especially high risk of transmitting zoonoses. Because of the openness, newly introduced animals may come in direct contact with sales clerks, butchers, and customers or to other animals which they would never interact with in the wild. This may allow for some animals to act as intermediate hosts, helping a disease spread to humans.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Outbreaks of zoonotic diseases including COVID-19, H5N1 avian flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and monkeypox have been traced to live wildlife markets where the potential for zoonotic transmission is greatly increased. Wildlife markets in China have been implicated in the 2002 SARS outbreak; it is thought that the market environment provided optimal conditions for the coronaviruses of zoonotic origin that caused both outbreaks to mutate and subsequently spread to humans. The exact origin of the COVID-19 pandemic is yet to be confirmed as of February 2021 and was originally linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, China due to reports that two-thirds of the initial cases had direct exposure to the market, although a 2021 WHO investigation concluded that the Huanan market was unlikely to be the origin due to the existence of earlier cases.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Due to unhygienic sanitation standards and the connection to the spread of zoonoses and pandemics, critics have grouped live animal markets together with factory farming as major health hazards in China and across the world. In March and April 2020, some reports have said that wildlife markets in Asia, Africa, and in general all over the world are prone to health risks.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Disease control intervention", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Due to the suspicions that wet markets could have played a role in the emergence of COVID-19, a group of US lawmakers, NIAID director Anthony Fauci, UNEP biodiversity chief Elizabeth Maruma Mrema, and CBCGDF secretary general Zhou Jinfeng called in April 2020 for the global closure of wildlife markets due to the potential for zoonotic diseases and risk to endangered species. In April 2021, the World Health Organization called for a total ban on the sale of live animals in food markets in order to prevent future pandemics.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Planetary health studies have called for disease control intervention measures, in lieu of outlawing live-animal wet markets, to be implemented in wet markets. These include proposals for \"standardised global monitoring of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) conditions\", which the World Health Organization announced in April 2020 that it was developing as requirements for wet markets to open. Other proposals include less homogeneous policies that are specialized for local social, cultural, and financial factors, as well as new proposed rapid assessment tools for monitoring the hygiene and biosecurity of live animal stalls in wet markets.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "During the first few months of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Chinese wet markets were heavily criticized in media outlets as a potential source for the virus. Media reports urging for permanent blanket bans on all wet markets, as opposed to solely live animal markets or wildlife markets, have been criticized for undermining infection control needs to be specific about wildlife markets and distracting public attention from local public health threats. Some Western media portrayed wet markets without distinguishing between general wet markets, live animal wet markets, and wildlife markets, using montages of explicit images from different markets across Asia without identifying locations. These depictions have been criticized by other journalists and anthropologists as sensationalist, exaggerated, Orientalist, and fueling Sinophobia and \"Chinese otherness\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "There are wet markets throughout the world, with the largest concentration in Asia followed by Europe and North America according to touristic social network data in 2019.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "According to a 2013 study on agricultural value chains, approximately 90% of households in Ethiopia across all income groups purchase their beef through local butchers in wet markets.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "The most common agricultural supply chain in Kenya involves farmers selling their produce to collectors who then sell the produce to retailers in wet markets. A 2006 study in the areas around Nairobi and Kisumu found that 21% of farmers sold to collectors, 17% sold directly to wholesalers, and 14% sold directly to wet market vendors. The collectors and wholesalers both predominantly sold their produce inventory to wet market vendors. The customers of the wet markets in the study were predominantly end consumers, although a small share of the wet markets also sold to restaurants.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "According to a 2011 USDA Foreign Agricultural Service report, most of the clientele of traditional open-air wet markets in Nigeria are low and middle income consumers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "From 2008 to 2009, a group of food safety researchers launched an initiative working with a small group of butchers in the wet market section of Bodija Market in Ibadan to promote positive food safety practices and peer-to-peer training. The initiative led to 20% more meat samples being of acceptable quality. A follow-up study in 2019 on the same group of butchers found that, while many of the butchers still remembered the food safety practices, \"none of the butchers reported that they continued to buy and replace the materials after the exhaustion of those distributed during the intervention programme\". The follow-up study found that the microbiological sanitation in 2018 was even worse than before the 2008–2009 intervention.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "In 2014, the license of the slaughterhouse in the wet market section of Bodija Market was revoked due to unhygienic meat handling practices. In its place, the local government opened the Ibadan Central Abattoir in Amosun Village, Akinyele through public-private partnerships. The new facility is equipped with modern facilities for slaughter and processing of meat were provided in 2014 through public-private partnerships and is one of the largest abattoirs in West Africa, consisting of 15 hectares of land with stalls for 1000 meat sellers, 170 shops, administrative building, clinic, canteen, cold room, and an incinerator. In June 2018, local newspapers reported that five people were killed in the Bodija Market abattoir when a security team attempted to enforce the forcible relocation of Ibadan abattoirs to the new facilities as ordered by the local government.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "The most common agricultural supply chain in Uganda involves farmers selling their produce to wholesalers, who in turn sell to retailers in wet markets. A 2006 study in the areas around Kampala and Mbale found that 51% of farmers sold to wholesalers and 18% sold directly to wet market vendors, while 34% of the wholesalers sold to wet market vendors. The customers of the wet markets in the study were predominantly end consumers, although a small share of the wet markets also sold to restaurants.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "In Brazil, regulations on wet markets are handled at the municipal level. The regulations widely vary across Brazil, with zoning rules prohibiting wet markets in some municipalities.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "A 2003 study found that wet markets were losing ground in food retail to supermarkets, which had an overall food retail market share of 75%. The gains of supermarkets over traditional food retailers in Brazil were predominantly in meat and seafood retail, with the supermarkets' fresh meat & seafood market shares typically three times greater than their fresh fruits & vegetables market share.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "According to a 2010 USDA Foreign Agricultural Service report, each small town in Colombia typically has a wet market that is supplied by local production and opens at least once a week. The report described both retail wet markets and wholesale wet markets that provide food products for \"Mom'n Pop stores\". It estimated the number of wet markets at around 2,000, but noted that the number was slowly decreasing in large cities despite the presence of large wet markets like Corabastos in Bogotá.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "In Greenland, local wet markets known as brætter sell food from wild animals, including seal meat, whale meat, reindeer meat, and polar bear meat. Brætter do not sell live animals, but most meat sold in brætter is fresh and recently butchered. While larger towns have purpose-built facilities, the brætter in smaller towns and village settlements sell seafood in open-air stands without running water or electricity. Only fresh meat was allowed to be sold in Nuuk at Kalaaliaraq Market, the largest fresh food market in Greenland, until 2018 when the government of Greenland began permitting the sale of dried and salted meat at Kalaaliaraq.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Trichinosis is a common problem in Greenland due to the consumption of wild polar bear meat. In 2016, several people were infected with Trichinella roundworms from eating polar bear meat from a local brætter even though the meat had initially passed inspections. As of 2017, Trichinella inspections for seal and polar bear meat sold at brætter is not mandatory.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Some traditional Mexican open-air markets called tianguis, such as the Mercado Margarita Maza de Juárez in Oaxaca, are separated into a wet market (zona húmeda) and a dry market (zona seca). A 2002 study observed a trend that Mexican consumers, especially those in the middle class, increasingly prefer supermarkets for beef purchases as opposed to traditional wet markets. In 2014, a study of Mexican beef retail also noted an ongoing transition from traditional full-service wet markets to self-service meat display cases in supermarkets.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "In Mexico, conflicts between traditional and modern retailers are handled at the municipal and state levels. Some local zoning rules, such as those in the central districts of Mexico City and Morelia, have prohibited wet markets from operating in urban districts without providing further assistance to the retailers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "In April 2020, The Hill reported that wet markets were still operating in the United States and that animal rights activists were calling for the closure of wet markets, in addition to their existing calls to close live animal markets and factory farms.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Wet markets were common in New York City until refrigeration became commonplace in the 20th century. From the 1990s to 2020, the number of live animal wet markets in New York City nearly doubled. As of 2020, there are more than 80 wet markets in New York City that stock live animals and slaughter them on-demand for customers. They are mostly poultry markets located in outer-borough immigrant communities where they are culturally significant and pose low public health risks relative to wildlife markets and other types of exotic wet markets.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Since the 1990s, large cities across China have moved traditional outdoor wet markets to modern indoor facilities. As of 2018, wet markets remained the most prevalent food outlet in urban regions of China despite the rise of supermarket chains since the 1990s. During the 2010s, \"smart markets\" equipped with e-payment terminals emerged as traditional wet markets faced increasing competition from discount stores. Wet markets also began facing competition from online grocery stores, such as Alibaba's Hema stores.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "The trade of wildlife is not common in China, particularly in large cities, and most wet markets in China do not contain live or wild animals besides fish held in tanks. In the early 1980s, small-scale wildlife farming began under the reform and opening up. It began to expand nationwide with government support in the 1990s, but was largely concentrated in the southeastern provinces. In 2003, wet markets across China were banned from holding wildlife after the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak, which was directly tied to such practices. Some poorly regulated Chinese wet markets provided outlets for the wildlife trade industry after the ban, although the illegal wildlife trade in China was predominantly in fur rather than in food or medicine. The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan was linked to the origin of COVID-19 due to its early cluster of cases, leading to further restrictions and enforcement in 2020. In April 2020, the Chinese government unveiled plans to further tighten restrictions on wildlife trade.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Large centralised wet markets have existed in Hong Kong since at least 16 May 1842, when Central Market was opened. Wet markets are most frequented by older residents, those with lower incomes, and domestic helpers who serve approximately 10 percent of Hong Kong's residents. Most neighbourhoods contain at least one wet market. Wet markets have become destinations for tourists to \"see the real Hong Kong\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Prior to 2000, many of Hong Kong's wet markets were managed by the Urban Council (within Hong Kong Island and Kowloon) or the Regional Council (in the New Territories). Since 2000, wet markets in Hong Kong have been regulated by the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department. Under the Slaughterhouse Regulation, the slaughtering of live bovine animals, swine, goats, sheep or soliped for human consumption must take place in a licensed slaughterhouse, None of the wet markets in Hong Kong hold wild or exotic animals.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "In 2018, the FEHD operated 74 wet markets housing approximately 13,070 stalls. In addition, the Hong Kong Housing Authority operated 21 markets while private developers operated about 99 (in 2017).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "The Indian meat, poultry, and seafood industries are largely dependent on wet markets. According to Food & Beverage News, domestic consumers prefer freshly cut meat from wet markets over processed and frozen meats despite use of outdated and unhygienic facilities by the majority of Indian wet market abattoirs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "In Delhi, the food retail system consists of the traditional informal food retail sector (wet markets, pushcarts, and kirana \"mom-and-pop\" stores), rent-free-subsidized retailers' cooperatives, government-owned food distribution channels, and private modern supermarkets. Delhi wet markets generally consist of a number of small retailers that cluster together to sell their produce during daily fixed hours. A 2010 study of Delhi food retail found that 68% to 75% of the total quantity of fruits and vegetables sold to consumers were distributed by wet market retailers. The same study surveyed consumers at 518 wet market retailers in Delhi and found that their transactions included relatively little bargaining, with only a 3% average difference between the final price and the initially quoted price.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Traditional wet markets, called pasars (including pasar malam and pasar pagi), are found across in Indonesia in both urban and rural areas. Wet markets face increasing competition from supermarkets as well as e-commerce companies like Shopee and Tokopedia. As of 2020, there are 12.3 million traders across 13,450 wet markets in Indonesia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "In 2016, the Indonesia government's policy to stabilise beef prices required importers to sell cheaper-priced meats in wet markets instead of in supermarkets and hypermarkets. In Greater Jakarta, Indian buffalo meat is predominantly sold in wet markets, with limited market penetration from supermarkets and hypermarkets as of 2018. In contrast, only 7% of consumers in Jakarta purchase Australian beef from supermarkets in 2018. In 2018, Indonesian wet market vendors that import goods expressed concerns over the decrease in value of the Indonesian rupiah.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Wet markets throughout Indonesia have undergone major renovations in the 2010s under a government program. In 2018, the first modern wet market opened in Jakarta with a laboratory as well as freezing and refrigeration facilities. Through June 2020, health protocols and mobility restrictions from the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia resulted in a 65% reduction in revenue for wet market traders, according to the Traditional Market Traders Association (IKAPPI). In mid-2020, wet markets in several provinces accounted for several major clusters of COVID-19 cases. An Airlangga University survey from May to June 2020 found that people in East Java wet markets followed health protocols, including social distancing and mask-wearing, the least relative to other public places in East Java.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "In March 2020, the Malaysian government temporarily banned the operation of all wet markets (including pasar malam and pasar pagi) as a national response to the coronavirus pandemic.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "In the Philippines, wet markets are managed by cooperatives according to legislation such as the Cooperatives Code (RA 7160) and the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (RA 8435). The Philippine government has control over the price of some commodities sold in palengkes, especially critical foods such as rice.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "In July 2017, the digital wet market Palengke Boy was launched in Davao City to compete against traditional wet markets. In March 2020, the Pasig local government launched a mobile wet market to ensure access to basic goods during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Wet markets in Singapore are subsidized by the government. The Tekka Market, Tiong Bahru Market, and Chinatown Complex Market are prominent wet markets containing seasonal fruit, fresh vegetables, imported beef, and live seafood.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "In the early 1990s, the slaughter of animals was banned in 12 inner-city markets and 22 wet market centers in Singapore. In early 2020, the National Environment Agency issued advisories for \"high standards of hygiene and cleanliness\" for the 83 markets that it oversees in a response to the 2020 coronavirus pandemic.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "In Sri Lanka, where poultry is the leading livestock industry and constitutes the only meat export industry, the majority of broiler chickens are mechanically processed in semi-automated plants. However, poultry is still slaughtered in wet markets that generally cater to specific groups of customers and ethnic groups. A 2017 study of 102 semi-automated poultry processing plants and 25 poultry-slaughtering wet markets found that 27.4% of the broiler neck skin samples from the semi-automated processing facilities tested positive for Campylobacter contamination, while 48% of broiler neck skin samples from the wet market processing facilities tested positive for Campylobacter contamination.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Many wet markets in Taiwan originated as groups of peddlers and roadside stalls that organized into informal physical structures. By 2020, wet markets had been in decline throughout Taiwan for decades and revitalization efforts have been largely unsuccessful.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "In 1997, a report by the Taipei city government indicated that the city had 61 major wet markets with almost 10,000 registered vendors. The report also indicated that most of the city's wet markets were in serious need of repair and that almost 3,500 of the vendor stalls lay vacant. The Nanmen Market in Taipei is a government-owned traditional wet market that was opened in 1907 during the Japanese colonial rule. The market building was demolished in October 2019 and the market temporarily relocated until its replacement modern 12-floor building is completed in 2022.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "One of the largest wet markets in Taiwan, the Jianguo Market in Taichung, was torn down and replaced by a new facility in 2016. The new facilities provided better hygiene, disability accessibility, and refrigeration, but the relocation was initially met with hesitation from the local vendors before a grassroots outreach campaign led to greater acceptance.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Wet markets are the dominant preferred venue for grocery shopping in Thailand due to the local preference for fresh food, as well as lower prices and familiarity with shopkeepers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "United Arab Emirates", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "In October 2018, a Meat & Livestock Australia report said that while the United Arab Emirates's grocery retail sector is highly developed, wet markets are still prominent throughout the country.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "In 2017, there were approximately 9,000 wet markets, 800 supermarkets, 160 shopping malls and 1.3 million small family-owned stores across Vietnam according to government estimates.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "In 2017, the Hanoi city government planned to renovate the city's wet markets and transform them into modern shopping malls. The plan was met with resistance from wet market vendors after significant declines in sales figures from other markets that were moved to the basements of high-end shopping centers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "In 2020, Prime Minister of Vietnam Nguyễn Xuân Phúc announced proposals to ban wildlife trade in Vietnam.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Rungis International Market in the Île-de-France region, created in 1969, is the largest market for fresh food in the whole of Europe, selling food from both within and without Île-de-France. The largest wholesale food market in the world, and perhaps even the largest fresh food market, various foods are offered, including sheep and eel. By 1972, 6000 tonnes of fruits and vegetables were shipped to the market daily.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "The Porta Palazzo Market in the northwestern city of Turin is the largest street market in Europe, having about a hundred fresh food producers sell their goods at the height of the season in the city's historic district. The Turinese authorities, working alongside those of the market, have increasingly attempted to reconfigure the public's perception of the market as a multicultural space and a site for tourism, featuring cuisine from around the world.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "The Iveagh Markets in Dublin, Ireland was an indoor market that was divided into a dry market that sold clothes and a wet market that sold fish, fruit, and vegetables. The market operated from 1906 and had become dilapidated by the 1980s. The last stalls closed in the 1990s and the building is still derelict as of 2018 despite failed attempts to redevelop the site into a new food market complex.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "In 2020, SBS reported that wet markets were once common in Australia and were gradually shut down over time as abattoirs were centralised and moved away from cities. Media outlets Daily Mercury and Herald Sun, as well as Agriculture Minister David Littleproud and Leader of the Labor Party Anthony Albanese, have described various fresh meat, seafood, and produce markets in Australia, such as the Sydney Fish Market and Melbourne Fish Market, as wet markets in response to international calls to ban wet markets.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Animal–industrial complex", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Ye wei (southern China)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Wet markets at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b05ee8be", "title": "Wet market", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b05ee8be.json"}}
{"text": "Sisingaan, also known as Gotong Singa, Singa Ungkleuk, Singa Depok, Kuda Ungkleuk, Pergosi, or Odong-odong, is a traditional Sundanese lion dance that originated in Subang, West Java, Indonesia. This lion dance performance is marked by a form of an ark or palanquin that resembles a lion. The lion ark or lion-shaped effigy is carried by a group of dancers who perform various attractions accompanied by traditional music. This dance is usually performed to celebrate a child's circumcision ceremony, where the child is carried on the lion around the kampung (village).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c69c85a7", "title": "Sisingaan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisingaan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c69c85a7.json"}}
{"text": "In Sundanese language the term sisingaan means \"imitation lion\", \"playing the lion\" or \"lion play\". This refers to the form of a lion-like effigy that is the main part of the show.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c69c85a7", "title": "Sisingaan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisingaan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c69c85a7.json"}}
{"text": "Unlike other lion dances however, this lion dance is quite different. It uses lion-like statue or an effigy doll that resembles a lion in couchant (lying down) position, being held in a palanquin-like structure by four or two men with bamboo rods. The lion statue is ridden by the children who have been circumcised, carried away and held high by men in certain dance movements, sometimes involving acrobatics. The dance is accompanied with a traditional music troupe consists of musicians playing musical instruments; including kendang (drum), kempul, gong, suling bamboo flute and trumpet.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c69c85a7", "title": "Sisingaan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisingaan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c69c85a7.json"}}
{"text": "At first, the Sundanese people of Subang had an art called \"oesungan\" which they carried in the form of birds, deer, stealth on a stretcher. At that time there was no stretcher in the form of a lion like this time. Then The Sisingaan was created around 1975 by Sundanese artists, because remembering the arrival of the reog Ponorogo art to the city which was brought by urbanites from Ponorogo.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c69c85a7", "title": "Sisingaan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisingaan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c69c85a7.json"}}
{"text": "After the Sundanese artists discussed with the Reog artists who were very different from the Reog Dog-Dog Sundanese, that reog from East Java attracted more attention and had philosophical values and historical records against Dutch colonialism, an art was created that was able to show the distinctive identity of Subang from the ideas of the artist.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c69c85a7", "title": "Sisingaan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisingaan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c69c85a7.json"}}
{"text": "Sisingaan was inspired by the Reog series in East Java, which tells of the joy of the journey of King Singa Barong's bodyguards from the kingdom of Lodaya to the Daha kingdom. Even though the king was known to be cruel and arrogant, the guards were always loyal to carry the litter that King Singa Barong slept with.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c69c85a7", "title": "Sisingaan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisingaan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c69c85a7.json"}}
{"text": "In addition, as a symbol of the resistance of the people of Subang against Dutch arbitrariness, which is depicted as a lion in the VOC symbol, it is intended as a calming historical learning education for students.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c69c85a7", "title": "Sisingaan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisingaan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c69c85a7.json"}}
{"text": "At first, the Sundanese people of Subang had an art called \"oesungan\" which they carried in the form of birds, deer, stealth on a stretcher. At that time there was no stretcher in the form of a lion like this time", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c69c85a7", "title": "Sisingaan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisingaan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c69c85a7.json"}}
{"text": "== External links ==", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c69c85a7", "title": "Sisingaan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisingaan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c69c85a7.json"}}
{"text": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time (stylized in all caps) is the fifth studio album by Scottish indie rock band The Twilight Sad, released by Rock Action Records on 18 January 2019. The album is the band's first studio album on Rock Action (the band had previously been signed to Fat Cat Records since 2005), and their first since the amicable departure of founding member Mark Devine in early 2018. Three singles preceded the album's release, along with nationwide tours of the United States, Europe and the United Kingdom. The album title originates from the lyrics in the song \"Sunday Day13\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dcea3ce", "title": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Won/t_Be_Like_This_All_the_Time", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dcea3ce.json"}}
{"text": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time was released to universally positive reviews, and charted at number 1 on the Scottish Albums Chart, and number 17 on the UK Albums Chart.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dcea3ce", "title": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Won/t_Be_Like_This_All_the_Time", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dcea3ce.json"}}
{"text": "On 22 January 2018, The Twilight Sad announced via social media that drummer and founding member Mark Devine had amicably left the band. The band's new touring drummer, Sebastien Schultz, joined the band shortly thereafter, while session drummer Jonny Scott played drums on the album.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dcea3ce", "title": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Won/t_Be_Like_This_All_the_Time", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dcea3ce.json"}}
{"text": "In an interview with NME, posted on 9 July 2018, guitarist/producer Andy MacFarlane stated that the band's fifth studio album is \"finished\", with a tentative release date of January 2019. MacFarlane said, \"It all came together really well. To me, it's like a different band almost. I did a stupid thing of writing loads of music, then giving it to James to write stuff over, then I deleted all the music. So then I wrote another album under it... I think we just needed to shake up the routine. One of our mates bought us those Brian Eno Oblique Strategy cards. I picked one out and it was like 'delete everything, must try harder, don't tell James'. The aim was to try and do stuff that we'd enjoy playing live, to make it more interesting for ourselves as well as everyone else.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dcea3ce", "title": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Won/t_Be_Like_This_All_the_Time", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dcea3ce.json"}}
{"text": "In the same interview, singer James Graham discussed the album's lyrics and themes, describing them as \"heavier\": \"It's all pretty full on but there's some lighter shades and some hope on there. The first song that we're going to come back with epitomises the record. It's got really noisy guitars but it's pretty melodic. I think it's the next stage of who we're meant to be. ...I won't say exactly what it's dealing with [lyrically] because a lot of it might be quite obvious, but I'm not hiding behind a lot of metaphors anymore. I've done that, what's the point in trying to do it again? I'm really proud of our lyrics in the past but this is just what came out. I don't need to hide behind anything any more. It's a bit of a leap to just go 'this is actually how I'm feeling.' I think now is the time to just be more open and honest with people. For myself it was important to say these things, but when it was done it was great to share it's okay to feel that way.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dcea3ce", "title": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Won/t_Be_Like_This_All_the_Time", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dcea3ce.json"}}
{"text": "In mid-2018, The Twilight Sad played their first live shows for some 20 months. A new track, \"The Arbor\", was premiered at Primavera Sound on 31 May, followed by two more (\"Shooting Dennis Hopper Shooting\" and \"VTr\") at the Brudenell Social Club in Leeds on 16 June. On 10 July, the band shared a further new track, \"I/m Not Here [missing face]\", and announced a tour of the United States and Europe in the autumn. On 5 September, the album was officially announced, and the album's first proper single, closing track \"Videograms\", was made available for streaming, with a physical release for the single on 10\" vinyl released on 26 October 2018. The album's third single, \"VTr\", was released for streaming and digital download only on 13 November 2018.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dcea3ce", "title": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Won/t_Be_Like_This_All_the_Time", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dcea3ce.json"}}
{"text": "Ahead of the album's release, on 3 January 2019, the band shared a free download of \"Videograms\" as remixed by Andrew Weatherall. Additionally, on 9 January 2019, the official music video for \"VTr\" premiered online. A music video for the album's digital-only de facto fourth single \"Shooting Dennis Hopper Shooting\" premiered on 2 April 2019. The video contains old film footage belonging to the band's keyboardist Brendan Jay Smith, and was directed by Smith and Cameron Gleave.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dcea3ce", "title": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Won/t_Be_Like_This_All_the_Time", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dcea3ce.json"}}
{"text": "According to Andy MacFarlane, first single \"I/m Not Here [missing face]\" was born out of the same 'chord shapes' as Erik Satie's \"Ogives\". Lyrically, James Graham described the song as being about \"my ongoing battle with not liking myself, trying to be a good person but constantly feeling like I'm failing myself and everyone I care about.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dcea3ce", "title": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Won/t_Be_Like_This_All_the_Time", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dcea3ce.json"}}
{"text": "In an interview with The Line of Best Fit, Graham and MacFarlane revealed the details behind third single \"VTr\". Graham said, \"Andy called the song \"VTr\" at the demo stage of writing and we decided to stick with that when it came time to decide on track titles. After the album had been finished and all the songs had been named, as I was walking my wife into the hospital as she was going into labour with our son, I looked down at the pavement and spray painted there was VTR. I think the line \"there's no love too small\" is one of the most hopeful I've ever written – seeing that song title on the ground as I was entering the hospital to have the most life-affirming moment in my life blew my mind. That line came into my head one dark day as all I could see was bad news all around me and all I needed was a bit of good news or compassion to get me through the day no matter how small. Unfortunately, I didn't see it so the lines \"I won't be surprised if it kills us all\" came soon after.\" MacFarlane explained that the music of \"VTr\" evolved from taking sections of Brian Eno's song \"The Big Ship\" (from 1975's Another Green World), putting them into a sampler and creating loops to play along to on his guitar, and developed the melodies and chords from there.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dcea3ce", "title": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Won/t_Be_Like_This_All_the_Time", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dcea3ce.json"}}
{"text": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time was released to universal critical acclaim. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 based on reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received a score of 84, based on 15 reviews. The Guardian awarded the album four stars and stated, \"There's certainly nothing new about their sound and fury and throbbing basslines – they fit comfortably into a lineage stretching from The Cure and The Chameleons to The Killers and White Lies – but they have timeless, high-quality songs.\" PopMatters wrote, \"The squalling, shoegaze guitars of Fourteen Autumns & Fifteen Winters, the brooding electronics of No One Can Ever Know, [and] the raw intimacy of Nobody Wants to Be Here and Nobody Wants to Leave are all present but they are melded with fresh, nuanced sonic textures and bright, emphatic post-punk synths all injected with more direct pop hooks and melodies. What's left is an album informed by all of their musical experiences and as such works as their definitive artistic statement.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dcea3ce", "title": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Won/t_Be_Like_This_All_the_Time", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dcea3ce.json"}}
{"text": "The album produced their third longlisting for the Scottish Album of the Year Award.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dcea3ce", "title": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Won/t_Be_Like_This_All_the_Time", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dcea3ce.json"}}
{"text": "James Alexander Graham – vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dcea3ce", "title": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Won/t_Be_Like_This_All_the_Time", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dcea3ce.json"}}
{"text": "Andy MacFarlane – guitars", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dcea3ce", "title": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Won/t_Be_Like_This_All_the_Time", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dcea3ce.json"}}
{"text": "Jonathan Docherty – bass", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dcea3ce", "title": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Won/t_Be_Like_This_All_the_Time", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dcea3ce.json"}}
{"text": "Brendan Smith – keyboards", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dcea3ce", "title": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Won/t_Be_Like_This_All_the_Time", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dcea3ce.json"}}
{"text": "Jonny Scott – drums, percussion", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dcea3ce", "title": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Won/t_Be_Like_This_All_the_Time", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dcea3ce.json"}}
{"text": "Andy MacFarlane – production", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dcea3ce", "title": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Won/t_Be_Like_This_All_the_Time", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dcea3ce.json"}}
{"text": "Andrew Bush – engineering", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dcea3ce", "title": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Won/t_Be_Like_This_All_the_Time", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dcea3ce.json"}}
{"text": "Chris Coady – mixing", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dcea3ce", "title": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Won/t_Be_Like_This_All_the_Time", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dcea3ce.json"}}
{"text": "Greg Calbi – mastering", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dcea3ce", "title": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Won/t_Be_Like_This_All_the_Time", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dcea3ce.json"}}
{"text": "Dave \"DLT\" Thomas – artwork", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dcea3ce", "title": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Won/t_Be_Like_This_All_the_Time", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dcea3ce.json"}}
{"text": "Robert Smith – \"vambo\" (musical guidance)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dcea3ce", "title": "It Won/t Be Like This All the Time", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Won/t_Be_Like_This_All_the_Time", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dcea3ce.json"}}
{"text": "Shalom Kramer (Hebrew: שלום קרמר; May 31, 1912 – October 3, 1978), was an Israeli essayist, editor and literary critic.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "Shalom Kramer was born in Sanok, Galicia, which was transferred from the Austro-Hungarian Empire to Poland after World War I.  His father, Shlomo (Solomon) Kramer, was a manufacturer of juices and vinegar, one of the largest employers of the city, and a leader of the Young Mizrachi Movement in Galicia. Kramer grew up in Sanok and studied in a cheder (a religious primary school) and a Polish primary school until 1925. From 1925 to 1931 he attended  Takhkemoni Rabbinical School in Warsaw, along with his friend Abba Ben-David (later the first language consultant of the Israel Broadcasting Authority). There, he acquired a Jewish and general education and was ordained as a rabbi. In 1931-32 he studied for a Polish matriculation certificate in Vilna, and from 1932 to 1933 he studied law at the University of Lwow.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "In November 1934, he immigrated to Mandatory Palestine, where he pursued undergraduate and graduate degrees in Hebrew Literature, Hebrew Language and Philosophy at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,  His dissertation, which he did not complete, was on the life and work of David Frishman. He supported himself with work in construction and as a surveyor.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "Kramer was one of the first people in the Jewish Yishuv (pre-state Jewish community) to learn about the murder of the Jews of Europe. Opposing the line taken by the newspaper to downplay this information, Kramer resigned and joined the British army in May 1942, serving for two years.  During the Holocaust, many members of his family perished, including his father Shlomo and his brother and sister.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "He died in 1978, leaving his widow, three children, and ten grandchildren.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "Teaching and journalism career", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "In 1944 he moved to Kiryat Haim, a suburb of Haifa, where he taught Hebrew subjects in secondary schools. In 1940-42 he worked  as a news editor for the daily newspaper Davar.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "In 1953 he returned to Jerusalem and taught Hebrew literature at Beit Hinukh high school. From 1955 until his death in 1978, he taught literature at David Yellin College of Education.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "Kramer was the editor of the radio program, “A Minute of Hebrew.” He was an active member of the Hebrew Writers Association in Israel.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "In 1984, the Bialik Institute published Kramer's Frishman the Critic, with an introduction by  Avinoam Barshai. Barshai wrote: \"Shalom Kramer was one of the Hebrew essayists and critics who marked their writing with a powerful personal impression. His essays are essentially profiles, in which the image of novelists, poets, critics, and publicists throbs... In his comprehensive essays, his ability to convey the nature of the author and his writing to his readers stands out. In many of the essays he examined the social background that served as the author's literary matrix, taking note of the relation between the writer and his social environment. For this reason he preferred realism in literary writing ... Though when he discussed any writer he was usually capable of directing himself to the essence of the subject of his criticism, seeking to understand him according to his own tendencies in his creation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "In the introduction to On Criticism and Critics: Chapters on the History of Hebrew Criticism, a posthumous edition of Kramer's writing (published by the Hebrew Writers' Association, in cooperation with Eked, 1980),  editor Haim Toren, wrote: “These essays on eighteen critics and those on 'The Limits of Criticism' and 'Pathways in Hebrew Criticism,' are the product of the work and study of a critic and essayist, a man of culture and stature. They provide excellent material for scholars and students, who wish to expand and deepen their knowledge of the history and development of Hebrew criticism, both its struggles and its victories... This book, along with those that Kramer published during his lifetime, reveals a creative figure, who managed to illuminate, explain, and analyze literary works, and literary, social, and educational problems with the intuition of a fine pedagogue, a man of good taste, reason, good judgment, and high standards, who expressed himself in deep-rooted, clear, and polished Hebrew style.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "In the introduction to A Minute of Hebrew  (published by the Ministry of Education and Culture, the Department of Adult Education, 1980), Abba Bendavid wrote: “Shalom Kramer was an outstanding man of literature and an enthusiastic teacher. In every area of his activity – literary criticism, teaching, and education – he showed what was beautiful, important, and unique in literary works to his readers and listeners, making the works attractive to them... He did not write in the dry, professional style of experts in literature but rather with the colorful expressiveness of a true author.”", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "Awards and recognition", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "In 1970 he won the Wallenrod Prize, awarded for work published in Moznayim, the journal of the Hebrew Writers Association, of which he was an editor.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "Below are English translations of the titles of his works, which are all in Hebrew.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "The Rejected Critic (1946), on the life of Abraham Uri Kovner.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "The Changing of the Guard in our Literature (1959).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "Realism and its Breakdown: on Hebrew Authors from Gnessin to Appelfeld (1968).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "Changes in the Language of David Frishman (1973).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "The Language of Authors: I. Yakov Klatzkin; II. Dov Sadan (1975).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "Faces and Manner: Essays on Poetry and Poets (1976), “From Bialik and Tchernichovsky to Dan Pagis.”", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "On Criticism and Critics: Chapters in the History of Hebrew Criticism (1980).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "A Minute of Hebrew: a Selection of Language Lessons Broadcast on the Voice of Israel (1980).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "Frishman the Critic, a Monograph (1980).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "Kramer edited volumes of Peretz Smolenskin, Moshe Leib Lilienblum, Sh. Shalom, Yehoshua Tan-Pai, Y. H. Ravnitzky, and Shlomo Shpan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "List of publications by Shalom Kramer, in the International Library of Israel", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3fe96bc4", "title": "Shalom Kramer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Kramer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3fe96bc4.json"}}
{"text": "Gaurenopsis is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_34cede8b", "title": "Gaurenopsis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaurenopsis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_34cede8b.json"}}
{"text": "Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_34cede8b", "title": "Gaurenopsis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaurenopsis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_34cede8b.json"}}
{"text": "Joseph O'Donnell D'Anhetan or José O'Donnell y Anhetan (1768–1836) was an Irish-Spanish general who commanded troops from the Kingdom of Spain against Imperial France during the Peninsular War.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbfc1305", "title": "Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O%27Donnell_y_Anhetan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbfc1305.json"}}
{"text": "His father was Joseph O'Donnell O'Donnell and his mother was María Ana de Anhetan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbfc1305", "title": "Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O%27Donnell_y_Anhetan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbfc1305.json"}}
{"text": "Joseph O'Donnell D'Anhetan was the brother of two other generals who also fought during the Peninsular War, Henry O'Donnell, 1st Count of la Bisbal and Carlos O'Donnell as did his three other brothers, Leopoldo and Francisco, both of whom were killed during the war, and Alejandro.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbfc1305", "title": "Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O%27Donnell_y_Anhetan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbfc1305.json"}}
{"text": "His father having enlisted him as a child cadet in the Irlanda Regiment in 1777, he was forced to abandoned his studies at the Royal Military and Mathematics Academy of Barcelona when his regiment, garrisoned at Ceuta, came under siege in 1790.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbfc1305", "title": "Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O%27Donnell_y_Anhetan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbfc1305.json"}}
{"text": "In 1808, O'Donnell was second-in-command to Pedro Caro, 3rd Marquis of la Romana during the escape of the Northern Division from Denmark. Promoted to colonel at the end of that year, O'Donnell was given command of the Princesa Regiment, remaining with La Romana throughout the May 1809 campaign in Asturias. His younger brother, Carlos O'Donnell, would later serve under La Romana.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbfc1305", "title": "Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O%27Donnell_y_Anhetan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbfc1305.json"}}
{"text": "In 1809, O'Donnell led the 698-strong Cavalry Brigade, made up of four squadrons of the", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbfc1305", "title": "Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O%27Donnell_y_Anhetan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbfc1305.json"}}
{"text": "Olivenza Regiment and one squadron of the Santiago Regiment of General Blake's Army of Aragon at the Battle of María.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbfc1305", "title": "Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O%27Donnell_y_Anhetan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbfc1305.json"}}
{"text": "He was beaten by Nicolas Godinot at Zújar in 1811. After the loss of Valencia in January 1812, he ably reorganized the fragments of the Spanish army.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbfc1305", "title": "Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O%27Donnell_y_Anhetan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbfc1305.json"}}
{"text": "While Captain General of Murcia, he suffered a severe defeat at the hands of Jean Isidore Harispe at Castalla in July 1812, a defeat that led to his brother Enrique O'Donnell having to resign from the Regency Council at Cádiz and he, himself, requesting an inquiry into the defeat. In the meantime, the following month he was commissioned to organise the Reserve Army and was finally fully exonerated of any fault for the defeat at Castalla.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbfc1305", "title": "Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O%27Donnell_y_Anhetan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbfc1305.json"}}
{"text": "He was promoted to lieutenant general in 1815.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbfc1305", "title": "Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O%27Donnell_y_Anhetan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbfc1305.json"}}
{"text": "Gates, David (2002). The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War. London: Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-9730-6.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbfc1305", "title": "Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O%27Donnell_y_Anhetan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbfc1305.json"}}
{"text": "Oman, Charles (1996). A History of the Peninsular War Volume IV. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole. ISBN 1-85367-224-6.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbfc1305", "title": "Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O%27Donnell_y_Anhetan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbfc1305.json"}}
{"text": "Oman, Charles (1914). A History of the Peninsular War Volume V. Oxford: Clarendon Press.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbfc1305", "title": "Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O%27Donnell_y_Anhetan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbfc1305.json"}}
{"text": "Smith, Digby (1998). The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill. ISBN 1-85367-276-9.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbfc1305", "title": "Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O%27Donnell_y_Anhetan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbfc1305.json"}}
{"text": "\"Real y Militar Orden de San Fernando 200 Años: Familia de Héroes\" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 January 2014.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dbfc1305", "title": "Joseph O'Donnell y Anhetan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O%27Donnell_y_Anhetan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dbfc1305.json"}}
{"text": "The first season of the Showmax Original soap opera series Wura premiered on 23 January 2023, and concluded on 13 July 2023, with a total of 100 episodes. Shortly after Wura hit 50 episodes, the producers spoke with The Guardian Saturday Magazine, about its plan for the first season to reach over 200 episodes., it was announced that Wura would have only 4 episodes released from Monday to Thursday for 25 weeks. On 13 July 2023, the Showmax announced the end of season 1, shortly after the release of the 100 episodes \"Blabbermouth\". On 13 November 2023, showmax announce the release date for its second season.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_45f83d8e", "title": "Wura season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wura_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_45f83d8e.json"}}
{"text": "Wura tells the story of Wura Amoo-Adeleke, the ruthless CEO of the fictional Frontline Gold Mine, and the perfect wife, a mother of two, who will do anything to maintain her ground in the gold mining industry. In her family, Wura is faultless and a saint, but when it comes to running her business, she becomes that ruthless lady, who doesn't care whose ox is gored in her path to get what she wants.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_45f83d8e", "title": "Wura season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wura_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_45f83d8e.json"}}
{"text": "In the Iperindo community of Osun State, where Wura's mining business is located in Iperindo town, live poverty-stricken residents, many of whom work at the mine, including the Kuti family. The Kuti family, consisting of Pa Kuti, Iyabo Kuti, and their children, Olumide, Ebunoluwa, and Tumininu the adopted child, been found close to a river as a baby by her late adoptive father, Pa Kuti.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_45f83d8e", "title": "Wura season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wura_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_45f83d8e.json"}}
{"text": "Principal photography of the series set location in Iperindo, a community in Atakunmosa East local government in Osun State, a state in southwestern Nigeria. The community discovered gold first in 1945. In 2017, its gold deposit was evaluated at $5 billion. According to Nigerian Entertainment Today author Anjolaoluwa Abiosun, “its community is plagued with poverty and a lack of basic amenities, including access to potable water, motorable roads, and functioning health facilities”.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_45f83d8e", "title": "Wura season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wura_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_45f83d8e.json"}}
{"text": "On 22 April 2023, shortly after Wura hit 50 episodes, the producers spoke with The Guardian Saturday Magazine, about its plan for the first season to reach over 200 episodes. On 13 June 2023, following the release of episode 82 in its 1st season, one of Tinsel directors, Ben Chiadika joined the production team, led by Rogers Ofime as a director.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_45f83d8e", "title": "Wura season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wura_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_45f83d8e.json"}}
{"text": "The cast was reported when season 1 began, with a line-up of Scarlet Gomez, Yomi Fash Lanso, Ray Adeka, Iremide Adeoye, Toluwani George, Oluwaseyi Akinsola, Ropo Ewenla, Ego Ihenacho, Martha Ehinome, and Lanre Adediwura as main cast. With Carol King, Tersy Akpata, Olawale Gold, Rhoda Albert, Muyiwa Donald, Toluwanimi Adekanmbi, Jare Martins, Taiwo Ibikunle, Ayorinde Babatope, Misi Molu, Odufeso Olajumoke, Obadare Akinade, Adekunle David, Chukwuebuka Ude, Audrey Edak Harrison, Aweodein Adeola, Modesinuola Ogundiwin, Casey Edema, Miracle Gabriel, and Mofe Stephens as supporting cast.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_45f83d8e", "title": "Wura season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wura_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_45f83d8e.json"}}
{"text": "Premiere and release", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_45f83d8e", "title": "Wura season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wura_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_45f83d8e.json"}}
{"text": "On 19 January 2023, The Ọọ̀ni of Ifẹ̀  (King of Ife), Oba Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi hosted a private screening at his palace of the first few episodes of the Showmax original series in Osun State. The King wives, Olori Tobi Philips Ogunwusi, Olori Aderonke Ademiluyi Ogunwusi, Olori Afolashade Ogunwusi, and Wura stars Scarlet Gomez, Yomi Fash-Lanso and Ego Iheanacho, alongside other cast and crew members where in attendance.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_45f83d8e", "title": "Wura season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wura_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_45f83d8e.json"}}
{"text": "The king at the official premiere, described the show, saying: “The show was very well put together and professionally done”, and added to the remark by saying: “I’m very impressed and I rarely get impressed with things. I love the naturalistic effect of the series. It premiered to me at the palace and I could barely find any faults. I have to give the entire crew some major credit. The story is very well scripted and that’s the typical determination you find in any Nigerian. It’s a show that will impact society not only in Ife. I look forward to watching the rest of it because it’s very obvious that it’s a series that will address a lot of societal ills and will engage the citizenry as a whole.”", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_45f83d8e", "title": "Wura season 1", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wura_season_1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_45f83d8e.json"}}
{"text": "Salomón Torres Ramirez (born March 11, 1972) is a Dominican former professional baseball player. He began his career in 1993 with the San Francisco Giants, and also played for the Seattle Mariners, Montreal Expos, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Milwaukee Brewers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_341880eb", "title": "Salomón Torres", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%B3n_Torres", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_341880eb.json"}}
{"text": "San Francisco Giants", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_341880eb", "title": "Salomón Torres", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%B3n_Torres", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_341880eb.json"}}
{"text": "Torres is best known for starting the last game of the 1993 season for the Giants, when he gave up three runs over 3+1⁄3 innings to the arch-rival Los Angeles Dodgers. The Giants, winners of 103 games that season, finished in second place behind the 104-win Atlanta Braves, at that time in the National League West division. Though he was then in his first month as a Major Leaguer, some Giants fans blamed Torres for ruining a promising season and apparently never forgave him; those fans continued to heckle him when he returned to San Francisco as an opposing player. Said Torres: \"They come to the park and they pay my salary, so they have the right to heckle me. If that's going to make them feel better and get over what happened in 1993, OK. But it's time to move on.... I don't think I was treated fairly by some of my teammates. And I still don't think I'm being treated fairly by the fans.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_341880eb", "title": "Salomón Torres", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%B3n_Torres", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_341880eb.json"}}
{"text": "Mariners and Expos and first retirement", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_341880eb", "title": "Salomón Torres", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%B3n_Torres", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_341880eb.json"}}
{"text": "The Giants traded Torres to the Seattle Mariners in mid-1995 for Shawn Estes and Wilson Delgado.  After two years with the Mariners, he was claimed off waivers by the Montreal Expos in mid-1997.  After ending the 1997 season with a 9.82 ERA, Torres retired and returned to the Dominican Republic to coach for the Expos' Dominican Summer League team.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_341880eb", "title": "Salomón Torres", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%B3n_Torres", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_341880eb.json"}}
{"text": "Comeback with Pirates", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_341880eb", "title": "Salomón Torres", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%B3n_Torres", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_341880eb.json"}}
{"text": "In 2001, Torres decided to make a comeback, and spent the year playing in the Dominican Winter League and in South Korea. He signed with the Pittsburgh Pirates in January 2002, spending most of the year with the Triple-A team in Nashville before being called up in September. He split the 2003 season between starting and relief work before being moved to the bullpen full-time in 2004. On April 20, 2003, Torres hit Chicago Cubs right fielder Sammy Sosa in the head with an errant fastball that shattered his helmet.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_341880eb", "title": "Salomón Torres", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%B3n_Torres", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_341880eb.json"}}
{"text": "He served as the Pirates setup reliever in 2006, before closer Mike González was injured. That year, his 94 pitching appearances led the major leagues and tied the Pirates record held by Kent Tekulve. González was traded to the Atlanta Braves before the start of the 2007 season, making Torres the Pirates' top choice for closer entering the 2007 season. After blowing four saves for the Pirates, he was demoted from the closer role and replaced with Matt Capps.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_341880eb", "title": "Salomón Torres", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%B3n_Torres", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_341880eb.json"}}
{"text": "Torres was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers on December 7, 2007, for Kevin Roberts and Marino Salas. After beginning the 2008 season as a middle reliever, Torres was moved into the closer's role when Éric Gagné was put on the disabled list, a role Torres kept for the rest of the year. Torres struggled mightily towards the end of the season, however. On September 18, Torres blew a 4-run lead to the Chicago Cubs, giving up 4 runs with two outs and nobody on in the bottom of the 9th. He posted an ERA over 8.00 in the month of September.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_341880eb", "title": "Salomón Torres", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%B3n_Torres", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_341880eb.json"}}
{"text": "His season, though, was relatively solid: 28 saves in 35 chances, 51 strikeouts in 80 innings of work, an ERA of 3.41, and a record of 7–5. During his time in Milwaukee, he introduced a new strike-out pitch in which he dropped down to a side-arm delivery.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_341880eb", "title": "Salomón Torres", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%B3n_Torres", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_341880eb.json"}}
{"text": "During the middle of the 2008 season, Torres stated in an interview that he wasn't sure about his future in baseball, and on November 11 Torres told Brewers GM Doug Melvin that he was retiring from the game.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_341880eb", "title": "Salomón Torres", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%B3n_Torres", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_341880eb.json"}}
{"text": "In February 2024, it was announced that Torres would take on the role of pitching coach for the newly established Tri-State Coal Cats in Huntington, West Virginia, part of the Appalachian League.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_341880eb", "title": "Salomón Torres", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%B3n_Torres", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_341880eb.json"}}
{"text": "Torres is a Jehovah's Witness. He is married to Belkis Denia Donato and has three children.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_341880eb", "title": "Salomón Torres", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%B3n_Torres", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_341880eb.json"}}
{"text": "Career statistics from MLB · ESPN · Baseball Reference · Fangraphs · Baseball Reference (Minors) · Retrosheet   · Baseball Almanac", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_341880eb", "title": "Salomón Torres", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%B3n_Torres", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_341880eb.json"}}
{"text": "\"Sad and Lonely and Blue\" is a song written by Stevie Wright and George Young, recorded by their band the Easybeats in 1965. The song was written in response to the group being labelled as \"pop musicians\" from their previous singles \"She's So Fine\" and Wedding Ring\" along with their debut album Easy. The song is based around a 12-string guitar riff played by guitarist Harry Vanda and sees influences in both British rhythm and blues and jangle pop. Released as a single on 4 November 1965, it was a chart failure compared to their previous releases, only reaching number 21 on the Kent Music Report.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_26d8553b", "title": "Sad and Lonely and Blue", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sad_and_Lonely_and_Blue", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_26d8553b.json"}}
{"text": "Background and composition", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_26d8553b", "title": "Sad and Lonely and Blue", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sad_and_Lonely_and_Blue", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_26d8553b.json"}}
{"text": "By mid-1965, the Easybeats had established themselves as the most popular band in Australia, owing to their two top-ten singles \"She's So Fine\" and \"Wedding Ring\", both upbeat pop songs regarding love. Their popularity in Australia was comparable to Beatlemania, and the press dubbed this phenomenon as \"Easyfever\" in response. In September of that year, their debut album, Easy was released. Eight out of the 14 songs on the album were composed by lead vocalist Stevie Wright and rhythm guitarist George Young, also establishing them as songwriters. Most of the material on that album was upbeat pop in the vein of the aforementioned two singles, deriving inspiration primarily from Merseybeat and British rhythm and blues. However, some band members grew dismayed over their music being labelled as pop.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_26d8553b", "title": "Sad and Lonely and Blue", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sad_and_Lonely_and_Blue", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_26d8553b.json"}}
{"text": "\"Sad and Lonely and Blue\" was written in an effort to steer away from this labelling, written with \"complex harmonies\" from Wright, Young and lead guitarist Harry Vanda, along with a catchy melody. On the song, Vanda plays a twelve-string electric guitar, giving it a distinct \"Byrds-esque\" feel of jangle pop, while simultaneously incorporating rhythm and blues elements from their debut single \"For My Woman (1965). As performed by the Easybeats, \"Sad and Lonely and Blue\" was written in the key of B major, characterized by Vanda's alternating guitar strokes, to which bassist Dick Diamonde provides a counter-melody in between strums. Lyrically, the song revolves around longing for a partner, complete with themes of heartbreak and loneliness, departing from the previously positive lyrics of their previous songs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_26d8553b", "title": "Sad and Lonely and Blue", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sad_and_Lonely_and_Blue", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_26d8553b.json"}}
{"text": "\"Sad and Lonely and Blue\" was released as the Easybeats fourth single on 4 November 1965, backed by \"Easy As Can Be\", a song boasting influences from both rhythm and blues and folk rock. Released through Albert Productions and distributed by Parlophone, the single was what Young described as \"sort of a bomb for us\". At the time of the single's release, Australia did not have a unified national record chart and instead, every major Australian city had their own chart, which meant that airplay of the single was never concentrated across the whole country at the same time. In the estimations of David Kent's retrospective Kent Music Report, the song only reached number 21 nationally, as opposed to both \"She's So Fine\" and \"Wedding Ring\" which were top-10 singles.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_26d8553b", "title": "Sad and Lonely and Blue", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sad_and_Lonely_and_Blue", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_26d8553b.json"}}
{"text": "It was the Easybeats' lowest charting since their debut \"For My Woman\", which reached number 33, and would remain their biggest chart failure until 1967's \"The Music Goes 'Round My Head\". The low charting amidst the height of their popularity has sometimes been attributed to the single's overall somber mood, which resulted in Young stating that the band gave in, \"giving the kids what they wanted\", with the follow-up single \"Women (Make You Feel Alright)\" (1966). \"Sad and Lonely and Blue\" and its B-side were included on the February 1966 EP Easy As Can Be, before being included on their second studio album It's 2 Easy on 24 March 1966.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_26d8553b", "title": "Sad and Lonely and Blue", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sad_and_Lonely_and_Blue", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_26d8553b.json"}}
{"text": "Apter, Jeff (2020). Friday on My Mind. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-76087-494-0.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_26d8553b", "title": "Sad and Lonely and Blue", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sad_and_Lonely_and_Blue", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_26d8553b.json"}}
{"text": "Baker, Glenn A. (2018). The Easybeats Songbook (PVG). Wise Publications. ISBN 978-17-875-904-03.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_26d8553b", "title": "Sad and Lonely and Blue", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sad_and_Lonely_and_Blue", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_26d8553b.json"}}
{"text": "Baker, Glenn A. (1980). Utterances Of Terminal Easyfever (CD). Albert Productions. APM1/2.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_26d8553b", "title": "Sad and Lonely and Blue", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sad_and_Lonely_and_Blue", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_26d8553b.json"}}
{"text": "Kent, David (2005). Australian Chart Book 1940 – 1969. Turramurra, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book Pty Ltd. ISBN 978-064-644-43-90.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_26d8553b", "title": "Sad and Lonely and Blue", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sad_and_Lonely_and_Blue", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_26d8553b.json"}}
{"text": "Tait, John (2010). Vanda & Young: Inside Australia's Hit Factory. University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 978-1-74223-217-1.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_26d8553b", "title": "Sad and Lonely and Blue", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sad_and_Lonely_and_Blue", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_26d8553b.json"}}
{"text": "A Frenchman (Russian: Француз, romanized: Frantsuz) is a 2019 Russian black-and-white historical drama film directed, written, and co-produced by  Andrey Smirnov.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14053429", "title": "A Frenchman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Frenchman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14053429.json"}}
{"text": "The film takes place in 1957. It tells about the French student Pierre Durand, who goes to Moscow for an internship, where he gets acquainted with the Bolshoi Theatre ballerina and photographer, thanks to whom he immerses himself in the cultural life of Moscow.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14053429", "title": "A Frenchman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Frenchman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14053429.json"}}
{"text": "In August 1957, three young left-wing Parisians — Nicole, Jean-Marie, and Pierre — meet for the last time at a café on the banks of the Seine. Jean-Marie is departing to serve in the Algerian War, while Pierre, a student of Russian descent, travels to the Soviet Union for an academic internship.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14053429", "title": "A Frenchman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Frenchman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14053429.json"}}
{"text": "Upon his arrival in Moscow, Pierre Durand takes up residence in the dormitories of Moscow State University (MGU). He studies Russian literature and conducts research for his thesis on the work of French ballet master Marius Petipa. During his stay, he befriends Valery Uspensky, a photography student at VGIK (the All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography). Valery introduces Pierre to Kira Galkina, a ballerina at the Bolshoi Theatre. Due to the relative cultural openness of the Khrushchev Thaw, Pierre — a Frenchman fluent in Russian — is received with curiosity and interest by Muscovites. Through his new acquaintances, Pierre becomes immersed not only in the official Soviet culture but also in its unofficial, underground life.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14053429", "title": "A Frenchman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Frenchman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14053429.json"}}
{"text": "As Pierre becomes closer to Kira, he develops romantic feelings for her, leading to subtle rivalry with his friend Valery.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14053429", "title": "A Frenchman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Frenchman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14053429.json"}}
{"text": "Parallel to his academic pursuits, Pierre is on a personal quest to find his biological father — a former White Army officer named Tatishchev. In 1931, Pierre’s mother, a descendant of an old Russian noble family, had a brief affair with Tatishchev, resulting in her pregnancy. Concealing the pregnancy, she took a post at the Soviet trade mission in Berlin, from which she eventually escaped and emigrated to Paris.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14053429", "title": "A Frenchman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Frenchman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14053429.json"}}
{"text": "With the help of former Smolny Institute alumni who had spent years in the Gulag, Pierre eventually locates Tatishchev, who is now working as a night watchman in a provincial town. It is revealed that, following the evacuation of White forces to Constantinople, Tatishchev remained in the RSFSR. He somehow survived the Red Terror in Crimea and lived freely into the early 1930s, even enjoying holidays at the seaside. His occupation prior to his first arrest remains unclear. Tatishchev was imprisoned multiple times throughout the 1930s and 1940s but ultimately survived the Gulag system.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14053429", "title": "A Frenchman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Frenchman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14053429.json"}}
{"text": "When Pierre and Tatishchev finally meet, the aging officer expresses astonishment that his son has become a communist, seeing it as a bitter irony. Tatishchev confides in Pierre a personal revelation: as a talented mathematician, he claims to have mathematically proven the existence of God. Not long after their meeting, Tatishchev passes away.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14053429", "title": "A Frenchman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Frenchman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14053429.json"}}
{"text": "Pierre returns to Moscow, only to learn that Valery has been arrested. Soon afterward, he departs for Paris.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14053429", "title": "A Frenchman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Frenchman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14053429.json"}}
{"text": "Anton Rival as Pierre Durand, French student", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14053429", "title": "A Frenchman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Frenchman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14053429.json"}}
{"text": "Evgenia Obraztsova as Kira Galkina, ballerina of the Bolshoi Theater", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14053429", "title": "A Frenchman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Frenchman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14053429.json"}}
{"text": "Evgeniy Tkachuk as Valery \"Valera\" Uspensky, photographer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14053429", "title": "A Frenchman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Frenchman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14053429.json"}}
{"text": "Aleksandr Baluev as Tatishchev", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14053429", "title": "A Frenchman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Frenchman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14053429.json"}}
{"text": "Mikhail Efremov as Valery Uspensky's dad", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14053429", "title": "A Frenchman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Frenchman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14053429.json"}}
{"text": "Roman Madyanov as Chuhnovsky", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14053429", "title": "A Frenchman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Frenchman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14053429.json"}}
{"text": "Nina Drobysheva as Olga Obrezkova", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14053429", "title": "A Frenchman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Frenchman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14053429.json"}}
{"text": "Natalya Tenyakova as Maria Obrezkova", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14053429", "title": "A Frenchman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Frenchman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14053429.json"}}
{"text": "Thomas Alden as Louis", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14053429", "title": "A Frenchman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Frenchman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14053429.json"}}
{"text": "Anna Neverova as Marusya", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14053429", "title": "A Frenchman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Frenchman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14053429.json"}}
{"text": "Alexander Zamuraev as Alcoholic", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14053429", "title": "A Frenchman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Frenchman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14053429.json"}}
{"text": "Manuel Sinor as Restaurateur", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14053429", "title": "A Frenchman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Frenchman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14053429.json"}}
{"text": "The film was written and directed by Andrey Smirnov, and co-produced by Elena Prudnikova, Smirnov, and ValeryTodorovsky.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14053429", "title": "A Frenchman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Frenchman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14053429.json"}}
{"text": "A Frenchman won the Nika Award for Best Feature Film and Best Director, along with other awards.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14053429", "title": "A Frenchman", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Frenchman", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14053429.json"}}
{"text": "Sepp Kuss (born September 13, 1994) is an American professional cyclist who rides for UCI WorldTeam Visma–Lease a Bike. He won the 2023 Vuelta a España, becoming the first American to win a Grand Tour since Chris Horner in 2013. Kuss is the second cyclist to win a Grand Tour and finish all three Grand Tours in a single season, after Gastone Nencini in 1957.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "Born in Durango, Colorado, Kuss started as a mountain biker and won three collegiate national championships at the University of Colorado Boulder. After transitioning to road cycling in 2016, Kuss progressed from amateur races to the WorldTour within two years, establishing himself as a climbing specialist. Media outlets have described Kuss as a \"super-domestique\" for his support of team leaders Primož Roglič and Jonas Vingegaard in winning a combined six Grand Tours. Kuss won individual stages at the Tour de France (2021) and Vuelta a España (2019, 2023) as well as the general classification at the 2018 Tour of Utah and 2024 Vuelta a Burgos. His 2023 Vuelta victory completed Team Jumbo-Visma's unprecedented sweep of all three Grand Tours in a single season.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "Early life and background", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "Sepp Kuss was born on September 13, 1994, in Durango, Colorado to parents Adolph and Sabina Kuss. Adolph was the coach of the United States Ski Team from 1963 to 1972, and a professor of exercise science at Fort Lewis College. A significant figure in developing the outdoor sports reputation of Durango, he was inducted into the Colorado Snowsports Hall of Fame in 1990. His mother Sabina also taught Nordic skiing.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "Kuss excelled in many outdoor sports as a child, including trail running, skiing, and whitewater kayaking. His favorite sport as a child was ice hockey. In fourth grade, his parents enrolled him in Durango Devo, a youth mountain bike program that has produced other significant cyclists such as Howard Grotts, an Olympian in 2016, and Christopher Blevins, winner of the short track event at the 2021 UCI Mountain Bike World Championships. Kuss committed to cycling as his primary sport during his senior year of high school.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "In 2013, Kuss enrolled at the University of Colorado Boulder, where he continued mountain biking. Kuss won three national titles at the cycling collegiate championships in XC (2014 and 2015) and Short Track (2014). Kuss also competed internationally, racing at the 2014 UCI Mountain Bike World Championships in Lillehammer, where he finished 36th in the under 23 cross country race. The next year, at the 2015 championships in Andorra, Kuss finished 48th in the same event.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "During a university cycling team interview, when asked about his favorite type of racing, Kuss said \"XC is my thing but I enjoy road races too,\" and stated that his cycling ambitions were only to \"take cycling as far as I can once I finish my degree.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "In Kuss's own words, he \"slowly gravitated to road racing\" over the course of college. After being introduced to road cycling through a collegiate cycling club, Kuss decided in 2015 to split his effort between road and mountain biking. On the road, he raced with an amateur team sponsored by Intermountain LiveWell. In an interview, Kuss stated he was drawn to road cycling because of \"the longer, steeper climbs, those longer efforts,\" which he felt suited his skills better than mountain bike courses.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "In 2016, Kuss joined the amateur Gateway Harley Davidson / Trek team, and decided to focus fully on road cycling. He increased his training volume and consistency, and worked to adjust to the style of modern road cycling, which he found more dynamic than the \"time trial\"-like efforts of mountain biking. His first win on the road came in the Redlands Bicycle Classic, where Kuss beat former UCI WorldTour riders Lachlan Morton and Janier Acevedo on the stage 2 summit finish to Oak Glen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "Kuss's surprise win drew the attention of professional teams. In May, Kuss raced at the Tour of the Gila, where he again demonstrated his climbing potential with a fourth place finish on the opening stage climb to Mogollon. Following the race, where Kuss finished 14th overall, Rally Cycling announced they were signing Kuss for the remainder of the 2016 season.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "Rally Cycling (2016–2017)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "In Kuss's first stage race with Rally, the Tour de Beauce in Canada, he won a mountain stage and finished 6th overall. For the remainder of the 2016 season, Kuss travelled to Europe for his first block of international road racing, including riding the Tour de l'Avenir with the US national team. In a 2020 interview, Kuss recalled \"being absolutely blown away, physically and mentally, by the toughness of European racing.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "At the 2017 Tour of California, Kuss finished 10th on the difficult stage 5 climb to Mount Baldy. This drew the attention of LottoNL–Jumbo director Merijn Zeeman, who reached out to Kuss for physiological testing. Kuss followed up with strong results for the rest of the 2017 season, including a second overall finish at the Tour of Alberta. Just days after his 23rd birthday, Kuss signed a two-year contract with LottoNL-Jumbo, to ride in the UCI WorldTour starting in 2018. In just two years, Kuss had transitioned from a collegiate mountain biker to the highest level of road cycling. He signed his first WorldTour contract while still a college student—he completed his degree in advertising at UC Boulder in late 2017.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "LottoNL-Jumbo (2018–present)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "2018–2019: Adjustment to WorldTour", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "Kuss struggled to start his first season with the Dutch team, getting frequent DNFs as he adjusted to WorldTour racing. In August, Kuss returned to the US for the Tour of Utah. On stage 2, Kuss attacked with 45 km to the finish, catching the day's breakaway and riding solo to win the stage and go into the overall lead. Kuss attacked again on stage 5, a difficult queen stage ending at Snowbird, winning by over 30 seconds, before cementing his victory with another solo attack to win the final stage 6. Kuss finished with 3 stage wins, the mountains jersey, and the overall victory in what The Salt Lake Tribune called \"the most dominant performance in the history of this event.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "Following his performance in Utah, Kuss was selected to ride in the 2018 Vuelta a España, his first Grand Tour. LottoNL–Jumbo management did not typically select neo-pros to Grand Tour teams, but they made an exception for Kuss. Kuss rode as a domestique, leading the peloton in the mountains for team leader Steven Kruijswijk, who finished the race in fourth overall.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "Kuss rode in the 2019 Giro d'Italia, supporting Primož Roglič who finished the race third overall. In August, Kuss returned to the Vuelta a España. On stage 15, Kuss attacked from the breakaway on the final climb to Puerto del Acebo, riding solo for the final 6 km to claim his first Grand Tour stage win. Kuss also supported Roglič throughout the race, who would go on to win the general classification. The race established Kuss as one of Roglič's key mountain domestiques, a partnership that would continue in many future Grand Tours.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "2020–2022: Mountain super-domestique", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "In 2020, Kuss won stage 5 of the Critérium du Dauphiné, riding away from a group of strong climbers on the final climb in Megève. Later that month, Kuss was officially selected for his first Tour de France, as part of a Jumbo-Visma squad that cycling media called a 'super-team' led by Roglič, Tom Dumoulin, and Steven Kruijswijk.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "During the Tour, Kuss established himself as a 'super-domestique', and was widely noted for his ability to assist team leader Roglič in the mountains and stay with the race leaders deep into climbs. Kuss finished the race in 15th overall, the best American debut performance at the Tour since 2013, when Andrew Talansky finished 10th. Kuss continued to support Roglič in the 2020 Vuelta a España, who won the race for the second consecutive year.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "In 2021, Kuss again rode the Tour de France. On stage 15, Kuss broke away from a group of 20 riders with 5 km to go on the Col de Beixalis, the stage's final climb. Kuss maintained his lead for the 15 km that followed the summit, winning the stage 23 seconds ahead of Alejandro Valverde. It was the first Tour de France stage win by an American since Tyler Farrar won stage 3 in 2011. Kuss, who lives in Andorra, said after the stage that he knew the climb well from training, and had been particularly motivated to win so close to home.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "During the 2021 Vuelta a España Kuss and his teammates rode in support of Roglič, who was aiming to win his third consecutive Vuelta title. Kuss started the race well, holding the King of the Mountains jersey for the first two stages. On the decisive stage 17 to Lagos de Covadonga, where Roglič won the stage and took the overall lead, Kuss showed his own climbing strength by winning the sprint for second place and denying bonus seconds to Roglič's rivals. Roglič went on to win the race, while Kuss finished eighth overall, his first top 10 in a Grand Tour.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "As a warmup for the 2022 Tour de France, Jumbo-Visma sent their primary favorites Roglič and Jonas Vingegaard to the Critérium du Dauphiné, while Kuss was given team leadership and the opportunity to target the overall win at the Tour de Suisse. Kuss was in contention, sitting 10 seconds back from the lead after stage 4, but prior to stage 5 the entire team withdrew from the race due to a COVID-19 infection.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "During the Tour, Kuss rode in support of Roglič and Vingegaard as the team sought to challenge two-time defending champion Tadej Pogačar. After Roglič and key mountain domestique Steven Kruijswijk both crashed out of the race, the burden of defending Vingegaard in the high mountains fell primarily on Kuss. On stage 17, Kuss led Vingegaard up the final climb to Hautacam, passing Vingegaard off to teammate Wout van Aert before Vingegaard attacked to win the stage and secure his overall lead. Vingegaard held both the yellow and polka dot jerseys to the end of the race, with Jumbo-Visma also winning the points classification with Van Aert.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "2023–present: Grand Tour champion", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "Kuss started the 2023 season at the UAE Tour, where he finished 5th overall. Following an injury to teammate Wilco Kelderman, Kuss was selected as his replacement for the Giro d'Italia, changing plans with less than a month before the race. At the Giro, Kuss rode in support of Roglič, who won the general classification. Kuss was widely credited as Roglič's top domestique, particularly for his role on stage 16, where Roglič was distanced by João Almeida and Geraint Thomas. Kuss's pace-making helped limit the gap, a performance one cycling journalist described as helping to \"save the Giro for his leader.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "In July, Kuss rode in the Tour de France, this time helping Vingegaard win a second consecutive title. This marked the sixth time Kuss had supported his team leader to a Grand Tour victory. Despite crashing hard on the penultimate stage, Kuss finished in 12th overall, his best result at the Tour.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "In August, Kuss was named to the startlist of the Vuelta a España, his third Grand Tour of the year, riding alongside both Roglič and Vingegaard as Team Jumbo–Visma attempted to become the first team to sweep the Grand Tours in a single season.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "At the Vuelta, Kuss's team took a disappointing 11th place in the opening stage time trial, which featured rain and multiple teams crashing. On stage 6, Kuss won by 26 seconds after attacking from a large breakaway group and riding solo for the final 2.5 km. The victory moved him into second in the general classification, eight seconds behind breakaway companion Lenny Martinez. Two days later, Kuss finished a minute ahead of Martinez on the difficult final climb to Xorret de Catí, moving into the lead of the race. On stage 13, Kuss's teammate Vingegaard won the stage, with Kuss taking second and Roglič third; this placed the Jumbo-Visma team in the top 3 positions of the general classification. Despite losing time to his teammates, notably being dropped by both on stage 17 to Alto de L'Angliru, Kuss successfully defended his lead for the remainder of the race. After his win, Kuss was celebrated for multiple milestones: he became the first cyclist to ride all three Grand Tours and win one in the same season since Gastone Nencini in 1957, the fourth American to win a Grand Tour, and the first American since Chris Horner in 2013. His win also completed Jumbo-Visma's historic sweep of the Grand Tours, the first team to do so in a single season, along with sweeping the Vuelta podium—an achievement The Guardian described as \"unprecedented dominance.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "Following the Vuelta, the fitness-tracking app Strava announced Kuss had set 808 KOMs—a virtual trophy for the fastest time on a segment—across the year, the most of any professional athlete. In total, Kuss' logged activities on the app covered 29,007 kilometres (18,024 mi) and 547,019 metres (1,794,682 ft) of elevation gain. This included setting multiple KOMs in every Grand Tour of 2023.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "In 2024, Kuss was originally named in his team's start list for the Tour de France, but was scratched before the race began due to a COVID-19 infection. Despite the interruption to his preparation, Kuss won his next race, the Vuelta a Burgos. He took the race lead on stage 3, winning on the mountain-top finish, then defending to take the overall win by 5 seconds over Max Poole. Kuss started the 2024 Vuelta a España, but was unable to defend his title and finished the race in 14th place.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "At the start of the 2025 season, Kuss and his team announced that he would be returning to his \"super-domestique role\" rather than taking a leadership role during stage races. Kuss cited pressure and lack of results during the 2024 season as reasons for the shift. Kuss rode in the Tour de France, and was active in breakaways as well as pacing for team leader Vingegaard, who finished second overall.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "Kuss is of Slovenian and Italian descent, with his great-grandparents immigrating from Europe to Colorado in the 1800s. Kuss speaks German in addition to English.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "In 2022, Kuss married Noemí Ferré Fernández, a Spanish former professional cyclist. In 2024, Kuss and Fernández had their first child. They live in Andorra, a popular location for cyclists due to its high altitude and famous climbs. Kuss is known for setting climbing records on local climbs during training.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "General classification results timeline", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "Sepp Kuss at Cycling Archives", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "Sepp Kuss at ProCyclingStats", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "Sepp Kuss at Cycling Quotient", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "Sepp Kuss at CycleBase", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "Sepp Kuss at MTB Data", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "Sepp Kuss at InterSportStats", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6b7469fa", "title": "Sepp Kuss", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6b7469fa.json"}}
{"text": "Sugar Camp is a town in Oneida County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,694 at the 2010 census. The unincorporated community of Sugar Camp is located in the town", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e4257945", "title": "Sugar Camp, Wisconsin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Camp,_Wisconsin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e4257945.json"}}
{"text": "Sugar Camp was known as 'Robbins' until the 1940s.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e4257945", "title": "Sugar Camp, Wisconsin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Camp,_Wisconsin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e4257945.json"}}
{"text": "According to the United States Census Bureau, and other sources, the town has a total area of 98.0 square miles (253.9 km2), of which 88.9 square miles (230.2 km2)  is land and 9.1 square miles (23.7 km2)  (9.33%) is water.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e4257945", "title": "Sugar Camp, Wisconsin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Camp,_Wisconsin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e4257945.json"}}
{"text": "The community is served by Sugar Camp Elementary School, which is part of the Three Lakes School District.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e4257945", "title": "Sugar Camp, Wisconsin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Camp,_Wisconsin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e4257945.json"}}
{"text": "As of the census of 2010, there were 1,694 people, and 729 households residing in the town. The population density was 17.2 people per square mile (6.7/km2). There were 1,579 housing units at an average density of 16.1 per square mile (6.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.9% White, 0.3% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.2% Black and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e4257945", "title": "Sugar Camp, Wisconsin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Camp,_Wisconsin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e4257945.json"}}
{"text": "There were 729 households, out of which 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.1% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.9% were non-families. 18.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.87.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e4257945", "title": "Sugar Camp, Wisconsin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Camp,_Wisconsin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e4257945.json"}}
{"text": "In the town, the population was spread out, with 19.7% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 28.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.3 males.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e4257945", "title": "Sugar Camp, Wisconsin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Camp,_Wisconsin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e4257945.json"}}
{"text": "The median income for a household in the town was $37,118, and the median income for a family was $44,635. Males had a median income of $35,156 versus $24,405 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,135. About 4.0% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.8% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e4257945", "title": "Sugar Camp, Wisconsin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Camp,_Wisconsin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e4257945.json"}}
{"text": "The Rhinelander-Oneida County Airport (KRHI) serves Sugar Camp, the county and surrounding communities with both scheduled commercial jet service and general aviation services.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e4257945", "title": "Sugar Camp, Wisconsin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Camp,_Wisconsin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e4257945.json"}}
{"text": "Town of Sugar Camp, Wisconsin website", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e4257945", "title": "Sugar Camp, Wisconsin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Camp,_Wisconsin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e4257945.json"}}
{"text": "Sugar Camp Community website", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e4257945", "title": "Sugar Camp, Wisconsin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Camp,_Wisconsin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e4257945.json"}}
{"text": "Kouroukan Fouga, or Kurukan Fuga, was the constitution of the Mali Empire created after the Battle of Krina (1235) by an assembly of nobles to create a government for the newly established empire, according to the Epic of Sundiata. According to oral tradition of the jelis of Mali and Guinea, the Kouroukan Fouga established the federation of Mandinka clans under one government, outlined how it would operate and established the laws by which the people would live. The name Kurukan Fuga is a toponym, translating to \"clearing on granite/lateritic rock\", referring to the plain near where the narrative has Sundiata Keita present the charter. This is often claimed to have been near the town of Ka-ba (present day Kangaba), following the interpretation of Djibril Tamsir Niane, but other scholars have argued that oral histories more commonly place the event at nearby Dakajalan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "The \"Manden Charter, proclaimed in Kurukan Fuga\", was inscribed in 2009 (4.COM) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity kept by UNESCO.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "The earliest extant versions of the Epic of Sundiata were collected in the 1890s, and the first close transcription dates to 1967. As an instance of oral history, the epic does not exist in a fixed form.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "An attempt to \"reconstruct\" the Kouroukan Fouga from oral tradition was made in 1998, in a regional workshop held in Kankan, Guinea, with the aim of publishing and preserving the oral history related to the area's djeli or griots. Assisted by modern communicators and Guinea linguists under the supervision of Siriman Kouyaté, the workshop transcribed and translated the laws and edicts preserved in different regions from the core of the Mali Empire.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "This was one of the first faithful transpositions of oral legend into European tradition inspired writing. Djibril Tamsir Niane in an interview went as far as claiming the reconstruction was a \"declaration on the rights of man\" drafted \"in 1236\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "The English version of the charter was re-published by Mangoné Niang, Director of CELTHO/UA (Niamey), with a short commentary prepared by Siriman Kouyaté, as an annex to the \"Working Documents\" for the \"Inter-generational Forum on Endogenous Governance in West Africa\" organised by Sahel and West Africa Club / OECD in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, from 26 to 28 June 2006. According Niang's introduction, it states: \"The traditionists are those who [recited] the text; then it has been transcribed and translated, with the help of Guinea linguists and under the supervision of Mr. Siriman Kouyaté – Magistrate and traditionist (his family is guardian of the Sosobala, in Niagasole, Guinea). Afterwards S. Kouyaté structured The Charter, without falsifying the essential point, talking here about the modern juridical texts with a view to make it readable for contemporaries\". Niang lists ten \"traditional communicators\" on whose authority the text was reconstructed. Siriman Kouyaté, the author of the reconstruction, is listed as one of the ten authorities. Niang adds that \"the original text in Malinke is available on the digital data bank ARTO\". The ten sources are listed as follows:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Siaka Kouyaté, Niagassola, Siguiri (Guinea),", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Lamine Kouyaté, Loïla, Mandiana (Guinea),", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Damissa Sékou Diabaté, Siguiri (Guinea),", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Koulako Touré, Faranah (Guinea),", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Mamady Kante dit Konkoba, Dinguiraye (Guinea),", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Old Koita, Kérouané (Guinea),", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Sekouba Condé, Dabola (Guinea),", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "E. Oumar Camara, Kankan (Guinea),", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Abdoulaye Kanouté, Tambakounda (Senegal),", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Siriman Kouyaté, Niagassola, Siguiri (Guinea).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "The reconstructed Kouroukan Fouga, as published by Kouyaté, contains 44 edicts. They are divided into four sections concerned with Social Organization (edicts 1-30), Property Rights (edicts 31-36), Environmental Protection (edicts 37-39) and Personal Responsibilities (edicts 40-44).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "The Kouroukan Fouga divided the new empire into ruling clans (lineages) that were represented at a great assembly called the Gbara. There were 16 clans known as the Djon-Tan-Nor-Woro (quiver carriers) responsible for leading and defending the empire. There were also 4 clans known as the Mori-Kanda-Lolou (guardians of the faith) who guided the ruling clans in matters of Islamic law. There were 4 nyamakala clans (people of caste) who had the monopoly on certain trades, which included but was not limited to smelting, woodworking, and tanners. Lastly, there were 4 clans of djeli (masters of speech) who recorded the history of the empire through song. Combined these would make up the 29 seat Gbara at the plain of Kouroukan Fougan (named after the event where Sundiata \"divided the world\"). The 30th seat was likely occupied by the mansa's djeli called the belen-tigui (master of ceremonies), or may have been reserved for a female monitor since the constitution states women are to be represented at all levels of government (edict 16).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 7 institutes the sanankuya (a type of cousinage or joking relationship that is a longstanding West African social tradition) as a civic duty.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Kouyaté in his commentary draws attention to paragraph 20, dealing with the humane treatment of slaves, which states: Paragraph 20 states: \"Do not ill treat the slaves. You should allow them to rest one day per week and to end their working day at a reasonable time. You are the master of the slaves but not of the bag they carry.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 1: The Great Mande Society is divided into sixteen clans of quiver carriers, five clans of marabouts, four groups of \"nyamakalas\" and one group of slaves. Each one has a specific activity and role.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 2: The \"nyamakalas\" must devote themselves to tell the truth to the chiefs, to be their counsellors and to defend by the speech the established rulers and the order upon the whole territory.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 3: The five clans of marabouts are our teachers and our educators in Islam. Everyone has to hold them in respect and consideration.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 4: The society is divided into age groups. Those born during a period of three years in succession belong to the same age-group. The members of the intermediary class between young and old people, should be invited to take part in the making of important decisions concerning the society.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 5: Everybody has a right to life and to the preservation of physical integrity. Accordingly, any attempt to deprive one's fellow being of life is punished with death.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 6: To win the battle of prosperity, the general system of supervision has been established to fight against laziness and idleness.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 7: The sanankunya (joking relationship) and the tanamannyonya (blood pact) have been established among the Mandinka people. Consequently, any contention that occurs among these groups should not degenerate the respect for one another being the rule. Between brothers-in-law and sisters-in-law, between grandparents and grandchildren, tolerance should be the principle.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 8: The Keïta family is nominated reigning family upon the empire.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 9: Children's education behooves the entire society. The paternal authority in consequence falls to everyone.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 10: We should offer condolences mutually.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 11: When your wife or your child runs away, stop running after them in the neighbour's house.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 12: The succession being patrilinear, never relinquish power to a son when one of his father's brothers is still alive. Never relinquish power to a minor just because he has goods.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 13: Never offend the Nyaras (the talented).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 14: Never offend women, our mothers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 15: Never beat a married woman before her husband has tried to correct the problem.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 16: Women, apart from their everyday occupations, should be associated with all our managements.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 17: Lies that have lived for 40 years should be considered like truths.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 18: We should respect the law of primogeniture.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 19: Any man has two parents-in-law: We have to hold them in respect and consideration.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 20: Do not ill treat the slaves. We are the master of the slave but not the bag he carries.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 21: Do not follow up with your constant attentions the wives of the chief, of the neighbor, of the marabout, of the priest, of the friend and of the partner.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 22: Vanity is the sign of weakness and humility the sign of greatness.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 23: Never betray one another. Respect your word of honor.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 24: In Manden, do not maltreat the foreigners.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 25: The ambassador does not risk anything in Manden.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 26: The bull confided to your care should not lead the cattle-pen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 27: A girl can be given in marriage as soon as she is pubescent without age determination.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 28: A young man can marry at age 20.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 29: The bride-dowry is fixed at 3 cows: one for the girl, two for the father and mother.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 30: In Mande, divorce is tolerated for one of the following reasons: the impotence of the husband, the madness of one of the spouses, the husband's incapability of assuming the obligations due to the marriage. The divorce should occur out of the village. (The French version published in 1998 does not include this article, but splits article 34 into two, numbering the intervening articles differently).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 31: We should help those who are in need.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 32: There are five ways to acquire property: buying, donation, exchange, work and inheriting. Any other form without convincing testimony is doubtful.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 33: Any object found without a known owner becomes common property only after four years.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 34: The fourth heifer born is the property of the guardian of the heifer. One egg out of four is the property of the guardian of the laying hen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 35: One bovine should be exchanged for four sheep or four goats.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 36: To satisfy one's hunger is not robbery if you don't take away anything in your bag or your pocket.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Preservation of Nature", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 37: Fakombè is nominated chief of hunters.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 38: Before setting fire to the bush, don't look down at the ground, raise your head in the direction of the top of the trees to see whether they bear fruits or flowers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 39: Domestic animals should be tied during cultivation and freed after the harvest. The dog, the cat, the duck and the poultry are not bound by the measure.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 40: Respect kinship, marriage and the neighborhood.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 41: You can kill the enemy, but not humiliate him.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 42: In big assemblies, be satisfied with your lawful representatives.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 43: Balla Fassèkè Kouyaté is nominated chief of ceremonies and main mediator in Manden. He is allowed to joke with all groups, in priority with the royal family.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Article 44: All those who will transgress these rules will be punished. Everyone is bound to make effective their implementation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Prompted by the publication of the Kouroukan Fouga, in 2003 Malian historian Youssouf Tata Cisse published the \"Hunter's Oath\", supposedly sworn by Sundiata's troops upon his coronation in the capital Dakadjalan. The Malian government soon began promoting the historicity and importance of this oath, an entirely different document from the Kouroukan Fouga charter, and submitted it to UNESCO for inclusion on its list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. In 2009 UNESCO duly listed the \"Manden Charter, proclaimed in Kurukan Fuga\", but the description of the charter clearly referred to the entirely separate \"Hunter's Oath\". In October 2009 the Malian government newspaper celebrated the listing as a victory for the country over neighbors coveting Mali's cultural heritage.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Historical significance", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "According to Nick Nesbitt (2014) of Princeton University, the Mande Charter is a non-tribal, modern, universalist human rights charter created in 1222. As a universal human rights charter of African modernity, Nesbitt indicates that it predates the universal human rights charters of European modernity (e.g., Spinoza, Kant, French Revolution, Age of Enlightenment, Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1793) by hundreds of years.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "In comparison to the Magna Carta, Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae, and Code Noir, Nesbitt indicates that the Mande Charter is an axiom, without grounding, universalist, vitalist (e.g., soul, spirit), and egalitarian, which states: “Every life is a life” – as in, “Every life is one life.” As an axiom, Nesbitt indicates content (e.g., race, gender, wealth, language, class, or any other form of entitlement) of inequality is absent from it; rather, content of equality is present – every individual human life is valued equally.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "In contrast to negative formulations (e.g., “Thou shalt not” in the Hebrew Bible), Nesbitt indicates that the basis for the modernity found in the Mande Charter, as a universal human rights charter that is also deductive and systematic, is its positive formulation, which expresses intent to establish an ideal realm rooted in fraternity, equality, freedom, and justice. Nesbitt indicates that its principles of universal human rights are drawn from a foundational concept of human dignity.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Amid an enslavement system that was introduced along with Islam, and predating the declarations of 1776 and 1789, Nesbitt indicates that the Mande Charter was the earliest declaration to seek abolition of enslavement, beyond moral assertion, through the establishment of an emancipatory government.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Historian Francis Simonis has observed that the Kankan workshop did not invite any Malian griots, perhaps due to a perceived rivalry between Mali and Guinea over claims to the legacy of the Mali Empire. The resulting text, not coincidentally, emphasizes the importance of the Kouyate family, who organized the meeting. Jan Jansen takes this one step further, labeling both the Kouroukan Fouga and the Hunters' Oath acts of historical \"bricolage\" (essentially 'DIY') rather than credible documents. Simonis and Jansen also see the widespread acceptance and historicization of the documents as potentially alienating to non-Mande citizens of both Mali and Guinea.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Manden Charter, proclaimed in Kurukan Fuga (UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, accessed 2024-10-22)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Cissé, Youssouf Tata (2003). La charte du Mandé et autres traditions du Mali. Paris: Albin Michel. p. 64 Pages. ISBN 2-226-13736-X.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Jansen, Jan (2016). \"À la recherche d autochtonie  Pourquoi les Maliens acceptent la Charte du Manding et la Charte de Kouroukanfougan\". Mande Studies. 18: 57–73.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Ki-Zerbo, J & D.T. Nianie (1998). UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (Abridged ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 277 Pages. ISBN 0-520-06699-5.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Mangoné Niang, The KURUKAN FUGA Charter: An example of an Endogenous Governance Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Inter-generational Forum on Endogenous Governance in West Africa, 2006", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Simonis, Francis (2015). \"Le griot, l'historien, le chasseur et l'UNESCO\". Ultramarine. 28: 12–31.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c236b6a7", "title": "Kouroukan Fouga", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c236b6a7.json"}}
{"text": "Edmond Armen Nazaryan (Bulgarian: Едмонд Армен Назарян, born 19 January 2002) is a Bulgarian Greco-Roman wrestler of Armenian descent. He won the silver medal in the 60 kg event at the 2022 World Wrestling Championships held in Belgrade, Serbia. Edmond is also a four-time medalist, including two gold medals, at the European Wrestling Championships.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6dd507ea", "title": "Edmond Nazaryan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Nazaryan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6dd507ea.json"}}
{"text": "In 2018, Nazaryan won the bronze medal in the boys' Greco-Roman 45 kg event at the Summer Youth Olympics held in Buenos Aires, Argentina. In the bronze medal match he defeated Arslanbek Zakirbayev of Turkmenistan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6dd507ea", "title": "Edmond Nazaryan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Nazaryan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6dd507ea.json"}}
{"text": "He won the gold medal in the 55 kg event at the 2020 European Wrestling Championships held in Rome, Italy. He defeated Vitali Kabaloev of Russia in his gold medal match.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6dd507ea", "title": "Edmond Nazaryan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Nazaryan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6dd507ea.json"}}
{"text": "Nazaryan won the silver medal in the 60 kg event at the 2022 European Wrestling Championships held in Budapest, Hungary. He won the silver medal in the 60 kg event at the 2022 World Wrestling Championships held in Belgrade, Serbia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6dd507ea", "title": "Edmond Nazaryan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Nazaryan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6dd507ea.json"}}
{"text": "Nazaryan won the gold medal in the 60 kg event at the 2023 European Wrestling Championships held in Zagreb, Croatia. He defeated Victor Ciobanu of Moldova in his gold medal match. Nazaryan won one of the bronze medals in the 63 kg event at the 2024 European Wrestling Championships held in Bucharest, Romania.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6dd507ea", "title": "Edmond Nazaryan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Nazaryan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6dd507ea.json"}}
{"text": "Armen Nazaryan is his father, a two-time Olympic Champion in Greco-Roman wrestling.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6dd507ea", "title": "Edmond Nazaryan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Nazaryan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6dd507ea.json"}}
{"text": "Edmond Nazaryan at the International Wrestling Database", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6dd507ea", "title": "Edmond Nazaryan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Nazaryan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6dd507ea.json"}}
{"text": "Edmond Nazaryan at Olympedia", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6dd507ea", "title": "Edmond Nazaryan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Nazaryan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6dd507ea.json"}}
{"text": "Ana Lucia Araujo (May, 7, 1971) is an American historian, art historian, author, and professor of history at Howard University. She is a member of the International Scientific Committee of the UNESCO Slave Route Project. Her scholarship focuses on the transnational history, public memory, visual culture, and heritage of slavery and the Atlantic slave trade.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Araujo was born and raised in Brazil. She earned her undergraduate degree in Fine Arts from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil (1995), and a MA in history from Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil (1998). She moved to Canada in 1999 and obtained a PhD in Art History from Université Laval (Québec City, Canada) in 2004. Her main advisor was David Karel (1944-2007). In 2007 she also earned in cotutelle a PhD in history (Université Laval) and a doctorate in Social and Historical Anthropology from École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (Paris, France). Her advisors were Africanist historian Bogumil Jewsiewicki and Africanist anthropologist Jean-Paul Colleyn.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Araujo received a postdoctoral fellowship from FQRSC (Fonds québécois de la recherche sur la société et la culture) in 2008, for the project titled: \"Right to Image: Restitution of Cultural Heritage and Construction of the Memory of the Heirs of Slavery\" but moved to Washington DC to take a tenure-track position of assistant professor in the Department of History at Howard University. She was tenured and promoted to associate professor in 2011, and became a full professor in 2014. She lectures throughout the United States, Canada, Brazil, Portugal, South Africa, France, United Kingdom, Netherlands, and Argentina, in English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "2025-26 The Clark Institute Fellowship, The Clark Institute", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "2025 John Solomon Guggenheim Fellowship", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "2025 Heinz Heinen Fellowship, Bonn Center for Dependency and Slavery Studies, Universität Bonn", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "2024 American Council of Learned Societies HBCU fellowship", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "2023 Great Immigrants Award Honoree, Carnegie Corporation of New York", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "2022-23 Getty Research Institute Senior Scholar, Los Angeles, CA", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "2022 Member of the School of Historical Studies, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "2021 Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, London, UK", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "2021 American Philosophical Society Franklin Research Grant", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "2017–present Member of the International Scientific Committee of the UNESCO Slave Route Project", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "2025 Guggenheim Fellowship", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Araujo's work explores the public memory of slavery in the Atlantic world. Araujo's first book published in French, Romantisme tropical: l'aventure d'un peintre français au Brésil, examines how French travelogues, especially the travel account of French artist François-Auguste Biard (1799-1882), Deux années au Brésil, contributed to constructing a particular image of Brazil in Europe. In 2015, the University of New Mexico Press published a revised, translated version of this book as Brazil Through French Eyes: A Nineteenth-Century Artist in the Tropics.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Araujo has written many books and articles on history and memory of slavery, including Public Memory of Slavery: Victims and Perpetrators in the Atlantic World (2010), Shadows of the Slave Past: Memory, Slavery, and Heritage (2014), Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade: A Transnational and Comparative History (2017), Slavery in the Age of Memory: Engaging the Past (2020), and Museums and Atlantic Slavery (2021).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Public Memory of Slavery, Araujo's first book in English, studies the historical connections between Bahia in Brazil and the Kingdom of Dahomey in the modern Benin, during the era of the Atlantic slave trade, and how in these two areas social actors are engaging in remembering and commemorating the slave past to forge particular identities through the construction of monuments, memorials, and museums. Echoing her research in Dahomey and the Atlantic slave trade, her comments on the movie The Woman King were featured in Slate and the Washington Post. Araujo underscored that the movie misrepresented King Gezo (1818–1859) as attempting to end Dahomey's slave trade.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "In her second book, Shadows of the Slave Past (2014), Araujo continued to focus on the processes of memorialization of slavery and the Atlantic slave trade in the Americas, with a particular emphasis on Brazil and the United States, by focusing on the sites of embarkation in Africa such as the House of Slaves in Gorée Island, and ports of disembarkation in the Americas such as Salvador and Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, as well as Charleston and New York City in the United States, plantation heritage sites, the commemoration of the great emancipators Lincoln (United States) and Princess Isabel (Brazil), and the commemoration of slave rebels such as Zumbi, Chirino, and others in the Americas.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Her book Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade: A Transnational and Comparative History (2017) is a comprehensive history of the demands of financial and material reparations for slavery and the slave trade in the Atlantic world. The book emphasizes the long history of demands of reparations for slavery from the period of slavery to the present, by exploring these demands in countries such as the United States, Brazil, Cuba, and the Caribbean. By surveying the work of several activists and organizations such as Belinda Sutton, Queen Audley Moore, James Forman and the Black Manifesto, the Republic of New Africa and the rise of the Caribbean Ten Point Plan, Araujo insists on the central role of Black women in formulating demands of financial and material reparations for slavery.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "In Slavery in the Age of Memory: Engaging the Past (2020) she discusses the controversy regarding the construction and removal of monuments commemorating slave owners and slave traders, and how slavery is represented in George Washington's Mount Vernon and Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. Araujo often intervenes in the public debates discussing the removal of Confederate monuments in the United States, by arguing that their removal is not about erasing history, but about battles of public memory. She has also emphasized that the removal of monuments related to slavery is a global trend. Her work has addressed the removal of monuments and memorials during the worldwide protests which erupted after the murder of George Floyd on May 27, 2020.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Her most recent book explores the role of gifts in the Atlantic slave trade, by following the trajectory of a precious silver ceremonial sword fabricated in the French port of La Rochelle to be offered as a gift to an African slave trader in the West Central African port of Cabinda (in today's Angola) in the late eighteenth century, and one century later was mysteriously looted from Abomey, the capital of the Kingdom of Dahomey (in today's Republic of Benin) by the French army hundreds of miles away.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "A public scholar, Araujo's work has been featured in the New York Times, the Washington Post, Le Monde, Radio Canada, Radio France, National Geographic,O Público, and other media outlets around the world. Her op-eds have also appeared in the Washington Post, History News Network, Newsweek, Slate, and Intercept Brasil.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Réparations: Combats pour la mémoire de l'esclavage (XVIIIe-XXIe siècle). Paris: Seuil, 2025. ISBN 978-2021591637.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Humans in Shackles: An Atlantic History of Slavery in the Americas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2024. 677 p. ISBN 9780226771588.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Esclavages: Représentations et cultures matérielles.. co-edited with Myriam Cottias and Klara Boyer-Rossol. Paris: Éditions du CNRS. ISBN 9782271151162.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "The Gift: How Objects of Prestige Shaped the Atlantic Slave Trade and Colonialism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2024. 230 p. ISBN 1108839290.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Reparations for Slavery: A Transnational and Comparative History. London: Bloomsbury, 2023. 2nd edition. 360 p. ISBN 1350297666.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Museums and Atlantic Slavery. Oxon and New York: Routledge, 2021. 132 p. ISBN 9780367530082.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Slavery in the Age of Memory: Engaging the Past. London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2020. 272 p. ISBN 978-1350010604.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade: A Transnational and Comparative History. London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2017. 288 p. ISBN 978-1350010604.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Romantisme tropical: l'aventure illustrée d'un peintre français au Brésil. Quebec: Presses de l'Université Laval, 2008. 282 p. ISBN 2763786022.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "English translation: Brazil through the French Eyes: A Nineteenth-Century Artist in the Tropics. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2015. 264 p. ISBN 0826337457.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Portuguese: Romantismo tropical: Um pintor francês nos trópicos. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. 248 p. ISBN 85-314-1647-7", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "African Heritage and Memories of Slavery in Brazil and the South Atlantic World. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2015. 428 p. ISBN 1604978929.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Shadows of the Slave Past: Memory, Heritage, and Slavery. New York: Routledge, 2014. 268 p. ISBN 0415853923.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Politics of Memory: Making Slavery Visible in the Public Space. New York: Routledge, 2012. 296 p. ISBN 0415526922", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Paths of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Interactions, Identities and Images. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2011. 476 p. ISBN 1604977477", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Crossing Memories: Slavery and African Diaspora. Coedited with Mariana P. Candido, and Paul E. Lovejoy. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2011. 308 p. ISBN 1592218202.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Public Memory of Slavery: Victims and Perpetrators in the South Atlantic. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2010. 502 p. ISBN 1604977140.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Living History: Encountering the Memory of the Heirs of Slavery. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009. 290 p. ISBN 1443809985", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Memory of Slavery and the Problem of Reparations in Brazil in \"Brazil Initiative Lecture Series,\" Watson Institute, Brown University, Providence, RI, February 7, 2018.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade: A Transnational and Comparative History. Book presentation at the School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington DC, February 15.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Sites of Disembarkation and the Public Memory of the Atlantic Slave Trade in \" International conference The States of Memory of Slavery: International Comparative Perspectives. La mémoire de l'esclavage dans tous ses états. Perspectives internationales comparées,\" École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France, October 22–23, 2015 (video).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Le corps de l’esclave: mémoires et patrimonies blessés (in French) at the International seminar «Éprouver le Brésil. Mémoires, marges et subversions», organized by CÉLAT (Université Laval) and the Harriet Tubman Institute (York University), held at Université Laval during the Black History Month, on February 26, 2015 (video).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6486bf43", "title": "Ana Lucia Araujo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6486bf43.json"}}
{"text": "Spilios Livanos (Greek: Σπήλιος Λιβανός; born 20 September 1967) is a Greek politician. On 5 January 2021, he was appointed Minister for Rural Development and Food in the cabinet of Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis. He resigned on 7 February 2022, after footage emerged of controversial remarks he had made about the 2007 Greek forest fires.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7059cd2f", "title": "Spilios Livanos", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spilios_Livanos", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7059cd2f.json"}}
{"text": "Nana station (Thai: สถานีนานา, pronounced [sā.tʰǎː.nīː nāː.nāː]) is a BTS skytrain station, on the Sukhumvit Line in Khlong Toei and Watthana Districts, Bangkok, Thailand. The station is on Sukhumvit Road at Soi Sukhumvit 9, east of Nana intersection (Soi Sukhumvit 3). It is surrounded by a variety of hotels and facilities for foreign tourists. The red-light district and the Nana Plaza area are also in walking distance from the station.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a005d119", "title": "Nana BTS station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_BTS_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a005d119.json"}}
{"text": "Tourist information office", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a005d119", "title": "Nana BTS station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_BTS_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a005d119.json"}}
{"text": "Maybe an Artist, a Graphic Memoir is a memoir written and illustrated by Liz Montague and published by Random House Studio. In it, Montague tells about the difficulties she went through as a teen with dyslexia, her usage of art as a way to communicate her feelings and how eventually had her cartoons published on The New Yorker.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_76a72806", "title": "Maybe an Artist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybe_an_Artist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_76a72806.json"}}
{"text": "The School Library Journal praised the memoir's cover, noting its similarity to Norman Rockwell's Triple Self-Portrait and saying it \"grabs [the reader's] attention right away.\" While the reviewer believed the pacing to be slow \"until it ends quickly,\" they overall appreciated how it depicts someone young with dyslexia using art to express themselves and how it felt \"poignant but ultimately sweet and uplifting.\" Publishers Weekly gave the book a starred review and called it \"an inspiring journey of self-discovery, self-expression, and self-love.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_76a72806", "title": "Maybe an Artist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybe_an_Artist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_76a72806.json"}}
{"text": "Kirkus Reviews praised Montague's writing and art saying she \"maintains a youthful voice throughout\" and noting how it is matched by the \"soft color palette and clean white background.\" They conclude by calling it \"[a] delightful combination of text and images delivered with humor and heart.\" The Booklist' reviewer called Montague's art \"simple and flat,\" and compared the way characters express themselves through \"eye rolls\" to that of Mo Willems' pigeon character, saying it \"works beautifully with the tone of the book.\" They concluded by saying that \"this will speak to many readers who feel like they aren't being heard.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_76a72806", "title": "Maybe an Artist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybe_an_Artist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_76a72806.json"}}
{"text": "Tungi is a village in Nalanda district, Bihar, India.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b575c647", "title": "Tungi, Bihar", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungi,_Bihar", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b575c647.json"}}
{"text": "A system in a package, or system in package (SiP), is a number of integrated circuits (ICs) enclosed in one  chip carrier package or encompassing an IC package substrate that may include passive components and perform the functions of an entire system. The ICs may be stacked using package on package, placed side by side, and/or embedded in the substrate. The SiP performs all or most of the functions of an electronic system, and is typically used when designing components for mobile phones, digital music players, etc. Dies containing integrated circuits may be stacked vertically on the package substrate. They are internally connected by fine wires that are bonded to the package substrate. Alternatively, with a flip chip technology, solder bumps are used to join stacked chips together and to the package substrate, or even both techniques can be used in a single package. SiPs are like systems on a chip (SoCs) but less tightly integrated and not on a single semiconductor die.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_17deda18", "title": "System in a package", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_in_a_package", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_17deda18.json"}}
{"text": "SIPs can be used either to reduce the size of a system, improve performance or to reduce costs. The technology evolved from multi-chip module (MCM) technology, the difference being that SiPs also use die stacking, which stacks several chips or dies on top of each other.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_17deda18", "title": "System in a package", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_in_a_package", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_17deda18.json"}}
{"text": "SiP dies can be stacked vertically or tiled horizontally, with techniques like chiplets or quilt packaging. SiPs connect the dies with standard off-chip wire bonds or solder bumps, unlike slightly denser three-dimensional integrated circuits which connect stacked silicon dies with conductors running through the die using through-silicon vias. Many different 3D packaging techniques have been developed for stacking many fairly standard chip dies into a compact area.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_17deda18", "title": "System in a package", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_in_a_package", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_17deda18.json"}}
{"text": "SiPs can contain several chips or dies—such as a specialized processor, DRAM, flash memory—combined with passive components—resistors and capacitors—all mounted on the same substrate. This means that a complete functional unit can be built in a single package, so that few external components need to be added to make it work. This is particularly valuable in space constrained environments like MP3 players and mobile phones as it reduces the complexity of the printed circuit board and overall design. Despite its benefits, this technique decreases the yield of fabrication since any defective chip in the package will result in a non-functional packaged integrated circuit, even if all other modules in that same package are functional.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_17deda18", "title": "System in a package", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_in_a_package", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_17deda18.json"}}
{"text": "SiPs are in contrast to the common system on a chip (SoC) integrated circuit architecture which integrates components based on function into a single circuit die. An SoC will typically integrate a CPU, graphics and memory interfaces, hard-disk and USB connectivity, random-access and read-only memories, and secondary storage and/or their controllers on a single die. In comparison an SiP would connect these modules as discrete components in one or more chip packages or dies. An SiP resembles the common traditional motherboard-based PC architecture, as it separates components based on function and connects them through a central interfacing circuit board. An SiP has a lower grade of integration in comparison to an SoC. Hybrid integrated circuits (HICs) are somewhat similar to SiPs, however they tend to handle analog signals whereas SiPs usually handle digital signals, because of this HICs use older or less advanced technology (tend to use single layer circuit boards or substrates, not use die stacking, do not use flip chip or BGA for connecting components or dies, use only wire bonding for connecting dies or Small outline integrated circuit packages, use Dual in-line packages, or Single in-line packages for interfacing outside the Hybrid IC instead of BGA, etc.).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_17deda18", "title": "System in a package", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_in_a_package", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_17deda18.json"}}
{"text": "SiP technology is primarily being driven by early market trends in wearables, mobile devices and the internet of services which do not demand the high numbers of produced units as in the established consumer and business SoC market. As the internet of things becomes more of a reality and less of a vision, there is innovation going on at the system on a chip and SiP level so that microelectromechanical (MEMS) sensors can be integrated on a separate die and control the connectivity.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_17deda18", "title": "System in a package", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_in_a_package", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_17deda18.json"}}
{"text": "SiP solutions may require multiple packaging technologies, such as flip chip, wire bonding, wafer-level packaging, Through-silicon vias (TSVs), chiplets and more.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_17deda18", "title": "System in a package", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_in_a_package", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_17deda18.json"}}
{"text": "Advanced packaging (semiconductors)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_17deda18", "title": "System in a package", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_in_a_package", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_17deda18.json"}}
{"text": "System on a chip (SoC)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_17deda18", "title": "System in a package", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_in_a_package", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_17deda18.json"}}
{"text": "Hybrid integrated circuit (HIC)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_17deda18", "title": "System in a package", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_in_a_package", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_17deda18.json"}}
{"text": "System in Package (SiP) Multi-Chip Modules Technology - PCB Technologies", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_17deda18", "title": "System in a package", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_in_a_package", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_17deda18.json"}}
{"text": "Space Station Simulator, later renamed Skybase, is an educational video game developed by UK-based studio Maris Multimedia and published by Maris Multimedia, Focus Multimedia in the United Kingdom, and, under the Skybase name, Piranha Interactive Publishing. It was released on May 17, 1998. The game allows the player to build a realistic space station of their own design using various International Space Station modules designed by the space agencies of countries around the world while learning more about each module. The player can then simulate the launch of the modules, and view the station from both inside and outside. While the game was positively received by reviewers for its graphics and educational value, it was criticized for a lack of interactivity when the space station is actually built.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_883fe396", "title": "Space Station Simulator", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Station_Simulator", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_883fe396.json"}}
{"text": "The game proceeds in three phases: the player designs and builds the station of their choice, then can roam around the interior.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_883fe396", "title": "Space Station Simulator", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Station_Simulator", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_883fe396.json"}}
{"text": "Edge described the game as \"not some crappy pictures-and-text multimedia effort\", calling it a \"brilliant guide to a complex and specialized subject\". PC Review stated that the game was both \"absolutely full of information\" and \"visually impressive\", though they criticized some technical terms that assume a level of prior scientific knowledge, and the lack of ability to do anything on the station after it is constructed besides drift around. The publication nevertheless thought that it was a good value. Boot magazine also rated the game highly, writing that \"packed with a wealth of information and tons of stunningly sharp visuals, Space Station Simulator soars\". The game was recommended by PC Authority, who commended the game on its \"well-organized interface\" and a lack of American bias, treating the modules of all countries with equal levels of detail.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_883fe396", "title": "Space Station Simulator", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Station_Simulator", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_883fe396.json"}}
{"text": "The game was reportedly used to familiarize actual ISS astronauts to the station prior to them inhabiting it.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_883fe396", "title": "Space Station Simulator", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Station_Simulator", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_883fe396.json"}}
{"text": "Official website (archived)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_883fe396", "title": "Space Station Simulator", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Station_Simulator", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_883fe396.json"}}
{"text": "Oakley is a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States. It is within the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area. The population at the 2020 United States census was 43,357. Oakley was incorporated in 1999, making it the newest incorporated city in Contra Costa County.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "The name \"oak\" comes from the abundance of oak trees, while the suffix \"-ley\" comes from the Old English word for \"field\" or \"meadow\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "The name Oakley is of Old English origin and its meaning is \"meadow of oak trees\". This aptly describes the area when first settled and to some extent even today. However, if not for the flip of a coin and cribbage board the community may have been named Dewey. City founder Randolph C. Marsh wanted to name the city Dewey, after Admiral George Dewey, in honor of the latter's success at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War. His friend Joel D. Wightman preferred the name \"Oakley\" because the terrain was largely meadows and oaks. To determine which name would prevail they battled it out over a game of cribbage. Marsh may have lost the game and the right to name the city but he ensured his immortality by choosing downtown street names whose first initials spelled \"Marsh\" — Main, Acme, Ruby, Star and Home.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Archeologists have found prehistoric sites in the Oakley area. One substantial shell mound was discovered early in the 20th century near what is now the eastern edge of town. The Northwest Information Center of the California Historical Resources Information System monitors the archeological investigations undertaken in Oakley. Around three dozen such projects have been completed in the past 25 years, yielding only four prehistoric sites in the city. However, the information center believes there is a high possibility that other prehistoric sites remain within the city. To enable further archaeological excavation, the site referred to as Simon Mound was purchased by the Archaeological Conservancy after many of the ancient settlement places had already been destroyed by urban encroachment. Simone Mound has provided bones and fragments from burial sites starting around 1000 A.D. and is near a similar Conservancy preserve, the Hotchkiss Mound.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "The first accounts of identifiable cultural community in the west delta are attributed to the Bay Miwoks, who occupied the region between 1100 and 1770 AD. The Bay Miwok people, usually called the Julpunes or Pulpunes by European explorers, were organized into \"tribelets\"—political units that included several fairly permanent villages and a set of seasonal campsites arrayed across a well-defined territory.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Incursions of the Spanish Empire into the Oakley area began in the 1770s. The first group to enter the present-day city limits was the De Anza expedition of 1775–76. However, after a failed attempt to find a route through the tule swamps to the Sierra, the De Anza expedition returned to Monterey. Subsequent expeditions by the Spanish did not result in colonization. Europeans settled in the Delta in the 19th century, but were killed by malaria and smallpox.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Oakley's first post office was established in 1898.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Oakley became an incorporated city in 1999.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Geography and environment", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "According to reports provided by Money.com, Oakley experiences 21.16 inches (537 mm) of annual rainfall with an average high temperature in July of 96.0 °F (35.6 °C) and an average low temperature in January of 40.0 °F (4.4 °C). Oakley experiences 52% clear days throughout the year.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Oakley's western border is California State Route 160. The City of Antioch adjoins Oakley on the west, the city of Brentwood adjoins Oakley on the south, and Bethel Island lies to the east. The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta forms the northern boundary. The southwestern skyline is dominated by Mt. Diablo.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "The City of Oakley is a general-law city, as opposed to a charter city, formed under state legislative statutes and governed by a body of laws in the state Constitution. Oakley operates under a council-manager form of government.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "The Oakley City Council consists of five non-partisan council members elected by district. Oakley's city council members are considered part-time because, aside from being council members, they have full-time jobs. This part-time nature of the council opens up opportunities for ordinary citizens who are working in the private sector to participate.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "At the first council meeting in December, the mayor is selected by a majority of the city council from among currently serving council members. At this time a vice mayor is also selected.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "In 2017, Oakley had 19,906 registered voters with 9,921 (49.8%) registered as Democrats, 4,705 (23.6%) registered as Republicans, and 4,371 (22%) decline to state voters. Records show that 662 Oakley voters are registered Independents, with an additional 55 registered Green Party members.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Oakley has had vineyards since the late 1800s. Early Portuguese and Italian immigrants found the climate amenable and planted thousands of acres of vineyards.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Nearly 80 percent of Oakley's roughly 700 acres (2.8 km2) of vineyards are planted in Zinfandel. Oakley's grape harvest can conservatively be estimated at 2,000 tons. These grapes are distributed to a number of local wineries.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "The BNSF Railway runs through town from east to west. This line also carries Amtrak California's Gold Runner service. In March 2023, the decision was made to close the Amtrak Antioch–Pittsburg station and replace it with Oakley Station.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "California State Route 4 used to run right through town from Antioch to Brentwood on Main Street. From 2000 to 2008 a Bypass was constructed from California State Route 160 to Marsh Creek Road south of Brentwood to extend the freeway from Antioch. Oakley relinquished Hwy 4 through downtown to the state in 2012, and is now connected through the Laurel Rd exit.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Oakley is part of the East Contra Costa Bicycle Plan, which has existing facilities in Oakley as well as plans for further expansion.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Oakley first appeared as a census designated place in the 1970 U.S. census.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "The 2020 United States census reported that Oakley had a population of 43,357. The population density was 2,732.7 inhabitants per square mile (1,055.1/km2). The racial makeup of Oakley was 45.9% White, 8.4% African American, 1.0% Native American, 9.5% Asian, 0.7% Pacific Islander, 16.9% from other races, and 17.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 36.7% of the population.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "The census reported that 99.7% of the population lived in households, 0.2% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0.1% were institutionalized.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "There were 13,045 households, out of which 45.6% included children under the age of 18, 61.1% were married-couple households, 6.6% were cohabiting couple households, 19.9% had a female householder with no partner present, and 12.4% had a male householder with no partner present. 13.6% of households were one person, and 6.0% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.31. There were 10,628 families (81.5% of all households).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "The age distribution was 26.7% under the age of 18, 9.0% aged 18 to 24, 28.0% aged 25 to 44, 25.3% aged 45 to 64, and 11.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.1 males.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "There were 13,379 housing units at an average density of 843.2 units per square mile (325.6 units/km2), of which 13,045 (97.5%) were occupied. Of these, 77.2% were owner-occupied, and 22.8% were occupied by renters.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "In 2023, the US Census Bureau estimated that 17.8% of the population were foreign-born. Of all people aged 5 or older, 69.5% spoke only English at home, 21.0% spoke Spanish, 3.0% spoke other Indo-European languages, 5.7% spoke Asian or Pacific Islander languages, and 0.8% spoke other languages. Of those aged 25 or older, 88.5% were high school graduates and 23.2% had a bachelor's degree.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "The median household income was $132,067, and the per capita income was $43,879. About 4.9% of families and 6.6% of the population were below the poverty line.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "The majority of the city is in the Oakley Union Elementary School District (K–8), while there are pieces in Knightsen Elementary School District and Brentwood Union Elementary School District. Those portions are also within the Liberty Union High School District. Additionally, a western portion is in a K-12 school district, Antioch Unified School District.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Oakley Elementary School", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Gehringer Elementary School", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Laurel Elementary School", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Vintage Parkway Elementary School", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Iron House Elementary School", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Orchard Park School (K–8, located in Antioch USD)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Almond Grove Elementary School", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Summer Lake Elementary School (starting the 2019–20 academic year)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "O'Hara Park Middle School", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Delta Vista Middle School", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Orchard Park School (K–8, located in the Antioch Unified School District)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "The Oakley branch of the Contra Costa County Library system is located in Oakley.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Joe Mixon, Houston Texans running back, 2024 - former Cincinnati Bengals running back 2017–2023.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Nguyen Do, poet, editor, and translator, relocated from San Francisco to Oakley.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Lisa Joann Thompson, dancer, actress, choreographer, starred in In Living Color, Fame L.A. and Motown Live, lived in Oakley during her high school years.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Malik Izaak Taylor, known professionally as Phife Dawg (or simply Phife), was an American rapper and a member of the group A Tribe Called Quest, relocated from New York to Oakley.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Oakley, California", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Local News (Eastcountytoday.net)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Oakley Local News (Oakley Press)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "(Oakley Events EastCountyLive.com SPOTLIGHT) Archived April 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d68f9563", "title": "Oakley, California", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_California", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d68f9563.json"}}
{"text": "Honor the Light is the fourth EP by Swedish singer Zara Larsson. It was released on 1 December 2023 by Sommer House and Epic. The EP was announced on 22 November 2023 and peaked at number one on the Swedish Albums Chart. It was preceded by the singles \"Memory Lane\" and \"Winter Song\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9bb285d8", "title": "Honor the Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_the_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9bb285d8.json"}}
{"text": "Background and release", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9bb285d8", "title": "Honor the Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_the_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9bb285d8.json"}}
{"text": "Ahead of her fourth studio album, Venus, Zara Larsson announced a holiday-themed EP titled Honor the Light. The EP was released on 1 December 2023 via Sommer House and Epic Records. Two tracks, \"Memory Lane\" and \"Winter Song\", were pre-released on 24 November. The EP includes six songs, including Swedish-language tracks such as \"Tänd Ett Ljus\" and \"Sankta Lucia\". On 6 December 2023, \"Silent Night\" was sent to radio station, serving as the third single.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9bb285d8", "title": "Honor the Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_the_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9bb285d8.json"}}
{"text": "\"Memory Lane\" is an original song co-created with Swedish folk-pop duo First Aid Kit. Their vocals previously appeared on an alternate version of \"I Need Love\" from Larsson's Poster Girl (2021). In this track, the trio crafts a nostalgic yet uplifting ode to the streets of Stockholm, blending past and present in a lyrical winter stroll. The lyrics express gratitude toward one's former self—the person who endured and grew, making the current self possible. \"Winter Song\" is a tender reinterpretation of the seasonal classic by Sara Bareilles and Ingrid Michaelson. Alongside this cover, the EP includes songs rooted in Swedish Lucia traditions as well as renditions of more widely recognized Christmas carols. Each track was designed to align with the three-part Honor the Light concert series planned for December 2025, where Larsson will also perform acoustic versions of songs from her past discography in a more intimate, unplugged style.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9bb285d8", "title": "Honor the Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_the_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9bb285d8.json"}}
{"text": "All tracks were produced by Act Social.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9bb285d8", "title": "Honor the Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_the_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9bb285d8.json"}}
{"text": "Zara Larsson – lead vocals, background vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9bb285d8", "title": "Honor the Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_the_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9bb285d8.json"}}
{"text": "Act Social – bass, drum machine, keyboards, synthesizer (all tracks); guitar (tracks 2–6), background vocals (2, 3)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9bb285d8", "title": "Honor the Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_the_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9bb285d8.json"}}
{"text": "Astrid Granstrom – background vocals (tracks 1, 4, 5)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9bb285d8", "title": "Honor the Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_the_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9bb285d8.json"}}
{"text": "Esther Kirabo – background vocals (tracks 1, 4, 5)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9bb285d8", "title": "Honor the Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_the_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9bb285d8.json"}}
{"text": "Isabelle Gbotto – background vocals (tracks 1, 4, 5)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9bb285d8", "title": "Honor the Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_the_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9bb285d8.json"}}
{"text": "Marlene Lindahl – background vocals (tracks 1, 4, 5)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9bb285d8", "title": "Honor the Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_the_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9bb285d8.json"}}
{"text": "Matilda Gratte – background vocals (tracks 1, 4, 5)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9bb285d8", "title": "Honor the Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_the_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9bb285d8.json"}}
{"text": "Act Social – production, engineering, vocal engineering, programming, arrangement", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9bb285d8", "title": "Honor the Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_the_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9bb285d8.json"}}
{"text": "Joe LaPorta – mastering", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9bb285d8", "title": "Honor the Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_the_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9bb285d8.json"}}
{"text": "Stephanie D'Arcy – engineering (tracks 3, 4)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9bb285d8", "title": "Honor the Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_the_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9bb285d8.json"}}
{"text": "Joy Deb – vocal engineering (tracks 1, 4–6)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9bb285d8", "title": "Honor the Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_the_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9bb285d8.json"}}
{"text": "Sophia De Mira – engineering assistance (tracks 3, 4)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9bb285d8", "title": "Honor the Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_the_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9bb285d8.json"}}
{"text": "List of number-one singles and albums in Sweden", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9bb285d8", "title": "Honor the Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_the_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9bb285d8.json"}}
{"text": "Flesselles (French pronunciation: [flɛsɛl]; Picard: Fléchèle) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_737fdec0", "title": "Flesselles, Somme", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesselles,_Somme", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_737fdec0.json"}}
{"text": "Flesselles is situated on the D933 road, some 8 miles (13 km) north of Amiens. Nearby towns include Montonvillers to the east.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_737fdec0", "title": "Flesselles, Somme", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesselles,_Somme", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_737fdec0.json"}}
{"text": "The 17th–18th-century château, with vestiges of the ancient 14th-century fortress at the base of its tower.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_737fdec0", "title": "Flesselles, Somme", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesselles,_Somme", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_737fdec0.json"}}
{"text": "Since October 2011  the „école primaire“ in Flesselles has a Comenius-partnership. Declared school-partners are the Volksschule Altomünster (Germany/Bavaria) and the „Primary School“ in Crook (England). The project-topic is „Healthy Active Citizens Across Europe“.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_737fdec0", "title": "Flesselles, Somme", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesselles,_Somme", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_737fdec0.json"}}
{"text": "Max Lejeune, French politician was born at Flesselles in 1909.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_737fdec0", "title": "Flesselles, Somme", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesselles,_Somme", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_737fdec0.json"}}
{"text": "Communes of the Somme department", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_737fdec0", "title": "Flesselles, Somme", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesselles,_Somme", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_737fdec0.json"}}
{"text": "Official website of the commune (in French)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_737fdec0", "title": "Flesselles, Somme", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesselles,_Somme", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_737fdec0.json"}}
{"text": "Lorna Reynolds (17 December 1911 – 4 July 2003) was an Irish writer, editor, and professor.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_577f1a7e", "title": "Lorna Reynolds", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Reynolds", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_577f1a7e.json"}}
{"text": "Early life and education", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_577f1a7e", "title": "Lorna Reynolds", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Reynolds", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_577f1a7e.json"}}
{"text": "Reynolds was born in Jamaica in 1911 to staff sergeant Michael Reynolds in the Royal Engineers and his wife Teresa Hickey. She was one of five children. Her father died when she was ten.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_577f1a7e", "title": "Lorna Reynolds", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Reynolds", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_577f1a7e.json"}}
{"text": "In 1912, her family returned from the Caribbean to live in Birr, County Offaly. After three years they moved to Dublin, Ireland.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_577f1a7e", "title": "Lorna Reynolds", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Reynolds", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_577f1a7e.json"}}
{"text": "Reynolds was educated in the Dominican College, Eccles Street. She went on to get her three degrees from University College Dublin. Reynolds studied English and graduated with a BA in 1933, her MA in 1935 and finally her PhD in 1940. She then became a lecturer in UCD where she worked for thirty years.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_577f1a7e", "title": "Lorna Reynolds", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Reynolds", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_577f1a7e.json"}}
{"text": "In 1966 Reynolds was appointed Professor of Modern English at University College Galway. She worked as an editor as well as her academic work. She was editor of the University Review and co-edited several volumes of Yeats Studies with Robert O’Driscoll of the University of Toronto. Reynolds wrote a biography of Kate O’Brien, her lifelong friend. She also wrote poetry and short stories, and was a contributor to The Bell, Poetry Ireland Review, Arena, The Lace Curtain and Botteghe Oscure. Her recipes were published in 1990. She was responsible for organising the J. M. Synge centenary conference in 1971. She took a sabbatical to Toronto due to her work with O'Driscoll where she was attached to St. Michael's College.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_577f1a7e", "title": "Lorna Reynolds", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Reynolds", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_577f1a7e.json"}}
{"text": "Also an activist Reynolds mobilised a campaign to try to restore the Georgian theatre in Eyrecourt, County Galway, she was a member of the Women's Social and Progressive League in the 1940s as well as involved in the Anti-Censorship Board. Reynolds was also very involved in the UCD Women Graduates' Association. She returned to Dublin when she retired in 1978. She died in 2003 and is buried in Clonoghill Cemetery, Birr.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_577f1a7e", "title": "Lorna Reynolds", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Reynolds", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_577f1a7e.json"}}
{"text": "Kate O'Brien: A Literary Portrait", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_577f1a7e", "title": "Lorna Reynolds", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Reynolds", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_577f1a7e.json"}}
{"text": "Tasty Food for Hasty Folk (1990)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_577f1a7e", "title": "Lorna Reynolds", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Reynolds", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_577f1a7e.json"}}
{"text": "Robert O'Driscoll; Lorna Reynolds (1975). Yeats and the theatre. Maclean-Hunter Press. ISBN 978-0-7705-1228-6.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_577f1a7e", "title": "Lorna Reynolds", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Reynolds", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_577f1a7e.json"}}
{"text": "The Untold Story: The Irish in Canada (1988)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_577f1a7e", "title": "Lorna Reynolds", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Reynolds", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_577f1a7e.json"}}
{"text": "Lorna Reynolds, ed. (1945). The Land of Poetry: An Anthology for Irish Schools. The National Press.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_577f1a7e", "title": "Lorna Reynolds", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Reynolds", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_577f1a7e.json"}}
{"text": "Padráic Colum Back in Dublin by Lorna Reynolds", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_577f1a7e", "title": "Lorna Reynolds", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Reynolds", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_577f1a7e.json"}}
{"text": "Tony Bareham (1991). Charles Lever: New Evaluations. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 127–. ISBN 978-0-389-20964-5.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_577f1a7e", "title": "Lorna Reynolds", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Reynolds", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_577f1a7e.json"}}
{"text": "International Association for the Study of Anglo-Irish Literature (1 June 1977). Place, personality, and the Irish writer. Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 978-0-06-490727-9.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_577f1a7e", "title": "Lorna Reynolds", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Reynolds", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_577f1a7e.json"}}
{"text": "Lorna Reynolds (Winter  1995). \"Across the Shannon: Experiences of Galway\". The Irish Review (17/18). Cork University Press: 40–46. JSTOR 29735775.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_577f1a7e", "title": "Lorna Reynolds", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Reynolds", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_577f1a7e.json"}}
{"text": "Clare Midgley (15 March 1998). Gender and Imperialism. Manchester University Press. pp. 106–. ISBN 978-0-7190-4820-3.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_577f1a7e", "title": "Lorna Reynolds", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Reynolds", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_577f1a7e.json"}}
{"text": "Duponchelia fovealis is a species of moth of the family Crambidae described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1847. It is endemic to the area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, and the Canary Islands, but has extended its range to other parts of Africa, Europe, the Middle East and North America.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_49ea3eb6", "title": "Duponchelia fovealis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duponchelia_fovealis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_49ea3eb6.json"}}
{"text": "Adult wingspan is about 20 mm. The moth flies from May to June, depending on the location.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_49ea3eb6", "title": "Duponchelia fovealis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duponchelia_fovealis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_49ea3eb6.json"}}
{"text": "The larvae feed on various plants. Hosts include a wide range of mostly herbaceous ornamental plants and field crops, such as Anemone, Anthurium, Begonia, Cyclamen, Euphorbia, Gerbera, Kalanchoe, Limonium, Rosa, certain aquatic plants, corn, cucumbers,  peppers, pomegranate, tomatoes, and certain herbs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_49ea3eb6", "title": "Duponchelia fovealis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duponchelia_fovealis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_49ea3eb6.json"}}
{"text": "Invasive pest in the US", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_49ea3eb6", "title": "Duponchelia fovealis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duponchelia_fovealis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_49ea3eb6.json"}}
{"text": "The first record of Duponchelia fovealis in North America was in California where live larvae were detected in a shipment of begonias at a Home Depot in the city of Concord in Contra Costa County from the city of San Marcos in San Diego County (CDFA, NAPIS, 2005).  In the spring of 2005, this species was discovered in three greenhouses in southern Ontario, Canada.  In July, 2010, four male moths were collected in a pheromone trap in San Diego County, California. It is not known at this time if there is an established population.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_49ea3eb6", "title": "Duponchelia fovealis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duponchelia_fovealis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_49ea3eb6.json"}}
{"text": "On November 1, 2010, the USDA-AHIS announced this moth was present in at least 13 U.S. states.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_49ea3eb6", "title": "Duponchelia fovealis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duponchelia_fovealis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_49ea3eb6.json"}}
{"text": "Waarneming.nl (in Dutch)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_49ea3eb6", "title": "Duponchelia fovealis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duponchelia_fovealis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_49ea3eb6.json"}}
{"text": "Lepidoptera of Belgium", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_49ea3eb6", "title": "Duponchelia fovealis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duponchelia_fovealis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_49ea3eb6.json"}}
{"text": "Duponchelia fovealis at UKMoths", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_49ea3eb6", "title": "Duponchelia fovealis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duponchelia_fovealis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_49ea3eb6.json"}}
{"text": "Duponchelia fovealis - pest of peppers, begonias and other ornamentals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_49ea3eb6", "title": "Duponchelia fovealis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duponchelia_fovealis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_49ea3eb6.json"}}
{"text": "Duponchelia fovealis information and updates - University of Florida", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_49ea3eb6", "title": "Duponchelia fovealis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duponchelia_fovealis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_49ea3eb6.json"}}
{"text": "Duponchelia fovealis  on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_49ea3eb6", "title": "Duponchelia fovealis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duponchelia_fovealis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_49ea3eb6.json"}}
{"text": "The Dirty Pair is an original English-language manga written and illustrated by Adam Warren, based on the original Dirty Pair characters created by Haruka Takachiho.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "The American comic company and manga translator Studio Proteus acquired rights to create comic versions of the Dirty Pair in 1988. The first three limited series, reprinted in the collected editions Biohazards, Dangerous Acquaintances, and Plague of Angels, were published by the since-defunct Eclipse Comics. Later, the rights were transferred to Dark Horse Comics. The first three series were written by Toren Smith and Adam Warren and drawn by Warren—after that, Smith left the project and Warren took over writing completely. These stories have a much more cyberpunk style than the other versions; the later stories, starting with \"Fatal But Not Serious\", move into the transhuman and posthuman subgenres.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "Kei and Yuri are two Trouble Consultants (Criminal Division, Class A) for the World Welfare Work Association (3WA), code-named \"Lovely Angels\", but known throughout the United Galactica (UG) as the \"Dirty Pair\", a nickname given to them by the press due to their bad luck with their missions, which always seem to end in complete disaster. But they are always cleared of any wrongdoing by the UG's Central Computer because the extreme damage is never actually their fault (though their mere presence has been known to make things worse).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "They originally met at Meizuru university for Lucien genetic upgrades around A.D. 2134, although it is not necessarily canon, they were both misfits within their year, and so became friends. Around A.D. 2137, just before graduation from Meizuru university, they played a prank on their friends, convincing them that they were both psychic. Shortly afterwards, news reached the 3WA and they were scouted for recruitment and tested by a parapsychology institute. The pair cheated every which way possible (the really short skirts were Kei's idea), and they tested positive for clairvoyance; the 3WA considered this to be useful and hired them.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "Although outwardly they almost constantly fight and bicker with each other, they are both loyal best friends, always pairing up together to deck anyone that calls them by their \"Dirty Pair\" nickname.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "Kei, 19, was born November 27, 2122. She is a Lucien-type genetic upgrade, has long red hair with large bangs, brown eyes (more often than not green), is 171 cm tall and weighs 59 kg. Kei shares the same Lucien genetic code somatotype as Yuri, meaning that their bodies are basically identical, including height. Kei is the tomboy of the pair, outgoing, loud, and boisterous. She has remarked that she is \"the exciting half of our team\" and that \"drinking or sex would be my responsibilities\". Although she often fights and argues with Yuri, she has displayed a much softer side to her personality, revealing in the Sim Hell mini-series that her biggest fear is that of losing Yuri, and having very watery eyes over the death of the original Yuri during Fatal But Not Serious. Kei has a passion for cheesecake, large firearms, and bleeding edge mecha and war-tech.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "The original Yuri was born March 18, 2122; and the current clone on September 12, 2141. She is a Lucien-type genetic upgrade, has long black hair, blue eyes, is 171 cm tall and weighs 58 kg. Yuri shares the same Lucien genetic code somatotype as Kei, meaning that their bodies are basically identical, including height. Yuri is the more stereotypical retro-feminine of the two, being the more demure, modest, polite, and friendly of the two. This appears to stem from her traditional Japanese upbringing, and possibly from her fears of what other people think of her in regard to all the disasters they have been indirectly involved in. During the plot line of Fatal But Not Serious, another version of her was cloned from her stolen personality construct and tissue samples kept on record at the 3WA. The cloned version of Yuri had a \"seratonin-based progressive imbalance\" set into her neurochemistry to make her psychotically suicidal, and was tasked with the mission of killing the original Kei and Yuri (which she believed to be a simulation). She was partially successful, terminating only the original Yuri. Shortly after, the cloned Yuri received medical attention, and is now identical to the original Yuri. Although she often fights with her partner Kei, she has a deep devotion to her best friend. In Sim Hell, while dining with \"an old friend\", Dan, she spoke of nothing but Kei, and when it was revealed Kei was in danger, ran immediately to her aid. In Fatal But Not Serious, Yuri could not bring herself to kill Kei in cold blood, despite her neurochemistry imbalance. It is also revealed that Yuri has a deep admiration for Kei's rebel side, stealing her stuff in Fatal But Not Serious and acting the \"bad girl\", as well as attempting to act more like Kei after they engaged synchronous puppet mode, taking control of each other's bodies and trading perps in Run From the Future.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "Biohazards is an original English-language manga written by Toren Smith and Adam Warren and illustrated by Warren, based on the Dirty Pair characters created by Haruka Takachiho. The series was originally published by Eclipse Comics between December 1988 and April 1989, and was first published in paperback and hardcover graphic novel format in 1990. With the transfer of the property rights to Dark Horse Comics, Biohazards was republished as a trade paperback entitled Dirty Pair: Biohazards – 10th Anniversary Special Edition in September 1998. This edition includes the 8-page short story I Honestly Hate You from the 1994 San Diego Comic Con Comics #3 as a bonus.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "The Lovely Angels are assigned to Pacifica. Tissue samples and the single surviving brainchip of leading biotechnical engineer Kelvin A. O'Donnell have been stolen by agents of Abraham Streib, a rival industrialist maimed in an accident apparently staged by O'Donnell. Enter the Dirty Pair, who rescue O'Donnell's brainchip, implanted by Streib in a cuddly Pseudo-Fuzzy. Mission accomplished, but O'Donnell convinces the Angels of Streib's traffic in illegal bioweapons, and persuades them to help him retrieve his tissue samples so he can regain his humanity. His consciousness transferred to a synthetic warbeast, O'Donnell leads the Pair to Streib's lab, obliterating most of his cronies—and a sizable section of Pacifica's capital city. O'Donnell assures the destruction of Streib's operation, and of Streib himself, but, en route home, is arrested by Pacifica Security for unlawful bioweapons production of his own.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "Dangerous Acquaintances", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "Dangerous Acquaintances is an original English-language manga written Toren Smith and Adam Warren and illustrated by Warren, based on the Dirty Pair characters created by Haruka Takachiho. The series was originally published by Eclipse Comics between June 1989 and March 1990, and was first published in paperback and hardcover graphic novel format in 1991. With the transfer of the property rights to Dark Horse Comics, Dangerous Acquaintances was republished as a trade paperback in June 1997.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "The 1997 reissue of the story features edited artwork for the chapters that comprise issues 3 through 5 of the original publication. The edits made were to Kei and Yuri's waitress costumes. In the original publication the costumes were Playboy Bunny costumes, though never referred to as such specifically. In the 1997 reprint the ears and tails were digitally removed from all of the panels in which they appear, though in some panels the shadows on the walls behind the characters still have the ears and tails.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "The Lovely Angels are on vacation on the planet of Rocinante when they spot an old \"acquaintance\", Shasti. Kei and Yuri immediately attack Shasti in a drunken rage, but are quickly subdued by the heavily armed and violent local police as Shasti blends into the crowd. Through a series of flashbacks interwoven though the story, the tale of the betrayal, attempted murder, and humiliation of the (then-rookie) pair by the increasingly psychotic superagent Shasti is told. The Lovely Angels start investigating Shasti's presence on the planet, and uncover a nest of apparently unconnected plots that all seem to have Shasti as the leader. Among revolutionaries, a band of thieves after a collection of priceless antiques, and an experimental one-of-a-kind FTL drive installed in an interstellar liner filled with rich and influential potential hostages, the Dirty Pair must determine which is Shasti's real goal and what is simply smokescreen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "A Plague of Angels is the third original English-language manga version of Haruka Takachiho's Dirty Pair characters, written by Toren Smith and Adam Warren and illustrated by Warren. It was the last Dirty Pair comic that Smith and Warren co-wrote, Warren going on to handle all future writing for the series on his own. The series was originally published by Studio Proteus between August 1990 and November 1991, and has since been collected into a trade paperback, which was reissued by Dark Horse Comics in December 1995.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "As public outrage peaks, the Angels are restricted to the Kalevala O'Neill Colony to help with local investigations of a technology-smuggling outfit. Meanwhile, the 3WA launches a full-scale public relations assault, commissioning a glowingly positive profile for High Sense magazine. As the Pair turn a routine stake-out into a free-for-all, ambitious reporter Cory Emerson takes the assignment. Cory arrives to find the Pair in trouble with security for the stake-out fiasco, which nonetheless has revealed the nature of their adversaries: artificial personalities encoded on micro-software plugs enabling the smugglers to move between host bodies. The Angels, with Cory in tow, go solo to crack the ring, but the smugglers unleash their secret weapon: a robot using a maniacal artificial personality that threatens to blow everyone up using a low-yield gravity bomb. The Pair successfully defeat the robot, but the bomb does not seem to be with it anymore.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "Sim Hell is the fourth original English-language manga version of Haruka Takachiho's Dirty Pair characters, written and illustrated by Adam Warren. It was the first Dirty Pair comic that saw Warren handle all the writing, having previously co-wrote with Toren Smith. The series was originally published by Dark Horse Comics between May and August 1993, and has since been collected into a trade paperback. Later, a colorized, reissued version (Sim Hell Remastered) was published between May and August 2001.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "The Lovely Angels report to the 3WA headquarters for Kei's annual evaluative assessment by the top-secret Central Computer, the 3WA's \"chief operating entity\". Before any direct examination can take place, Kei must first participate via neural interface in several computer-generated interactive simulations, or \"sims\". Something goes awry and Kei is seemingly trapped in a potentially lethal feedback loop with the computers running the simulation. Yuri jacks in to the sim's virtual reality to save Kei, but soon finds that both of them are now stuck in an endless series of simulations. Initially, the Angels struggle through historical sims, set decades earlier during the genocidal \"Nanoclysm\", a plague of artificially intelligent Nanoviruses that nearly annihilated humanity. They discover that they are trapped in simulations belonging to the shadowy Bureau of Technological Regulation (BTR), a secretive group whose business is the control of certain dangerous technologies. Eventually, Kei and Yuri stumble upon a private sim owned by Kevin Sleet, their obnoxious tormentor from the BTR. There, they find that a rogue faction of the BTR, using supposedly forbidden technologies, intends to seize control of the 3WA's Central Computer and use its formidable powers to help mount a paramilitary coup of human civilization. But worst of all, the Angels discover that Sleet plans on a future where clones of Kei and Yuri serve as his personal harem. Nauseated, our heroines head for a final confrontation with the nefarious lout. They find the Central Computer is not without its own defenses.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "\"I Honestly Hate You\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "\"I Honestly Hate You\" is an eight-page short story originally published in August 1994 in the (annual) San Diego Comic Con Comics #3 (reprinted in 1998 by Dark Horse Comics in the Dirty Pair: Biohazards trade paperback).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "Kei decides that she has had enough of dealing with Yuri's personality and derisive comments. She equips herself with fighting equipment and storms her room to teach her a lesson.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "The black-and-white drawing style is reminiscent of Japanese manga, with heavy usage of gray-scale sheets, panels arriving to the edge of the pages on all four edges, kinetic lines showing movement, and some panels having no borders or being inclined to a side to show the direction of action.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "Fatal But Not Serious", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "Fatal But Not Serious is the sixth original English-language manga version of Haruka Takachiho's Dirty Pair characters, written and illustrated by Adam Warren. The series was originally published by Dark Horse Comics between July and November 1995, and has since been collected into a trade paperback.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "While the majority of humanity still lives in fear of the Dirty Pair and their well-publicized \"disastrous proclivities\", a surprising number of people have, for a wide variety of reasons, chosen to embrace the Lovely Angels as beloved, if destructive, \"idol figures\". Recently, the Pair's galaxy-wide cult following has grown large enough to support an actual convention celebrating their dubious celebrity. In a doomed bid to generate some positive media coverage, the Lovely Angels themselves are attending this \"Kei'n'YuriCon '41\" as guests of honor, but their enemies are conspiring to derail this ill-fated \"charm offensive\". Just before the convention, the Lovely Angels defeated a terrorist group in a bloody battle that left Kei with a broken leg. The surviving terrorist sought his revenge by unleashing a tailored \"neurovirus\", designed to trigger an anti-Dirty Pair hysteria and mob violence at the convention. More ominously, a renegade branch of the 3WA has stolen the Lovely Angel's \"back-up copy\" personality constructs and tissue samples, generated a memory-intact clone of Yuri, and duped the freshly grown Angel into thinking she is undergoing an interactive simulation, a bizarre virtual reality scenario that requires her to assassinate the original Kei and Yuri. In typical Dirty Pair fashion, she is going to accomplish her mission beyond the shadow of a doubt, by causing the local sun to go supernova. Fortunately, the planetary authorities drew up plans to evacuate the system when they heard the Dirty Pair would be attending.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "This series uses finished artwork that is inked and colored. The character designs use plain colors without gradients and shadows are done with zones of darker plain colors or with black zones, similar to anime. Cinetic lines are heavily used to represent movement, like Japanese manga. The environments are all futuristic.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "Start the Violence is a one-shot comic featuring the original English-language manga version of Haruka Takachiho's Dirty Pair characters, written and illustrated by Adam Warren. It was included in the Dirty Pair: Run From the Future trade paperback by Dark Horse Comics in January 2002.  It was also published in three parts in Dark Horse Presents issues 132–134.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "Run from the Future is the eighth original English-language manga version of Haruka Takachiho's Dirty Pair characters, written and illustrated by Adam Warren. The series was originally published by Dark Horse Comics between January and April 2000, and has since been collected into a trade paperback.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "Kei and Yuri, disguised as a pregnant Shasti and an overweight male model, with EPD (Explosive Personality Disorder) Eddie, travel to the covert trade and technology nexus of the Nimkasi, a Dyson tree habitat, where the 3WA have scored a deal with the Black Market habitat to poach 50 of the worst \"crims, terrs, and pirates\" from its megatree branches, in less than 100 minutes. Subduing, arresting, and battling with a sentient Smart Cloth \"Living Leather\" suit, a French post-human terrorist leader and his mechas, terrorist artists, bio-tattooed orcas, the blood-thirsty Teddy Roosevelt gladiator, Kei's schoolgirl crush, and Binky. The Lovely Angels may just pull off their first ever \"collateral damage\"-free mission, but a trip down memory lane for Yuri and Kei's own faith issues conspire against them. In the end, the Angels are successful (if only for a short while), but narrowly miss seeing the real Shasti.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "\"A Big 'Merci Beaucoup'\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "\"A Big 'Merci Beaucoup'\" is a six-page story originally published from May to August 2001 in the back of each colorized reissue of Sim Hell, and later in the back of the colorized Sim Hell reissued trade paperback (2002).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "This short story consists of a series of flashbacks about how the relationship between Yuri and Kei has evolved over time. The flashbacks include events ranging from the time when both attended school to the current time, including, for example, their training at the 3WA.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "The pages are greyscale reproductions of tight pencil \"layouts\", like the Empowered pages, and they are neither inked nor toned.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "Press Release on the Dark Horse Comics website", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "Run From the Future Preview at Dark Horse Comics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "Start the Violence Preview at Dark Horse Comics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_895bc3aa", "title": "The Dirty Pair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_895bc3aa.json"}}
{"text": "Tiffany is an unincorporated community on the Southern Ute Indian Reservation in La Plata County, Colorado, United States. Tiffany is  part of the Durango, CO Micropolitan Statistical Area. The Ignacio, Colorado, post office (ZIP Code 81137) now serves Tiffany.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e225dcf", "title": "Tiffany, Colorado", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany,_Colorado", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e225dcf.json"}}
{"text": "The Tiffany, Colorado, post office operated from December 3, 1907, until November 30, 1954. The community was named after Ed Tiffany, a pioneer settler.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e225dcf", "title": "Tiffany, Colorado", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany,_Colorado", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e225dcf.json"}}
{"text": "Bibliography of Colorado", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e225dcf", "title": "Tiffany, Colorado", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany,_Colorado", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e225dcf.json"}}
{"text": "Geography of Colorado", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e225dcf", "title": "Tiffany, Colorado", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany,_Colorado", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e225dcf.json"}}
{"text": "Durango, CO Micropolitan Statistical Area", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e225dcf", "title": "Tiffany, Colorado", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany,_Colorado", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e225dcf.json"}}
{"text": "Southern Ute Indian Reservation", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e225dcf", "title": "Tiffany, Colorado", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany,_Colorado", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e225dcf.json"}}
{"text": "Index of Colorado-related articles", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e225dcf", "title": "Tiffany, Colorado", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany,_Colorado", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e225dcf.json"}}
{"text": "List of Colorado-related lists", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e225dcf", "title": "Tiffany, Colorado", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany,_Colorado", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e225dcf.json"}}
{"text": "List of populated places in Colorado", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e225dcf", "title": "Tiffany, Colorado", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany,_Colorado", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e225dcf.json"}}
{"text": "List of post offices in Colorado", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7e225dcf", "title": "Tiffany, Colorado", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany,_Colorado", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7e225dcf.json"}}
{"text": "Anna Rohrer (born February 24, 1997) is an American long-distance runner and former student-athlete at the University of Notre Dame. She won four high school national championships and was named the Foot Locker female cross country athlete of the year in 2015.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_312ac780", "title": "Anna Rohrer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rohrer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_312ac780.json"}}
{"text": "Rohrer attended Mishawaka High School, in Mishawaka, Indiana, where she was a star track and cross country athlete.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_312ac780", "title": "Anna Rohrer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rohrer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_312ac780.json"}}
{"text": "Rohrer won the 2012 5,000 m Foot Locker Cross Country Championships, in a time of 17:25 and the 2014 event in 17:13.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_312ac780", "title": "Anna Rohrer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rohrer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_312ac780.json"}}
{"text": "Rohrer received her 2014–15 Cross Country Gatorade Player of the Year awards from the University of Notre Dame alumnus and USA Track & Field national champion, Molly Huddle.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_312ac780", "title": "Anna Rohrer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rohrer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_312ac780.json"}}
{"text": "Rohrer won the 2014 NBNO 5000 title in a time of 16:10 at New Balance Outdoor Nationals.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_312ac780", "title": "Anna Rohrer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rohrer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_312ac780.json"}}
{"text": "Rohrer also won her fourth national title at the 2014 New Balance Indoor Nationals, setting an indoor record of 16:10.79 in the girls 5,000 meter race.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_312ac780", "title": "Anna Rohrer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rohrer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_312ac780.json"}}
{"text": "Rohrer ran 17:08.8 to win the 2014 IHSAA State Cross Country Championship, 17:13.2 to win the 2012 IHSAA State Cross Country Championship. In the 2015 IHSAA State Track and Field Championship, she ran 4:52.09 to win the 1600m title, and 10:11.20 to win the 3200m title at the. She ran 10:14.43 to win the 3200m title at the 2014 IHSAA State Track and Field Championship, ran 10:20.68 to win the 3200m title at the 2013 IHSAA State Track and Field Championship, and as a freshman, ran 11:11.04 to place 17th in the 3200m at the 2012 IHSAA State Track and Field Championship.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_312ac780", "title": "Anna Rohrer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rohrer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_312ac780.json"}}
{"text": "Mishawaka Mayor Dave Wood presented Rohrer with a key to the city, proclaiming December 8, 2012, Anna Rohrer National Champion Day.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_312ac780", "title": "Anna Rohrer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rohrer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_312ac780.json"}}
{"text": "Rohrer attended the University of Notre Dame.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_312ac780", "title": "Anna Rohrer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rohrer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_312ac780.json"}}
{"text": "In 2017, Rohrer won ACC Outdoor Championship titles at 5,000 and 10,000 meters.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_312ac780", "title": "Anna Rohrer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rohrer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_312ac780.json"}}
{"text": "On June 7, 2018, Rohrer finished sixth in the NCAA Division I Outdoors 10,000 meters, although her time was under the existing 30-year-old event record.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_312ac780", "title": "Anna Rohrer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rohrer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_312ac780.json"}}
{"text": "Rohrer placed 10th in 2018 NCAA Division I Cross Country Championships leading the Notre Dame Fighting Irish women's cross country to an 8th-place team finish.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_312ac780", "title": "Anna Rohrer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rohrer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_312ac780.json"}}
{"text": "On June 6, 2019, Rohrer repeated her 6th-place finish in the 10,000 meters at 2019 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_312ac780", "title": "Anna Rohrer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rohrer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_312ac780.json"}}
{"text": "As of June 2019, Rohrer is a 5-time Atlantic Coast Conference champion, 8-time USTFCCCA NCAA Division I First and Second Team All-American.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_312ac780", "title": "Anna Rohrer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rohrer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_312ac780.json"}}
{"text": "In April 2017, she ran a world-leading 31:58.99 to win the 10,000m at the Stanford Invitational, earning USA Track & Field Athlete of the Week honors.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_312ac780", "title": "Anna Rohrer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rohrer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_312ac780.json"}}
{"text": "Postcollegiate competition", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_312ac780", "title": "Anna Rohrer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rohrer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_312ac780.json"}}
{"text": "Half Marathons and Marathons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_312ac780", "title": "Anna Rohrer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rohrer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_312ac780.json"}}
{"text": "2014–15 Gatorade National Girls Cross Country Player of the Year", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_312ac780", "title": "Anna Rohrer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rohrer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_312ac780.json"}}
{"text": "Mishawaka High School Athletic profile", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_312ac780", "title": "Anna Rohrer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rohrer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_312ac780.json"}}
{"text": "Mishawaka High School in June 2015 MileSplit articles", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_312ac780", "title": "Anna Rohrer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rohrer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_312ac780.json"}}
{"text": "Anna Rohrer at TFRRS", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_312ac780", "title": "Anna Rohrer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rohrer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_312ac780.json"}}
{"text": "Anna Rohrer at World Athletics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_312ac780", "title": "Anna Rohrer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rohrer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_312ac780.json"}}
{"text": "Coaching a National Champion", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_312ac780", "title": "Anna Rohrer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rohrer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_312ac780.json"}}
{"text": "Interstate 485 (I-485) is a cancelled auxiliary Interstate Highway that would have traveled eastward and then northward from Downtown Atlanta, in the US state of Georgia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ccb16516", "title": "Interstate 485 (Georgia)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_485_(Georgia)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ccb16516.json"}}
{"text": "The 5.9-mile-long (9.5 km) route would have begun at the Downtown Connector (I-75/I-85) and used the highway that is now State Route 410 (SR 410) east to the interchange with the also-proposed SR 400. There, it would have turned north to end at I-85 near SR 236 (Lindbergh Drive). Each of those freeways would have continued beyond the termini of I-485. SR 410, the Stone Mountain Freeway, would continue east beyond the I-285 perimeter highway, and SR 400 would extend both south and north outside the perimeter. A short piece of I-485/SR 410 was constructed from I-75/I-85 east to Boulevard Northeast.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ccb16516", "title": "Interstate 485 (Georgia)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_485_(Georgia)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ccb16516.json"}}
{"text": "Activists in the neighborhood of Morningside, along the SR 400 portion of I-485, were the first to fight the road, although opposition surfaced in a number of nearby surrounding neighborhoods. This is the most famous example of the Atlanta freeway revolts. After I-485, and parts of SR 400 and SR 410, was canceled, a portion of the right-of-way of the canceled highway was used to build Freedom Parkway, now part of SR 10. SR 400 north of I-85 was constructed in the early 1990s as a toll road, and the section south of I-285 was constructed in the mid-1980s and designated I-675.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ccb16516", "title": "Interstate 485 (Georgia)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_485_(Georgia)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ccb16516.json"}}
{"text": "Georgia (U.S. state) portal", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ccb16516", "title": "Interstate 485 (Georgia)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_485_(Georgia)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ccb16516.json"}}
{"text": "Transportation in Atlanta", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ccb16516", "title": "Interstate 485 (Georgia)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_485_(Georgia)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ccb16516.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Interstate 485 (Georgia) at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ccb16516", "title": "Interstate 485 (Georgia)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_485_(Georgia)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ccb16516.json"}}
{"text": "Interstate 485 Georgia on Interstate-guide.com", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ccb16516", "title": "Interstate 485 (Georgia)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_485_(Georgia)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ccb16516.json"}}
{"text": "The canceled I-485 route (superimposed on Google Maps)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ccb16516", "title": "Interstate 485 (Georgia)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_485_(Georgia)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ccb16516.json"}}
{"text": "Bagadó (Spanish pronunciation: [baɣaˈðo]) is a municipality and town in the Chocó Department, Colombia. It is the site of the Tahami Indigenous reservation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_416e5139", "title": "Bagadó", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagad%C3%B3", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_416e5139.json"}}
{"text": "Bagadó has an extremely wet tropical rainforest climate (Af).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_416e5139", "title": "Bagadó", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagad%C3%B3", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_416e5139.json"}}
{"text": "Captain America is a comic book title featuring the character Captain America and published by Marvel Comics. The original Captain America comic book series debuted in 1968.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e8d45c0", "title": "Captain America (comic book)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(comic_book)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e8d45c0.json"}}
{"text": "Atlas Comics published the short-lived title Captain America #76–78 from May 1954 to September 1954. Atlas came to adopt the name Marvel Comics in 1961. During the Marvel era, Captain America was starring in the title Tales of Suspense, which was retitled Captain America with issue #100 (April 1968). The new title Captain America continued to feature artwork by Jack Kirby, as well as a short run by Jim Steranko, and work by many of the industry's top artists and writers. It was called Captain America and the Falcon from #134 (Feb. 1971) to #222 (June 1978), although the Falcon's name was not on the cover for issues #193, 200, and 216. The 1972–1975 run on the title by writer Steve Englehart and artist Sal Buscema saw the series become one of Marvel's top-sellers. In 2010, Comics Bulletin ranked Englehart and Buscema's run on Captain America fourth on its list of the \"Top 10 1970s Marvels\". Kirby returned to the series as writer and penciler with issue #193 (Jan. 1975) and remained through #214 (Oct. 1977).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e8d45c0", "title": "Captain America (comic book)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(comic_book)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e8d45c0.json"}}
{"text": "This series – considered Captain America volume one by comics researchers and historians – ended with #454 (Aug. 1996). Captain America Vol. 1 should not be confused with the 1940s series Captain America Comics (1941–1949, 1954) and Captain America's Weird Tales (1949–1950).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e8d45c0", "title": "Captain America (comic book)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(comic_book)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e8d45c0.json"}}
{"text": "This series was almost immediately followed by the 13-issue Captain America vol. 2 (Nov. 1996 – Nov. 1997, part of the \"Heroes Reborn\" crossover), the 50-issue Captain America vol. 3 (Jan. 1998 – Feb. 2002), the 32-issue Captain America vol. 4 (June 2002 – Dec. 2004), and Captain America vol. 5 (Jan. 2005 – Aug. 2011). Beginning with the 600th overall issue (Aug. 2009), Captain America resumed its original numbering, as if the series numbering had continued uninterrupted after #454.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e8d45c0", "title": "Captain America (comic book)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(comic_book)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e8d45c0.json"}}
{"text": "As part of the aftermath of Marvel Comics' company-crossover storyline \"Civil War\", Steve Rogers was ostensibly killed in Captain America vol. 5, #25 (March 2007). Series writer Ed Brubaker remarked, \"What I found is that all the really hard-core left-wing fans want Cap to be standing out on and giving speeches on the street corner against the George W. Bush administration, and all the really right-wing fans all want him to be over in the streets of Baghdad, punching out Saddam Hussein.\" The character's co-creator, Joe Simon, said, \"It's a hell of a time for him to go. We really need him now.\" Artist Alex Ross designed a slightly revised Captain America costume that former sidekick Bucky Barnes began to wear as the new Captain America in vol. 5, #34 (March 2008). As of 2007, an estimated 210 million copies of \"Captain America\" comic books had been sold in 75 countries.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e8d45c0", "title": "Captain America (comic book)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(comic_book)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e8d45c0.json"}}
{"text": "The storyline of Rogers' return began in issue #600.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e8d45c0", "title": "Captain America (comic book)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(comic_book)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e8d45c0.json"}}
{"text": "Marvel stated in May 2011 that Rogers, following the public death of Bucky Barnes in the \"Fear Itself\" crossover, would resume his Captain America identity in a sixth volume of Captain America, by writer Ed Brubaker and artist Steve McNiven. The Captain America title continued from issue #620 featuring team up stories with Bucky (#620-#628), Hawkeye (#629-#632), Iron Man (#633–635), Namor (#635.1), and Black Widow (#636-#640), and the title ended its print run with issue #640.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e8d45c0", "title": "Captain America (comic book)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(comic_book)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e8d45c0.json"}}
{"text": "In February 2025, it was announced that Chip Zdarsky would be writing a new volume of Captain America for Marvel. The opening arc of the series will follow Steve shortly after he is freed from the ice and tells the untold first encounter between him and Doctor Doom. Valerio Schiti will serve as the main artist for the book, with the first issue set to debut in July 2025.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e8d45c0", "title": "Captain America (comic book)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(comic_book)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e8d45c0.json"}}
{"text": "List of Captain America titles", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e8d45c0", "title": "Captain America (comic book)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(comic_book)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e8d45c0.json"}}
{"text": "Silver Age of Comic Books", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e8d45c0", "title": "Captain America (comic book)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(comic_book)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e8d45c0.json"}}
{"text": "Captain America Archived 2017-01-10 at the Wayback Machine at the Comic Book DB", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1e8d45c0", "title": "Captain America (comic book)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(comic_book)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1e8d45c0.json"}}
{"text": "Eugène Fredrik Jansson (18 March 1862, Stockholm – 15 June 1915, Nacka) was a Swedish painter known for his night-time land- and cityscapes dominated by shades of blue. Towards the end of his life, from about 1904, he mainly painted male nudes. The earlier of these phases has caused him to sometimes be referred to as blåmålaren, \"the blue-painter\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aee3addb", "title": "Eugène Jansson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Jansson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aee3addb.json"}}
{"text": "Queer commentators have described Jansson as Sweden's first gay artist, a reputation based primarily on his male nudes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aee3addb", "title": "Eugène Jansson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Jansson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aee3addb.json"}}
{"text": "Jansson's parents, Eugenia and Frederik, belonged to a social stratum straddling the working and the lower middle class, but they were interested in art and music and ambitious for their two sons, Eugène and his younger brother Adrian. His father was a postal messenger, and a skilled amateur flautist, while his wife had aspired to be a professional singer and painted still lifes for her own enjoyment. Eugène went to the German School in Stockholm and took piano lessons. After a retinal detachment and diagnosis of a severe congenital heart conditioner, an attack of scarlet fever at the age of fourteen caused him health issues from which he suffered for the rest of his life, including bad eyesight and hearing and chronic kidney problems.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aee3addb", "title": "Eugène Jansson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Jansson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aee3addb.json"}}
{"text": "Jansson enrolled in the Tekniska skolan (now Konstfack) in 1878 and studied with Edvard Perséus, a painter who ran a private art school in Stockholm. He was accepted into the Antique school of the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts in 1881, but did not have the means to follow most of his contemporaries to Paris for further studies. Remaining in Stockholm, which supplied him most of his motifs, his first trip outside the Nordic countries would come in 1900, when he had already become well-established as a painter and his economic situation had started to improve. In his youth, he assisted Perséus in his portrait production and painted some still lifes, but he eventually found his favourite motifs in the city surrounding him. Perséus was a leader in the Oppenenterna, a group of radical artists who wished to revolutionized cultural life in Sweden, and Jansson, a committed socialist, participated in the movement. He was also a founding memory of the Artists' Union in 1886 which intended to provide an alternative to the Academy and develop artists. He had many friends through his artist groups, including Perséus and Karl Nördstrom.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aee3addb", "title": "Eugène Jansson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Jansson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aee3addb.json"}}
{"text": "After the death of Perséus in 1890, Jansson depended on financial support from his father, but Frederik died of pleurisy in 1891 and Jansson became head of household. He moved with his mother and brother at Södermalm, the economically-depressed southern part of Stockholm. They eventually settled in a flat at No. 40 Bastugatan, on a height with a view over most of central Stockholm including the Riddarfjärden bay and the Old town. Most of his paintings from the 1890s up to 1904 are night views over Riddarfjärden, as he would have seen it from his home, or street views from various parts of Södermalm. They are dominated by shades of blue and very visible brush strokes, often crossing one another. Over the years his paintings moved towards increasing simplification and abstraction, and at the end of his \"blue\" period, little more than the street lights and their reflections in the waters can be discerned from the mass of blue of the canvas. During this time, he was heavily influenced by Edward Munch, James McNeill Whistler, and Vincent van Gogh, who was promoted by Swedish artist Nils Kreuger. His art reflected recent industrial and technological developments and their impact on the urban environment around him in Stockholm.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aee3addb", "title": "Eugène Jansson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Jansson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aee3addb.json"}}
{"text": "In 1898, upon the recommendation of Nördstrom, Ernest Thiel, a wealthy banker, visited Jansson's studio and bought three paintings. Thiel purchased many more of Jansson's paintings and became the owner of the largest single collection of Jansson's work, on display at the Thielska Galleriet which was built on his estate and donated to the city of Stockholm. Thiel's patronage improved Jansson's economic standing, and many other collectors began to purchase Jansson's cittyscapes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aee3addb", "title": "Eugène Jansson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Jansson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aee3addb.json"}}
{"text": "After 1904, when he had already achieved success with his Stockholm views, Jansson confessed to a friend that he felt absolutely exhausted and had no more wish to continue with what he had done until then. He stopped participating in exhibitions for several years and went over to figure painting around 1907. To combat the health issues he had suffered from since childhood, he became a diligent swimmer and winter bather, often visiting the navy bathhouse (Flottans badhus), where he found the new subjects for his paintings. He painted groups of sunbathing sailors, and young muscular nude men lifting weights or doing other physical exercises. He painted Naken yngling (Naked Young Man ) in 1907 of his close companion Knut Hyman, a friend he had met at the naval bathhouse, and the two men shared a home in Jansson's studio until around 1912.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aee3addb", "title": "Eugène Jansson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Jansson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aee3addb.json"}}
{"text": "Art historians and critics have long avoided the issue of any possible homoerotic tendencies in this later phase of his art, but later studies (see Brummer 1999) have established that Jansson was in all probability homosexual and appears to have had a relationship with at least one of his models. His brother, Adrian Jansson, who was himself homosexual and survived Eugène by many years, burnt all his letters and many other papers, possibly to avoid scandal (homosexuality was illegal in Sweden until 1944). Eugène died of a cerebral hemorrhage in 1915.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aee3addb", "title": "Eugène Jansson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Jansson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aee3addb.json"}}
{"text": "Brummer, Hans Henrik: \"Blå skymning och atleter. Kring Eugène Janssons måleri\", Konsthistorisk tidskrift, 68 (1999), pp. 65–79.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aee3addb", "title": "Eugène Jansson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Jansson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aee3addb.json"}}
{"text": "Zachau, Inga, Eugène Jansson: den blå stadens målare, Lund: Signum, 1997.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aee3addb", "title": "Eugène Jansson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Jansson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aee3addb.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Eugène Jansson at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_aee3addb", "title": "Eugène Jansson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Jansson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_aee3addb.json"}}
{"text": "The following events occurred in September 1969:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 1, 1969 (Monday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "A bloodless coup d'état ousted King Idris I of Libya and replaced it with a 12-member group of young officers who formed the Revolutionary Command Council that implemented an end to the traditional rule of older families; soon, the leader of the Council would be identified as a 27-year-old Libyan Army colonel, Muammar Gaddafi. The king had traveled out of the country to Turkey for medical treatment. King Idris's nephew, Crown Prince Hassan el-Rida, appeared on a radio broadcast that evening to announce his \"voluntary abdication\" from serving as the \"acting monarch\" during Idris's absence, and called on Libyan citizens to support the new government. The coup's leader was initially identified as Colonel Saad Eddine Abbou Chouireb, declared the end of the monarchy and the creation of the Libyan Revolutionary Command Council to rule the new republic. Gaddafi, one of the council members, would be the President of the Islamic Republic of Libya until his own overthrow and death in 2011.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Jornal Nacional, the first live national news program on Brazilian television, went on the air for the first time, with anchors Cid Moreira and Hilton Gomes. At 7:45 in the evening, Moreira began with the program's slogan \"No ar, Jornal Nacional. A notícia unindo 70 milhões de brasileiros\" (\"On the air, Jornal Nacional— the news uniting 70 million Brazilians\"). Jornal Nacional was based in Rio de Janeiro and telecast over the TV Globo network to the three Globo affiliates in Rio, São Paulo and Porto Alegre.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "All 22 people on board Aeroflot Flight 55 were killed when the plane crashed into a mountain in the Soviet Union above the Arctic Circle. The airliner was making its approach to Egvekinot after a flight from Anadyr.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Born: Melissa Doi, American senior manager at IQ Financial Systems and one of the victims who died in the September 11 attacks. She is known for the recording of a 9-1-1 call she made during her final moments inside the South Tower as the tower began to collapse; in New York City", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Died: Drew Pearson, 71, American newspaper columnist", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 2, 1969 (Tuesday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "James Pike, the controversial Episcopalian American evangelist and the church's former Bishop of California, disappeared after his car broke down while he was driving across the Judaean Desert west of the Dead Sea in Israel. Pike and his wife, Diana, walked through the desert in search of help until Pike became ill and his wife continued searching for help. Mrs. Pike was rescued by a Bedouin Arab and survived. Bishop Pike was found dead six days later by a search team; while he had survived the heat after finding a source of fresh water, he had attempted to climb up the walls of a steep canyon and was killed when he fell.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "The first successful communication from one computer to another by Interface Message Processor (IMP) took place at UCLA, the University of California in Los Angeles, three days after the delivery of the first IMP to the university's computer building. The software programming written by a team of engineers led by Leonard Kleinrock, accommodated the packet switching technology of the IMP which was linked to UCLA's mainframe computer by telephone line and \"the two machines began talking to each other\" in an intramural dialogue, opening the way for a computer in one location to transmit data directly to any other computer in the world with an IMP. The next step would be on October 1 with the installation of an IMP at the Stanford Research Institute.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "The first automatic teller machine in the United States, called the \"Docuteller\", was installed at a branch of the Chemical Bank at 10 North Village Avenue in Rockville Centre, New York.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Born: Cedric \"K-Ci\" Hailey, American R&B singer for K-Ci & JoJo (with his brother Joel \"JoJo\" Hailey) and Jodeci; in Monroe, North Carolina", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Died: Ho Chi Minh, 79, President of North Vietnam. A radio broadcast from Hanoi the next day announced that Ho had died of a heart attack at 9:47 on Wednesday morning and informed listeners that \"Everyone tried their utmost and gave of their best to save him at any price, but because of his advanced age and serious illness of the sudden severe heart attack, President Ho left us forever.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 3, 1969 (Wednesday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "U.S. Marine General Leonard F. Chapman Jr., the Commandant of the Marine Corps, issued orders immediately changing some policies within the Corps to bring an end to racial violence while maintaining discipline against persons of any race who failed to live up the standards of the United States Marines, acknowledging discrimination in the past, making concessions to African-American culture, and ordering that \"legitimate grievances\" of racial discrimination would \"receive sympathetic consideration and rapid response.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "The Chicago Cubs, who had the best record in baseball's National League (84 wins, 52 losses) and who were in first place in the NL's East Division, five games ahead of the New York Mets with 26 games left to play, began an 8-game losing streak with a 2–0 defeat by the Cincinnati Reds. The Mets, on the other hand, began a winning streak the next day that would eventually see them capture the division title and, soon afterward, the 1969 World Series.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "John Fugelsang, American actor, writer, comedian and politician commentator; in Long Island", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Noah Baumbach, American film director and screenwriter; in Brooklyn", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Died: John Lester, 98, American cricket star and captain of the United States team during international matches between 1894 and 1908", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 4, 1969 (Thursday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Charles B. Elbrick, the United States Ambassador to Brazil, was kidnapped after guerrillas of the 8th October Revolutionary Movement group stopped his limousine at a roadblock in Rio de Janeiro. The \"MR–8\" group left the limo driver with a letter setting a 48-hour ultimatum for Brazil's military government to release 15 political prisoners and to publish the MR–8 manifesto, or face the execution of the Ambassador. After three days and six hours in captivity, Ambassador Elbrick was released unharmed after the 15 prisoners were taken from prison and flown to Mexico City.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Born: Giorgi Margvelashvili, President of Georgia from 2013 to 2018; in Tbilisi, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 5, 1969 (Friday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "U.S. Army Lieutenant William Calley was charged with six counts of premeditated murder for the 1968 My Lai Massacre deaths of over 109 South Vietnamese civilians. The story itself would be made public by two different investigative journalists two months later. Calley would be court martialed and sentenced to life imprisonment in March 1971, but would be paroled on September 10, 1975, after serving all but three years of his incarceration under house arrest.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Born: Dweezil Zappa, American singer and actor; as Ian Donald Calvin Euclid Zappa in Los Angeles", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 6, 1969 (Saturday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "The government of Portugal acted to suppress and censor an interview of former Portuguese dictator Antonio de Oliveira Salazar, published in that day's edition of the Paris newspaper L'Aurore. Salazar, who had ruled Portugal from 1932 until suffering a 1968 stroke that put him in a coma, had never been told after awaking that he had been replaced as the nation's ruler. He was quoted in the interview as saying that he looked forward to resuming his duties as soon as he could \"gather enough strength\"; his housekeeper told the interviewer that the former dictator remained unaware.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "CeCe Peniston, American singer and former beauty Queen; in Dayton, Ohio", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Brian Barczyk, American reptile enthusiast and YouTuber (d. 2024)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Died: Arthur Friedenreich, 77, Brazilian soccer football player credited with at least 1,239 goals in his career during the amateur era between 1909 and 1935, and holder of the world record at the time of his death. Franz Binder, who played in Austria between 1933 and 1949, was second with 1,006 goals.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 7, 1969 (Sunday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Princeton University, an all-male Ivy League college for its first 233 years of operation, welcomed its first female undergraduate students as 171 young women jointed the 4,600 men already enrolled. New York's Daily News, reflecting the attitudes of the day, reported that many of \"the girls\" were wearing \"chic miniskirts\" as they walked to class from Pyne Hall, the campus' first dormitory for women.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Jimmy Urine (stage name for James Euringer), American electropunk musician and founder of Mindless Self Indulgence; in New York City", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Diane Farr, American TV star known for NUMB3RS; in La Cañada Flintridge, California", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Everett Dirksen, 73, Republican U.S. Senator for Illinois since 1951 and Senate Minority Leader since 1959. Dirksen suffered cardiac arrest while recovering from surgery six days earlier for lung cancer.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Gavin Maxwell, 55, Scottish naturalist for whom the otter subspecies Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli (\"Maxwell's Otter\") is named, died of cancer.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 8, 1969 (Monday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "All 32 people aboard SATENA Airlines Flight 742 were killed when the plane crashed during a storm. The Colombian DC-3 airliner was flying to Apiay after taking off from Villavicencio on a multistop flight that had originated in Bogota.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Mahmud Sulayman al-Maghribi, a physician, was named by the Libyan Arab Republic's new Revolutionary Council to be the new Prime Minister of Libya.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Jamaica changed from the British Pound to the Jamaican Dollar as part of its transition from a colony to a fully independent state", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Gary Speed, Welsh soccer football midfielder who had a record 535 appearances in the Premier League, as well as 85 games for the Wales national team, which he later managed; in Mancot, Flintshire (committed suicide, 2011)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Rachel Hunter, New Zealand supermodel and TV host; in Glenfield", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Died: Bud Collyer (Clayton Heermance, Jr.), 61, American voice actor who voiced Superman on radio and in cartoons, and radio and TV game show host who was the first emcee for Beat the Clock and To Tell the Truth.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 9, 1969 (Tuesday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Allegheny Airlines Flight 853 collided in flight with a small Piper PA-28 airplane, killing the 82 passengers and crew on the DC-9 jet airliner and the private plane pilot. Flight 853 was approaching Indianapolis from Cincinnati, on a multi-stop flight that had started in Boston and had a final destination of St. Louis. Robert W. Carey, a student pilot, had taken off from McCordsville, Indiana on a short flight to Columbus; he was killed after the Piper struck the DC-9's tail. Wreckage of the DC-9 and the bodies of persons on board were thrown by the impact across a wide area near Fairland, Indiana, including the nearby Shady Acres Trailer Court with 82 mobile homes, but none of the onlookers were injured. Among the factors in the collision were that the Piper hadn't shown up on the radarscope when the Indianapolis controllers who had cleared the airliner for its descent to 2,500 feet (760 m) into the path of the Piper which had been at 3,550 feet (1,080 m).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 10, 1969 (Wednesday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "With 22 games remaining in the 1969 National League baseball season, the New York Mets, who had never finished higher than ninth place in their history, overtook the Chicago Cubs to take the lead in the East Division's pennant race. The Mets, who had been 9½ games behind the Cubs four weeks earlier, were now one game ahead (83 wins, 57 losses) of the 84–59 Cubs, after beating the Montreal Expos twice in a double header, while the Cubs continued to lose.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "The United States Atomic Energy Commission carried out Project Rulison, detonating a 40 kiloton nuclear bomb 8,442 feet (2,573 m) below Battlement Mesa in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado in order to reach a rich supply of natural gas deposits. The blast was set off within a few miles of the small town of Parachute, Colorado, known at the time as \"Grand Valley\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "The Baseball Encyclopedia, at the time the most comprehensive compilation of historical statistics for any sport, was released by Macmillan Publishers after being compiled, cross-referenced and verified with the aid of 29-year old computer programmer Neil Armann.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Born: Ai Jing, Chinese female vocalist and folk rock singer; in Shenyang", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 11, 1969 (Thursday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "One month after troops from the Soviet Union and China had fought battles over a border dispute, Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin made a surprise visit to Beijing where he conferred at the airport with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai. Kosygin, who was on his way back from Hanoi following the funeral of North Vietnam's President Ho Chi Minh, had what the Soviets described as \"a conversation useful for both sides\" before flying on to Moscow. The lack of details from either government led observers to conclude that the brief meeting during Kosygin's stopover would have accomplished little. The meeting was the first between Soviet and Chinese leaders since 1965.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "A moderate annular solar eclipse was visible in Pacific, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and covered 96.904% of the Sun. The moon's apparent diameter was smaller, occurring only 5.2 days after apogee (Apogee on September 6, 1969).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 12, 1969 (Friday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Philippine Air Lines Flight 158 crashed into a hill near the Manila suburb of Antipolo, killing 45 of the 47 people on board. The BAC One-Eleven jet was nearing the end of a flight from Cebu to Manila.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Ángel Cabrera, Argentine professional golfer and winner of the U.S. Open (2007) and the Masters Tournament (2009); in Córdoba", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Shigeki Maruyama, Japanese professional golfer, 1997 Japan PGA Championship winner; in Ichikawa, Chiba", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 13, 1969 (Saturday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "The iconic cartoon dog, Scooby-Doo, was introduced to Saturday morning television as part of a response by the three American TV networks to complaints that cartoons had become too violent, after three years of superhero and adventure shows. Hanna-Barbera co-producer Joseph Barbera told reporters that \"Violence will be out of children's programming this fall,\" and explained that \"Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! is a series about a chicken-hearted Great Dane which, along with four high school students, solves tales of the supernatural,\" and predicted that the combination of \"comedy and music, which we've always known to be popular with kids\" could be marketed successfully.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Tyler Perry, American TV and film actor and producer, known for portraying the title role in the popular Madea series of films; as Emmitt Perry Jr. in New Orleans", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Shane Warne, Australian cricketer; in Upper Ferntree Gully, Victoria (d. 2022)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 14, 1969 (Sunday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "The American oil tanker SS Manhattan became the first commercial ship to successfully travel through the Northwest Passage, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, an achievement that the New York Times described at the time would \"raise the prospect of a commercial route that merchant voyagers have dreamed of for 500 years.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Hundreds of people on and near the southern coast of South Korea were killed by floods from the downpour of 14 inches (360 mm) of rain during the afternoon. Early reports noted the recovery of 257 bodies and at least 81 people missing, while at least 60,000 were homeless.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Men celebrating their 19th birthday or any other birthday from 20 to 26 years old would find themselves to be the ones given highest priority for military service by the draft lottery that would take place on December 1, 1969.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "The Disney anthology series became The Wonderful World of Disney.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Born: Bong Joon-ho, South Korean film director; in Daegu", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 15, 1969 (Monday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Baseball pitcher Steve Carlton of the St. Louis Cardinals set a Major League Baseball record by striking out 19 players in a nine-inning game, taking different members of the New York Mets to strike three; but the first-place Mets won anyway, 4–3, because one of their players, Ron Swoboda, hit two home runs with men on base.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 16, 1969 (Tuesday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "The city of Glenn Heights, Texas was formally incorporated as a suburb of Dallas. With a population of 257 people in a 30-acre mobile home park owned by Dallas firefighter Moe Craddock, the independent town was originally created from petition and approval of citizens to prevent the trailers from being annexed by the nearby Dallas County city of DeSoto. In its first twenty years, its population would quadruple to more than 1,000 and then to more than 4,500, and by 2010 to more than 11,000 residents.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Born: Justine Frischmann, British rock musician for Elastica; in Twickenham, London", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 17, 1969 (Wednesday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "At least 80 people were killed in the capsizing of a passenger ferry that was attempting to cross South Korea's Nakdong River from Namji-eup to Daechi-ri within Changnyeong County in South Gyeongsang Province. Another 20 people on the ferry were able to swim to shore.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Keith Flint, English singer, dancer and frontman of the electronic dance act The Prodigy; in Redbridge, London  (d. 2019)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Matthew Settle, American TV actor known for Gossip Girl and Band of Brothers; in Hickory, North Carolina", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Ken Doherty, Irish professional snooker player and 1997 world champion; in Ranelagh, Dublin", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 18, 1969 (Thursday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "The U.S. House of Representatives voted, 339 to 70, to approve a proposed 26th Amendment to the United States Constitution that, if approved by two-thirds of the U.S. Senate and then ratified by 38 of the 50 state legislatures of the United States, would abolish the United States Electoral College and would allow the President of the United States to be elected directly by the voters. Under the proposal, the candidate with the highest number of votes would win the presidency provided that he or she had received at least 40% of the votes cast. If no candidate received 40% of the votes, then a runoff election would be held between the two candidates who had the highest and second highest number. While the U.S. Senate appeared to be in favor, and U.S. President Nixon had announced his support for the bill, a filibuster against the bill was made by Democrat Senator Sam Ervin (who would later gain fame as chairman of the Watergate Hearings in 1973) of South Carolina. Votes for cloture to end the filibuster fell short of the required two-thirds majority, with the final vote for cloture being 53 in favor, 34 against on September 29, after which the Senate abandoned the legislation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Born: Cappadonna (stage name for Darryl Hill), American rapper and member of Wu-Tang Clan and Theodore Unit; in New York City", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 19, 1969 (Friday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Libya's new Prime Minister Maghribi announced that the new Libyan Arab Republic would not renew the leases of American and British military bases on Libyan territory. The U.S. Wheelus Air Base and the British RAF El Adem would both be turned over to Libyan control in 1970.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Born: Simona Păucă, Romanian gymnast and 1984 gold medalist; in Azuga", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 20, 1969 (Saturday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "At a meeting between The Beatles (minus George Harrison) and business manager Allen Klein, John Lennon announced his intention to quit the group, effectively bringing an end to the \"Fab Four\". McCartney would recount later that he suggested possible future plans for the band, and Lennon, referring to his first wife, shouted \"I want a divorce! Like the one I got from Cynthia,\" and, after a brief argument, Lennon, his wife Yoko Ono, and Klein walked out.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "U.S. Senator Gaylord Nelson of Wisconsin gave a speech to the Washington Environmental Council in Seattle and made the first proposal for what would become, on April 22, 1970 and on April 22 thereafter, \"Earth Day\". Nelson said that he planned to set aside a day during the upcoming spring \"for college scientists, public leaders, students and faculty to discuss threats to the ecology of the world.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "All but one of the 75 people on an Air Vietnam airliner flight were killed after a mid-air collision with a U.S. Air Force F-4. Both the DC-4 and the USAF jet were approaching Da Nang when the faster Phantom clipped the wing of the civilian flight from Pleiku. The DC-4 crashed into a field, killing two farmworkers on the ground.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "The very last theatrical Warner Bros. cartoon, the Merrie Melodies short Injun Trouble, was released, bringing an end to an era when feature films were preceded by brief cartoons.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 21, 1969 (Sunday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Mexicana Airlines Flight 801 from Chicago lost power as it was approaching Mexico City, killing 22 of the 111 passengers, and all but two of the seven crew. The death toll was held down by ground conditions, because the Boeing 727 reportedly impacted on \"a swampy cushion of mud and water\", and many of the passengers in the rear of the plane were thrown free from the fuselage into shallow mud. An investigation would note later that the cause could not be determined in that \"No data could be retrieved from the Flight Data Recorder because it had been incorrectly installed two days prior to the accident. The Cockpit Voice Recorder had been removed and no replacement had been installed.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "In one of the most vicious fights in the National Hockey League, and the first in which players had criminal charges brought against them, Ted Green of the Boston Bruins sustained a fractured skull in a fight with Wayne Maki of the St. Louis Blues during a preseason NHL game in Ottawa. According to accounts at the scene, Green struck Maki in the face with his hockey stick, and Maki responded by striking Green in the head with his stick. Green underwent surgery at Ottawa General Hospital and was out for the entire season, while Maki was suspended for the first 30-days of the regular season.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 22, 1969 (Monday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Willie Mays of the San Francisco Giants became the first major league baseball player since Babe Ruth to hit 600 career home runs. Mays came in as a pinch hitter in the 7th inning and his two-run homer produced the margin of victory in the Giants' 4–2 win over the San Diego Padres, and put the Giants in first place in their division with eight games left in the season. In the same game, Mays's teammate Bobby Bonds struck out for the 178th time during the season, breaking the Major League Baseball record set by Dave Nicholson of the Chicago White Sox in 1963.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "An Islamic conference in Rabat, Morocco, held after the al-Aqsa Mosque fire on August 21, condemned the Israeli claim of ownership of East Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Born: Matt Sharp, American rock musician, bassist of Weezer and frontman of The Rentals, in Bangkok, Thailand", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Died: Adolfo López Mateos, 60, President of Mexico from 1958 to 1964", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 23, 1969 (Tuesday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "The television medical drama Marcus Welby, M.D. premiered on the ABC television network, with Robert Young in the title role, and co-starring James Brolin. In its second year, Marcus Welby, M.D. would finish the season as the most-watched show in the United States.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (directed by George Roy Hill and starring Paul Newman and Robert Redford) opened to a limited release in the United States.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 24, 1969 (Wednesday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Tokyo's daily newspaper Asahi Shimbun announced that it would be the first to deliver an edition electronically to subscribers, to be printed on what was called at the time a \"facsimile receiving set\" (later called simply a \"fax machine\"). Using state of the art technology for 1969, the Toshiba machine could produce a 12.5 in (320 mm) wide by 18 in (460 mm) long page in only five minutes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "The Chicago Eight trial began in Chicago.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Born: Shawn \"Clown\" Crahan, heavy metal musician and co-founder of the band Slipknot", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 25, 1969 (Thursday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation was founded.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Catherine Zeta-Jones, Welsh stage and film actress, 2003 Oscar winner for best supporting actress and 2010 Tony Award winner for best actress in a musical; in Swansea", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Hansie Cronje, South African cricketer and national team captain; in Bloemfontein (killed in plane crash, 2002)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Hal Sparks, American actor, comedian, musician, and host; in Cincinnati", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 26, 1969 (Friday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "The Brady Bunch, a situation comedy about a \"blended family\" created by the union of two people with children from previous marriages, was introduced as one of the new television shows on the ABC network in the United States. Syndicated TV columnist Dick Kleiner described it as having \"all the elements of trite-and-true television— a bunch of children (cute) and two parents (appealing) and a dog (lovable) and a maid (witty)\" and added that \"It all sounds as new and different as this year's model of soap.\" The San Francisco Examiner commented \"the six kids and a dog and a cat, and a maid, and absurd slapstick... made the first show a shambles. Verdict: Too blamed precious.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "The 26 members of the White House Police, the division of the United States Secret Service assigned to stand guard at the residence of the President of the United States, began wearing new uniforms consistent with the colorful garb seen in palace guards in other nations. U.S. President Nixon had decided on the change earlier in the year after his first state visit to Europe as President. The widely-criticized uniforms would be retired shortly after President Nixon's resignation in 1974; in 1980, the federal surplus uniforms would be purchased by the Meriden-Cleghorn High School marching band in Cleghorn, Iowa.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "All 74 people on Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano Flight 155 were killed, including the 16 members of Club The Strongest (\"Las Stronguistas\") of La Paz, one of the top-ranked teams in the Federación Boliviana de Fútbol (FBF), Bolivia's soccer football league. The Douglas DC-6 was en route to La Paz after departure from Santa Cruz, when it struck Mount Choquetanga. Club The Strongest was returning home after a friendly exhibition against a team in Santa Cruz.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "The Beatles released the last album item that they had recorded together, Abbey Road, with sales hyped by a false rumor that Paul McCartney had died. Beatles fans debate whether Abbey Road (the last recorded before the group broke up) or Let It Be, largely finished but not released until May 1970, should be considered the final work of the group.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "A military coup d'état overthrew the civilian government in Bolivia, as President Luis Adolfo Siles was forced out after only five months in office. Bolivian Army General Alfredo Ovando Candia, the chief of the nation's armed forces and the front-runner for the 1970 presidential campaign, assumed the presidency.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 27, 1969 (Saturday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "The Zodiac Killer, who had already murdered four people and shot and wounded two others, attacked two more victims. Cecelia Shephard and Bryan Hartnell, both students at Pacific Union College in San Francisco, had been relaxing at Lake Berryessa when they had the misfortune of being seen by a man with a gun. After ordering the couple at gunpoint to tie each other, the man who identified himself in letters as \"Zodiac\", stabbed both of them multiple times while they were lying on the ground. Afterwards, \"Zodiac\" carved the 12/20/68, 7/4/69 and 9/27/69—the dates of his three most recent attacks—into the door of Hartnell's car. Hartnell survived, but Shephard died of her injuries two days later.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "The centennial of the first American college football game was celebrated as Princeton University, which had lost to Rutgers University by a score of 6 goals to 4 on November 6, 1869, visited Rutgers again. Nearly 100 years after what is considered the first game of college football between two colleges, Rutgers won, 29 to 0, on eight scores (four touchdowns, three extra points kicked, and a two-point conversion).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Imam Abdullah Haron, 45, South African Muslim cleric and anti-apartheid activist, died while in the detention of the South African Ministry of Police. Officially, the police reported that Haron, who had been in solitary confinement since May 28, died after \"falling down a flight of stairs\" and sustaining two broken ribs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Nicolas Grunitzky, 56, President of Togo from 1963 to 1967, died from injuries sustained in an automobile accident three days earlier.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "John J. McCabe, 15, American murder victim whose killer was not apprehended for more than 40 years. Walter Shelley, 17 at the time, picked up the hitchhiking victim, accused him of flirting with Shelley's girlfriend, and \"bound and gagged him in such a way that it led to his death\". The case would not be solved until 2011.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 28, 1969 (Sunday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Elections were held for West Germany's Bundestag. Neither of the two major parties won a majority of the 519 seats, leaving Foreign Minister Willy Brandt's Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD) (with 237 seats) to compete with Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger's Christian Democratic Union (with 250 seats) to both try to form a coalition with Walter Scheel's Freie Demokratische Partei (FDP) 31 seats to form a coalition government. Brandt would become Chancellor under an SPD and FDP coalition of 268 seats, eight more than needed for a majority.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Tage Erlander, Prime Minister of Sweden for the past 23 years, announced that he was retiring from the leadership of Sweden's Social Democratic Party and asked the party delegates at the Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti convention to select a successor.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Born: Ben Greenman, American author and journalist; in Chicago", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 29, 1969 (Monday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "The Tulbagh earthquake, the most destructive earthquake in South Africa's history, killed 12 people in the town of Tulbagh, located in the Boland section of the nation's Western Cape province. Nine of the 12 dead were children at an orphanage in Tulbagh for South Africa's biracial coloured population. The quake happened at 10:03 p.m. local time, hours after 40,000 anti-apartheid activists had marched in the funeral procession from central Cape Town to the Muslim Cemetery in Mowbray for the Imam Abdullah Haron.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Love, American Style, an anthology series with three separate and unrelated stories on each episode, premiered on the ABC television network. The new hour-long show, which aired at 10:00 at night EST, was well-received by critics, including one who called it \"the most pleasant and promising new series of the television season.\" Earlier in the day, the game show Sale of the Century and the soap opera Bright Promise premiered on NBC.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Born: DeVante Swing (stage name for Donald DeGrate, Jr.), co-founder, with K-Ci, of the R&B group Jodeci; in Hampton, Virginia", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "September 30, 1969 (Tuesday)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "China's Defense Minister Lin Biao ordered China's armed forces to their highest alert status, out of a belief that the Soviet Union was preparing to launch a massive surprise attack on the 20th anniversary of the October 1, 1949, founding of the People's Republic of China. The day before, China had tested a three megaton hydrogen bomb, its largest up to that time. Because of clashes along the Ussuri River that had been ongoing for six months, China had increased the number of troops deployed to the northern provinces by 20 percent during September.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "Clayton State University held its first classes, opening to 942 students as a two-year institution, Clayton Junior College. In 1986, Clayton State would become a four-year institution and become part of the University System of Georgia. Within 50 years of its founding, the university, located in Morrow, Georgia, would reach an enrollment of more than 7,000 students.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fc0ab66f", "title": "September 1969", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1969", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fc0ab66f.json"}}
{"text": "The Pine Grove Cemetery, also known as the First Meetinghouse Burying Ground, is an historic cemetery on Tremaine and Main Streets in Leominster, Massachusetts.  Established in 1742, it is the city's oldest cemetery, and the principal surviving element of the town's early settlement.  It was originally located adjacent to the community's first meeting house, built in 1741 and dismantled in 1774.  The cemetery, closed to burials since 1937, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 12, 2008.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3ac2fa8d", "title": "Pine Grove Cemetery (Leominster, Massachusetts)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Grove_Cemetery_(Leominster,_Massachusetts)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3ac2fa8d.json"}}
{"text": "Description and history", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3ac2fa8d", "title": "Pine Grove Cemetery (Leominster, Massachusetts)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Grove_Cemetery_(Leominster,_Massachusetts)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3ac2fa8d.json"}}
{"text": "Leominster was settled in the early 18th century as part of Lancaster, and was separately incorporated in 1740.  Its first colonial meeting house was built in 1741, and the cemetery was laid out the following year.  The meeting house was torn down in 1774, after a new one was built near the modern city center.  The cemetery was enlarged in 1776, and again in the 1820s to reach its present size of three acres (1.2 ha).  It was the city's only cemetery until 1840, when Evergreen Cemetery was opened to its northeast.  It is the resting place for most of Leominster's early settlers, and for many of its 18th and 19th century political and business leaders.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3ac2fa8d", "title": "Pine Grove Cemetery (Leominster, Massachusetts)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Grove_Cemetery_(Leominster,_Massachusetts)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3ac2fa8d.json"}}
{"text": "The cemetery is located about 0.5 miles (0.80 km) northeast of downtown Leominster, east of Main Street and south of Tremaine Street.  It is roughly rectangular in shape, and is generally level, with a steep rise only near its northern entrance.  There are entrances (none accessible to public vehicles) on the north, south, and west sides.  The western (Main Street) entrance is for pedestrians only, while the other two have normally locked wrought iron gates.  Vehicular circulation is by two grassy (formerly cobbled) roads that run roughly north–south, one of them connecting the north and south gates.  Burials in the cemetery, in addition to early settlers and business leaders, include a number of American Revolutionary War veterans.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3ac2fa8d", "title": "Pine Grove Cemetery (Leominster, Massachusetts)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Grove_Cemetery_(Leominster,_Massachusetts)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3ac2fa8d.json"}}
{"text": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Worcester County, Massachusetts", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3ac2fa8d", "title": "Pine Grove Cemetery (Leominster, Massachusetts)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Grove_Cemetery_(Leominster,_Massachusetts)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3ac2fa8d.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Pine Grove Cemetery (Leominster, Massachusetts) at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3ac2fa8d", "title": "Pine Grove Cemetery (Leominster, Massachusetts)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Grove_Cemetery_(Leominster,_Massachusetts)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3ac2fa8d.json"}}
{"text": "Auraria (foaled 1892) was an Australian racehorse that won the 1895 Melbourne Cup.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_98855459", "title": "Auraria (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auraria_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_98855459.json"}}
{"text": "Auraria was bred at St Albans stud in Victoria and bought for 280 guineas by David James of Kapunda.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_98855459", "title": "Auraria (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auraria_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_98855459.json"}}
{"text": "She raced 10 times as a two-year-old for six wins, three seconds and a fourth.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_98855459", "title": "Auraria (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auraria_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_98855459.json"}}
{"text": "As a three-year-old she had only seven starts, winning the Melbourne Cup, South Australian Derby, VRC Oaks and the Fisher Plate (dead heat with Wallace). Her other results were third in the Victoria Derby to Wallace and Osculator just three days before her Melbourne Cup win and two fourths. Her final race was the 1897 Fisher Plate when she finished last in the field of four.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_98855459", "title": "Auraria (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auraria_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_98855459.json"}}
{"text": "Auraria was bred to Pistol and produced several leading broodmares, including Princess Aura and Little Joan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_98855459", "title": "Auraria (horse)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auraria_(horse)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_98855459.json"}}
{"text": "Chris Brase (born 1962) is a Democratic politician, who represented the 46th District in the Iowa Senate from 2013 until 2017. Brase served on the Agriculture, Labor and Business Relations, Local Government, Natural Resources and Environment, and Transportation Committees.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_286fd54a", "title": "Chris Brase", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Brase", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_286fd54a.json"}}
{"text": "Before running for public office, Brase was a firefighter and paramedic for 21 years. Brase served as president and vice-president of the Muscatine Association of Firefighters Local 608.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_286fd54a", "title": "Chris Brase", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Brase", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_286fd54a.json"}}
{"text": "Project Vote Smart Profile", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_286fd54a", "title": "Chris Brase", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Brase", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_286fd54a.json"}}
{"text": "Barney and Smith Car Company was a railroad car manufacturer in Dayton, Ohio.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1788def0", "title": "Barney and Smith Car Company", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_and_Smith_Car_Company", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1788def0.json"}}
{"text": "Founded in 1849 by Eliam Eliakim Barney and Ebenezer Thresher as Thresher, Packard & Company, it changed names as partners came and went:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1788def0", "title": "Barney and Smith Car Company", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_and_Smith_Car_Company", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1788def0.json"}}
{"text": "1850: E. Thresher & Company", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1788def0", "title": "Barney and Smith Car Company", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_and_Smith_Car_Company", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1788def0.json"}}
{"text": "1854: Barney, Parker & Company - after Caleb Parker joined the firm", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1788def0", "title": "Barney and Smith Car Company", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_and_Smith_Car_Company", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1788def0.json"}}
{"text": "1867: The Barney & Smith Manufacturing Company - joined by E.E. Barney, Preserved Smith, J.D. Platt, E.J. Barney and A.E.E. Stevens", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1788def0", "title": "Barney and Smith Car Company", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_and_Smith_Car_Company", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1788def0.json"}}
{"text": "1892: The Barney & Smith Car Company", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1788def0", "title": "Barney and Smith Car Company", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_and_Smith_Car_Company", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1788def0.json"}}
{"text": "Barney & Smith faced challenges from bigger railcar makers in the late 1890s and early 1900s and went into receivership in 1913, when the Great Dayton Flood damaged its facilities; the company finally disappeared in 1921.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1788def0", "title": "Barney and Smith Car Company", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_and_Smith_Car_Company", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1788def0.json"}}
{"text": "railway passenger cars", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1788def0", "title": "Barney and Smith Car Company", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_and_Smith_Car_Company", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1788def0.json"}}
{"text": "electric street railways (trams or trolley cars)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1788def0", "title": "Barney and Smith Car Company", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_and_Smith_Car_Company", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1788def0.json"}}
{"text": "wooden cars for Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad in Chicago", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1788def0", "title": "Barney and Smith Car Company", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_and_Smith_Car_Company", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1788def0.json"}}
{"text": "railroad chapel cars", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1788def0", "title": "Barney and Smith Car Company", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_and_Smith_Car_Company", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1788def0.json"}}
{"text": "Eliam Eliakim Barney", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1788def0", "title": "Barney and Smith Car Company", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_and_Smith_Car_Company", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1788def0.json"}}
{"text": "His descendants include: granddaughters Natalie Clifford Barney and Laura Clifford Barney, and daughter-in-law Alice Pike Barney", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1788def0", "title": "Barney and Smith Car Company", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_and_Smith_Car_Company", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1788def0.json"}}
{"text": "List of rolling stock manufacturers", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1788def0", "title": "Barney and Smith Car Company", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_and_Smith_Car_Company", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1788def0.json"}}
{"text": "A History of the Barney & Smith Car Company", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1788def0", "title": "Barney and Smith Car Company", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_and_Smith_Car_Company", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1788def0.json"}}
{"text": "Barney and Smith Company", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1788def0", "title": "Barney and Smith Car Company", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_and_Smith_Car_Company", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1788def0.json"}}
{"text": "The Python is a small- production run sports car modeled closely after a prototype designed by Ford in the mid-1960s when Ford's Vice President of Design, Eugene 'Gene' Bordinat (pronounced Bor-din-ay), designed a new body for Carroll Shelby to use as a replacement for the AC Cobra.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5fb554c1", "title": "Python (Ford prototype)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Ford_prototype)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5fb554c1.json"}}
{"text": "Bordinat and  McKinley Thompson, the first major African-American car designer at Ford, designed a potential successor in coupe and convertible body styles, both using a new plastic called Royalex, produced by United States Rubber Company, later known as Uniroyal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5fb554c1", "title": "Python (Ford prototype)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Ford_prototype)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5fb554c1.json"}}
{"text": "By 1965, Ford was presenting the two-seater formally as the Bordinat Cobra, in honor of Eugene Bordinat.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5fb554c1", "title": "Python (Ford prototype)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Ford_prototype)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5fb554c1.json"}}
{"text": "Shelby and Ford subsequently parted ways, and the project was scrapped along with the use of the new plastic.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5fb554c1", "title": "Python (Ford prototype)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Ford_prototype)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5fb554c1.json"}}
{"text": "Later in 1981, Alvin Kelly, who felt the need for a \"pure, open air sports car\", found one of the original Royalex Bordinat Cobra bodies and, with the approval of Gene Bordinat and help of McKinley Thompson (consultant for Alvin Kelly), built four prototypes for this Python design. Alvin Kelly took the mold to Southern California, where the fourth prototype was perfected and put into production.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5fb554c1", "title": "Python (Ford prototype)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Ford_prototype)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5fb554c1.json"}}
{"text": "The Python was built using a reinforced Mustang frame that has a shortened wheel base in order to achieve 55:45 front:rear weight ratio. Because Alvin Kelly was going to market these cars through Ford dealers, the cars came equipped with standard Mustang equipment with the option of having any upgrades Ford offered for their Mustangs at that time. Consumers were also given the option of upgrading to a wooden dash and console.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5fb554c1", "title": "Python (Ford prototype)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Ford_prototype)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5fb554c1.json"}}
{"text": "Alvin Kelly moved his company to Fort Collins, Colorado shortly before production began. Although it is unknown how many cars were built in Southern California and how many were built in Fort Collins, Colorado, it is known that there were about 12 cars built before the company went under.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5fb554c1", "title": "Python (Ford prototype)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Ford_prototype)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5fb554c1.json"}}
{"text": "Kelly's Python was intended to reflect the old time style of the Bordinat Cobra while still incorporating a modern feel.  Seven examples have been identified.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5fb554c1", "title": "Python (Ford prototype)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Ford_prototype)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5fb554c1.json"}}
{"text": "Rajahmundry ( RAH-juh-mun-dree), officially Rajamahendravaram (the city of King Mahendra), is a city in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh and the district headquarters of the East Godavari district. It is the fifth most populated city in the state.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "During British Rule, the district of Rajahmundry was created in the Madras Presidency in 1823. It was reorganised in 1859 and divided into the Godavari and Krishna districts. Rajahmundry was the headquarters of the Godavari district, which was further divided into East Godavari and West Godavari districts in 1925. It is administered under the Rajahmundry revenue division of the East Godavari district.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "The city's name was derived from Rajaraja Narendra, a ruler of the Chalukya dynasty in the 11th century, who ruled over the city. In 2015, the city was renamed from Rajahmundry to Rajamahendravaram.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "The city is known for its floriculture, history, Telugu literature, culture, agriculture, economy, tourism, and heritage. It is known as the \"Cultural Capital of Andhra Pradesh\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "The city was earlier called Rajamahendravaram, derived from the Sanskrit name Rajamahendrapuram (The city of King Mahendra). Carrying the same meaning, it is also referred to as Rajamahendri. During the Qutb Shahi, Mughal, and Nizam rules, it was referred to in official records as Rājmandrī and the same name was anglicized during the British colonial era as Rajahmundry. On 10 October 2015, the State Government of Andhra Pradesh officially renamed the city back to its original name Rajamahendravaram.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Rajahmundry was established by Ammaraja Vishnuvardhana the First (919–934 AD). The city as a prominent settlement can be traced back to the rule of the Eastern Chalukya king Rajaraja Narendra, who reigned around 1022 AD. Remains of 11th-century palaces and forts still exist.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Eastern Ganga Dynasty", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "European Rulers and zamindars", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Rajahmundry was under Dutch rule for some time. In 1602, the Dutch constructed a fort here. In 1857, the British conquered the Dutch settlement. They converted it into a jail in 1864 and elevated it into a central jail in 1870. The jail is spread over 196 acres (79 ha) out of which the buildings occupy 37.24 acres (15.07 ha).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "In the Madras Presidency, the district of Rajahmundry was created in 1823. It was reorganised in 1859 and was bifurcated into Godavari and Krishna districts. During British rule, Rajahmundry was the headquarters of Godavari district, which was further bifurcated into East Godavari and West Godavari districts in 1925. When the Godavari district was split, Kakinada became the headquarters of East Godavari and Eluru became the headquarters of the West Godavari district.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Rajahmundry was a hotbed of several movements during India's freedom struggle and acted as a base for many key leaders. When the Indian National Congress had its first meeting in Bombay (Mumbai), two leaders from Rajahmundry, Nyapathi Subba Rao and Kandukuri Veeresalingam, participated in it. Subba Rao, founder of the Hindu Samaj in Rajahmundry, was also one of the six founders of India's noted English daily, The Hindu.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "The Renaissance of Andhra Pradesh started in Rajahmundry. Kandukuri Veeresalingam is known as the father of social reforms in Andhra Pradesh. He started a monthly magazine Vivekavardhini, and a school for girls at Dowleswaram in 1874. The first widow remarriage took place on 11 December 1881. A society with 16 members was started on 22 June 1884, which looked after widow remarriages in Rajahmundry. The town hall was established in 1890 by Veeresalingam. Bipin Chandra Pal visited Rajahmundry in April 1905 during the Vandemataram Movement. During his visits, he addressed the public in \"Pal Chowk\" (the present-day Kotipalli Bus Stand). Annie Besant visited Rajahmundry twice. She first came when the foundations of a branch of the Divya Gyan Samaj at Alcot Gardens were being laid. She returned for the opening ceremony. Ramakrishna Mission was established in the city during 1950–51 near Kambal Tank. The place is now Ayakar Bhavan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Rajahmundry is acclaimed as the birthplace of Telugu literature—its grammar evolved from the pen of the city-born poet Nannayya. Also known as 'Ādi Kavi' (the first poet) of Telugu, Nannayya, along with Tikkana and Yerrana, translated the Sanskrit version of the Mahabharata into Telugu. Kandukuri Veeresalingam – a social reformer and the author of Rajasekhara Charithram, the first Telugu novel – was also from Rajahmundry.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Rajahmundry is located at 16.98°N 81.78°E / 16.98; 81.78. with an average elevation of 14 metres (46 ft). It is geographically located at the centre of the Godavari districts. Paddy, sugarcane, and various varieties of flowers are cultivated in the area. The River Godavari flows to the west of Rajahmundry. The Rajahmundry Traps, part of the Deccan Traps, are located on the Godavari river and are of particular interest to geologists.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "The weather is hot and humid, with a tropical climate and, therefore, no distinct seasons. The mean maximum temperature is 32 °C (90 °F). The hottest season is from April to June, with temperatures ranging from 34 °C (93 °F) to 48 °C (118 °F) with a maximum of 52 °C (126 °F) recorded in May 2002 and May 2007. The coolest months are December and January, when it is pleasant at 27 °C (81 °F) to 30 °C (86 °F). There is heavy monsoon rain at the end of summer, with depressions in the Bay of Bengal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Rajahmundry has been ranked the 16th best \"National Clean Air City\" under Category 2 (3-10L population cities) in India.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "As of 2011 Census of India, the city had a population of 341,831. A total of 29,883 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 15,152 are boys and 14,731 are girls—a sex ratio of 972 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 84.28% (male 88.14%; female 80.54%) with 264,653 literates, significantly higher than the national average of 73.00%.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "In terms of language, 94.12% of the population spoke Telugu and 3.49% Urdu as their first language.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Rajahmundry is spread over an area of 238.5 km2 (92.1 sq mi) and metro area of 770.73 km2 (297.58 sq mi) The Government is constructing an underground drainage system in the city. The Government merged 23 surrounding villages from Korukonda, Rajanagaram, Rajahmundry Rural and Kadiam mandals into Rajamahendravaram Municipal Corporation and upgraded it to Greater Rajamahendravaram Municipal Corporation (GRMC). AP govt issued G.O. No. 85 on 28 January 2020 and published it in the Gazette on 31 January 2020. Godavari Urban Development Authority (GUDA) is also working for the progress of a new master plan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Present representatives of City:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Daggubati Purandeswari (Rajahmundry Lok Sabha).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Adireddy Srinivas (Rajahmundry Urban).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Gorantla Butchaih Chowdary (Rajahmundry Rural).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Bathula Balaramakrishna (Rajanagaram).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Rajahmundry is also famous for flowers. Various varieties of flowers are cultivated here. Nurseries spread over more than 3,500 acres in the Kadiam, Rajahmundry Rural mandals of the city. Floriculture is also expanding to Mandapeta town. The Central Floriculture Institute and Research Centre is under construction at Vemagiri in the city. The government is exporting these flowers from Rajahmundry Airport through cargo planes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Rajahmundry is a commercial hub for East Godavari and West Godavari Districts. Nurseries in Kadiam mandal generate huge revenue to Rajahmundry revenue division. A floriculture research centre is under construction at Vemagiri to give a major boost to the nurseries in Godavari districts. Floriculture is expanding to Mandapeta, Alamuru and Atreyapuram mandals. Main Road and Tadithota are the main commercial areas in the city. Many shopping complexes, multiplexes, hotels and convention halls are under construction near NH 216A (old NH 16) and it is becoming another shopping centre. Tourism also generates revenue for this region. It is one of the largest bullion markets in India, with hundreds of gold, silver and platinum shops throughout the city.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Industries and employment", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Rajahmundry is an industrial hub with huge industries generating employment. The city is the headquarters for ONGC, GAIL in K.G. Basin. Godavari districts are one of the largest petrochemical hubs in India. There are two huge paper mills in the city located at Luthergiri and Kadiam. There are two power plants in city i.e., GMR Power Plant and Vijjeswaram Power Plant (which runs on Natural gas and Naptha as primary and secondary fuels). The Government has set up industrial parks and industrial clusters at Nidigatla, Pallakadiam, Rajanagaram, Kadiyam, Jegurapadu areas in the city. The present district five-year plan, includes making the city an IT hub.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Damerla Rama Rao Art Gallery is dedicated to the works of the artist Damerla Rama Rao of the city and showcases various paintings by him such as Krishna Leela, Godavari of Eastern Ghats and Milkmaids of Kathiawar.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Ratnam pens are India's first handcrafted pens, made since 1932. The pens are made from ebonite with gold- or silver-plated nibs. Ratnamson is the brand name of K. V. Ratnam and Sons; Ratnam Ball Pen Works is located at Fort Gate, Rajahmundry.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Nannayya is the earliest known Telugu poet, and the author of the first third of the Andhra Mahabharatam, a Telugu retelling of the Mahabharata. Sri Kandukuri Veeresalingam (1848–1919), a renowned social reformer, is widely considered the person who first brought about a renaissance in Telugu literature and among Telugu people; he is also known to have fought for women's issues. General Sir Arthur Thomas Cotton, (15 May 1803 – 24 July 1899) was a British General and an irrigation engineer. Adurthi Subba Rao, prominent old-time Director and Producer of Telugu Films. Julia Maitland, a campaigner for \"native\" education, founded a multilingual school and reading room in the town in 1837. Nalam Krishna Rao, a writer and social activist from Godavari, set up the Gowthami Grandhalayam in Rajahmundry in 1898.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Durga Cinetone was the first South Indian film studio, to be built in Rajahmundry in the year 1936 by Nidamarthi Surayya. Many other films have been shot in the city.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "The city has produced many well-known artists in the Telugu film industry such as Adurthi Subba Rao, S. V. Ranga Rao, Ali, Raja Babu, Jaya Prada, Sameera Reddy, Bhanupriya, Sriman, Meghna Reddy, Thotakura Venkata Raju, Uma Pemmaraju, Ramesh, Sira Sri, Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar, Ali, M Murali Mohan and J. D. Chakravarthy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "The river Godavari and its bridges and the Sir Arthur Cotton Museum are some of the attractions in the city. Rajahmundry is a tourist destination in the state. Daily tourist boats operate from Pushkar Ghat to Papikondalu and Bhadrachalam. Nurseries in Kadiam mandal are another tourist destination.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Government of Andhra Pradesh is rehabilitating the old Godavari bridge (Havelock Bridge) and constructing resorts, convention centers, film studios, hotels, recreational places at Pichukalanka and other islands on River Godavari and eco-tourism centre at Kadiyapulanka, Zoological Park. The government of Andhra Pradesh is also constructing Rajahmundry International Cricket Stadium on PPP mode to host international matches. Greater Rajamahendravaram Municipal Corporation (GRMC), Godavari Urban Development Authority (GUDA) and Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation (APTDC) are planning riverfront development on 22 km (14 mi) stretch of river Godavari from Venkatanagaram to Vemagiri. The Government is signing MoUs with private agencies for Malls, Multiplexes, Hotels, Convention Centers and Recreational places on PPP mode as a part of tourism development. Rajahmundry Airport is being developed as an international airport to provide a major boost to tourism in Godavari districts. Polavaram Project, which is 25 km (16 mi) away from city, will become another major tourist site near the city.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "The bridges across Godavari river are an important transport infrastructure for connectivity such as, the Godavari Bridge, which is the third longest railroad bridge in India; and the Godavari Arch Bridge, commissioned on 14 March 1997 for Howrah–Chennai main line. While, the Old Godavari Bridge (The Havelock Bridge) was the earliest of all, built in 1897 and was decommissioned in 1997. The city also has Dowleswaram Cotton Barrage bridge and fourth bridge on either side of the main city that connects the highways of East Godavari and West Godavari districts.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Rajahmundry is very well connected to the state and the rest of India with a network of state and national highways. NH 16 passes through the city. NH 365BB, NH 516D connects the city with Khammam, Suryapet and Hyderabad. NH 216A which is a spur road to NH-16 connects the city with Ravulapalem, Tanuku, Tadepalligudem and Eluru. NH 516E connects the city with Vizianagaram via Rampachodavaram, Narsipatnam and Araku.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "ADB Road and SH 40 (Canal Road) connects the city with Kakinada and SH 41 is connected with Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Telangana borders with Andhra Pradesh and Bhadrachalam. SH 104 connects the city with Amalapuram. SH 172 is connected to Purushottampatnam and Polavaram Project. SH 72 connects the city to Nidadavolu, Palakollu and Narasapuram, Bhimavaram.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "NHAI is constructing flyovers on NH 16 and NH 216A at Diwancheruvu, Lalacheruvu, Morampudi, Vemagiri and Kadiyapulanka junctions in the city to ease traffic. Trumpet Bridge is being constructed at ADB road on NH 16 in Rajanagaram. An ROB was proposed from Morampudi to Kotipalli Bus stand. Godavari Urban Development Authority (GUDA), Greater Rajamahendravaram Municipal Corporation (GRMC) are constructing an outer ring road (ORR) for the city to ease traffic in the city.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "There are two railway stations in Rajahmahendravaram: Rajahmundry railway station and Godavari railway station. Rajahmundry railway station is classified as an A category station. It is located on the Howrah-Chennai main line of South Central Railway zone. The new platforms 4 and 5 were operational from 2023. A second railway line is proposed on the Godavari Arch Bridge. A new railway line to Raipur from the city connecting Rampachodavaram and other East agency areas is in the proposal. The frequency of trains will be increased after the completion of Kovvur-Bhadrachalam railway line and the distance to Secunderabad will be decreased.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "National Waterway 4 was declared on 24 November 2008, which connects the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and the union territory of Puducherry. It passes through Kakinada, Rajahmundry, Tadepalligudem, Eluru, Commanur, Buckingham Canal and also part of Krishna and Godavari rivers. Kakinada Port is the nearest port to the city. A new commercial port is under construction at Kakinada City by GMR on PPP mode. Narasapuram Port is proposed according to AP State Reorganisation Act. It is being developed by Inland Waterways Authority of India.Inland water port is proposed at Bobbillanka. APTDC and other private agencies' boats and launches are available daily from Pushakar Ghat to Papikondalu and Bhadrachalam.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Rajahmundry Airport is situated at Madhurapudi in the north of Rajamahendravaram. The airport serves the people of godavari districts in Andhra Pradesh. Indigo airline has been operating non-stop flights to and fro the cities namely Bengaluru, Chennai, Pondicherry, Delhi, Hyderabad, and Mumbai. The airport's runway was expanded from 1,749 m to 3,165 m and it is the second longest runway in the state of Andhra Pradesh. A new integrated domestic terminal will come up at Rajahmundry airport as part of its expansion and upgradation plans. The new terminal building, to be built at a cost of Rs 135 crore, will feature all modern facilities, including aero bridges, and will be capable of handling 1,400 passengers (700 arrivals and 700 departures) simultaneously. The airport has also obtained a DGCA license for handling wide-bodied aircraft such as Airbus A321 and Boeing 737. The airport has a dedicated cargo terminal. The government of AP is keen on exporting flowers through this airport from the nurseries in Kadiyam mandal of East Godavari district.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the School Education Department of the state. As per the school information report for the academic year 2016–17, the city has 55,501 students enrolled in 244 schools. The medium of instruction followed by schools are Telugu and English. The Railway High School in the city has a history of more than hundred years, established in the year 1909.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "The city has one of the thirteen regional offices of the Board of Intermediate Education, which administers Intermediate education (10+2) education. The Government Junior College is the only government run junior college, established in 1974 and there are four private-aided, twenty private-unaided colleges in the city.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "The Government Arts College was founded more than 150 years ago by the reformer, Kandukuri Veeresalingam Panthulu. The BEd Training Institute is one of the oldest in India. Adikavi Nannaya University was established in March 2006, named after an 11th-century poet, Nannayya. Other major universities in the city include Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University Study Center. Andhra Pradesh State Forest Academy is located in the city for Forest skills training.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "National Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem is located 34 km (21 mi) from the city.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Central Government Institutions in the city are as follows:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "\"Central Tobacco Research Institute (CTRI)\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "\"National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "\"National Academy of Constructions (NAC)\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "\"Central Floriculture Institute and Research Centre\" is in construction at Vemagiri. \"Science City\" is in construction at Bommuru.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "After the Reorganization of Andhra Pradesh State the following institutes are sanctioned for the city:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "\"Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy (IIPE)\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "\"National Civil Aviation Academy\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "\"National Institute of Drama (NID)\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "\"AP State Forest Academy\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "List of cities in Andhra Pradesh", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "List of municipal corporations in India", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Literature by and about Rajahmundry in the German National Library catalogue", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_690b9822", "title": "Rajahmundry", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_690b9822.json"}}
{"text": "Henry Elvins Spencer (7 March 1882 – 1 October 1972) was a Canadian politician.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_06fc0157", "title": "Henry Elvins Spencer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Elvins_Spencer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_06fc0157.json"}}
{"text": "Born in the United Kingdom, Spencer worked as a printer and publisher in Paris from 1906 to 1907 before emigrating to Canada in 1908. Settling in Alberta, he worked as a farmer.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_06fc0157", "title": "Henry Elvins Spencer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Elvins_Spencer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_06fc0157.json"}}
{"text": "From 1917 to 1921, he was the provincial secretary of the United Farmers of Alberta.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_06fc0157", "title": "Henry Elvins Spencer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Elvins_Spencer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_06fc0157.json"}}
{"text": "He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada for the riding of Battle River in the 1921 federal election. A member of the United Farmers of Alberta, he was re-elected in 1925, 1926, and 1930.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_06fc0157", "title": "Henry Elvins Spencer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Elvins_Spencer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_06fc0157.json"}}
{"text": "He belonged to the Ginger Group of radical MPs and was a founding member of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation in 1932.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_06fc0157", "title": "Henry Elvins Spencer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Elvins_Spencer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_06fc0157.json"}}
{"text": "He was defeated as a CCF candidate in the 1935 election and again in 1940 and 1945.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_06fc0157", "title": "Henry Elvins Spencer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Elvins_Spencer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_06fc0157.json"}}
{"text": "He retired to Comox, British Columbia in 1948 and died in 1972.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_06fc0157", "title": "Henry Elvins Spencer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Elvins_Spencer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_06fc0157.json"}}
{"text": "Henry Elvins Spencer fonds, Library and Archives Canada", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_06fc0157", "title": "Henry Elvins Spencer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Elvins_Spencer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_06fc0157.json"}}
{"text": "Henry Elvins Spencer – Parliament of Canada biography", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_06fc0157", "title": "Henry Elvins Spencer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Elvins_Spencer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_06fc0157.json"}}
{"text": "Zhang Song (died January or February 213), courtesy name Ziqiao, was an official and adviser serving under the warlord Liu Zhang during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_29a81a4f", "title": "Zhang Song", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Song", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_29a81a4f.json"}}
{"text": "Zhang Song was born in Shu Commandery (蜀郡), which is in present-day Chengdu, Sichuan. He started his career as an adviser to Liu Zhang, the Governor of Yi Province (益州牧) during the Eastern Han dynasty. His appointment was Aide-de-camp (別駕從事).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_29a81a4f", "title": "Zhang Song", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Song", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_29a81a4f.json"}}
{"text": "During the late 208, Zhang Song's received his first mission when Liu Zhang sent him after his brother Zhang Su (張肅), as emissary to Cao Cao. Around this time, Cao Cao recently conquered the majority of Jing Province and drove off Liu Bei at the battle of Changban. Therefore, he didn't care for Zhang Song which greatly angered him. The Han Jin Chunqiu (漢晉春秋) further described this, that when they met, Cao Cao was condescending towards Zhang Song and didn't show any interest in him. When he returned Zhang Song advised Liu Zhang to break his relation with Cao Cao.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_29a81a4f", "title": "Zhang Song", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Song", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_29a81a4f.json"}}
{"text": "Following this, Cao Cao lost the battle of Chibi with many of his soldiers dying from disease. As for Zhang Song, he harshly criticized Cao Cao, urging Liu Zhang to sever his relation with him. At the same time, he encouraged Liu Zhang to establish friendly relation with Liu Bei, advocating that they were from the same clan. Liu Zhang agreed to his proposal and sent Fa Zheng to begin exchanges with Liu Bei. Liu Zhang also ordered Fa Zheng, along with Meng Da to lead several thousand soldiers to help Liu Bei in his defence of Jing. Fa Zheng afterwards was called back.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_29a81a4f", "title": "Zhang Song", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Song", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_29a81a4f.json"}}
{"text": "Around 211, when Liu Zhang received news that Cao Cao, was planning to attack Zhang Lu, another warlord in the neighbouring Hanzhong Commandery, he became fearful that Cao Cao would attack Yi Province after defeating Zhang Lu. Zhang Song reassured Liu Zhang and advised him to invite Liu Bei to lead his troops into Yi to help him in the subjugation of Zhang Lu. Zhang Song told him: \"Cao Cao's armies are strong and without a match in the empire. If he was able to use Zhang Lu's grain stores then launch an invasion of Yi province, who could stop him?\" Liu Zhang answered that he was worried but without a plan. Zhang Song answered: \"Liu Bei is of the same clan as you and he is an unstoppable rival of Cao Cao. He commands troops with talent. If we use him to conquer Zhang Lu, Zhang Lu would surely be defeated. With Zhang Lu vanquished, Yi province would be safe and even if Cao Cao were to come, he would be defeated.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_29a81a4f", "title": "Zhang Song", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Song", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_29a81a4f.json"}}
{"text": "Thereafter, Zhang Song again pressed Liu Zhang :“In the whole province, Pang Xi,  Li Yi (李異) and other officials act in arrogant and superior ways because of their achievements. Soon they will have more ambition than they should. If you don't obtain the support of Liu Bei then we risk to be surrounded by enemies from outside and traitors from inside. Then the situation would be really desperate.”", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_29a81a4f", "title": "Zhang Song", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Song", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_29a81a4f.json"}}
{"text": "Liu Zhang heeded Zhang Song's advice and ordered his subordinate Fa Zheng to lead 4,000 men to welcome Liu Bei into Yi Province. In addition, he presented Liu Bei with several precious gifts. Huang Quan opposed the decision while his attendant Wang Lei (王累), from Guanghan (廣漢) hanged himself at the city gate in protest. Liu Zhang didn't listen to any of them, even ordered the different places to supply Liu Bei's army.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_29a81a4f", "title": "Zhang Song", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Song", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_29a81a4f.json"}}
{"text": "Zhang Song and Fa Zheng, had long privately disapproved of Liu Zhang's governance and looked at Liu Bei as a solution for a legitimate successor. Previously, when Liu Bei met them. He welcomed them warmly and treated them with kindness. He also used this opportunity to learn more crucial information about Yi Province such as the geography, supplies and deployment of military forces. Zhang Song even drew a map of Yi Province and gave it to Liu Bei. As time passed, Zhang Song conceived the idea of betraying Liu Zhang and helping Liu Bei seize control of Yi Province from Liu Zhang, so he contacted Fa Zheng, who agreed to join him. With their help, Liu Bei learned all about Yi province. Liu Zhang invited Liu Bei to join him in Yi Province to capture Hanzhong Commandery before Cao Cao did.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_29a81a4f", "title": "Zhang Song", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Song", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_29a81a4f.json"}}
{"text": "Liu Bei led an expedition force of several ten thousands soldiers into Yi Province after leaving behind Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun to guard Jing Province. Liu Zhang welcomed Liu Bei at Fu County (涪縣; present-day Mianyang, Sichuan). Liu Zhang personally welcomed them, acting in friendly way. Zhang Song told Fa Zheng to report to Liu Bei, that with Pang Tong backing, they could ambush Liu Zhang at the meeting spot. However Liu Bei thought that the plan was too hasty for such an important act.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_29a81a4f", "title": "Zhang Song", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Song", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_29a81a4f.json"}}
{"text": "At the beginning of the year 213, Zhang Song stayed at Chengdu while Fa Zheng and Meng Da accompanied Liu Bei. There were discussions that Liu Bei may leave to defend Jing. Hearing about this, Zhang Song sent a letter to Fa Zheng and Liu Bei, arguing that with success so close, they couldn't leave. Zhang Song's brother Zhang Su (張肅), learned about his brother's plot and secret communications with Liu Bei. Afraid of being implicated, Zhang Su secretly reported his brother to Liu Zhang, who had Zhang Song arrested and executed. Furthermore, Liu Zhang ordered his officers guarding the passes to Chengdu to keep secret documents and letters to Liu Bei. When Liu Bei heard about Zhang Song's death, he exclaimed, \"Junjiao killed my spy!\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_29a81a4f", "title": "Zhang Song", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Song", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_29a81a4f.json"}}
{"text": "Zhang Song's elder brother, Zhang Su (張肅), whose courtesy name was Junjiao (君矯), was also from Shu Commandery (蜀郡). When he was sent as emissary to Cao Cao, the year previously to Zhang Song, he impressed him and was appointed as Administrator of Guanghan (廣漢太守). Zhang Su's appearance is described as awe-inspiring and extremely impressive while Zhang Song was a short and puny man, who did not exercise restraint or cared about morality. However, Zhang Song was also knowledgeable with good discernment and possessed ability. When Liu Zhang sent him to Cao Cao, Cao Cao wasn't polite to him. But the Registrar Yang Xiu deeply respected him. And even recommended Cao Cao to have Zhang Song joined his personal staff but Cao Cao refused his proposition. During a feast, Yang Xiu showed Zhang Song the military books that Cao Cao had written. While making merry, Zhang Song quickly had all of them read and memorized them through and through. After this event, Yang Xiu esteemed him even more.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_29a81a4f", "title": "Zhang Song", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Song", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_29a81a4f.json"}}
{"text": "Zhang Biao (張表), whose courtesy name was Boda (伯達), was chosen to administer the south after Ma Zhong. Zhang Biao was the biological son of Zhang Su. As Zhang Su was responsible for the death of Zhang Song when he reported him to Liu Zhang, Liu Bei hated him greatly and dismissed him from office. Zhang Song had no children therefore Liu Bei had Zhang Biao posthumously adopted by Zhang Song to continue his family line.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_29a81a4f", "title": "Zhang Song", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Song", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_29a81a4f.json"}}
{"text": "In Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_29a81a4f", "title": "Zhang Song", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Song", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_29a81a4f.json"}}
{"text": "In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhang Song is portrayed as a short, buck-toothed man with a short nose, who does not command respect for his ugly looks. In the novel, his courtesy name is Yongnian (永年).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_29a81a4f", "title": "Zhang Song", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Song", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_29a81a4f.json"}}
{"text": "Liu Zhang sends Zhang Song as an envoy to meet Cao Cao. He brings with him a map of Yi Province and hopes to present it to Cao Cao and aid him in conquering Yi Province from Liu Zhang. However, Cao Cao dislikes Zhang Song for his appearance and treats him rudely. In retaliation, Zhang Song makes sarcastic remarks to humiliate Cao Cao, who orders his men to beat up Zhang Song and chase him away. Zhang Song is deeply upset by Cao Cao's attitude towards him so he leaves for Jing Province and meets Liu Bei along the way. Liu Bei treats Zhang Song like an honoured guest. Zhang Song is so impressed with Liu Bei's hospitality that he presents the map to Liu Bei and urges him to conquer Yi Province from Liu Zhang. He also introduces his colleagues Fa Zheng and Meng Da to Liu Bei and tells him that they will aid him in defeating Liu Zhang.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_29a81a4f", "title": "Zhang Song", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Song", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_29a81a4f.json"}}
{"text": "Zhang Song is executed by Liu Zhang after the latter discovers that he is plotting against him.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_29a81a4f", "title": "Zhang Song", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Song", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_29a81a4f.json"}}
{"text": "Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_29a81a4f", "title": "Zhang Song", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Song", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_29a81a4f.json"}}
{"text": "Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_29a81a4f", "title": "Zhang Song", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Song", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_29a81a4f.json"}}
{"text": "Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_29a81a4f", "title": "Zhang Song", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Song", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_29a81a4f.json"}}
{"text": "Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_29a81a4f", "title": "Zhang Song", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Song", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_29a81a4f.json"}}
{"text": "Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_29a81a4f", "title": "Zhang Song", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Song", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_29a81a4f.json"}}
{"text": "\"Niggers in the White House\" is a poem first published in American newspapers in 1901. It was written in reaction to a White House dinner hosted on October 16, 1901 by President Theodore Roosevelt, who had invited Black presidential adviser Booker T. Washington and his family as guests. The identity of the poem's author—who used the byline \"unchained poet\"—remains unknown.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "The poem is composed of 14 four-line stanzas, in each of which the second and fourth lines rhyme. It also frequently uses the racial slurs nigger (over 20 times) to refer to Washington and his family. Republican Senator Hiram Bingham III described the poem as \"indecent, obscene doggerel.\" It was republished in 1929 after First Lady Lou Henry Hoover, the wife of President Herbert Hoover, invited Jessie De Priest, the wife of Black congressman Oscar Stanton De Priest, to a tea for wives of congressmen at the White House.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "Both visits triggered widespread condemnation by white supremacists throughout the U.S., particularly in the American South. Numerous congressmen and state legislators voiced objections to Black people being guests of the first family of the United States.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "The poem by \"unchained poet\" was written in 1901, appearing in Sedalia, Missouri's Sedalia Sentinel as \"Niggers in the White House\" on 25 October. It followed widespread news reports that President Theodore Roosevelt and his family had dinner with African-American presidential adviser Booker T. Washington at the White House on 16 October of that year. Several journalists and politicians condemned Roosevelt's action, claiming, among other things, that such an act made the two men appear equal in terms of social status. Democratic Senator Benjamin Tillman from South Carolina remarked, \"The action of President Roosevelt in entertaining that nigger will necessitate our killing a thousand niggers in the South before they will learn their place again.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "The poem was reprinted in the Greenwood Commonwealth in January 1903, after which it circulated in a number of newspapers during 1903, including in The Dispatch on 18 February 1903 and the Kentucky New Era on 10 March 1903. A card-mounted copy of the poem cut from the Sedalia Sentinel forms part of the Theodore Roosevelt papers preserved by the Library of Congress. A typed caption had been added, stating, \"Publications like this show something of what is the matter with Missouri.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "The poem resurfaced in June 1929 due to a public outcry triggered by another White House invitation. First Lady Lou Hoover, wife of President Herbert Hoover, invited the wife of Oscar DePriest to a tea event. De Priest was a member in the House of Representatives and the only African-American member in Congress in 1929. Mrs. Hoover had a series of teas with the wives of congressmen and Jessie De Priest was among the guests. Southern congressmen and newspapers reacted with public denouncements of the event. Democratic Senator Coleman Blease from South Carolina inserted the poem within a Senate resolution entitled, \"To request the Chief Executive to respect the White House\" in the upper chamber of Congress, which was read aloud on the floor of the United States Senate. However, the resolution, including the poem, was by unanimous agreement excised from the Congressional Record due to protests from Republican senators Walter Edge (from New Jersey) and Hiram Bingham (from Connecticut). Bingham described the poem as \"indecent, obscene doggerel\" which gave \"offense to hundreds of thousands of our fellow citizens and [...] to the Declaration of Independence and our Constitution\". Blease withdrew the resolution, but stated he did so \"because it gave offense to his friend, Senator Bingham and not because it might give any offense to the Negro race\". Scholar David S. Day argues that Blease's use of the poem may have been a populist gesture—\"a normal Southern demagogic tactic\"—but that Hoover's supporters saw it as something that went beyond even the \"broad limits\" of partisan political point-scoring.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "The poem is composed of 14 stanzas with four lines per stanza. Every stanza is written in the simple 4-line rhyme scheme (ABCB). The term \"nigger\" is used in all the stanzas of the poem except two. It is ascribed to \"unchained poet\", whose identity is unknown.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "In Congressman Blease's version of the poem, the last four stanzas were omitted. The last three stanzas mention President Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt and Booker T. Washington by name and the names of their respective children.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "Edward J. Robinson links the poem's comments about racial intermarriage to a \"Southern rape complex\", according to which racial purity was threatened by the possibility of segregation dispersing in society, and by African-American male interest in Caucasian women.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "The final three stanzas of the poem:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "A Guest of Honor –  the first opera created by Scott Joplin, the celebrated composer of ragtime music.  The operatic production was based on the 1901 White House dinner hosted by President Theodore Roosevelt for Booker T. Washington.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "Racism and ethnic discrimination in the United States", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "Newspaper publications", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "Missouri newspaper the Sedalia Sentinel on 25 October 1901", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "Moberly Weekly Monitor on 28 October 1901", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "Greenwood Commonwealth, 31 January 1903", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "The Tar Heel, 10 February 1903", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "The Dispatch, 18 February 1903", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "Kentucky New Era, March 13, 1903, p. 6", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "The Mt. Sterling Advocate, March 25, 1903", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "The Honolulu Evening Bulletin, 13 April 1903 (entitled \"Koons in the Kapitol\")", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "Booker T. Washington incident", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "Davis, Deborah (2013). Guest of Honor: Booker T. Washington, Theodore Roosevelt, and the White House Dinner That Shocked a Nation. New York City: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781439169827.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "\"The Night President Teddy Roosevelt Invited Booker T. Washington to Dinner\". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. 35 (35). The JBHE Foundation, Inc: 24–25. Spring 2002. doi:10.2307/3133821. JSTOR 3133821.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "Norrell, Robert J. (Spring 2009). \"When Teddy Roosevelt Invited Booker T. Washington to Dine at the White House\". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. 63 (63). The JBHE Foundation, Inc: 70–74. JSTOR 40407606.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "Severn, John K.; William Warren Rogers (January 1976). \"Theodore Roosevelt Entertains Booker T. Washington: Florida's Reaction to the White House Dinner\". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 54 (3). Florida Historical Society: 306–318. JSTOR 30151288.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "White, Arthur O. (January 1973). \"Booker T. Washington's Florida Incident, 1903-1904\". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 51 (3). Florida Historical Society: 227–249. JSTOR 30151545.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "Jessie De Priest incident", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "Day, Davis S. (Winter 1980). \"Herbert Hoover and Racial Politics: The De Priest Incident\". Journal of Negro History. 65 (1). Association for the Study of African American Life and History, Inc.: 6–17. doi:10.2307/3031544. JSTOR 3031544. S2CID 149611666.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e36d9fb6", "title": "Niggers in the White House", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e36d9fb6.json"}}
{"text": "Clarence Holbrook Carter (March 26, 1904, Portsmouth, Ohio – June 4, 2000, Holland Township, New Jersey), known to friends as \"Cartie,\" was an American artist who worked primarily in oil and watercolor. He is considered one of Cleveland’s most renowned painters.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0cbd1600", "title": "Clarence Holbrook Carter", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Holbrook_Carter", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0cbd1600.json"}}
{"text": "Carter studied at the Cleveland School of Art from 1923 to 1927 with painters like Henry Keller and Paul Travis. During his time in school, Carter won third prize in the “May Show” at the Cleveland Museum of Art for his work The Wanderer, earning him $25.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0cbd1600", "title": "Clarence Holbrook Carter", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Holbrook_Carter", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0cbd1600.json"}}
{"text": "Upon Carter's graduation, William Millikin (then director of the Cleveland Museum of Art) arranged for him to study with modernist painter Hans Hoffman in Capri, Italy. During this time, Carter sent works back from Europe to be sold in the United States by Milliken, which allowed him to spend 1928 in places like France, Switzerland, and Northern Africa. When Carter returned to Cleveland, Milliken hired him to teach classes at the CMA while selling his own work.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0cbd1600", "title": "Clarence Holbrook Carter", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Holbrook_Carter", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0cbd1600.json"}}
{"text": "At age 30, Carter painted two murals in Cleveland's Public Auditorium under the Public Works of Art Project (PWAP). He later produced two murals for post offices in Ravenna and Portsmouth, Ohio, later serving as the regional superintendent of the Northeast Ohio division of the painting projects arm of the Works Progress Administration (WPA). Throughout the 1930s and 40s he was known for his paintings of rural America and the burden brought on by the Great Depression.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0cbd1600", "title": "Clarence Holbrook Carter", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Holbrook_Carter", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0cbd1600.json"}}
{"text": "Carter was the first person in Ohio to have a painting bought by the Metropolitan Museum of Art. In 1935, he entered the painting The Creepers in the CMA’s “May Show” and won first prize; the Met bought the piece for $225. He won numerous prizes for his May Show submissions through the rest of the decade.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0cbd1600", "title": "Clarence Holbrook Carter", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Holbrook_Carter", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0cbd1600.json"}}
{"text": "In 1938, Carter took a position at Pittsburgh's now Carnegie-Mellon University until the mid-1940s.  After World War II, he worked in commercial advertisement design for large corporations, landing his work in magazines like Vogue, Fortune, Time, Newsweek, Business Week, and US News & World Report. By this time, his paintings had been acquired by over 25 major museums, including the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, alongside his Met acquisition. One of his oil paintings, Summer Storm, was purchased by Barbara Hutton, Countess Haugwitz von Reventlow, in 1940. In 1949, he was elected to the National Academy of Design as an associate member, and became a full member in 1964.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0cbd1600", "title": "Clarence Holbrook Carter", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Holbrook_Carter", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0cbd1600.json"}}
{"text": "Later in life, Carter made a major shift in his visual language. Turning away from representational painting and towards surrealism, his works became more abstract. He depicted mystical structural forms and egg motifs, imagery that would dominate his works until his death. Publications on Carter's life and work began in the 1970s, and around that same time he won the 1972 Cleveland Arts Prize for the Visual Arts. Posthumously, his aptitude for photography was discovered in a chest of reference shots for his paintings.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0cbd1600", "title": "Clarence Holbrook Carter", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Holbrook_Carter", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0cbd1600.json"}}
{"text": "In 1974, a painting Carter had long deemed stolen was found in an attic by the owner of an antique shop in Jackson, Ohio. This was a work he had started during his time in Capri and later finished in Paris; he had loaned the piece to a man in Portsmouth for an exhibition in the 1930s, but it was never returned. The antique shop owner claimed to receive the painting as a gift from a friend after World War II, hanging it in his family home for some time before putting it into storage, when it was damaged by a house fire. Carter said, \"I consider the painting was stolen and that it still belongs to me and should be returned.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0cbd1600", "title": "Clarence Holbrook Carter", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Holbrook_Carter", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0cbd1600.json"}}
{"text": "Eleven books were released in the 1970s covering Carter's work, followed by 18 more in the 1980s. By 2004, his citations went up to 61. That same year, the Southern Ohio Museum put on the show Clarence Carter: The Unknown Snapshot Studies, which later moved to the Beck Center for the Arts in Lakewood, Ohio with support from the Cleveland Artists Foundation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0cbd1600", "title": "Clarence Holbrook Carter", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Holbrook_Carter", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0cbd1600.json"}}
{"text": "Currently, Carter's works can be found across the United States in the collections of the Whitney Museum of American Art; the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.; the James A. Michener Art Museum; the Cleveland Museum of Art; the Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.; the Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, PA; the Yager Museum of Arts & Culture, Oneonta, NY; WOLFS Gallery in Beachwood, OH; the Toledo Museum of Art; and many more. At one point in time, he was represented in the Victoria & Albert Museum in London, and was featured in the Tate Gallery's exhibition  American Painting: From the Eighteenth Century to Present Day in 1946.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0cbd1600", "title": "Clarence Holbrook Carter", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Holbrook_Carter", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0cbd1600.json"}}
{"text": "Two of the most recent publications on his work are Bathsheba Monk's 2018 book Clarence H. Carter: Favorite Son and WOLFS Gallery's 2020 catalog titled Clarence Holbrook Carter: The Metamorphosis of an American Surrealist.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0cbd1600", "title": "Clarence Holbrook Carter", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Holbrook_Carter", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0cbd1600.json"}}
{"text": "Carter, Clarence Holbrook; James A. Michener;  Gimpel & Weitzenhoffer (New York, N.Y.);  Bodley Gallery (New York, N.Y.) Clarence Carter : a joint exhibition 30 April through 1 June, 1974 Gimpel & Weitzenhiffer Gallery ... and Bodley Gallery (New York : Gimpel & Weitzenhoffer) OCLC: 6540063", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0cbd1600", "title": "Clarence Holbrook Carter", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Holbrook_Carter", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0cbd1600.json"}}
{"text": "Clarence H. Carter: Favorite Son, by Bathsheba Monk, (Blue Heron Book Works, 2018)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0cbd1600", "title": "Clarence Holbrook Carter", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Holbrook_Carter", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0cbd1600.json"}}
{"text": "Trapp, Frank;  Douglas Dreishpoon;  Ricardo Pau-Llosa. Clarence Holbrook Carter (New York : Rizzoli, ©1989) ISBN 0-8478-0975-7", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0cbd1600", "title": "Clarence Holbrook Carter", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Holbrook_Carter", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0cbd1600.json"}}
{"text": "Askart.com pages on Clarence Holbrook Carter (includes several color images)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0cbd1600", "title": "Clarence Holbrook Carter", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Holbrook_Carter", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0cbd1600.json"}}
{"text": "Clarence Holbrook Carter Online (artcyclopedia.com)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0cbd1600", "title": "Clarence Holbrook Carter", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Holbrook_Carter", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0cbd1600.json"}}
{"text": "color image and discussion of a Clarence Carter painting (War Bride, 1940; Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, PA)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0cbd1600", "title": "Clarence Holbrook Carter", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Holbrook_Carter", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0cbd1600.json"}}
{"text": "Bio of Carter at the Michener Museum website", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0cbd1600", "title": "Clarence Holbrook Carter", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Holbrook_Carter", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0cbd1600.json"}}
{"text": "The panel painting of The Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret dating from the period before 1360 most probably formed the central part of a lost altarpiece in the Cistercian Abbey of Zlatá Koruna. It is a key work of early Bohemian Gothic painting. It is on display at the permanent collection of the Aleš South Bohemian Gallery in Hluboká nad Vltavou.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbc9c990", "title": "Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_between_St_Catherine_and_St_Margaret", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbc9c990.json"}}
{"text": "The painting was in private possession in Český Krumlov until it was purchased in 1880 by the Town Museum in České Budějovice, from where it was transferred to the Aleš South Bohemian Gallery in Hluboká nad Vltavou.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbc9c990", "title": "Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_between_St_Catherine_and_St_Margaret", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbc9c990.json"}}
{"text": "Description and classification", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbc9c990", "title": "Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_between_St_Catherine_and_St_Margaret", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbc9c990.json"}}
{"text": "It is a tempera painting with a gilded background on a chalk base with engraved drawing. The spruce-wood panel covered with canvas, measuring 102 x 98.5 cm, was at a later time clearly cut down to a smaller size, since the remaining fragment of another figure’s clothing can be seen in the left-hand margin. It was restored by Bohuslav Slánský (1936, 1957).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbc9c990", "title": "Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_between_St_Catherine_and_St_Margaret", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbc9c990.json"}}
{"text": "The scene of the seated Madonna and Child accompanied by female saints is called the ‘Holy Conversation’ (Santa Conversazione). The crowned Virgin Mary sits on a throne with a canopy, and on her right knee she holds the half-naked body of the Baby Jesus who turns his face to the faithful. This type of enthroned Madonna, representing the Throne of Wisdom, originates in Byzantium and was also common in Italian Gothic painting. St Catherine standing on the left with her wheel and St Margaret on the right with the dragon, a symbol of hellish forces, both hold in their hands a palm frond as the sign of martyrdom. The crowns on the head of the Madonna and the saints are a valuable aid to dating the work. They differ from the precise execution of the Loving Madonnas by the circle of the Master of the Vyšší Brod Altarpiece and, with their proportions and the long stems of their trefoils, they are similar, for example, to the crowns in the Votive Panel of Jan Očko of Vlašim (1371).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbc9c990", "title": "Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_between_St_Catherine_and_St_Margaret", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbc9c990.json"}}
{"text": "Characteristic of this transitional period of style are certain traditional elements such as the halos, the overall composition of the Madonna and Child, and the complex, subtle and Italianate composition of the throne. In contrast to this, the features of the Virgin Mary’s face and the childish charm and playfulness of the Baby Jesus represent a shift in this theme towards a more natural character. In addition, the modelling of the bodies and the radiant colours link the work to book and panel painting of the 1360s and 1370s. The painting dates from about twenty years after the Vyšší Brod (Hohenfurth) cycle and has most in common with the Descent of the Holy Spirit. It is dated to the end of this stylistic period, when the canon became less rigid. It inclines beyond the linear style, aiming towards greater abstraction and a softening of form; towards a spiritualisation, a new conception of the function of light; and towards a richly-toned colour scheme that anticipated the style of the 1360s and the work of the Master of the Třeboň Altarpiece. Technological analysis of the picture has shown that oil was used as a bonding agent. It differs in the underpainting of the flesh tones from the Vyšší Brod (Hohenfurth) cycle and thus represents a new kind of painting technique.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbc9c990", "title": "Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_between_St_Catherine_and_St_Margaret", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbc9c990.json"}}
{"text": "Wall paintings in the presbytery of the church in Čachrov", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbc9c990", "title": "Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_between_St_Catherine_and_St_Margaret", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbc9c990.json"}}
{"text": "The illumination of the Annunciation, the Portable Breviary of John of Neumarkt", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbc9c990", "title": "Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_between_St_Catherine_and_St_Margaret", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbc9c990.json"}}
{"text": "The Vyšší Brod (Hohenfurth) cycle (The Annunciation, The Resurrection, Decent of the Holy Spirit)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbc9c990", "title": "Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_between_St_Catherine_and_St_Margaret", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbc9c990.json"}}
{"text": "The Madonna of Kłodzko", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbc9c990", "title": "Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_between_St_Catherine_and_St_Margaret", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbc9c990.json"}}
{"text": "The Holy Trinity of Wrocław", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbc9c990", "title": "Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_between_St_Catherine_and_St_Margaret", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbc9c990.json"}}
{"text": "Aleš South Bohemian Gallery in Hluboká nad Vltavou, inv. no. 0-1", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbc9c990", "title": "Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_between_St_Catherine_and_St_Margaret", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbc9c990.json"}}
{"text": "Hynek Látal a kol., Meziprůzkumy. Sbírka AJG 1300-2016, AJG 2016, ISBN 978-80-87799-52-9", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbc9c990", "title": "Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_between_St_Catherine_and_St_Margaret", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbc9c990.json"}}
{"text": "Hynek Rulíšek, Gotické umění jižních Čech, Průvodce, sv. 3, Alšova jihočeská galerie v Hluboké nad Vltavou 1989, ISBN 80-900057-6-4", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbc9c990", "title": "Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_between_St_Catherine_and_St_Margaret", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbc9c990.json"}}
{"text": "Hynek Rulíšek, Gotické umění v jižních Čechách, Národní galerie v Praze 1989, ISBN 80-7035-013-X", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbc9c990", "title": "Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_between_St_Catherine_and_St_Margaret", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbc9c990.json"}}
{"text": "Mojmír Hamsík, Die Technik der böhmischen Madonnenbilder um 1350-1360, Umění XXVI, 1978", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbc9c990", "title": "Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_between_St_Catherine_and_St_Margaret", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbc9c990.json"}}
{"text": "Jaroslav Pešina, Studie k ikonografii a typologii obrazu madony s dítětem v českém deskovém malířství kolem poloviny 14. století, Umění XXV, 1977", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbc9c990", "title": "Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_between_St_Catherine_and_St_Margaret", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbc9c990.json"}}
{"text": "Jaroslav Pešina, Desková malba, in: České umění gotické 1350-1420, Academia Praha 1970", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbc9c990", "title": "Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_between_St_Catherine_and_St_Margaret", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbc9c990.json"}}
{"text": "Vladimír Denkstein, František Matouš, Jihočeská gotika, Praha 1953", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbc9c990", "title": "Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_between_St_Catherine_and_St_Margaret", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbc9c990.json"}}
{"text": "Antonín Matějček, Česká malba gotická, Melantrich Praha 1950", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbc9c990", "title": "Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_between_St_Catherine_and_St_Margaret", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbc9c990.json"}}
{"text": "Vincenc Kramář, Madona mezi sv. Kateřinou a s. Markétou Městského muzea v Českých Budějovicích, Praha 1937", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbc9c990", "title": "Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_between_St_Catherine_and_St_Margaret", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbc9c990.json"}}
{"text": "Dimitrios Oikonomou (Greek: Δημήτριος Οικονόμου; 4 June 1883 – 11 September 1957) was a Hellenic Navy admiral. After fighting as a junior officer in the Balkan Wars, he was a convinced royalist and was dismissed from service in 1917–20. Reinstated, he held various ship and senior commands during the interwar period, including serving as Chief of the Hellenic Navy General Staff in 1935–36. In the latter post he was among the leaders of the military coup of 10 October 1935 that overthrew the Second Hellenic Republic and restored the Greek monarchy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b20128b", "title": "Dimitrios Oikonomou", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Oikonomou", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b20128b.json"}}
{"text": "Dimitrios Oikonomou was born in Chalcis on 4 June 1883, the son of Alexandros Oikonomou. He entered the Hellenic Navy Academy on 10 September 1899 and graduated as a Line Ensign on 15 July 1903. As a young officer he took part in the Goudi pronunciamiento in August 1909, as well as in the abortive revolt of Lt. Konstantinos Typaldos-Alfonsatos in October of the same year.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b20128b", "title": "Dimitrios Oikonomou", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Oikonomou", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b20128b.json"}}
{"text": "Promoted to Sub-Lieutenant on 29 March 1910, he fought in the First Balkan War of 1912–13 on board the battleship Psara, participating in the battles of Elli and Lemnos and the liberation of various Aegean islands. he was further promoted to Lieutenant on 2 June 1913, a few days before the outbreak of the Second Balkan War against Bulgaria, in which he fought on land with the 29th Naval Landing Detachment. On 16 July 1913 he was promoted to Lieutenant First Class.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b20128b", "title": "Dimitrios Oikonomou", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Oikonomou", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b20128b.json"}}
{"text": "In 1914 he finished a course in the Naval Gunnery School. During World War I he sided with King Constantine I in his dispute with Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos. A Lt. Commander since 3 March 1917, he was dismissed from the service on 21 June 1917, after Venizelos prevailed and took the country into the war on the side of the Entente. Following the electoral victory of the anti-Venizelist royalist parties, he was recalled to active service on 6 November 1920; his dismissal was revoked and he was quickly promoted to commander on 2 December. After participating briefly in the naval operations of the Asia Minor Campaign on board the destroyer Aetos, he assumed the post of commander of the Palaio Faliro naval airfield.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b20128b", "title": "Dimitrios Oikonomou", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Oikonomou", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b20128b.json"}}
{"text": "He then commanded the destroyer Panthir (1923) and the light cruiser Elli (1923–25). In June 1924, as captain of the Elli, he participated in the so-called \"Navy Strike\". Promoted to captain on 12 October 1925, he again assumed command of the Elli in 1926–27, before commanding the training ship Aris (1927–28) and the battleships Kilkis and Limnos in 1929. In 1929–30 he served as Superior Submarine Commander, a position where he distinguished himself by the drastic overhaul and modernization of crew training. In 1931 he served briefly as Commander of the Destroyer Flotilla, and subsequently, until 1934, as Chief of the Training Squadron. Promoted to rear admiral on 21 February 1934, and on 3 March 1935 he was appointed Chief of the Hellenic Navy General Staff, as well as Director-General in the Ministry of Naval Affairs. In May he was president of the Extraordinary Naval Court-Martial that tried the naval officers who had participated in the failed pro-Venizelist March coup attempt. He nevertheless immediately requested, with success, that the death sentences passed out not be carried out. On 10 October, along with the heads of the Army, Lt. General Alexandros Papagos, and the Air Force, Air Vice Marshal Georgios Reppas, he toppled the Second Hellenic Republic, restored the Greek monarchy, and installed Georgios Kondylis as Prime Minister and Regent pending the return of the exiled King George II.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b20128b", "title": "Dimitrios Oikonomou", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Oikonomou", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b20128b.json"}}
{"text": "On 21 February 1936, he was promoted to vice admiral. He remained in the post of Chief of the Navy General Staff until 19 December, when he was transferred to the post of Inspector-General of the Navy. In 1938–39 he held in tandem the position of Chief of Fleet Command. Oikonomou remained Inspector-General at the outbreak of the Greco-Italian War on 28 October 1940. For the duration of the war, until the Greek capitulation following the German invasion of Greece in April 1941, he remained in the post and held in parallel the positions of Chief of the Torpedo Boat Flotilla, Air Defence Chief and Director of the Air–Sea Alarm Service, as well as commander of the Naval Regions 1 and 3. Finally, on 25 April 1941, as the bulk of the Fleet and the government had left for the Middle East, Oikonomou was authorized to represent the Minister for Naval Affairs and command what remained of the navy until the final capitulation two days later. Oikonomou remained in Greece during the Occupation, and served in the Directorate-General of the Navy in the Ministry of National Defence of the collaborationist government in 1941–43.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b20128b", "title": "Dimitrios Oikonomou", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Oikonomou", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b20128b.json"}}
{"text": "After liberation, on 31 August 1946 he was decorated with the War Cross First Class and the Distinguished Actions Medal for his role in the 1940–41 conflict. He retired on 25 April 1947 and died at Syros  on 11 September 1957.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b20128b", "title": "Dimitrios Oikonomou", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Oikonomou", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b20128b.json"}}
{"text": "In 1935, Oikonomou was a member of the Hellenic Olympic Committee, and from 1940 until 1944 he was chairman of the Yacht Club of Greece. After his retirement, in 1953–57 he was chairman of the board of the Greek Sea Union, and of the Hellenic Maritime Museum.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b20128b", "title": "Dimitrios Oikonomou", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Oikonomou", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b20128b.json"}}
{"text": "Oikonomou also published a number of historical works, including the archive of the Greek War of Independence hero, general Kostas Botsaris (1934), a study on the Suliots and the Botsaris family (Το Σούλι, οι Σουλιώτες και η Οικογένεια Μπότσαρη, 1954), as well as studies on the war record of the Navy during World War II (Πεπραγμένα του Β.Ν., 1947), and on Prince George of Greece and Denmark and the Greek naval programme (Η Α.Β.Υ. ο Πρίγκηψ Γεώργιος και το Ναυτικόν Πρόγραμμα της Χώρας, 1952).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3b20128b", "title": "Dimitrios Oikonomou", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Oikonomou", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3b20128b.json"}}
{"text": "Haripriya Banoth (née Badavath; born 1 May 1985) is an Indian politician from Telangana. She won the 2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly Election from constituency on a Congress ticket but later shifted to BRS. At the age of 33 when elected, Banoth was the youngest member of the Telangana Legislative Assembly. Now, the youngest member of the Telangana Legislative Assembly is Mynampally Rohit Rao.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c27c307e", "title": "Haripriya Banoth", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haripriya_Banoth", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c27c307e.json"}}
{"text": "Early and personal life", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c27c307e", "title": "Haripriya Banoth", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haripriya_Banoth", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c27c307e.json"}}
{"text": "Haripriya Badavath was born on 1 May 1985 in Kothagudem of present-day Telangana (then in Andhra Pradesh) to Seetharam and Darjan. Her father used to work in the Singareni Collieries Company. She was married to Hari Singh Banoth of Tekulapalli immediately after completing her intermediate education in 2002. However, with her husband's encouragement, she completed her graduation with B. Tech and later obtained post-graduation with M. Tech in computer science from the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad (JNTUH). In 2006, they started Hari Singh Education Institutions which has four private schools and four junior colleges in Tekulapalli and Hyderabad. She lives at Tekulapalli, Telangana.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c27c307e", "title": "Haripriya Banoth", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haripriya_Banoth", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c27c307e.json"}}
{"text": "In June 2021, Banoth announced that she would adopt two orphaned children from Yellandu who lost both their parents at a young age, on a response to the minister K. T. Rama Rao's tweet.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c27c307e", "title": "Haripriya Banoth", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haripriya_Banoth", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c27c307e.json"}}
{"text": "Hari Singh was an active member of the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) which influenced Haripriya to join the politics. For the 2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, the TDP chief N. Chandrababu Naidu nominated Haripriya Banoth to represent the Yellandu constituency from TDP as the party felt that an educated person would have a better chance at winning the seat. However, she was defeated by the Indian National Congress (INC) candidate Kanakaiah Koram by a margin of 11,507 votes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c27c307e", "title": "Haripriya Banoth", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haripriya_Banoth", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c27c307e.json"}}
{"text": "In 2017, following the statehood of Telangana, Banoth joined Indian National Congress in the hope of contesting from the party. In the 2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election, Banoth was elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from Yellandu by narrowly defeating the incumbent Kanakaiah Koram of the Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) with a margin of 2,887 votes. Elected at the age of 33, Banoth became the youngest MLA in the Telangana Legislative Assembly.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c27c307e", "title": "Haripriya Banoth", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haripriya_Banoth", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c27c307e.json"}}
{"text": "In February 2019, Banoth carried out a hunger strike for 36 hours demanding the establishment of steel plant in Bayyaram. In March 2019, she joined the Telangana Rashtra Samithi citing \"the interest of her constituency's development\" as the reason. But she lost the 2019 Assembly election to Koram Kanakaiah of Indian National Congress by a margin of 57,309 votes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c27c307e", "title": "Haripriya Banoth", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haripriya_Banoth", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c27c307e.json"}}
{"text": "Political statistics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c27c307e", "title": "Haripriya Banoth", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haripriya_Banoth", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c27c307e.json"}}
{"text": "Rafael Marcelo Delgado (born 13 January 1990) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Chilean club Deportes La Serena.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bcb335a0", "title": "Rafael Delgado (footballer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Delgado_(footballer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bcb335a0.json"}}
{"text": "Delgado began with Rosario Central in 2011. He scored on his professional career debut on 4 April, netting the opening goal in a 3–0 win over Ferro Carril Oeste in Primera B Nacional. In his first three seasons, Delgado scored two goals in fifty-two matches including twenty-eight appearances during 2012–13 which ended with promotion to the Argentine Primera División. He went onto score twice in forty-four games in the top-flight. In January 2015, Delgado joined Estudiantes. He made his debut on 9 March versus San Lorenzo, prior to making three further appearances during the 2015 Argentine Primera División campaign.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bcb335a0", "title": "Rafael Delgado (footballer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Delgado_(footballer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bcb335a0.json"}}
{"text": "On 1 July 2015, seven months after arriving, Delgado departed Estudiantes to sign for Defensa y Justicia. He scored his first goal for Defensa in April 2016 during a 3–1 defeat to Atlético Tucumán. After sixty-six appearances and one goal in his first four seasons with Defensa y Justicia, Delgado left the club on loan in February 2018 to join Categoría Primera A side Atlético Nacional. Fourteen appearances in all competitions later, Delgado returned to Defensa y Justicia and subsequently made his 200th career appearance in the Primera División against Independiente on 24 August.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bcb335a0", "title": "Rafael Delgado (footballer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Delgado_(footballer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bcb335a0.json"}}
{"text": "In January 2026, Delgado moved to Chile and signed with Deportes La Serena.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bcb335a0", "title": "Rafael Delgado (footballer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Delgado_(footballer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bcb335a0.json"}}
{"text": "As of 6 September 2018.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bcb335a0", "title": "Rafael Delgado (footballer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Delgado_(footballer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bcb335a0.json"}}
{"text": "Primera B Nacional: 2012–13", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bcb335a0", "title": "Rafael Delgado (footballer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Delgado_(footballer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bcb335a0.json"}}
{"text": "Rafael Delgado at Soccerway", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bcb335a0", "title": "Rafael Delgado (footballer)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Delgado_(footballer)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bcb335a0.json"}}
{"text": "Orchard Township is located in Wayne County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 604 and it contained 241 housing units.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78f8e467", "title": "Orchard Township, Wayne County, Illinois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard_Township,_Wayne_County,_Illinois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78f8e467.json"}}
{"text": "According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 37.06 square miles (96.0 km2), of which 36.87 square miles (95.5 km2) (or 99.49%) is land and 0.19 square miles (0.49 km2) (or 0.51%) is water.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78f8e467", "title": "Orchard Township, Wayne County, Illinois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard_Township,_Wayne_County,_Illinois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78f8e467.json"}}
{"text": "Illinois State Archives", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_78f8e467", "title": "Orchard Township, Wayne County, Illinois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard_Township,_Wayne_County,_Illinois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_78f8e467.json"}}
{"text": "20XX is a platform game developed by American studio Batterystaple Games. The early access version was released for Microsoft Windows on Steam on October 12, 2016, and in full on August 16, 2017. PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, and Xbox One versions were released in July 2018.  A sequel, 30XX, was released on Steam Early Access on February 17, 2021, and in full on August 9, 2023.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a3107c4", "title": "20XX", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20XX", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a3107c4.json"}}
{"text": "Inspired by Mega Man X, players must defeat enemies and complete difficult platforming challenges to finish a stage. In contrast to Mega Man X, stages are proceduraly generated based on level segments, or \"chunks\", and allow for both local and online co-op. Rather than giving several lives, the game has permadeath, but is a \"roguelite\" in that the player can use Soul Chips earned during the level to unlock new types of passive upgrades to buy, and gain upgrades for the next attempt of that particular run.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a3107c4", "title": "20XX", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20XX", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a3107c4.json"}}
{"text": "During levels, players can use bolts gained as currency to buy passive upgrades or to restore health or energy in vending machines. They can find upgrades in treasure chests and other places. Upon beating a boss the player can choose between multiple rewards: the boss' power (granting them a new special ability), bolts, or a random passive upgrade.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a3107c4", "title": "20XX", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20XX", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a3107c4.json"}}
{"text": "The game follows Nina, an armored girl armed with a power blaster, and Ace, an armored boy with an energy sword, in the aftermath of a robotic uprising. Traveling from their base on the Ark, a space station orbiting the Earth, they have been hired to clear dangerous locations infested with robots running amok.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a3107c4", "title": "20XX", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20XX", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a3107c4.json"}}
{"text": "20XX began development after a crowdfunding campaign on Kickstarter in the spring of 2014, when the game was called Echoes of Eridu. Following a successful Kickstarter, the game joined the Fire Hose Games accelerator program and appeared in the Indie Megabooth at Penny Arcade Expo 2015.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a3107c4", "title": "20XX", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20XX", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a3107c4.json"}}
{"text": "The game was developer Chris King's first commercial game, and its development was prompted by the belief that it was his last chance to do such a risky thing as game development without a family to support, as he was in his late 20s. The idea behind the game was due to his belief that Capcom had ceased to make enough Mega Man titles, and that he and other fans desired more of that style of gameplay.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a3107c4", "title": "20XX", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20XX", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a3107c4.json"}}
{"text": "The developer's main focus was on the game feel and getting it to play similarly to Mega Man. The most difficult aspect of developing the game was debugging its netcode that allowed for online play.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a3107c4", "title": "20XX", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20XX", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a3107c4.json"}}
{"text": "Chris believes that Steam's Early Access program was essential to the development of the game, and he \"couldn't imagine\" releasing the game without it.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a3107c4", "title": "20XX", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20XX", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a3107c4.json"}}
{"text": "The game's soundtrack was composed by Brandon \"Cityfires\" Ellis and includes chiptune and synthesizer elements to make it resemble that of a Super NES game.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a3107c4", "title": "20XX", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20XX", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a3107c4.json"}}
{"text": "Nintendo Life described the gameplay as addictive, and, although they felt some aspects were a bit repetitive, they said the upgrades and customization made up for it. Nintendo World Report recommended it to fans of Mega Man and platform games, but they felt it should have more story.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8a3107c4", "title": "20XX", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20XX", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8a3107c4.json"}}
{"text": "Gwiździny [ɡvʲiʑˈd͡ʑinɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bratian, within Nowe Miasto County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a8fc714e", "title": "Gwiździny, Nowe Miasto County", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwi%C5%BAdziny,_Nowe_Miasto_County", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a8fc714e.json"}}
{"text": "During the Second World War it was the site of the Gwisdyn subcamp of the Nazi Stutthof concentration camp.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a8fc714e", "title": "Gwiździny, Nowe Miasto County", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwi%C5%BAdziny,_Nowe_Miasto_County", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a8fc714e.json"}}
{"text": "Eucalyptus gracilis, commonly known as yorrell, snap and rattle, red mallee, white mallee or kong mallee, is a species of mallee or small tree endemic to Australia, where it is found in south-western New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia. It has smooth white bark, usually with rough, fibrous or flaky bark on the lower stems, linear to narrow lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in group of between seven and eleven and cup-shaped, cylindrical or barrel-shaped fruit.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fa6782d0", "title": "Eucalyptus gracilis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_gracilis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fa6782d0.json"}}
{"text": "Eucalyptus gracilis is an open to spreading, multi-stemmed mallee or tree that typically grows to a height of 7 m (23 ft) but sometimes to 20 m (66 ft). It has smooth white, grey and coppery-cream bark, but usually rough, fibrous or flaky bark at the base of the stems. Young plants and coppice regrowth have linear to narrow lance-shaped leaves 33–90 mm (1.3–3.5 in) long and 9–18 mm (0.35–0.71 in) wide. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same glossy green on both sides, linear to narrow lance-shaped or curved, 45–110 mm (1.8–4.3 in) long and 4–17 mm (0.16–0.67 in) wide on a petiole 5–15 mm (0.20–0.59 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of seven, nine or eleven on an unbranched peduncle 5–15 mm (0.20–0.59 in) long and square in cross-section, the individual buds on pedicels 2–5 mm (0.079–0.197 in) long. Mature buds are club-shaped, 3–7 mm (0.12–0.28 in) long and 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) wide with a flattened to rounded operculum. It blooms between March and October producing creamy-white flowers. The fruit is a woody cup-shaped, cylindrical or barrel-shaped capsule 4–8 mm (0.16–0.31 in) long and 3–7 mm (0.12–0.28 in) wide with the valves enclosed.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fa6782d0", "title": "Eucalyptus gracilis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_gracilis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fa6782d0.json"}}
{"text": "Eucalyptus gracilis was first formally described by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1855 in Transactions and Proceedings of the Victorian Institute for the Advancement of Science, from specimens collected \"in the desert on the Murray River\". The species name is the Latin adjective gracilis \"slender\", likely referring to its branches and habit.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fa6782d0", "title": "Eucalyptus gracilis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_gracilis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fa6782d0.json"}}
{"text": "Eucalyptus yilgarnensis was formerly considered a subspecies of this species.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fa6782d0", "title": "Eucalyptus gracilis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_gracilis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fa6782d0.json"}}
{"text": "Distribution and habitat", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fa6782d0", "title": "Eucalyptus gracilis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_gracilis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fa6782d0.json"}}
{"text": "Yorrell grows on sand dunes and plains, crests of rises and along creek lines in the Eremaean and South West botanical regions of Western Australia where it grows in sandy-clay-loamy soils over limestone. It is found throughout most of southern and central South Australia where it grows in mallee shrubland in a range of soils, often over limestone. In Victoria it is confined to the north-west of the state, mostly in the Big Desert and Sunset Country, east to Manangatang. It also occurs in south western New South Wales where it is found in mallee shrubland on red aeolian sands south from Yathong and west from West Wyalong.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fa6782d0", "title": "Eucalyptus gracilis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_gracilis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fa6782d0.json"}}
{"text": "E. gracilis is often cultivated in open areas, wider verges, in parks and reserves and as a shelter wind-break or for erosion control. It is also known to be good for honey production. Nectar-eating birds and insects use it for food and habitat. The yellow-tailed black cockatoo consumes the seeds of this species.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fa6782d0", "title": "Eucalyptus gracilis", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_gracilis", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fa6782d0.json"}}
{"text": "Kleppur or Kleppsspítali is an Icelandic psychiatric hospital that is operated by The National University Hospital of Iceland.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9155231", "title": "Kleppur", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleppur", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9155231.json"}}
{"text": "The first laws concerning Kleppur were nr. 33/1905, accepted by Christian IX on 20 October. The institution was opened in 1907, originally housing 50 patients. Kleppur was the first medical institution that was constructed and ran completely on public funds. The institution's administration consisted of the Icelandic Director of Health and individuals appointed by the Icelandic government.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9155231", "title": "Kleppur", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleppur", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9155231.json"}}
{"text": "At the time of the hospital's founding, mental illness was a big issue. Mentally ill individuals were commonly mistreated and their quality of living was worse than that of healthy people. The year 1901, a census was done to count the number of mentally ill individuals in the country. The census found 133 mentally ill individuals, 124 of which lived in rural areas.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9155231", "title": "Kleppur", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleppur", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9155231.json"}}
{"text": "The hospital changed a lot, although it could not take in everyone that needed it, as the Director of Health at that time told Alþingi.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9155231", "title": "Kleppur", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleppur", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9155231.json"}}
{"text": "The hospital's methods of operation have changed drastically of the years with the introduction of new and improved therapeutics. Today, Kleppur's operations mainly consist of rehabilitation and various treatments for people with mental health problems, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety, depression and addiction. Kleppur now has a polyclinic, one psychiatric rehabilitation ward, a security ward, and a forensic unit. A rehabilitation center adjacent to the hospital is in use for patents and outpatients.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9155231", "title": "Kleppur", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleppur", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9155231.json"}}
{"text": "The pictures are of the hospital's building, taken in March 2006.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9155231", "title": "Kleppur", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleppur", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9155231.json"}}
{"text": "Grein um störf löggjafans á Heimastjorn.is, archived from the original on 12 March 2017, retrieved 11 March 2017", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9155231", "title": "Kleppur", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleppur", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9155231.json"}}
{"text": "Um deild 11 - Kleppi á www.landspitali.is, archived from the original on 6 October 2007, retrieved 11 March 2017", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9155231", "title": "Kleppur", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleppur", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9155231.json"}}
{"text": "Um deild 12 - Kleppi á www.landspitali.is, archived from the original on 6 October 2007, retrieved 11 March 2017", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9155231", "title": "Kleppur", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleppur", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9155231.json"}}
{"text": "Um deild 13 - Kleppi á www.landspitali.is", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9155231", "title": "Kleppur", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleppur", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9155231.json"}}
{"text": "Um deild 14 - Kleppi á www.landspitali.is, archived from the original on 6 October 2007, retrieved 11 March 2017", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9155231", "title": "Kleppur", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleppur", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9155231.json"}}
{"text": "Um deild 15 - Kleppi á www.landspitali.is, archived from the original on 6 October 2007, retrieved 11 March 2017", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9155231", "title": "Kleppur", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleppur", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9155231.json"}}
{"text": "Um göngudeild Kleppi á www.landspitali.is, archived from the original on 6 October 2007, retrieved 11 March 2017", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9155231", "title": "Kleppur", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleppur", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9155231.json"}}
{"text": "Stjórnartíðindi A, 1905-1907, bls. 212.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9155231", "title": "Kleppur", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleppur", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9155231.json"}}
{"text": "Alþingistíðindi B, 1905, bls. 1125-1144.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9155231", "title": "Kleppur", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleppur", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9155231.json"}}
{"text": "Alþingistíðindi B, 1907, bls. 2683.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9155231", "title": "Kleppur", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleppur", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9155231.json"}}
{"text": "Arunta is a genus of cicadas, also called drummers, in the Thophini tribe of the Cicadinae subfamily. It is allied to the genus Thopha. These are the only Australian cicadas that have adapted to living in mangrove habitats.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_96b61e75", "title": "Arunta", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunta", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_96b61e75.json"}}
{"text": "Two species have been described:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_96b61e75", "title": "Arunta", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunta", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_96b61e75.json"}}
{"text": "Arunta interclusa (Walker, 1858) (Mangrove Drummer)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_96b61e75", "title": "Arunta", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunta", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_96b61e75.json"}}
{"text": "Arunta perulata (Guérin-Méneville, 1831) (White Drummer)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_96b61e75", "title": "Arunta", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunta", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_96b61e75.json"}}
{"text": "Blue Exorcist (Japanese: 青の祓魔師（エクソシスト）, Hepburn: Ao no Ekusoshisuto) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kazue Kato. The story revolves around Rin Okumura, a teenager who discovers that he and his twin brother Yukio are the sons of Satan, born from a human woman, and he is the inheritor of Satan's powers. When Satan kills their guardian, Rin enrolls at True Cross Academy to become an exorcist under Yukio's tutelage in order to defeat Satan. The manga has been serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Jump Square since April 2009, with individual chapters collected in 33 tankōbon volumes as of December 2025. Viz Media has licensed the manga for English release in North America, with the first volume released in April 2011.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "Blue Exorcist was adapted into an anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, broadcast from April to October 2011. An anime film, Blue Exorcist: The Movie, premiered in December 2012. A second season, subtitled Kyoto Saga, aired from January to March 2017. A third season produced by Studio VOLN, subtitled Shimane Illuminati Saga, aired from January to March 2024. A fourth season was split in two cours; the first cours, subtitled Beyond the Snow Saga, aired from October to December 2024, while the second cours, subtitled The Blue Night Saga, aired from January to March 2025. The anime series has been licensed in English by Aniplex of America.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "By December 2022, Blue Exorcist had over 25 million copies in circulation. The manga has been well received by readers, with sales having received a boost thanks to the anime's release.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "The world of Blue Exorcist consists of two dimensions, attached to each other as a mirror and its reflection. The first is the material world where humans live, Assiah (物質界（アッシャー）, Asshā), and the other is Gehenna (虚無界（ゲヘナ）, Gehena), the world of demons, which is ruled by Satan. Originally, a journey between the worlds, or even a contact between them, was impossible, however, any demon is able to pass to the dimension of Assiah through the possession of a living being in it. Even so, demons have historically wandered among humans unnoticed, visible only to people who have had contact with demons before.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "In contrast, there are Exorcists, people who train to destroy demons who act in a damaging manner in Assiah. With more than two thousand years of existence, this group has several branches all over the world being secretly under the command of the Vatican itself and acting in a clandestine manner.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "The story revolves around Rin Okumura, who, along with his younger twin Yukio Okumura, was raised by Father Shiro Fujimoto, an Exorcist. One day, Rin learns that he and Yukio are the sons of Satan. Witnessing Shiro dying to protect him, Rin draws the demon-slaying sword Kurikara (倶利伽羅), which restrains his demonic powers. From that moment on, Rin not only gains demonic features like fangs and a tail, but also the power to ignite into blue flames that destroy almost anything he touches.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "Rin wishes to become an Exorcist like his guardian to become stronger and to defeat Satan. He enrolls at the prestigious True Cross Academy (正十字学園, Sei Jūji Gakuen), an exorcist cram school, which is actually the Japanese branch of the True Cross Order (正十字騎士團, Sei Jūji Kishidan), an international organization dedicated to protect Assiah from Gehenna. Much to his surprise, Rin finds that Yukio is already a veteran Exorcist and is one of his teachers. Thus begins Rin's journey to become an Exorcist, accompanied by his brother and his fellow students who quickly become his close friends.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "Kazue Kato took inspiration from Terry Gilliam's The Brothers Grimm (2005), as she tried to work the angle of brothers fighting against monsters into a story. She eventually decided on making the story about demons and exorcists, thus conceiving Blue Exorcist. Due to exorcists being the main idea of the story, the manga features a lot of Biblical references. In an interview with Anime News Network, Kato said: \"I should not run away from these references if I'm working in the Exorcist genre.\" An ending was planned by Kato but the exact length of the series has yet to be decided based on the manga's popularity in Japan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "In 2016, Kato stated, \"I think there might be four more arcs. I have a rough storyline complete for the ending, but I haven’t figured out all of the details. I have a few things where I’m not sure what to decide to do.\" In July 2021, Kato announced that the manga would enter on an eight-month hiatus to work on a six-chapter manga mini-series adaptation of Fuyumi Ono's Eizen Karukaya Kaiitan. The manga resumed publication one month later than planned, on May 2, 2022. In February 2026, Kato announced that the manga would take a four-month break starting on March 4 of the same year, to prepare for the final chapter, make changes to her work environment and prepare for the upcoming compiled book volumes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "Blue Exorcist is written and illustrated by Kazue Kato. A prototype one-shot, titled Miyamauguisu House Case (深山鶯邸事件, Miyamauguisu-tei Jiken), was published in Shueisha's Jump Square on August 4, 2008. Blue Exorcist has been serialized in Jump Square since April 4, 2009. Shueisha has collected its chapters into individual tankōbon volumes. The first volume was released on August 4, 2009. As of December 4, 2025, 33 volumes have been published.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "The series has been licensed by Viz Media for release in North America, with the first volume released under the Shōnen Jump Advance imprint on April 5, 2011. 28 volumes have been released as of November 14, 2023.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "A spin-off series written by Kato and illustrated by Minoru Sasaki, focused on Rin's brother, Yukio, titled Salaryman Exorcist: The Sorrows of Yukio Okumura (サラリーマン祓魔師 奥村雪男の哀愁, Salaryman Futsumashi Okumura Yukio no Aishū), started in Jump SQ.19 on April 19, 2013. After the magazine ceased publication on February 19, 2015, the series was transferred to Jump Square, starting on April 4 of that same year. The series finished on April 3, 2020. Its chapters were collected in four tankōbon volumes, released from February 4, 2015, to June 4, 2020.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "An anime adaption for the manga was announced in November 2010 on Shueisha's Jump Square official website. The anime was produced by A-1 Pictures with Hitoshi Okamura as the producer. Originally, the series was scheduled to air on April 10, 2011, on MBS; however, due to the March 11 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami the series' broadcast was delayed a week later on April 17; the series was broadcast for 25 episodes until October 2 of that same year. The opening theme for the first 12 episodes is \"Core Pride\" by Uverworld, while the opening theme from episode 13 onwards is \"In My World\" by Rookiez is Punk'd. The ending theme for the first 12 episodes is \"Take Off\" by South Korean boy band 2PM, while the ending theme from episode 13 through episode 25 is \"Wired Life\" by Meisa Kuroki. An original video animation (OVA), titled Kuro Runs Away From Home (クロの家出, Kuro no Iede), was included with the series' fifth DVD release on October 26, 2011.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "Aniplex of America announced they would simulcast the series in North America through video sites Hulu, Crunchyroll, Anime News Network and Netflix starting on April 20, 2011. Aniplex of America released the series on four DVDs from October 18, 2011, to June 29, 2012; the Kuro Runs Away From Home OVA was included with the series' \"DVD Complete 1st Season\" box set on July 9, 2013. The series began broadcasting in the United States and Canada on Viz Media's online network, Neon Alley, on October 2, 2012. It was broadcast on Adult Swim's Toonami programming block from February 23 to August 10, 2014; the series was rebroadcast on the same programming block starting on November 3, 2024. Muse Communication licensed the series in Southeast Asia, streaming it for a limited time on its YouTube channel until February 29, 2024.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "An anime film, Blue Exorcist: The Movie, was released on December 28, 2012, in Japan. The English dub cast reprised their roles for the movie.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "In June 2016, a second season, titled Blue Exorcist: Kyoto Saga, was announced and aired from January 7 to March 25, 2017. Koichi Hatsumi directed the sequel, while Toshiya Ōno wrote the scripts, Keigo Sasaki designed the characters, and Hiroyuki Sawano and Kohta Yamamoto composed the soundtrack. A-1 Pictures returned to produce the animation. The opening theme is \"Itteki no Eikyō\" (一滴の影響; lit. \"Drop's Influence\") by Uverworld, while the ending theme is \"Kono Te de\" (コノ手デ; lit. \"With This Hand\") by Rin Akatsuki. The series has been licensed by Aniplex of America in North America, and Muse Communication in Southeast Asia, streaming it for a limited time on its YouTube channel until February 29, 2024.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "Kyoto Saga premiered in the United States on Adult Swim's Toonami programming block on May 18, 2025.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "Shimane Illuminati Saga", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "In December 2022, it was announced that the anime would receive a new television series adaptation. It was later revealed to be a third season, titled Blue Exorcist: Shimane Illuminati Saga, which adapted volumes 10–15 of the original manga. The sequel was produced by Studio VOLN and directed by Daisuke Yoshida, with scripts written by Toshiya Ōno, character designs handled by Yurie Oohigashi, and music composed by Hiroyuki Sawano and Kohta Yamamoto. It aired from January 7 to March 24, 2024, on Tokyo MX and other networks. The opening theme is \"Eye's Sentry\" by Uverworld, while the ending theme is \"Gakkyū Nisshi\" (学級日誌; \"Class Diary\") by Mulasaki-Ima. Muse Communication licensed the series in Southeast Asia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "Shimane Illuminati Saga premiered in the United States on Adult Swim's Toonami programming block on August 24, 2025.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "Beyond the Snow / The Blue Night Sagas", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "In March 2024, at the AnimeJapan 2024 event, a fourth season was announced. In July 2024, it was announced that the staff from the Shimane Illuminati Saga would return for the season and that it would run for two cours; the first one, subtitled Beyond the Snow Saga (雪ノ果篇, Yuki no Hate-hen), aired from October 6 to December 22, 2024, and the second one, subtitled The Blue Night Saga (終夜篇, Yosuga-hen), aired from January 5 to March 23, 2025. For Beyond the Snow Saga, the opening theme is \"Re Rescue\", performed by Reol, and the ending theme is \"Tsurara\" (ツララ), performed by Yobahi. For The Blue Night Saga, the opening theme is \"Tsūkaku\" (痛覚; \"Sense of Pain\"), performed by Amazarashi, and the ending theme is \"Overlap\" (オーバーラップ, Ōbārappu), performed by Shiyui. Muse Communication licensed Beyond the Snow Saga in Southeast Asia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "The fourth season premiered in the United States on Adult Swim's Toonami programming block on November 9, 2025.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "Four light novels written by Aya Yajima, with illustrations provided by Kazue Kato, have been released by Shueisha under their Jump J-Books imprint. The first light novel, titled Blue Exorcist: Weekend Hero, was released on September 2, 2011. The second novel, Blue Exorcist: Home Sweet Home, was released on December 4, 2012. It focuses on past events, such as Rin, Yukio, Ryuji, Renzo, and Konekomaru's childhoods, as well as Juzo Shima and Mamushi Hojo's time as students at True Cross Academy. The third novel, titled Blue Exorcist: Bloody Fairytale, was released on March 4, 2014. The fourth novel, titled Blue Exorcist: Spy Game, was released on March 3, 2017.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "A visual novel for PlayStation Portable, Ao no Exorcist: Genkoku no Labyrinth was released on April 26, 2012, by Bandai Namco Games.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "A smartphone game, Blue Exorcist: Damned Chord was originally announced in December 2018; however in November 2020, it was announced that the game was canceled.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "A 3D action RPG, Alterna Vvelt: Blue Exorcist Another Story (オルタナヴェルト -青の祓魔師 外伝-, Orutana Vueruto Ao no Ekusoshisuto Gaiden) was announced at Jump Festa 2024. It was released on smartphones on June 25, 2025, with a PC version to come later.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "A stage play based on the series, titled Live Act Ao no Exorcist: Mashin no Rakuin, ran for nine performances at the Nippon Seinenkan hall in Tokyo's Shinjuku ward from May 11–17, 2012. Satoshi Owada directed and wrote scripts for the play. Main characters Rin and Yukio Okumura were portrayed by Ryou Kimura and Kimito Totani respectively.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "By November 2016, Blue Exorcist had over 15 million copies in circulation. By December 2022, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation. The manga has been popular in Japan with the seventh volume receiving first print run of one million copies becoming the first Jump Square manga to reach such milestone. The release of the anime also drastically increased the manga's sales to the point that Shueisha decided to increase the print run for the seventh volume.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "Critics have praised the Blue Exorcist manga, with Comic Book Bin reviewer Leroy Douresseaux feeling the first volume had potential, enjoying the comedy in the work and the characters and their interactions, recommending it to teen readers. Danica Davidson from Otaku USA felt that while the series employs disturbing storytelling, Rin's heroic traits despite being Satan's son make the plot more appealing to the readers. Kato's artwork has been praised by Anime News Network's Carlo Santos for the way each character has distinct traits while background images are well designed. Deb Aoki of About.com praised Kato's art and the series' \"multi-dimensional world that melds European architecture, Japanese culture, modern technology and Tim Burton-esque whimsy\", also stating that it is a \"multicultural mishmash\" of Harry Potter, Cirque du Soleil, Blade Runner and Alice in Wonderland, but she called the action scenes \"a bit chaotic, and sometimes hard to follow\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "Carl Kimlinger from Anime News Network emphasized how the execution was well-performed, resulting in entertaining episodes, especially its fight scenes, which were noted to be one of the anime's strongest points, and described it as \"Great action, fun characters, and an occasional tug at the heart as well; every episode without fail is a blast\". Sandra Scholes of Active Anime noted similarities to other series like Trinity Blood, Fullmetal Alchemist and Bleach, but wrote that the story and characters have \"plenty of their own to tantalize us to watch.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "Blue Exorcist official manga website at Jump Square (in Japanese)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "Blue Exorcist official anime website (in Japanese)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "Blue Exorcist official English anime website", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "Blue Exorcist official manga website at Viz Media", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "Blue Exorcist official manga website at Manga Plus", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "Blue Exorcist (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fe999b95", "title": "Blue Exorcist", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Exorcist", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fe999b95.json"}}
{"text": "Scawby is a village and civil parish in North Lincolnshire, England. It is situated 2 miles (3 km) south-west from Brigg, and just east from the A15 road, and south from the M180 motorway. According to the 2001 census, Scawby population (including Sturton) was 2,277, reducing slightly to 2,243 at the 2011 census.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94aa6523", "title": "Scawby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scawby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94aa6523.json"}}
{"text": "The village is noted for the Nelthorpe family who owned the manor and lived at Scawby Hall. Sir John Nelthorpe founded Brigg Grammar School in 1669. Sturton was formerly a separate hamlet a little to the south of Scawby, but development of the land between the two has incorporated the settlement into the main village. Scawby Brook, situated to the east just outside Brigg, is also partly within the parish. Also in the parish, to the west of the main village, is the roadside hamlet of Greetwell on the B1398 road.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94aa6523", "title": "Scawby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scawby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94aa6523.json"}}
{"text": "Neolithic and Romano-British archaeological finds indicate a long history of habitation. Two mosaic floors of a possible Roman villa were found at Sturton Farm in 1816.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94aa6523", "title": "Scawby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scawby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94aa6523.json"}}
{"text": "Scawby is mentioned seven times in the Domesday Book of 1086, as \"Scallebi\" or \"Scalebi\", with a total of 34 households.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94aa6523", "title": "Scawby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scawby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94aa6523.json"}}
{"text": "Scawby Hall is thought to date from 1603, with an 18th-century frontage and windows, and 19th-century crenellations.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94aa6523", "title": "Scawby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scawby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94aa6523.json"}}
{"text": "Scawby Mill, a brick-built tower mill, was opened about 1829, but the present tower was built as part of a house after the original tower collapsed during renovation work in 1994.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94aa6523", "title": "Scawby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scawby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94aa6523.json"}}
{"text": "Scawby railway station, to the south of the village, opened in 1848, and closed 120 years later.  The line is still open.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94aa6523", "title": "Scawby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scawby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94aa6523.json"}}
{"text": "The church of St Hybald is dedicated to a 7th-century Saxon of that name. It is built in the Early English style, but was substantially rebuilt in 1843 by William Adams Nicholson, and in 1870 by James Fowler of Louth.  The tower is original, of the 15th century, with 13th-century work at the base.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94aa6523", "title": "Scawby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scawby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94aa6523.json"}}
{"text": "There was a Methodist chapel in the village until August 2012.  The Barton and Brigg circuit still operates a chapel in nearby Hibaldstow.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94aa6523", "title": "Scawby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scawby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94aa6523.json"}}
{"text": "An old school building is next to the church. There is a village pump, telephone box, a post office and village shop, a primary school, the Sutton Arms public house, a fish and chip shop and a hairdresser.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94aa6523", "title": "Scawby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scawby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94aa6523.json"}}
{"text": "Scawby bus connections are to Brigg and Scunthorpe.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94aa6523", "title": "Scawby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scawby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94aa6523.json"}}
{"text": "The ecclesiastical parish is Scawby and Redbourne, part of the Scawby, Redbourne and Hibaldstow group of the Deanery of Yarborough.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94aa6523", "title": "Scawby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scawby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94aa6523.json"}}
{"text": "The village hall committee dates back to March 1921, when it was agreed to purchase a hut for community use in the village. In 1967 this was replaced by a brick building with views of open countryside.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94aa6523", "title": "Scawby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scawby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94aa6523.json"}}
{"text": "Scawby is home to local Quiz team \"Dobbin\" who defeated The Eggheads in 2011.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94aa6523", "title": "Scawby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scawby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94aa6523.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Scawby at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94aa6523", "title": "Scawby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scawby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94aa6523.json"}}
{"text": "\"Scawby\", Genuki.org.uk", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94aa6523", "title": "Scawby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scawby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94aa6523.json"}}
{"text": "Scawby Academy Primary School", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94aa6523", "title": "Scawby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scawby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94aa6523.json"}}
{"text": "\"Scawby Primary School\", Ofsted school inspection reports", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_94aa6523", "title": "Scawby", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scawby", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_94aa6523.json"}}
{"text": "Bucloc, officially the Municipality of Bucloc (Ilocano: Ili ti Bucloc; Filipino: Bayan ng Bucloc), is a  municipality in the province of Abra, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 2,264 people.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b7e49adc", "title": "Bucloc", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucloc", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b7e49adc.json"}}
{"text": "According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 63.77 square kilometres (24.62 sq mi)  constituting 1.53% of the 4,165.25-square-kilometre- (1,608.21 sq mi) total area of Abra.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b7e49adc", "title": "Bucloc", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucloc", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b7e49adc.json"}}
{"text": "Bucloc is situated 56.63 kilometres (35.19 mi) from the provincial capital Bangued, and 429.33 kilometres (266.77 mi) from the country's capital city of Manila.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b7e49adc", "title": "Bucloc", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucloc", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b7e49adc.json"}}
{"text": "Bucloc is politically subdivided into 4 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b7e49adc", "title": "Bucloc", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucloc", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b7e49adc.json"}}
{"text": "In the 2024 census, Bucloc had a population of 2,264 people. The population density was 36 inhabitants per square kilometre (93/sq mi).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b7e49adc", "title": "Bucloc", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucloc", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b7e49adc.json"}}
{"text": "Poverty incidence of Bucloc", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b7e49adc", "title": "Bucloc", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucloc", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b7e49adc.json"}}
{"text": "Source: Philippine Statistics Authority", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b7e49adc", "title": "Bucloc", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucloc", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b7e49adc.json"}}
{"text": "Bucloc, belonging to the lone congressional district of the province of Abra, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b7e49adc", "title": "Bucloc", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucloc", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b7e49adc.json"}}
{"text": "The Bucloc Schools District Office governs all educational institutions within the municipality. It oversees the management and operations of all private and public, from primary to secondary schools.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b7e49adc", "title": "Bucloc", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucloc", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b7e49adc.json"}}
{"text": "Primary and elementary schools", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b7e49adc", "title": "Bucloc", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucloc", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b7e49adc.json"}}
{"text": "Bucloc Central School", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b7e49adc", "title": "Bucloc", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucloc", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b7e49adc.json"}}
{"text": "Daldalao Elementary School", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b7e49adc", "title": "Bucloc", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucloc", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b7e49adc.json"}}
{"text": "Ducligan Elementary School", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b7e49adc", "title": "Bucloc", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucloc", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b7e49adc.json"}}
{"text": "Lingey Elementary School", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b7e49adc", "title": "Bucloc", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucloc", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b7e49adc.json"}}
{"text": "Abra Mt. Development Educational Center", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b7e49adc", "title": "Bucloc", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucloc", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b7e49adc.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Bucloc at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b7e49adc", "title": "Bucloc", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucloc", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b7e49adc.json"}}
{"text": "Philippine Standard Geographic Code", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b7e49adc", "title": "Bucloc", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucloc", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b7e49adc.json"}}
{"text": "Seahorse (officially branded as Passwords and Secrets) is a GNOME front-end application for managing passwords, PGP and SSH keys. Seahorse integrates with a number of apps including Nautilus file manager, Epiphany browser and Evolution e-mail suite. It has HKP and LDAP key server support.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3088af2d", "title": "Seahorse (software)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahorse_(software)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3088af2d.json"}}
{"text": "PGP support is implemented utilizing GNU Privacy Guard. Passwords are securely stored encrypted with the user's login password using GNOME Keyring. Seahorse is released as free software under the GPL-2.0-or-later license.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3088af2d", "title": "Seahorse (software)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahorse_(software)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3088af2d.json"}}
{"text": "Responsibility for maintenance and development of Seahorse has changed hands several times during its lifetime:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3088af2d", "title": "Seahorse (software)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahorse_(software)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3088af2d.json"}}
{"text": "Niels De Graef (3.29.x - present)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3088af2d", "title": "Seahorse (software)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahorse_(software)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3088af2d.json"}}
{"text": "Daiki Ueno (3.29.x - present)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3088af2d", "title": "Seahorse (software)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahorse_(software)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3088af2d.json"}}
{"text": "Nate Nielsen (real name Stef Walter) (0.7.4 - present)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3088af2d", "title": "Seahorse (software)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahorse_(software)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3088af2d.json"}}
{"text": "Jacob Perkins (0.6.x - 0.7.3)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3088af2d", "title": "Seahorse (software)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahorse_(software)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3088af2d.json"}}
{"text": "Jose C. García Sogo (0.5.x)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3088af2d", "title": "Seahorse (software)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahorse_(software)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3088af2d.json"}}
{"text": "List of password managers", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3088af2d", "title": "Seahorse (software)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahorse_(software)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3088af2d.json"}}
{"text": "Seahorse repository on GNOME GitLab", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3088af2d", "title": "Seahorse (software)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahorse_(software)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3088af2d.json"}}
{"text": "Boris Orazowiç Şyhmyradow (born 25 May 1949) is a Turkmen politician who served as the minister of foreign affairs of Turkmenistan from 1995 to 2000. He was sentenced to life imprisonment after he was convicted of participation in a plot against President Saparmyrat Nyýazow in 2002. Little is known about his life in prison, and it is unknown whether he remains alive.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0b867366", "title": "Boris Şyhmyradow", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_%C5%9Eyhmyradow", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0b867366.json"}}
{"text": "Early life and diplomatic career", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0b867366", "title": "Boris Şyhmyradow", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_%C5%9Eyhmyradow", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0b867366.json"}}
{"text": "Şyhmyradow was born in Ashgabat to an Armenian mother and Turkmen father. Beginning in 1971, he worked in the Soviet embassies to Pakistan and India. After Turkmenistan gained independence, in 1992 he became Deputy Foreign Minister and then First Deputy Foreign Minister; he also became Deputy Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers in the same year. He became Foreign Minister in 1995 and served in that position for five years. He subsequently became a Special Envoy dealing with Caspian Sea affairs and the normalisation of the situation in Afghanistan in June 2000. He served in that post until March 2001, when he became Turkmenistan's Ambassador to the People's Republic of China. He remained in the latter position until November 2001, when he announced his opposition to President Nyýazow.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0b867366", "title": "Boris Şyhmyradow", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_%C5%9Eyhmyradow", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0b867366.json"}}
{"text": "Following an alleged assassination attempt against Nyýazow on 25 November 2002, Şyhmyradow was arrested in Ashgabat (he had previously been in exile in Russia) on 25 December 2002. It was alleged that, as part of the plot, he had entered Turkmenistan from Uzbekistan prior to the attempt on Nyýazow's life, and that, after it failed, he had taken refuge in the Uzbek embassy from 26 November to 7 December. Subsequently, according to Şyhmyradow's confession, he stayed in a friend's apartment until he was captured. This confession was shown on television; in it, he said “We are a criminal gang, a mafia. There is not a single normal person among us. We are all nonentities. I’m not a person who is able to rule the state, but on the contrary, a criminal who can only destroy the state ... While living in Russia, we were involved in drug use and, intoxicated, we recruited mercenaries to commit the terrorist act. Our task was to destabilize the situation in Turkmenistan, undermine the constitutional system and attempt to assassinate the president”, and he also praised Nyýazow very highly. Some suspected that torture was used to obtain the confession. On 30 December, Şyhmyradow was sentenced to 25 years in prison, the maximum possible punishment; however, the People's Council amended the criminal code shortly thereafter to enable life sentences for traitors, and Şyhmyradow's sentence was accordingly changed.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0b867366", "title": "Boris Şyhmyradow", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_%C5%9Eyhmyradow", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0b867366.json"}}
{"text": "Major Begenç Beknazarow, who is a nephew of Şyhmyradow, was also imprisoned in connection with the attempt on Nyýazow's life.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0b867366", "title": "Boris Şyhmyradow", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_%C5%9Eyhmyradow", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0b867366.json"}}
{"text": "Following Nyýazow's death in December 2006, his successor, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, was asked about the fates of Şyhmyradow and alleged co-conspirator Batyr Berdiýew at a visit to Columbia University in September 2007. Berdimuhamedow said that he thought they were still alive. He also mentioned the Gadyr Gijesi (\"Night of Forgiveness\"), an October occasion that is customarily marked by the release of prisoners, leading to speculation that Şyhmyradow might be released. On the occasion, Şyhmyradow's wife and nephew were released on 8 October 2007, but Şyhmyradow himself was not.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0b867366", "title": "Boris Şyhmyradow", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_%C5%9Eyhmyradow", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0b867366.json"}}
{"text": "Nothing has been heard of Şyhmyradow since 2007; it is thought that he is still imprisoned or that he may have died in prison. According to the other version, Şyhmyradow was secretly executed in the prison located in Türkmenbaşy between April 2003 and November 2005.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0b867366", "title": "Boris Şyhmyradow", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_%C5%9Eyhmyradow", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0b867366.json"}}
{"text": "In 2014, UN Human Rights Committee found Syhmyradow's rights to life and to fair trial to have been violated.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0b867366", "title": "Boris Şyhmyradow", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_%C5%9Eyhmyradow", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0b867366.json"}}
{"text": "The Ohio Hanukkiah Mound was a mound believed to be in the shape of a menorah and oil lamp, located near the Little Miami River in Milford, Ohio. Its origins are typically attributed to the Hopewell culture.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_353a7444", "title": "Ohio Hanukkiah Mound", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Hanukkiah_Mound", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_353a7444.json"}}
{"text": "In 1803, William Lytle II was a surveyor in Clermont County, Ohio, and first recorded the mound in one of his maps. The mound was further recorded in 1811, in Observations on the Climate in Different Parts of America by Hugh Williamson, and in 1834 by Maj. Isaac Roberdeau.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_353a7444", "title": "Ohio Hanukkiah Mound", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Hanukkiah_Mound", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_353a7444.json"}}
{"text": "Ohio Hanukkiah Mound is located within East Fork State Park, Indian Mound Shelter & Picnic Area, Bethel OH. (GPS antipodes ... 39.012285 -84.133440 ... -39.012285 95.866560)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_353a7444", "title": "Ohio Hanukkiah Mound", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Hanukkiah_Mound", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_353a7444.json"}}
{"text": "The East Fork Earthwork is a Native American Earthwork and is attributed to the Middle woodland Hopewell culture, from about 100 BC to 500 AD. Its location is on the east fork of the Little Miami River in Clermont County, Ohio. The \"Hanukkiah\" mound has been described as having a 9-branched section resembling a menorah, surrounded by an oil lamp. Each branch was noted to have been 66 feet apart, and the base of the mound being 902 feet long. Some academics have identified the site as a bird effigy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_353a7444", "title": "Ohio Hanukkiah Mound", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Hanukkiah_Mound", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_353a7444.json"}}
{"text": "Bat Creek inscription", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_353a7444", "title": "Ohio Hanukkiah Mound", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Hanukkiah_Mound", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_353a7444.json"}}
{"text": "List of Hopewell sites", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_353a7444", "title": "Ohio Hanukkiah Mound", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Hanukkiah_Mound", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_353a7444.json"}}
{"text": "Litozamia acares is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_03fea6e4", "title": "Litozamia acares", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litozamia_acares", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_03fea6e4.json"}}
{"text": "The length of the shell attains 4 mm.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_03fea6e4", "title": "Litozamia acares", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litozamia_acares", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_03fea6e4.json"}}
{"text": "This marine species occurs off New Caledonia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_03fea6e4", "title": "Litozamia acares", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litozamia_acares", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_03fea6e4.json"}}
{"text": "ATutor is an open source web-based learning management system (LMS).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ec881820", "title": "ATutor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATutor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ec881820.json"}}
{"text": "ATutor is used in various contexts, including online course management, continuing professional development for teachers, career development, and academic research. The software is cited as unique for its accessibility features, (useful to visually impaired and disabled learners); and for its suitability for educational use according to software evaluation criteria established by The American Society for Training and Development (ASTD). ATutor is used internationally and has been translated into over fifteen languages with support for over forty additional language modules currently under development.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ec881820", "title": "ATutor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATutor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ec881820.json"}}
{"text": "ATutor is the first LCMS to comply completely with the accessibility specifications of W3C WCAG 1.0 at the AA+ level, allowing the access to all the included content of the system at all levels of user-privilege, including administrator accounts. Its conformity with XHTML 1.0 is intended to ensure that ATutor is presented and displayed consistently in any compatible technology.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ec881820", "title": "ATutor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATutor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ec881820.json"}}
{"text": "ATutor's developers assert that it is the only fully accessible LCMS software on the market, including for-fee and closed source software. This aspect of ATutor has been affirmed in at least one University-published review of the software. ATutor is also cited in numerous technical reviews and scholarly articles; and many third-party extensions have been developed and distributed for use with the software.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ec881820", "title": "ATutor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATutor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ec881820.json"}}
{"text": "ATutor was first released in late 2002. It came in response to two studies conducted by the developer in the years prior that looked at the accessibility of online learning systems to people with disabilities. Results of the studies showed none of the popular Learning Management Systems at the time even provided minimal conformance with accessibility guidelines. At the time a blind person for instance, could not participate fully in online courses.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ec881820", "title": "ATutor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATutor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ec881820.json"}}
{"text": "Accessibility features", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ec881820", "title": "ATutor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATutor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ec881820.json"}}
{"text": "Two, of many, accessibility features in the system are text alternatives for all visual elements, and keyboard access to all elements of the program. With these features, a blind person can listen to the entire interface of the system with the help of a screen reader, and he or she can access the system without needing a mouse. These features also allow ATutor to adapt to a wide variety of technologies including cell phones, personal data assistants (PDAs), and text-based Web browsers, to name a few.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ec881820", "title": "ATutor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATutor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ec881820.json"}}
{"text": "ATutor includes a content authoring tool that prompts content developers to create accessible learning materials. Such prompts encourage authors to add a text alternatives if they forget to include one when adding an image, for instance. The authoring tool also includes a Web service that evaluates the accessibility of authored content against various international standards. In addition to creating accessible content, the tool is itself accessible, allowing a blind user to create content themselves.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ec881820", "title": "ATutor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATutor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ec881820.json"}}
{"text": "Adaptability features", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ec881820", "title": "ATutor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATutor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ec881820.json"}}
{"text": "ATutor is also designed for adaptability to any of several teaching and learning scenarios. There are four main areas that reflect this design principle: themes, privileges, tool modules, and groups.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ec881820", "title": "ATutor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATutor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ec881820.json"}}
{"text": "The ATutor theme system allows administrators to easily customize the look and layout of the system to their particular needs. Themes are used to give ATutor a new look, to give categories of courses their own look, or to provide multiple versions of ATutor on a single system, from which users could choose one as a preference setting.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ec881820", "title": "ATutor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATutor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ec881820.json"}}
{"text": "The privilege system allows instructors to assign tool management privileges to particular members of a course. Instructors may create assistants or course tutors that had limited control over any of the authoring or management tools.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ec881820", "title": "ATutor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATutor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ec881820.json"}}
{"text": "E-learning patent dispute", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ec881820", "title": "ATutor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATutor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ec881820.json"}}
{"text": "ATutor is one of three open source learning management systems named in a formal challenge to an e-learning patent issued to Blackboard Inc. in July 2006. The Software Freedom Law Center filed a re-examination request on behalf of ATutor, and two other clients in late 2006. In early 2007 the re-examination request was granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). If successful, the request will ultimately lead to the cancellation of all 44 claims of the Blackboard patent.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ec881820", "title": "ATutor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATutor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ec881820.json"}}
{"text": "In support of the challenge to the Blackboard patent, volunteers across the Internet found examples of older programs that used ideas claimed by the patent. These volunteers collaborated to make a Wikipedia article on the History of virtual learning environments, which documents several examples of prior art.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ec881820", "title": "ATutor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATutor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ec881820.json"}}
{"text": "Additionally, Greg Gay, project lead of ATutor asserted in support of the re-examination request: \"A patent on an educational concept -- namely the relationship among students, instructors, and administrators -- makes no sense. Such ideas are public and have been practiced for centuries; they are not the result of research and development.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ec881820", "title": "ATutor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATutor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ec881820.json"}}
{"text": "List of content management systems", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ec881820", "title": "ATutor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATutor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ec881820.json"}}
{"text": "Learning management system", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ec881820", "title": "ATutor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATutor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ec881820.json"}}
{"text": "Intellectual property", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ec881820", "title": "ATutor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATutor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ec881820.json"}}
{"text": "Online learning community", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ec881820", "title": "ATutor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATutor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ec881820.json"}}
{"text": "Notes and references", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ec881820", "title": "ATutor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATutor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ec881820.json"}}
{"text": "Atutor publisher's site", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ec881820", "title": "ATutor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATutor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ec881820.json"}}
{"text": "LMS Tools for College Instructors", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ec881820", "title": "ATutor", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATutor", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ec881820.json"}}
{"text": "Bond Bridge is a Wi-Fi device that communicates with infra-red or RF controlled devices, such as ceiling fans, shades, and fireplaces.  These devices often come with a battery powered remote control.  The bond bridge receives commands form a network port, and it forwards the commands to the remote controlled device by simulating the signals the remote control would produce.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e0be9859", "title": "Bond Bridge", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_Bridge", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e0be9859.json"}}
{"text": "The photo shows a bond bridge in the dining room of Baywood Court, a senior community.  The bond bridge controls ceiling fans in the dining room.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e0be9859", "title": "Bond Bridge", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_Bridge", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e0be9859.json"}}
{"text": "Broadlink RM4 is a competing product.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e0be9859", "title": "Bond Bridge", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_Bridge", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e0be9859.json"}}
{"text": "Bikini waxing is the removal of pubic hair using a special wax, which can be hot or cold, that adheres to hairs and pulls them out when the wax is removed quickly from the skin, usually with a cloth strip. While the practice is mainly associated with women, male waxing to remove men's pubic hair has become a more common practice.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_330dda92", "title": "Bikini waxing", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini_waxing", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_330dda92.json"}}
{"text": "A bikini line is the area of the upper leg and inner thigh in which pubic hair grows that is normally not covered by the bottom part of a swimsuit. In some cultures, visible pubic hair in this region is disliked and/or considered embarrassing and so it is sometimes removed. However, some people remove pubic hair that will not be exposed for aesthetics, personal grooming, hygiene, culture, religion, fashion and for sexual intercourse.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_330dda92", "title": "Bikini waxing", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini_waxing", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_330dda92.json"}}
{"text": "Pubic hair can be removed in a number of ways, such as waxing, shaving, sugaring, electrolysis, laser hair removal or with chemical depilatory creams. Waxing involves applying melted, usually hot, wax to the pubic hair that an individual would like to remove. The wax, which adheres to the hair as it hardens, is then covered with small strips of cloth. When the wax hardens sufficiently, the cloth is pulled off quickly, removing the hair from its roots as the wax is pulled away. Waxing can be performed on oneself privately using a home kit or by a cosmetologist at a salon or spa.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_330dda92", "title": "Bikini waxing", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini_waxing", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_330dda92.json"}}
{"text": "If a person has never been waxed before, or has not been waxed for a long time, it may be necessary to trim the pubic hair using scissors or an electric razor prior to waxing. A patch test is recommended, usually on the upper thigh, to test for allergies or skin sensitivities to the ingredients in the wax. Sometimes a hair growth inhibitor is applied after waxing, which slows the regrowth of hair if applied daily for an extended period of time.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_330dda92", "title": "Bikini waxing", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini_waxing", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_330dda92.json"}}
{"text": "It is common to apply an antiseptic cleaner and powder to the area prior to waxing. Wax is applied with a spatula in the direction of hair growth the size of a strip about 2 inches (5.1 cm) wide and 4 inches (10 cm) long. When the wax is set but still pliable, the wax strips are pulled away against the direction of hair growth while keeping the skin taut. The strip is ideally pulled off as swiftly as possible.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_330dda92", "title": "Bikini waxing", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini_waxing", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_330dda92.json"}}
{"text": "The pubic area is one of the most sensitive areas in the body and during the procedure special attention must be paid to avoid irritation. Pain directly resulting from the procedure can be slight or severe and can continue from several seconds to several minutes. Some people experience less pain during subsequent treatments. It can be helpful to take a mild anti-inflammatory medication (such as ibuprofen) an hour or so before waxing to reduce potential pain from the waxing. Products such as topical anesthetics are available to lessen the pain involved. A bikini wax during pregnancy is generally more painful, due to increased sensitivity. The type of wax used for bikini lines is often made from a mixture of beeswax and tall oil rather than the more common synthetic waxes used for waxing regular leg hair. Beeswax is considered stronger and more effective at removing the thicker and coarser pubic hair.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_330dda92", "title": "Bikini waxing", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini_waxing", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_330dda92.json"}}
{"text": "Sometimes bumps or in-grown hair can result from waxing. Isolated hairs can be removed with tweezers or electrolysis. Discomfort following the procedure generally lasts two to five days or less. Application of egg oil for a few days post-waxing can help moisturize the skin and reduce inflammation, pain or growth of bacteria. With repeated removal over time, pubic hair becomes weaker and grows more slowly, leading to easier removal with less pain and less frequent waxing.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_330dda92", "title": "Bikini waxing", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini_waxing", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_330dda92.json"}}
{"text": "Some people modify their pubic hair either to fit in with societal trends or simply as an expression of their own style or lifestyle, while others object to any styling or do not practice it because of cost considerations.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_330dda92", "title": "Bikini waxing", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini_waxing", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_330dda92.json"}}
{"text": "\"Natural\" (also known as \"au natural\" or \"bush\") refers to pubic hair that has not been removed, trimmed or styled at all. \"Trimmed\" or \"cut\" refers to pubic hair that has been shortened, but not completely removed other than shaving the inner thighs. Some women trim, but keep hair on their labia, while removing the pubic hair on the mons pubis. Pubic hair may be styled into several basic styles which are often referred to by different names. Salons often use their own unique names for common types of waxing, for example referring to a Brazilian with a \"landing strip\" as a \"Mohican\" or a \"Hollywood\" as \"Full Monty\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_330dda92", "title": "Bikini waxing", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini_waxing", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_330dda92.json"}}
{"text": "The three major types are described below:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_330dda92", "title": "Bikini waxing", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini_waxing", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_330dda92.json"}}
{"text": "American waxing is the removal of only the pubic hair that would not be covered by a swimsuit. For a bikini, it would be hair at the top of the thighs and under the navel. It is also known as a \"basic bikini wax\", \"triangle\", or \"bikini line\", as it involves waxing hair from the sides to form a triangle so that pubic hair cannot be seen while wearing a swimsuit. Bikini bottoms or underwear are usually worn while getting an American wax. A normal American waxing job takes about 20 to 30 minutes to complete.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_330dda92", "title": "Bikini waxing", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini_waxing", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_330dda92.json"}}
{"text": "French waxing (sometimes called a landing strip or a partial Brazilian wax) leaves a vertical strip of pubic hair about 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) wide and 3 inches (7.6 cm) long just above the vulva. Hair around the anus area and labia may be removed. To create the \"landing strip\" (a line of hair) practitioners and clients prefer either lying face up or lying face down. Sometimes hard wax is used, though strip wax works as effectively.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_330dda92", "title": "Bikini waxing", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini_waxing", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_330dda92.json"}}
{"text": "Brazilian waxing is the removal of all pubic hair from the pelvic region, labia, perineum, and anus, while sometimes leaving a thin strip of hair on the mons pubis. It can be used by those who wear thong bikinis. Brazilian waxing is also known as a full Brazilian wax, full bikini wax, or the Hollywood wax. This style was first called the Brazilian wax by the J. Sisters salon in Manhattan, founded in 1987 by seven sisters named Padilha from Brazil.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_330dda92", "title": "Bikini waxing", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini_waxing", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_330dda92.json"}}
{"text": "Brazilian waxing is more controversial than other types of waxing. Like all waxing, it can be painful. Some believe it is more unpleasant to receive cunnilingus from a bearded partner after getting a Brazilian wax. Some critics of the procedure believe that Brazilian waxing can contribute to making an adult woman look underage, claiming that this may be one reason for its popularity in the sex industry. There is also a health risk involved if it is not done properly, as well as a risk of infection if done on a person with a weakened immune system.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_330dda92", "title": "Bikini waxing", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini_waxing", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_330dda92.json"}}
{"text": "In 2016, the Journal of the American Medical Association published a study in which it was found that out of 3,316 American women surveyed, 84% reported a history of lifetime pubic hair grooming, with 59% reporting that the primary motivations for grooming were for hygienic purposes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_330dda92", "title": "Bikini waxing", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini_waxing", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_330dda92.json"}}
{"text": "Bikini waxing has been credited with a significant global reduction in cases of pubic lice. However, the medical community has also seen a recent increase in folliculitis, or infection around the hair follicle, in women who wax or shave their bikini areas.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_330dda92", "title": "Bikini waxing", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini_waxing", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_330dda92.json"}}
{"text": "In Islam, the removal of unwanted body hair is known as an act of fitra. In India, ethnologist F. Fawcett, writing in 1901, had observed the removal of body hair, including pubic hair about the vulva, as a custom of women from the Hindu caste group known as Nair. In Western societies, removal of female body hair (except for head hair, eyelashes and eyebrows) has traditionally been considered appropriate when it was visible.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_330dda92", "title": "Bikini waxing", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini_waxing", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_330dda92.json"}}
{"text": "The styling of pubic hair has become more fashionable as the coverage of swimwear has decreased, following innovations such as the introduction of the bikini in 1946 and the removal of skirts from swimsuits. Changes in lingerie styles also encouraged the removal of pubic hair, and the nude crotch‍—‌i.e., the total removal of pubic hair, such as in a full Brazilian‍—‌became considered by many to be erotic and glamorous. A nude crotch is considered by some to be more youthful looking. According to Tschachler, Devine and Draxlbauer, removal of all visible body hair has come to be seen as an important aspect of femininity.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_330dda92", "title": "Bikini waxing", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini_waxing", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_330dda92.json"}}
{"text": "Lausanne-Chauderon railway station (French: Gare de Lausanne-Chauderon) is an underground railway station in the municipality of Lausanne, in the Swiss canton of Vaud. It is located on the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) Lausanne–Bercher line of the Chemin de fer Lausanne-Échallens-Bercher (LEB).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ae62206a", "title": "Lausanne-Chauderon railway station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne-Chauderon_railway_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ae62206a.json"}}
{"text": "Chauderon station opened to service on 5 November 1873, as the Lausanne terminus of the first section of the LEB to Cheseaux station. The outer terminus was extended to Échallens station in 1874, and to Bercher station in 1889, but Chauderon remained the inner terminus until 2000.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ae62206a", "title": "Lausanne-Chauderon railway station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne-Chauderon_railway_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ae62206a.json"}}
{"text": "As originally built, Chauderon was a surface station, with a wooden station building. In 1899, the Lausanne Tramway Company (TL) opened an electric tramway to Prilly that shared the LEB's tracks on the section between the Chauderon and the former Montétan stations, with the common section electrified at 550/600 V DC using overhead lines to power the TL trams. LEB's trains in the station were electrified in 1935.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ae62206a", "title": "Lausanne-Chauderon railway station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne-Chauderon_railway_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ae62206a.json"}}
{"text": "TL's trams continued to use the station until 1964, when the tram service was discontinued. The surface station, and its wooden buiding, survived until 1995, when the station was moved underground and the original station razed. In 2000, a tunnelled extension to a new inner terminus at Flon station opened, permitting interchange with the Lausanne Métro. In 2022, the line in the opposite direction was placed into tunnel as far as Union-Prilly station.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ae62206a", "title": "Lausanne-Chauderon railway station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne-Chauderon_railway_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ae62206a.json"}}
{"text": "As of the December 2023 timetable change, the following services stop at Lausanne-Chauderon:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ae62206a", "title": "Lausanne-Chauderon railway station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne-Chauderon_railway_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ae62206a.json"}}
{"text": "Regio: service every fifteen minutes between Lausanne-Flon and Echallens, with every other train continuing from Echallens to Bercher.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ae62206a", "title": "Lausanne-Chauderon railway station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne-Chauderon_railway_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ae62206a.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Lausanne-Chauderon railway station at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ae62206a", "title": "Lausanne-Chauderon railway station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne-Chauderon_railway_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ae62206a.json"}}
{"text": "Lausanne-Chauderon railway station – SBB", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ae62206a", "title": "Lausanne-Chauderon railway station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne-Chauderon_railway_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ae62206a.json"}}
{"text": "Vincenzo Valdrè, also known as Vincent Waldré (1740–1814), was an Italian artist and architect who was born in Faenza and brought up in Parma, but who practiced in a Neoclassical-style in England and Ireland.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_571714d5", "title": "Vincenzo Valdrè", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Valdr%C3%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_571714d5.json"}}
{"text": "Sometimes referred to as il Faenza or \"Il Faentino\", he studied in the Academy of Fine Arts in Parma under Giuseppe Baldrighi and in 1764 won an award at the Academy for his drawing of Agar in the Desert consoled by the Angel. In 1768 he went to complete his studies in the French Academy in Rome.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_571714d5", "title": "Vincenzo Valdrè", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Valdr%C3%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_571714d5.json"}}
{"text": "While in Rome he taught the architects James Lewis (1751–1820) and Richard Norris (1750–1794). In 1774 he exhibited a painting entitled \"Jupiter and Thetis\" at the Free Society of Artists in London, giving as his address 20 Frith Street, Soho. At around this time he was recruited by George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham to work on Stowe House  in Buckinghamshire, England. He moved with his patron to Ireland, perhaps in 1787, when the latter became, for the second time, the Lord Lieutenant. He painted the ceilings in St Patrick's Hall in the Dublin Castle with frescoes depicting Irish history, including St Patrick lighting the Paschal fire on the Hill of Slane. He died in Dublin, reportedly in August 1814.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_571714d5", "title": "Vincenzo Valdrè", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Valdr%C3%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_571714d5.json"}}
{"text": "Rocco Schiavone (also known as Rocco Schiavone: Ice Cold Murders) is an Italian crime drama television series broadcast on Rai 2. It was first aired on 9 November 2016. The series is based on the books by Antonio Manzini.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d6efea3", "title": "Rocco Schiavone", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Schiavone", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d6efea3.json"}}
{"text": "Rocco Schiavone is a widowed detective superintendent who has recently been transferred from his beloved Rome to Aosta in the Italian Alps for disciplinary reasons. While hating his new posting, Schiavone investigates crimes that disrupt the peaceful Aosta Valley, although he sometimes resorts to questionable methods when doing so. His wife, who died almost ten years ago, is always present in his mind. He often sees her in other women and when he is home alone, he takes comfort in hearing her sound advice regarding various cases and the ethical issues they may pose.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d6efea3", "title": "Rocco Schiavone", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Schiavone", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d6efea3.json"}}
{"text": "Marco Giallini as Rocco Schiavone", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d6efea3", "title": "Rocco Schiavone", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Schiavone", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d6efea3.json"}}
{"text": "Ernesto D'Argenio (seasons 1–5) and Paolo Bernardini (season 6) as Italo Pierron", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d6efea3", "title": "Rocco Schiavone", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Schiavone", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d6efea3.json"}}
{"text": "Massimiliano Caprara as Michele Deruta", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d6efea3", "title": "Rocco Schiavone", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Schiavone", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d6efea3.json"}}
{"text": "Christian Ginepro as Domenico D'Intino", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d6efea3", "title": "Rocco Schiavone", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Schiavone", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d6efea3.json"}}
{"text": "Gino Nardella as Ugo Casella", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d6efea3", "title": "Rocco Schiavone", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Schiavone", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d6efea3.json"}}
{"text": "Filippo Dini as Maurizio Baldi", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d6efea3", "title": "Rocco Schiavone", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Schiavone", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d6efea3.json"}}
{"text": "Massimo Olcese as Andrea Costa", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d6efea3", "title": "Rocco Schiavone", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Schiavone", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d6efea3.json"}}
{"text": "Isabella Ragonese (seasons 1–4) and Miriam Dalmazio (seasons 5–present) as Marina", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d6efea3", "title": "Rocco Schiavone", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Schiavone", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d6efea3.json"}}
{"text": "Mirko Frezza as Furio Lattanzi", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d6efea3", "title": "Rocco Schiavone", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Schiavone", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d6efea3.json"}}
{"text": "Massimo Reale as Alberto Fumagalli", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d6efea3", "title": "Rocco Schiavone", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Schiavone", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d6efea3.json"}}
{"text": "Francesco Acquaroli as Sebastiano Cecchetti", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d6efea3", "title": "Rocco Schiavone", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Schiavone", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d6efea3.json"}}
{"text": "Tullio Sorrentino as Fabrizio \"Brizio\" Marchetti", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d6efea3", "title": "Rocco Schiavone", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Schiavone", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d6efea3.json"}}
{"text": "Claudia Vismara as Caterina Rispoli", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d6efea3", "title": "Rocco Schiavone", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Schiavone", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d6efea3.json"}}
{"text": "Fabio La Fata (season 1) and Alberto Lo Porto (season 4–present) as Antonio Scipioni", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d6efea3", "title": "Rocco Schiavone", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Schiavone", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d6efea3.json"}}
{"text": "Anna Ferzetti as Adele Talamonti", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d6efea3", "title": "Rocco Schiavone", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Schiavone", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d6efea3.json"}}
{"text": "Sargis Galstyan as Omar Shai", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d6efea3", "title": "Rocco Schiavone", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Schiavone", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d6efea3.json"}}
{"text": "The series is filmed in various parts of the Aosta Valley, including Aosta, the Skyway Monte Bianco, and Pila.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d6efea3", "title": "Rocco Schiavone", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Schiavone", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d6efea3.json"}}
{"text": "Awards and nominations", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d6efea3", "title": "Rocco Schiavone", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Schiavone", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d6efea3.json"}}
{"text": "Rocco Schiavone on IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d6efea3", "title": "Rocco Schiavone", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Schiavone", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d6efea3.json"}}
{"text": "The Reading of Mary Stuart's Sentence (French: La Lecture de la sentence de Marie Stuart) is an 1826 history painting by the French artist Eugène Devéria. It portrays the reading of the death sentence of Mary, Queen of Scots after she was condemned for her part in the Babington Plot to overthrow her cousin Elizabeth I. It depicts the interior of Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire where Mary was held as prisoner. It drew inspiration from Friedrich Schiller's tragedy Mary Stuart.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_12cf6625", "title": "The Reading of Mary Stuart's Sentence", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reading_of_Mary_Stuart%27s_Sentence", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_12cf6625.json"}}
{"text": "Depictions of British history were a common theme of the Romantic movement. The painting was exhibited at the Salon of 1827 at the Louvre. Today it is in the collection of the Musée des Beaux-Arts in Angers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_12cf6625", "title": "The Reading of Mary Stuart's Sentence", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reading_of_Mary_Stuart%27s_Sentence", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_12cf6625.json"}}
{"text": "Mary Stuart Proclaiming Her Innocence, an 1832 painting by Francesco Hayez", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_12cf6625", "title": "The Reading of Mary Stuart's Sentence", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reading_of_Mary_Stuart%27s_Sentence", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_12cf6625.json"}}
{"text": "Notter, Annick. Marie Stuart, une figure romantique: la destinée artistique de la reine d'Écosse au XIXe siècle. Mairie de La Rochelle, 2009.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_12cf6625", "title": "The Reading of Mary Stuart's Sentence", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reading_of_Mary_Stuart%27s_Sentence", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_12cf6625.json"}}
{"text": "Schaefer, Carol. Mary Queen of Scots. Crossroad Publishing, 2002.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_12cf6625", "title": "The Reading of Mary Stuart's Sentence", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reading_of_Mary_Stuart%27s_Sentence", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_12cf6625.json"}}
{"text": "Little Bit a Blues is an American folk and blues  trio comprising Warner Williams, Jay Summerour and Eric Selby, until Williams' death in 2021.  They played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., and were known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37942e42", "title": "Little Bit a Blues", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Bit_a_Blues", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37942e42.json"}}
{"text": "Williams and Summerour played music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues from the early 1990s. During their tenure together, they recorded several albums, including for the Smithsonian Folkways label.   Eric Selby later joined up with Williams and Summerour, completing the trio.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37942e42", "title": "Little Bit a Blues", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Bit_a_Blues", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37942e42.json"}}
{"text": "Their recording, The Best of Little Bit a Blues: Live at B.B. King's Bluesville, on Soul Stew Records reached number one on the Blues411 chart, was nominated for a WAMMIE for Blues/Traditional R&B Recording of the Year as well as received a JIMI Award for Best Live Recording of the Year.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37942e42", "title": "Little Bit a Blues", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Bit_a_Blues", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37942e42.json"}}
{"text": "Williams was a recipient of a 2011 National Heritage Fellowship awarded by the National Endowment for the Arts, which is the United States government's highest honor in the folk and traditional arts.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37942e42", "title": "Little Bit a Blues", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Bit_a_Blues", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37942e42.json"}}
{"text": "Williams was from Takoma Park, Maryland, Summerour from Rockville, Maryland, and Selby from Washington Grove, Maryland.  Williams died on September 20, 2021, aged 91.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37942e42", "title": "Little Bit a Blues", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Bit_a_Blues", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37942e42.json"}}
{"text": "Blues Highway (Smithsonian Folkways, 2004)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37942e42", "title": "Little Bit a Blues", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Bit_a_Blues", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37942e42.json"}}
{"text": "Classic African-American Ballads (Smithsonian Folkways, 2006)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37942e42", "title": "Little Bit a Blues", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Bit_a_Blues", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37942e42.json"}}
{"text": "The Best of Little Bit a Blues: Live at B.B. King's Bluesville (Soul Stew Records, 2013)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37942e42", "title": "Little Bit a Blues", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Bit_a_Blues", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37942e42.json"}}
{"text": "Little Bit a Blues discography at Discogs Entry for Warner Williams", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37942e42", "title": "Little Bit a Blues", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Bit_a_Blues", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37942e42.json"}}
{"text": "Little Bit a Blues discography at Discogs Entry for Jay Summerour", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37942e42", "title": "Little Bit a Blues", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Bit_a_Blues", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37942e42.json"}}
{"text": "Little Bit a Blues discography at Discogs Entry for Eric Selby", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_37942e42", "title": "Little Bit a Blues", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Bit_a_Blues", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_37942e42.json"}}
{"text": "Bimenes is a municipality of Asturias, Spain. It borders with Siero, Nava, Laviana and San Martín del Rey Aurelio.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ecb7172d", "title": "Bimenes", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimenes", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ecb7172d.json"}}
{"text": "It is situated in the center zone of Asturias. Its capital is Martimporra. It is 32 km away from Oviedo and its main road is AS-25, that runs parallel to the Pra river.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ecb7172d", "title": "Bimenes", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimenes", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ecb7172d.json"}}
{"text": "The main towns of Bimenes are Martimporra, San Julian, Rozadas, Suares, Melendreros and Taballes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ecb7172d", "title": "Bimenes", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimenes", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ecb7172d.json"}}
{"text": "Bimenes was famous of being a municipality full of miners, even though there were no mines in it, but the surrounding municipalities, Laviana and San Martin del Rey Aurelio did have many of them.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ecb7172d", "title": "Bimenes", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimenes", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ecb7172d.json"}}
{"text": "Its medium size surrounding mountains and steep roads are considered for sport events like Vuelta a España, Vuelta a Asturias, and the Rally Príncipe de Asturias.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ecb7172d", "title": "Bimenes", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimenes", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ecb7172d.json"}}
{"text": "The current mayor is Aitor García Corte (Partíu Asturianista).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ecb7172d", "title": "Bimenes", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimenes", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ecb7172d.json"}}
{"text": "San Emeterio (Bimenes)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ecb7172d", "title": "Bimenes", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimenes", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ecb7172d.json"}}
{"text": "San Julián (Bimenes)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ecb7172d", "title": "Bimenes", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimenes", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ecb7172d.json"}}
{"text": "List of municipalities in Asturias", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ecb7172d", "title": "Bimenes", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimenes", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ecb7172d.json"}}
{"text": "Ryanair is an Irish ultra low-cost airline headquartered in Swords, County Dublin, Ireland. It is the largest airline in Europe based on annual passengers, fleet size, number of flights, and market capitalization, the largest airline worldwide based on number of international passengers carried, and the second-largest airline worldwide based on market capitalization after Delta Air Lines. It is also one of the most profitable airlines worldwide. In 2025, the company sold 208 million airline tickets, with average total revenue of €70 per ticket sold.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "The parent company, Ryanair Holdings plc, includes subsidiaries Ryanair DACTooltip Designated activity company, Malta Air, Buzz, Lauda Europe and Ryanair UK.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Ryanair has a fleet of 613 planes, including 26 leased aircraft. Approximately 95% of aircraft used by Ryanair are single-aisle Boeing 737s; the 737-8-200 was designed specifically by Boeing for Ryanair to carry more people at lower cost per passenger.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Ryanair operates 3,500 short-haul flights per day serving approximately 230 airports in over 40 countries in Europe as well as Morocco, Jordan, and Turkey. The primary operational bases are at Dublin, London Stansted and Milan Bergamo airports.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Ryanair is ranked 790th on the Forbes Global 2000 and 280th on the Fortune 500 Europe.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Ryanair is known for its \"no-frills policy\": the airline charges fees for using airport check-in facilities, paying by credit card, for checked-in luggage, has high penalties for oversized baggage not paid for in advance, and it offers food and drinks for purchase as part of a buy on board programme. As a result, it has been referred to as the \"King Of Ancillary Revenue\"; Ryanair generates ancillary revenue of approximately one-third of total revenue. Ryanair is also known for its low cost model; to allow for faster cleaning and quick turnaround times, Ryanair aircraft have non-reclining seats, no seat-back pockets, safety cards stuck on the back of the seats, life jackets stowed overhead rather than under the seat, and requires passengers to use boarding stairs or built-in airstairs rather than more expensive jet bridges. To keep costs low, the company also has a long history of threatening to reduce or cancel flights to countries whose governments increase airport fees, taxes, or environmental levies, often acting on these threats by shifting capacity elsewhere.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Ryanair CEO Michael O'Leary has been known to intentionally generate controversy to gain publicity for the airline.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Ryanair was founded in 1984 as Danren Enterprises by Christopher Ryan, Liam Lonergan (owner of Irish travel agent Club Travel), and Irish businessman Tony Ryan, founder of Guinness Peat Aviation. The airline was renamed Ryanair and launched its first flight on 8 July 1985. It began operations in 1985 flying a 15-seat Embraer Bandeirante turboprop aircraft between Waterford and Gatwick Airport.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "The first chief executive was Eugene O'Neill (1956–2018), who had formerly worked as managing director of Tony Ryan's Sunday Tribune newspaper and as Ryan's personal assistant. O'Neill was talented at marketing but did not focus on costs, and the airline lost money in its early years. Ryan vetoed O'Neill's proposal to take Aer Lingus to the European Commission for breach of competition rules, because at the time Aer Lingus was state-owned and Ryanair depended on the Irish government for its route licences. Ryan fired O'Neill in September 1987, who sued for wrongful dismissal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In 1986, the company added a second route from Dublin to Luton with two Hawker Siddeley HS 748s, thus directly competing with the Aer Lingus/British Airways duopoly for the first time. Under partial European Economic Community (EEC) deregulation, airlines could begin new international intra-EEC services as long as one of the two governments approved (the so-called \"double-disapproval\" regime). The Irish government at the time refused its approval to protect Aer Lingus, but Britain, under Margaret Thatcher's deregulating Conservative government, approved the service. With two routes and two aircraft, the fledgling airline carried 82,000 passengers in one year.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In 1986, the directors of Ryanair acquired an 85% stake in London European Airways in a £630,000 rescue package. From 1987, this provided a connection with the Luton Ryanair service onward to Amsterdam and Brussels. That same year, Michael O'Leary joined the company as chief financial officer. In 1989, a Short Sandringham was operated with Ryanair sponsorship titles but never flew revenue-generating services for the airline.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Due to decreasing profits, the company restructured in 1990, copying the low-fares model of Southwest Airlines, after O'Leary visited the company. In a 1994 lecture, O'Leary described the strategy as adopting a simple all Boeing 737 fleet, pursuing expansion over yield, creating a culture of cost-cutting, and \"re-educating\" the customer to prefer lower prices to \"frills\". The objective of a 30-minute turnaround enabled aircraft to make more flights per day. According to O'Leary, lower fares attracted new customers to air travel, rather than Ryanair competing directly with other airlines for passengers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In 1992, the European Union's deregulation of the air industry in Europe gave carriers from one EU country the right to operate scheduled services between other EU states and represented a major opportunity for Ryanair.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In 1994, Michael O'Leary became the sixth chief executive officer. Ryan clashed with O'Leary, with Ryan wanting the airline's PR stunts to be less aggressive, and O'Leary suggesting that Ryan should leave the board.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Ryanair Holdings was established in 1996 as a holding company for Ryanair with the two companies having the same board of directors and executive officers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In April 1997, the airline deregulation in Europe and the removal of cabotage gave low-cost carriers, including Ryanair, the opportunity to expand.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "The airline became a public company via an initial public offering in May 1997, raising funds on the Dublin and the NASDAQ stock exchanges to expand the company across Europe.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In 1998, Ryanair launched services to Stockholm, Sandefjord Airport, Torp 110 kilometres (68 mi) south of Oslo, Beauvais–Tillé northwest of Paris, and Charleroi.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In 1999, flush with new capital, Ryanair placed a US$2 billion order for 45 new Boeing 737-800 aircraft.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "The airline launched its website in 2000 built by a 17-year old entrepreneur for IR£20,000. Management thought that the online booking engine would only be a small part of its business.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Ryanair launched a new base of operation in Charleroi Airport in 2001. Later that year, the airline ordered 155 new 737-800 aircraft from Boeing at what was believed to be a substantial discount, to be delivered over eight years from 2002 to 2010. Approximately 100 of these aircraft had been delivered by the end of 2005, although there were slight delays in late 2005 caused by production disruptions arising from a Boeing machinists' strike.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In April 2003, Ryanair acquired its ailing competitor Buzz from KLM.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In 2004, Michael O'Leary warned of a \"bloodbath\" during the winter from which only two or three low-cost airlines would emerge. A loss of €3.3 million in the second quarter of 2004 was the airline's first recorded loss for 15 years but the airline soon became profitable again. The enlargement of the European Union in May 2004 opened the way to more new routes for Ryanair.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In February 2006, Britain's Channel 4 broadcast a documentary as part of its Dispatches series, \"Ryanair caught napping\". The documentary criticised Ryanair's training policies, security procedures and aircraft hygiene, and highlighted poor staff morale. Ryanair denied the allegations and claimed that promotional materials, in particular a photograph of a stewardess sleeping, had been faked by Dispatches.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In October 2006, Ryanair launched a €1.48 billion bid to buy fellow Irish flag carrier Aer Lingus; Ryanair already owned 19% of Aer Lingus. Aer Lingus immediately rejected Ryanair's takeover bid, saying it undervalued the airline.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In April 2007, Ryanair CEO Michael O'Leary stated that it had the goal of launching a transatlantic low-cost airline; the launch was delayed and never came to fruition. In 2023, Ryanair said that it had no plans for transatlantic routes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In August 2007, the company started charging passengers to check in at the airport to encourage people to check-in online, thereby reducing costs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In August 2007, an article in The Economist claimed that Ryanair's \"cavalier treatment of passengers\" had given Ryanair \"a deserved reputation for nastiness\" and that the airline \"has become a byword for appalling customer service ... and jeering rudeness towards anyone or anything that gets in its way.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In October 2008, Ryanair withdrew operations from a base in Europe for the first time when it closed its base in Valencia, Spain. Ryanair estimated the closure cost 750 jobs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In December 2008, Ryanair launched a second takeover bid of Aer Lingus, offering an all-cash offer of €748 million. The offer was a 28% premium on the value of Aer Lingus stock, during the preceding 30 days. Ryanair said, \"Aer Lingus, as a small, stand-alone, regional airline, has been marginalised and bypassed, as most other EU flag carriers consolidate.\" The two airlines would operate separately. Ryanair stated it would double the Aer Lingus short-haul fleet from 33 to 66 and create 1,000 new jobs. The Aer Lingus board rejected the offer and advised its shareholders to take no action. On 22 January 2009, Ryanair dropped its Aer Lingus takeover bid after it was rejected by the Irish government on the grounds it undervalued the airline and would harm competition. However, Ryanair retained a stake in Aer Lingus; in October 2010, competition regulators in the UK opened an inquiry, due to concerns that Ryanair's stake may lead to a reduction in competition.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In 2008, Ryanair was described by the consumer magazine Holiday Which? as having the most optional extras.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In 2009, Ryanair announced that it was in talks with Boeing and Airbus about an order that could include up to 200 aircraft. Even though Ryanair had dealt with Boeing aircraft up to that point, Michael O'Leary said he would buy Airbus aircraft if it offered a better deal. Airbus Chief Commercial Officer John Leahy denied in February 2009 that any negotiations were taking place.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In February 2009, Ryanair announced that later that year it would close all airport check-in desks and that passengers would be able to leave their luggage at a bag drop, but everything else would be done online.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In May 2009, Ryanair abolished airport check-in and replaced it with a fast bag drop for those passengers checking in bags, adding fees for passengers that do not check-in online.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In June 2009, due to the Great Recession, Ryanair reported an annual loss of €169 million, its first annual loss.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Ryanair's fleet reached 200 aircraft for the first time in September 2009.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In November 2009, Ryanair announced that negotiations with Boeing had proceeded poorly and that Ryanair was thinking of stopping the negotiations, then putting at 200 aircraft for delivery between 2013 and 2016, and simply returning cash to shareholders. Boeing's competitor Airbus was mentioned again as an alternative vendor for Ryanair, but both Michael O'Leary and Airbus CCO John Leahy dismissed this. In December 2009, Ryanair confirmed that negotiations with Boeing had failed. The plans were to take all 112 aircraft already on order at that point, with the last deliveries occurring in 2012, for a total fleet of over 300. Ryanair confirmed that an agreement had been met on price, but it had failed to agree on conditions, as Ryanair had wanted to carry forward certain conditions from its previous contract.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In April 2010, due to air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption, Ryanair ended refusals to comply with EU regulations which stated it was obliged to reimburse stranded passengers. In April 2010, Ryanair described the regulations as 'unfair' and that month, Ryanair cancelled all of its routes from Budapest Liszt Ferenc Airport after talks with the airport's management on reducing fees failed.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In June 2010, Ryanair called for the Irish government to scrap its tourist tax, implying it was destroying tourism in Ireland.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In February 2011, Ryanair opened a new maintenance hangar at Glasgow Prestwick International Airport, making it Ryanair's biggest fleet maintenance base.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In June 2011, Ryanair and COMAC signed an agreement to cooperate on the development of the C919, a Boeing 737 competitor.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In April 2011, Ryanair began adding a surcharge of €2 to its flights to cover the costs arising from compliance with EC Regulation 261/2004, which requires it to pay for meals and accommodation for passengers on delayed and cancelled flights.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Ryanair cut capacity by grounding 80 aircraft between November 2011 and April 2012 due to the high cost of fuel and weak economic conditions during the Euro area crisis.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In June 2012, Ryanair Chief Executive Michael O'Leary announced his intention to make an all-cash offer for Aer Lingus. The bid was blocked by the European Commission in 2017, which had also blocked an earlier bid.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "As of October 2013, Ryanair was rated the cheapest low-cost airline in Europe in basic price (excluding fees) but was the fourth cheapest when fees were included.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In October 2013, Ryanair announced what it described as a series of \"customer service improvements\", to take place over the next six months. These included lower fees for reprinting boarding passes, free changes of minor errors on bookings within 24 hours, and a free second small carry-on bag. Ryanair said it was making the changes as a result of customer feedback.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In 2013, Ryanair sued Channel 4 and The Independent for defamation after allegations were made about Ryanair's safety standards. The case with The Independent was settled in November 2013. The case with Channel 4 was settled in 2025 on undisclosed terms.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In March 2013, Ryanair signed an order for 175 new Boeing 737-800 aircraft for $15.6 billion, increasing its fleet by one-third, to 400 planes. In the press conference announcing the order, Michael O'Leary said Ryanair was still evaluating the possibility of the Boeing 737 MAX and stated its huge order in March was for the Boeing 737 Next Generation rather than the 737 MAX as it needed aircraft before the 737 MAX would enter service. Ryanair also showed interest in other aircraft, including the Comac C919, when it signed a design agreement with Comac in 2011 to help produce a rival jet to Boeing's offerings. At the Paris Airshow in 2013, Michael O'Leary stated that Comac could build a larger version of the C919 aircraft that would hold up to 200 passengers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In January 2014, Ryanair moved into a new €20 million, 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) Dublin head office in Airside Business Park, having outgrown its previous office within Dublin Airport.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In April 2014, Ryanair confirmed that it had ordered five more aircraft to add to its fleet, four of them to be delivered in 2015 and the last one to be delivered in February 2016, to bring the number of aircraft on order to 180.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In June 2014, Ryanair announced a new campaign to re-invent itself as a more family-friendly airline. At the company's 2014 annual general meeting, chief executive Michael O'Leary said that the airline needed to \"stop unnecessarily pissing people off\". Ryanair said up to 20% of its 81 million customers were travelling as families, and it wanted to raise that figure. Kenny Jacobs, Ryanair's chief marketing officer, said: \"Families are a big deal for us. It's a group of customers that we want to get closer to\". The company launched LiveChat on its website. This change in approach had an almost immediate positive effect on the company's finances.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In the summer of 2014, Ryanair contracted AirExplore to operate some summer flights between London Stansted and Dublin airports.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In September 2014, Ryanair agreed to purchase up to 200 Boeing 737 MAX 200 aircraft (100 confirmed and 100 options) for over $22 billion.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In December 2014, the airline finalised its order for up to 200 Boeing 737 MAX 200 aircraft, a version of the 737 MAX 8 for low-cost airlines, named after the fact that they can carry 200 passengers. The order included 100 firm orders and 100 purchase rights, making Ryanair the launch customer of the Boeing 737 MAX 200.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In March 2016, Ryanair launched a corporate jet charter service, offering a Boeing 737-700 for corporate or group hire.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In November 2016, Ryanair launched a new package holiday service named Ryanair Holidays. The new service offers flights, accommodation, and transfer packages. The service was launched in Ireland, the United Kingdom and Germany, with other markets to follow. Ryanair partnered with Spain-based tour operator, Logitravel, and accommodation provider, World2Meet, to create Ryanair Holidays.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In April 2017, Ryanair started issuing tickets for connecting flights, meaning if a connection is missed, the customer will be rebooked at no extra cost and compensated according to the EU Flight Compensation Regulation. To begin with, such tickets were only sold for flights with connections at Rome-Fiumicino airport.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In September and October 2017, Ryanair cancelled between 40 and 50 flights per day, about 2% of total daily flights. Flights were cancelled with very little notice, sometimes only hours before departure. Ryanair said that the cancellations aimed \"to improve its system-wide punctuality\" which had dropped significantly in the first two weeks of September which the airline attributed to \"ATC capacity delays and strikes, weather disruptions and the impact of increased holiday allocations to pilots and cabin crew.\" In subsequent statements, Ryanair acknowledged that it had \"messed up\" holiday schedules for pilots, including a change to the calendar year for how vacations were calculated.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In late December 2017, shortly after the cancellations, a survey rated Ryanair and Vueling equally the worst in the world for customer service among short-haul carriers in the annual Which? survey.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Abandonment of the single-airline strategy", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "For over a decade, Ryanair had only operated with its Irish Air Operator's Certificate and solely under the Ryanair brand. However, starting in 2018, Ryanair began introducing additional brands and operating on multiple certificates in different countries.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In April 2017, Ryanair announced that it would launch an independent Polish subsidiary in 2018, operating charter flights from Poland to Mediterranean destinations. Aside from turning away from the company's policy of only operating on a single Air Operator's Certificate, the step also meant that Ryanair would be launching charter flights after having focused only on scheduled operations before. The subsidiary was branded Ryanair Sun and received its Polish Air Operator's Certificate in April 2018 and subsequently launched Initially, it had only one former Ryanair Boeing 737-800 and complemented its operation with wet-leased aircraft from its mother company. In late 2018, all Polish-based Ryanair aircraft were transferred to Ryanair Sun. As a consequence, Ryanair Sun mainly operated scheduled flights on behalf of its mother company using Ryanair's FR flight numbers. Ryanair Sun was rebranded Buzz in 2019.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In March 2018, Ryanair expanded its portfolio by acquiring 25% (later increased to 75% and then 100% in December 2018) of Austrian-based Laudamotion, founded by Niki Lauda, and later renamed \"Lauda\". Laudamotion was the successor of Niki, which had folded as a consequence of the Air Berlin demise.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Ryanair UK was established in December 2017 \"to protect itself from a hard Brexit\". Its first aircraft, re-registered as G-RUKA, was transferred from Ryanair DAC in 2018, with a second aircraft following in 2019. As of April 2023, Ryanair UK had 13 aircraft.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In August 2018, to reduce plane turnaround time, Ryanair announced a new baggage policy under which Priority Boarding allows for a larger and a smaller bag, capped by the capacity on the aircraft. The move was mirrored by Wizz Air.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In September 2018, pilots, cabin crew and other staff called for a strike due to the transition from workers being employed on Irish contracts and subject to Irish legislation to their own countries' labour laws, along with an issue in their pay. Due to the lobbying of the crew and walk-outs of pilots, the airline had to cancel 250 flights, which affected around 40,000 passengers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In January 2019, a survey conducted by Which? found that the airline was the UK's least-liked short-haul airline, for the sixth year running. Ryanair responded by saying that passenger numbers had risen 80% in the previous six years and this was a more accurate reflection of the airline's popularity than an \"unrepresentative survey of just 8,000 people\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In February 2019, the transition began from the airline Ryanair and its subsidiaries into separate sister airlines under the holding company.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In May 2019, following the Boeing 737 MAX groundings, Ryanair initially reaffirmed its confidence in the aircraft and indicated that it would be ready to place a new order once it had returned to service; it would seek a reduced price instead of cash compensation. In July 2019, it warned that some of its bases would be subject to short-term closures in 2020 due to the shortfall in MAX deliveries, and pointed out that the MAX 200 version it has ordered will require separate certification expected to take a further two months after the MAX returns to service. In the same month, O'Leary expressed concerns and frustration with the certification delays and revealed that, in parallel with discussions with Boeing regarding a potential order for new aircraft to be delivered from 2023, he was also talking to Airbus which was offering very aggressive pricing.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In June 2019, Ryanair announced, together with the Government of Malta, that it would establish a new airline called Malta Air (not to be confused with Air Malta), to consist of an initial fleet of 10 aircraft and assume the 61 flights currently operated by Ryanair to/from Malta. The fleet was registered in Malta while a new repair and maintenance hangar was also set up. Ryanair transferred all its existing Maltese operations to the new airline. Ryanair also transferred additional bases in Europe to the Maltese subsidiary due to a legal requirement for certain staff to pay tax in Ireland even though they did not live in Ireland.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In August 2019, Ryanair was ranked last in an annual Which? survey rating the customer services of 100 popular UK brands.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In August 2019, due to the transition inside the holdings company, each airline (Ryanair, LaudaMotion, Ryanair Sun and Ryanair UK) got its own CEO and management team. Edward Wilson became the CEO of the airline Ryanair and Michael O'Leary became the Group CEO.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "2020: COVID-19 pandemic", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, Ryanair laid off pilots and cabin crew and reduced its flight schedule.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In September 2020, the airline threatened to end operations in Ireland unless the government lifted COVID-19 lockdowns including quarantine requirements.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In April and May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, customers claimed that they were refused refunds for the flight cancellations, leading to a surge in complaints to the Commission for Aviation Regulation (CAR).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In April 2020, the Italian Civil Aviation Authority threatened a ban of Ryanair due to alleged violation of COVID-19 regulations including the requirement for social distancing by leaving middle seats empty.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In December 2020, Ryanair increased its order for Boeing 737 MAX 200 aircraft by 75, to a total of 210 aircraft, for delivery from early 2021 to December 2024.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "After delays due to the grounding of the 737 MAX, the first Boeing 737 MAX 200 was delivered to Ryanair in June 2021. In July 2021, Ryanair handed back all of its leased Boeing 737 aircraft and announced plans to hand back its leased Airbus aircraft.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In June 2022, after backlash, Ryanair cancelled a policy to make South Africans take a general knowledge test in the Afrikaans language before allowing them to board UK-bound flights as a means to verify that their passports were genuine. South Africa has 11 official languages of which Afrikaans is the 3rd most spoken with a prevalence of 12%. A majority of the population cannot understand Afrikaans and some refuse to speak it on principle, regarding it as the language of oppression during the Apartheid era.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In January 2023, the first Ryanair 737-800 to be retrofitted with split scimitar winglets entered service. The winglets reduce fuel burn by 1.5% and are to be fitted to all existing −800 aircraft in the Ryanair fleet.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In July 2022, Ryanair extended its Airbus A320 leases to 2028.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In May 2023, Ryanair ordered 300 Boeing 737 MAX 10 aircraft, with a total list price of €36.3 billion. The deal included 150 firm orders and options for 150 more with deliveries between 2027 and 2033. Half of this order would replace withdrawn 737-800 aircraft. The order followed an 18-month public argument with Boeing over pricing, and Ryanair ultimately achieved a lower discount than their previous orders.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Ryanair initiated a regular dividend in November 2023.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In December 2023, Ryanair announced a $1.4 billion investment in Morocco for its summer 2024 schedule, its largest in the country, including over 1,100 weekly flights on 175 routes, including 35 new routes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In June 2024, pursuant to a call option, Ryanair purchased the golden share in Malta Air owned by the Government of Malta for €25,000.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In March 2025, in response to a new aviation tax by the Danish government, Ryanair closed the base in Billund and terminated operations at Aalborg.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In June 2025, Ryanair signed a $500 million engine deal with CFM International and in February 2026, Ryanair signed a multibillion-dollar services agreement with CFM to bring engine maintenance in-house to maintain its 2,000 CFM International engines.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In October 2025, Ryanair restarted flights to Jordan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In February 2026, the company once again placed last in passenger satisfaction based on a survey conducted by Which?; the company responded that it sold 208 million airline tickets in the previous year and that its customers don't seem to care about a survey of a small sample size.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In 2023, Ryanair had about 6,600 pilots and 13,400 cabin crew members, 2,200 employees in administration, IT labs, ground operations and maintenance as well as 125 employees in management.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "The key trends for the Ryanair Group are (as of the financial year ending 31 March):", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Legal and regulatory issues", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In November 2025, Ryanair was denied permission to appeal against a judgement which ruled that a pilot who flew exclusively for the airline was a temporary worker and not a self-employed contractor. Ryanair used independent contractors as pilots to save costs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In May 2014, Ryanair's office in Marseille was raided by French police investigating complaints that the company was failing to follow French employment law. Ryanair lodged a complaint.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In May 2015, the Mayor of Copenhagen supported boycotting Ryanair and banned city employees from using the airline during working hours after Danish unions protested salary and working conditions. After a court trial confirmed the unions' right to a strike action, Ryanair closed its operations in Denmark.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In February 2011, a Spanish customer brought a claim against Ryanair for unfair surcharges, claiming that the €40 surcharge on passengers who failed to print out a boarding card before arrival at the airport was unfair. Judge Barbara Cordoba, sitting in the Commercial Court in Barcelona, held that, under international air travel conventions, Ryanair can neither demand passengers turn up at the airport with their boarding pass, nor charge them if they do not, and that the fines were abusive because aviation law obliges airlines to issue boarding passes. Ryanair appealed the decision and the Appeals Court in Spain overturned the ruling in November 2011, holding that the surcharge complies with international law.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Credit card surcharges", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In December 2011, Ryanair announced that it would fight against the UK Treasury's plan to ban credit card surcharges.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Reneged on promotion to customer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In 2002, the High Court of Ireland in Dublin awarded Jane O'Keefe €67,500 damages and her costs after Ryanair reneged on a prize of free flights for life that she was awarded for being the airline's 1 millionth passenger in 1998.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Treatment of disabled passengers", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In 2002, Ryanair refused to provide wheelchairs for disabled passengers at London Stansted Airport, leading to lawsuits. The airline argued that this provision was the responsibility of the airport authority, stating that wheelchairs were provided by 80 of the 84 Ryanair destination airports. A court ruling in 2004 judged that the responsibility should be shared by the airline and the airport owners; Ryanair responded by adding a surcharge of £0.50 to all its flight prices.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In July 2012, a 69-year-old woman, Frances Duff, who has a colostomy, was refused permission to bring her medical kit on board, despite having a letter from her doctor explaining the need for her to carry this with her, and was asked by Ryanair boarding staff to lift her shirt in front of fellow passengers, to prove that she had a colostomy bag. Duff had previously attempted to contact Ryanair on three occasions to inquire about its policy regarding travellers' colostomy bags, but each time no one answered the phone after half an hour.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Difficulty to contact customer service", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "An early day motion in the British Parliament put forward in July 2006 criticised Ryanair for its complex, predominantly online-only complaints process; it was signed by 57 members but tabled on 24 July 2006.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Refusal to issue invoices for the VAT-exempt services", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In 2017, the government of Portugal requested the intervention of the Tax and Customs Authority to force the company to issue invoices to passengers for the VAT-exempt services to allow them to claim tax refunds after passengers complained of difficulties in getting such invoices.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In December 2025, Italy's competition authority fined Ryanair €255 million for allegedly making it more difficult for travel agencies to offer flights by Ryanair in combination with flights from other airlines.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Strike actions and trade union recognition", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In August 2018, pilots of Ryanair in Germany, Sweden, Ireland, Belgium and the Netherlands walked out for 24 hours, leading to the cancellation of 400 flights.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "On 26 September 2018, Ryanair was forced to cancel 150 flights scheduled for that day, accounting for roughly 6% of its total flights, due to strikes in Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal, Italy, and Germany. The British Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) urged the company to compensate the 2,400 affected passengers under EU Regulation 261, but Ryanair stated that it would refuse to accept any claims for compensation. In December 2018, the Civil Aviation Authority announced that it would be taking legal action against Ryanair over its refusal to compensate thousands of UK-based customers. In April 2021, the High Court rejected Ryanair's claim that it was exempt from awarding compensation because the disruption was due to \"extraordinary circumstances\". The ruling was upheld by the Court of Appeal in February 2022, though Ryanair may still appeal to the Supreme Court.In December 2022, Ryanair dropped its appeal to the UK Supreme Court, agreeing to pay claims for flights cancelled due to union-led industrial action.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In the early years, when Ryanair had a total of 450 employees who each had shares in the company, there was an agreement that staff would not join a trade union on the basis that they would influence how the company was run. The treatment of employees has changed considerably since then and new employees no longer get shares in the company.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In 2011, a former Ryanair captain was awarded financial compensation by an employment tribunal in London after being fired for handing out a union form to a cabin crew member while on duty.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Ryanair announced in December 2017 that it would recognise pilots' unions. In 2018, it signed a recognition agreement with Unite the Union to enable collective bargaining for 650 directly employed cabin crew operating out of Ryanair's UK bases. Also in 2018, Ryanair reached a collective labour agreement with the Italian pilots' union ANPAC. In summer 2019, Ryanair attempted to block strike action by UK pilots through the courts, but the High Court allowed the strike over pay and working conditions to go ahead.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Sensationalist advertising", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Michael O'Leary has deliberately courted controversy to generate free publicity for the airline.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In February 2004, a Ryanair advert depicted fireworks with the headline \"Fawking great offers\", leading to condemnation by the Advertising Standards Authority for using offensive language in an advert.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In February 2008, a French court ordered Ryanair to pay damages of €1 to Nicolas Sarkozy and €60,000 to Carla Bruni for using their picture in an advertisement with a cartoon bubble above Bruni reading: \"With Ryanair, my whole family can come to my wedding.\" The funds were donated to Restaurants du Cœur.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In February 2009, Michael O'Leary commented on BBC News that Ryanair was considering charging passengers £1 to use the toilet on its flights. The story subsequently made headlines in the media for several days and drew attention to Ryanair's announcement that it was removing check-in desks from airports and replacing them with online check-in. Eight days later, O'Leary admitted that it was a publicity stunt saying \"It is not likely to happen, but it makes for interesting and very cheap PR.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In the spring of 2001, a Ryanair advertisement used a picture of Manneken Pis, a famous Belgian statue of a urinating child, with the words: \"Pissed off with Sabena's high fares? Low fares have arrived in Belgium.\" Sabena sued and the court ruled that the advertisements were misleading and offensive. Ryanair was ordered to discontinue the advertisements immediately or face fines. Ryanair was also obliged to publish an apology and publish the court decision on its website. Ryanair used the published apologies for further advertising, primarily for further price comparisons.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Another provocative ad campaign headlined \"Expensive BAstards!\" compared Ryanair with British Airways. As with Sabena, British Airways disagreed with the accompanying price comparisons and brought legal action against Ryanair. However, in this case, the High Court sided with Ryanair and threw BA's case out, ordering BA to make a payment towards Ryanair's court costs. The judge ruled \"The complaint amounts to this: that Ryanair exaggerated in suggesting BA is five times more expensive because BA is only three times more expensive.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In August 2007, to promote its new flight routes to/from Belfast, an advertisement by Ryanair noted that \"the company's fares are so low even the British army flew home\". The advert showed Sinn Féin politicians Martin McGuinness and Gerry Adams next to a speech bubble which said \"Ryanair fares are so low even the British Army flew home\". Michael Copeland stated that the advertisement was \"insensitive, crass and made a clear political statement\". Ulster Unionists reacted angrily to the advertisement, while the Advertising Standards Authority said it did not believe the ad would cause widespread offence.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "An advertisement depicting a model dressed as a schoolgirl was accompanied by the words \"Hottest back to school fares\". Ryanair advertised two Scottish and one UK-wide newspaper. After receiving 13 complaints, the advertisement was widely reported by national newspapers. The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) instructed the airline to withdraw the advertisement in the United Kingdom, saying that it \"appeared to link teenage girls with sexually provocative behaviour and was irresponsible and likely to cause serious or widespread offence\". Ryanair said that it would \"not be withdrawing this ad\" and would \"not provide the ASA with any of the undertakings they seek\", on the basis that it found it absurd that \"a picture of a fully clothed model is now claimed to cause 'serious or widespread offence' when many of the UK's leading daily newspapers regularly run pictures of topless or partially dressed females without causing any serious or widespread offence\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In late 2020, the airline faced criticism over its \"jab and go\" advert, implying that people can fly without a mask after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. The Advertising Standards Authority ordered the company to remove the adverts, which it called \"irresponsible\", after receiving 2,370 complaints, the third highest ever received for an advert.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Outlandish comments by the company to gain publicity", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Ryanair has proposed eliminating two toilets to add six more seats, redesigning the aircraft to allow standing passengers travelling in \"vertical seats\", charging extra for overweight passengers, and asking passengers to carry their checked-in luggage to the aircraft.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Ryanair also claimed to want to charge people to use the toilet, but later said that it was not possible and the headline \"[made] for interesting and very cheap PR\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In January 2026, the company spat with Elon Musk over the costs, including fuel drag, of installing antennas by Starlink, which is majority-owned by Musk. Musk mused about buying the airline, while Ryanair launched a fare sale dedicated to Musk called the \"idiot\" sale, and O'Leary claimed that the spat increased bookings and resulted in a \"wonderful boost in publicity\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Girls of Ryanair calendar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "From 2008 to 2014, Ryanair published and sold on its flights a charity calendar using female cabin crew as models, raising money for homeless charity Dublin Simon Community in 2009, KIDS (a charity for disabled children and their families) in 2010, and the Teenage Cancer Trust in 2014. It was strongly criticised by the National Women's Council of Ireland (NWCI). and an advertising campaign for it was prohibited by Spain following complaints.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Misleading advertising", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In 2018, Ryanair became the first airline and the only non-coal-power plant to be among the 10 companies with the highest amount of CO2 emissions in the EU. That year, Ryanair had an emission equivalent of 9.9 megatonnes of CO2. Emissions had risen by 49% over five years. Environmentalists criticised the airline harshly and saw it as a sign of the lack of taxation of aviation. In 2020, Ryanair was criticised for releasing misleading advertisements through their claim they were \"Europe's… Lowest Emissions Airline\", using figures from an airline efficiency rating dating back to 2011.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In 2007, Ryanair was ordered by the ASA to stop claiming that its flights from London to Brussels were faster than the rail connection Eurostar, because the claim was misleading, due to the required travel times to the airports Ryanair served. Ryanair stood by its claims, noting that the flight time is shorter than the train trip and that travel time is also required to reach Eurostar's stations.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In April 2008, Ryanair faced a probe by the UK Office of Fair Trading, after a string of complaints about its adverts. It was found to have breached advertising rules seven times in two years. ASA's director general Christopher Graham commented that formal referrals to the OFT were rare, the last occurring in 2005. He added that the ASA \"would prefer to work with advertisers within the self-regulatory system rather than call in a statutory body, but Ryanair's approach has left us with no option\". Ryanair countered with the claim that the ASA had \"demonstrated a repeated lack of independence, impartiality and fairness\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In July 2009, Ryanair took several steps to \"increase the clarity and transparency of its website and other advertising\" after reaching an agreement with the OFT. The airline's website now includes a statement that \"fares don't include optional fees/charges\" and they now include a table of fees to make fare comparisons easier.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In July 2010, Ryanair once again found itself in controversy regarding alleged misleading advertising. Ryanair circulated advertisements in two newspapers offering £10 one-way fares to European destinations. Following a complaint from rival carrier EasyJet, the ASA ruled the offer was \"likely to mislead\". Ryanair did not comment on the claim but did hit back at EasyJet, claiming it cared about details in this regard but did not itself publicise its on-time statistics. EasyJet denied this.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In April 2011, Ryanair advertised a place in the sun destinations but the advert was banned when it was found that some of the destinations experienced sunshine for as little as three hours per day and temperatures between 0 and 14 °C (32 and 57 °F).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In 2016, Ryanair stated that websites such as Opodo and CheapOair and their partners engaged in screenscraping and false advertising, and attempted to prevent them from showing Ryanair data.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In February 2020, the Advertising Standards Authority told Ryanair to provide adequate evidence to support environmental claims after the ASA banned adverts that claimed Ryanair was the lowest emissions airline in Europe for being misleading. Ryanair had claimed in the adverts that they had \"the lowest carbon emissions of any major airline\" and it was a \"low CO2 emissions airline\" based on Europe's top 27 airlines. The ASA queried some figures and the definition of a \"major airline\" for the purposes of assessing. Complainants said the adverts were misleading and could not be substantiated. In response to the ASA Ryanair cited data from Eurocontrol and airline efficiency rankings from Brighter Plant. However, the ASA said that Ryanair had used an efficiency ranking from 2011 which was \"of little value as substantiation for a comparison made in 2019\". The ASA said that customers would interpret the adverts as saying that flying with Ryanair would mean they contributed fewer CO2 emissions to the earth atmosphere, which could not be proven. The ASA said that the adverts \"ads must not appear again in their current forms\" as claims in them could not be substantiated.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Ryanair has several low-cost competitors. Although traditionally a full-service airline, Aer Lingus moved to a low-fares strategy from 2002, leading to a much more intense competition with Ryanair on Irish routes. Ryanair is a member of Airlines for Europe, having formerly been a member of the defunct European Low Fares Airline Association.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Airlines that attempt to compete directly with Ryanair are treated competitively, with Ryanair being accused by some of reducing fares to significantly undercut its competitors. In response to MyTravelLite, which started to compete with Ryanair on Birmingham to Dublin route in 2003, Ryanair set up competing flights on some of MyTravelLite's routes until it pulled out. Go was another airline that attempted to offer services from Ryanair's base in Dublin to Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland. A fierce battle ensued, which ended with Go withdrawing its service from Dublin.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In September 2004, Ryanair's biggest competitor, EasyJet, announced routes to Ireland for the first time, beginning with the Cork to London Gatwick route. Until then, EasyJet had never competed directly with Ryanair in Ireland. EasyJet later withdrew its Gatwick-Cork, Gatwick-Shannon, Gatwick-Knock and Luton-Shannon routes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In 2008, Ryanair asked the Irish High Court to investigate why it had been refused permission to fly from Ireland West Airport to Dublin. This route was won by CityJet, which could not operate the service. The runner-up, Aer Arann, was then allowed to start flights, a move Ryanair criticises as the basis of not initiating an additional tender process was unlawful.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "DFDS Seaways cited competition from low-cost air services, especially Ryanair, which now flies to Edinburgh Airport and London Stansted Airport from Göteborg Landvetter Airport, as the reason for scrapping the Newcastle–Gothenburg ferry service in October 2006. It was the only dedicated passenger ferry service between Sweden and the United Kingdom and had been running under various operators since the 19th century.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Ryanair operates 3,500 short-haul flights per day serving approximately 230 airports in over 40 countries in Europe as well as Morocco, Jordan, and Turkey.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Ryanair's largest base is at London-Stansted, followed by its home base at Dublin Airport.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "To save money on landing fees and turnaround time, Ryanair traditionally uses smaller or secondary airports. Examples include London Stansted, Paris Beauvais or Rome Ciampino.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Major airports served by Ryanair include Amsterdam-Schiphol, Athens, Barcelona-El Prat, Berlin-Brandenburg, Brussels Airport, Bucharest-Otopeni, Budapest, Copenhagen, Dublin, Lisbon, London-Stansted, Madrid, Marseille, Oslo-Gardermoen, Rome-Fiumicino and Stockholm-Arlanda. Some of these cities do not have a viable secondary airport that Ryanair could use as an alternative. Ryanair uses large airports where it is not dominant and pay the normal fees. Examples include Barcelona, Oslo, Copenhagen and Manchester, where the carrier increased flights in 2021.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "When Ryanair negotiates with airport operators, it demands very low landing and handling fees, as well as financial assistance with marketing and promotional campaigns. In subsequent contract renewal negotiations, the airline has been reported to play airports against each other, threatening to withdraw services and deploy the aircraft elsewhere, if the airport does not make further concessions. According to Michael O'Leary's biography, A Life in Full Flight, Ryanair's growing popularity and also growing bargaining power, with both airports and aircraft manufacturers, has resulted in the airline being less concerned about a market research/demographics approach to route selection to one based more on experimentation. This means it is more likely to fly its aircraft between the lowest-cost airports in anticipation that its presence alone on that route will be sufficient to create a demand which previously may not have existed, either in whole or in part.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In April 2006, a failure to reach an agreement on a new commercial contract resulted in Ryanair announcing that it would withdraw service on the Dublin–Cardiff route at short notice. The airport management rebutted Ryanair's assertion that airport charges were unreasonably high, claiming that the Cardiff charges were already below Ryanair's average and claimed that Ryanair had recently adopted the same negotiating approach with Cork Airport and London Stansted Airport.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In 2009, Ryanair was reported to have adopted \"harsh\" negotiating with Shannon Airport, threatening to close 75% of its operations there from April 2010. Ryanair was forced to give up its Rome Ciampino–Alghero route, after the route was allocated to Air One, as a public service obligation (PSO) route. The European Commission is investigating the actions of the Italian government in assigning PSO routes and thus restricting competition.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Ryanair flies in a point-to-point transit model rather than a spoke-hub distribution paradigm model, where the passengers have to change aircraft in transit at a major airport. In April 2017, Ryanair added connecting flights to its portfolio, starting with a new transfer hub in Rome Fiumicino Airport (FCO).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Ryanair has a significant presence in France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, the United Kingdom as well as many other European countries. Its biggest country market is Italy, with fourteen bases and nine non-base airports. Ryanair also serves sun and beach destinations with bases in Sicily, the Canary Islands, Cyprus, the Greek Islands, and Malta among others.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In August 2010, Ryanair announced its first-ever Bulgarian destination connecting Plovdiv with London Stansted.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In late 2010, Ryanair began withdrawing all routes from its smallest base, Belfast City, and Shannon due to increased airport fees.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In the summer of 2014, the airline opened bases in Athens, Lisbon, Brussels, and Rome.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Ryanair began service to/from Milan Malpensa Airport in December 2015, initially with one aircraft.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In November 2015, Ryanair launched flights to Israel.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In December 2014, Ryanair announced plans to open its a base in 2015 in the Azores.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In June 2016, Ryanair withdrew over half of its flights from Rygge Airport in Norway, after which the airport decided to close down totally, as it was privately owned and would make a loss on the low traffic volume.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In February 2018, due to the Scottish Government not abolishing or reducing Air Passenger Duty (APD), Ryanair announced that it would cut many flights out of Glasgow Airport resulting in the airline closing its base there. The only routes out of Glasgow by the end of October were Dublin, Kraków and Wrocław, with the rest being suspended permanently. This resulted in the loss of 300 members of airport staff. In April 2019, the airline reinstated four of its routes to/from Glasgow: Alicante, Brussels, Málaga and Warsaw.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In December 2020, Ryanair announced a new base at Venice Treviso.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In March 2021, Ryanair announced a new base in Zadar. It also announced a new base in Zagreb.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In April 2021, Ryanair announced a new base in Riga.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In October 2021, Ryanair announced a new base in Venice Marco Polo Airport.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In autumn 2021, Ryanair began flights to/from Stockholm Arlanda.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In January 2022, Ryanair announced that it would close its base at Frankfurt Airport in a row over fees, with the loss of 17 routes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In January 2025, Ryanair announced five new routes to/from Abruzzo Airport: Wrocław, Cagliari, Valencia and Kaunas beginning June 2025.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In June 2025, Ryanair launched additional routes to/from Bournemouth.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In September 2025, Ryanair announced new routes to/from Trapani.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In November 2025, Ryanair lost two landing slots at Eindhoven airport due to repeatedly late flights.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In January 2026, after the German government reduced airport fees, the company reinstated many routes in Germany. Also in January 2026, Ryanair announced a 10% reduction in flights to/from Charleroi due to the implementation of a €3 per ticket passenger tax.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "In 2026, Ryanair added new routes to/from Tirana.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "As of February 2026, Ryanair and its subsidiaries operates the following aircraft:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Ryanair has operated the following types of aircraft in the past:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "On 21 March 2008, Ryanair Flight 1216 while landing in Limoges skidded off the runway. The weather at the time was poor. Emergency slides were deployed and an emergency evacuation announced.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "On 10 November 2008, Ryanair Flight 4102 from Frankfurt–Hahn Airport suffered damage in an emergency landing at Rome–Ciampino Airport after experiencing bird strikes which damaged both engines on the approach. Two crew members and eight passengers were taken to hospital with minor injuries. The port undercarriage of the Boeing 737-800 collapsed, leaving the aircraft stranded on the runway and closing the airport for over 35 hours. As well as damage to the engines and undercarriage, the rear fuselage was damaged. The aircraft involved was damaged beyond repair and was scrapped. The final report of the accident, investigated by ANSV (National Flight Safety Agency) was released on 20 December 2018, more than 10 years later. An English translation was provided by Aviation Accident Database.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "On 23 May 2021, Ryanair Flight 4978 (Athens–Vilnius) was diverted to Minsk National Airport after a false bomb threat was made while the aircraft was 45 nautical miles (83 km; 52 mi) south of Vilnius and 90 nautical miles (170 km; 100 mi) west of Minsk, but still in Belarusian airspace. According to the airline, its pilots were notified by Belarusian authorities of \"a potential security threat on board\" and told to land the plane in Minsk. In Minsk, Belarusian journalist and opposition activist Roman Protasevich and his girlfriend were deplaned and arrested. Although the plane was closer to Vilnius, Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko, according to his press service, personally ordered the flight to be redirected to Minsk and sent Belarusian Air Force MiG-29 fighter aircraft to escort it. Belarusian opposition leader Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya called for an ICAO investigation of the incident.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "On 3 October 2024, a Ryanair plane (Flight 8826 Brindisi-Turin) caught fire while taxiing for take-off, leading to the passengers being evacuated and Brindisi airport being closed for three hours. Italian lawmakers, who cited multiple incidents involving Ryanair in 2024, demanded an investigation into the company's safety practices by the Italian Civil Aviation Authority (ENAC) and a parliamentary hearing with the authority's leaders. A similar request was made to the EU Commission by Italian MEPs, who requested an answer as to what action the EU Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) will take.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "On 26 July 2012, three Ryanair aircraft inbound to Madrid–Barajas Airport diverted to Valencia Airport due to severe thunderstorms in the Madrid area. All three aircraft declared an emergency (Mayday) when the calculated usable fuel on landing at Valencia Airport was less than the final reserve (30 minutes of flight) after having been held in the air for 50 to 69 minutes. The Irish Aviation Authority investigated the incidents and came to several conclusions, including \"The aircraft in all three cases departed for Madrid with fuel over Flight Plan requirements\"; \"The Crew diverted to Valencia with fuel more than the minimum diversion fuel depicted on the Flight Plan\"; \"Diverting with fuel close to minimum diversion fuel in the circumstances presented on the evening in question was likely to present challenges for the crew. Initial holding was to the Southwest of Madrid which increased the diversion time to the alternate\"; \"The Crew declared an Emergency by EU-OPS when the calculated usable fuel for landing at Valencia was less than final reserve\"; \"The Met conditions in Madrid were more significant than anticipated by the Crew when reviewing the Met Forecast. Consequently, the additional fuel carried was influenced by the forecast\"; \"Operations into a busy airport such as Madrid in Thunderstorm conditions with the associated traffic levels can add significant delays to all traffic\"; and \"Air Traffic Control in Valencia was under significant pressure with the number of diversions arriving in their airspace.\" The Irish Aviation Authority made several recommendations, including that Ryanair should \"review [its] fuel policy and consider issuing guidance to Crew concerning fuel when operating into busy airports with mixed aircraft operators and types, particularly in poor weather conditions when diversions are likely.\" The IAA also recommended that the Spanish Aviation Safety and Security Agency \"review delays into Madrid to consider if additional fuel should be recommended or required to be carried in normal operations, particularly where the southerly Runways are in operation.\" Among the causes of the incident, the Civil Aviation Accident and Incident Investigation Commission concluded that \"the company's fuel savings policy, though it complies with the minimum legal requirements, tends to minimise the amount of fuel with which its aircraft operate and leaves none for contingencies below the legal minimums. This contributed to the amount of fuel used being improperly planned and to the amount of fuel onboard dropping below the required final fuel reserve.\" In an interview with the Dutch investigative journalism programme KRO Reporter, four anonymous Ryanair pilots claimed they were being pressured to carry as little fuel as possible on board to cut costs. Ryanair and its CEO Michael O'Leary denied the allegations and sued KRO. In April 2014, the Dutch Court found that KRO had provided sufficient evidence in two television episodes of Mayday, Mayday broadcast in 2012 and 2013 to back the claims in respect of Ryanair's fuel policy and \"fear culture\". It also found that Ryanair had been given a right to reply in response to the claims. The broadcast of the programmes was found to be in the public interest. Ryanair was ordered to pay the legal costs of the case. The incident was the subject of a documentary on Apple TV.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "List of companies of Ireland", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "List of low-cost airlines", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Calder, Simon (2002). No Frills: The Truth Behind the Low-Cost Revolution in the Skies. London: Virgin Books. ISBN 1-85227-932-X.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Clark, Andrew (8 May 2006). \"Ryanair ... the low-fare airline with the sky-high insurance levy\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 May 2006.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Creaton, Siobhán (2004). Ryanair: How a Small Irish Airline Conquered Europe. London: Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-992-8.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "— (2007). Ryanair: The full story of the controversial low-cost airline. London: Aurum. ISBN 978-1-84513-293-4.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Ruddock, Alan (2007). Michael O'Leary – A Life in Full Flight. Dublin: Penguin Ireland. ISBN 978-1-84488-055-3.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Field, James (22 May 2018). \"Ryanair's Unstoppable Growth: Profits, Planes, Routes\". Airways magazine. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "L.M., Skinner; Cranitch, T. Ireland and world aviation. Dublin: Director Publications (Ireland) Ltd.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a6617f14", "title": "Ryanair", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a6617f14.json"}}
{"text": "Solid State Recital is the fifth studio album from Puressence. It was also their last album as they split two years after its release and associated tour. The album features Judy Collins on two tracks after she became friendly with the band when James Mudriczki covered her song Che for a tribute album to her.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc22899e", "title": "Solid State Recital", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_State_Recital", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc22899e.json"}}
{"text": "\"Swathes of Sea Made Stone\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc22899e", "title": "Solid State Recital", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_State_Recital", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc22899e.json"}}
{"text": "\"When Your Eyes Close\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc22899e", "title": "Solid State Recital", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_State_Recital", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc22899e.json"}}
{"text": "\"Cape of No Hope (Water's Edge)\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc22899e", "title": "Solid State Recital", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_State_Recital", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc22899e.json"}}
{"text": "\"Raise Me to the Ground\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc22899e", "title": "Solid State Recital", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_State_Recital", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc22899e.json"}}
{"text": "\"Our Number's Oracle\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc22899e", "title": "Solid State Recital", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_State_Recital", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc22899e.json"}}
{"text": "James Mudriczki – vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc22899e", "title": "Solid State Recital", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_State_Recital", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc22899e.json"}}
{"text": "Lowell Killen – guitar", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc22899e", "title": "Solid State Recital", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_State_Recital", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc22899e.json"}}
{"text": "Kevin Matthews – bass", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc22899e", "title": "Solid State Recital", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_State_Recital", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc22899e.json"}}
{"text": "Anthony Szuminski – drums", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc22899e", "title": "Solid State Recital", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_State_Recital", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc22899e.json"}}
{"text": "Judy Collins – vocals on tracks 1 & 3", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_bc22899e", "title": "Solid State Recital", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_State_Recital", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_bc22899e.json"}}
{"text": "The Westray Wife (also known as the Orkney Venus) is a small Neolithic figurine, 4 centimetres (1.6 in) in height, carved from sandstone.  It was discovered during an Historic Scotland dig at the Links of Noltland, on Westray, Orkney, Scotland, in the summer of 2009. It was the first Neolithic carving of a human form to have been found in Scotland, and to date it is the earliest depiction of a face found in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f652c79e", "title": "Westray Wife", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westray_Wife", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f652c79e.json"}}
{"text": "A second figurine of about the same size and shape as the Westray Wife, but made from clay, and missing its head, was discovered by archaeologists at the same Links of Noltland site during the summer of 2010. This figurine, 3.4 centimetres (1.3 in) in height, has a rectangular panel decorated with triangles on the front of its torso, which may represent a tunic, and a punched hole in the centre of its stomach. A number of small clay balls have also been discovered at the site, and it is possible that these were intended for use as heads for similar figurines. A third figurine was discovered in 2012.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f652c79e", "title": "Westray Wife", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westray_Wife", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f652c79e.json"}}
{"text": "It has been noted that the original figure's eyes bear a resemblance to \"eyebrow motif\" carvings found in a chambered cairn on the Holm of Papa. Archaeologist Richard  Strachan has said:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f652c79e", "title": "Westray Wife", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westray_Wife", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f652c79e.json"}}
{"text": "Initial comparisons do show a similarity in use of this eyebrow motif and may point to the possibility that the markings in the cairn are meant to show human eyebrows and eyes, as the style is very similar to the figurine. Alternatively, we may be seeing the re-use of a motif familiar  to the carver and applied to different contexts with different meaning.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f652c79e", "title": "Westray Wife", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westray_Wife", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f652c79e.json"}}
{"text": "Despite the figurine's name, it is not certain that the Westray Wife does represent a female form, as the marks initially interpreted as breasts may in fact represent clothing fasteners and clothing fabric. The figurine was on display in the Westray Heritage Centre in Pierowall for the summer of 2010, and an enterprising local baker created \"Westray Wifie\" shortbread replicas for sale. In 2010, some local businesses reported a 45% increase in turnover since the discovery of the figurine.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f652c79e", "title": "Westray Wife", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westray_Wife", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f652c79e.json"}}
{"text": "List of Stone Age art", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f652c79e", "title": "Westray Wife", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westray_Wife", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f652c79e.json"}}
{"text": "Turan Amirsoleimani (Persian: توران امیرسلیمانی), born Qamar ol-Molouk Amirsoleimani (قمرالملوک امیرسلیمانی; 4 February 1905 – 24 July 1994), was an Iranian aristocrat and the third wife of Reza Shah, with whom she had a son named Gholam Reza Pahlavi.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e795267", "title": "Turan Amirsoleimani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan_Amirsoleimani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e795267.json"}}
{"text": "Turan was born Qamar ol-Molouk Amirsoleimani in 1905. Her father, Qajar Prince Isa Khan Majd es-Saltaneh Amirsoleimani, was a son of Prince Majd ed-Dowleh, one of the most important politicians during the Qajar era and a first cousin of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar. Her mother, Shams ol-Molouk Monazzah od-Dowleh, was also a member of the Qajar dynasty.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e795267", "title": "Turan Amirsoleimani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan_Amirsoleimani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e795267.json"}}
{"text": "Turan Amirsoleimani completed her education at Namous High School in Tehran, an institution founded in 1908 to advance women's education in Iran, where she earned her diploma at a time when female education was still met with considerable societal resistance.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e795267", "title": "Turan Amirsoleimani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan_Amirsoleimani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e795267.json"}}
{"text": "In 1922, she married Reza Khan who was, at the time, minister of war. Reza Khan, though not of noble lineage, sought to strengthen his political position by marrying into a prominent Qajar family. The following year she gave birth to her only son, Gholam Reza Pahlavi. The couple divorced shortly afterwards as Reza Khan considered her arrogant.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e795267", "title": "Turan Amirsoleimani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan_Amirsoleimani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e795267.json"}}
{"text": "After the divorce, Amirsoleimani refrained from remarrying and lived with her son Gholam Reza in a royal residence. In 1945, a year after Reza Shah's death, she married Zabihollah Malekpour, a renowned merchant. Tadj ol-Molouk, Reza Shah's widow and the Queen Mother, used this marriage as an excuse to force Amirsoleimani out of the residence given to her by her former husband.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e795267", "title": "Turan Amirsoleimani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan_Amirsoleimani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e795267.json"}}
{"text": "Later life and death", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e795267", "title": "Turan Amirsoleimani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan_Amirsoleimani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e795267.json"}}
{"text": "Following the Iranian Revolution in 1979, Amirsoleimani left Iran and moved to Germany, where she stayed at her cousin Soltan-Mahmoud Amirsoleimani's home for extended periods, before being moved to a retirement home in Paris in her later years. She died there on 24 July 1994 and was buried at the cimetière parisien de Thiais. Her son was buried next to her after his death in 2017.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e795267", "title": "Turan Amirsoleimani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan_Amirsoleimani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e795267.json"}}
{"text": "Amirsoleimani's house in Iran was located on the southwest side of the intersection of Pesyan and Ismaili in the Zafaraniyeh neighbourhood of Tehran. This property was partially destroyed by the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation on 19 July 2016 before being sold to a private owner and demolished completely.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e795267", "title": "Turan Amirsoleimani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan_Amirsoleimani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e795267.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Turan Amirsoleimani at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e795267", "title": "Turan Amirsoleimani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan_Amirsoleimani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e795267.json"}}
{"text": "Pomham Rocks Light (also known as \"Pomham Lighthouse\") is a historic lighthouse in the Providence River about 200 yards (180 m) off the shoreline of the Riverside neighborhood of the city of East Providence, Rhode Island. It is the northernmost lighthouse in Narragansett Bay.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a37e50bc", "title": "Pomham Rocks Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomham_Rocks_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a37e50bc.json"}}
{"text": "The light was established in 1871. The light was one of a group of New England lighthouses built to the same plan after an award-winning design by Vermont architect Albert Dow. Nearly identical lights were constructed at Sabin Point, Rose Island, Esopus Meadows Light and Colchester Reef.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a37e50bc", "title": "Pomham Rocks Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomham_Rocks_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a37e50bc.json"}}
{"text": "The lighthouse was decommissioned in 1974, and its antique fourth-order fresnel lens donated to the Custom House Maritime Museum in Massachusetts. The lighthouse was sold to a private family in 1974. In 1980 it was acquired by ExxonMobil, which operates a fuel terminal nearby. In 2010, ExxonMobil donated the building and island to the American Lighthouse Foundation, the parent organization of the Friends of Pomham Rocks Lighthouse.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a37e50bc", "title": "Pomham Rocks Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomham_Rocks_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a37e50bc.json"}}
{"text": "Friends of Pomham Rocks Lighthouse", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a37e50bc", "title": "Pomham Rocks Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomham_Rocks_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a37e50bc.json"}}
{"text": "The Friends of Pomham Rocks Lighthouse was formed in 2004. In 2006, the group restored the exterior and installed a new LED navigational light.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a37e50bc", "title": "Pomham Rocks Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomham_Rocks_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a37e50bc.json"}}
{"text": "When the group acquired ownership of the lighthouse from ExxonMobil in 2010, the floor was completely rotted and the tower was leaning 7 degrees off center. The stairs were crooked, and the tower would sway in the wind. The Friends raised over $1.5 million to restore the building. The group installed a new floor, restored electricity to the island, and acquired a dedicated boat, among other repairs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a37e50bc", "title": "Pomham Rocks Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomham_Rocks_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a37e50bc.json"}}
{"text": "In 2021, the original 2.5-foot tall fourth-order fresnel lens was restored and returned to the lighthouse, in time to mark the light's 150th anniversary. The lens is displayed inside the lighthouse building for visitors.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a37e50bc", "title": "Pomham Rocks Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomham_Rocks_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a37e50bc.json"}}
{"text": "C.H. Salisbury (1871 – 1893)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a37e50bc", "title": "Pomham Rocks Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomham_Rocks_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a37e50bc.json"}}
{"text": "Mary A. Salisbury (1893)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a37e50bc", "title": "Pomham Rocks Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomham_Rocks_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a37e50bc.json"}}
{"text": "Nathaniel Dodge (1893 – 1898)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a37e50bc", "title": "Pomham Rocks Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomham_Rocks_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a37e50bc.json"}}
{"text": "Thomas S. Fishburne (1898 – 1908)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a37e50bc", "title": "Pomham Rocks Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomham_Rocks_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a37e50bc.json"}}
{"text": "Adolf H. Aronson (1908 – 1937)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a37e50bc", "title": "Pomham Rocks Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomham_Rocks_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a37e50bc.json"}}
{"text": "William James Howard (1937 – 1951)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a37e50bc", "title": "Pomham Rocks Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomham_Rocks_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a37e50bc.json"}}
{"text": "Howard B. Beebe (1951 – 1956)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a37e50bc", "title": "Pomham Rocks Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomham_Rocks_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a37e50bc.json"}}
{"text": "Dennis Tardiff (1971 – 1974)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a37e50bc", "title": "Pomham Rocks Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomham_Rocks_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a37e50bc.json"}}
{"text": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Providence County, Rhode Island", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a37e50bc", "title": "Pomham Rocks Light", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomham_Rocks_Light", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a37e50bc.json"}}
{"text": "Dana Gartzke is an American political advisor and government official serving as the acting Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Economic Development. Gartzke succeeded John Fleming, who left the Department of Commerce to take a role in the White House Office.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ebadacb2", "title": "Dana Gartzke", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Gartzke", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ebadacb2.json"}}
{"text": "Gartzke earned a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering from the University of South Florida and a Master of Business Administration from the Florida Institute of Technology. He also earned a certificate in negotiation from Harvard Law School.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ebadacb2", "title": "Dana Gartzke", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Gartzke", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ebadacb2.json"}}
{"text": "Gartzke began his career at an engineering firm. In 1994, he served as the campaign manager for Dave Weldon's first run for the United States House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ebadacb2", "title": "Dana Gartzke", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Gartzke", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ebadacb2.json"}}
{"text": "From 1995 to 2017, Gartzke worked in the United States House of Representatives as a chief of staff to Dave Weldon, Bill Posey, and John Fleming. After Fleming was selected to serve as Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Economic Development in the first Trump administration, Gartzke was selected to serve as chief of staff of the Economic Development Administration. In March 2020, Gartzke was selected to serve as acting Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Economic Development.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ebadacb2", "title": "Dana Gartzke", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Gartzke", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ebadacb2.json"}}
{"text": "A megalith is a large stone that has been used to construct a prehistoric structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones. More than 35,000 megalithic structures have been identified across Europe, ranging geographically from Sweden in the north to the Mediterranean Sea in the south.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "The word was first used in 1849 by the British antiquarian Algernon Herbert in reference to Stonehenge and derives from Ancient Greek μέγας (mégas), meaning \"great\", and λίθος (líthos), meaning \"stone\". Most extant megaliths were erected between the Neolithic period (although earlier Mesolithic examples are known) through the Chalcolithic period and into the Bronze Age.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Types and definitions", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "While \"megalith\" is often used to describe a single piece of stone, it also can be used to denote one or more rocks hewn in definite shapes for special purposes. It has been used to describe structures built by people from many parts of the world living in many different periods. The most widely known megaliths are not tombs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Menhir is the name used in Western Europe for a single upright stone erected in prehistoric times; sometimes called a \"standing stone\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "A monolith is any single standing stone erected in prehistoric times.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Single megaliths placed horizontally, often over burial chambers, without the use of support stones.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Multiple megaliths placed in relation to each other with intention. Often placed in rows or spirals. Some alignments, such as the Carnac Stones in Brittany, France, consist of thousands of stones.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Also called Cyclopean walls", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "In most languages stone circles are called \"cromlechs\" (a word in the Welsh language); the word \"cromlech\" is sometimes used with that meaning in English.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "A dolmen is a stone table, consisting of a wide stone supported by several other stones", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "A cist is a small stone-built coffin-like box or ossuary used to hold the bodies of the dead. Burials are megalithic forms very similar to dolmens in structure. These types of burials were completely underground.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 9000 BC: Constructions in Asia Minor, Turkey (Göbekli Tepe, Nevalı Çori and other sites); perhaps proto-Hattian, a yet to be named culture (the oldest discovered ceremonial structures in the world).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 7400 BC: A 12 m long monolith probably weighing around 15,000 kg found submerged 40 m under water in the Strait of Sicily south-west of Sicily. Its origin and purpose are unknown.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 7000 BC: Construction in proto-Canaanite Israel (Atlit Yam).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 6000 BC: Constructions in Portugal (Almendres Cromlech, Évora) – Possibly first standing stones in Portugal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 5000 BC: Emergence of the Atlantic Neolithic period, the age of agriculture along the western shores of Europe during the sixth millennium BC pottery culture of La Almagra, Spain nearby, perhaps precedent from Africa.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 4800 BC: Constructions in Brittany, France (Barnenez) and Poitou (Bougon).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 4500 BC: Constructions in south Egypt (Nabta Playa).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 4300 BC: Constructions in south Spain (Dolmen de Alberite, Cádiz).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 4300 BC: Kuyavian Pyramids, known as Polish Pyramids, enormous tombs, megalithic structures in Kuyavia, Poland", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 4000 BC: Constructions in Brittany (Carnac), Portugal (Great Dolmen of Zambujeiro, Évora), France (central and southern), Corsica, Spain (Galicia), England and Wales, Constructions in Andalusia, Spain (Villa Martín, Cádiz), Construction in proto-Canaanite Israel c. 4000~3000 BC: Constructions in the rest of the proto-Canaanite Levant, e.g. Rujm el-Hiri and dolmens.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 3700 BC: Constructions in Ireland (Knockiveagh and elsewhere).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 3600 BC: Constructions in Malta (Skorba temples).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 3600 BC: Constructions in England (Maumbury Rings and Godmanchester), and Malta (Ġgantija and Mnajdra temples).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 3500 BC: Constructions in Spain (Málaga and Guadiana), Ireland (south-west), France (Arles and the north), Malta (and elsewhere in the Mediterranean), Belgium (north-east), and Germany (central and south-west).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 3400 BC: Constructions in Sardinia (circular graves), Ireland (Newgrange), Netherlands (north-east), Germany (northern and central) Sweden and Denmark.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 3300 BC: Constructions in France (Carnac stones)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 3200 BC: Constructions in Malta (Ħaġar Qim and Tarxien).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 3100 BC: Constructions in Russia (Dolmens of North Caucasus)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 3000 BC: Constructions in Sardinia (earliest construction phase of the prehistoric altar of Monte d'Accoddi), France (Saumur, Dordogne, Languedoc, Biscay, and the Mediterranean coast), Spain (Los Millares), Sicily, Belgium (Ardennes), and Orkney, as well as the first henges (circular earthworks) in Britain.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 2500 BC: Constructions in Brittany (Le Menec, Kermario and elsewhere), Italy (Otranto), Sardinia, and Scotland (northeast), plus the climax of the megalithic Bell-beaker culture in Iberia, Germany, and the British Isles (stone circle at Stonehenge). With the bell-beakers, the Neolithic period gave way to the Chalcolithic, the age of copper.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 2500 BC: Tombs at Algarve, Portugal. Additionally, a problematic dating (by optically stimulated luminescence) of Quinta da Queimada Menhir in western Algarve indicates \"a very early period of megalithic activity in the Algarve, older than in the rest of Europe and [similar to] the famous Anatolian site of Göbekli Tepe\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 2400 BC: The Bell-beaker culture was dominant in Britain, and hundreds of smaller stone circles were built in the British Isles at this time.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 2100 BC:The highest plateau Lampung, West Lampung Regency, Batu Brak Liwa, Indonesia Megalith Site.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 2000 BC: Constructions in Brittany (Er Grah), Italy : (Bari); Sicily (Cava dei Servi, Cava Lazzaro);, and Scotland (Callanish). The Chalcolithic period gave way to the Bronze Age in western and northern Europe.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 1800 BC: Constructions in Italy (Giovinazzo, in Sardinia started the Nuragic civilisation).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 1500 BC: Constructions in Portugal (Alter Pedroso and Mourela).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 1400 BC: Burial of the Egtved Girl in Denmark, whose body is today one of the best-preserved examples of its kind.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "c. 1200 BC: Last vestiges of the megalithic tradition in the Mediterranean and elsewhere following the Bronze Age Collapse. Megalithic construction persisted in Egypt into the Iron Age.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Geographic distribution of megaliths", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "The most common type of megalithic construction in Europe is the portal tomb—a chamber consisting of upright stones (orthostats) with one or more large flat capstones forming a roof. Many portal tombs have been found to contain human remains, but it is debated if their primary function was use as burial sites. The megalithic structures in the northwest of France are believed to be the oldest in Europe based on radiocarbon dating. Though generally known as \"dolmens\", the term most accepted by archaeologists is \"portal tomb\". Local names for portal tombs exist in multiple locations, such as anta in Galicia and Portugal, stazzone in Sardinia, hunebed in the Netherlands, Hünengrab in Germany, dysse in Denmark, and cromlech in Wales. It is assumed that most portal tombs were originally covered by earthen mounds.The second-most-common tomb type is the passage grave. It normally consists of a square, circular, or cruciform chamber with a slabbed or corbelled roof, accessed by a long, straight passageway, with the whole structure covered by a circular mound of earth. Sometimes it is also surrounded by an external stone kerb. Prominent examples include the sites of Brú na Bóinne and Carrowmore in Ireland, Maes Howe in Orkney, and Gavrinis in France.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "The third tomb type is a diverse group known as gallery graves. These are axially arranged chambers placed under elongated mounds. The Irish court tombs, British long barrows, and German Steinkisten belong to this group.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Standing stones, or menhirs as they are known in France, are very common throughout Europe, where some 50,000 examples have been noted. Some of these are thought to have an astronomical function as a marker or foresight. In some areas, long and complex \"alignments\" of such stones exist, the largest known example being located at Carnac in Brittany, France.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "In parts of Britain and Ireland a relatively common type of megalithic construction is the stone circle, of which examples include Stonehenge, Avebury, Ring of Brodgar and Beltany. These, too, display evidence of astronomical alignments, both solar and lunar. Stonehenge, for example, is famous for its solstice alignment. Examples of stone circles are also found in the rest of Europe. The circle at Lough Gur, near Limerick in Ireland has been dated to the Beaker period, approximately contemporaneous with Stonehenge. The stone circles are assumed to be of later date than the tombs, straddling the Neolithic and the Bronze Ages.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Megalithic tombs are aboveground burial chambers, built of large stone slabs (megaliths) laid on edge and covered with earth or other, smaller stones. They are a type of chamber tomb, and the term is used to describe the structures built across Atlantic Europe, the Mediterranean, and neighbouring regions, mostly during the Neolithic period, by Neolithic farming communities. They differ from the contemporary long barrows through their structural use of stone.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "There is a huge variety of megalithic tombs. The free-standing single chamber dolmens and portal dolmens found in Brittany, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Sweden, Wales, and elsewhere consist of a large flat stone supported by three, four, or more standing stones. They were covered by a stone cairn or earth barrow.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "In Italy, dolmens can be found especially in Sardinia. There are more than 100 dolmen dating to the Neolithic (3500–2700 BC) and the most famous is called Dolmen di Sa Coveccada (near Mores). During the Bronze Age, the Nuragic civilization built c. 800 Giants' grave, a type of megalithic gallery grave that can be found throughout Sardinia with different structures. The earliest megalithic tombs in Sardinia are the circular graves of the so-called Arzachena culture, also found in Corsica, southern France and eastern Spain.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Dolmens are also in Apulia and in Sicily. In this latter region, they are small structures located in Mura Pregne (Palermo), Sciacca (Agrigento), Monte Bubbonia (Caltanissetta), Butera (Caltanissetta), Cava Lazzaro (Siracusa), Cava dei Servi (Ragusa), Avola (Siracusa), and Argimusco in Montalbano Elicona (Messina). Dating to the Early Bronze Age (2200–1800 BC), the prehistoric Sicilian buildings were covered by a circular mound of earth. In the dolmen of Cava dei Servi, archaeologists found numerous human bone fragments and some splinters of Castelluccian ceramics (Early Bronze Age) which confirmed the burial purpose of the artefact.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Examples with outer areas, not used for burial, are also known.  The Court Cairns of southwest Scotland and northern Ireland, the Severn-Cotswold tombs of southwest England and the transepted gallery graves of the Loire region in France share many internal features, although the links between them are not yet fully understood. That they often have antechambers or forecourts is thought to imply a desire on the part of the builders to emphasize a special ritual or physical separation of the dead from the living.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Megalithic tombs appear to have been used by communities for the long-term deposition of the remains of their dead, and some seem to have undergone alteration and enlargement. The organization and effort required to erect these large stones suggest that the societies concerned placed great emphasis on the proper treatment of their dead. The ritual significance of the tombs is supported by the presence of pre-historic art carved into the stones at some sites. Hearths and deposits of pottery and animal bone found by archaeologists around some tombs also implies that some form of burial feast or sacrificial rites took place there.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Further examples of megalithic tombs include the stalled cairn at Midhowe in Orkney and the passage grave at Bryn Celli Ddu on Anglesey. There are also extensive grave sites with up to 60 megaliths at Louisenlund and Gryet on the Danish island of Bornholm.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Despite its name, the Stone Tomb in Ukraine was not a tomb but rather a sanctuary.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "In association with the megalithic constructions across Europe, there are often large earthworks of various designs—ditches and banks (like the Dorset Cursus), broad terraces, circular enclosures known as henges, and frequently artificial mounds such as Silbury Hill in England and Monte d'Accoddi in Sardinia (the prehistoric step pyramid).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Spread of megalithic architecture in Europe", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "In Europe megaliths are, in general, constructions erected during the Neolithic or late Stone Age and Chalcolithic or Copper Age (4500–1500 BC). The megalithic temples of Malta are believed to be the oldest in Europe. Perhaps the most famous megalithic structure is Stonehenge in England.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "In Sardinia, in addition to dolmens, menhirs and circular graves there are also more than 8000 megalithic structures made by a Nuragic civilisation, called Nuraghe: buildings similar to towers (sometimes with really complex structures) made using only rocks. They are often near giant's grave or the other megalithic monuments.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "The French Comte de Caylus was the first to describe the Carnac stones. Pierre Jean-Baptiste Legrand d'Aussy introduced the terms menhir and dolmen, both taken from the Breton language, into antiquarian terminology. He mistakenly interpreted megaliths as Gallic tombs. In Britain, the antiquarians Aubrey and Stukeley conducted early research into megaliths. In 1805, Jacques Cambry published a book called Monuments celtiques, ou recherches sur le culte des Pierres, précédées d'une notice sur les Celtes et sur les Druides, et suivies d'Etymologie celtiques, where he proposed a Celtic stone cult. This unproven connection between druids and megaliths has haunted the public imagination ever since. In Belgium, there are the Wéris megaliths at Wéris, a little town situated in the Ardennes. In the Netherlands, megalithic structures can be found in the northeast of the country, mostly in the province of Drenthe. Knowth is a passage grave of the Brú na Bóinne neolithic complex in Ireland, dating from c. 3500–3000 BC. It contains more than a third of the total number of examples of megalithic art in all Europe, with over 200 decorated stones found during excavations.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Nabta Playa at the southwest corner of the western Egyptian desert was once a large lake in the Nubian Desert, located 500 miles south of modern-day Cairo.  By the 5th millennium BC, the peoples in Nabta Playa had fashioned an astronomical device that accurately marks the summer solstice. Findings indicate that the region was occupied only seasonally, likely only in the summer when the local lake filled with water for grazing cattle. There are other megalithic stone circles in the southwestern desert.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "At Nabta Playa, located in Egypt and broader region of the Eastern Sahara, there is a megalithic cultural complex (e.g., sacrificed cow burial site, solar calendar, altar) that dates between 4000 BCE and 2000 BCE.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Likely part of Copper Age and Bronze Age cultural traditions of megalith-building, megaliths (e.g., dolmens) were constructed in Mediterranean North Africa.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Archaeologist, Fekri Hassan, (2002) indicated that the megalithic monuments in the Saharan region of Niger and the Eastern Sahara which developed, as early as 4700 BCE, may have served as antecedents for the mastabas and pyramids of ancient Egypt.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "In Cross-River State, Nigeria, there are megalithic monoliths of an anthropomorphic nature.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "At Tondidarou, in the Malian Lakes Region, there are megaliths of an anthropomorphic nature (e.g., face, navel, scarifications) that date between 600 CE and 700 CE.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Between 1350 BCE and 1500/1600 CE, Senegambian megaliths (e.g., tumuli) were constructed for the purpose of ancestral reverence.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "In the northwestern region of the Central African Republic, there are megaliths that were created for various purposes (e.g., burial, ritual performances).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Between late 3rd millennium BCE and mid-2nd millennium CE, megaliths (e.g., monuments, cairn burials) were constructed in the regions (e.g., Eastern Adamawa, Oubanguian Ridge, Chad/Congo watershed) in Central African Republic and Cameroon, throughout various periods (e.g., Balimbé: 2000 BCE – 1000 BCE; Early Gbabiri: 950 BCE – 200 BCE; Late Gbabiri: 200 BCE – 500 CE; Bouboun: 500 CE – 1600 CE), for various purposes (e.g., ritual practices, territorial marking).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "In the Ethiopian Highlands of Harar in Chercher, the earliest construction of megaliths occurred.  From this region and its megalith-building tradition (e.g., dolmens, tumuli with burial chambers organized in cemeteries), the subsequent traditions in other areas of Ethiopia likely developed.  In the late 1st millennium BCE, the urban civilization of Axum developed a megalithic stelae-building tradition, which commemorated Axumite royalty and elites, that persisted until the Christian period of Axum. In the Sidamo Province, the megalithic monoliths of the stelae-building cultural tradition were utilized as tombstones in cemeteries (e.g., Arussi, Konso, Sedene, Tiya, Tuto Felo), and have engraved anthropomorphic features (e.g., swords, masks), phallic form, and some of that served as markers of territory.  Sidamo Province has the most megaliths in Ethiopia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "In 2nd millennium BCE, Namoratunga (Monolith Circles) megaliths were constructed as burials the eastern Turkana region of northwestern Kenya.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Namoratunga, a group of megaliths dated 300 BC, was used by Cushitic-speaking people as an alignment with star systems tuned to a lunar calendar of 354 days. This site was excavated by B. N. Lynch and L. H. Robins of Michigan State University.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Additionally, Tiya in central Ethiopia has a number of old megaliths. Some of these ancient structures feature engravings, and the area is a World Heritage Site. Megaliths are also found within the Valley of Marvels in the East Hararghe area.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "In the mid-2nd millennium CE, the megalithic funerary monuments of Madagascar were constructed amid the emergent period of the Merina Kingdom.  Some of the megaliths remain utilized by Malagasy-speakers for funerary practices (e.g., ceremony of turning the dead) in present-day.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Megalithic burials are found in Northeast and Southeast Asia. They are found mainly in the Korean Peninsula. They are also found in the Liaoning, Shandong, and Zhejiang in China, the East Coast of Taiwan, Kyūshū and Shikoku in Japan, Đồng Nai Province in Vietnam and South Asia. Some living megalithic traditions are found on the island of Sumba and Nias in Indonesia. The greatest concentration of megalithic burials is in Korea. Archaeologists estimate that there are 15,000 to 100,000 southern megaliths in the Korean Peninsula. Typical estimates hover around the 30,000 mark for the entire peninsula, which in itself constitutes some 40% of all dolmens worldwide (see Dolmen).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Northeast Asian megalithic traditions originated from Gojoseon, which was in modern-day Manchuria and North Korea. This was prominent within the Liao River basin in particular in the early phases. The practice of erecting megalithic burials spread quickly from the Liao River Basin and into the Korean Peninsula, where the structure of megaliths is geographically and chronologically distinct. The earliest megalithic burials are called \"northern\" or \"table-style\" because they feature an above-ground burial chamber formed by heavy stone slabs that form a rectangular cist. An oversized capstone is placed over the stone slab burial chamber, giving the appearance of a table-top. These megalithic burials date to the early part of the Mumun pottery period (c. 1500–850 BC) and are distributed, with a few exceptions, north of the Han River. Few northern-style megaliths in North Korea and Manchuria contain grave goods such as Liaoning bronze daggers, prompting some archaeologists to interpret the burials as the graves of chiefs or preeminent individuals. However, whether a result of grave-robbery or intentional mortuary behaviour, most northern megaliths contain no grave goods.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Southern-style megalithic burials are distributed in the southern Korean Peninsula. It is thought that most of them date to the latter part of the Early Mumun or to the Middle Mumun Period. Southern-style megaliths are typically smaller in scale than northern megaliths. The interment area of southern megaliths has an underground burial chamber made of earth or lined with thin stone slabs. A massive capstone is placed over the interment area and is supported by smaller propping stones. Most of the megalithic burials on the Korean Peninsula are of the southern type.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "As with northern megaliths, southern examples contain few, if any, artifacts. However, a small number of megalithic burials contain fine red-burnished pottery, bronze daggers, polished groundstone daggers, and greenstone ornaments. Southern megalithic burials are often found in groups, spread out in lines that are parallel with the direction of streams. Megalithic cemeteries contain burials that are linked together by low stone platforms made from large river cobbles. Broken red-burnished pottery and charred wood found on these platforms has led archaeologists to hypothesize that these platform were sometimes used for ceremonies and rituals. The capstones of many southern megaliths have 'cup-marks' carvings. A small number of capstones have human and dagger representations.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "These megaliths are distinguished from other types by the presence of a burial shaft, sometimes up to 4 m in depth, which is lined with large cobbles. A large capstone is placed over the burial shaft without propping stones. Capstone-style megaliths are the most monumental type in the Korean Peninsula, and they are primarily distributed near or on the south coast of Korea. It seems that most of these burials date to the latter part of the Middle Mumun (c. 700–550 BC), and they may have been built into the early part of the Late Mumun. An example is found near modern Changwon at Deokcheon-ni, where a small cemetery contained a capstone burial (No. 1) with a massive, rectangularly shaped, stone and earthen platform. Archaeologists were not able to recover the entire feature, but the low platform was at least 56×18 m in size.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Living megalith culture of Indonesia", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "The Indonesian archipelago is the host of Austronesian and Melanesians megalith cultures both past and present. Living megalith cultures can be found on Nias, an isolated island off the western coast of North Sumatra, the Batak people in the interior of North Sumatra, on Flores and Sumba island in East Nusa Tenggara and also Toraja people from the interior of South Sulawesi. These megalith cultures remained preserved, isolated and undisturbed well into the late 19th century.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Several megalith sites and structures are also found across Indonesia. Menhirs, dolmens, stone tables, and ancestral stone statues were discovered in various sites in Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands, and New Guinea.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "The Cipari megalith site also in West Java displays monoliths, stone terraces, and sarcophagi.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Lore Lindu National Park in Central Sulawesi houses ancient megalith relics such as ancestral stone statues, mostly located in the Bada, Besoa and Napu valleys.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Megaliths in South Asia are dated before 3000 BC, with recent findings dated back to 5000 BC in southern India. Megaliths are found in almost all parts of South Asia. There is also a broad time evolution with the megaliths in central India and the upper Indus valley where the oldest megaliths are found, while those in the east also old shows evidence of continued traditions of living megalithic practices until recently. A large fraction of these are assumed to be associated with burial or post burial rituals, including memorials for those whose remains may or may not be available. The case-example is that of Brahmagiri, which was excavated by Wheeler (1975) and helped establish the culture sequence in south Indian prehistory. However, there is another distinct class of megaliths that do not seem to be associated with burials.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "In South Asia, megaliths of all kinds are noted; these vary from menhirs, rock-cut burial, chamber tomb, dolmens, stone alignment, stone circles and anthropomorphic statue figures. These are broadly classified into two (potentially overlapping) classes (after Moorti, 1994, 2008): Sepulchral (containing remains of the dead), or memorial stones where mortal remains along with funerary objects are placed; and Non-sepulchral including large patterned placement of stones over a wide area. The 'non-sepulchral' type is associated with astronomy and cosmology in South Asia and in other parts of the world (Menon and Vahia, 2010).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "In the context of prehistoric anthropomorphic figures in India, (Rao 1988/1999, Upinder Singh 2008) note that it is unclear what these giant anthropomorph statues symbolize. They usually occur in association with megalithic monuments and are located in megalithic burial grounds, and may have been connected with ancestor worship.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "At a number of sites in southeastern Turkey, ceremonial complexes with large T-shaped megalithic orthostats, dating from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN, c. 9600–7000 cal BC), have been discovered.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "At the most famous of these sites, Göbekli Tepe, parts of the oldest level (III) have been C14-dated as far back as to the mid-10th millennium BC (cal). On this level, 20 great stone circles (up to 20 meters in diameter) with standing stones up to 7 meters high have been identified. At least 5 of these circles have so far (as of 2019) been excavated. Many of the standing stones are richly ornamented with carved reliefs of \"[b]ears, boars, snakes, foxes, wildcats, aurochs, gazelle, quadruped reptiles, birds, spiders, insects, quadrupeds, scorpions\" and other animals; in addition, some of the stones are carved in low profile with stylized human features (arms, hands, loincloths, but no heads).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "On the younger level (II) rectangular structures with smaller megaliths have been excavated. In the surrounding area, several village sites incorporating elements similar to those of Göbekli Tepe have been identified. Four of these have Göbekli Tepe's characteristic T-shaped standing stones, though only one of them, Nevalı Çori, has so far been excavated. At Göbekli Tepe itself, no traces of habitation have so far been found, nor any trace of agriculture or cultivated plants, though bones of wild animals and traces of wild edible plants, along with many grinding stones, have been unearthed. It is thus assumed that these structures (which have been characterized as the first known ceremonial architecture) were erected by hunter-gatherers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Göbekli Tepe's oldest structures are about 7,000 years older than the Stonehenge megaliths, although it is doubtful that any of the European megalithic traditions (see below) are derived from them.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Dolmens and standing stones have been found in large areas in other parts of West Asia starting at the Turkish border in the north of Syria close to Aleppo, southwards down to Yemen. They can be encountered in Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. The largest concentration can be found in southern Syria and along the Jordan Rift Valley; these are threatened with destruction. They date from the late Chalcolithic or Early Bronze Age.  Megaliths have also been found on Kharg Island and Pirazmian in Iran, at Barda Balka in Iraq.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "A semicircular arrangement of megaliths was found in Israel at Atlit Yam, a site that is now under the sea. It is a very early example, dating from the 7th millennium BC.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "The most concentrated occurrence of dolmens in particular is in a large area on both sides of the Jordan Rift Valley, with greater predominance on the eastern side. They occur first and foremost on the Golan Heights, the Hauran, and in Jordan, which probably has the largest concentration of dolmen in West Asia. In Saudi Arabia, only very few dolmen have been identified so far in the Hejaz. They seem, however, to re-emerge in Yemen in small numbers, and thus could indicate a continuous tradition related to those of Somalia and Ethiopia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "The standing stone has a very ancient tradition in West Asia, dating back from Mesopotamian times. Although not always 'megalithic' in the true sense, they occur throughout the area and can reach 5 metres or more in some cases (such as at Ader in Jordan). This phenomenon can also be traced through many passages from the Old Testament, such as those related to Jacob, the grandson of Abraham, who poured oil over a stone that he erected after his famous dream in which angels climbed to heaven (Genesis 28:10–22). Jacob is also described as putting up stones at other occasions, whereas Moses erected twelve pillars symbolizing the tribes of Israel. The tradition of venerating standing stones continued in Nabatean times.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Related phenomena, such as cupholes, rock-cut tombs and circles, also occur in West Asia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Melanesian megaliths", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Megaliths occur in many parts of Melanesia, mainly in Milne Bay Province, Fiji and Vanuatu. Few excavations have been made and little is known about the structures.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "The megalith tomb Otuyam at Kiriwina has been dated to be approximately 2,000 years old which indicates that megaliths are an old custom in Melanesia. However very few megaliths have been dated. The constructions have been used for different rituals. For example, tombs, sacrifices and rituals of fecundity. Dance sites exist next to some megaliths. In some places in Melanesia rituals are continued to be held at the sacred megalith sites. The fact that the beliefs are alive is a reason that most excavations have been stopped at the sites.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Micronesian megaliths", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Megalithic structures in Micronesia reach their most developed form on the islands of Pohnpei and Kosrae in the Eastern Caroline Islands. On these two islands there was extensive use of prismatic basalt columns to build upland building complexes such as those at Salapwuk on Pohnpei and Menka on Kosrae.  These building sites, remote from the ocean, appear to have been abandoned early.  Megalithic building then shifted to constructing networks of artificial islands on the coast that supported a multitude of common, royal and religious structures.  Dating of the structures is difficult but the complex at Nan Madol on Pohnpei was probably inhabited as early as c. 800, probably as artificial islands, with the more elaborate buildings and religious structures added to the site from 1000 to 1400 AD.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Megaliths were used for a variety of purposes ranging from serving as boundary markers of territory, being reminder of past events, to being part of the society's religion. Common motifs including crooks and axes seem to be symbols of political power, much as the crook was a symbol of Egyptian pharaohs. Amongst the indigenous peoples of India, Malaysia, Polynesia, North Africa, North America, and South America, the worship of these stones, or the use of these stones to symbolize a spirit or deity, is a possibility. In the early 20th century, some scholars believed that all megaliths belonged to one global \"Megalithic culture\" (hyperdiffusionism, e.g. \"the Manchester school\", by Grafton Elliot Smith and William James Perry), but this has long been disproved by modern dating methods. Nor is it believed any longer that there was a pan-European megalithic culture, although regional cultures existed, even within such small areas as the British Isles.  The archaeologist Euan Mackie wrote, \"Likewise it cannot be doubted that important regional cultures existed in the Neolithic period and can be defined by different kinds of stone circles and local pottery styles (Ruggles & Barclay 2000: figure 1). No-one has ever been rash enough to claim a nationwide unity of all aspects of Neolithic archaeology!\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Methods of construction", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Much scholarship over history has suggested that Stone Age peoples moved the large stones on cylindrical wooden rollers. However, there is some disagreement with this theory, specifically as experiments have indicated that this method is impractical on uneven ground. In some contemporary megalith building cultures, such as in Sumba, Indonesia, great emphasis is placed on the social status of moving heavy stones without the relief of rollers. In the majority of documented contemporary megalithic-building communities, the stones have been placed on timber sledges and dragged without rollers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Types of megalithic structure", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "The types of megalithic structure can be divided into two categories, the \"polylithic type\" and the \"monolithic type\". Different megalithic structures include:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Contemporary megalith-building cultures", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "The Toraja of Indonesia", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "The megalithic culture of the Toraja people in the mountainous region of South Sulawesi, Indonesia dates back to around 2500–1000 BC.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "The Marapu of Indonesia", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "In West Sumba, Indonesia, the more than 20,000 followers of the Marapu animist religion construct monolithic tombs by hand.  Originally built with slave labor, the large tombs of nobles are now built by a class of dependents who are paid either in animals or cash (an amount equal to $0.65–0.90 per day). The tombs are planned long in advance, with families sometimes going into extreme debt to finance the construction. In 1971, one leading family sacrificed 350 buffalo over the course of a year in order to feed the 1,000 people necessary to drag the capstone 3 km from the quarry to the tombsite.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Quarrying the stones for a tomb can take almost a month and typically involves 20–40 laborours, sometimes subcontracted by a relative. It can be months or years before the stones are actually transported to the gravesite, which is done traditionally by hand, using a wooden sled and rollers with the help of many members of the family's clan. Building the sled itself can take several days, and typically males between the ages of 10–60 are assembled to pull the stone from the quarry to the tombsite. Smaller capstones may be moved by a few hundred members of a clan, but larger ones can involve upwards of 2,000 individuals over many days.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Sometimes the stones are draped with woven cloths given as gifts by relatives of the owner. The sidewalls are smaller and usually require fewer participants. The entire process is accompanied by large feasts and ritual singers provided by the owner. Some contemporary practitioners now choose to use large machinery and trucks to move the stones.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Once on site, the stones were traditionally assembled and mortared with a mix of water buffalo dung and ash, but are now more commonly cemented together. Typically, the walls are assembled first, and then the capstone is incrementally elevated to the height of the walls by means of a wood scaffolding which is inserted log by log at alternating ends. Once the capstone is at the correct height beside the walls it is slid into place above the tomb. Alternately, some tombs are constructed by dragging the capstone up a fabricated ramp and then assembling the sidewalls below it, before removing the ramp structure to let the capstone rest upon the walls. Often, but not always, the finished structure is decorated by a professional stone carver with symbolic motifs. The carving alone can at times take over a month to complete.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "References in literature", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "And Moses wrote down all the words of the Lord. He rose early in the morning and built an altar at the foot of the mountain, and twelve pillars, according to the twelve tribes of Israel.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "British megalith architecture", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Irish megalithic tombs", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "List of individual rocks", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "List of megalithic sites", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Megalithic monuments in Europe", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Megaliths in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Megaliths in the Urals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Nordic megalith architecture", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Plain of Jars ranging from the Khorat Plateau in Thailand in the south, through Laos and to Dima Hasao of northeastern India.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Route of Megalithic Culture – tourist route from Osnabrück to Oldenburg via some 33 Megalithic sites.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Stone circles of Junapani", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Megalithic sites of Charente", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Catalog of megaliths", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "MegalithicIreland.com", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Dolmens, Menhirs & Stones-Circles in the South of France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Megaliths in Charente-Maritime, France Archived 2010-04-28 at the Wayback Machine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Dolmen Path – Russian Megaliths (archived 10 January 2007)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Index of Megalithic monuments in Ireland", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "The Modern Antiquarian", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Pretanic World – Megaliths and Monuments (archived 12 March 2012)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Modern Megalith-Building (archived 25 January 1999)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_557883d4", "title": "Megalith", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_557883d4.json"}}
{"text": "Marie Menheer [Zoromsky] (July 28, 1924 – February 4, 2003) was a pitcher who played in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL). Listed at 5' 5\". 142 lb., Menheer batted and threw right handed. She was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_319f5684", "title": "Marie Menheer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Menheer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_319f5684.json"}}
{"text": "Marie Menheer did not have much of an opportunity to play in her only season in the league. Menheer was assigned to the Racine Belles in the 1945 season and made a pitching appearance for them. She entered the game as a reliever for Agnes Zurowski and hurled six innings of shutout ball. As a hitter, she went 0-for-3. Racine lost to the Kenosha Comets, 12–2, while Zurowski was credited with the loss.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_319f5684", "title": "Marie Menheer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Menheer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_319f5684.json"}}
{"text": "Afterwards, Menheer married Brone Zoromsky and they had five sons. Marie was a longtime resident of Haines City, Florida, where she became the owner and operator of Buddy's L.P. Gas Service.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_319f5684", "title": "Marie Menheer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Menheer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_319f5684.json"}}
{"text": "She died in 2003 in Tampa, Florida, at the age of 78.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_319f5684", "title": "Marie Menheer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Menheer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_319f5684.json"}}
{"text": "In 1988 was inaugurated a permanent display at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum at Cooperstown, New York, that honors those who were part of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Marie Menheer-Zoromsky, along with the rest of the girls and the league staff, is included at the display/exhibit.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_319f5684", "title": "Marie Menheer", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Menheer", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_319f5684.json"}}
{"text": "The FDP Hamburg is the regional state association of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) in Hamburg. It was founded on September 20, 1945, as the first liberal state party in West Germany.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_915aac27", "title": "FDP Hamburg", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDP_Hamburg", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_915aac27.json"}}
{"text": "The party's parliamentary group was a member of the Hamburg Parliament from 1946 to 1978, from 1987 to 1993, from 2001 to 2004 and from 2011 to 2020. Since the 2020 state elections in Hamburg, the FDP Hamburg has been represented by one directly elected, non-attached member of parliament only and does not have its own parliamentary group. As of 2019, the party has about 1,544 members.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_915aac27", "title": "FDP Hamburg", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDP_Hamburg", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_915aac27.json"}}
{"text": "In 2023, Sonja Jacobsen had been elected as chairwoman of the party.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_915aac27", "title": "FDP Hamburg", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDP_Hamburg", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_915aac27.json"}}
{"text": "Since the FDP received a result of only 4.97% in the 2020 state elections and therefore failed to pass the five percent hurdle, the party was not represented by a parliamentary group in the Hamburg Parliament. However, thanks to a constituency mandate, top candidate Anna von Treuenfels was appointed as member of the Hamburg Parliament.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_915aac27", "title": "FDP Hamburg", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDP_Hamburg", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_915aac27.json"}}
{"text": "In January 2022, former member of the SPD Sami Musa joined the FDP Hamburg. Therefore, the FDP was represented by two members in the Hamburg Parliament. Anna-Elisabeth von Treuenfels-Frowein left the party in July 2024 for the CDU, therefore only one member represents the FDP in the Hamburg Parliament.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_915aac27", "title": "FDP Hamburg", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDP_Hamburg", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_915aac27.json"}}
{"text": "NGC 2071 is a reflection nebula in the constellation Orion.  It was discovered on January 1, 1784, by William Herschel. It is part of a group of nebulae that also includes Messier 78, NGC 2064, and NGC 2067.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_08772c40", "title": "NGC 2071", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_2071", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_08772c40.json"}}
{"text": "The star HD 290861 is located in the center of NGC 2071. It is the illuminating star of this reflection nebula. The region contains several Herbig-Haro objects, indicating ongoing star-formation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_08772c40", "title": "NGC 2071", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_2071", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_08772c40.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to NGC 2071 at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_08772c40", "title": "NGC 2071", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_2071", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_08772c40.json"}}
{"text": "The Interactive NGC Catalog Online: NGC 2170", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_08772c40", "title": "NGC 2071", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_2071", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_08772c40.json"}}
{"text": "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database: NGC 2071", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_08772c40", "title": "NGC 2071", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_2071", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_08772c40.json"}}
{"text": "Pseudoproline (also pseudo-proline, ψ-Pro) derivatives are artificially created dipeptides to minimize aggregation during Fmoc solid-phase synthesis of peptides.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cfea66ff", "title": "Pseudoproline", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoproline", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cfea66ff.json"}}
{"text": "The chemical synthesis of large peptides is still limited by problems of low solvation during solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) or limited solubility of fully protected peptide fragments: even chemoselective ligation methods are hampered by self-association of unprotected peptide blocks. The elucidation of the relationship between preferred conformation of a growing peptide chain and its physicochemical properties reveals that β-sheet (beta-sheet) formation is often paralleled by significant decrease in solvation and solubility. Besides attempts to increase the solvation of peptides by external factors, few attempts, i.e. N-substituted Hmb amino acid derivatives and pseudoprolines (see figure on the top right) have been reported to modify the intrinsic properties of peptides responsible for aggregation and secondary structure formation. Pseudoprolines consist of serine- (Oxa) or threonine-derived oxazolidines [Oxa(5-Me)] and Cysteine-derived thiazolidines (THz) with Proline-like ring structure (see top right). Mutter and coworkers have defined oxa- and thiaproline derivatives of serine, threonine, and cysteine with Ser(ψPro). Thr(ψPro), and Cys(ψPro), respectively, where the abbreviation ψPro indicates the relationship to proline (with heteroatomic ring substitution in position 4). Pseudoprolines with substitution in position 2 of the proline ring are named Ser/Thr/Cys-(ψR1, R2 Pro). Due to the preference for a cis-amide bond with the preceding residue of C2-substituted pseudoprolines, their incorporation results in a kink conformation of the peptide backbone, thus preventing peptide aggregation, self-association, or β-structure formation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cfea66ff", "title": "Pseudoproline", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoproline", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cfea66ff.json"}}
{"text": "Hence, pseudoprolines fulfill two functions simultaneously: they serve (1) as temporary side-chain protection for Ser, Thr, and Cys and (2) as solubilizing building blocks to increase solvation and coupling rates during peptide synthesis and in subsequent chain assembly. Pseudoprolines are obtained by reacting the free amino acids with aldehydes or ketone. The coupling of amino acid derivatives to a growing peptide chain containing N-terminal pseudoproline generally results in low yields because of the sterically hindered nature of the oxazolidine (thiazolidine) ring system and the decreased nucleophilicity of the nitrogen atom. Consequently, the preformation of suitably protected dipeptide derivatives of the type FMOC-Xaa1-Oxa/THz-OH is preferable for use in peptide synthesis. Two conceptually different approaches are feasible for preparing oxazolidine- and thiazolidine-ring-containing dipeptide derivatives: (1) the in situ acylation of Ser- or Thr-derived oxazolidines or Cys-derived thiazolidines using acid fluorides or N-carboxyanhydrides (NCA); and (2) the direct insertion of the oxazolidine systems into dipeptides (post-insertion) containing C-terminal Ser or Thr. The method of choice strongly depends on the nature of the pseudoproline as welI as on the substituents at C2 of the cyclic system.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cfea66ff", "title": "Pseudoproline", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoproline", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cfea66ff.json"}}
{"text": "Pseudoprolines are a powerful tool for improving the quality of synthetic peptides. Pseudoproline dipeptides have greatly increased the success rate for synthesizing both long and difficult peptides. Pseudoproline dipeptides can be introduced in the same manner as other amino acid derivatives. The routine use of pseudoproline (oxazolidine) dipeptides in the FMOC solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) of serine- and threonine-containing peptides leads to remarkable improvements in quality and yield of crude products and helps avoid unnecessary repeat synthesis of failed sequences. Pseudoproline dipeptides have proven particularly effective in the synthesis of intractable peptides, long peptides/small proteins, and cyclic peptides, enabling in many cases the production of peptides that otherwise could not be made. These dipeptides are extremely easy to use: simply substitute a serine or threonine residue together with the preceding amino acid residue in the peptide sequence with the appropriate pseudoproline dipeptide (see the figure on your right). The native sequence is regenerated on cleavage and deprotection.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cfea66ff", "title": "Pseudoproline", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoproline", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cfea66ff.json"}}
{"text": "Traditionally, solid-phase synthesis has relied on polystyrene-based resins for the synthesis of all kinds of peptides. However, due to their high hydrophobicity, these resins have certain limitations, particularly in the synthesis of complex peptides, and in such cases, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based resins are often found to give superior results. Another powerful strategy for expediting the assembly of complex peptides is to employ pseudoproline dipeptides. These derivatives disrupt the interactions among chains that are usually the cause of poor coupling yields in aggregated sequences.  A large arsenal of chemical tools is now available for the synthesis of almost all peptides up to 40 amino acid residues. However, several small-size peptides and many large peptides and/or proteins are still unavailable by classical methods.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cfea66ff", "title": "Pseudoproline", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoproline", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cfea66ff.json"}}
{"text": "Recently, an efficient stepwise solid-phase synthesis of RANTES (24-91) was published. RANTES is a major HIV-suppressive factor produced by CD8+ T Cells. The serine protease CD26/dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (CD26/DPP IV) induces a NH2-terminal truncation from RANTES (1-91) to RANTES(24-91), which inhibits the infection of monocytes by an M-tropic HIV-1 strain The 68 amino acid of RANTES(24-91) has a high propensity to aggregate. The method combines the advantages of the PEG-based ChemMatrix resin and pseudoproline dipeptides.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cfea66ff", "title": "Pseudoproline", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoproline", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cfea66ff.json"}}
{"text": "Direct coupling to pseudoproline monomer.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cfea66ff", "title": "Pseudoproline", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoproline", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cfea66ff.json"}}
{"text": "Senko and his colleagues were the first to confirm the effectiveness of pseudoproline derivatives of individual, single residues in polypeptide synthesis. According to literature, the conversion of Ser(ΨPro) was excellent, however the Thr(ΨPro) varied in a wide range. The acylation of Pseudoproline monomer depended also on the chemical nature of the acylating residue. Manne and his colleagues successfully synthesized a human Growth Hormone (hGH)-derived polypeptide that was previously challenging to access, using Ser(ΨPro), while JR10 utilized Thr(ΨPro). Building upon Senko et al.'s work, Szaniszló and co-workers have recently improved the acylating efficiency of Thr(ΨPro) and incorporated it into their continuous flow peptide synthesizer.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cfea66ff", "title": "Pseudoproline", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoproline", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cfea66ff.json"}}
{"text": "Peptidomimetics (such as peptoids and β-peptides) are molecules related to peptides, but with different properties.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_cfea66ff", "title": "Pseudoproline", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoproline", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_cfea66ff.json"}}
{"text": "Dr. Hugh Gordon Hylvestra Cummins (2 February 1891 – 26 October 1970) was a Barbadian politician. He served as Premier of Barbados from 17 April 1958 to 8 December 1961 and was a member of the Barbados Labour Party (BLP).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_494ebf3b", "title": "Hugh Gordon Cummins", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Gordon_Cummins", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_494ebf3b.json"}}
{"text": "In 1919, Dr. Cummins graduated from Queen's Faculty of Medicine where he became medical practitioner and later established a medical practice in the Bridgetown. In 1940, he became one of the first Barbados Labour Party members of Parliament. In 1951 he together with Grantley Herbert Adams, Mencea Cox (Sir Mencea) and Frank Walcott (Rt. Excellent Sir Frank) were appointed members of the Executive Committee of the BLP. He also became a Minister in 1954 when Ministerial Government was introduced. Cummins was the Speaker of the House of Assembly of Barbados from 1956 to 1958.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_494ebf3b", "title": "Hugh Gordon Cummins", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Gordon_Cummins", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_494ebf3b.json"}}
{"text": "He became the second Premier of Barbados when Sir Grantley was elected Prime Minister of the West Indies Federation. During his premiership he held the additional portfolio of Minister of Finance.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_494ebf3b", "title": "Hugh Gordon Cummins", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Gordon_Cummins", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_494ebf3b.json"}}
{"text": "His outstanding achievement was the abolition of the Located Labourers Act and he is commemorated by the naming of the ABC Highway and the Gordon Cummins Polyclinic in St. Thomas, the constituency that he represented.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_494ebf3b", "title": "Hugh Gordon Cummins", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Gordon_Cummins", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_494ebf3b.json"}}
{"text": "Politics of Barbados", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_494ebf3b", "title": "Hugh Gordon Cummins", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Gordon_Cummins", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_494ebf3b.json"}}
{"text": "List of Premiers/Prime Ministers of Barbados", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_494ebf3b", "title": "Hugh Gordon Cummins", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Gordon_Cummins", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_494ebf3b.json"}}
{"text": "Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi (Persian: مهدی حمیدی شیرازی) (5 May 1914 Shiraz, Iran – 14 July 1986, Tehran, Iran) was an Iranian poet and university professor.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9f6a5f94", "title": "Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hamidi_Shirazi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9f6a5f94.json"}}
{"text": "Šokufahā yā naḡmahā-ye jadid, a selection of poems, Shiraz, 1938 (collections of poetry)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9f6a5f94", "title": "Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hamidi_Shirazi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9f6a5f94.json"}}
{"text": "Baʿd az yak sāl, Shiraz, 1940  (collections of poetry)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9f6a5f94", "title": "Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hamidi_Shirazi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9f6a5f94.json"}}
{"text": "ʿEšq-e dar ba dar, 3 vols., Shiraz, 1940-52  (collections of poetry)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9f6a5f94", "title": "Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hamidi_Shirazi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9f6a5f94.json"}}
{"text": "Ašk-e maʿšuq (The tears of the beloved), Shiraz, 1942  (collections of poetry)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9f6a5f94", "title": "Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hamidi_Shirazi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9f6a5f94.json"}}
{"text": "Sālhā-ye siāh (on the colonial policy of Great Britain, the communist takeover of Azerbaijan, and the tribal uprising in Fārs after World War II), Tehran, 1946 (suppressed) (collections of poetry)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9f6a5f94", "title": "Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hamidi_Shirazi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9f6a5f94.json"}}
{"text": "Šāʿer dar āsmān, Shiraz, 1942", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9f6a5f94", "title": "Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hamidi_Shirazi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9f6a5f94.json"}}
{"text": "Fonun o anvāʿ-e šeʿr-e fārsi, Tehran, 1973a", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9f6a5f94", "title": "Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hamidi_Shirazi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9f6a5f94.json"}}
{"text": "Dah farmān, collection of poems, Tehran, 1965", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9f6a5f94", "title": "Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hamidi_Shirazi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9f6a5f94.json"}}
{"text": "Fereštagān-e zamin (Angels of the earth), prose, 1942", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9f6a5f94", "title": "Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hamidi_Shirazi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9f6a5f94.json"}}
{"text": "Sabok-sarihā-ye ghalam (The frivolities of the pen), prose, Tehran, ca. 1943", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9f6a5f94", "title": "Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hamidi_Shirazi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9f6a5f94.json"}}
{"text": "Ṭelesm-e šekasta, 1945", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9f6a5f94", "title": "Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hamidi_Shirazi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9f6a5f94.json"}}
{"text": "Šāhkārhā-ye Ferdowsi, Tehran, 1947", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9f6a5f94", "title": "Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hamidi_Shirazi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9f6a5f94.json"}}
{"text": "Daryā-ye gowhar, an anthology of contemporary prose, poetry and translations, 3 vols., Tehran, 1950-59 (vol. 3 reviewed by Iraj Afšār, in Yaḡmā 9/2, 1954, pp. 94–95)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9f6a5f94", "title": "Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hamidi_Shirazi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9f6a5f94.json"}}
{"text": "Behešt-e soḵan, a select anthology of classical Persian poetry with critical commentaries, 2 vols., Tehran, 1958–59", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9f6a5f94", "title": "Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hamidi_Shirazi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9f6a5f94.json"}}
{"text": "ʿAruż-e Ḥamidi, on Persian prosody, Tehran, 1963", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9f6a5f94", "title": "Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hamidi_Shirazi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9f6a5f94.json"}}
{"text": "ʿAṭṭār dar maṯnavihā-ye gozida-ye u wa gozida-ye maṯnawihā-ye u, Tehran, 1968", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9f6a5f94", "title": "Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hamidi_Shirazi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9f6a5f94.json"}}
{"text": "“Taṣvir-e šeʿr-e ghadim dar masir-e šeʿr-e jadid”, Armaḡān 40, 1971, pp. 361–64, 442-45, 514-16, 589-91, 680-83", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9f6a5f94", "title": "Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hamidi_Shirazi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9f6a5f94.json"}}
{"text": "“Baḥṯ-i dar bāra-ye Saʿdi,” in Manṣur Rastgār Fasāʾi, ed., Saʿdi, Shiraz, 1973b, pp. 70–127; “ʿElm-e bayān,” Ḵerad wa kušeš, no. 1, 1978, pp. 95–114;", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9f6a5f94", "title": "Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hamidi_Shirazi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9f6a5f94.json"}}
{"text": "Fonun-e šeʿr va kālbodhā-ye pulādin-e ān, a collection of poems, Tehran, 1984", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9f6a5f94", "title": "Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hamidi_Shirazi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9f6a5f94.json"}}
{"text": "Šeʿr dar ʿaṣr-e Qājār, Tehran, 1985; Divān, Tehran, 1988. His major translation is of W. Somerset Maugham’s The Moon and Sixpence, as Māh wa šeš peni, Tehran, 1950.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9f6a5f94", "title": "Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hamidi_Shirazi", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9f6a5f94.json"}}
{"text": "Vladaya Saddle (Vladayska Sedlovina \\vla-'day-ska se-dlo-vi-'na\\) is a saddle of elevation 1000 m in the Friesland Ridge of Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.  Bounded by St. Cyril Peak to the northeast, and by St. Methodius Peak to the southwest.  Overlooking Ruen Icefall to the northwest, and Prespa Glacier to the southeast.  The feature is named after the settlement of Vladaya in western Bulgaria.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2b401ae", "title": "Vladaya Saddle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladaya_Saddle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2b401ae.json"}}
{"text": "The saddle's midpoint is 62°42′44″S 60°13′53″W (Bulgarian topographic survey in 1995/96 and mapping in 2005 and 2009).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2b401ae", "title": "Vladaya Saddle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladaya_Saddle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2b401ae.json"}}
{"text": "L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2b401ae", "title": "Vladaya Saddle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladaya_Saddle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2b401ae.json"}}
{"text": "L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Archived 2008-04-24 at the Wayback Machine Scale 1:120000 topographic map.  Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.  ISBN 978-954-92032-6-4", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2b401ae", "title": "Vladaya Saddle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladaya_Saddle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2b401ae.json"}}
{"text": "Vladaya Saddle. SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2b401ae", "title": "Vladaya Saddle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladaya_Saddle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2b401ae.json"}}
{"text": "Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2b401ae", "title": "Vladaya Saddle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladaya_Saddle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2b401ae.json"}}
{"text": "Vladaya Saddle. Copernix satellite image", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2b401ae", "title": "Vladaya Saddle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladaya_Saddle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2b401ae.json"}}
{"text": "This article includes information from the Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria which is used with permission.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2b401ae", "title": "Vladaya Saddle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladaya_Saddle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2b401ae.json"}}
{"text": "The Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) is a small-medium species of crocodile endemic to Cuba. Typical length is 2.1–2.3 m (6 ft 11 in – 7 ft 7 in) and typical weight 70–80 kg (150–180 lb). Large males can reach as much as 3.5 m (11 ft) in length and weigh more than 215 kg (474 lb).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d0e7f2a6", "title": "Cuban crocodile", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_crocodile", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d0e7f2a6.json"}}
{"text": "The Cuban crocodile is of interest to biologists for its unique physical and behavioral traits. Long- and strong-legged, it is the most terrestrial of extant crocodiles. Its preferred habitat comprises freshwater and brackish water environments, such as mangrove swamps, coastal lagoons, estuaries, marshes, floodplains, and river deltas. There, the adults feed on fish, turtles and small mammals, while the young eat invertebrates and smaller fish. Mating occurs between May and July. Captive animals have displayed cooperative hunting behavior, and can be taught tricks, suggesting intelligence.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d0e7f2a6", "title": "Cuban crocodile", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_crocodile", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d0e7f2a6.json"}}
{"text": "The Cuban crocodile is listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Once spread across the Caribbean, its range has dwindled to only the Zapata Swamp, due to hunting by humans. Captive breeding projects are in place to help the species recover. The species' fossil record reveals it had at one point a greater range, with fossil remains being found in the Bahamas, Hispaniola and the Cayman Islands.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d0e7f2a6", "title": "Cuban crocodile", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_crocodile", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d0e7f2a6.json"}}
{"text": "The genus Crocodylus likely originated in Africa and radiated outwards towards Southeast Asia and the Americas, although an Australasian origin has also been considered. Phylogenetic evidence supports Crocodylus diverging from its closest recent relative (the extinct Voay of Madagascar) around 25 million years ago, near the Oligocene/Miocene boundary.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d0e7f2a6", "title": "Cuban crocodile", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_crocodile", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d0e7f2a6.json"}}
{"text": "Below is a cladogram utilizing data from a 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates, simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data, as revised by the 2021 Hekkala et al. paleogenomics study using DNA extracted from the extinct Voay. Hall's New Guinea crocodile placement suggested in 2023 study by Sales-Oliveira et al.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d0e7f2a6", "title": "Cuban crocodile", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_crocodile", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d0e7f2a6.json"}}
{"text": "The Cuban crocodile has numerous characteristics that set it apart from other crocodilians, such as its brighter adult colors, rougher, more 'pebbled' scales, and long, strong legs. The species is the most heavily armored extant member of its genus.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d0e7f2a6", "title": "Cuban crocodile", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_crocodile", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d0e7f2a6.json"}}
{"text": "This is a small to mid-sized crocodilian. Typical adults were found to have measured 2.1–2.73 m (6 ft 11 in – 8 ft 11 in) in length and weighed 70–120 kg (150–260 lb). Large males can reach as much as 3.5 m (11 ft) in length and weigh 215 kg (474 lb) or more. Three individuals measuring 1.87–2.46 m (6 ft 2 in – 8 ft 1 in) and weighing 30–65 kg (66–143 lb) had a bite force of 1,392–3,127 N (313–703 lbf).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d0e7f2a6", "title": "Cuban crocodile", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_crocodile", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d0e7f2a6.json"}}
{"text": "Distribution and habitat", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d0e7f2a6", "title": "Cuban crocodile", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_crocodile", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d0e7f2a6.json"}}
{"text": "Today, the Cuban crocodile can only be found in Cuba's Zapata Swamp, where it is highly endangered. It formerly ranged elsewhere in the Caribbean; fossils of this species have been found in the Cayman Islands, The Bahamas and Hispaniola (the Dominican Republic).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d0e7f2a6", "title": "Cuban crocodile", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_crocodile", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d0e7f2a6.json"}}
{"text": "The Cuban crocodile appears to favor freshwater habitat such as swamps, marshes, and rivers and rarely swims in saltwater.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d0e7f2a6", "title": "Cuban crocodile", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_crocodile", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d0e7f2a6.json"}}
{"text": "Behavior and ecology", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d0e7f2a6", "title": "Cuban crocodile", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_crocodile", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d0e7f2a6.json"}}
{"text": "The Cuban crocodile has been observed to display peculiar behavior not observed in other crocodilians, and is also considered to be the most morphologically and behaviorally distinct of any of the Crocodylus species. A colony of this species has exhibited what is strongly suspected to be pack-hunting behavior, which may explain the predation of prehistoric megafauna that coexisted with this species, such as giant Caribbean sloths and giant West Indian tortoises.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d0e7f2a6", "title": "Cuban crocodile", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_crocodile", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d0e7f2a6.json"}}
{"text": "It is also the most terrestrial crocodile, with reduced webbing between digits on the hind feet and no webbing on the front feet. It exhibits highly intelligent behavior unusual for crocodilians.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d0e7f2a6", "title": "Cuban crocodile", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_crocodile", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d0e7f2a6.json"}}
{"text": "Small fish, arthropods, and crustaceans make up the diet of young Cuban crocodiles. Adults of the species feed mostly upon small mammals, fish, and turtles. They have blunt rear teeth, which aid in crushing the shells of their turtle prey. Cuban crocodiles also demonstrate the jumping feeding technique seen in other crocodilians, such as the American alligator. By thrusting with their powerful tails, they can leap from the water and snatch small animals from overhanging branches. They can also run anywhere between 15 and 22 mph (24 and 35 km/h), using a gait similar to a gallop, which allows for more quick and aggressive movements. The Cuban crocodile, while not a particularly large species, is often regarded as the most aggressive New World crocodile. It is behaviorally dominant over the larger American crocodile in areas where the two species coexist. Data regarding attacks on humans are limited, but occurrences are likely rare given the species' very small distribution area and separation from human populations. Despite its reported aggression, there is only a single known fatal human attack by this species: an elderly man who was attacked and killed in 1995 while spearfishing in the Zapata Swamp.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d0e7f2a6", "title": "Cuban crocodile", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_crocodile", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d0e7f2a6.json"}}
{"text": "The mating season of the Cuban crocodile is between the months of May and July. This is thought to be related to environmental changes, such as rainfall and temperature. In the wild, crocodiles will nest in wet marshes; where they will create trenches and cover the eggs with organic material. In captivity, crocodiles will create mounds. During the nesting period, the Cuban crocodiles will lay between 30 and 40 eggs and the estimated incubation period is 58–70 days. Hatching can occur from late August to early September. Due to the predation of humans, raccoons, and other animals, many eggs will not hatch. At birth, hatchlings are approximately 2–3 inches (51–76 mm) in length, and weigh 0.25 pounds (0.11 kg). As with other crocodilians the sex of the Cuban crocodile's offspring is determined by the temperature in the nest. In conservation, the eggs are kept in incubators that provide a constant environment of 32 degrees Celsius in order to produce males. Cuban crocodiles are an aggressive species and are known to have performed acts of cannibalism. This is a contributing cause for the majority of offspring not surviving to the juvenile stage. In 2012, two Cuban crocodile hatchlings were born in conservation at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C. This was the first time in 25 years that the Cuban crocodile had been successfully bred at this zoo. The species is known to hybridize with American crocodiles, which may represent a risk for conservation of the species.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d0e7f2a6", "title": "Cuban crocodile", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_crocodile", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d0e7f2a6.json"}}
{"text": "The Cuban crocodile is a critically endangered species, listed on CITES appendix 1. Its restricted habitat and range make it very vulnerable. Humans have hunted this species to near extinction. Much research remains to be done on the remaining wild populations. The species is represented in captivity in Europe, the United States, and in at least one zoo in India, where breeding projects are taking place.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d0e7f2a6", "title": "Cuban crocodile", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_crocodile", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d0e7f2a6.json"}}
{"text": "Hybridization with the American crocodile also represents a significant threat to the Cuban crocodile. The loss of the unique genetic and behavioral characteristics of this species is increasingly significant.  Genetic analysis has found that a high percentage of wild Cuban crocodiles (49.1%) and captive Cuban crocodiles (16.1%) are hybrids with the more abundant American crocodile.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d0e7f2a6", "title": "Cuban crocodile", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_crocodile", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d0e7f2a6.json"}}
{"text": "Two famous Cuban crocodiles reside in the Skansen Aquarium in Sweden. The crocodiles, named Castro and Hillary, were previously owned by the Cuban leader Fidel Castro, before they were given to the cosmonaut Vladimir Shatalov in 1978. When Shatalov could no longer take care of the crocodiles, they were given to the Moscow Zoo, which in turn gifted them to the Skansen aquarium in 1981. The crocodile couple has produced numerous young since 1984. One of the crocodiles was involved in an attack on a human in 2019 who held his arm over the enclosure during a crayfish party. The man survived but his arm was critically injured and had to be amputated.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d0e7f2a6", "title": "Cuban crocodile", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_crocodile", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d0e7f2a6.json"}}
{"text": "The largest Cuban crocodile breeding farm in the world is  Zapata Swamp Crocodile Breeding Farm. It was suggested that 145 four-month-old crocodiles bred at the farm were killed by feral cats in 2022, following an investigation by two biologists who manage the farm.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d0e7f2a6", "title": "Cuban crocodile", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_crocodile", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d0e7f2a6.json"}}
{"text": "Crocodilian Online on the Cuban Crocodile [1]", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d0e7f2a6", "title": "Cuban crocodile", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_crocodile", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d0e7f2a6.json"}}
{"text": "Cuban Crocodile Fact Sheet", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d0e7f2a6", "title": "Cuban crocodile", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_crocodile", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d0e7f2a6.json"}}
{"text": "Yuri Alexeyevich Trutnev (Russian: Юрий Алексеевич Трутнев; 2 November 1927 – 6 August 2021) was a Russian physicist and a professor of engineering at the National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7dac370d", "title": "Yuri Trutnev (scientist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Trutnev_(scientist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7dac370d.json"}}
{"text": "His career in physics spent in the former Soviet program of development of nuclear weapons and was one the designers in the RDS-37 (the Soviet Union's first two-stage thermonuclear device), and the RDS-220 (the largest-ever-yield nuclear device) and many other nuclear charges.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7dac370d", "title": "Yuri Trutnev (scientist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Trutnev_(scientist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7dac370d.json"}}
{"text": "He graduated from the Physics department of the Leningrad State University. In 1951, he was sent to Arzamas-16, also known as KB-11 (English: Design Bureau-11), now the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics (VNIIEF), in the closed city of Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. He was one of the main authors of the final report concerning the configuration and feasibility calculations of the RDS-37, which was detonated successfully a few months later in November 1955. For this work, he was awarded the Order of Lenin, the first of several national awards. He then worked on 'Project 49', with Yuri Babayev, which involved technical improvements in the implosion of the two-stage charges, which were tested successfully in 1958 and put into production. Andrei Sakharov selected the design team to develop the RDS-220 which included himself, Trutnev, Viktor Adamsky, Yuri Babayev and Yuri Smirnov (Adamsky and Vyacheslav Feodoritov were the project leads). The second and third stages of the RDS-220 were designed principally by Trutnev and Babayev. In 1964, he was appointed head of his department and deputy head of the sector. He was elected a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) the same year. The following year he became head of the sector and in 1966 deputy supervisor. In 1978, he became first deputy supervisor and head of the theoretical department. He became an Academician of the RAS in 1991. From 1993 to 1999, he was first deputy supervisor of VNIIEF.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7dac370d", "title": "Yuri Trutnev (scientist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Trutnev_(scientist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7dac370d.json"}}
{"text": "Trutnev began development of nuclear devices for industrial civilian purposes such as reservoir creation and gas field intensification, and devices which released very low amounts of ionising radiation. Yevgeny Avrorin described Trutnev producing the first \"clean\" nuclear charge, \"a purely thermonuclear reaction\" from a solid compound.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7dac370d", "title": "Yuri Trutnev (scientist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Trutnev_(scientist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7dac370d.json"}}
{"text": "Employees at Arzamas-16, including Trutnev, were upset that on a visit by Edward Teller and Siegfried S. Hecker (then director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory) to Russia after the break-up of the USSR, each was photographed in front of a model of the RDS-220 alongside scientists in Snezhinsk. Trutnev insisted that a new photograph be taken of Hecker at VNIIEF in front of a similar model, as it was he and his colleagues at VNIIEF in Sarov who designed the device.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7dac370d", "title": "Yuri Trutnev (scientist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Trutnev_(scientist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7dac370d.json"}}
{"text": "Trutnev was the editor-in-chief of the Atomic Science and Technology journal and deputy editor-in-chief of the International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology. He was one of the RAS members who were critical of proposed administrative changes to the RAS by the Russian state in 2013, changes which included the transfer of academic institutions and property (RAS election candidates must now be government-approved and the winner approved by the president).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7dac370d", "title": "Yuri Trutnev (scientist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Trutnev_(scientist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7dac370d.json"}}
{"text": "1956, 1962: Order of Lenin.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7dac370d", "title": "Yuri Trutnev (scientist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Trutnev_(scientist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7dac370d.json"}}
{"text": "1962: Hero of Socialist Labour.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7dac370d", "title": "Yuri Trutnev (scientist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Trutnev_(scientist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7dac370d.json"}}
{"text": "1972: Order of the October Revolution.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7dac370d", "title": "Yuri Trutnev (scientist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Trutnev_(scientist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7dac370d.json"}}
{"text": "1975, 1987: Order of the Red Banner of Labour.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7dac370d", "title": "Yuri Trutnev (scientist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Trutnev_(scientist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7dac370d.json"}}
{"text": "1984: State Prize of the USSR.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7dac370d", "title": "Yuri Trutnev (scientist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Trutnev_(scientist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7dac370d.json"}}
{"text": "1998, 2003, 2012, 2017: Order \"For Merit to the Fatherland\" (3rd class, 2nd class, 4th class, 1st class).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7dac370d", "title": "Yuri Trutnev (scientist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Trutnev_(scientist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7dac370d.json"}}
{"text": "2002: Kurchatov Medal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7dac370d", "title": "Yuri Trutnev (scientist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Trutnev_(scientist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7dac370d.json"}}
{"text": "Forward Club Agartala is an Indian professional football club based in Agartala, in the Tripura State in northeast India. The club competes in the Chandra Memorial League. It is the current champion of the 2022 Chandra Memorial League.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_decd156e", "title": "Forward Club Agartala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_Club_Agartala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_decd156e.json"}}
{"text": "List of football clubs in India", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_decd156e", "title": "Forward Club Agartala", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_Club_Agartala", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_decd156e.json"}}
{"text": "Bigil is the soundtrack album, composed by A. R. Rahman, to the 2019 Indian Tamil-language sports action film of the same name, directed by Atlee, starring Vijay. The soundtrack album consists of 5 songs, with 2 bonus tracks, all of them were penned by lyricist Vivek. The soundtrack album was released digitally on 27 September 2019, through the Sony Music India record label.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ff5709b", "title": "Bigil (soundtrack)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigil_(soundtrack)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ff5709b.json"}}
{"text": "The soundtrack and background score was composed by A. R. Rahman, marking his second collaboration with Atlee after Mersal, and also his fifth collaboration with Vijay. The album features five songs with lyrics written by Vivek. The music rights of the film were acquired by Sony Music India. Actor Vijay, sung one song titled \"Verithanam\" which was confirmed by a poster release on 8 July 2019. This is the first time Vijay, has sung for a film composed by Rahman.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ff5709b", "title": "Bigil (soundtrack)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigil_(soundtrack)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ff5709b.json"}}
{"text": "I have composed for sports genre films in Hollywood, but this would be the first time in South India. Atlee is a fan of my films like Lagaan and Pele. He’s heard these soundtracks and he is musically very passionate. I enjoy working with such director who gets involved in music composing.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ff5709b", "title": "Bigil (soundtrack)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigil_(soundtrack)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ff5709b.json"}}
{"text": "A song from the film \"Singappenney\" was unofficially leaked through the internet on mid-July 2019; and following this, the song was officially released on 23 July 2019, as the film's first single. The music video features Rahman and Shashaa Tirupati, rendering the song while lyricist Vivek and Atlee also made an appearance. Singapenney, considered to be a woman anthem, Vivek, who wrote the lyrics, stated that \"This is a woman anthem, dedicated to mother, sister, wife and all women in the world\" while also noting that \"the song will change the stereotype of a woman, which considers that the stronger themes were denoted for men and the softer themes were denoted for women\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ff5709b", "title": "Bigil (soundtrack)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigil_(soundtrack)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ff5709b.json"}}
{"text": "The second single track \"Verithanam\" was released on 1 September 2019, it is a peppy introduction dance number sung by Vijay. The lyrical video crossed 1 million likes within few days of its release, thus becoming the first South Indian lyric video to achieve this record. The third single \"Unakkaga\" was released on 18 September 2019, sung by Sreekanth Hariharan and Madhura Dhara Talluri, it is a melodious number. The other songs were \"Maathare\" sung by Chinmayi, Madhura Dhara Talluri, Sireesha, Akshara and Vithusayni, and \"Bigil Bigil Bigiluma\" an instrumental track.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ff5709b", "title": "Bigil (soundtrack)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigil_(soundtrack)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ff5709b.json"}}
{"text": "The film's music was released at the audio launch event held on 27 September 2019 at Sai Leo Muthu Indoor Stadium, Sri Sai Ram Engineering College, Chennai, with the presence of the film's cast and crew and all the other celebrities. Nayanthara did not attend the audio launch, the event was hosted by Mirchi Siva and Ramya Subramanian. Rahman and his musical team gave a stage performance at the audio launch. The audio launch was telecasted through Sun TV on 29 September 2019. The songs were released at all digital platforms, the very same day, of the launch.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ff5709b", "title": "Bigil (soundtrack)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigil_(soundtrack)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ff5709b.json"}}
{"text": "A month after the film's release, an album with two additional songs was released. While these two songs are also written by Vivek, the song \"Kaalame\" was sung by Bamba Bakya, while the song \"Idharkuthaan\" was sung by Dhee with additional vocals from Sunitha Sarathy and Arjun Chandy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ff5709b", "title": "Bigil (soundtrack)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigil_(soundtrack)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ff5709b.json"}}
{"text": "The music received positive reviews from critics, with \"Singappenney\", \"Verithanam\" and \"Bigil Bigil Bigiluma\" being well received by audiences. Behindwoods gave the album a rating of 3.25 out of 5, saying, \"A. R. Rahman's perfect mix of class and mass music amplifies Bigil's verithanam [grandeur]!\". International Business Times gave the album a rating of 3 out of 5, saying, \"A. R. Rahman delivered a hit music album for Vijay in the form of Bigil\". Moviecrow rated the album 3 out of 5, stating \"A.R.Rahman's third successive collaboration with Vijay and fifth over the years is an amusing mix. Between an elastic spectrum of staying true to the likes of ARR and satisfying the monstrous hungry of the fans of a huge stardom, the album is more of a mixbag balancing both. Sometimes ARR overtakes and sometimes he gets ruthlessly overtaken.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ff5709b", "title": "Bigil (soundtrack)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigil_(soundtrack)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ff5709b.json"}}
{"text": "The song \"Singappenney\" reached #1 position on Radio Mirchi Top 20. On year-end chart, the song reached #1 position in Big FM \"Best of 2019\" chart; and also achieved #10 on The Times of India's \"Top 15 Tamil Songs 2019\", charts, as \"Verithanam\", other song from the film, achieved #5 as well. \"Singappenney\" was also listed in \"5 best songs to cheer womenhood on International Women's Day\" by News18.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ff5709b", "title": "Bigil (soundtrack)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigil_(soundtrack)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ff5709b.json"}}
{"text": "The album was listed in Top 2019 Tamil albums of Sify and The New Indian Express. A review from A Humming Heart, ranked the album in 8th position in their Top 15 Tamil Albums. On a January–September 2019 survey report from the music platform JioSaavn, stated \"Verithanam\" and \"Rowdy Baby\" became the most streamed songs in this intermediate period. In September 2020, the song \"Verithanam\" crossed 100 million views on YouTube.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ff5709b", "title": "Bigil (soundtrack)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigil_(soundtrack)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ff5709b.json"}}
{"text": "Bigil (soundtrack) at the IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ff5709b", "title": "Bigil (soundtrack)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigil_(soundtrack)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ff5709b.json"}}
{"text": "A woo woo (also called teeny weeny woo woo) is an alcoholic beverage made of vodka, peach schnapps, and cranberry juice. It is typically served as a cocktail in a highball glass or can be served as a shot. It can also be served in a rocks glass. The ingredients are shaken together with ice or stirred. A lime wedge is used as a garnish.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9d646a3f", "title": "Woo woo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woo_woo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9d646a3f.json"}}
{"text": "The drink became popular in the 1980s along with other cocktails containing peach schnapps such as the Fuzzy Navel and Silk Panties. Writing on the then-recent rise of peach schnapps in Esquire for March 1988, food and drink writer William Grimes commented:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9d646a3f", "title": "Woo woo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woo_woo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9d646a3f.json"}}
{"text": "In the \"flavor-driven\" cordial and liqueur market, peach has taken the lead. But where, exactly, are we being led? Into the land of very strange drinks. Lane Barnett, vice-president of James B. Beam Distilling, which bought National Distillers last May, asserts with a straight face that something called a Woo Woo (peach schnapps, vodka, and cranberry juice) is very big on the East Coast. He doesn't quite have the courage to come out with the drink's full name: Teeny Weeny Woo Woo. Do not order this in a strange bar.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9d646a3f", "title": "Woo woo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woo_woo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9d646a3f.json"}}
{"text": "The woo woo is a relative of the Cape Codder (vodka and cranberry juice) and both share highball relatives in the Sea Breeze, the Bay Breeze, the Madras, and Sex on the Beach. The baby woo woo is a shooter variation containing equal parts vodka, peach schnapps, and cranberry juice.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9d646a3f", "title": "Woo woo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woo_woo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9d646a3f.json"}}
{"text": "Sex on the Beach, essentially a woo woo but in different ratios and adding orange juice", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9d646a3f", "title": "Woo woo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woo_woo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9d646a3f.json"}}
{"text": "Woo Woo Recipe - Retrieved 10 October 2009.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9d646a3f", "title": "Woo woo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woo_woo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9d646a3f.json"}}
{"text": "Making multiple shots (Archived from the original, archive date 2/26/2017)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9d646a3f", "title": "Woo woo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woo_woo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9d646a3f.json"}}
{"text": "The National Labor Federation (NATLFED) is a network of community associations, called \"entities\", that claim to organize workers who are excluded from collective bargaining protections by U.S. labor law. NATLFED was founded by Gino Perente in 1972.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "NATLFED entities keep a very low profile, operating with little public attention. Journalists who have discussed NATLFED entities have praised their social work, raised concerns about their lack of transparency, and condemned the organization's exploitative treatment of volunteers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "NATLFED's entities deny any political affiliation, but many former participants and outside observers say NATLFED is a front for the Provisional Communist Party, a communist party also founded by Gino Perente. Perente's party is officially named the Communist Party, United States of America (Provisional Wing) [CPUSA(PW)] and is also known as the Communist Party, United States of America (Provisional) [CPUSA(P)], Provisional Party, Provisional Party of Communists, Order of Lenin, or simply the Formation. The CPUSA(PW) allegedly includes much of NATLFED's leadership.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "The CPUSA(PW) is clandestine and has no party publications, conventions, or leadership elections. CPUSA(PW) members do not openly acknowledge its existence. Virtually all CPUSA(PW) members are full-time volunteers in NATLFED entities. Outside estimates cap membership at between 100 and 300 core members. CPUSA(PW) has virtually no identifiable offices or centers of operations.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "During Perente's lifetime he exercised full control over the party, communicating directly with members through long orations held at his office in Brooklyn, New York, through audiotapes of those speeches sent to members running the various NATLFED entities, and through rare printed manuals, such as Perente's 1973 mimeographed The Essential Organizer.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "NATLFED literature asserts the principle that \"every man, woman and child is entitled to adequate and appropriate food, clothing, shelter and medical care as basic human rights.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Carlotta Woolcock, an organizer for Northwest Seasonal Workers Association (NSWA), described its goal as providing \"a voice for the poor and working people that is independent from the government\", because what \"most people vote for is the lesser of two evils offered them\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Critics claim that NATLFED's focus on the poor is just cover for more sinister activity. Jeff Whitnack told The Boston Globe, \"They are like political Moonies. They use poor people as flypaper to attract members.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "NATLFED consists of several dozen mutual benefit associations and organizers who canvass working-class neighborhoods and coordinate assistance programs operated by members and volunteers of the associations. According to the groups' literature, these benefit programs provide members with basic emergency food, clothing, medical and dental care, legal advice, child care, and job referrals.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Since Perente's death in 1995 and the raid on its headquarters in 1996, there has been little information about how NATLFED is run, though Margaret Ribar is reported to have assumed leadership.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "It is difficult to get information about NATLFED and its entities because the organization is institutionally secretive. An internal memo quoted in the East Bay Express in 1984 gave the following instructions on withholding information from outsiders:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "We regard outside inquiry from a position of distrust. [...] Never ask to know more than you need to know if you agree with the goals and strategy of the group. It's unfair to burden a comrade with unneeded information, and also unprofessional. The standard answer to any question you have not been instructed to answer is \"It's not my department.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Some entity operations managers have been directed not to give interviews to reporters; others have insisted that reporters volunteer with the organization to get a story on it; and volunteers have given reporters a runaround.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "NATLFED entitites support \"strata organizing\", which focuses on \"unrecognized workers\" who are unable to organize due to the \"dubious benefits of the National Labor Relations Act.\" Instead of conventional union organizing, NATLFED argues that \"local community-based associations\" must unite unrecognized workers with \"current and former union workers, retired workers, local business leaders, professionals and others who share a common concern for the long-term future of our communities\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "NATLFED entities are not themselves labor unions. The various entities identify themselves with the labor movement for the purpose of attracting volunteers and supporters, but when describing their organization make clear that they do not advocate the formation of trade unions per se, calling themselves \"labor organizations of a new type\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "NATLFED entities are managed by full-time volunteers, called cadre, many of whom have dedicated their lives to the movement.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "NATLFED aggressively recruits new cadre from the ranks of volunteers who participate. NATLFED entities send speakers to churches, residential neighborhoods, shopping centers, university campuses, music festivals, and other venues to introduce themselves and solicit volunteers and resources. At these events, organizers read a brief introduction to the organization to new volunteers and try to schedule visits to their office and participation in volunteer-run activities.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "NATLFED also has an elaborate system for persuading volunteers to further the organization's goals by assuming roles of authority themselves, and the social pressure they apply convinces some volunteers to de-emphasize goals of their own. Regular volunteers are periodically interviewed and asked to increase their commitment to the organization.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Former members claim that deception and psychological manipulation mix with the sensation some new recruits experience of an intellectual awakening as stories of past labor struggles explain the underside of U.S. history, and classes in dialectical materialism provide a coherent, if stilted, worldview. NATLFED converts' commitment is solidified by the emotional impact of working to exhaustion surrounded by others who constantly reinforce the group's message and beliefs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "For recruitment purposes, NATLFED entities keep extensive records of their contacts on index cards. Drawers of these cards contain detailed information about any sort of contact the group has with volunteers, members, donors, and other supporters. Whitnack has claimed that this elaborate paperwork is unnecessary, inefficient, and intended to exhaust the volunteers, in order to keep them in a suggestible state.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "College campus recruitment", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "NATLFED recruits many of its members and volunteers from college campuses, through voluntary service programs, and by appeal to the larger community through speaking engagements and direct contact. For example, Western Service Workers Association (WSWA) member Mark Levine spoke to the 2004 American Sociological Association Conference about poverty and social stratification.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "The Eastern Service Workers Association (ESWA) operates on numerous college and university campuses in the Northeast, quietly recruiting student volunteers through the service-learning offices available to all students. The ESWA is thriving in Boston, Massachusetts, and Rochester, New York, with assistance from several local churches and businesses that may not be aware of its practices or connection to NATLFED.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Mutual benefit associations", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Recruiters from the cadre start new entities armed with lists of contacts. The recruiters approach community and business leaders with their mission statement and ask for help with founding the entity. An organizing committee is created that includes community leaders willing to at least lend their names to the new effort, and the recruiters solicit donated office space until they can purchase an office.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "The entities establish a program that provides services to members free of charge and soon start door-to-door campaigns to recruit volunteers and recruit low-income workers. Available resources and the scope of the program vary, but usually include food, clothing, and holiday events for children. Some entities provide more involved services for members, such as medical, legal, and dental services for volunteers and low-income members. Critics of the organizations contend that the 11-point benefit program promises far more than the entities can deliver. Supporters use criticisms of the paucity of resources to motivate volunteers to take action to expand these resources.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Critics and supporters of the organizations agree that the cadre consumes some of the food, clothing and other goods collected for the poor. Critics and some former members have claimed that the entities are highly inefficient—that the cadre consumes much of the cash, food and clothing they purport to collect for the poor.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Volunteers for the entities canvass poor residential areas to recruit low-income members, knocking on doors and delivering a pitch that includes a brief explanation of organization, promises benefits, and asks for participation. Poor members are asked to contribute $0.62 per month as membership dues, an amount said to be the average hourly pay for workers at I. M. Young in 1972. New members also sign an authorization form giving the association vague authority to bargain on the member's behalf. The groups also solicit resources (funds, food, clothing, medical services and legal aid) from professionals, business owners, and volunteers willing to contribute to the cause.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Governance and financial structure", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "NATLFED entities describe themselves as independent, locally chartered membership associations that accept only private donations that come \"with no strings attached\", and thus claim to be answerable only to their organizing committee and to their membership. For example, the Coalition of Concerned Legal Professionals (CCLP) writes:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "CCLP is not subject to the whims of constantly changing Congressional and Presidential administrations. Because CCLP does not receive federal funds, it can organize without being subject to arbitrary restrictions on representation, audits of client files, unpredictable fluctuations in income, and general harassment from LSC and OIG bureaucrats, all of which are the plight of an LSC-funded attorney in the 21st century. Unfortunately, the over 30-year history of the LSC shows that these conditions are likely to continue for the foreseeable future. CCLP does not focus merely on individual representation or the issue-oriented litigation which others rely on to gain backing.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Party membership and structure", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "NATLFED is substantially larger than the Communist Party, United States of America (Provisional Wing) [CPUSA(PW)]. Membership in the Party is by invitation, and invitation comes to volunteers in NATLFED entities as a revelation of the existence of the party, an explanation of the party's goals and strategy, and a brief \"history\" of the party, called the \"genesis\". This \"genesis\" is reportedly a narrative that includes claims that the party was part of a secret International including the Communist Party of Cuba, the Sandinistas, and revolutionaries in Chile and El Salvador, and that members of the Weather Underground were among its founders.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "The Party's secrecy makes appraisal of its internal structure and functioning difficult. Testimony from former members and contacts has led various observers to characterize the CPUSA (PW) as a \"political cult\". For example, party members are said to live communally and spend all their time working for NATLFED entities. The leadership reportedly maintains extensive files on members and limits contact with family members, while those who attempt to leave the group are said to be subjected to intense pressure and harassment. After Perente's death in 1995, leadership of the CPUSA (PW) was assumed by Margaret Ribar, who is reported to have relaxed some of those restrictions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "The party has a Central Committee and is divided into cells, called \"fractions\", including a select \"Military Fraction\" that made news in 1996 after a raid on the party's New York headquarters resulted in the discovery of a weapons stockpile.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "NATLFED and its entities are often labeled a cult, are listed on cult watch websites, and have been described as a cult by various journalists. For example, in 2003, NATLFED was described as \"one of the country's most extreme and controlling political cults,\" according to \"watchdog groups and government agencies\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "In a 1984 Public Eye article, the former NATLFED member Jeff Whitnack argues that the group's narrow and paranoid ideology, long working hours that sever volunteers' connections to the outside world, and deliberate schedule of mind-numbing work are all features of a cult. Later, Public Eye argued that it \"no longer feels it is accurate to call Newman’s political network a cult\", though \"we still have strong criticisms of the group’s organizing style\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "In her 2016 memoir, former NATLFED member Sonja Larsen described NATLFED as cultlike:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "The sense of urgency. The time table. The secret language. The mythical elements. The sexual control. The lack of sleep. The control, internal and external, over thought and movement. The denial of self. There was a checklist, and I made a mark by nearly every line.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "NATLFED supporters and organizers contest the label as loaded and misleading. For example, Western Massachusetts Labor Action (WMLA) newspaper editor Carol Rogers said, \"we're definitely not a cult\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "NATLFED emerged from Gino Perente's organization the Eastern Farm Workers Association (EFWA).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Perente was by all accounts a charismatic person. He inspired volunteers with revolutionary positions and established discipline among the organizing drive's volunteers. Later accounts identified him as Gerald William Doeden, a former disc jockey from California with a less than pure reputation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "In 1971 or 1972, Perente worked in the New York office of the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee and, according to Dolores Huerta, \"created a lot of problems for the union, attacking us in the press. Then he went off and formed his own group.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "In 1972, Perente founded the EFWA in Suffolk County, New York. He and his followers headed to migrant labor camps in rural Long Island, New York, from an office in Bellport, New York, to organize agricultural workers. The EFWA received press attention in its early days for attempting to organize farm workers at the I.M. Young company, a potato grower. Perente organized 800 farm workers with 30 full-time EFWA staff and 70 volunteers in December 1972, when the EFWA led a strike of potato workers. This was the first union of agricultural workers on the East Coast, but the Department of Labor determined that EFWA was not a labor organization as defined by federal law.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "The 1972 strike against I.M. Young remains a central part of the volunteer training process. There is little further information about the EFWA's early years.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "In the mid-1970s, Perente removed himself from public view, but encouraged his followers to expand the scope of the initial organizing drives in Sacramento and Long Island. He established an office in Brooklyn to direct the growing network he called the National Labor Federation (NATLFED), and refined an elaborate system to train and ensure the loyalty of volunteers by founding the Provisional Communist Party, a secret society of his associates. Perente gave lectures offering idiosyncratic interpretations of the writings of Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, and Joseph Stalin to audiences at the NATLFED office.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Perente's movement used its core of volunteers to expand, sending recruiters to other cities and towns, starting about 20 mutual benefit associations and perhaps as many related support organizations by the late 1970s. The new organizing drives were built closely on the model of the EFWA, using its 1973 organizational handbook, The Essential Organizer.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "In 1973, the California Homemakers Association (CHA) pressured Sacramento County and won wage increases for attendant care workers. Subsequently, the county agreed to bargain with CHA over the terms of individual contracts with its home care workers. CHA organizer David Shapiro hailed the agreement as \"the first time that household workers have achieved the right to bargain\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "In 1973, the NATLFED manuscript The Essential Organizer described the techniques of \"systemic organizing\", which purport to allow unrecognized workers to obtain needed benefits and learn how to build their own organizations. In 1978, the NATLFED manuscript Sociology and the Unrecognized Worker argued that most workers are not employed in large-scale factory operations and that new union organizing methods are therefore needed.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "In the 1970s, Perente and NATLFED briefly worked with alleged cult leader Lyndon LaRouche's National Caucus of Labor Committees (NCLC). During at least 1976 and 1977, Perente and NATLFED worked and considered merging with alleged cult leader Fred Newman's International Workers Party (IWP), but did not.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "In 1999, the Western Service Workers Association (WSWA) entity participated in demonstrations against physician-assisted suicide.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "In 2004, members of the Western Farm Workers Association (WFWS) working in state-run migrant camps recovered illegal rent increases from the California Office of Migrant Services. The workers brought suit in 1996 and 1997 under the legal guidance and practical organizing participation of the Coalition of Concerned Legal Professionals (CCLP). WFWS member José Rodríguez said, \"without organization, we could never have gotten money back\". In 2006, the California State Legislature allocated $610,000 to settle Vega v. Mallory, which alleged that migrant camp workers were overcharged for rent.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "In 2006, the Jackson County Fuel Committee (JCFC) or Jackson County Workers Benefit Council (JCWBC) petitioned the Ashland City Council to halt utility cutoffs. This entity distributes 30-40 cords of firewood each year to people in Jackson County, Oregon.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "In 2009 the party was reported to have been involved, again through some of its front groups, in a civic struggle around the proposed rebuilding of a hospital in a low-income area of San Francisco.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Public scrutiny and controversy", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "In the early 1980s, several journalists wrote highly critical articles about several groups in the federation. One such article, in Christian Century magazine, described changes in the leadership of the Commission on Voluntary Service and Action (CVSA). Originally a church-affiliated nonprofit organization, the CVSA had since 1946 annually printed a catalog of volunteer opportunities called Invest Yourself: a Catalog of Volunteer Opportunities. A number of full-time NATLFED organizers had taken leadership positions on CVSA's board. In the early 1980s, when CVSA was struggling financially, NATLFED took responsibility and control of its operations, leaving some of the church leadership bitter. As many as 50 NATLFED entities were listed among about 200 service organizations in the catalog during the 1980s and 1990s. The number has since slowly declined; fewer than ten NATLFED entities were listed in the 2004 edition.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "The political investigative magazine The Public Eye published two articles about NATLFED. The first, by Harvey Kahn in 1977, alleged an obscure but friendly relationship between NATLFED and Lyndon LaRouche's National Caucus of Labor Committees. Tourish and Wohlforth report a similarly tenuous but longer-lived alliance between NATLFED and Fred Newman's new International Workers Party in the mid-1970s. Perente became head of the IWP-organized Nationwide Unemployment League, and soon dissolved it.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "The Public Eye published a longer exposé by former volunteer Jeff Whitnack in 1984 in which Whitnack identified Perente as Doeden and interviewed some of Doeden's friends in California. Whitnack concluded that the whole operation was a scam punctuated with drama and hints of violence.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "In 2016, Random House Canada published former cadre Sonja Larsen's memoir Red Star Tattoo – My Life as a Girl Revolutionary. The book details her time growing up in field offices and moving to the organization's Brooklyn headquarters as a teenager in the 1980s. Larsen writes about her relationship with Perente/Doeden and the emotional, physical and sexual abuse of women she witnessed while living at the safe house around the time of the organization's revolutionary \"countdown\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "On February 17, 1984, the Federal Bureau of Investigation raided a law office and the National Office Central (NOC) headquarters at 1107 Carroll Street in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, on tips that it \"had planned a series of violent acts\". Kit Decious, Kathleen Paolo, and Daniel P. Foster, three lawyers among the organization's cadre, were convicted of felony larceny and possession of forged documents relating to the 1984 departure of Mia Prior, a member of ten years; they were disbarred in New York following their convictions in the 1980s. Paolo's conviction was overturned on appeal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "On November 11, 1996, the New York City Police Department raided the NOC again on an anonymous complaint that children were being abused in the office. The police seized 49 antique firearms and $42,000 in cash, and arrested 35 people. Newspapers around the country ran columns about the group. Two of the organizers, Susan Angus and Diane Garrett, were initially convicted of misdemeanor possession of weapons, but the appeals court overturned the convictions because the search was conducted without a warrant. No evidence of child abuse was ever produced, and press coverage died down rapidly.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Shortly after the 1996 raid, an anonymous website appeared created by \"an informal network of people\" who were \"frightened for the current members who are our children, siblings, former friends, and coworkers.\" The site condemned NATLFED and archived many news articles and other stories about it. The site disappeared from its original host in 2004 and is mirrored on the Wayback machine at http://users.rcn.com/xnatlfed/.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "NATLFED operates about 30 offices called \"entities\" around the U.S., concentrated in California and the Northeast. The Eastern Farm Workers Association (now in Bellport, New York and Syracuse, New York) and California Homemakers Association (in Sacramento, California) were founded in the early 1970s, and were followed by the Eastern Service Workers Association, Western Service Workers Association, the Commemoration Committee for the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California, Western Massachusetts Labor Action in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, Western Farm Workers Association in Stockton, California, Yuba City, California, and Hillsboro, Oregon, Friends of Seasonal and Service Workers in Portland, Oregon, and Northwest Seasonal Workers Association in Medford, Oregon.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Since Perente's death, several new entities have opened, including Midwest Workers Association in Chicago, Illinois, Alaska Workers Association in Anchorage, Alaska, and Mid-Ohio Workers Association in Columbus, Ohio.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Most NATLFED entities produce regular newspapers to inform supporters and volunteers and generate advertising revenue. The Women's Press Collective (WPC), for example, prints the magazine Collective Endeavor about media reform and topics concerning women, and the Coalition of Concerned Legal Professionals (CCLP) and Coalition of Concerned Medical Professionals (CCMP) each publish the quarterly newsletters The Gavel and The Verdict.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "The organizations listed below appear to be current NATLFED entities.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Alaska Workers Association (AWA) in Anchorage, Alaska", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Bay Area Alternative Press (BAAP) in Berkeley, California", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Berkshire County Fuel Committee (BCFC) in Pittsfield, Massachusetts", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "California Committee of Friends and Relatives of Prisoners (CCFRP) in California", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "California Homemakers Association (CHA) in Sacramento and Santa Rosa, California", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Coalition of Concerned Legal Professionals  (Sacramento, California, New York City, New York, Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania)  (publishes Verdict and The Gavel)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Coalition of Concerned Medical Professionals  (Central Valley/Redding, Oakland, Sacramento, Stockton, California; Bellport, Riverhead, Brooklyn, New York)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Commemoration Committee for the Black Panther Party (Oakland, California) (Publishes The Commemorator)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Commission on Voluntary Service and Action (CVSA) in New York City, which publishes Invest Yourself: The  Catalog of Volunteer Opportunities", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Committee for South African Solidarity (CSAS) in San Francisco and Sacramento, which publishes The South Africans Beacon", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Eastern Farm Workers Association (EFWA)(Bellport, Lyons, Riverhead, Sodus, Syracuse, New York)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Eastern Service Workers Association (ESWA) in Boston; Roxbury, Massachusetts; Atlantic City, New Jersey; New Brunswick, New Jersey; South Amboy, New Jersey; Pleasantville, New Jersey; Somerset, New Jersey; Trenton, New Jersey; Philadelphia; and Rochester, New York", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Friends of Seasonal and Service Workers (FSSW) in Portland, Oregon", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Jackson County Fuel Committee (JCFC) and Jackson County Workers Benefit Council (JCWBC) in Ashland, Oregon", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Mid-Ohio Workers Association (MOWA) in Columbus, Ohio", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Midwest Workers Association (MWA) in Chicago, Illinois", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "National Equal Justice Association (NEJA) in San Diego; San Francisco; New York City; and Riverhead, New York", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Northwest Seasonal Workers Association (NWSWA) in Medford, Oregon", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Physicians Organizing Committee (POC) in San Francisco, California", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Western Farm Workers Association (WFWA) in Stockton, California, Yuba City, California, and Hillsboro, Oregon.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Western Massachusetts Labor Action (WMLA) in Pittsfield, Massachusetts", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Western Service Workers Association (WSWA) in Anaheim, California; Oakland, California; Redding, California; Los Angeles; Sacramento; San Diego; Santa Ana, California; Santa Cruz, California; and Watsonville, California;", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Women's Press Collective (WPC) in South Brooklyn, New York, which publishes Collective Endeavor and should not be confused with the Women's Press Collective of Oakland, California", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Workers Community Service Center (WCSC) in Sacramento, California", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "The following names have been listed as NATLFED-run organizations in the past. Some are alternate names for active organizations and offices, others are likely defunct.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Alianza Campesina (Modesto, CA)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Ashland Community Service Center (Ashland, OR)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Association of Financial Aid Students(Dayton, Shaker Heights, OH)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Boston Committee for Community Arts (Boston, MA)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Carroll Street Properties  (New York; owner of NATLFED's Brooklyn Headquarters)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Citizens for Migrant Workers (Northport, King's Park, NY)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Citizens Relief Committee (Philadelphia, PA)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Committee for Community Health and Safety (Trenton, NJ)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Committee of Friends and Relatives of Prisoners  (Bellport, Riverhead, NY)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Earth Shock Committee (Oakland, Watsonville, CA)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Finger Lakes Equal Justice Association (Rochester, NY)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "National Foundation for Alternative Resources (NY)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Gregorio Duarte Memorial Oakland Community Service and Health Center (Oakland, CA)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Junior Eason Riverhead Community Service and Health Center (Riverhead, NY)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Long Island Alternative Press(King's Park/Smithtown, NY)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Long Island Equal Justice Association (Riverhead, NY)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "New Jersey Labor Defense Committee (Trenton, NJ)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Philadelphia Committee on the Community Arts (Philadelphia, PA)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Philadelphia Community Service Center (Philadelphia, PA)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Shasta County Community Service Center (Central Valley/Redding, CA)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Shasta County Food Committee (Central Valley/Redding, CA)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "South/Central Los Angeles Benefits Office (Los Angeles, CA)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Suffolk Committee for Community Arts (Bellport, NY)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Temporary Workers Organizing Committee (New Brunswick, NJ)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Texas Farm Workers Union (Pharr, Hildago, TX)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Vivian Cooper Community Service Center/Trenton Community Service Center (Trenton, NJ)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Workers Benefit Council (Alameda County, CA; Rochester, NY)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Writers and Scholars Institute (Princeton, NJ)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "NATLFED does not produce a public list of its entities, but the individual organizations have usually been open about their participation in the network.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "In a 1978 manuscript, NATFLED listed several of its \"organizing drives\". Almost all the NATLFED entities were listed in the publication Invest Yourself between 1984 and the mid-1990s, using nearly identical descriptions:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "The descriptions of them—there are 38 in all—read very similarly: they are said to be \"mutual benefits associations,\" providing the necessities of life to \"the lowest paid strata\" of unorganized workers, while applying a strategy of \"systemic organizing&\" to produce \"permanent change\" in their conditions. They all say as well that volunteers need no experience; they will be trained by professional organizers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "The NATLFED network's various organizations have nearly identical rhetoric and training procedures, though they are spread out in many cities. Many of their donors and supporters speak up in defense of the services they provide for their communities. Former NATLFED cadre Robin Spellman-Fahlberg, who was an operations manager with Upstate NY EFWA for a decade, said in 2004 that in addition to helping in the most disenfranchised communities:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "There is also a hidden, for want of a better description, evil, side of NATLFED. When I was there, and from what I've heard continues to be the case, there were manipulative people in powerful positions. Full-timers were subjected to an increasingly severe mental abuse and subjugation. ... They felt the only way to help poor people was through Natlfed, that there was no possible success for them after leaving, and/or they were subject to physical threats if they did.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Other entity members share a more positive experience, such as Western Service Workers Association (WSWA) entity member Shari Beck:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Shari Beck, a retired school teacher, has been volunteering at WSWA for the past three years. \"Everybody who helps out can make things better,\" Beck said. \"I feel like I'm doing something for the community.\" Beck, who volunteers alongside her husband, believes that by volunteering at WSWA, she has become more aware of things going on in her community. \"We wanted to spend time in the community,\" Beck said.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "On the Edge: Political Cults Right and Left", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Anti-NATLFED websites:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Archive of 1996 anti-NATLFED site: The Truth about NATLFED", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Archive of 2006 anti-NATLFED site (in blog format): Political Cults", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "FBI file 100-486-889 on NATLFED/EFWA/ESWA/Provisional Communist Party", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Website of Eastern Service Workers Association (ESWA) in Boston", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Website of California Homemakers Association (CHA) in Santa Rosa", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_911cc1c7", "title": "National Labor Federation", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Federation", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_911cc1c7.json"}}
{"text": "Joaquín Godoy Ibáñez (born 25 January 1977) is a Chilean commercial engineer and politician. He served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies for 13th District (Valparaíso, Juan Fernández, and Easter Island) from 2006 to 2018 and was First Vice President of the Chamber (April 2013–March 2014).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_664a7437", "title": "Joaquín Godoy Ibáñez", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Godoy_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_664a7437.json"}}
{"text": "Initially a member of the National Renewal (Renovación Nacional, RN) party, he later co-founded and led the Amplitude (Amplitud) movement before becoming an independent in 2017. Godoy is known for his participation in parliamentary commissions on economics, culture, and natural resources.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_664a7437", "title": "Joaquín Godoy Ibáñez", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Godoy_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_664a7437.json"}}
{"text": "Born in Santiago to Carmen Ibáñez and Domingo Godoy Matte, both former deputies, Godoy completed his early education at Craighouse School. He earned a degree in commercial engineering from Finis Terrae University. Before entering national politics, he served as campaign manager for his mother and held leadership roles within RN youth organization. In 2004, he ran unsuccessfully for mayor of Valparaíso.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_664a7437", "title": "Joaquín Godoy Ibáñez", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Godoy_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_664a7437.json"}}
{"text": "Joaquín Godoy Ibáñez was born on 25 January 1977 in Valparaíso, into a politically active family. Early in his career, he managed the parliamentary campaign of his mother in 2002 election, and later headed the youth wing of RN (2003–2004), garnering 70% of the vote in his election as president.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_664a7437", "title": "Joaquín Godoy Ibáñez", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Godoy_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_664a7437.json"}}
{"text": "He married Paula Valech Kraushaar in January 2010, and they have a daughter. Professionally, Godoy worked in political organizing and public outreach, including development of a free pre-university program in Valparaíso and workshops for small business owners in local markets. In 2004, he stood for mayor of Valparaíso under the Alianza coalition but was not elected.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_664a7437", "title": "Joaquín Godoy Ibáñez", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Godoy_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_664a7437.json"}}
{"text": "Godoy was first elected deputy in 2005 for District 13, succeeding his mother. He secured re-election in 2009 and 2013, serving until 2018. In the Chamber, he served on key commissions such as Defense, Economy, Internal Government, Fisheries, SMEs, Culture and the Arts, Finances (which he presided over in 2011–2012), Environment, and Water Resources. He also participated in special committees on culture and firefighters.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_664a7437", "title": "Joaquín Godoy Ibáñez", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Godoy_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_664a7437.json"}}
{"text": "In January 2014, Godoy resigned from RN alongside Karla Rubilar and Pedro Browne, citing a lack of ideological space within the party, and co-founded the centrist-liberal movement Amplitude (Amplitud). He was elected its provisional president in 2015.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_664a7437", "title": "Joaquín Godoy Ibáñez", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Godoy_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_664a7437.json"}}
{"text": "He left Amplitude on 6 July 2017 and completed his third term as an independent. Streams of his legislative work include support for the Megapuerto project in Valparaíso and a successful defamation lawsuit against television personality Vasco Moulian in 2012.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_664a7437", "title": "Joaquín Godoy Ibáñez", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Godoy_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_664a7437.json"}}
{"text": "The Kelley House is a historic building located in Dubuque, Iowa, United States.  John and Mary Kelley bought this property from James Fanning in 1855.  Kelley built this two-story structure, which is a rare example of Mississippi Valley French Colonial architecture in Iowa.  While Kelley was not of French ancestry, the Dubuque area was initially settled by French Canadians.  However, this house, completed by 1858, was completed well after the French influence in the area.  It is also an example of the French style from the Southern United States and the Caribbean.  Typical of this style is the full-length galerie, or porch, with an exterior staircase, and the main living quarters located above a full-height ground floor level. Both of these elements are found in the Kelley house.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It was demolished sometime prior to 2001.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3d3d4816", "title": "Kelley House (Dubuque, Iowa)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelley_House_(Dubuque,_Iowa)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3d3d4816.json"}}
{"text": "Cobalt is essential to the metabolism of all animals. It is a key constituent of cobalamin, also known as vitamin B12, the primary biological reservoir of cobalt as an ultratrace element. Bacteria in the stomachs of ruminant animals convert cobalt salts into vitamin B12, a compound which can only be produced by bacteria or archaea. A minimal presence of cobalt in soils therefore markedly improves the health of grazing animals, and an uptake of 0.20 mg/kg a day is recommended because they have no other source of vitamin B12.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ad7d825c", "title": "Cobalt in biology", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_in_biology", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ad7d825c.json"}}
{"text": "Proteins based on cobalamin use corrin to hold the cobalt. Coenzyme B12 features a reactive C-Co bond that participates in the reactions. In humans, B12 has two types of alkyl ligand: methyl and adenosyl. MeB12 promotes methyl (−CH3) group transfers. The adenosyl version of B12 catalyzes rearrangements in which a hydrogen atom is directly transferred between two adjacent atoms with concomitant exchange of the second substituent, X, which may be a carbon atom with substituents, an oxygen atom of an alcohol, or an amine. Methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase (MUT) converts MMl-CoA to Su-CoA, an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ad7d825c", "title": "Cobalt in biology", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_in_biology", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ad7d825c.json"}}
{"text": "Although far less common than other metalloproteins (e.g. those of zinc and iron), other cobaltoproteins are known besides B12. These proteins include methionine aminopeptidase 2, an enzyme that occurs in humans and other mammals that does not use the corrin ring of B12, but binds cobalt directly. Another non-corrin cobalt enzyme is nitrile hydratase, an enzyme in bacteria that metabolizes nitriles.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ad7d825c", "title": "Cobalt in biology", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_in_biology", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ad7d825c.json"}}
{"text": "In humans, consumption of cobalt-containing vitamin B12 meets all needs for cobalt. For cattle and sheep, which meet vitamin B12 needs via synthesis by resident bacteria in the rumen, there is a function for inorganic cobalt. In the early 20th century, during the development of farming on the North Island Volcanic Plateau of New Zealand, cattle suffered from what was termed \"bush sickness\". It was discovered that the volcanic soils lacked the cobalt salts essential for the cattle food chain. The \"coast disease\" of sheep in the Ninety Mile Desert of the Southeast of South Australia in the 1930s was found to originate in nutritional deficiencies of trace elements cobalt and copper. The cobalt deficiency was overcome by the development of \"cobalt bullets\", dense pellets of cobalt oxide mixed with clay given orally for lodging in the animal's rumen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ad7d825c", "title": "Cobalt in biology", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_in_biology", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ad7d825c.json"}}
{"text": "Blind Faith is the sixth studio album by Irish singer-songwriter Gemma Hayes. The album was released on 27 September 2024.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e4ef3d1", "title": "Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Faith_(Gemma_Hayes_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e4ef3d1.json"}}
{"text": "The album was recorded in Dublin and West Cork, Ireland.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e4ef3d1", "title": "Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Faith_(Gemma_Hayes_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e4ef3d1.json"}}
{"text": "Background and development", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e4ef3d1", "title": "Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Faith_(Gemma_Hayes_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e4ef3d1.json"}}
{"text": "Work commenced on the album with songwriting and demos taking place in West Cork, due to COVID-19 restrictions in Ireland, the production of the album was delayed, however when the opportunity arose the album continued to be produced between West Cork and Dublin in Ireland. The album is produced by long-term producer David Odlum, Karl Odlum and Brian Casey.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e4ef3d1", "title": "Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Faith_(Gemma_Hayes_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e4ef3d1.json"}}
{"text": "During the process of making the album musicians Sam Killeen and Adam Marcello were drafted in to assist with making the album. Longterm friends Ann Scott, Lisa Hannigan and Paul Noonan also assisted with vocals and songwriting.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e4ef3d1", "title": "Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Faith_(Gemma_Hayes_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e4ef3d1.json"}}
{"text": "The album was independently released through Gemma Hayes Music and Townsend Music on CD, limited edition cassette, standard edition vinyl, and two limited edition vinyls (marble sky blue and pink marble).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e4ef3d1", "title": "Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Faith_(Gemma_Hayes_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e4ef3d1.json"}}
{"text": "The album contains lyrics about longing, loss, empowerment, freedom and repression.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e4ef3d1", "title": "Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Faith_(Gemma_Hayes_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e4ef3d1.json"}}
{"text": "On 22 July 2024, the artwork for the album was revealed. The artwork was produced by German artist Dirk Wüstenhagen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e4ef3d1", "title": "Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Faith_(Gemma_Hayes_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e4ef3d1.json"}}
{"text": "The album received widespread praise, with critics calling it one of Hayes' finest works. Montreal Rocks highlighted its \"reflective and introspective\" nature, blending soothing melodies with emotional depth. The Irish Times described it as a meditative, self-therapeutic album, rating it 4 out of 5 stars. Mojo hailed it as a career-defining record, also giving it 4 stars. The Irish Independent echoed these positive sentiments with a favourable review.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e4ef3d1", "title": "Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Faith_(Gemma_Hayes_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e4ef3d1.json"}}
{"text": "Gemma Hayes – vocals, guitar, piano, arrangement, producer, programming, bassline programming, vocal arrangement, voice arrangement, cello", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e4ef3d1", "title": "Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Faith_(Gemma_Hayes_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e4ef3d1.json"}}
{"text": "David Odlum – producer, engineer, guitar, synth, beats, bass and vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e4ef3d1", "title": "Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Faith_(Gemma_Hayes_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e4ef3d1.json"}}
{"text": "Karl Odlum – producer", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e4ef3d1", "title": "Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Faith_(Gemma_Hayes_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e4ef3d1.json"}}
{"text": "Ann Scott – vocals, backing vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e4ef3d1", "title": "Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Faith_(Gemma_Hayes_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e4ef3d1.json"}}
{"text": "Paul Noonan – vocals, backing vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e4ef3d1", "title": "Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Faith_(Gemma_Hayes_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e4ef3d1.json"}}
{"text": "Lisa Hannigan – songwriting, backing vocals", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e4ef3d1", "title": "Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Faith_(Gemma_Hayes_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e4ef3d1.json"}}
{"text": "Simon Long – photography", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e4ef3d1", "title": "Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Faith_(Gemma_Hayes_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e4ef3d1.json"}}
{"text": "Sam Killeen – guitars", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e4ef3d1", "title": "Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Faith_(Gemma_Hayes_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e4ef3d1.json"}}
{"text": "Adam Marcello – drums", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3e4ef3d1", "title": "Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Faith_(Gemma_Hayes_album)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3e4ef3d1.json"}}
{"text": "Kisdorf (Low German: Kisdörp) is a municipality in the district of Segeberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated approximately 30 km north of Hamburg, and 15 km north of Norderstedt. Kisdorf is part of the Amt (\"collective municipality\") Kisdorf. The seat of the Amt is in Kattendorf.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b51da348", "title": "Kisdorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisdorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b51da348.json"}}
{"text": "Ernst Barkmann, World War II panzer ace.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b51da348", "title": "Kisdorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisdorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b51da348.json"}}
{"text": "http://www.kisdorf.de", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b51da348", "title": "Kisdorf", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisdorf", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b51da348.json"}}
{"text": "Hellblazer Presents: Chas – The Knowledge is a comic book limited series, written by Simon Oliver, with artwork by Goran Sudžuka, and cover art by Glenn Fabry. It is a spin-off from the Vertigo series Hellblazer, featuring John Constantine's oldest and closest friend, Francis 'Chas' Chandler.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ed1674c8", "title": "Hellblazer Presents: Chas – The Knowledge", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellblazer_Presents:_Chas_%E2%80%93_The_Knowledge", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ed1674c8.json"}}
{"text": "The first issue was printed in July 2008. The series ran for five issues, and was later collected in trade paperback format.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ed1674c8", "title": "Hellblazer Presents: Chas – The Knowledge", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellblazer_Presents:_Chas_%E2%80%93_The_Knowledge", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ed1674c8.json"}}
{"text": "Cab driver Francis \"Chas\" Chandler leads an unremarkable existence. His greatest moments have come tagging along with John Constantine—as a chauffeur. His home life is nothing special, and his beloved London is becoming a soulless metropolis. In middle age, Chas is stuck in a rut.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ed1674c8", "title": "Hellblazer Presents: Chas – The Knowledge", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellblazer_Presents:_Chas_%E2%80%93_The_Knowledge", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ed1674c8.json"}}
{"text": "But Chas is a master of The Knowledge, the elaborate system of routes and landmarks which every London cabbie must memorize. Until now, The Knowledge has been just a tool for Chas. But now, he is about to discover a more sinister significance of The Knowledge.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ed1674c8", "title": "Hellblazer Presents: Chas – The Knowledge", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellblazer_Presents:_Chas_%E2%80%93_The_Knowledge", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ed1674c8.json"}}
{"text": "An ominous entity from London's grim history has reemerged, and only someone with The Knowledge can stop it.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ed1674c8", "title": "Hellblazer Presents: Chas – The Knowledge", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellblazer_Presents:_Chas_%E2%80%93_The_Knowledge", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ed1674c8.json"}}
{"text": "A demon is loose in London, but John Constantine is on a beach in Ibiza with a mai tai and a Brazilian model. That leaves Chas alone to solve a bloody mystery – but when one of his old friends goes missing and a new friend emerges to turn his life upside down, saving the city is the last thing on Chas's overburdened mind.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ed1674c8", "title": "Hellblazer Presents: Chas – The Knowledge", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellblazer_Presents:_Chas_%E2%80%93_The_Knowledge", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ed1674c8.json"}}
{"text": "Chas continues to have emotional problems just when London needs him the most. John is off in a tropical paradise causing trouble, a new women tempts Chandler and old promises go neglected.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ed1674c8", "title": "Hellblazer Presents: Chas – The Knowledge", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellblazer_Presents:_Chas_%E2%80%93_The_Knowledge", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ed1674c8.json"}}
{"text": "The demon possessing Chas's would-be protégé, Nicky, has unlocked the secrets of \"The Knowledge\", and now it is looking to rip the soul right out of London. A football match between two of the city's most heated rivals creates a moment of decision in the life of Chas.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ed1674c8", "title": "Hellblazer Presents: Chas – The Knowledge", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellblazer_Presents:_Chas_%E2%80%93_The_Knowledge", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ed1674c8.json"}}
{"text": "The demon Tuma'el stands poised to take control of London's very soul. Chas has managed to array a small group of friends and allies, which does not include John, to fight back against the demonic force.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ed1674c8", "title": "Hellblazer Presents: Chas – The Knowledge", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellblazer_Presents:_Chas_%E2%80%93_The_Knowledge", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ed1674c8.json"}}
{"text": "The first issue sold an estimated 10,463 issues putting it at 182 in the Diamond Comic Distributors sales table.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ed1674c8", "title": "Hellblazer Presents: Chas – The Knowledge", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellblazer_Presents:_Chas_%E2%80%93_The_Knowledge", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ed1674c8.json"}}
{"text": "The series has been collected into a trade paperback:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ed1674c8", "title": "Hellblazer Presents: Chas – The Knowledge", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellblazer_Presents:_Chas_%E2%80%93_The_Knowledge", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ed1674c8.json"}}
{"text": "Hellblazer: Chas (128 pages, Vertigo, April 2009, ISBN 1-4012-2127-0)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ed1674c8", "title": "Hellblazer Presents: Chas – The Knowledge", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellblazer_Presents:_Chas_%E2%80%93_The_Knowledge", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ed1674c8.json"}}
{"text": "Hellblazer Presents: Chas - The Knowledge at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ed1674c8", "title": "Hellblazer Presents: Chas – The Knowledge", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellblazer_Presents:_Chas_%E2%80%93_The_Knowledge", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ed1674c8.json"}}
{"text": "Chas: The Knowledge #1 at DC", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ed1674c8", "title": "Hellblazer Presents: Chas – The Knowledge", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellblazer_Presents:_Chas_%E2%80%93_The_Knowledge", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ed1674c8.json"}}
{"text": "Woodbourne Reformed Church Complex is a historic Dutch Reformed church complex on NY 42 in Woodbourne, Sullivan County, New York.  The complex consists of a church, chapel, and cemetery.  The church was built in 1837 and enlarged in 1848.  It is of heavy timber frame construction with clapboard siding.  It started as a small frame meeting house, with a later 18 foot addition. The addition included the Greek Revival, temple form facade featuring Doric order columns and two stage bell tower with tall spire.  The current tower dates to 1893.  Also on the property is a chapel, built in 1849 as a public school and purchased by the church in 1891, and a cemetery.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a843a6b", "title": "Woodbourne Reformed Church Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbourne_Reformed_Church_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a843a6b.json"}}
{"text": "It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a843a6b", "title": "Woodbourne Reformed Church Complex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbourne_Reformed_Church_Complex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a843a6b.json"}}
{"text": "The inaugural 2020 Individual World Wrestling Cup was held in Belgrade, Serbia from 12–18 December 2020. It was a replacement event for the 2020 World Championships, which should have taken place in the same location, but since some criteria were not fulfilled, such as not less than 8 top nations from the previous championships to participate, the event is not counted as world championships. The Cup took place amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused this and other problems. The United States for instance chose not to participate.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6707d37b", "title": "2020 Individual Wrestling World Cup", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Individual_Wrestling_World_Cup", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6707d37b.json"}}
{"text": "Participating nations", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6707d37b", "title": "2020 Individual Wrestling World Cup", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Individual_Wrestling_World_Cup", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6707d37b.json"}}
{"text": "455 wrestlers from 48 countries:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_6707d37b", "title": "2020 Individual Wrestling World Cup", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Individual_Wrestling_World_Cup", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_6707d37b.json"}}
{"text": "Primorsko (Bulgarian: Приморско, lit. 'seaside'; [priˈmɔrsko]) is a town and seaside resort in southeastern Bulgaria, the capital of the municipality of the same name, and part of Burgas Province. A well-known resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, it is located 52 km south of Burgas and has a beach strip of about 1 km2. The average temperature is 29 °C in July, often reaching 30-33 °C and making Primorsko a favourable place for tourism. Seawater temperature in July and August is 27-28 °C. Primorsko enjoys more than 2,300 sunshine hours a year, mostly in summertime. The rivers Ropotamo and Dyavolska reka run close to the town. The Ropotamo nature reserve and Snake Island reserve are also nearby.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_025a3ec2", "title": "Primorsko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_025a3ec2.json"}}
{"text": "Remains of stone anchors from the second half of the 2nd millennium and the 1st millennium BC have been discovered in the waters around Primorsko, which can possibly be linked to Neolithic navigation. Remains of lead anchors from the 4th-5th century BC have also been found, as well as traces of Copper Age pottery and stone tools. Valchanovo kale, the ruins of a nearby medieval fortress, which inhabited from the Early Iron Age to the Late Middle Ages, are often linked with the fortress of Ranouli mentioned in the Hambarli inscription of Krum of Bulgaria. Medieval amphoras and pottery have been found in the mouth of the Ropotamo, and the ancient waystation and fortress of Gera is thought to have been located on Maslen nos.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_025a3ec2", "title": "Primorsko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_025a3ec2.json"}}
{"text": "Ottoman documents of the 16th century mention a locality called Zonarita in the area. The eastern traveler Evliya Çelebi marks a cove by the name of Küprü liman at the place. During the Ottoman rule of Bulgaria, there existed a pier used to transport Strandzha wood and charcoal to Constantinople and other major cities.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_025a3ec2", "title": "Primorsko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_025a3ec2.json"}}
{"text": "The modern Primorsko was founded in 1879 as Kyupria by four families from Zabernovo and Balgari (who had left their villages after the Berlin treaty left them in Turkey), who cleared the forest and built houses. In the vicinity were two abandoned Circassian villages; the Circassians had fled to Turkey fearing retribution for their atrocities in Bulgaria. Other Bulgarians from Central Strandzha came and briefly populated these villages but then decided that Kyupriya's pier is a better source of income and soon moved there, despite the danger of malaria which Dyavolsko blato (Devil's Swamp) constituted.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_025a3ec2", "title": "Primorsko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_025a3ec2.json"}}
{"text": "The town was renamed Primorsko in 1934. Primorsko was declared a national sea resort in 1953. In 1981, it was merged with Kiten and became a town. In a 1998 local referendum, it split from Tsarevo Municipality and became a seat of Primorsko Municipality. One of the smaller towns in Bulgaria by population, Primorsko has seen a remarkable increase in residents in recent years, topping the list of Bulgarian towns by population growth between December 2004 and June 2005 with 13.5%.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_025a3ec2", "title": "Primorsko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_025a3ec2.json"}}
{"text": "The city has its own airport; its runway being too short for airliners, it has no scheduled service, serving only recreational and private aircraft.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_025a3ec2", "title": "Primorsko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_025a3ec2.json"}}
{"text": "Primorsko has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa) bordering on a mediterranean climate with light continental influences.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_025a3ec2", "title": "Primorsko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_025a3ec2.json"}}
{"text": "Rajčevski, Stojan (2001). \"Primorsko\". Krajbrežna Strandža: Toponimi i hidronimi. Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo \"Sv. Kliment Ohridski\". pp. 47–51. ISBN 954-07-1541-5.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_025a3ec2", "title": "Primorsko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_025a3ec2.json"}}
{"text": "Official website of Primorsko municipality", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_025a3ec2", "title": "Primorsko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_025a3ec2.json"}}
{"text": "Information about Primorsko, including aerial photos", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_025a3ec2", "title": "Primorsko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_025a3ec2.json"}}
{"text": "Pictures from Primorsko", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_025a3ec2", "title": "Primorsko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_025a3ec2.json"}}
{"text": "Primorsko - Information about beaches and nearby attractions", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_025a3ec2", "title": "Primorsko", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsko", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_025a3ec2.json"}}
{"text": "Apolinary Horawski (also spelled Gorawski; Belarusian: Апалінарый Гіляравіч Гараўскі; Russian: Аполлинарий Гиляриевич Горавский; 23 January 1833 – 28 March 1900) was a Belarusian-born Polish painter active mainly in St. Petersburg.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d90b255e", "title": "Apolinary Horawski", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolinary_Horawski", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d90b255e.json"}}
{"text": "Apalinar (Apollinary) was born into an impoverished family of the Belarusian landed gentry. His parents were Guilyar Frantsevich and Maryanna Yakauleuna Garausky. The family used the coat of arms \"Korab\" (since the 17th century) and traced its bloodline to the Belarusian nobleman Grakala-Garausky (in the 19th century the first part of the surname Grakala fell into disuse). The artist's father Guilyar Garausky inherited the land (about 200 ha) from his father and grandfather. In the family, there were three daughters and the sons Ipalit (1828 ― after 1864), Apalinar (Apollinary) (1833―1900), Karl (1838 ― after 1869), Hektar (1843―1893), Guilyar (1847 ― after 1875). Karl and Hektar were professional servicemen, Ipalit, Apalinar and Guilyar ― artists.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d90b255e", "title": "Apolinary Horawski", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolinary_Horawski", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d90b255e.json"}}
{"text": "Apollinary, at ten, was sent to serve in the Brest-Litovsk Cadet Corps. Cadets studied general subjects of the classical school curriculum, such as languages, natural and social sciences. They were taught military disciplines, marching drill, riding, shooting, fencing, gymnastics, swimming, and also music and dance, drawing and painting. Apollinary had no inclination for military affairs, but liked drawing and painting.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d90b255e", "title": "Apolinary Horawski", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolinary_Horawski", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d90b255e.json"}}
{"text": "The architect Nicholas Benois, who was visiting Goravsky's uncle (Chief of the Cadet Corps), took notice of Apollinary's works and later helped him enroll at the Imperial Academy of Arts, where he studied with Maxim Vorobiev and Fyodor Bruni. He graduated in 1854 with a gold medal. From 1855 to 1860 he travelled and painted throughout Europe, visiting Geneva, Paris and Rome and stopping in Düsseldorf to study with Andreas Achenbach. During this trip, he met Pavel Tretyakov and began a collaboration that would later be very beneficial to his career. On his return to Saint Petersburg, he was elected an Imperial Academician.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d90b255e", "title": "Apolinary Horawski", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolinary_Horawski", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d90b255e.json"}}
{"text": "In 1869, the Academy gave him a stipend of 300 rubles annually to \"complete his education\" and produce paintings of folk-life in Belarus and Ukraine, a commission which he pursued diligently, despite the cold weather and rheumatism in his right leg. For twenty years (1865—1885), he occasionally taught drawing at the \"Society for the Encouragement of the Arts\", although he spent most of his time in Belarus at his estate near Kirilovich.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d90b255e", "title": "Apolinary Horawski", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolinary_Horawski", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d90b255e.json"}}
{"text": "Apollinary Goravsky died suddenly on March 28, 1900, at the Mariinsky Hospital in St. Petersburg at the age of 67. The death was reported in Novoye Vremya (New Times) and Istorichesky Vestnik (Historical Herald) magazines. The artist was buried at Vyborg cemetery.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d90b255e", "title": "Apolinary Horawski", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolinary_Horawski", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d90b255e.json"}}
{"text": "His widow, Alexandra, remained without maintenance with daughters, Marya and Yulia, and started selling the artist's works in the 1900s. The greater part of his works are exhibited in the Belarusian National Arts Museum. In 2009, Belarus issued a stamp featuring his painting \"Evening in Minsk\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d90b255e", "title": "Apolinary Horawski", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolinary_Horawski", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d90b255e.json"}}
{"text": "Works in the Belarusian National Arts Museum", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d90b255e", "title": "Apolinary Horawski", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolinary_Horawski", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d90b255e.json"}}
{"text": "Апалінар Гараўскі = Аполлинарий Горавский = Apalinar Garausky. Минск : Беларусь, 2014. ― ISBN 978-985-01-1111-1.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d90b255e", "title": "Apolinary Horawski", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolinary_Horawski", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d90b255e.json"}}
{"text": "Гiсторыя беларускага мастацтва (History of Belarusian Art) 6 vols. Мінск : 1989.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d90b255e", "title": "Apolinary Horawski", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolinary_Horawski", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d90b255e.json"}}
{"text": "L. M. Drobau, Беларускiя мастакi XIX стагоддзя (Belarusian Artists of the Nineteenth Century), Minsk, 1971", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d90b255e", "title": "Apolinary Horawski", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolinary_Horawski", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d90b255e.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Apollinary Goravsky at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d90b255e", "title": "Apolinary Horawski", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolinary_Horawski", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d90b255e.json"}}
{"text": "Winifred Anne Tutin (née Pennington) FRS (8 October 1915 – 1 May 2007) was a British limnologist and biologist.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ab98f71", "title": "Winifred Pennington", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred_Pennington", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ab98f71.json"}}
{"text": "Pennington was born in Barrow-in-Furness on 8 October 1915, the daughter of Albert Roger Pennington, Post Office supervisor, and his wife, Margaret. In 1938, she graduated from the University of Reading in botany. As an undergraduate she undertook published research on algae and the ecology of mosses. Supervised by Tom Harris, she was awarded her PhD in 1941 by the University of Reading for her thesis titled 'An investigation of some problems of freshwater algae, with special reference to the process of sedimentation'. In the same year she, along with colleagues at the FBA, published the landmark paper 'The Study of Lake Deposits' in the academic journal Nature.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ab98f71", "title": "Winifred Pennington", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred_Pennington", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ab98f71.json"}}
{"text": "Whilst attending Easter courses at the Freshwater Biological Association (FBA) near Lake Windemere Pennington met Limnologist Clifford H. Mortimer and plant ecologist William Pearsall, both of whom were to have major influences on her subsequent research. She later became a field assistant at the FBA and here she was able to pursue her joint interests in Phycology and the natural history and sediments of freshwater lakes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ab98f71", "title": "Winifred Pennington", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred_Pennington", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ab98f71.json"}}
{"text": "After a period working at the FBA in Windermere and at the then Botany School in Cambridge Pennington went on to become one of a new generation of respected women researchers. Moving to Leicester in 1945, she worked as a demonstrator and temporary lecturer at Leicester University from 1947, part-time lecturer in 1948, special lecturer in 1961, honorary reader in 1971, and honorary professor in 1980, a title she held until her death.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ab98f71", "title": "Winifred Pennington", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred_Pennington", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ab98f71.json"}}
{"text": "On 25 February 1942 she married Thomas Gaskell Tutin, a botanist at the University of Leicester who was also destined to be elected FRS. They had a son and three daughters. Her final years were spent in the village of Kingsclere where she remained actively involved in research, co-authoring important papers until 2003.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ab98f71", "title": "Winifred Pennington", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred_Pennington", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ab98f71.json"}}
{"text": "Pennington died in Basingstoke, Hampshire on 1 May 2007.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ab98f71", "title": "Winifred Pennington", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred_Pennington", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ab98f71.json"}}
{"text": "W. H. Pearsall (1971). Mountains and Moorlands: With Revisions by Winifred Pennington \"Mrs : T.G. Tutin\". Collins. Retrieved 4 June 2013.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ab98f71", "title": "Winifred Pennington", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred_Pennington", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ab98f71.json"}}
{"text": "W. H. Pearsall and Winifred Pennington (1973). The Lake District: A Landscape History. Collins. ISBN 978-0-0021-3133-9. Retrieved 31 August 2020.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ab98f71", "title": "Winifred Pennington", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred_Pennington", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ab98f71.json"}}
{"text": "Winifred Pennington (1 July 1975). The History of British Vegetation. Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0-8448-0658-7. Retrieved 4 June 2013.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ab98f71", "title": "Winifred Pennington", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred_Pennington", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ab98f71.json"}}
{"text": "In 1974 Pennington was elected as a foreign member of the Royal Danish Academy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ab98f71", "title": "Winifred Pennington", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred_Pennington", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ab98f71.json"}}
{"text": "In 1979, she was elected Fellow of the Royal Society. Her citation read:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ab98f71", "title": "Winifred Pennington", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred_Pennington", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ab98f71.json"}}
{"text": "\"Dr. Tutin is distinguished for her contributions on the history of lake ecosystems and vegetation in northern Britain. Her early researches were on the sedimentation and ecological history of Windermere since the end of the last glaciation. She demonstrated a late-glacial oscillation in northern Britain for the first time and she was able to demonstrate the associated sedimentary and vegetational events. She later extended these studies to examine in detail the vegetational history of the Lake District. This work is remarkable for its palynological detail and field sampling programme, and for the clear correlations which emerged between vegetational history, climatic history and man's occupation of the area.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ab98f71", "title": "Winifred Pennington", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred_Pennington", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ab98f71.json"}}
{"text": "From this work Dr. Tutin developed pioneering palaeolimnological studies of Lake District lakes, and demonstrated how chemical studies of lake sediments revealed much about the vegetation and soil history of catchments. She later extended this field of study to lakes in northern Scotland. This work has proved very stimulating and productive and is now of fundamental importance. More recently Dr. Tutin has been concerned with applying absolute pollen frequency methods, palaeomagnetic dating methods and tracer element studies to palaeolimnological problems. She has again been a pioneer in the development of these methods and has obtained results significant especially for the recent history of lakes and their catchments.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ab98f71", "title": "Winifred Pennington", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred_Pennington", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ab98f71.json"}}
{"text": "\"Blood for Poppies\" is a song by American alternative rock band Garbage's fifth studio album Not Your Kind of People (2012). It was released as the album's lead single on March 26, 2012 by Stunvolume. On April 20, a limited edition 7-inch single was released for Record Store Day in the United States. Garbage selected the song as the first single as it \"encapsulates\" the band.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f64d8781", "title": "Blood for Poppies", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_for_Poppies", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f64d8781.json"}}
{"text": "The nucleus of \"Blood for Poppies\" came from sessions Shirley Manson held to write her abandoned solo album project. The track began as a dub-style jam. The song kept being refined to its component groove and bassline as Manson refined her own vocal approach to the track. It was her idea to incorporate \"strobing vocals\" and \"weird, glitchy vocal production elements\" on the song. Duke Erikson added clean, vibrato melodic lead guitar parts to the verses. Steve Marker wrote the \"monster riff\" and added it late in the song's development. Synth effects were created by running keyboards through wah wahs and mixing the results with similarly recorded electric guitar parts, while the recurring distorted guitar lick was recorded through an amp mod into his laptop.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f64d8781", "title": "Blood for Poppies", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_for_Poppies", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f64d8781.json"}}
{"text": "Drum tracks were largely created by layering live drum takes over a drum machine; \"Blood for Poppies\" opens with heavily distorted fill followed up with a funky drum groove, the verse then featuring open hi-hat notes leading into each backbeat. During the chorus, the pattern changes to a sixteenth-note hi-hat pattern. Inspired by a suggestion by Manson, the band worked the beat of the middle eight section around a sample of the sound of a helicopter's blades. Manson wanted the vocal in that section to sound like it was a garbled radio transmission, so the band treated her vocal with various plug-ins. Bass guitar parts were recorded by Justin Meldal-Johnsen.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f64d8781", "title": "Blood for Poppies", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_for_Poppies", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f64d8781.json"}}
{"text": "\"Blood for Poppies\" was one of the first songs finished during the Not Your Kind of People sessions. \"The song is meant to feel sort of like an abstract dream,\" Garbage singer Shirley Manson recalled. \"The inspiration came from a story I had read in Los Angeles Times about the opium trade and also from watching the documentary Restrepo. It's not literal in any sense whatsoever but it's a song about disorientation and delusion and the human struggle to stay sane in the face of insanity.\" Manson later explained: \"Actually it's from a few stories... I use that as a backdrop for a story about maintaining sanity in an out-of-control place.\" The band added that the song was also a metaphor for being in a band: \"...feeling isolated and lonely. There's the line 'I miss my dog, I miss my freedom,' and that's [Manson's] dog she's singing about\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f64d8781", "title": "Blood for Poppies", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_for_Poppies", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f64d8781.json"}}
{"text": "From March 15, 2012, \"Blood for Poppies\" was given away free as a digital download by Garbage via their own band website. In a statement issued to mark the free release, the band wrote: \"We've always had the most amazingly loyal fans, and we wanted to show them just how much they mean to us by setting it free to them first\". \"Blood for Poppies\" had leaked online earlier in the week.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f64d8781", "title": "Blood for Poppies", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_for_Poppies", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f64d8781.json"}}
{"text": "\"Blood for Poppies\" was sent for \"adds\" at alternative radio in the United States on March 20, where it was playlisted by nine stations. A week later, the song was playlisted by a further nineteen stations, including eight on the Triple-A format. Four alternative stations in Canada also added the song. The same day, \"Blood for Poppies\" was released as a downloadable single across North America, and was made available as a free track to download straight-away when pre-ordering the downloadable version of Not Your Kind of People. After a week at alternative, \"Blood for Poppies\" debuted on the Billboard Rock Songs chart at No. 45. On April 20, a limited edition 7-inch single marking Record Store Day 2012 was released to participating independent record stores. The white-vinyl single press run for \"Blood for Poppies\" totalled 2,500 units, of which 1,900 copies were distributed throughout the United States, and was backed with an exclusive Butch Vig remix of the song.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f64d8781", "title": "Blood for Poppies", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_for_Poppies", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f64d8781.json"}}
{"text": "In Europe, \"Blood for Poppies\" was released as a digital single across the continent on March 28. An Australasian release followed the subsequent day. In the United Kingdom, \"Battle in Me\" was released as the album's lead single instead, however \"Blood for Poppies\" was A-listed by Kerrang! radio and a digital single was released to some music stores on May 7. The single was also released digitally in Japan as an album-cut on April 18. A month later, \"Blood for Poppies\" debuted at No. 97 on the Japan Hot 100, peaking at No. 47 in its second week.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f64d8781", "title": "Blood for Poppies", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_for_Poppies", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f64d8781.json"}}
{"text": "\"Blood for Poppies\" has been described by Billboard as \"a mix of crunchy and funky guitars during the verse\" and an \"infectious, sing-along chorus\"; while KROQ's Nadia Noir claimed it was \"a song which conjures up some of the shimmering distortion, guitar tremolo, and the sensual shoegaze\" of My Bloody Valentine's \"Only Shallow\", \"albeit with the funkier, harder edge and Manson's sultry contralto vocals that make Garbage wholly unique\". Rick Martin, of NME, described the song as \"some righteous noise and a proper poptastic chorus to boot,\" and remarked; \"If only all seven-year itches came with as much squalling feedback and eardrum-bursting goodness\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f64d8781", "title": "Blood for Poppies", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_for_Poppies", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f64d8781.json"}}
{"text": "The promotional video for \"Blood for Poppies\" was helmed by fashion photographer Matt Irwin and filmed over four days between February 23–26, 2012 in Los Angeles. Irwin co-directed the clip with Aaron Brown of Focus Creeps, following a concept theme of \"old surrealist films and photos\". Visuals created for the black and white clip were inspired by surrealist artists, film makers and photographers such as René Magritte, Maya Deren, Luis Buñuel and Francesca Woodman, while certain shots referenced Le Voyage Dans La Lune, At Land, and Un Chien Andalou.  The video incorporates noir imagery, haute couture, 1950s glamour and stop-motion astronomy shots filtered to achieve a gritty, vintage effect. The retro look is the result of the video's post-production, special effects and editing; the \"black and white\" is sometimes grainy and burnt and the images often overlap.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f64d8781", "title": "Blood for Poppies", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_for_Poppies", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f64d8781.json"}}
{"text": "Employing non-linear montage sequencing, Manson is seen singing while blindfolded, playing Cat's Cradle, eating an egg, cavorting on a Malibu beach and hiding behind a tree. The male band members are featured in a surrealist dream situations. \"We piled into a transit van with the ridiculously talented team of Matt Irwin and Aaron Brown and hopped around little pockets of Los Angeles creating a gorgeous surrealist dream. We ate ice cream sandwiches in the sunshine and laughed a lot. I didn't want the shoot to end,\" recalled Manson.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f64d8781", "title": "Blood for Poppies", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_for_Poppies", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f64d8781.json"}}
{"text": "The \"Blood for Poppies\" video debuted on AOL Music on April 3, following a live chat with the group on their Ustream channel. The video was published through YouTube and other music channels in United States on the same date, and debuted on Australian music channels on April 10. In the United States, the music video for \"Blood for Poppies\" was made available to purchase on iTunes on April 3. An edited version, with the eye-cutting scene removed, was later included as a bonus feature on the 2013 release One Mile High... Live.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f64d8781", "title": "Blood for Poppies", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_for_Poppies", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f64d8781.json"}}
{"text": "\"Blood for Poppies\" – 3:38", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f64d8781", "title": "Blood for Poppies", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_for_Poppies", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f64d8781.json"}}
{"text": "US 7-inch single (Record Store Day edition)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f64d8781", "title": "Blood for Poppies", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_for_Poppies", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f64d8781.json"}}
{"text": "\"Blood for Poppies\" – 3:38", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f64d8781", "title": "Blood for Poppies", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_for_Poppies", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f64d8781.json"}}
{"text": "\"Blood for Poppies\" (Heads Down Here We Come Remix) – 4:12", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f64d8781", "title": "Blood for Poppies", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_for_Poppies", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f64d8781.json"}}
{"text": "\"Blood for Poppies\" music video at Vevo", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f64d8781", "title": "Blood for Poppies", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_for_Poppies", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f64d8781.json"}}
{"text": "\"Blood for Poppies\" Mini-Film at YouTube", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f64d8781", "title": "Blood for Poppies", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_for_Poppies", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f64d8781.json"}}
{"text": "\"Blood for Poppies\" live rehearsal at YouTube", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f64d8781", "title": "Blood for Poppies", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_for_Poppies", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f64d8781.json"}}
{"text": "\"Blood for Poppies\" Discography", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f64d8781", "title": "Blood for Poppies", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_for_Poppies", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f64d8781.json"}}
{"text": "Hart's War is a 1999 novel by John Katzenbach about prisoners of war in World War II.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_196e1e16", "title": "Hart's War (novel)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart%27s_War_(novel)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_196e1e16.json"}}
{"text": "A movie of the same name, starring Bruce Willis, was released in 2002. The film also starred Colin Farrell playing Lieutenant Thomas Hart.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_196e1e16", "title": "Hart's War (novel)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart%27s_War_(novel)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_196e1e16.json"}}
{"text": "\"Hart's War\" on Google Books", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_196e1e16", "title": "Hart's War (novel)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart%27s_War_(novel)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_196e1e16.json"}}
{"text": "Hart's War (book synopsis) at The Mystery Reader", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_196e1e16", "title": "Hart's War (novel)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart%27s_War_(novel)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_196e1e16.json"}}
{"text": "Bengt Magnus Kristoffer Berg (9 January 1885 – 31 July 1967) was a Swedish ornithologist, zoologist, wildlife photographer, and writer. He is best remembered for photos and movies of birds, taken on several expeditions. His avifauna photography is highly celebrated.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_76eb46b1", "title": "Bengt Berg (ornithologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_Berg_(ornithologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_76eb46b1.json"}}
{"text": "Selected works (in German)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_76eb46b1", "title": "Bengt Berg (ornithologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_Berg_(ornithologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_76eb46b1.json"}}
{"text": "Abu Markub. Mit der Filmkamera unter Elefanten und Riesenstörchen. Reimer, Berlin 1940", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_76eb46b1", "title": "Bengt Berg (ornithologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_Berg_(ornithologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_76eb46b1.json"}}
{"text": "Arizona Charleys Junge. Verlag Putty, Wuppertal 1954", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_76eb46b1", "title": "Bengt Berg (ornithologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_Berg_(ornithologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_76eb46b1.json"}}
{"text": "Der Lämmergeier im Himalaja. Antigone-Verlag, Allendorf/Eder 2006, ISBN 3-929987-36-8", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_76eb46b1", "title": "Bengt Berg (ornithologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_Berg_(ornithologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_76eb46b1.json"}}
{"text": "Die letzten Adler. Reimer, Berlin 1943", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_76eb46b1", "title": "Bengt Berg (ornithologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_Berg_(ornithologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_76eb46b1.json"}}
{"text": "Die Liebesgeschichte einer Wildgans. Reimer, Berlin 1949", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_76eb46b1", "title": "Bengt Berg (ornithologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_Berg_(ornithologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_76eb46b1.json"}}
{"text": "Mein Freund, der Regenpfeifer. Antigone-Verlag, Allendorf/Eder 2003, ISBN 3-921755-78-6", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_76eb46b1", "title": "Bengt Berg (ornithologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_Berg_(ornithologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_76eb46b1.json"}}
{"text": "Meine Jagd nach dem Einhorn. Rütten & Loening, Frankfurt/M. 1933", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_76eb46b1", "title": "Bengt Berg (ornithologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_Berg_(ornithologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_76eb46b1.json"}}
{"text": "Mit den Zugvögeln nach Afrika. Antigone-Verlag, Allendorf/Eder 2001, ISBN 3-929987-28-7", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_76eb46b1", "title": "Bengt Berg (ornithologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_Berg_(ornithologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_76eb46b1.json"}}
{"text": "Tiger und Mensch. Limpert-Verlag, Frankfurt/M. 1958", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_76eb46b1", "title": "Bengt Berg (ornithologist)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_Berg_(ornithologist)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_76eb46b1.json"}}
{"text": "Phil Lumpkin (December 20, 1951 – November 2, 2009) was an American professional basketball player and high school basketball coach.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f23d0689", "title": "Phil Lumpkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lumpkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f23d0689.json"}}
{"text": "Lumpkin was born in Dayton, Ohio the son of Harold and Dorothy Lumpkin. He starred at Roth High School in Dayton, where he teamed at guard with another future NBA player, Don Smith. Lumpkin graduated from Roth in 1970.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f23d0689", "title": "Phil Lumpkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lumpkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f23d0689.json"}}
{"text": "Lumpkin played college basketball at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, where he lettered for three years. He became the starting point guard as a sophomore, averaging a team-leading 16.7 points and 3.5 assists per game.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f23d0689", "title": "Phil Lumpkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lumpkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f23d0689.json"}}
{"text": "As a junior in 1972–73, he averaged 13.8 points and 5.7 assists and led Miami to the Mid-American Conference (MAC) title. As a senior, he again led the team with 18.1 points and 5.7 assists per game.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f23d0689", "title": "Phil Lumpkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lumpkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f23d0689.json"}}
{"text": "In 1981, he received his degree in Physical Education from Miami.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f23d0689", "title": "Phil Lumpkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lumpkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f23d0689.json"}}
{"text": "A 6-foot-0-inch (1.83 m) and 165 pounds (75 kg) point guard, Lumpkin was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers in the second round (34th overall) of the 1974 NBA draft, opting to play for that team instead of the Virginia Squires which selected him in the American Basketball Association draft. He played two seasons in the NBA as a member of the Blazers and Phoenix Suns, averaging 3.3 points per game.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f23d0689", "title": "Phil Lumpkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lumpkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f23d0689.json"}}
{"text": "As a rookie, he played in 48 games, averaging 16.5 minutes, 4.2 points and 3.7 assists per game. Coach Lenny Wilkens did, however, start him at point guard for a seven-game stretch in which Lumpkin averaged 9.1 points and 8.3 assists in 35.7 minutes of playing time per game as the Blazers won three of the seven. He also had 10 assists in two of those games. His high-point game was on January 10, 1975, with 14 points against the Phoenix Suns.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f23d0689", "title": "Phil Lumpkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lumpkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f23d0689.json"}}
{"text": "On June 9, 1975, he was traded to the Phoenix Suns. In 34 games, he averaged 10.9 minutes, 2.1 points, and 1.4 assists per game, and the Suns advanced to the NBA Finals, losing four games to two to the Boston Celtics.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f23d0689", "title": "Phil Lumpkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lumpkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f23d0689.json"}}
{"text": "On October 15, 1976, he was waived by the Suns, ending his two-year NBA career.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f23d0689", "title": "Phil Lumpkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lumpkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f23d0689.json"}}
{"text": "In 1991, Lumpkin became a physical education teacher and head coach of the boys' basketball program at O'Dea High School in Seattle, Washington. Between 1993 and 2007, the team advanced to seven state finals and won five Class 3A state titles, in 1993, 1997, 2004, 2005, and 2008. He died two years after winning his last title in 2007, and was later succeeded by Al Hairston another legendary Seattle area prep boys basketball coach.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f23d0689", "title": "Phil Lumpkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lumpkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f23d0689.json"}}
{"text": "In 1983, Lumpkin was inducted into the Miami University Athletic Hall of Fame.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f23d0689", "title": "Phil Lumpkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lumpkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f23d0689.json"}}
{"text": "He was discovered dead on the Monday morning of November 2, 2009, shortly after being diagnosed with pneumonia. He was 57 years old. He was survived by a son.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f23d0689", "title": "Phil Lumpkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lumpkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f23d0689.json"}}
{"text": "Shortly before his death, he was selected for induction into the Washington Interscholastic Basketball Association Hall of Fame. Also in his honor, the O'Dea High School basketball court was renamed Phil Lumpkin Court.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f23d0689", "title": "Phil Lumpkin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lumpkin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f23d0689.json"}}
{"text": "Malik Washington is an American college football quarterback for the Maryland Terrapins.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2bab8b07", "title": "Malik Washington (quarterback)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Washington_(quarterback)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2bab8b07.json"}}
{"text": "Washington is from Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was one of six siblings and was raised in Freetown, Maryland, where his relatives helped run the community association and built a park named for an uncle. His great-grandfather left Fogo, Cape Verde in 1914, while his great-grandmother was born in Massachusetts and is from Brava, Cape Verde.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2bab8b07", "title": "Malik Washington (quarterback)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Washington_(quarterback)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2bab8b07.json"}}
{"text": "Washington started competing in several sports, including football, basketball and baseball, from a young age. He attended Archbishop Spalding High School in Severn, Maryland, where he was a top football and basketball player. A quarterback on the football team, he was backup as a freshman in 2021 before winning the starting job in 2022, leading his team to a record of 11–1 and the school's first-ever Maryland Interscholastic Athletic Association (MIAA) Conference A title, while throwing for 2,979 yards and 29 touchdowns.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2bab8b07", "title": "Malik Washington (quarterback)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Washington_(quarterback)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2bab8b07.json"}}
{"text": "As a junior, Washington threw for 2,093 yards, completed 62.3% of his passes, and led Spalding to a second-straight MIAA title. He was named The Baltimore Sun's 2023–24 boys athlete of the year. He then led Spalding to a third-straight title as a senior in 2024, throwing for 22 touchdowns and running for eight more while his school went 12–0 and were ranked top 10 in the nation. He was named the Gatorade Maryland Player of the Year and the Capital Gazette player of the year. He was the first quarterback to win three consecutive MIAA championships and finished as the MIAA all-time leading passer, additionally compiling a career conference record of 25–0 as a starter. Washington was invited to the Elite 11 quarterback competition and was a US Army and US Navy All-American.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2bab8b07", "title": "Malik Washington (quarterback)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Washington_(quarterback)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2bab8b07.json"}}
{"text": "Washington was also a top basketball player while at Spalding, and competed for Team Melo in the Nike Elite Youth Basketball League (EYBL). He received All–BCL second team honors for the 2022–2023 basketball season and All–BCL first team honors the following year in 2023–2024. He was ranked a four-star football recruit and one of the top quarterbacks in the class of 2025, and he committed to play college football for the Maryland Terrapins.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2bab8b07", "title": "Malik Washington (quarterback)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Washington_(quarterback)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2bab8b07.json"}}
{"text": "Washington earned the starting role as a true freshman at Maryland in 2025. In his collegiate debut against Florida Atlantic, Washington threw for 258 yards and 3 touchdowns in the 39-7 victory against the Owls.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2bab8b07", "title": "Malik Washington (quarterback)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Washington_(quarterback)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2bab8b07.json"}}
{"text": "Malik Washington on Instagram", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2bab8b07", "title": "Malik Washington (quarterback)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Washington_(quarterback)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2bab8b07.json"}}
{"text": "Maryland Terrapins bio", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2bab8b07", "title": "Malik Washington (quarterback)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Washington_(quarterback)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2bab8b07.json"}}
{"text": "Park Road Post Production is an international film and television post-production facility located in Miramar, a suburb of Wellington, New Zealand. Built out of the state-owned National Film Unit (NFU), the new facility opened upon completion in 2005. Park Road is owned by WingNut Films, the production company of Sir Peter Jackson. Its premises cover some 10,200 m2 (110,000 ft2).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbacaf04", "title": "Park Road Post", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Road_Post", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbacaf04.json"}}
{"text": "Post production services offered at Park Road cover full sound, picture and VFX services for feature films, television and digital and film restoration.  Full details can be found on the facility's website.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbacaf04", "title": "Park Road Post", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Road_Post", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbacaf04.json"}}
{"text": "Although the facility was incomplete at the time, the final sound mix for The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) took place there. King Kong (2005) was subsequently mixed at the facility; both films won an Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbacaf04", "title": "Park Road Post", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Road_Post", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbacaf04.json"}}
{"text": "Park Road carried out the restoration of the documentaries This is New Zealand (1970) for the 2007 New Zealand International Film Festival, They Shall Not Grow Old (2018), The Beatles: Get Back (2021), and Beatles '64 (2024).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbacaf04", "title": "Park Road Post", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Road_Post", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbacaf04.json"}}
{"text": "In June 2013, Park Road closed down its film processing laboratory, citing the shift to digital capture. A downsize of the lab facilities were relocated and installed at Archives New Zealand.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbacaf04", "title": "Park Road Post", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Road_Post", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbacaf04.json"}}
{"text": "== External links ==", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_fbacaf04", "title": "Park Road Post", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Road_Post", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_fbacaf04.json"}}
{"text": "The Prevotella-2 RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b79ac116", "title": "Prevotella-2 RNA motif", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevotella-2_RNA_motif", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b79ac116.json"}}
{"text": "Energetically stable tetraloops often occur in this motif.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b79ac116", "title": "Prevotella-2 RNA motif", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevotella-2_RNA_motif", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b79ac116.json"}}
{"text": "Prevotella-2 motif RNAs are found in the bacterial genus Prevotella.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b79ac116", "title": "Prevotella-2 RNA motif", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevotella-2_RNA_motif", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b79ac116.json"}}
{"text": "Nearly all Prevotella-2 RNAs occur upstream of genes that encode sodium/proton antiporters.  These data suggest that the RNAs function as cis-regulatory elements.  However, one Prevotella-2 RNA is located upstream of a gene encoded on the opposite DNA strand, which would be unlikely for a cis-regulatory function in bacteria.  Therefore, it is also possible that Prevotella-2 RNAs are small RNAs that operate in trans.  In this model, their association with sodium/proton antiporters would be a coincidence.  Most Prevotella-2 RNAs are followed by a Rho-independent transcription terminator.  If the RNAs function in cis, these transcript terminators might be a part of the mechanism used to achieve gene regulation. If, on the other hand, Prevotella-2 RNAs correspond to small RNAs, the terminators may simply terminate the transcript containing this non-coding RNA.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b79ac116", "title": "Prevotella-2 RNA motif", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevotella-2_RNA_motif", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b79ac116.json"}}
{"text": "The Heisei era (平成; Japanese: [heːseː] ) was the period of Japanese history corresponding to the reign of Emperor Akihito from 8 January 1989 until his abdication on 30 April 2019. The Heisei era started on 8 January 1989, the day after the death of the Emperor Hirohito, when his son, Akihito, acceded to the throne as the 125th emperor of Japan. In accordance with Japanese customs, Hirohito was posthumously renamed \"Emperor Shōwa\" on 31 January 1989.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "Thus, 1989 corresponds to Shōwa 64 up until 7 January and Heisei 1 (平成元年, Heisei gannen; gannen means \"first year\") from 8 January. The Heisei era ended on 30 April 2019 (Heisei 31), with the abdication of Akihito from the Chrysanthemum Throne. It was succeeded by the Reiwa era as then-crown prince Naruhito ascended the throne on 1 May midnight local time.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "Shortly after the death of Emperor Hirohito on 7 January 1989, Keizō Obuchi, then-Chief Cabinet Secretary and later Prime Minister of Japan, hosted a press conference to announce the new era name \"Heisei\" for Emperor Akihito, and explained its meaning.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "According to Obuchi, the name \"Heisei\" was taken from two Chinese history and philosophy books, namely Records of the Grand Historian (史記) and the Book of Documents (書経). In the Records of the Grand Historian, a sentence appears in a section honoring the wise rule of the legendary Chinese Emperor Shun, reading \"内平外成\" (Kanbun: 内平かに外成る, Uchi tairaka ni soto naru, \"flat inside and outside\"). In the Book of Documents, the sentence \"地平天成\" (Kanbun: 地平かに天成る, Chi tairaka ni ten naru, \"the earth is perfect\") appears. By combining both meanings, Heisei is intended to mean \"peace everywhere\". The Heisei era went into effect at midnight local time on 8 January 1989.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "In August 2016, Emperor Akihito gave a televised address to the nation, in which he expressed concern that his age would one day stop him from fulfilling his official duties. This was an implication of his wish to retire. The Japanese Diet passed a law in June 2017 to allow the throne to pass to Akihito's son, Naruhito. After meeting with members of the Imperial House Council, Prime Minister Shinzō Abe announced that 30 April 2019 would be the date set for Akihito's abdication. The Reiwa era corresponding to Naruhito's reign began the next day.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "1989 marked the culmination of one of the most rapid economic growth spurts in Japanese history. With a dramatically strengthened yen after the 1985 Plaza Accord, the Bank of Japan kept interest rates low, sparking an investment boom that drove Tokyo property values up 60 percent within that year. Shortly before New Year's Day, the Tokyo Stock Market index, Nikkei 225, reached its record high of 38,957. By 1992, it had fallen to 15,000, signifying the end of Japan's famed \"bubble economy\". Subsequently, Japan experienced the \"Lost Decade\", which actually consisted of more than ten years of price deflation and largely stagnant GDP as Japan's banks struggled to resolve their bad debts and companies in other sectors struggled to restructure.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "The Recruit scandal of 1988 had already eroded public confidence in the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), which had controlled the Japanese government for 38 years. In 1993, the LDP was ousted by a coalition led by Morihiro Hosokawa. However, the coalition collapsed as parties had gathered only to overthrow LDP, and lacked a unified position on almost every social issue. The LDP returned to the government in 1994, when it helped to elect Japan Socialist (later Social Democrat) Tomiichi Murayama as prime minister.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "The 1990s saw an \"anime boom\" period marked by increased popularity of anime and anime conventions. Several Japanese media franchises gained global popularity such as Pokémon, Digimon, Sailor Moon, Saint Seiya, Gundam, Cardcaptor Sakura, Dragon Ball, Yu-Gi-Oh and Evangelion, as well as Sanrio products and the animated films of Studio Ghibli, including the Godzilla films.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "In 1995, there was a large 6.8 earthquake in Kobe, Hyōgo and sarin gas terrorist attacks were carried out on the Tokyo Metro by the doomsday cult Aum Shinrikyo. Failure of the Japanese government to react to these events promptly led to the formation of non-government organisations which have been playing an increasingly important role in Japanese politics since.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "On 11 December 1997, the international treaty called the Kyoto Protocol to regulate greenhouse gas emissions was adopted by 192 parties in Kyoto, Japan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "During this era, Japan reemerged as a military power. In 1991, Japan made a financial contribution of $10 billion and sent military hardware for the Gulf War. However, Article 9 of the Constitution prevented a participation in the actual war, leading Iran to criticize Japan for just pledging money and did not appreciate the way Japan co-operated in the Gulf War. However, after the war, between 26 April and October 1991 six JMSDF minesweeper vessels were sent and removed 34 sea mines in the Persian Gulf to improve the safety of ships.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "Following the Iraq War, in 2003, Prime Minister Junichirō Koizumi's Cabinet approved a plan to send about 1,000 soldiers of the Japan Self-Defense Forces to help in Iraq's reconstruction, the biggest overseas troop deployment since World War II without the sanction of the UN. The mission lasted until February 2009.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "The 2002 FIFA World Cup was the first FIFA World Cup to be held in Asia, the first to be held outside of the Americas or Europe, as well as the first to be jointly-hosted by more than one nation. This world championship for men's national football teams was jointly hosted by Japan and South-Korea to improve relations.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "On 23 October 2004, the Heisei 16 an earthquake and aftershocks rocked the Hokuriku region in Niigata Prefecture, killing 52 and injuring hundreds.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "In November 2005, The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)'s robotic spacecraft Hayabusa landed on an asteroid and collected samples in the form of tiny grains of asteroidal material, which were returned to Earth aboard the spacecraft on 13 June 2010. It was the first spacecraft in history designed to deliberately land on an asteroid and then take off again. The Hayabusa mission was the first to return an asteroid sample to Earth for analysis.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "After an election defeat, Prime Minister Shinzō Abe resigned suddenly, and in Autumn 2007 Yasuo Fukuda became prime minister. Fukuda in turn resigned in September 2008 citing political failings, and Tarō Asō was selected by his party.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "In 2008, Greater Tokyo has the largest metropolitan economy in the world with a total GDP (nominal) of approximately $2 trillion (¥165 trillion). Greater Tokyo also has the largest metropolitan population in the world with an estimated 35 million.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "In August 2009, for the first time, the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) won 308 seats in the lower house election, which ended 50 years of political domination by the LDP. As a result of the election, Tarō Asō resigned as leader of the LDP, and Yukio Hatoyama, president of DPJ became prime minister on 16 September 2009. However, DPJ soon became mired in party financing scandals, particularly involving aides close to Ichirō Ozawa. Naoto Kan was chosen by the DPJ as the next prime minister, but he soon lost a working majority in the House of Councillors election, and the 2010 Senkaku boat collision incident caused increased tension between Japan and China. The 2009–2010 Toyota vehicle recalls also took place during this time.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "The population of Japan peaked at 128 million in 2010. This was Japan's biggest population in history. It declined due to a low birthrate in the following years.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "In July 2010, The JSDF's first postwar overseas base was established in Djibouti.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "In December 2010, Japan's 2010 National Defense Program Guidelines changed its defense policy from a focus on the former Soviet Union to China.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "In 2011, the economy of China became the second largest in the world. Japan's economy descended to the world's third largest by nominal GDP.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "In 2011, a sumo tournament was cancelled for the first time in 65 years over a match fixing scandal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "In March 2011, the Tokyo Skytree 634.0 metres (2,080 ft) became the tallest tower in the world. and the second tallest structure in the world after the Burj Khalifa.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "On 11 March 2011 at 2:46 p.m., Japan was hit by the Tōhoku earthquake of a magnitude scale of 9.0, the strongest recorded earthquake in its history, affecting places in the three regions of Tohoku, Chubu and Kanto in the northeast of Honshu, including the Tokyo area. A tsunami with waves of up to 10 meters (32.5 feet) flooded inland areas several kilometers from shore, causing a large number of considerable fires. The epicenter of the quake lay so close to coastal villages and towns that thousands could not flee in time despite the tsunami warning system, and also, Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and three other nuclear power plants, serious problems occurred with the cooling systems, ultimately leading to the most serious case of radioactive contamination since the Chernobyl disaster (see Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster), as well as ongoing electric power shortages. Following the earthquake, for the first time, the Emperor addressed the nation in a pre-recorded television broadcast.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "In August 2011, Naoto Kan resigned, and Yoshihiko Noda became prime minister. Later that year Olympus Corporation admitted major accounting irregularities. (See Tobashi scheme.) Noda pushed for Japan to consider joining the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership, but was defeated in an election in 2012, being replaced by Shinzo Abe.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "In January 2013, Shinzo Abe's government introduced economic reforms in response to the consequences of the Lost Decade and Japan's aging demographic crisis.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "In the first half of 2014, The Toyota became the biggest automaker in the world selling 5.1 million vehicles in the six months ending 30 June 2014, an increase of 3.8% on the same period the previous year. Volkswagen AG recorded sales of 5.07 million vehicles.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "Prime Minister Shinzo Abe sought to end deflation, but Japan entered recession again in 2014 largely due to a rise in sales tax to 8%. Abe called an election in December, and promised to delay further sales tax hikes to 2018. He won the election.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "On 18 September 2015, the National Diet enacted the 2015 Japanese military legislation that allows the Japan Self-Defense Forces to collective self-defense of allies in combat for the first time under the 1947 constitution.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "In October 2015, the Japan Self-Defense Forces were ranked as the world's fourth most-powerful military in conventional capabilities in a Credit Suisse report.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "A United Nations report confirmed that Greater Tokyo is the most populous metropolitan area in the world with an estimated total population of 38,140,000 in 2016.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "In 2018, Pokémon became the highest-grossing media franchise of all time with an estimated $90 billion revenue. Pokémon surpassed the number 2 Hello Kitty ($80 billion) and the number 5 Star Wars ($65 billion).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "A record number of 31,191,929 foreign tourists visited Japan in 2018. This is a 33% increase over 2015 (19.73 million). In 2017, 3 out of 4 foreign tourists came from South Korea, China, Taiwan and Hong Kong, according to the Japan National Tourism Organization.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "Japan activated the Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade, its first marine unit since World War II, on 7 April 2018. They are trained to counter invaders from occupying Japanese islands.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "Japan was the world's largest creditor nation since 1990 and for 22 years straight. By 2018, Japan regained the leading position as the predominant source of saving and investments. Japan owned net global assets of ¥328 trillion, Germany (¥262 trillion), China (¥205 trillion).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "In September 2018, Naomi Osaka became the first Japanese woman to contest a Grand Slam singles final and the first Japanese Grand Slam singles champion. Naomi Osaka was the winner of the 2018 US Open Women's Singles.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "In 2018, extraordinarily heavy rainfall in Western Japan led to many deaths in Hiroshima and Okayama. Also, an earthquake struck Hokkaido, killing 41 and causing a region-wide blackout.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "The first JSDF dispatch to a peacekeeping operation that was not led by the United Nations was approved in April 2019. Two JGSDF officers were despatched to monitor a cease-fire between Israel and Egypt at the Multinational Force and Observers command in the Sinai Peninsula from 19 April till 30 November 2019.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "In the 30 years of the Heisei era, a total of 18 Japanese (including 3 Japanese-born naturalized foreigners) won the Nobel Prize.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "1994 – Kenzaburo Oe, Literature", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "2000 – Hideki Shirakawa, Chemistry", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "2001 – Ryoji Noyori, Chemistry", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "2002 – Koichi Tanaka, Chemistry", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "2008 – Yoichiro Nambu, Physics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "2008 – Makoto Kobayashi, Physics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "2008 – Toshihide Maskawa, Physics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "2008 – Osamu Shimomura, Chemistry", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "2010 – Eiichi Negishi, Chemistry", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "2010 – Akira Suzuki, Chemistry", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "2012 – Shinya Yamanaka, Physiology or Medicine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "2014 – Isamu Akasaki, Physics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "2014 – Hiroshi Amano, Physics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "2014 – Shuji Nakamura, Physics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "2015 – Takaaki Kajita, Physics", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "2015 – Satoshi Omura, Physiology or Medicine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "2017 – Kazuo Ishiguro, Literature", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "2018 – Tasuku Honjo, Physiology or Medicine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "The country's economy suffered from prolonged stagnation, and both real wages and price levels experienced a decline during the period. According to IMF estimates, the country's GDP per capita was $39,953, the third highest in the world, in 1994. In 2019, the last year of the Heisei era, it was $40,548, which ranked 27th.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "Top 10 by market capitalization", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "To convert any Gregorian calendar year between 1989 and 2019 to Japanese calendar year in Heisei era, 1988 needs to be subtracted from the year in question.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "Flath, David. The Japanese Economy (2nd ed. 2005) excerpt and text search", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "Hanson, Marta E. The Routledge Handbook of Japanese Politics (2011) excerpt and text search", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "Kitaoka Shinichi, Kokubun Ryosei, Nakanishi Hiroshi, Shiraishi Takashi, and Tanaka Akihiko. Examining Heisei Japan, Vol. I: Diplomacy and Security (2021) [1]", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "Kitaoka Shinichi, Io Jun (ed), et al. Examining Heisei Japan, Vol. II: Politics (2023)[2]", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "Kitaoka Shinichi, Komine Takao (ed), et al. Examining Heisei Japan, Vol. III: Economy (2023) [3]", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "Koo, Richard C. The Holy Grail of Macroeconomics: Lessons from Japan's Great Recession (2nd ed. 2009) excerpt and text search", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "Pascua, Arthur. Devastation in Japan: An Economic Analysis (2012) excerpt and text search, on 2011 Tsunami", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "Schoppa, Leonard J. The Evolution of Japan's Party System: Politics and Policy in an Era of Institutional Change (University of Toronto Press; 2012) 232 pages; Argues that changes starting in the 1990s set the stage for the 2009 victory of the Democratic Party", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b682a551", "title": "Heisei era", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_era", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b682a551.json"}}
{"text": "Johann Zénon Bernard (13 February 1893 – 25 June 1942) was a Luxembourgish communist politician. He led the Communist Party of Luxembourg during its first two decades of existence, and was the first communist elected to the Chamber of Deputies. He died in German captivity during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a8256517", "title": "Zénon Bernard", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9non_Bernard", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a8256517.json"}}
{"text": "Bernard was born in Kahler. He was a metal worker by profession. He joined the socialist movement when the First World War broke out. He became a leading figure in the leftwing faction of the Socialist Party, advocating affiliation to the Communist International. In January 1921, he took part in the founding of the Communist Party of Luxembourg and became the secretary of the Central Committee of the party. In May 1921, he became the party chairman.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a8256517", "title": "Zénon Bernard", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9non_Bernard", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a8256517.json"}}
{"text": "Bernard was elected to parliament in the 1934 national election. He was the first Luxembourgish communist elected to parliament. He was, however, barred from occupying his seat by the centre-right majority, on the pretext that as a revolutionary Bernard could not swear on the Constitution.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a8256517", "title": "Zénon Bernard", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9non_Bernard", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a8256517.json"}}
{"text": "Resistance and imprisonment", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a8256517", "title": "Zénon Bernard", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9non_Bernard", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a8256517.json"}}
{"text": "After the German invasion of Luxembourg in the Second World War, Bernard headed the underground activities of the Communist Party. He was arrested by Gestapo in September 1940. Bernard died in German captivity in Kassel.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a8256517", "title": "Zénon Bernard", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9non_Bernard", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a8256517.json"}}
{"text": "Bernard was a football player in his youth. He played for Sporting Club Luxembourg between 1911 and 1914. He played in the Luxembourg national football team twice, against France on 29 October 1911, and again against France on 8 February 1914. In the latter game, a friendly, he scored a goal, and Luxembourg won the match by 5–4, the only time Luxembourg ever beat France.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a8256517", "title": "Zénon Bernard", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9non_Bernard", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a8256517.json"}}
{"text": "Bernard was a resident of Esch-sur-Alzette. A street is named after him in the city, where the Communist Party and its newspaper Zeitung vum Lëtzebuerger Vollek has its offices. There is also a street named after him in Differdange.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a8256517", "title": "Zénon Bernard", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9non_Bernard", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a8256517.json"}}
{"text": "Howie 61 is an album by Wayne Krantz released in 2012. It employs a large group of musicians and combines aspects of modern jazz harmony and rhythmic vocabulary with a compact, rock-like approach to structure.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "All songs written by Wayne Krantz, except where noted.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "\"The Bad Guys\" – 2:32", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "\"Check Yo Self\" – 7:35 (Duke Bootee / O. Jackson / Grandmaster Melle Mel / Bobby Robinson)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "\"I'm Afraid That I'm Dead\" – 2:58", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "\"Son of a Scientist\"  – 4:32", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "\"Can't Stand To Rock\" – 3:38", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "\"I'd Like to Thank My Body\" – 2:32", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "\"How the West Was Left\" – 6:07", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "Wayne Krantz – electric guitar (1–3, 5–10), vocals (1, 2, 4–8, 10), piano (4), ring modulator (9)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "John Beasley – piano (2, 5, 6, 8, 10)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "Henry Hey – piano (1)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "David Binney – saxophone (8)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "Paul Stacey – slide guitar (10)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "John Patitucci – double bass (2, 8)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "Owen Biddle – bass guitar (1)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "James Genus – bass guitar (3)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "Pino Palladino – bass guitar (10)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "Tal Wilkenfeld – bass guitar (5, 6)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "Keith Carlock – drums (3)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "Vinnie Colaiuta – drums (5, 6)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "Charley Drayton – drums (2, 8)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "Anton Fig – drums (9)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "Jeremy Stacey – drums (10)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "Kenny Wollesen – drums (7)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "Nate Wood – drums (1)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "Yasushi Miura – sonics (4)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "Gabriela Anders – vocals (5, 7, 10)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1f897f3d", "title": "Howie 61", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_61", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1f897f3d.json"}}
{"text": "\"Had It Coming\" is a song by Canadian singer-songwriter Matthew Good. It was released as the lead single from Good's sixth solo album, Arrows of Desire. The song was first released to Canadian radio on May 27, 2013 and was officially released on ITunes on May 28. Upon release, the song reached #1 on the ITunes Top Rock Songs chart in Canada. On June 4, an Extended Version of the single was released, featuring the song \"We're Long Gone\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_01d67908", "title": "Had It Coming", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Had_It_Coming", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_01d67908.json"}}
{"text": "In an interview with The Huffington Post Canada, Good gave a description of what the song is about:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_01d67908", "title": "Had It Coming", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Had_It_Coming", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_01d67908.json"}}
{"text": "It's exactly what it sounds like. In the first part I talk about myself. It's a first-person kind of thing. It's not 'I had it coming' in a bad way. It's just like, 'Oh finally. It's about time I had it coming.' Then in the second verse I talk about everyday ordinary people caught in the 9-to-5. And they slip into the dream of those pressures being released from them. That's the whole reference to breathing under water. You can find that you can breathe. And I go on to 'you've had it coming' 'Yay.' And then I go on to say that we've all had it coming — might as well put it all together in one big fuckin' package — and the song's over. That's pretty much it.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_01d67908", "title": "Had It Coming", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Had_It_Coming", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_01d67908.json"}}
{"text": "The music video for \"Had It Coming\" was filmed and directed by David Spearing. It features Good walking down the streets of London, England to go perform a show at a club. It is the first music video released for a Matthew Good single since \"It's Been a While Since I Was Your Man\" in 2004.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_01d67908", "title": "Had It Coming", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Had_It_Coming", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_01d67908.json"}}
{"text": "SN-38 is an antineoplastic drug. It is the active metabolite of irinotecan (an analog of camptothecin - a topoisomerase I inhibitor) but has 1000 times more activity than irinotecan itself. In vitro cytotoxicity assays show that the potency of SN-38 relative to irinotecan varies from 2- to 2000-fold.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38807802", "title": "SN-38", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN-38", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38807802.json"}}
{"text": "SN38 is formed via hydrolysis of irinotecan by carboxylesterases and metabolized via glucuronidation by UGT1A1.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38807802", "title": "SN-38", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN-38", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38807802.json"}}
{"text": "The variant of UGT1A1 in ~10% of Caucasians which leads to poor metabolism of SN-38 predicts irinotecan toxicity, as it is then less easily excreted from the body in its SN-38 glucuronide form.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38807802", "title": "SN-38", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN-38", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38807802.json"}}
{"text": "SN-38 and its glucuronide are lost into the bile and intestines.  It can cause the symptoms of diarrhoea and myelosuppression experienced by ~25% of the patients administered irinotecan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38807802", "title": "SN-38", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN-38", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38807802.json"}}
{"text": "Use in antibody-drug conjugates", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38807802", "title": "SN-38", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN-38", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38807802.json"}}
{"text": "SN-38 has been utilized as the cytotoxic payload in the antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) sacituzumab govitecan. Unlike ADCs that employ ultra-toxic payloads with picomolar IC50 values, SN-38 is considered a moderately toxic agent with IC50 in the nanomolar range, potentially allowing for a lower off-target toxicity profile.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38807802", "title": "SN-38", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN-38", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38807802.json"}}
{"text": "In sacituzumab govitecan, SN-38 is conjugated to an anti-Trop2 antibody via a cleavable CL2A linker, achieving a high drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of approximately 7.6. This high DAR allows for efficient delivery of the chemotherapeutic agent to tumor cells. The cleavable linker also facilitates the release of SN-38 in both the extracellular space and the cytoplasm. Once released, SN-38's membrane permeability enables it to diffuse out of target cancer cells and exert cytotoxic effects on neighboring cells regardless of their Trop2 expression status, a phenomenon known as the \"bystander killing effect\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38807802", "title": "SN-38", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN-38", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38807802.json"}}
{"text": "Interactive pathway map", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38807802", "title": "SN-38", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN-38", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38807802.json"}}
{"text": "Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38807802", "title": "SN-38", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN-38", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38807802.json"}}
{"text": "NK012, a nanodevice formulation of SN-38", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38807802", "title": "SN-38", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN-38", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38807802.json"}}
{"text": "Sacituzumab govitecan, an antibody-drug conjugate that uses SN-38 as the cytotoxic drug.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_38807802", "title": "SN-38", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN-38", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_38807802.json"}}
{"text": "The Dahal cabinet, 2022 or Third Dahal Cabinet was the former Government of Nepal, formed on 26 December 2022 after Pushpa Kamal Dahal was appointed as the new Prime Minister of Nepal by president Bidya Devi Bhandari, following the 2022 Nepalese general election.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4905132", "title": "Third Dahal cabinet", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Dahal_cabinet", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4905132.json"}}
{"text": "Dahal's claim for prime minister was supported by the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist), Rastriya Swatantra Party, Rastriya Prajatantra Party, People's Socialist Party, Nepal, Janamat Party and Nagarik Unmukti Party, alongside his own Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre). Prime Minister Dahal took his oath of office alongside three deputy prime ministers and four ministers on 26 December 2022.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4905132", "title": "Third Dahal cabinet", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Dahal_cabinet", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4905132.json"}}
{"text": "On 10 January 2023, Dahal won a motion of confidence with 268 out of 270 votes in the 275-member House of Representatives, where he was supported by the ruling coalition as well as the opposition Nepali Congress, Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist) and the Loktantrik Samajwadi Party, Nepal.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4905132", "title": "Third Dahal cabinet", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Dahal_cabinet", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4905132.json"}}
{"text": "The cabinet was then expanded to include one more deputy prime minister, 11 ministers and three state ministers on 17 January 2023.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4905132", "title": "Third Dahal cabinet", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Dahal_cabinet", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4905132.json"}}
{"text": "Deputy prime minister and minister for Home Affairs, Rabi Lamichhane, was stripped from his position in the cabinet on 27 January 2023 after the Supreme Court ruled that Lamichhane did not follow due process to re-obtain his Nepali citizenship after renouncing his American citizenship, and thus, he was not a legal Nepali citizen. Remaining ministers of the RSP resigned on 5 February after the party decided to call back its members from the cabinet while maintaining its support to the government.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4905132", "title": "Third Dahal cabinet", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Dahal_cabinet", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4905132.json"}}
{"text": "On 25 February 2023, all ministers from the RPP resigned from the government, with the party also withdrawing its support, after a new coalition of eight parties including Nepali Congress, CPN (Maoist Centre), PSPN, CPN (US), Janamat Party, LSPN, NUP and Rastriya Janamorcha was formed with an agreement to support Nepali Congress' candidate in the upcoming presidential election. Shortly after, on 27 February, the CPN (UML) decided to quit government and withdraw its support as well, and its ministers resigned en-masse the same day.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4905132", "title": "Third Dahal cabinet", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Dahal_cabinet", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4905132.json"}}
{"text": "On 20 March 2023, Dahal again secured a vote of confidence with 172 votes in his favor and 89 votes against out of the 262 members present in the 275-member lower house, where he was supported by the new eight-party ruling alliance as well as the RSP, with the CPN (UML) and RPP staying in opposition.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4905132", "title": "Third Dahal cabinet", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Dahal_cabinet", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4905132.json"}}
{"text": "Following lengthened talks for the apportionment of ministries within the ruling alliance, Prime Minister Dahal expanded the cabinet on 31 March to include members from the new coalition. The power-sharing agreement between the ruling parties apportioned 8 ministries for Congress, 5 for CPN (Maoist Centre), 2-each for PSPN and CPN (US), and 1-each for Janamat, NUP, LSPN, NSP and an independent. Citing disagreement in portfolio division, Janamat Party exited the government a few hours before the cabinet expansion, while Nepali Congress put forward names for only four out of eight ministries allocated to them due to factional disagreements. The cabinet was expanded for an eighth time on 16 April 2023 to include an additional minister and a state minister. The cabinet was yet again expanded on 3 and 7 May 2023 to include further four ministers from the Nepali Congress. The cabinet was again expanded on 24 May 2023 to include an additional minister and state minister from the PSPN, thus bringing it to the maximum number prescribed in the constitution.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4905132", "title": "Third Dahal cabinet", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Dahal_cabinet", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4905132.json"}}
{"text": "On 14 August 2023, Janamat Party rejoined the government when Aman Lal Modi of the CPN (Maoist Centre) was asked to resign as Minister for Federal Affairs and General Administration and Janamat's Anita Devi Sah was appointed to the portfolio.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4905132", "title": "Third Dahal cabinet", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Dahal_cabinet", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4905132.json"}}
{"text": "With   CPN (UML) as major Partner", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4905132", "title": "Third Dahal cabinet", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Dahal_cabinet", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4905132.json"}}
{"text": "With   NC as major Partner", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4905132", "title": "Third Dahal cabinet", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Dahal_cabinet", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4905132.json"}}
{"text": "With   CPN (UML) as major Partner", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c4905132", "title": "Third Dahal cabinet", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Dahal_cabinet", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c4905132.json"}}
{"text": "Mandana Rivka Dayani (born 1982) is an Iranian-American businesswoman and media executive. In 2018, she co-founded I Am a Voter, a nonpartisan organization aimed at educating and mobilizing voters, in partnership with CAA. From 2021 to 2022, she served as the president of Archewell, the media and philanthropic company founded by Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, and Meghan, Duchess of Sussex. Since the Gaza war started in October 2023, Dayani has made frequent media appearances to speak on antisemitism.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9dcdcc0", "title": "Mandana Dayani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandana_Dayani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9dcdcc0.json"}}
{"text": "Early life and education", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9dcdcc0", "title": "Mandana Dayani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandana_Dayani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9dcdcc0.json"}}
{"text": "Dayani was born into a Persian Jewish family who had attempted to leave Iran since the 1979 Iranian revolution. They obtained a travel visa to go to Italy in 1987, and were granted asylum as religious refugees in the United States with the help of Jewish American nonprofit HIAS. Her father owned a wholesale distributor of children's clothing in Los Angeles, California.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9dcdcc0", "title": "Mandana Dayani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandana_Dayani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9dcdcc0.json"}}
{"text": "Dayani attended the University of Southern California, where she received her bachelor's degree and went on to earn her Juris Doctor from the USC Gould School of Law.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9dcdcc0", "title": "Mandana Dayani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandana_Dayani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9dcdcc0.json"}}
{"text": "Dayani began her career as a corporate attorney at Paul Hastings. She then became a talent agent representing celebrities and fashion designers, including fashion stylist Rachel Zoe. This led her to later become head of the company, Rachel Zoe, Inc., which included The Rachel Zoe Collection, The Zoe Report, Rachel Zoe Ventures, The Curateur, and a producer and regular on her show, The Rachel Zoe Project (2008–2013).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9dcdcc0", "title": "Mandana Dayani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandana_Dayani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9dcdcc0.json"}}
{"text": "Dayani was chief brand officer of an online marketplace for estate sales named Everything But The House and the executive producer of its show on HGTV.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9dcdcc0", "title": "Mandana Dayani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandana_Dayani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9dcdcc0.json"}}
{"text": "Dayani was chief brand officer of an online marketplace for estate sales named Everything But The House. From May 2021 to December 2022, she was the president of Archewell, the media and philanthropic company founded by Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, and Meghan, Duchess of Sussex. During this time, she played a significant role in the couple's business dealings with Spotify and Netflix.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9dcdcc0", "title": "Mandana Dayani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandana_Dayani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9dcdcc0.json"}}
{"text": "During New York Fashion Week in late 2018, Dayani co-founded I Am a Voter, a nonpartisan organization aimed at educating and mobilizing voters, which has been promoted by celebrities and athletes. The organization was co-founded by more than 30 women and the Creative Artists Agency. A social media campaign headed by the organization involved having actors meet with their former costars, including actors from Will & Grace, Friends, and Iron Man and The Avengers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9dcdcc0", "title": "Mandana Dayani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandana_Dayani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9dcdcc0.json"}}
{"text": "Ahead of the 2024 US presidential election, the organization announced a merger with the voter registration organization HeadCount to consolidate resources.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9dcdcc0", "title": "Mandana Dayani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandana_Dayani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9dcdcc0.json"}}
{"text": "From May 2021 to December 2022, she was the president of Archewell, the media and philanthropic company founded by Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, and Meghan, Duchess of Sussex. She stepped down from the position in December 2022, shortly before the release of Archewell's Netflix documentary.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9dcdcc0", "title": "Mandana Dayani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandana_Dayani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9dcdcc0.json"}}
{"text": "Dayani's experience as a religious refugee from Iran is one of her stated inspirations behind her activism.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9dcdcc0", "title": "Mandana Dayani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandana_Dayani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9dcdcc0.json"}}
{"text": "In 2020, Dayani, together with her friend Debra Messing, launched The Dissenters podcast with Dear Media. The podcast features interviews with advocates for social issues, including Glennon Doyle, Adam Schiff, Jane Fonda, Hillary Clinton, Eva Longoria, and Sophia Bush. Dayani and Messing were dubbed \"Jewish Champions\" on the cover of the Jewish Journal in June 2023; the publication praised them for their \"Unabashed Jewish Pride and Fearless Activism\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9dcdcc0", "title": "Mandana Dayani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandana_Dayani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9dcdcc0.json"}}
{"text": "Since the beginning of the Gaza war in October 2023, Dayani has made media appearances to speak on antisemitism. She has regularly appeared on MSNBC to comment on the impact of antisemitism on Jews in the diaspora. Dayani's video about the October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel was viewed approximately 50 million times. She was also named as one of the \"Top 100 Influential Jews\" for the Hebrew year of 5782 (from 2021 to 2022) by the Tel Aviv Institute. She spoke on the attack as part of Permanent Mission of Israel to the United Nations, later that year. Amidst nationwide pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses in 2024, she spoke at a rally in Cornell University that was organized to combat antisemitism on campus and throughout the U.S.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9dcdcc0", "title": "Mandana Dayani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandana_Dayani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9dcdcc0.json"}}
{"text": "In March 2024, she appeared on Morning Joe to discuss global responses to sexual violence by Hamas, criticizing the lack of public support for victims. In April 2024, Mandana Dayani spoke at a \"Jewish Unity Rally\" at Cornell University, an event organized to address antisemitism and support Israel amid calls for divestment from pro-Palestine activists. Dayani interviewed hostages, including Moran Stella Yanai.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9dcdcc0", "title": "Mandana Dayani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandana_Dayani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9dcdcc0.json"}}
{"text": "In 2025, Dayani was appointed by President Biden to serve on the United States Holocaust Memorial Council Board of Trustees.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9dcdcc0", "title": "Mandana Dayani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandana_Dayani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9dcdcc0.json"}}
{"text": "Dayani married Peter Traugott, a media executive and producer, in 2010. The couple sold their home in the Sunset Strip of West Hollywood, California, for $1.5 million in 2012. She signed to the Creative Artists Agency in 2023.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c9dcdcc0", "title": "Mandana Dayani", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandana_Dayani", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c9dcdcc0.json"}}
{"text": "Westville is a defunct commuter railroad station in the borough of Westville, Gloucester County, New Jersey. The station served trains on the former Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Line branch between Millville and Camden. Westville station contained two side platforms located next to U.S. Route 130 and Station Avenue. The next station to the north (towards Camden) was Brooklawn, while South Westville served as the next station to the south (toward Millville).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c625baba", "title": "Westville station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westville_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c625baba.json"}}
{"text": "Service in Westville began on April 14, 1857 with the opening of the West Jersey Railroad between Camden and Woodbury. Service ended with the discontinuation of trains between Glassboro and Millville with Camden on February 5, 1971. The site of the former station is a proposed stop of the Glassboro–Camden Line, a light rail initiative to bring service back between the two municipalities.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c625baba", "title": "Westville station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westville_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c625baba.json"}}
{"text": "The station stop was part of Camden and Woodbury Railroad, which began 1837–1838, but ran irregularly and was later abandoned.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c625baba", "title": "Westville station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westville_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c625baba.json"}}
{"text": "The West Jersey Railroad (WJ) was granted its charter by the state of New Jersey on February 5, 1853, to build a line from Camden to Cape May. and the directors of the company met on July 15, 1853, to select the route on which they would build. The line was built in stages with the backing of the Camden and Amboy from Camden to Glassboro. The first 8.2 miles (13.2 km) of the line using the right-of-way built by the Camden and Woodbury Railroad opened on April 14, 1857 from Camden–Woodbury.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c625baba", "title": "Westville station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westville_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c625baba.json"}}
{"text": "Railroad service increased and through acquisitions the line became part of Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines, which was electrified until September 24, 1949 and replaced by diesel service. (The power house on River Drive Avenue in Westville was the last remnant of the electrified railroad.) The PRSL approved demolition and replacement of Westville station on March 3, 1947, to accommodate widening of U.S. Route 130 and State Route 45.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c625baba", "title": "Westville station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westville_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c625baba.json"}}
{"text": "Penn Central Railroad discontinue passenger service through Westville ended on February 5, 1971 with the elimination of trains to Millville and Glassboro.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c625baba", "title": "Westville station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westville_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c625baba.json"}}
{"text": "Crown Point Road is a planned station of the proposed Glassboro–Camden Line light rail system, to be located along the Vineland Secondary right-of way. It will be located between Station Avenue and Broadway at the Westville station site just east of U.S. Route 130 (known as Crown Point Avenue). Renderings show Crown Point Road station being a single island platform station, with a track on each side.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c625baba", "title": "Westville station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westville_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c625baba.json"}}
{"text": "Wilson, William Bender (1899). History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company With Plan of Organization, Portraits of Officials and Biographical Sketches · Volume 1. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Henry T. Coates & Company.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c625baba", "title": "Westville station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westville_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c625baba.json"}}
{"text": "Belgium comprises 565 municipalities (Dutch: gemeenten; French: communes; German: Gemeinden), 285 of them grouped into five provinces in Flanders and 261 others in five provinces in Wallonia, while the remaining 19 are in the Brussels Capital Region, which is not divided in provinces. In most cases, the municipalities are the smallest administrative subdivisions of Belgium, but in municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, on the initiative of the local council, sub-municipal administrative entities with elected councils may be created. As such, only Antwerp, having over 500,000 inhabitants, became subdivided into ten districts (Dutch: districten).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "The Belgian arrondissements (Dutch: arrondissementen; French: arrondissements; German: Bezirke), an administrative level between province (or the capital region) and municipality, or the lowest judicial level, are in English sometimes called districts as well.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "Lists of municipalities", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "Here are three lists of municipalities for each one of the three regions:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "List of municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region (19 municipalities)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "List of municipalities of the Flemish Region (285 municipalities)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "List of municipalities in Wallonia (261 municipalities)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "The municipalities, as an administrative division, were officially created in 1795, when the Directoire reorganised the structures of the Ancien Régime. The municipalities with less than 5,000 inhabitants were grouped in so-called canton municipalities. In 1800, these canton municipalities were abolished again and the number of autonomous municipalities became 2,776.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "Not much changed during the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, only a number of smaller municipalities were merged.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "Between 1830 and 1961", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "In 1831, Belgium was divided into 2,739 municipalities, a number which remained more or less constant until 1961. The law of 30 March 1836 regulated municipalities and their governing bodies. The number of municipalities was reduced to 2,508 when the Belgian borders were recognised in 1839, as 124 municipalities were ceded to the Netherlands and another 119 municipalities became the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (see the article Communes of Luxembourg for details). New municipalities were created until 1928. There were 2,528 municipalities in 1850, 2,572 in 1875, 2,617 in 1900 and a maximum of 2,675 in 1929. This also includes the municipalities of the East Cantons that were added to Belgium following the First World War.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "In 1961, the so-called Unitary Law (Dutch: Eenheidswet; French: Loi unique; German: Einheitsgesetz), of which the fourth chapter was dedicated to the territorial organisation of the municipalities, was adopted. The authority to abolish municipalities was entrusted to the executive branch for a period of 10 years. Municipalities could be merged on financial grounds or on grounds of a geographical, linguistic, economic, social or cultural nature. In 1964 and in 1969 and 1970, roughly 300 municipalities ceased to exist and were subsumed into other municipalities. The number of municipalities was reduced from 2,663 in 1961 to 2,586 in 1965 and to 2,359 in 1971.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "Article 4 of the constitution states that each municipality must belong to only one of the four official language areas that were established in 1962–63. In the three officially unilingual language areas, a couple of dozen municipalities in the vicinity of another language area must provide limited facilities for speakers of that other language. As only a law carried by special majorities can change the language status of any municipality, these arrangements have prevented some small municipalities with facilities to be merged in the 1970s, and thus the most minute Belgian municipalities are still found in this group, notably Herstappe with only 84 inhabitants (in 2006).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "Lucien Harmegnies, Minister of the Interior in the government of Gaston Eyskens (1968–1972) decided to continue the process of territorial reorganization of Belgium. In 1971, the provisions of the Unity Law were extended and modified to apply to large agglomerations, which were initially excluded from its provisions. It was another Minister of the Interior, Joseph Michel, who managed the process. On 30 December 1975 the law regarding the merger of the municipalities was adopted. The merger became effective on 1 January 1977. The merger of 1977 further reduced the number of municipalities in Belgium from 2,359 to 596.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "Because of the specific nature of the reorganization in Antwerp, the law of 30 December 1975 did not enter into force for Antwerp until 1 January 1983. The formerly-independent municipalities were called districts and were given an advisory function. However, on 1 January 2001 they were given an administrative function again. The merger of Antwerp with the municipalities of Berchem, Borgerhout, Deurne, Hoboken, Ekeren, Merksem and Wilrijk in 1983 finally reduced the number of municipalities in Belgium to 589 and was the last reorganization of the municipalities for several decades because the merger of the 19 municipalities of Brussels was postponed indefinitely.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "The fifth state reform (2001) transferred the responsibility over municipalities from the federal level to the three regions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "This did not instantly have any significant effect on the reorganisation of municipalities, up until the Flemish Bourgeois Government (2014-2019) provided a legal framework and financial incentives for municipalities to consider merging. This led 15 Flemish municipalities to merge into seven, decreasing the total number of Flemish municipalities from 308 to 300. Their municipal councils were elected in the regular elections of 14 October 2018, and the change took effect on 1 January 2019.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "Municipal organization", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "The mayor (Dutch: burgemeester; French: bourgmestre; German: Bürgermeister) is not only the head of the municipality but also the representative of the regional and the federal government at the local level. In that capacity, they are responsible for the execution of laws, decrees, ordinances and orders. The mayor is also responsible for the maintenance of public order in their municipality. They chair the college of mayor and aldermen or the municipal college, depending on the region, as well.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "In the Flanders and Brussels, the mayor is appointed by the regional government, on the nomination of the municipal council, for a term of office of six years. In Wallonia, the mayor is the municipal councillor who received the largest number of preferential votes of the majority party that received the largest number of votes in the municipal elections. Hence, it is also possible that the mayor is not a member of the largest party, as the largest party is not always part of the governing coalition. It is also possible in Wallonia for the municipal council to adopt a constructive motion of no confidence in the municipal college.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "The executive organ of the municipality is known as the college of mayor and aldermen (Dutch: college van burgemeester en schepenen; French: collège des bourgmestre et échevins), commonly referred to as the college of aldermen (Dutch: schepencollege; French: collège échevinal), in Flanders and Brussels, and as the municipal college (French: collège communal; German: gemeindekollegium) in Wallonia. This college is responsible for the daily administration of the municipality. It is also responsible for the preparation and implementation of the decisions of the municipal council.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "The municipal council (Dutch: gemeenteraad; French: conseil communal; German: Gemeinderat) is the representative assembly of the municipality and consists of members directly elected for a term of office of six years. The number of municipal councillors depends on the number of inhabitants of the municipality, and can vary from 7 to 55. It is responsible for all matters that are of municipal interest.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "Differences between the regions", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "Following the Fifth State Reform in 2001, the responsibility for the composition, the organization, the competences and the activities of the municipal institutions were devolved to the regions, as well as the responsibility for the provincial institutions. As a result, there are several differences between the municipal institutions in Flanders, in Wallonia and in Brussels. Wallonia has also further devolved part of its responsibilities to the German-speaking Community with regard to its 9 municipalities.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "The three regions can amend or replace the existing legislation on the municipalities, most notably the New Municipal Law. In the Flanders, the Municipal Decree of 15 July 2005 applies. In Wallonia the Code of Local Democracy and Decentralization applies. In Brussels several provisions of the New Municipal Law have been modified by ordinance, such as the Ordinance of 17 July 2003. The legal framework in the three regions is still relatively similar, but that could change in the future.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "Agglomerations and federations", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "Since 1970, the Belgian Constitution includes the possibility to create agglomerations and federations of municipalities by law. This possibility was only used once in 1971 when the Brussels Agglomeration, comprising the 19 municipalities of Brussels, was put into place. It de facto ceased to exist in 1989 when the organs of the Brussels-Capital Region were established. The only election ever held for the Brussels Agglomeration council took place on 21 November 1971, reflecting the limited use of this constitutional institution before it was replaced by regional bodies.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "List of Belgian municipalities by population", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "List of cities in Belgium", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "Municipalities with language facilities", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "Provinces of Belgium", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "Public Centre for Social Welfare (CPAS, OCMW)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "Vereniging van Vlaamse Steden en Gemeenten –  Association of Flemish Cities and Municipalities", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "Union des Villes et Communes de Wallonie –  Union of Cities and Municipalities of Wallonia", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "AVCB-VSGB –  Association of the City and Municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22f554a2", "title": "Municipalities of Belgium", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22f554a2.json"}}
{"text": "Pterulone is a fungal metabolite. It was initially isolated from the mycelium and liquid cultures of wood-decay fungus in the genus Pterula. The compound inhibits eukaryotic respiration by targeting the mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3bebf2d0", "title": "Pterulone", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterulone", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3bebf2d0.json"}}
{"text": "HMAS Sprightly was a tugboat operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) between 1943 and 1953.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_048ca6eb", "title": "HMAS Sprightly", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Sprightly", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_048ca6eb.json"}}
{"text": "She was built by the Levingston Shipbuilding Company, Orange, Texas during 1942.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_048ca6eb", "title": "HMAS Sprightly", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Sprightly", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_048ca6eb.json"}}
{"text": "Sprightly was acquired by the Commonwealth Marine Salvage Board in 1942. She was commissioned into the RAN in 1943.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_048ca6eb", "title": "HMAS Sprightly", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Sprightly", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_048ca6eb.json"}}
{"text": "Decommissioning and fate", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_048ca6eb", "title": "HMAS Sprightly", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Sprightly", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_048ca6eb.json"}}
{"text": "Sprightly was paid off on 31 March 1958 and was finally sold on 29 August 1969 to T. Korevaar and Sons Pty Ltd, Williamstown, Victoria.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_048ca6eb", "title": "HMAS Sprightly", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Sprightly", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_048ca6eb.json"}}
{"text": "In May 1990 the Sprightly was impounded by the authorities in Loyang OffShore supply Base Singapore for carrying a large amount of firearms and ammunition.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_048ca6eb", "title": "HMAS Sprightly", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Sprightly", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_048ca6eb.json"}}
{"text": "Bryant University is a private university in Smithfield, Rhode Island, United States. It has three colleges, the College of Arts and Sciences, School of Health and Behavioral Sciences, and the College of Business, and is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Butler Exchange and downtown Providence", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Bryant University was founded in 1863 as a branch of a national school which originally taught bookkeeping and methods of business communication and was named after founders, John Collins Bryant and Henry Beadman Bryant. This separate chain of schools is currently called Bryant & Stratton College. In 1878 the Providence branch of Bryant & Stratton was sold to a teacher at the school, Thomas Stowell. Stowell died in 1916 the school was sold again and merged with Henry Jacobs' Rhode Island Commercial School (founded 1898). Classes for Bryant and Stratton College were originally held in the now demolished Butler Exchange building located in downtown Providence, at 111 Westminster Street on Kennedy Plaza. Bryant became non-profit in 1949 and offered its first master's program in 1969.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "From August 1, 1935, to 1971, Bryant College of Business Administration campus was located on College Hill near Brown University. Housed first at \"South Hall\" at the corner of Hope Street and Young Orchard Avenue, formerly Hope Hospital, the college expanded into neighboring buildings. The \"South Hall\" building was originally the 19th-century home of Byron Sprague, a nephew of manufacturer William Sprague III, and later the home of Isaac Gifford Ladd. When the school relocated to Smithfield, it sold the Providence campus to Brown University. The property, 26 buildings on 10 acres of land, became known as Brown's East Campus. The former South Hall became home to Brown's music department, and is now called the Orwig Music Center.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "In October 1967, Earl S. Tupper, alumnus and inventor of Tupperware, donated his 428-acre (1.73 km2) hillside estate to Bryant College for the creation of the new campus. To thank Tupper, Bryant named the campus after him and awarded him a second degree, an honorary Ph.D. in Humane Letters. In 1971, the university moved to the new campus. The famous Bryant Archway was also relocated. The old Emin Homestead and Captain Joseph Mowry homestead occupied much of the land that makes up the present day Smithfield campus. The land was purchased and farmed for three generations between the late 19th century and the mid-20th century. Today, many descendants of the original Emin settlers still live near the Bryant campus. The school also claims a handful of family members as alumni and offers a scholarship for accounting students as a tribute to the Emin family. Historical pictures of the Emin Homestead can still be found in the Alumni house.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Bryant Archway tradition", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Students at Bryant have a particular way of symbolizing the completion of their education: walking through the archway. In 1875, Isaac Gifford Ladd, an associate of Charles M. Schwab and a famous U.S. steel tycoon, constructed a one million dollar building which contained the iron arch on Young Orchard Avenue on the east side of Providence. This building was meant to be a sign of his endearment to his newlywed wife.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "However, his wife expressed hatred for the structure which was named after her. He took this as a personal rejection, and Ladd later took his own life. The building remained unoccupied until Thomas Marsden transformed it into Hope Hospital, which was part of Bryant College. To provide more space for classes, an addition was constructed and Hope Hospital was renamed South Hall. Four years later, prior to the school's move from Providence to Smithfield, the wrought-iron arch at the entrance to South Hall was transported to the new campus.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Today, the archway remains the only physical link to the Providence campus. After the archway was transferred from the old campus, students immediately began to avoid passing through this out-of-place structure. As a rumor had it, walking through the archway before graduation mysteriously jeopardized chances of graduating. Since this is quite a large price to pay for not following tradition, most students opted not to take the chance, which has resulted in worn paths around the arch.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "The Bryant Seal represents the educational mission of the university and its worldwide implications. The central symbol is an ellipsoid globe with quills on each side to signify the traditional emblem of communication in business. In the center, behind the globe, is a torch symbolizing liberty, the spirit of free inquiry, academic freedom, and learning. The Archway, forming the background for the globe, torch, and quills, is a university landmark affectionately and superstitiously by Bryant alumni. The Latin motto expresses the purpose of the university: \"Cognitio. Virtus. Successus.\" – Which means Knowledge. Character. Success. The original Latin motto has remained unchanged and has been translated into the university's current day motto which is The Character of Success.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Ross Gittell is the ninth president of Bryant University.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Theodore Stowell, 1878–1916", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Henry L. Jacobs, 1916–1961", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "E. Gardner Jacobs, 1961–1970", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Schyler Hosler, 1969–1970", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Harry F. Everts, 1970–1976", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "William T. O'Hara, 1976–1989", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "William E. Trueheart, 1989–1996", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Ronald K. Machtley, 1996–2020", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Ross Gitell, 2020–present", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Ronald K. Machtley, a former Navy captain and U.S. Representative, was hired as president in 1996. When Machtley arrived he immediately began working with faculty, students and the board of trustees to ensure the future of Bryant. He announced an ambitious capital campaign and plans to build new facilities and upgrade old ones. Under the Machtley administration, Bryant has built a new library, athletic center, communications and IT complex, residence hall, interfaith center, upgraded all athletic fields, and completely renovated the main classroom building and the student union. The school also changed its name to Bryant University in 2004. Its selectivity has increased, and the days of budget deficits are gone. The university endowment in 2007 totaled $171 million, a net increase of $169 million in just 10 years.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "On Thursday, February 28, 2008, former U.S. President Bill Clinton campaigned at Bryant University in support of Hillary Clinton's bid for the Democratic presidential nomination. This was the first time in the school's history that either a former U.S. president or presidential candidate came to Bryant University to give a speech. Also in 2008, the 41st president of the United States George H. W. Bush gave the 2008 commencement address on May 17, 2008. Bush received an honorary degree from the university. Within only three months of each other, Bryant had two of the only three former U.S. Presidents still living come to speak on campus.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "George E. Bello Center for Information and Technology", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "This 71,000-square-foot (6,600 m2) building houses the college library, previously located in the Unistructure.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "The George E. Bello Center for Information and Technology was designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects, a firm in New York City that has been nationally recognized for its design of the Science, Industry, & Business Library (SIBL) for the New York Public Library.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "The Unistructure is a large centrally located building on Bryant University's campus. Before the opening of the Business Entrepreneurship Leadership Center (BELC), it housed nearly all classrooms, faculty and administrative offices, and academic resources. It is now home to the university's College of Arts and Sciences and School of Health and Behavioral Sciences, as well as various student support and administrative offices.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Michael E. '67 and Karen L. Fisher Student Center", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "The Fisher Student Center (known as the Bryant Center until September 2013) offers offices and meeting spaces for a wide variety of co-curricular activities, clubs and student organizations.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Koffler Communications Complex", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "The Koffler Technology Center is Bryant's computer center. More than 200 terminals, microcomputers, and workstations are located here. Facilities offer individual workstations for hands-on learning and shared workstations for group projects.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "The Koffler center is also home to the university's TV and radio stations. WJMF takes up most of the main floor, sharing space with the TV/Editing studio.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "John H. Chafee Center for International Business", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "The building was named after the late Rhode Island senator John Chafee. The center serves the regional business community, as well as offering hands on opportunities for students to learn about global business. The Chafee Center houses the World Trade Center and Export Assistance Center for the state of Rhode Island.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "The Suite Village is a collection of fourteen residence halls with thirteen of them (Charlestown, Richmond, Kilcup, Westerly, Hopkinton, Exeter, Coventry, Scituate, Tiverton, Providence, Jamestown, Cumberland and Lincoln) housing 90 students. The last and the newest, hall seventeen (Newport House), houses approximately 200 students. Every suite has three double bedrooms, a living area and private bathroom with multiple stalls and showers. Each of the four floors has four suites, with each suite separated by gender.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "These three halls (Warren, Bristol and Barrington) – are entirely reserved for first-year students – are four-story, co-educational halls with north and south wings.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Ronald K. and Kati C. Machtley Interfaith Center", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "The Interfaith Center opened at the start of the 2009–2010 academic year to replace the previous chapel in the Bryant Center. Located between the Bryant Center and the George E. Bello Center for Information and Technology, it is an 11,000-square-foot (1,000 m2) non-denominational place of worship and reflection for all members of the campus community. The center, designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects, a firm in New York City that has been nationally recognized for its work, has received two design awards: a 2010 Honor Design Award from Faith & Form magazine/The Interfaith Forum on Religion, Art and Architecture, and a Building of America Award from Construction Communications magazine for the center's use of sustainable materials.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "On October 9, 2010, the board of trustees honored President Ronald K. Machtley and his wife Kati C. Machtley by dedicating the Interfaith Center in their names.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Salmanson Dining Hall", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Salmanson Dining Hall, inside the Unistructure, was named after Leonard I. Salmanson in 1973. Prior to this time, it was said that Salmanson made one donation which was one of the largest Bryant had ever received up until this time. Bryant awarded Salmanson an honorary degree of Doctor of Science of Business Administration in 1972 and he became a Bryant trustee in 1974.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Academic Innovation Center", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "The Academic Innovation Center is a 50,000-square-foot building housing classrooms, breakout rooms, an innovation forum, admission greeting center, and cafe.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Bulldog Strength & Conditioning Center", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "The 10,000-square-foot Bulldog Strength & Conditioning Center is used by students who are members of the Bulldog Division I and club sports athletic teams.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Business Entrepreneurship Leadership Center", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "The Business Entrepreneurship Leadership Center (BELC) is a 250,000-square-foot facility donated to the university by Fidelity Investments in 2022. The building is located at 100 Salem St., across the street from the university's existing campus. The donation is part of Bryant University's efforts to advance its Vision 2030 initiative, which focuses on growing the student body through strategic improvements to campus facilities, academic programs, and student resources.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "To integrate the BELC with the main campus, a pedestrian-friendly crossing is under development. The project also facilitated significant changes in the allocation of academic spaces: the College of Arts and Sciences and the School of Health and Behavioral Sciences are now housed in the Unistructure, while the School of Business relocated to the newly constructed BELC.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "The center, located across the street from the existing campus, represents the most significant real estate gift to Bryant University since Earl Tupper gifted his farmland to create Bryant's Smithfield campus in 1967.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Bryant residence life guarantees housing for all four years, and 87% of the student body lives in university-provided housing as of Fall 2023. Bryant also has a strict drug policy, which involves the Smithfield Police Department in all cases of violations. In 2010, Smithfield Police arrested 34 Bryant students for possession of marijuana. This placed the school at number 4 on The Daily Beast's 2011 list of druggiest colleges. In 2010, the school placed at number 2 on the list. The university \"unequivocally\" rejected the characterization, called The Daily Beast's representations \"without foundation,\" and considered the methodology \"badly flawed.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Schools and programs", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Bryant University is divided into two colleges: the College of Business and the College of Arts and Sciences. Each offers undergraduate and graduate degrees. Most students are enrolled in a business discipline.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "All students in a business administration major are required to complete one of the 27 liberal arts minors. Students in the Bachelor of Science in International Business program are required to complete a language minor. All students majoring in the College of Arts and Sciences also complete a business minor.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Centers and institutes", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Advanced Applied Analytics Center", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "John H. Chafee Center for International Business", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Hassenfeld Institute for Public Leadership", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Center for Global and Regional Economic Studies", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Center for Program Innovation", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "U.S.-China Institute and Confucius Institute", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Amica Center for Career Education", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Executive Development Center", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Center for Teaching and Learning", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Reputation and rankings", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "In 2017, Bryant University President Ronald K. Machtley was the highest paid college president in the United States. At $6,283,616, Machtley was paid $920,000 more than the second highest paid college president.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Tier One MBA program – CEO Magazine 2016", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "#1 Digital Marketing Program in the U.S. - College Factual's 2022 Rankings", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "In the 2022 U.S. News & World Report College Rankings, Bryant was ranked #7 in the Regional-North group.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Bryant has 25 intercollegiate varsity athletic programs and participates in NCAA Division I as a member of the America East Conference. Athletic squads are called the Bulldogs. In addition, students can compete in various club sports and on intramural teams throughout the academic year.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Bryant has 11 varsity teams for men and 14 for women: baseball, basketball, cross country, American football, golf, lacrosse, indoor and outdoor track and field, tennis, soccer, and swimming and diving. The women's teams consist of basketball, bowling, cross country, field hockey, golf, lacrosse, indoor and outdoor track and field, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, and volleyball.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Bryant University also offers sports at the club level. They offer 20 club level sports teams, 10 for men and 10 for women. The men's club sports are: bowling, hockey, karate, racquetball, crew, rugby, skiing and snowboarding, ultimate frisbee, wrestling, and volleyball. The women's club sports include bowling, cheerleading, gymnastics, hockey, karate, ice skating, racquetball, rugby, skiing and snowboarding, and dance.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Bryant University has Greek life on campus. While Bryant does not allow Greek housing, Charlestown House is made up exclusively of students involved in Greek life.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Approximately 7% of male undergraduates and 13% of female undergraduates participate in Greek life at Bryant University as of 2023.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "The Archway (newspaper)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "WJMF 88.7 HD-2 Radio Station", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f65c1b83", "title": "Bryant University", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f65c1b83.json"}}
{"text": "Zwankendamme (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈzʋɑŋkə(n)ˌdɑmə]) is a village of Bruges located in the province of West Flanders, Flemish Region, Belgium. Its name was first mentioned in writing in 1357. The Zwankendam parish church, built in 1938, is dedicated to Leo the Great.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_749d4cc6", "title": "Zwankendamme", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwankendamme", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_749d4cc6.json"}}
{"text": "The Château de l'Alba is a 15th-century castle, remodelled as a château in the 18th century, located in the commune of L'Albenc in the Isère département of France.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2eafaba7", "title": "Château de l'Alba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_l%27Alba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2eafaba7.json"}}
{"text": "The château is closed to the public. It was partially listed as a monument historique in 1978.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2eafaba7", "title": "Château de l'Alba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_l%27Alba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2eafaba7.json"}}
{"text": "List of castles in France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2eafaba7", "title": "Château de l'Alba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_l%27Alba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2eafaba7.json"}}
{"text": "Base Mérimée: Château de l'Alba, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2eafaba7", "title": "Château de l'Alba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_l%27Alba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2eafaba7.json"}}
{"text": "Teji Harivansh Rai Srivastava Bachchan (née Teji Suri; 12 August 1914 – 21 December 2007) was an Indian social activist, the wife of Hindi poet Harivansh Rai Bachchan and mother of Bollywood actor Amitabh Bachchan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_376f48f2", "title": "Teji Bachchan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teji_Bachchan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_376f48f2.json"}}
{"text": "Teji was Born into a Punjabi Sikh family in Lyallpur, Punjab Province, British India (present-day Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan). After completing her education, she took a job of teaching psychology at Khoob Chand Degree College, Lahore. She met Harivansh Srivastava, then a lecturer of English at Allahabad University, when he attended a college event in Lahore. The couple got married in Allahabad in 1941, and upon her wedding, Teji became a home maker. She remained a lover of the stage, and she would also sing at social gatherings if pressed. During his lifetime, Harivansh remained completely engrossed in his work, leaving his wife to handle all family matters. Even in social engagements, the poet willingly played a minor role to his sociable wife. The Bachchans had two sons: Amitabh Bachchan and Ajitabh Bachchan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_376f48f2", "title": "Teji Bachchan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teji_Bachchan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_376f48f2.json"}}
{"text": "The Bachchans were a part of India's literary circuit and high society. The couple sang at events.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_376f48f2", "title": "Teji Bachchan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teji_Bachchan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_376f48f2.json"}}
{"text": "Teji played Lady Macbeth in her husband's Hindi adaptation of Macbeth. They also played a cameo appearance in Yash Chopra's 1976 film, Kabhi Kabhie.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_376f48f2", "title": "Teji Bachchan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teji_Bachchan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_376f48f2.json"}}
{"text": "She was also appointed as one of the Directors of the Film Finance Corporation in 1973. The Film Finance Corporation of India (and its successor National Film Development Corporation of India), a Government of India undertaking's main objective was to finance the production of purposeful films of good quality with a view to improving the general standards of the medium.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_376f48f2", "title": "Teji Bachchan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teji_Bachchan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_376f48f2.json"}}
{"text": "Bachchan was in the Lilavati Hospital for almost the whole of the year 2007 and she was shifted to the ICU in November 2007 after her condition became worse. She died at the age of 93 on 21 December 2007 after a prolonged illness.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_376f48f2", "title": "Teji Bachchan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teji_Bachchan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_376f48f2.json"}}
{"text": "Evgraf Semenovich Sorokin, or Yevgraf Semyonovich Sorokin (Russian: Евгра́ф Семёнович Соро́кин; 18 December 1821 – 17 February 1892) was a Russian artist and teacher; known for historical, religious and genre paintings.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22c16259", "title": "Evgraf Semenovich Sorokin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgraf_Semenovich_Sorokin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22c16259.json"}}
{"text": "His first exposure to art came from an icon painter in Yaroslavl. After a period of apprenticeship, a local priest who liked his work suggested that he create a painting of Peter the Great discovering the artist, Andrey Matveyev, for an upcoming visit by Tsar Nicholas I. This painting was presented to the Tsar, who was sufficiently impressed to issue an order that Sorokin should study at the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22c16259", "title": "Evgraf Semenovich Sorokin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgraf_Semenovich_Sorokin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22c16259.json"}}
{"text": "In 1841, he entered the Academy under the supervision of Alexey Tarasovich Markov. The following year, he was already receiving praise from the Academy Council. He won several silver medals and, in 1847, was awarded a gold medal for his rendering of Daniel in the lions' den. Two years later, his painting of the folk hero, Ian Usmovets, won him a gold medal and a stipend to study abroad. He was in Spain from 1851 to 1854 and Italy from 1855 to 1859. In between, he toured Western Europe; visiting Egypt and Syria as well. Some of the works he created in Spain are among his best-known.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22c16259", "title": "Evgraf Semenovich Sorokin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgraf_Semenovich_Sorokin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22c16259.json"}}
{"text": "In 1859, he returned home and was appointed a teacher at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, where he remained until his death. In 1861, he was named an \"Academician\" and created an iconostasis for the new Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Paris. Later, he worked at the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, where he also created an iconostasis and completed some images that had been left unfinished by Fyodor Bruni. For that work, he was promoted to \"Professor\" in 1878. His exact date of death is apparently unrecorded.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22c16259", "title": "Evgraf Semenovich Sorokin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgraf_Semenovich_Sorokin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22c16259.json"}}
{"text": "С. Н. Кондаков (1915). Юбилейный справочник Императорской Академии художеств. 1764-1914 (in Russian). Vol. 2. p. 187.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22c16259", "title": "Evgraf Semenovich Sorokin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgraf_Semenovich_Sorokin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22c16259.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Evgraf Semenovich Sorokin at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_22c16259", "title": "Evgraf Semenovich Sorokin", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgraf_Semenovich_Sorokin", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_22c16259.json"}}
{"text": "Wynnefield Avenue station is a SEPTA Regional Rail station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Located at Wynnefield and Bryn Mawr Avenues, it serves the Cynwyd Line.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_73a8a283", "title": "Wynnefield Avenue station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynnefield_Avenue_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_73a8a283.json"}}
{"text": "SEPTA – Wynnefield Avenue station", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_73a8a283", "title": "Wynnefield Avenue station", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynnefield_Avenue_station", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_73a8a283.json"}}
{"text": "The ACT ( , AY-see-tee; originally an abbreviation of American College Testing) is a standardized test used for college admissions in the United States.  It is administered by ACT, Inc., a for-profit organization of the same name.  The ACT test covers three academic skill areas: English, mathematics, and reading. It also offers optional scientific reasoning and direct writing tests. It is accepted by many four-year colleges and universities in the United States as well as more than 225 universities outside of the U.S.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "The multiple-choice test sections of the ACT (all except the optional writing test) are individually scored on a scale of 1–36. In addition, a composite score consisting of the rounded whole number average of the scores for English, reading, and math is provided.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "The ACT was first introduced in November 1959 by University of Iowa professor Everett Franklin Lindquist as a competitor to the SAT. The ACT originally consisted of four tests: English, Mathematics, Social Studies, and Natural Sciences. In 1989, however, the Social Studies test was changed into a Reading section (which included a social sciences subsection), and the Natural Sciences test was renamed the Science Reasoning test, with more emphasis on problem-solving skills as opposed to memorizing scientific facts. In February 2005, an optional Writing Test was added to the ACT.  By the fall of 2017, computer-based ACT tests were available for school-day testing in limited school districts of the US, with greater availability expected in fall of 2018. In July 2024, the ACT announced that the test duration was shortened; the science section, like the writing one, would become optional; and online testing would be rolled out nationally in spring 2025 and for school-day testing in spring 2026.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "The ACT has seen a gradual increase in the number of test takers since its inception, and in 2012 the ACT surpassed the SAT for the first time in total test takers; that year, 1,666,017 students took the ACT and 1,664,479 students took the SAT.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "ACT, Inc., says that the ACT assessment measures high school students' general educational development and their capability to complete college-level work with the multiple choice tests covering four skill areas: English, mathematics, reading, and (optionally) science. The optional Writing Test measures skill in planning and writing a short essay. Specifically, ACT states that its scores provide an indicator of \"college readiness\", and that scores in each of the subtests correspond to skills in entry-level college courses in English, algebra, social science, humanities, and biology. According to a research study conducted by ACT, Inc. in 2003, there was a relationship between a student's ACT composite score and the probability of that student earning a college degree.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "To develop the test, ACT incorporates the objectives for instruction from middle and high schools throughout the United States, reviews approved textbooks for subjects taught in Grades 7–12, and surveys educators on which knowledge skills are relevant to success in postsecondary education. ACT publishes a technical manual that summarizes studies conducted on its validity in predicting freshman GPA, equating different high school GPAs, and measuring educational achievement.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Colleges use the ACT and the SAT because there are substantial differences in funding, curricula, grading, and difficulty among U.S. secondary schools due to American federalism, local control, the prevalence of private, distance, homeschooled students, and lack of a rigorous college entrance examination system similar those used in some other countries. ACT scores are used to supplement the secondary school record and help admission officers put local data—such as coursework, grades, and class rank—in a national perspective.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "The majority of colleges do not indicate a preference for the SAT or ACT exams and accept both, being treated equally by most admissions officers. According to \"Uni in the USA\", colleges that also require students to take the SAT Subject Tests do so regardless of whether the candidate took the SAT or ACT; however, some colleges accept the ACT in place of the SAT subject tests and some accept the optional ACT Writing section in place of an SAT Subject Test.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Most colleges use ACT scores as only one factor in the admission process. A sampling of ACT admissions scores shows that the 75th percentile composite score was 24.1 at public four-year institutions and 25.3 at private four-year institutions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "In addition, some states and individual school districts have used the ACT to assess student learning and/or the performance of schools, requiring all high school students to take the ACT, regardless of whether they are college bound. Colorado and Illinois were the first to incorporate the ACT as part of their mandatory testing program in 2001. Other states followed suit in subsequent years. During the 2018–2019 school year, 13 states will administer the ACT test to all public school 11th graders, and another six states will fund ACT test administration as an option or choice for districts.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "While the exact manner in which ACT scores will help to determine admission of a student at American institutions of higher learning is generally a matter decided by the individual institution, some foreign countries have made ACT (and SAT) scores a legal criterion in deciding whether holders of American high school diplomas will be admitted at their public universities.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "The ACT is more widely used in the Midwestern, Rocky Mountain, and Southern United States, whereas the SAT is more popular on the East and West coasts. Recently, however, the ACT is being used more on the East Coast. Use of the ACT by colleges has risen as a result of various criticisms of the effectiveness and fairness of the SAT.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "The required portion of the ACT is divided into three multiple-choice subject tests: English, mathematics, and reading. Subject test scores, including the optional science section, range from 1 to 36; all scores are integers. The English, mathematics, and reading tests also have subscores ranging from 1 to 18 (the subject score is not the sum of the subscores). In addition, students taking the optional writing test receive a writing score ranging from 2 to 12 (this is a change from the previous 1–36 score range); the optional science and writing scores do not affect the composite score. Prior to September 2015, there was a Combined English/Writing score, which was a 36-point combination of the 36-point English Test score and the 12-point Writing subscore. The ACT has eliminated the Combined English/writing score and has added two new combined scores: ELA (an average of the English, Reading, and Writing scores) and STEM (an average of the Math and Science scores). These changes for the writing, ELA, and STEM scores were effective starting with the September 2015 test.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Each question answered correctly is worth one raw point, and there is no penalty for marking incorrect answers on the multiple-choice parts of the test; a student can answer all questions without a decrease in their score due to incorrect answers. This is parallel to several AP Tests eliminating the penalties for incorrect answers. To improve the result, students can retake the test: 55% of students who retake the ACT improve their scores, 22% score the same, and 23% see their scores decrease.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "The first section is the 45-minute English test covering usage/mechanics, sentence structure, and rhetorical skills. The 75-question test consists of five passages with various sections underlined on one side of the page and options to correct the underlined portions on the other side of the page. Specifically, questions focus on usage and mechanics – issues such as commas, apostrophes, (misplaced/dangling) modifiers, colons, and fragments and run-ons – as well as on rhetorical skills – style (clarity and brevity), strategy, transitions, and organization (sentences in a paragraph and paragraphs in a passage) – and sentence structure – constructing sentences in a stylistically and grammatically correct manner.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "The second section is a 60-minute, 60-question math test with the usual distribution of questions being approximately 14 covering pre-algebra, 10 elementary algebra, 9 intermediate algebra, 14 plane geometry, 9 coordinate geometry, and 4 elementary trigonometry questions. However, the distribution of question topics varies from test to test. The difficulty of questions usually increases as a test taker moves on to higher question numbers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Calculators are permitted in this section only. Similarly to the SAT, computer algebra systems (such as the TI-89) are not allowed; however, the ACT permits calculators with paper tapes, that make noise (but must be disabled), or that have power cords with certain \"modifications\" (i.e., disabling the mentioned features), which the SAT does not allow. Standard graphing calculators, such as the TI-83 and TI-84, are allowed. Within the TI-Nspire family, the standard and CX versions are allowed while the CX CAS is not.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "As of April 2025 for online tests, and September 2025 for paper-and-pencil tests, each math question has four answer choices instead of five.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "The reading section is a 35-minute, 40-question test that consists of four sections, three of which contain one long prose passage and one which contains two shorter prose passages. The passages are representative of the levels and kinds of text commonly encountered in first-year college curriculum. This reading test assesses skills in three general categories: key ideas and details, craft and structure, and integration of knowledge and ideas. Test questions will usually ask students to derive meaning from texts referring to what is explicitly stated or by reasoning to determine implicit meanings. Specifically, questions will ask students to use referring and reasoning skills to determine main ideas; locate and interpret significant details; understand sequences of events; make comparisons; comprehend cause-effect relationships; determine the meaning of context-dependent words, phrases, and statements; draw generalizations; and analyze the author's or narrator's voice and method.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "The optional science section is a 35-minute, 40-question test. There are seven passages each followed by five to seven questions. The passages have three different formats: Data Representation, Research Summary, and Conflicting Viewpoints. While the format used to be very predictable (i.e. there were always three Data Representation passages with 5 questions following each, 3 Research Summary passages with six questions each, and one Conflicting Viewpoints passage with 7 questions), when the number of passages was reduced from 7 to 6, more variability in the number of each passage type started to appear. But so far, there is still always only one Conflicting Viewpoints passage. These changes are very recent, and the only reference to them so far is in the recently released practice test on the ACT website.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "The science section was mandatory until 2024, when it was made optional with the goal of giving students additional flexibility when taking the ACT exam.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "The optional writing section, which is always administered at the end of the test, is 40 minutes (increasing from the original 30-minute time limit on the September 2015 test). While no particular essay structure is required, the essays must be in response to a given prompt; the prompts are about broad social issues (changing from the old prompts which were directly applicable to teenagers), and students must analyze three different perspectives given and show how their opinion relates to these perspectives. The essay does not affect the composite score or the English section score; it is only given as a separate writing score and is included in the ELA score. Two trained readers assign each essay subscores between 1 and 6 in four different categories: Ideas and Analysis, Development and Support, Organization, Language Use and Conventions. Scores of 0 are reserved for essays that are blank, off-topic, non-English, not written with a no. 2 pencil, or considered illegible after several attempts at reading. The subscores from the two different readers are summed to produce final domain scores from 2 to 12 (or 0) in each of the four categories. If the two readers' subscores differ by more than one point, then a senior third reader makes the final decision on the score. The four domain scores are combined through a process that has not been described to create a writing section score between 1 and 36. Note that the domain scores are not added to create the writing section score.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Although the writing section is optional, many colleges require an essay score and will factor it into the admissions decision (but fewer than half of all colleges have this requirement).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "For the \"enhanced\" version of the ACT introduced in 1989, the mean score of each of the four tests, as well as the mean composite score, was scaled to be 18, with an intended standard error of measurement of 2 for the four test scores and 1 for the composite score. These statistics vary from year to year for current populations of ACT takers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "The chart below summarizes each section and the average test score based on graduating high school seniors in 2025.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "The table below summarizes how many students achieved a composite score of 36 on the ACT between the years of 1990 and 2025.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "The ACT Assessment Student Report, at ACT.org, provides the typical ACT Composite averages for college and universities admission policies. They caution that \"because admission policies vary across colleges, the score ranges should be considered rough guidelines.\" Following is a list of the average composite scores that typically are accepted at colleges or universities.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Ivy Caliber (Schools that as a rule of thumb have below a 1 in 8 acceptance rate): scores 32–36", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Highly selective (majority of accepted freshmen in top 10% of high school graduating class): scores 27–31", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Selective (majority of accepted freshmen in top 25% of high school graduating class): scores 24–26", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Traditional (majority of accepted freshmen in top 50% of high school graduating class): scores 21–23", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Liberal (some freshmen from lower half of high school graduating class): scores 18–20", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Open (all high school graduates accepted, to limit of capacity): scores 17–20  Any score is likely accepted.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "The ACT is offered seven times a year in the United States and its territories, Puerto Rico, and Canada: in September, October, December, February, April, June, and July. (In New York State, the test is not offered in July.) In other locations, the ACT is offered five times a year: in September, October, December, April, and June. The ACT is offered only on Saturdays except for those with credible religious obligations, who may take the test on another day.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "The ACT is designed, administered, and scored so that there is no advantage to testing on one particular date.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "For candidates in the United States, the ACT assessment costs $65.00 and there are two optional add-ons, the science section ($4.00) and the writing section ($25.00).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "For candidates outside of the United States, the test costs considerably more, at $186.50, with science costing $10.00, although writing retains its price of $25.00.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "For the 2025 testing dates, the science section is only optional for the digital test.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Students with verifiable disabilities, including physical and learning disabilities, are eligible to take the test with accommodations. The standard time increase for students requiring additional time due to disabilities is 50%. Originally, the score sheet was labeled that additional time was granted due to a learning disability; however, this was ultimately dropped because it was deemed illegal under the Americans with Disabilities Act and could be perceived as an unfair designator of disability.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Scores are sent to the student, their high school, and up to four colleges of the student's choice (optional).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Test section durations", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Time is a major factor to consider in testing.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "The ACT is generally regarded as being composed of somewhat easier questions versus the SAT, but the shorter time allotted to complete each section increases difficulty. The ACT allows:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "45 minutes for a 75-question English section", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "60 minutes for a 60-question Mathematics section", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "35 minutes for a 40-question Reading section", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "35 minutes for a 40-question Science section", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Comparatively, the SAT is structured such that the test taker is allowed at least one minute per question, on generally shorter sections (25 or fewer questions). Times may be adjusted as a matter of accommodation for certain disabilities or other impairments.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "National ranks (score cumulative percentages)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Score reports provided to students taking the ACT test include the ranks (or cumulative percents) for each score and subscore received by the student. Each rank gives the percentage of recently tested students in the U.S. who scored at or below the given student's score. The following table shows the ACT national ranks as of the 2020-21 school year.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Concordance of ACT and SAT scores", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "The College Board (the developer of the SAT) and ACT, Inc. compared scores from about 600,000 students who were graduating in 2017 and who took both the SAT (2016 revision) and the ACT in 2016 and 2017. The following table shows, for each ACT composite score in the data set, the corresponding range of SAT total scores for students with the same percentile rank on each test. The most appropriate corresponding SAT score point for the given ACT score is also shown in the table.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Score cumulative percentages and comparison with pre-2016 SAT", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "The data in this section pertains to the SAT prior to the 2016 redesign. Comparisons to SAT scores are not valid after the 2017 graduating class.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Sixty percent—about 2.03 million students—of the 2017 high school graduating class took the ACT. For the graduating class of 2017, the average composite score was a 21.0. Of these test-takers, 46% were male and 52% were female, with 2% not reporting a gender. 2,760 students in the graduating class of 2017 received the highest ACT composite score of 36.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "The following chart shows, for each ACT score from 11 to 36, the corresponding ACT percentile and equivalent total SAT score or score range. (Concordance data for ACT scores less than 11 is not yet available for the current version of the SAT.) Note that ACT percentiles are defined as the percentage of test takers scoring at or below the given score.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Score vs Percentile for English Section", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Score vs Percentile for Mathematics Section", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Score vs Percentile for Reading Section", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Score vs Percentile for Science Section", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "ACT (for-profit organization)#Other ACT programs", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "College admissions in the United States", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Global Assessment Certificate", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "List of admission tests to colleges and universities", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Math–verbal achievement gap", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "2019 college admissions bribery scandal", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a9788de8", "title": "ACT (test)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a9788de8.json"}}
{"text": "Linda Morand (born May 26, 1946) is an American fashion model, cover-girl and haute couture mannequin during the 1960s and 1970s. She appeared in national ads, magazine covers, TV commercials and national catalogs. She became a fashion archivist and consultant.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b571451a", "title": "Linda Morand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Morand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b571451a.json"}}
{"text": "Morand was born in Lindenhurst, Long Island. She was discovered by Eileen Ford in late 1965 while studying art in New York City and groomed into a top model for the Ford Agency. Appearing on the fashion scene at the same time as Twiggy she was noted for making up very unusual poses and participating in futuristic fashion layouts including light shows, robots, super-heroes, computers and James Bond type spy take-offs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b571451a", "title": "Linda Morand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Morand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b571451a.json"}}
{"text": "Morand is known for her resemblance to the former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy. Noted columnist Marian Christy wrote about a meeting of the two women in a 1971 Boston Globe article, \"Resemblance to Jackie Pays Off\", which  helped to further Morand's career:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b571451a", "title": "Linda Morand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Morand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b571451a.json"}}
{"text": "\"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and Linda Morand recently met at that chic New York \"dive\" where Lost Weekend [sic] was filmed: P. J. Clarke's, and the two eyed each other suspiciously. There was every reason for the prolonged glance! of cool appraisal. The two are look-alikes 21-year-old Linda being the younger, prettier version. Linda, a successful Ford model who hails from a little town on Long Island, now is one of Europe's top models with her face currently, gracing the pages and covers of the slickest fashion, magazines, such as Italian Vogue, Elle and Jardin de la Mode.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b571451a", "title": "Linda Morand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Morand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b571451a.json"}}
{"text": "In 1966  Vidal Sassoon’s, stylist, Christopher Pluck created her signature style, a closely cropped asymmetric cut. Linda Morand appeared in international magazines including Vogue, Glamour, Mademoiselle, Teen, and Elle.  She also modeled for Lilly Pulitzer. In 1966, with photographer Gösta Peterson, she created images for Conde Nast.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b571451a", "title": "Linda Morand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Morand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b571451a.json"}}
{"text": "In the Sixties  Morand was contracted to walk the runways of Paris and appear in the pages of the European fashion magazines, such as Elle, Marie Claire and ''Vogue. Her modeling career took her on assignments throughout the fashion capitals of Europe, including Paris, Milan, Munich and Barcelona. She was muse to Pierre Cardin, who contracted with her to walk the runway and appear in fashion photos.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b571451a", "title": "Linda Morand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Morand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b571451a.json"}}
{"text": "Morand was based in Rome through 1969 modeling for fashion houses Valentino, Pucci and Roberto Capucci and playing small parts in a few Italian movies and TV shows. Shortly after her marriage to French actor Philippe Forquet in 1970, her husband became a teen idol starring as General Lafayette in a prime time historical mini-series for ABC called The Young Rebels.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b571451a", "title": "Linda Morand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Morand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b571451a.json"}}
{"text": "By 1974 her modeling assignments included walking the catwalks of the major European haute couture designers including Pierre Cardin, Jean Patou, Karl Lagerfeld, Emanuel Ungaro, Paco Rabanne, Chanel and Valentino.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b571451a", "title": "Linda Morand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Morand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b571451a.json"}}
{"text": "Helmut Newton shot a ten-page spread for Vogue Paris with Morand made up in a satirical reportage type layout that seemed like she was really Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. The pictures caused such a stir that Richard Avedon sent a telegram of congratulation, and said Jackie was ready to sue. This incident calmed down when it was pointed out that Linda Morand's name was mentioned in the article. This led to additional assignments throughout Europe. Hans Feurer photographed her for several  layouts in Italian Vogue, Marie Claire, Mode International.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b571451a", "title": "Linda Morand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Morand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b571451a.json"}}
{"text": "MODEL:The Ugly Business of Beautiful Women by Michael Gross - 1995 Morrow pp. 292 – 293.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b571451a", "title": "Linda Morand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Morand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b571451a.json"}}
{"text": "Made You Look by Denise Bella Vlasis ISBN 1-928739-00-8 THRILLENNIUM BOOKS- Publisher", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b571451a", "title": "Linda Morand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Morand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b571451a.json"}}
{"text": "Double Take by Devon Cass and John Filemon Publisher: ReganBooks; 1st ed edition (January 1998)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b571451a", "title": "Linda Morand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Morand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b571451a.json"}}
{"text": "Stylist  The Interpreters of Fashion - Style.com -  Rizzoli Publishing 2008 pg.122 Joe Zee", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b571451a", "title": "Linda Morand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Morand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b571451a.json"}}
{"text": "Icons of Fashion The 20th Century - Prestel Publishing, Inc. 2005 Pictured on page 89 wearing Cardin.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b571451a", "title": "Linda Morand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Morand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b571451a.json"}}
{"text": "\"For Sports Illustrated autograph hound, no sign from this cover girl - latimes.com\". Los Angeles Times. 16 July 2013. Retrieved 2014-02-14.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b571451a", "title": "Linda Morand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Morand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b571451a.json"}}
{"text": "miniMadMOD60s Fashion Archives", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b571451a", "title": "Linda Morand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Morand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b571451a.json"}}
{"text": "Linda Morand at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b571451a", "title": "Linda Morand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Morand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b571451a.json"}}
{"text": "Celebrity Supermodel Signs with Fairchild International", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b571451a", "title": "Linda Morand", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Morand", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b571451a.json"}}
{"text": "Rosemary Brown (born 1970) is an American politician. A Republican, she is a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate representing the 40th district since 2023. She previously served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives representing the 189th district from 2011-2022.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14e4a52e", "title": "Rosemary Brown (American politician)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Brown_(American_politician)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14e4a52e.json"}}
{"text": "Early life and education", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14e4a52e", "title": "Rosemary Brown (American politician)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Brown_(American_politician)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14e4a52e.json"}}
{"text": "Brown graduated from East Stroudsburg High School and holds a bachelor's degree in communications from the University of Scranton.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14e4a52e", "title": "Rosemary Brown (American politician)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Brown_(American_politician)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14e4a52e.json"}}
{"text": "Prior to becoming a legislator, Brown worked as an assistant buyer for Macy's and as an executive sales manager for Macy’s, Saks Fifth Avenue, and The Bon-Ton stores. Brown then began working in pharmaceutical sales for Hoffmann-La Roche and Vistakon, which is a branch of Johnson & Johnson.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14e4a52e", "title": "Rosemary Brown (American politician)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Brown_(American_politician)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14e4a52e.json"}}
{"text": "The 2019-20 legislative session marks her fifth term representing the people of the 189th District in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. Brown was first elected to represent the 189th district in the Pennsylvania House of Representative in November 2010.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14e4a52e", "title": "Rosemary Brown (American politician)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Brown_(American_politician)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14e4a52e.json"}}
{"text": "She served as a deputy whip for the House Republican Caucus and as a member of the House Appropriations, Education, Professional Licensure and Transportation committees.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14e4a52e", "title": "Rosemary Brown (American politician)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Brown_(American_politician)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14e4a52e.json"}}
{"text": "Brown announced she would run for the Pennsylvania State Senate and not seek re-election to the House in 2022.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14e4a52e", "title": "Rosemary Brown (American politician)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Brown_(American_politician)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14e4a52e.json"}}
{"text": "For the 2025-2026 Session Brown serves on the following committees in the State Senate:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14e4a52e", "title": "Rosemary Brown (American politician)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Brown_(American_politician)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14e4a52e.json"}}
{"text": "Community, Economic & Recreational Development (Chair)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14e4a52e", "title": "Rosemary Brown (American politician)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Brown_(American_politician)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14e4a52e.json"}}
{"text": "Local Government (Vice Chair)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14e4a52e", "title": "Rosemary Brown (American politician)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Brown_(American_politician)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14e4a52e.json"}}
{"text": "Consumer Protection & Professional Licensure", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14e4a52e", "title": "Rosemary Brown (American politician)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Brown_(American_politician)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14e4a52e.json"}}
{"text": "Brown resides in Middle Smithfield Township with her husband, Joe, and their three children.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_14e4a52e", "title": "Rosemary Brown (American politician)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Brown_(American_politician)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_14e4a52e.json"}}
{"text": "Cristiano de Melo Araújo (January 24, 1986 – June 24, 2015) was a Brazilian singer-songwriter.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2444684c", "title": "Cristiano Araújo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ara%C3%BAjo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2444684c.json"}}
{"text": "Araújo was known for the singles \"Efeitos\" (2011), \"Você mudou\" (2012), \"Maus bocados\" (2013), \"Cê que sabe\" and \"É com ela que eu estou\" (both in 2014). After his album Efeitos in 2011 and live álbum/ DVD Ao Vivo em Goiânia in 2012, he released his solo studio album Continua in 2013. In 2014, he released his third live album In The Cities – Ao Vivo em Cuiabá. Araújo was signed to the Brazilian Som Livre record label.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2444684c", "title": "Cristiano Araújo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ara%C3%BAjo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2444684c.json"}}
{"text": "From early childhood in Goiás, Cristiano Araújo was influenced by sertanejo. Araújo came from a musically inclined family, containing four generations of musicians and singers. His parents João Reis and Zenaide Melo encouraged and supported him in his conquest for a musical career and bought him his first guitar at 6 years old. By age 9, he was putting on public performances and shows. At 10 years old, he was composing songs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2444684c", "title": "Cristiano Araújo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ara%C3%BAjo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2444684c.json"}}
{"text": "At age 13 he recorded his first EP and performed it during a popular Brazilian TV show, Festival do Faustão. His album was released and quickly shot up to the No. 6 spot in local \"região centro oeste\" (the midwest) charts. He was then offered the opportunity to include one of his songs in a popular \"young talents\" or \"Jovens Talentos\" CD, which would open chances for publicity all over the country.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2444684c", "title": "Cristiano Araújo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ara%C3%BAjo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2444684c.json"}}
{"text": "With sister Ana Cristina", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2444684c", "title": "Cristiano Araújo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ara%C3%BAjo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2444684c.json"}}
{"text": "In the years to come, Araújo would appear on television shows and main events. At 17, he formed a duo with his twin sister Ana Cristina. For the next 6 years six years, they would record many songs and perform together. However, they failed to achieve much commercial success and were only known locally.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2444684c", "title": "Cristiano Araújo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ara%C3%BAjo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2444684c.json"}}
{"text": "In 2010, at age 24, Araujo decided shift to a solo career. He began to have appearances and features with well-established sertanejo artists and duos in preparation for a live CD and DVD. In early 2011, he released a solo album Efeitos with appearances by Gusttavo Lima, Humberto & Ronaldo and by Jorge (from the duo Jorge & Mateus). With encouragement from Jorge (duo Jorge & Mateus), a long time friend, Araújo decided to follow up his newly founded popularity with a country wide tour. In the peak of the tour, he performed an average of 20 shows per month in front of large crowds and sold-out venues. Within a one-year (2011–12) he performed 117 shows.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2444684c", "title": "Cristiano Araújo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ara%C3%BAjo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2444684c.json"}}
{"text": "Araújo ended up being invited to the talk show Domingão do Faustão. This opened up doors for Brazilian appearances at places such as the Sertanejo Pop Festival 2012 held in São Paulo, followed by a live album and DVD Ao Vivo em Goiânia with collaborations from well-known acts like Bruno e Marrone, Fernando & Sorocaba, Israel & Rodolffo and João Reis amongst others.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2444684c", "title": "Cristiano Araújo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ara%C3%BAjo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2444684c.json"}}
{"text": "In 2013, he released his first studio album Continua.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2444684c", "title": "Cristiano Araújo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ara%C3%BAjo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2444684c.json"}}
{"text": "In 2014, he released his last DVD titled In The Cities, this being held in Cuiabá (Mato Grosso). The DVD has more than 40 tons of equipment structure. One piece of news revealed is an application launched exclusively – a partnership between the American CIA and Hit Music – which will provide a direct interaction with the audience. In the record of this megaespetáculo is the special participation of international artist Ian Thomas, who is 17 years old.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2444684c", "title": "Cristiano Araújo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ara%C3%BAjo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2444684c.json"}}
{"text": "Araújo, 29, and his girlfriend, Allana Moraes, 19, died in the early morning of June 24, 2015 when the car they were riding in veered off the road and rolled over on the highway BR-153 at km 614, between Morrinhos and Pontalina in Goiás. The accident occurred around 3:30 am, as he was returning from a concert in Itumbiara when his body guard/driver lost control of the car – 2015 Range Rover Sport HSE SD V6. There have been few details released to the public as to what caused the driver to be distracted. However, alcohol or falling asleep were not the factors. Speed (179 km/h on a limited to 110 km/h road), welded rims and lack of safety were factors. The driver and Araujo's manager (who was in the passenger seat) were using seat belts and suffered only minor injuries.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2444684c", "title": "Cristiano Araújo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ara%C3%BAjo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2444684c.json"}}
{"text": "Araújo was sleeping upon Moraes's lap and were in the back seat, without their seat belts. During the crash, Araújo and Moraes were thrown out of the car, causing Araújo severe injuries. Moraes was pronounced dead on the scene from blunt cerebral trauma. Araujo had been stabilized in a municipal hospital, but he did not endure the transfer to a larger, more effective hospital – Hospital de Urgências de Goiânia (Hugo) – and was pronounced dead upon arrival at the trauma center.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2444684c", "title": "Cristiano Araújo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ara%C3%BAjo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2444684c.json"}}
{"text": "The wake was on the same day of his death and was public, so fans could pay respects and mourn. Araújo and Moraes were buried the following day in the same cemetery.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2444684c", "title": "Cristiano Araújo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ara%C3%BAjo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2444684c.json"}}
{"text": "2011–2012: Efeitos Tour", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2444684c", "title": "Cristiano Araújo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ara%C3%BAjo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2444684c.json"}}
{"text": "2013–2014: Continua Tour", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2444684c", "title": "Cristiano Araújo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ara%C3%BAjo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2444684c.json"}}
{"text": "2014: In The USA Tour", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2444684c", "title": "Cristiano Araújo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ara%C3%BAjo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2444684c.json"}}
{"text": "2014–2015: In The Cities Tour", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_2444684c", "title": "Cristiano Araújo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ara%C3%BAjo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_2444684c.json"}}
{"text": "A peace treaty is an agreement between two or more hostile parties, usually countries or governments, which formally ends a state of war between the parties. It is different from an armistice, which is an agreement to stop hostilities; a surrender, in which an army agrees to give up arms; or a ceasefire or truce, in which the parties may agree to temporarily or permanently stop fighting.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "The need for a peace treaty in diplomacy arises from the fact that even when a war is actually over and fighting has ceased, the legal and political state of war is not automatically terminated upon the end of actual fighting and the belligerent parties are still legally defined as enemies. This is evident from the definition of a \"state of war\" as \"a legal state created and ended by official declaration regardless of actual armed hostilities and usually characterized by operation of the rules of war\". As a result, even when hostilities are over, a peace treaty is required for the former belligerents in order to reach an, agreement on all issues involved in transition to a legal state of peace. The skill of negotiating a peace treaty in the modern era has been referred to by legal scholar Christine Bell as the lex pacificatoria, with a peace treaty potentially contributing to the legal framework governing the post conflict period, or jus post bellum.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Since 1950, the rate at which interstate wars end with a formal peace treaty has substantially declined.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Elements of treaties", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "The content of a treaty usually depends on the nature of the conflict being concluded. In the case of large conflicts between numerous parties, international treaty covering all issues or separate treaties signed between each party.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "There are many possible issues that may be included in a peace treaty such as the following:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Formal designation of borders", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Processes for resolving future disputes", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Access to and apportioning of resources", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Status of prisoners of war", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Settling of existing debts", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Defining of as unjust behavior", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "The re-application of existing treaties", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "In modern history, certain intractable conflict situations may be brought to a ceasefire before they are dealt with via a peace process in which a number of discrete steps are taken on each side to reach the mutually-desired eventual goal of peace and the signing of a treaty.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Role of the United Nations", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Since its founding after World War II the United Nations has sought to act as a forum for resolution in matters of international conflict. A number of international treaties and obligations are involved in which member states seek to limit and control behavior during wartime. The action of declaring war is now very unlikely to be undertaken.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Peace treaty under the United Nations", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Since the end of World War II, United Nations Charter Article 2 restricts the use of military force. The UN Charter allows only two exceptions: \"military measures by UN Security Council resolutions\" and \"exercise of self-defense\" in countries subjected to armed attacks in relation to the use of force by states. Under the current UN system, war is triggered only by the enforcement of military measures under UN Security Council resolutions or the exercise of self-defense rights against illegal armed attacks.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Therefore, if the use of military force arises, it is called 'international armed conflict' instead of 'war'. The fact that the current international law system avoids the use of the term 'war' also avoids the conclusion of a peace treaty based on the existence of war. A peace treaty was not signed after the end of the Iraq War in 2003, and only the UN Security Council Resolution 1483, adopted on May 22, 2003, stipulated the postwar regime for the stability and security of Iraq exclusively.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Post-conflict elections", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "One of the UN's roles in peace processes is to conduct post-conflict elections but, on the whole, they are thought to have no effect, or even a negative effect, on peace after civil war.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "However, when peace agreements transform rebel groups into political parties, the effect on peace is positive, especially if international interveners use their moments of power distribution to hold the former combatants to the terms of their peace agreement.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Historic peace treaties", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Probably the earliest recorded peace treaty, although it is rarely mentioned or remembered, was between the Hittite Empire and the Hayasa-Azzi confederation, around 1350 BC. More famously, one of the earliest recorded peace treaties was concluded between the Hittite and the Egyptian Empires after 1274 BC Battle of Kadesh (see Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty). The battle took place in what is modern-day Syria, the entire Levant being at that time contested between the two empires. After an extremely costly four-day battle, in which neither side gained a substantial advantage, both sides claimed victory. The lack of resolution led to further conflict between Egypt and the Hittites, with Ramesses II capturing the city of Kadesh and Amurru in his 8th year as king. However, the prospect of further protracted conflict between the two states eventually persuaded both their rulers, Hatusiliš III and Ramesses, to end their dispute and sign a peace treaty. Neither side could afford the possibility of a longer conflict since they were threatened by other enemies: Egypt was faced with the task of defending its long western border with Libya against the incursion of Libyan tribesmen by building a chain of fortresses stretching from Mersa Matruh to Rakotis, and the Hittites faced a more formidable threat in the form of the Assyrian Empire, which \"had conquered Hanigalbat, the heartland of Mitanni, between the Tigris and the Euphrates\" rivers, which had previously been a Hittite vassal state.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "The peace treaty was recorded in two versions, one in Egyptian hieroglyphs, and the other in Akkadian using cuneiform script; both versions survive. Such dual-language recording is common to many subsequent treaties. The treaty differs from others, however, in that the two language versions are worded differently. Although the majority of the text is identical, the Hittite version claims that the Egyptians came suing for peace, and the Egyptian version claims the reverse. The treaty was given to the Egyptians in the form of a silver plaque, and the \"pocket-book\" version was taken back to Egypt and carved into the Temple of Karnak.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "The Treaty was concluded between Ramesses II and Hatusiliš III in the twenty-first year of Ramesses' reign (c. 1258 BC). Its eighteen articles call for peace between Egypt and Hatti and then proceed to maintain that their respective people also demand peace. It contains many elements found in more modern treaties, but it is more far-reaching than later treaties' simple declaration of the end of hostilities. It also contains a mutual-assistance pact in case one of the empires should be attacked by a third party or in the event of internal strife. There are articles pertaining to the forced repatriation of refugees and provisions that they should not be harmed, which might be thought of as the first extradition treaty. There are also threats of retribution, should the treaty be broken.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "The treaty is considered of such importance in the field of international relations that a replica of it hangs in the UN's headquarters.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Following the five years' war between Kushite Kandake, Amanirenas and Augustus of Rome, a peace treaty was conducted in the year 21/20 BC. Mediators were sent from Kush to Augustus who was in Samos at that time. An entente between the two parties was beneficial to both. The Kushites were a regional power in their own right and resented paying tribute. The Romans also sought a quiet southern border for their absolutely essential Egyptian grain supplies, without constant war commitments, and welcomed a friendly buffer state in a border region beset with raiding nomads. The Kushites too appear to have found nomads like the Blemmyes to be a problem.  The conditions were ripe for a deal. During negotiations, Augustus granted the Kushite envoys all they asked for, and also cancelled the tribute earlier demanded by Rome. Premmis (Qasr Ibrim), and areas north of Qasr Ibrim in the southern portion of the \"Thirty-Mile Strip\" were ceded to the Kushites. The Dodekaschoinos was established as a buffer zone, and Roman forces were pulled back to the old Greek Ptolemaic border at Maharraqa.  Roman emperor Augustus signed the treaty with the Kushites on Samos. The settlement bought Rome peace and quiet on its Egyptian frontier, as well as increased the prestige of Roman Emperor Augustus, demonstrating his skill and ability to broker peace without constant warfare, and do business with the distant Kushites, who a short time earlier had been fighting his troops. The respect accorded the emperor by the Kushite envoys as the treaty also created a favorable impression with other foreign ambassadors present on Samos, including envoys from India, and strengthened Augustus' hand in upcoming negotiations with the powerful Parthians.  The settlement ushered in a period of peace between the two empires for around three centuries. Inscriptions erected by Queen Amanirenas on an ancient temple at Hamadab, south of Meroe, record the war and the favorable outcome from the Kushite perspective. Along with his signature on the official treaty, Roman emperor Augustus marked the agreement by directing his administrators to collaborate with regional priests in the erection of a temple at Dendur, and inscriptions depict the emperor himself celebrating local deities.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Famous examples include the Treaty of Paris (1815), signed after Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, and the Treaty of Versailles, formally ending the First World War between Germany and the Allies. Despite popular belief, the war did not end completely until the Allies concluded peace with the Ottoman Empire in 1919 at the Treaty of Sèvres, and even then the reaction to this treaty caused the outbreak of the Turkish War of Independence. Upon the victory of the Turkish National Movement in that conflict and the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne, the last major diplomatic extension of the First World War came to an end.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "The Treaty of Versailles, as well as the Kellogg-Briand Pact, is possibly the most notorious of peace treaties, and is blamed by many historians for the rise of Nazism in Germany and the eventual outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. The costly reparations that Germany was forced to pay the victors, the fact that Germany had to accept sole responsibility for starting the war, and the harsh restrictions on German rearmament were all listed in the Treaty of Versailles and caused massive resentment in Germany. Whether or not the treaty can be blamed for starting another war, it exemplifies the difficulties involved in making peace. However, no such conflict resulted from the more punitive settlement with the Ottoman Empire.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Another famous example would be the series of peace treaties known as the Peace of Westphalia. It initiated modern diplomacy, involving the modern system of nation-states. Subsequent wars were no longer over religion but revolved around issues of state. That encouraged Catholic and Protestant powers to ally, leading to a number of major realignments.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "The Korean War is an example of a conflict that was ended by an armistice, rather than a peace treaty with the Korean Armistice Agreement. However, that war has never technically ended, because a final peace treaty or settlement has never been achieved.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "A more recent example of a peace treaty is the 1973 Paris Peace Accords that sought to end the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "List of peace activists", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "List of ancient treaties", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Peace Treaty on Korean Peninsula", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Uppsala Conflict Data Program, a dataset of all comprehensive agreements, partial agreements or peace process agreements between actors in armed conflict since 1975", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Bell, Christine; Badanjak, Sanja (2019). \"Introducing PA-X: A new peace agreement database and dataset\" (PDF). Journal of Peace Research. 56 (3): 452–466. doi:10.1177/0022343318819123. hdl:20.500.11820/a8385bbe-69b0-4453-9f74-982a890f67cc. ISSN 0022-3433. S2CID 117170451.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Fontana, Giuditta; Kartsonaki, Argyro; Neudorfer, Natascha S; Walsh, Dawn; Wolff, Stefan; Yakinthou, Christalla (2020). \"The dataset of Political Agreements in Internal Conflicts (PAIC)\". Conflict Management and Peace Science. 38 (3): 338–364. doi:10.1177/0738894220944123. ISSN 0738-8942.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "UN Peacemaker, United Nations Database of Peace Agreements", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Peace Agreement Access Tool (PA-X), 1990–2016", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "United States Institute of Peace Digital Peace Agreements Collection", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Uppsala Conflict Data Program's Peace Agreement Dataset v. 2.0, 1975–2011", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "The Paris Peace Treaty of 1783", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "The peace treaties: comprising the league of nations covenant, digest of the German treaty, digest of the Austrian treaty, with annotations by the American mission at the peace conference; milestones on the road to victory indexed, authors Publicity Corporation, Continental National Bank. Publisher The Federal trade information service, 1919", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "The Treaty of Versailles, 1919", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Peace Agreements Database Archived 2015-07-30 at the Wayback Machine at the Transitional Justice Institute", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b5250dd8", "title": "Peace treaty", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b5250dd8.json"}}
{"text": "Sabrina Adetiba is a fictional character from the British soap opera Coronation Street, played by Luana Santos. She made her first appearance on 9 June 2023. Santos sent in a self-tape as her audition and was surprised to receive the role. The character was initially credited as Bec as she initially lied about her identity. Sabrina was introduced as the brother of Gav Adetiba (Noah Olaoye) and a love interest for Max Turner (Paddy Bever). She and Max begin a relationship but this is tested by Max's ex-girlfriend Lauren Bolton (Cait Fitton), who wants Max back. Bever believed that Lauren had been good for Max and was responsible for his character growing up. Sabrina later becomes friends with Lauren and is concerned when she disappears. It is revealed that Lauren was abused by Joel Deering (Calum Lill) and he tries to make Sabrina his next victim. Sabrina's best friend Betsy Swain (Sydney Martin) is then introduced and she warns Sabrina off Joel. In August 2024, Santos announced that she had left the role and her final episode aired on 11 November 2024. Viewers were saddened by the news of Santos' departure and some believed that Sabrina would be revealed as the murderer of Joel despite not being an official suspect.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_092ea9e2", "title": "Sabrina Adetiba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Adetiba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_092ea9e2.json"}}
{"text": "Casting and characterisation", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_092ea9e2", "title": "Sabrina Adetiba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Adetiba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_092ea9e2.json"}}
{"text": "Luana Santos portrayed Sabrina during the character's run on the soap. Santos was 17 when began working on the soap. Santos' first appearance as Sabrina aired on 9 June 2023. The character was initially credited as \"Bec\". Santos sent in a self-tape for the role of \"Bec\" the role in February 2023 and was successful. Santos expressed surprise at receiving the role, explaining, \"I was so surprised because I was panicking about everything I did in the self-tape, I was criticising myself constantly. I thought 'it's my first one, I'm obviously not going to get it' and when I got the email I was in college. It was a huge shock\". After she received the role, Santos first told her mother and aunt, who Santos revealed had told her that she would receive the role and that she \"never heard them so happy\". Santos said that she felt very welcomed by the cast. Discussing whether she would be friends with her character, Santos said, \"Absolutely. Both my friends and family tell me I'm so similar to Sabrina, especially how much she eats. I think I'd get along with her because we're both really straight forward and quite playful but at the same time she does not let herself get messed about\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_092ea9e2", "title": "Sabrina Adetiba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Adetiba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_092ea9e2.json"}}
{"text": "Sabrina meets Max Turner (Paddy Bever) when he is doing community service for being part of a far-right extremist group, which Sabrina is initially unaware of. Sabrina is also the sister of Gav Adetiba (Noah Olaoye), who was in the youth detention centre with Max. Having fallen out with Gav, Sabrina pretends to Gav's girlfriend Bec when Max goes to Gav's flat to check on it in order to continue to living there, and she and Max become close. Max' attempt at getting Gav and \"Bec\" back together backfires when Bec tells Max that she wants to be with him. Bever explained, \"Max wants to repay that favour and he wants to show that he's changed and what better way to do that than to repay someone who's been really good to him. So he goes and meets Bec she thinks Max is flirting with him, he's really not, he's just pushing Gav's agenda and trying to make her warm to Gav again\". When Max tells Gav that he is dating Bec, an enraged Gav angrily grabs him. Gav is initially angry at Max but discovers that \"Bec\" is actually Sabrina, his sister. Max and Sabrina's relationship hits a \"rocky patch\" when Sabrina discovers that he was in a racist far-right extremist group, but she later gives him another chances when as she believes that he has learnt \"the error of their ways\" and she decides she is going to help him change. Bever said that he would like to see Max with someone who \"weathers the storms\" with him, adding, \"I would like to see him find love with someone who has good intentions for him, with someone who is not going to bring about danger for him\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_092ea9e2", "title": "Sabrina Adetiba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Adetiba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_092ea9e2.json"}}
{"text": "Sabrina is involved in a love triangle with Max and his ex-girlfriend Lauren Bolton (Cait Fitton), who was involved in the far-right gang. Max meets Sabrina and develops feelings for her, and when Lauren returns she struggles that Max does not want to get together with her. Fitton explained that \"realising that Max was with Sabrina was a kick in the stomach for Lauren\" upon her return. Sabrina and Max date for several months but their relationship is complicated by Lauren coming back into his life. Sabrina later reveals to Max that she really likes him but will only be in a relationship with him if Lauren is out of his life, leaving Max torn over the ultimatum. When Lauren moves next door to Sabrina, Max tries to prove himself by becoming official with Sabrina. Bever explained that the situation of Lauren moving next to Sabrina leaves Max \"two people that he cares very much\". Bever explained, \"I see it as Sabrina is [Max'] head and Lauren is his heart, but I think he's acknowledged that his heart is also with Sabrina a bit. I think Max is realising that, actually, just because Sabrina isn't his first love doesn't mean that he can't recognise his feelings for her. Even if you marry someone and have children with them, you'll never love anyone like you love your first love. But for Max and Sabrina, I think she's really good for him, so let's hope that they become a little power couple\". Bever believed that Sabrina is a good influence on Max and has helped him grow up a lot. Bever added that Max and Lauren have a bond over escaping from the far-right gang and that they \"both understand each other in a way that Sabrina has not been a victim of these things, so she might feel slightly out of the loop in that\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_092ea9e2", "title": "Sabrina Adetiba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Adetiba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_092ea9e2.json"}}
{"text": "Lauren remains jealous of Max and Sabrina's romance and she is hurt when Max lies to her that he is at college when he is instead hanging out with Sabrina. A jealous Lauren then lies to Sabrina that she and Max are a couple in order to annoy her, so Sabrina confronts Max, who denies Lauren's comments. Lauren ends up getting into  legal trouble when she trashes the salon due to her upset over Max and Sabrina following a confrontation with the pair. Fitton believed that Lauren does not have a hatred of Sabrina but instead is just sad that Max has moved on, explaining, \"The feelings Lauren has aren't through hatred or spite, but it's just through heartbreak. Lauren is utterly heartbroken because Max was her last resort. She's come back and her whole world has just fallen apart. When things get too much, we automatically explode and take it out on different people.\" Fitton believed that Lauren and Sabrina could be friends, adding, \"Lauren's moving next door to Sabrina, which is obviously going to cause a bit of drama, but I would really like them all to come together. Lauren might not agree with Sabrina, and Sabrina might not like Lauren because of what's happened, but we all make mistakes\". Santos believed that Sabrina would be hesitant about living next to Lauren, explaining, \"I feel like with her being Max's ex and not letting off him, [Sabrina's] going to be so wary and cautious of Lauren because if she can lie about the extreme, she could do anything. Especially with what little Sabrina knows about her past.\" Santos believed that Lauren is struggling with not having anyone and that she will eventually accept Max and Sabrina's relationship after \"a lot of self-reflection and mental help\". Santos added that whilst Sabrina is able to forgive Max for his extremist past but not Lauren, explaining that Sabrina has been able to \"go on this journey with Max and get to know him, he's being more open and vulnerable with her about the truth so she can sense his growth\". Santos added that Lauren being distant and cold to Sabrina gives her the impression that Lauren still holds extremist views, even if they were \"fed to her\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_092ea9e2", "title": "Sabrina Adetiba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Adetiba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_092ea9e2.json"}}
{"text": "Lauren's disappearance", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_092ea9e2", "title": "Sabrina Adetiba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Adetiba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_092ea9e2.json"}}
{"text": "Sabrina later becomes friends with Lauren and the pair hang out with Max. When Lauren buys Max a watch despite him being Sabrina's boyfriend, Sabrina confronts Lauren, telling her she was out of order for doing so and to stop playing games. Lauren then claims that she has a rich new boyfriend but does not reveal who it is, making Sabrina and Max suspicious. Sabrina quizzes Lauren about her boyfriend and suggests that the four of them meet up together, but Lauren appears uneasy and Sabrina tells Max that she thinks Lauren is lying. Max and Sabrina later invite Lauren and her boyfriend to join them for lunch with Gav, but Lauren claims that she has broken up with him. However, Max and Sabrina later visit Lauren's flat and find her \"sexily dressed\", and she reveals that she is making videos for an adult website. Sabrina later finds out that Lauren is being harassed by her ex-boyfriend. Lauren later goes missing and Sabrina tries to help find her and is \"adamant to track her down safely\", but the disappearance is later treated as a murder investigation. When an article comes up in the paper revealing that Lauren was a sex worker, Max and Bobby Crawford (Jack Carroll) ask Sabrina if she leaked this information to the press. This offends Sabrina, who denies this and storms off, leaving Max feeling \"terrible\". Sabrina later breaks up with Max and tells him that she cannot be with someone who does not trust her, which devastates him.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_092ea9e2", "title": "Sabrina Adetiba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Adetiba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_092ea9e2.json"}}
{"text": "It is later revealed that Lauren's mystery boyfriend was solicitor Joel Deering (Calum Lill), who controlled her and attacked her, beating her repeatedly before she disappeared. It was also revealed that Joel had abused other girls. It was then suggested that Sabrina would become his next victim, with Lill revealing that Joel would prey on other vulnerable women, explaining, \"When [Joel] sees these vulnerable young women probably from broken homes, with criminal records and no-one looking out for them, he is like a shark. He hones in on them, coercively controls them and emotionally manipulates them using his power and money.\" In the storyline, Sabrina returns to Weatherfield  Joel finds her upset and distressed Sabrina the police station, who explains that Gav has been arrested. Joel gives her his business card and suggests that she calls him if she needs him. Joel also suggests that there are other ways that Sabrina can pay for the legal fees and suggests monthly installments. Joel pulls a face after leaving and is \"pleased\" to have found a new target. Sabrina's \"mystery\" friend notices this \"weird\" moment between the pair and pulls a face at him; the friend was unnamed and initially uncredited. The friend was later revealed to be Betsy Swain (Sydney Martin), the daughter of established character Lisa Swain (Vicky Myers), whose debut had been teased for weeks. Viewers had previously predicted that Sabrina's friend would turn out to be Lisa's daughter.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_092ea9e2", "title": "Sabrina Adetiba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Adetiba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_092ea9e2.json"}}
{"text": "Joel later takes Sabrina out for a coffee and offers her alcohol. Joel pretends to pour some alcohol in his cup but does not. He also attempts to flatter Sabrina by comparing her to his ex-girlfriend and saying that he was punching\" above his weight with her. Betsy seems to enjoy his suggestive comments. Betsy realises that Joel is being creepy and advises Sabrina to be careful, and then she keeps his card to confront him for his behaviour. Sabrina tells Betsy that she likes that Joel is treating her as an adult. Sabrina realises she has been naïve by trusting Joel and she and Betsy come up with a plan. Determined to make Joel not get away with his \"dodgy behaviour\" towards her friend, Betsy blackmails him for trying to get Sabrina drunk. Martin explained that Betsy does look out for Sabrina and she is blackmailing Joel partially for this reason, but also because she wants to gain something from Joel from it. In September 2024, Betsy opens up to Sabrina that she was involved in Joel's recent drugging of Lauren by giving him the drugs, unaware that he was going to use the drugs on Lauren; Sabrina offers her advice and encourages her to tell her mother as she could face prison for her actions. Later, Betsy swears Sabrina to secrecy but Sabrina tells her that she could get arrested for potential murder and that the police could trace the drugs back to her, which scares Betsy. After this, Sabrina is not seen for several weeks.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_092ea9e2", "title": "Sabrina Adetiba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Adetiba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_092ea9e2.json"}}
{"text": "In August 2024, it was reported that Santos had left her role as Sabrina and that she had filmed her final scenes. This was revealed when Santos posted a picture of her and with co-star Jack Carroll on Instagram in a dressing room, where she wrote that it was her last day of being on the soap and that she was going to drama school. She also thanked the soap for \"everything\". The Coronation Street Instagram page shared Santos' post.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_092ea9e2", "title": "Sabrina Adetiba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Adetiba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_092ea9e2.json"}}
{"text": "Sabrina's final episode aired on 11 November 2024. In the episode, Sabrina returns after not being seen for months and visits Lauren and her baby Frankie Bolton in hospital, where she wishes Lauren the best for her relationship with Max. Sabrina tells Lauren that she deserves happiness after what she went through with Joel, and Lauren tells Sabrina that she could have had the same experience too. Sabrina then quickly leaves when Max comes to the hospital. After the episode aired, Santos confirmed on her social media that these were her final scenes and posted a picture of her first day of filming on the soap back in 2023.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_092ea9e2", "title": "Sabrina Adetiba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Adetiba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_092ea9e2.json"}}
{"text": "When Max Turner (Paddy Bever) goes to check on his friend Gav Adetiba's (Noah Olaoye) house, he finds Sabrina living there as she is homeless. In order to prevent Max telling Gav that she is living there without permission, Sabrina pretends to be Gav's girlfriend Bec. Sabrina and Max get along and flirt. Gav later asks Max to ask \"Bec\" to return his calls and that he is sorry, but he then finds out that Max actually met Sabrina, not Bec. It is revealed that Sabrina and Gav fell out as Sabrina stole money from Gav before he went to the Secure Training Centre, where he met Max. Sabrina is shocked to find out that Max was there due to being part of a far-right gang after he was groomed, but she accepts that he has changed. Max and Sabrina start dating, but this is challenged by the arrival of Max' ex-girlfriend Lauren Bolton (Cait Fitton), who was also part of the gang. Lauren wants Max back and tries to cause trouble for the couple. However, Sabrina and Lauren eventually become friends and Sabrina becomes concerned when Lauren goes missing and is later presumed dead. Sabrina breaks up with Max when he accuses her of leaking information about Lauren's sex work to the press. It is revealed that Joel Deering (Calum Lill) abused and attacked Lauren and has gotten her pregnant. After Sabrina becomes concerned for Gav when he gets in trouble with the police, Joel flirts with Sabrina and tries to get her drunk. Sabrina's friend Betsy Swain (Sydney Martin) sees this and blackmails Joel. After Joel is murdered months later, Betsy goes to see Lauren and her baby Frankie Bolton in the hospital and gives Lauren her blessing for her rekindled relationship with Max.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_092ea9e2", "title": "Sabrina Adetiba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Adetiba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_092ea9e2.json"}}
{"text": "Jessica Sansome from Manchester Evening News called Sabrina \"a bit of love rival to Lauren\". Charlie Duncan from Digital Spy questioned whether Sabrina would forgive Max for accusing her of leaking Lauren's sex work to the press. Olivia Wheeler from The Daily Mirror reported how some viewers believed that Sabrina was hiding Lauren or knew where she was. Michael Adams from Metro speculated that Sabrina could be Joel's next victim or the one to expose him; Adams believed that the scene where Joel offers to help Sabrina's brother and gives her his card was \"Quite the foreshadowing\" due to it being \"eerily similar\" to Joel's first scene when he represented Lauren for smashing up the shop. Charlotte Tutton from The Daily Mirror found the initial scene between Joel and Sabrina \"creepy\" and speculated that whilst Sabrina could figure out that Joel is behind Lauren's disappearance, she could also be in danger and need to \"watch her back\". Sue Haasler also believed that Joel's offer to Sabrina was an \"uncanny echo\" of his first scene and speculated that Sabrina could have the same fate as Lauren by being Joel's next victim. Olivia Wheeler opined that Joel telling Sabrina that he reminded him of his ex was a \"creepy twist\". Jess Phillips from Liverpool Echo reported how some viewers believed that Sabrina would be Joel's next victim, and she noted how it was \"particularly disturbing\" that Joel had gone after two of Max' ex-girlfriends. Katie Archer from OK! was worried that Sabrina was in \"grave danger\" due to Joel picking her as his next victim.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_092ea9e2", "title": "Sabrina Adetiba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Adetiba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_092ea9e2.json"}}
{"text": "Viewers expressed disappointment on social media when Santos revealed that she was leaving the soap. Joe Crutchley from Manchester Evening News reported that viewers were \"gutted\" that \"beloved\" Santos was leaving the soap. He believed that the actress \"shot to fame\" whilst playing Sabrina and that she had been part of \"several big storylines\". Joe Anderton from Digital Spy believed that Sabrina played a \"big part\" in the Joel and Lauren storyline of 2024. Ryan Paton from the Liverpool Echo opined that Sabrina had been \"embroiled in the show's major storyline\". Michael Adams from Metro believed that Sabrina, Max and Lauren were a \"strong friendship group\" and he wondered whether Sabrina would be involved in the comeuppance of Joel. Joe Crutchley from Manchester Evening News reported how some viewers speculated that Sabrina could becoming the victim of grooming or even be killed-off by Joel after the news of Santos' departure. Crutchley and Dan Laurie of Plymouth Live and Nottingham Post believed that viewers were \"feeling bereft\" and disappointed after Santos announced her departure and opined that she became a \"household name\" after joining the soap as Sabrina. They added that Sabrina had been central to \"several major\" storylines and called her a \"fan favourite\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_092ea9e2", "title": "Sabrina Adetiba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Adetiba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_092ea9e2.json"}}
{"text": "In November 2024, Angie Quinn from Liverpool Echo and the Plymouth Herald reported how viewers had speculated on social media that Sabrina was Joel's killer, despite not being an official suspect. Following Lauren and Max admitting their feelings for each other in October 2024, Digital Spy's Joe Anderton questioned how Sabrina would feel if she knew about this. Charlotte Tutton from the Daily Mirror reported how viewers believed that she was Joel's killer due to her \"sudden\" reappearance, with some believing that Sabrina acted strangely in her final appearance. Laura Denby from Radio Times believed that Sabrina was \"seemingly on edge\" during her visit to Lauren and wondered whether her \"sudden presence\" had anything to do with the murder mystery. Jessica Sansome from Manchester Evening News also reported how viewers were surprised by Sabrina's reappearance and that this left the \"wondering\" if she was responsible for Joel's death.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_092ea9e2", "title": "Sabrina Adetiba", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Adetiba", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_092ea9e2.json"}}
{"text": "Yu Chin-san (Korean: 유진산; Hanja: 柳珍山; 18 October 1905 – 28 April 1974) was a South Korean independence activist and politician active from the start of the First Republic through the first half of the Fourth Republic. His clan name is Munhwa Ryu, and he was born with the name Youngpil (영필; 永弼) but adopted the name Chin-san and the art name Okgye (옥계; 玉溪) later in life.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "The name Chin-san uses the same characters as that of his birthplace, Jinsan, in the Geumsan County of South Chungcheong Province. Chin-san’s son, Yu Han-yeol, was also a politician and served consecutive terms in the National Assembly (as a member of the Democratic Korea Party, the New Korea Party, and the Liberty Korea Party). Additionally, the former National Assembly member Seong Nak-hyeon was married to Chin-san’s niece.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "Yu Chin-san entered politics as a part of the youth movement immediately following Korean liberation in 1945, and held key positions in several conservative opposition parties (including the Democratic Nationalist Party, the Democratic Party, the Civil Rule Party, the People's Party, and the New Democratic Party) from the time of the First Republic to the Fourth Republic. Because he adopted a moderate viewpoint aimed at dialogue and compromise, Chin-san was ridiculed as a shill by hard-line opponents of the government within the confrontational opposition camps to which he belonged.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "Early life and education", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "On 18 October 1905, Yu Chin-san was born into a poor farming family in Eupnae Village, in the Dansan Township of Jinsan County, a part of the North Jeolla Province.a He was enrolled at Jinsan Primary School in Geumsan County in 1912, and six years later, in order to enroll in Gyeongseong General Secondary School, Chin-san’s whole family moved to Gyeongseong together (present-day Seoul).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "In May 1919, Chin-san actively participated in the March First Movement, a significant anti-Japanese protest in Korea. A year later, he was expelled from school after posting posters critical of Japan on-campus in connection with this movement. He then transferred to Bo-seong General Secondary School, where he graduated in 1923.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "In 1924, Chin-san travelled to Japan and matriculated at Waseda University Junior and Senior High School. Four years later, after his graduation, he matriculated at the Waseda University School of Political Science and Economics. In his third-year at Waseda, Chin-san was imprisoned in Ichigaya Prison when the activities of his student organization, the Emerging Science Research Society, came under police suspicion. As a result, he returned to Korea without graduating. After his return, he organized the Futaba Farmer’s Association and built up a peasant movement, but ultimately fled to China when he became a target for surveillance by the Japanese police.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "Early political activities", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "In Shanghai in 1933, Chin-san was appointed as a liaison to the Korean Provisional Government (KPG). A year later, Chin-san was seized by Japanese authorities and repatriated to Korea two months after organizing a Korean association in Nanchang, the capital of Jiangxi Province. Back in Korea, he was imprisoned within Seodaemun Prison for four months. In 1935, he participated in the editing of the Farmer’s Reader, and led the peasant movement alongside Jeon Jin-han and Kim-san. Throughout this period, he made connections with Chough Pyung-ok, Chang Taek-sang, and Baek Gwan-su.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "After the restoration of Korean independence in 1945, Chin-san organized the right-wing youth group, Heungguksa, and disbanded the left-wing Youth League for the Promotion of the Founding of the Korean Nation. He also participated in an operation to deploy Youth League members to Pyongyang in order to remove Kim Il-sung and Kang Ryang-uk, and at some point became involved with the right-wing White Shirts Society. In October that year, Chin-san founded the Korean Reformation Youth League, and was installed as its chairman.b Two months later, he led the Reformation Youth League to participate in the Korean National Youth Federation for the Promotion of Independence and was later installed as the Federation’s vice-chairman.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "Throughout the next several years, Chin-san served in leadership roles for a variety of different youth organizations. For example, in April 1946, Chin-san founded the Korean Democratic Youth Alliance and served as its president; its Honorary Chairman was Rhee Syngman. In July 1947, he was named Chairman of the General Association of Korean Youth, and in December 1948, he became Supreme Leader of the Korean Youth League. He also served as a member of the Special Investigation Committee of Anti-National Activities in 1949, but the organization was soon disbanded.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "In 1950, Chin-san ran for the National Assembly in the newly established Republic of Korea but was unsuccessful. Nevertheless, he was selected as the Director of General Affairs for the Democratic National Party the next year. In June 1952, he was arrested for his participation in the Assembly for the Declaration of Constitutional Protection and National Salvation, which protested the Busan Political Turmoil of the prior month. However, this did not stop him from being elected to the National Assembly for the first just two years later, as an independent candidate in Geumsan County for the 1954 legislative election.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "In 1955, following the founding of the united opposition party, the Democratic Party, Chin-san was made its first Chief of Labor. Within the party, he became affiliated with the old-school faction drawn from the former Korea Democratic Party. Three years later, in the 1958 legislative election, he was re-elected as a Democratic Party candidate in Geumsan County, and was made the floor leader of the party. In April 1960, Chin-san challenged the Chang Myon regime, which had been established following the April Revolution, and thus split the new and old factions of the Democratic Party into two conservative parties. After which, he was elected for the third time in the 1960 legislative election, again as a Democratic Party candidate in Geumsan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "At the beginning of 1961, Yu Chin-san was named Secretary General of the New Democratic Party (1960-61).c The party was formed from the old-school faction that had seceded from the then-ruling Democratic Party of the Second Republic. Later that year, the May 16 coup occurred. That June, Chin-san was apprehended by the military police and imprisoned in Mapo Prison on suspicions surrounding the source of political funds for Oh Wi-young, a powerful figure behind the new faction in the Democratic Party.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "In March 1962, the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction enacted the Political Purification Law, under which Yu Chin-san, along with others, was subject to a ban on political activity. That month, Chin-san spearheaded the Assembly for the Declaration of Democratic National Salvation, in opposition to Park Chung-hee’s 22 March declaration extending military rule.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "The next year, in May, the Civil Rule Party was formed, and Chin-san endorsed Kim Byeong-ro as its party leader. In the 1963 legislative election, he was then elected for the third time, as a national candidate for the new Civil Rule Party. However, Chin-san later clashed with the party leader, Yun Po-sun, over the National Assembly’s passage of the Bill for an Ethics Committee on Speech in August 1964. On 23 August, the Civil Rule Party’s Supervisory Committee thus decided upon the expulsion of Yu Chin-san. Chin-san fought back against this decision in court, and won his reinstatement on 26 November.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "Despite this, just a year later, in May 1965, Chin-san participated in the founding of the united opposition party, the 1965 People's Party, and was installed as its vice president the following year. This party was short lived, however, as in February 1967, a new united opposition party, the New Democratic Party, was founded, and Chin-san was installed as its vice president. That June, during the 1967 legislative election, Chin-san was elected for the fifth time, this time as a New Democratic Party candidate in Yeongdeungpo District.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "In January 1970, Chin-san was elected as president of the New Democratic Party at the party convention. That August, he had his first one-on-one meeting with Park Chung-hee. In May the next year, Chin-san was elected to the National Assembly for his sixth term, in the 1971 legislative elections, as a national candidate for the New Democratic Party. His switch to the national constituency just before the election drove the party’s internal conflicts to the surface, prompting him to resign as the New Democratic Party’s president.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "However, in September 1972, Chin-san was (again) elected as party president at the National Convention for the New Democratic Party. A year later, he was elected for the seventh and final time in the 1973 legislative election, in the combined constituency of Geumsan County, Daedok District, and Yeongi County  as a New Democratic Party candidate. Later that year, he had another one-on-one meeting with Park Chung-hee.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "In 1974, Chin-san declared a campaign to amend the Restoration Constitution, but on 23 April that year he died of colorectal cancer.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "Portrayed by Shim Yang-hong in the 1981–82 TV series, 1st Republic.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "Portrayed by Lee Hyo-jung in the 2002–2003 SBS TV series Rustic Period.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "a.^  Later, Jinsan County was merged with Geumsan County in North Jeolla Province, and control over the county was transferred to South Chungcheong Province in the 1960s. It is now Jinsan Township, Geumsan County, in South Chungcheong Province", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "b.^  The Korean Reformation Youth League was a youth group that originated as an organization for escorting important individuals. It was first organized through the Special Envoy Office of the Korean Provisional Government, a local office established by the provisional government, which was based in Chongqing, China at the time, in preparation for its return to Korea. The Reformation Youth League became one of the most powerful youth organizations at the time, not including the left-leaning People’s Republic of Korea youth groups.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "c.^  This is a separate political party from the New Democratic Party that was the largest opposition party during the Third and Fourth Republics.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "Yu Chin-san, Member of National Assembly of Korea Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine (in Korean)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_0163e995", "title": "Yu Chin-san", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Chin-san", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_0163e995.json"}}
{"text": "Toki is a run and gun platform game released in arcades in Japan in 1989 by TAD Corporation. It was published in North America by Fabtek. Designed by Akira Sakuma, the game has tongue-in-cheek humor mixed with the action. The player controls an enchanted ape who must battle hordes of jungle monsters with energy balls from his mouth. The ultimate goal is to destroy the evil wizard who cast a spell on the title protagonist; thereby transforming him from an ape back into a human, and rescuing the kidnapped princess. The game was ported to several video game consoles and home computers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ba2d185", "title": "Toki (video game)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toki_(video_game)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ba2d185.json"}}
{"text": "The player must traverse several levels with a miniboss at the end. Despite his apparent handicap, his slowness as an ape, and the fact that almost any attack can kill him, Toki is able to spit powerful shots that will help him in defeating enemies and obstacles that try to slow him down in his mission. There is a timer for each stage.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ba2d185", "title": "Toki (video game)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toki_(video_game)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ba2d185.json"}}
{"text": "Toki can make use of items such as power-ups for his spit; lucky rabbit feet which can give Toki bursts of superhuman agility and jumping skill; clocks which add extra time to the countdown; fruit which can add to Toki's bonus points; keys which unlock bonus areas; a special helmet that protects him from upwards attacks (the helmet rather comically resembles an American football helmet); extra lives; and magic coins (food in the Genesis version) which when collected in abundance can obtain Toki an extra life.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ba2d185", "title": "Toki (video game)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toki_(video_game)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ba2d185.json"}}
{"text": "The protagonist of the game is a muscular, loincloth-wearing, Tarzanesque tribesman named Toki (known in Japan and in some ports as JuJu), who up until recently lived a primitive yet contented life in the jungles of a vast and wild island in the South Seas.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ba2d185", "title": "Toki (video game)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toki_(video_game)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ba2d185.json"}}
{"text": "This all ends tragically when the beautiful Miho, princess of Toki's tribe of jungle men, and a potential suitor to Toki, is kidnapped by the treacherous witch doctor Vookimedlo. Miho is taken to a vast golden palace at the summit of the island, which Vookimedlo has conjured up for himself to reside in. The wicked shaman then casts a spell to transform all the human inhabitants of the island into various animals and beasts, before they can defend themselves against the evil magic.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ba2d185", "title": "Toki (video game)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toki_(video_game)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ba2d185.json"}}
{"text": "Toki himself is transformed into a Geeshergam, one of the ape-like minions of Vookimedlo, although in his primate form, Toki more resembles a gorilla. Fortunately, the great warrior discovers that he is still in control of his own faculties and as an unexpected side effect of the spell cast on him, he can breathe fire and shoot forth various projectiles from his mouth.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ba2d185", "title": "Toki (video game)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toki_(video_game)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ba2d185.json"}}
{"text": "Toki then sets off on a quest to pursue and defeat Vookimedlo, rescue princess Miho, and undo the curse which has befallen the island. However, to reach Vookimedlo's golden palace, Toki will have to travel through murky lakes, steep canyons, over frozen ice-capped mountain ranges and lava-spewing volcanoes alike. To progress in his quest and be ultimately victorious, Toki will have to battle all manner of dangerous wild animals and various mutants of Vookimedlo's creation; not to mention Vookimedlo's own abominable guardians who act as level bosses.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ba2d185", "title": "Toki (video game)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toki_(video_game)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ba2d185.json"}}
{"text": "Within the next two years ports were released for home systems. Ocean Software published versions for the Amiga, Atari ST, and Commodore 64, They advertised versions for the ZX Spectrum and Amstrad CPC and the Spectrum version was previewed in issue 90 of CRASH, but neither port materialized. Taito published ports for the Lynx and the NES. The latter version was slightly altered and has a health bar so that Toki doesn't die after one hit.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ba2d185", "title": "Toki (video game)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toki_(video_game)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ba2d185.json"}}
{"text": "Sega developed an exclusive version for the Mega Drive/Genesis: Toki: Going Ape Spit. This version lacks the non-spit power-ups, but it has additional levels and more detailed graphics compared to the NES version.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ba2d185", "title": "Toki (video game)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toki_(video_game)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ba2d185.json"}}
{"text": "In some ports, Toki is named \"JuJu\", Miho is named \"Wanda\" and Vookimedlo is named \"Dr. Stark\". Also, in some ports it is not Vookimedlo who kidnaps princess Miho, but his chief henchman, the half-invisible giant known as Bashtar. In some ports Bashtar is the final boss of the game, and not Vookimedlo.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ba2d185", "title": "Toki (video game)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toki_(video_game)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ba2d185.json"}}
{"text": "In Japan, Game Machine listed Toki on their March 15, 1990 issue as being the sixteenth most-successful table arcade unit of the month.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ba2d185", "title": "Toki (video game)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toki_(video_game)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ba2d185.json"}}
{"text": "Toki won a Golden Joystick Award in 1992.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ba2d185", "title": "Toki (video game)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toki_(video_game)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ba2d185.json"}}
{"text": "The One gave the Amiga version of Toki an overall score of 88%, calling its gameplay \"standard stuff\", but praises the variety of gameplay that's outside of the norm, posing such examples as Toki's ability to swim, climb, and ride trolleys, stating that these \"all help to make it stand out from the current crop of arcade conversions.\" The One praises Toki's gameplay, stating that \"the gameplay is so well balanced, becoming gradually harder as you get into it\", furthermore stating that this is \"exactly the way it should be.\" The One also praises Toki's music and graphics, expressing that \"it complements the action perfectly\" and \"[adds] greatly to the game's appeal\", furthermore stating that Toki's animations add \"instant appeal\", and calls Toki \"An enjoyable conversion that's as playable as it is pretty\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ba2d185", "title": "Toki (video game)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toki_(video_game)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ba2d185.json"}}
{"text": "Destructoid praises the game for the nostalgia it gave to the reviewer. Despite this, they still didn't see it as a great game at all, and stated that it \"isn't a perfect game\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ba2d185", "title": "Toki (video game)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toki_(video_game)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ba2d185.json"}}
{"text": "An platform game with similarly-looking simian characters was in development by Ocean Software for the Jaguar under the working title Apeshit. It was renamed to Toki Goes Apespit at one point during development. It was planned to be published in Winter 1994, but it was never released.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ba2d185", "title": "Toki (video game)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toki_(video_game)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ba2d185.json"}}
{"text": "The original game, ported by Magic Team, was released for iOS on September 7, 2009 in the United States.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ba2d185", "title": "Toki (video game)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toki_(video_game)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ba2d185.json"}}
{"text": "A remake was published by Microids in 2018 for Nintendo Switch, followed by versions for  Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Luna.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ba2d185", "title": "Toki (video game)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toki_(video_game)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ba2d185.json"}}
{"text": "Toki at Killer List of Videogames", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7ba2d185", "title": "Toki (video game)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toki_(video_game)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7ba2d185.json"}}
{"text": "The Galerie Georges-Philippe et Nathalie Vallois is a contemporary art gallery owned by Georges-Philippe and Nathalie Vallois and is located in Paris, France. The gallery has two spaces Rue de Seine in Paris, France, at the 36th and the 33rd.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "In addition to recent contemporary art, the gallery also specializes in works by Nouveaux réalistes such as Arman, César or Jacques Villeglé.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Since 2022, Georges-Philippe Vallois has been serving on the selection committee of Art Basel's Paris edition.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Artists represented by the gallery", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Niki de Saint Phalle", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "The gallery offers a large selection of publications to accompagny some exhibitions. Here is a selection :", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Catherine Francblin, Samuel Gross, Pavel Schmidt, Daniel Spoerri. Les choses de la vie, Le Métayer Vallois Editions / Les presses du réel, 2026.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Julián Zugazagoitia, Bernard Blistène, Arman. Tout ce qui reste, Galerie GP & N Vallois / Les Presses du réel, 2025.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Agate Bortolussi, Eulàlia Grau. Etnografias-Collages, Le Métayer Vallois / Les presses du réel, 2024", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Jeanne Benameur, Elisabeth Brami-Prowelleur, Emanuel Proweller, Eric Verhagen, Emanuel Proweller. Un souvenir de soleil, Galerie GP & N Vallois / Editions courtes et longues, 2024.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "John DeAndrea, Elaine Eldridge, Catherine Millet, John DeAndrea. Grace, Galerie GP & N Vallois / Les presses du réel, 2023.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Sasha Kalter-Wasserman, Niki de Saint Phalle, Annabelle Ténèze, Niki de Saint Phalle. Tableaux éclatés, Galerie GP & N Vallois / Salon 94 / Les presses du réel, 2021.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Rita Cusimano, Samuel Gross, Marco Livingston, Catherine Millet, Nouveau Réalisme = Nouvelles approches perspectives du réel, Galerie GP & N Vallois, 2021.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Harry Bellet, Ariel Wizman, Jacques Villeglé. Jeune, Gay et Impudique, Galerie GP & N Vallois, 2019.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Camille Morineau, Jean Tinguely '60s, Galerie GP & N Vallois, 2016.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Exhibitions selection since 2013", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Daniel Spoerri, « Les choses de la vie », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Pilar Albarracín, Evelyne Axell, Pamela Berkovic, Louise Bourgoin, John Kayser, Christian Louboutin, Pierre Molinier, Helmut Newton, Emanuel Proweller, Peter Stämplfi, Tomi Ungerer, Ellen von Unwerth, William Wegman, Winshluss, « Tout en jambes » (curator : Jonathan Lambert), 33 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Pilar Albarracín, William Amor, Arman, Julien Berthier, François Dufrêne, Perrine Guyonnet, Raymond Hains, George Herms, Martin Kersels, Louise Nevelson, Henrique Oliveira, Duke Riley, Niki De Saint Phalle, Moffat Takadiwa, Jean Tinguely, Jacques Villeglé, « Tendres Débris », 33 & 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Shirley Cao, Robert Cottingham, Eulàlia Grau, Charlotte Hailstone, Richard Jackson, Martin Kersels, Gabrielle Mar, Dana Nechmad, « Through the prism », 1018 Madison Av., New York, United States", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Emanuel Proweller, « Focus #3 - Emanuel Proweller, avec éclat ! », 33 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Duke Riley, « Baigné de vos langueurs », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Arman, « Tout ce qui reste » (curator : Bernard Blistène), 33 & 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Arman, Julien Bismuth, Alain Bublex, Robert Cottingham, Richard Estes, Ralph Goings, Martin Kersels, Duke Riley, William Wegman, « A Journey in America », 1018 Madison Av., New York, United States", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "John Baeder, Robert Bechtle, Charles Bell, Robert Cottingham, John DeAndrea, Ralph Goings, Duane Hanson, John Salt, « Focus #2 - Hyperréalisme Américain », 33 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Robert Cottingham, « Cameras, Typewriters & Components », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Julia Wachtel, Wendy White, Jason Yates, « Windchimes and Prayers », 1018 Madison Av., New York, United States", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Pilar Albarracín, Evelyn Axell, Julien Bismuth, Alain Bublex, Robert Cottingham, John DeAndrea, Erik Dietman, Claude Gilli, Eulàlia Grau, Raymond Hains, Richard Jackson, Alain Jacquet, Martin Kersels, Paul Kos, Zhenya Machneva, Louise Nevelson, Henrique Oliveira, Peybak, Emanuel Proweller, Niki de Saint Phalle, Pierre Seinturier, Peter Stämpfli, Keith Tyson,Tomi Ungerer, Winshluss, William Wegman and Virginie Yassef, « Conversation pieces », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "César, « Focus #1 - César », 33 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Marion Mailaender, « Mi casa es tu casa », 33 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Julien Berthier, « Passion potelet », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Pilar Albarracín, Leonora Carrington, Eulàlia Grau, Zhenya Machneva, Lucie Picandet, Niki de Saint Phalle, Julia Wachtel, Virginie Yassef, « Elles », 1018 Madison Av., New York, United States", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Hans Bellmer, Robert Cottingham, Jorge Camacho, Jim Dine, Jean Dubuffet, Marcel Duchamp, Eulàlia Grau, Richard Jackson, Martin Kersels, Pierre Molinier, Claes Oldenburg, Wolfgang Paalen, Francis Picabia, Man Ray, Tomi Ungerer, Jacques Villeglé, « Face à Face », 1018 Madison Av., New York, United States", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Jean-Michel Basquiat, Julien Berthier, Blutch, Alain Bublex, Robert Cottingham, Gilles Elie, Douglas Gordon, Charles Hascoët, Gregor Hildebrandt, Jim Jarmusch, Mike Kelley, Martin Kersels, Elodie Lesourd, Christian Marclay, Jeff Mills, Duke Riley, Erin M. Riley, Pierre Seinturier, Reeve Schumacher, Tomi Ungerer, Jacques Villeglé, Julia Wachtel, Winschluss, « Musicology », 33 & 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Richard Jackson, « Wretched Excess », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Pierre Seinturier, « Cher Monsieur Peinturier », 33 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Emanuel Proweller, « Proweller, un souvenir de soleil », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Lucie Picandet, « Charnières », 33 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Alain Bublex, « Landscaping », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Jacques Villeglé, « STAR », 33 & 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Velerio Adami, Evelyne Axell, Matthew Brannon, Alain Bublex, Robert Cottingham, Antoine de Margerie, Gilles Elie, Bertrand Lavier, Emanuel Proweller, Peter Stämpfli, Emilio Tadini, Hervé Télémaque, William Wegman, « Aplatitudes! », 33 et 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Tomi Ungerer, « Tomi l'Alchimiste - Le Grand Oeuvre », 33 & 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "John DeAndrea, « Grâce », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Ben Sakoguchi, « oranges ● pancartes ● cartes postales », 33 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Niki de Saint Phalle, « Masterworks 1961-1970 », 1018 Madison Av., New York, United States", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Peybak, « Strange Aeons - We will meet you there », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Julien Bismuth, « Harlequinades », 33 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Virginie Yassef, « Dogs Dream », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Enrico Baj, Martin Kersels, « Home Sweet Home », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Eulàlia Grau, « Etnografias », 33 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Jacques Villeglé, « Alphabets », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Arman, César, Christo, Gérard Deschamps, François Dufrêne, Raymond Hains, Yves Klein, Martial Raysse, Mimmo Rotella, Niki de Saint Phalle, Daniel Spoerri, Jean Tinguely, Jacques Villeglé, « Nouveau Réalisme = Nouvelle approches perspectives du réel », 33 & 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Emanuel Proweller, « Le Vif du sujet », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Gilles Barbier, Bianca Bondi, Alice Guittard, Matthieu Haberard, Charlotte Heninger, Edward Kienholz, Benjamin Loyauté, Gaspard Maîtrepierre, Lucie Picandet, Niki de Saint Phalle, Daniel Spoerri, « Le Vaisseau d'or », (curator: Gaël Charbau), 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Pilar Albarracín, Bianca Argímon, Lauren Coullard, Aurélie Gravas, Vivian Greven, Lucie Picandet, Niki de Saint Phalle, « Ladies Only », 33 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Jacques Villeglé, « Jeune, Gay et Impudique », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Jean Tinguely, « Bricolages et Débri(s)collages », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Paul Kos, « Kinetic Landscape(s) », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Pilar Albarracín, Pat Andrea, Hans Bellmer, VALIE EXPORT, Claude Gilli, Michel Journiac, Annette Messager, Jeff Mills, Jules Pascin, Françoise Pétrovich, Francis Picabia, Maria Isabel Rueda, Niki de Saint Phalle, Cindy Sherman, Jacques Villeglé & Julia Wachtel, « La Maman et la Putain », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Alain Bublex, « An American Landscape », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Peter Stämpfli, « Ligne continue », 33 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Taro Izumi, « Night lie », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Keith Tyson, « Les Fleurs », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Niki de Saint Phalle, « Belles ! Belles ! Belles !, Les femmes de Niki de Saint Phalle », 33 & 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Jean Tinguely, « Jean Tinguely, '60s », 33 & 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Lázaro Saavedra, « Pensamiento Visual », 33 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Jacques Villeglé, « Pénélope à Quimper ou Le Retour d’Ulysse », 33 & 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Adam Janes & Pierre Seinturier, « Memory Song » / « It's a way of life! », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Henrique Oliveira, « Fissure », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Alain Jacquet, « Des Images d'Epinal aux Camouflages (1961 - 1963) », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Winshluss, « Pas la peine de pleurer, personne ne te regarde... », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Peybak, « Abrakan (naissance) », Project Room, 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Arman, Julien Berthier, Alain Bublex, César, José Davila, Jimmie Durham, Peter Fischli & David Weiss, Richard Jackson, Alain Jacquet, André Komatsu, Paul Kos, Arnold Odermatt, Pierre Seinturier, Jean Tinguely, « Carambolages », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Pilar Albarracín, « La Calle del Infierno », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Julien Berthier, « Public Sculptures », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Alain Bublex, « Arrière-plan », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Richard Jackson, « Darker Room », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Jacques Villeglé, « Graffitis Politiques 1962-1991 », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Niki de Saint Phalle, « En joue ! Assemblages & Tirs (1958-1964) », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Pilar Albarracin, Gilles Barbier, Fredi Casco, Marina de Caro, Matias Duville, Ana Gallardo, Juan Fernandez Herran, Martin Kersels, Henrique Oliveira, Paulina Silva Hayon, Walter Andrade, Virginie Yassef, « La Distance Juste » (curator : Albertine de Galbert), 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Julien Bismuth, « Perroquet », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Mike Cooter, « Set theory », Project Room, 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Taro Izumi, « The Source of Wrinkles », 36 rue de Seine, Paris, France", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Galerie Vallois official website", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Galerie Vallois Time Out Paris Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Georges-Philippe Vallois (Art Dealer) (Paris Art) Archived 2011-07-15 at the Wayback Machine (in French)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Galerie Profile on ArtSlant Archived 2009-04-08 at the Wayback Machine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "La galerie Georges-Philippe et Nathalie Vallois (Le Figaro) (in French)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4776ba9e", "title": "Galerie Vallois", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Vallois", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4776ba9e.json"}}
{"text": "Karamfil is a village in Momchilgrad Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria. As of 2021 the population stood at 238 residents, with an equal amount of males to females at 119 each.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_50c3b56b", "title": "Karamfil", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamfil", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_50c3b56b.json"}}
{"text": "The 2019 World Aquatics Championships were the 18th FINA World Aquatics Championships, held in Gwangju, South Korea from 12 to 28 July 2019. The city had previously hosted the 2015 Summer Universiade aquatics events in the same venues.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce023391", "title": "2019 World Aquatics Championships", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Aquatics_Championships", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce023391.json"}}
{"text": "The host was announced on 19 July 2013 on the biennial General Congress of FINA in Barcelona, the host-city of the 2013 World Aquatics Championships. Budapest was awarded the 2021 Championships in the same vote, though in 2015 it was announced that they will host the 2017 Championships due to Guadalajara's withdrawal. Fukuoka was subsequently awarded the 2021 event.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce023391", "title": "2019 World Aquatics Championships", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Aquatics_Championships", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce023391.json"}}
{"text": "The awarding was controversial within Korea as the South Korean government claimed that the mayor of Gwangju had forged the signature of endorsement. As a result, the Korean government initially refused to fund the event, but eventually agreed upon passage of a law that required National Assembly approval for future bids for major sporting events.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce023391", "title": "2019 World Aquatics Championships", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Aquatics_Championships", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce023391.json"}}
{"text": "The mascots for the event were a pair of otters, chosen due to their natural habitat being in the mountains near Gwangju, as well as their symbolizing \"swimmers' passion for challenge\", according to the organizing committee. The slogan of the Championships, meanwhile, was \"Dive Into Peace\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce023391", "title": "2019 World Aquatics Championships", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Aquatics_Championships", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce023391.json"}}
{"text": "Most of the competitions were held at the Main Aquatics Centre, built for the 2015 Summer Universiade, also hosted in Gwangju. The Aquatics Centre hosted the swimming and diving competitions, and there were two adjacent outdoor temporary venues for synchronised swimming and water polo.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce023391", "title": "2019 World Aquatics Championships", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Aquatics_Championships", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce023391.json"}}
{"text": "Nambu University Municipal Aquatics Center (swimming, diving)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce023391", "title": "2019 World Aquatics Championships", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Aquatics_Championships", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce023391.json"}}
{"text": "Nambu University Stadium (water polo)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce023391", "title": "2019 World Aquatics Championships", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Aquatics_Championships", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce023391.json"}}
{"text": "Yeomju Gymnasium (artistic swimming)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce023391", "title": "2019 World Aquatics Championships", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Aquatics_Championships", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce023391.json"}}
{"text": "Chosun University Football Field (high diving)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce023391", "title": "2019 World Aquatics Championships", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Aquatics_Championships", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce023391.json"}}
{"text": "Yeosu Expo Ocean Park (open water swimming)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce023391", "title": "2019 World Aquatics Championships", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Aquatics_Championships", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce023391.json"}}
{"text": "A total of 76 medal events were held across six disciplines. Beach water polo was introduced as a demonstration, non-medal event.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce023391", "title": "2019 World Aquatics Championships", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Aquatics_Championships", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce023391.json"}}
{"text": "China topped the medal table, although the United States won the highest number of medals in total. Host nation South Korea earned one bronze medal, from Kim Su-ji in the Women's 1 m springboard.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce023391", "title": "2019 World Aquatics Championships", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Aquatics_Championships", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce023391.json"}}
{"text": "*   Host nation (South Korea)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce023391", "title": "2019 World Aquatics Championships", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Aquatics_Championships", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce023391.json"}}
{"text": "Participating nations", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce023391", "title": "2019 World Aquatics Championships", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Aquatics_Championships", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce023391.json"}}
{"text": "Out of 209 FINA members, 191 nations took part in the Championships, as well as a Refugee Team of independent FINA athletes. 194 teams initially entered, setting a new record number of participating nations. However, Lesotho and the United Arab Emirates subsequently withdrew their athletes and did not appear on the start list.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce023391", "title": "2019 World Aquatics Championships", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Aquatics_Championships", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce023391.json"}}
{"text": "FINA members not participating were Anguilla, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominica, Guinea-Bissau, Gibraltar, Iraq, Lesotho, Liberia, Mauritania, Myanmar, North Korea, Somalia, Turks and Caicos Islands and United Arab Emirates.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce023391", "title": "2019 World Aquatics Championships", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Aquatics_Championships", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce023391.json"}}
{"text": "At the time of the Championships, the Nations of Kiribati, Nauru, South Sudan, São Tomé e Príncipe and Tuvalu were not FINA members.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce023391", "title": "2019 World Aquatics Championships", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Aquatics_Championships", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce023391.json"}}
{"text": "In the United States, NBCUniversal holds rights to the event.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce023391", "title": "2019 World Aquatics Championships", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Aquatics_Championships", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce023391.json"}}
{"text": "Official website Archived 27 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_ce023391", "title": "2019 World Aquatics Championships", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Aquatics_Championships", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_ce023391.json"}}
{"text": "Erin Molan (born 24 August 1983) is an Australian television presenter who worked on Sky News Australia, a past radio presenter on 2Day FM and a former columnist for Sydney newspaper The Daily Telegraph.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ba7e9be", "title": "Erin Molan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Molan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ba7e9be.json"}}
{"text": "Molan was previously with the Nine Network as part of Nine's Wide World of Sports National Rugby League (NRL) coverage. From 2019, she hosted the secondary broadcast for channel 9Gem of the Australian Open tennis tournament. Molan was also Friday and Saturday sports presenter on Nine News Sydney and the host of The Sunday Footy Show and former host of The NRL Footy Show.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ba7e9be", "title": "Erin Molan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Molan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ba7e9be.json"}}
{"text": "Molan was born in Canberra and raised in Jakarta, Indonesia. She attended sixteen different schools due to the Australian Army career of her father, Jim Molan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ba7e9be", "title": "Erin Molan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Molan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ba7e9be.json"}}
{"text": "Molan's first job in media was with a community television station in Canberra. She then gained a job for WIN Television as a reporter and presenter and moved to Sydney in 2010 to work for the Nine Network. In 2012, she joined The NRL Footy Show on a regular basis, appearing mainly on the \"League of their Own\" segment as well as being their roving reporter. In 2014, Molan became a permanent co-host of the program working alongside Paul Vautin, Darryl Brohman, Beau Ryan, and former test cricketer Michael Slater. Molan has also appeared on The Sunday Footy Show as a regular since 2012, mainly doing the \"Around the Grounds\" segment reporting.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ba7e9be", "title": "Erin Molan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Molan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ba7e9be.json"}}
{"text": "Molan hosted Nine's Wide World of Sports' coverage of the 2017 Fast5 Netball World Series. In May 2017, in the aftermath of domestic violence charges against Parramatta player Semi Radradra being dropped, Molan was publicly slammed by a small number of fans and by sections of the media for supposedly painting Radradra as being guilty and not giving the player the presumption of innocence when the allegations were first aired. Molan was asked by fans and the media to make a public apology to Radradra but no apology was forthcoming; Molan had publicly stated that Radradra deserved the presumption of innocence, and rather than being specific about his case, her comments were about what the NRL's stance ought to be in the event of domestic violence being found proven against any player, regardless of calibre.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ba7e9be", "title": "Erin Molan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Molan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ba7e9be.json"}}
{"text": "It was announced on 3 October 2018 that, after twenty-four years, The NRL Footy Show would be axed following the worst slide in ratings in the show's history. In December 2021, Molan resigned from the Nine Network to join Sky News Australia as a primetime contributor.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ba7e9be", "title": "Erin Molan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Molan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ba7e9be.json"}}
{"text": "In August 2018, Molan and The Sunday Footy Show issued former NRL player Dave Taylor with an apology after being accused of fat shaming the player during a video segment.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ba7e9be", "title": "Erin Molan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Molan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ba7e9be.json"}}
{"text": "In June 2020, Molan was criticised for mocking the name of Tongan Rugby League player Haumole Olakau'atu on the 2GB radio program The Continuous Call. Molan alleges that her nonsensical imitation of Olakau'atu's name was in reference to a previous discussion between the radio hosts where they grappled with how to correctly pronounce Pacific Islander names. Molan left the program at the end of the 2020 season. In March 2023, Molan settled a legal case against Daily Mail Australia which she claimed had defamed her by publishing reports about this matter. The case was resolved in mediation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ba7e9be", "title": "Erin Molan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Molan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ba7e9be.json"}}
{"text": "Also in December 2021, Molan declined an approach to run as the Liberal Party of Australia candidate for the Division of Eden-Monaro in the 2022 Australian election, saying her future political ambitions with the Liberals are \"down the track\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ba7e9be", "title": "Erin Molan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Molan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ba7e9be.json"}}
{"text": "In December 2024, Molan was abruptly fired from her position on Sky News. After her firing, she went on a trip to Israel, where she met with the country's president Isaac Herzog as well as relatives of hostages held by Hamas. Herzog praised Molan for her \"moral clarity\" in siding with Israel in its Gaza war. When asked why she was fired, she said it was due to \"budget cuts\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ba7e9be", "title": "Erin Molan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Molan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ba7e9be.json"}}
{"text": "In February 2025, Molan became the host for 69 X Minutes, a news show funded by Elon Musk, which airs on X, formerly known as Twitter.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ba7e9be", "title": "Erin Molan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Molan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ba7e9be.json"}}
{"text": "In April 2017, Molan announced her engagement to policeman Sean Ogilvy. Their daughter was born in 2018. Three years later, Molan announced her relationship with fiancé Ogilvy had broken down.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ba7e9be", "title": "Erin Molan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Molan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ba7e9be.json"}}
{"text": "Molan is a Roman Catholic.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ba7e9be", "title": "Erin Molan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Molan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ba7e9be.json"}}
{"text": "List of Nine Network presenters", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ba7e9be", "title": "Erin Molan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Molan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ba7e9be.json"}}
{"text": "Erin Molan on Facebook", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ba7e9be", "title": "Erin Molan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Molan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ba7e9be.json"}}
{"text": "Erin Molan on Instagram", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8ba7e9be", "title": "Erin Molan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Molan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8ba7e9be.json"}}
{"text": "Elinor is a song written and produced by Swedish musician Basshunter, released as a single on 20 November 2013, by Rush Hour.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_571d3425", "title": "Elinor (song)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_(song)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_571d3425.json"}}
{"text": "On 26 July 2013, Basshunter announced he was retiring from singing to focus on DJing, producing, and songwriting, however his sixth single \"Calling Time\" from the album of the same name, was released on 27 September 2013. \"Elinor\" was released on 20 November 2013 by Rush Hour, being released as a single by Ultra Records on 17 December, and is a 3 minute and nine second-long dance song with a tempo of 145 beats per minute in the key of A minor. \"Elinor\" was written and produced by Basshunter. In 2016, Basshunter returned to recording and his next single \"Masterpiece\" was released on 19 October 2018, almost five years after \"Elinor\" was released.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_571d3425", "title": "Elinor (song)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_(song)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_571d3425.json"}}
{"text": "In 2016, during an interview with Basshunter, Per Kågström from Göteborgs-Posten said it is strange that Basshunter sings many of his songs in Swedish abroad. Basshunter replied that the audience knows the lyrics anyway. In 2021 Basshunter played \"Elinor\" live during the Øresound Festival in Copenhangen. also playing in the Trädgår'n arena in Gothenburg and editor from Göteborgs-Posten considered this to be the best aspect of the Basshunter concert.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_571d3425", "title": "Elinor (song)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_(song)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_571d3425.json"}}
{"text": "David Charles Michael Carter (born November 4, 1981) is a Canadian field hockey player who plays as a goalie for the Canada men's national field hockey team. He made his international debut on home soil against Chile in 2007 and registered a 1–1 draw. His first career win came at the Azlan Shah Cup Tournament in Malaysia against Belgium (4–3, extra-time) in 2008.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f9b4290", "title": "David Carter (field hockey)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carter_(field_hockey)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f9b4290.json"}}
{"text": "Carter retired with 195 international caps and has represented Canada at the 2009 Pan American Cup, 2010 World Cup, 2010 Commonwealth Games, and 2011 Pan American Games, and the 2016 Summer Olympic Games, alongside various other international competitions. After playing for the UBC Thunderbirds for 5 years, he currently plays for the United Brothers of the Vancouver Premier League.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f9b4290", "title": "David Carter (field hockey)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carter_(field_hockey)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f9b4290.json"}}
{"text": "Carter was selected Goaltender of the Tournament for the 2009 Pan American Cup, which qualified Canada for the 2010 World Cup to be held in New Delhi, India. He was also selected to the Pan American Elite Team in 2009.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f9b4290", "title": "David Carter (field hockey)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carter_(field_hockey)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f9b4290.json"}}
{"text": "Instrumental in helping Canada qualify for the Rio Olympics in 2016, Carter was named both Player of the Tournament and Goalie of the Tournament at the World League Round 3 Event in Buenos Aires, Argentina.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f9b4290", "title": "David Carter (field hockey)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carter_(field_hockey)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f9b4290.json"}}
{"text": "At the event, Canada defeated New Zealand in a 14-round shootout after regulation time ended 0–0, where Carter was called upon to make multiple saves in the quarterfinal matchup. He then achieved a silver medal in the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto and was nominated for FIH Goalie of the Year (he was again nominated in 2019). In 2015, he was named Field Hockey Canada Player of the Year and another selection to the Pan American Elite Team.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f9b4290", "title": "David Carter (field hockey)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carter_(field_hockey)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f9b4290.json"}}
{"text": "In 2016, he was named to Canada's Olympic team. In June 2019, he was selected in the Canada squad for the 2019 Pan American Games. They won the silver medal after losing 5–2 to Argentina in the finals.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f9b4290", "title": "David Carter (field hockey)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carter_(field_hockey)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f9b4290.json"}}
{"text": "David Carter at the International Hockey Federation", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f9b4290", "title": "David Carter (field hockey)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carter_(field_hockey)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f9b4290.json"}}
{"text": "David Carter at Field Hockey Canada (archived)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f9b4290", "title": "David Carter (field hockey)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carter_(field_hockey)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f9b4290.json"}}
{"text": "David Carter at Team Canada", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f9b4290", "title": "David Carter (field hockey)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carter_(field_hockey)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f9b4290.json"}}
{"text": "David Carter at Olympics.com", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f9b4290", "title": "David Carter (field hockey)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carter_(field_hockey)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f9b4290.json"}}
{"text": "David Carter at Olympedia", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f9b4290", "title": "David Carter (field hockey)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carter_(field_hockey)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f9b4290.json"}}
{"text": "David Carter at the Toronto 2015 Pan American Games (archived)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_3f9b4290", "title": "David Carter (field hockey)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carter_(field_hockey)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_3f9b4290.json"}}
{"text": "Tephrosia arenicola is a plant in the Fabaceae family, native to the north of Western Australia. The species has no synonyms.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dd8d3db7", "title": "Tephrosia arenicola", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephrosia_arenicola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dd8d3db7.json"}}
{"text": "Tephrosia arenicola is shrub covered with dense intertwined hairs (tomentose). The shrub consists of several stems which arise from the base growing to about 50 cm high. The leaves are unifoliolate (compound leaves reduced to single leaflet - and recognizable by the jointed ‘petiole’). Their shape is elliptical to ovate, and the edges are entire. They have a dense covering of curved intertwined hairs, are about 0.3-0.5 mm long), and have 6 to 8 lateral veins below. The stipules are inconspicuous or absent. The flowers are axillary, solitary, stalkless and about 5-6 mm long. The calyx, too, is densely tomentose, with lobes which are narrow and which gradually taper to a fine apex, and are about 4 mm long. The standard is orbicular (5x6 mm) and densely covered with short weak hairs on the back. It is orange and has a yellow \"eye\" at its base. The wings are orange, and 4 x 1.5 mm. The keel is a dark orange (4 x 1.5 mm). The stamens are 9+1, and the style is flattened with  a brush-like beard along the adaxial side. The stigma has a bearded tip. The ovary is densely covered with short, weak, soft hairs.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dd8d3db7", "title": "Tephrosia arenicola", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephrosia_arenicola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dd8d3db7.json"}}
{"text": "It flowers from April to May.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dd8d3db7", "title": "Tephrosia arenicola", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephrosia_arenicola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dd8d3db7.json"}}
{"text": "Distribution and habitat", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dd8d3db7", "title": "Tephrosia arenicola", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephrosia_arenicola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dd8d3db7.json"}}
{"text": "It is found in the IBRA regions of the Central Kimberley, the Gascoyne, the Gibson Desert, the Great Sandy Desert, the Little Sandy Desert, and the Pilbara, growing on sandplains, sand ridges, and drainage lines, on red sand, sandy gravel, and alluvium.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dd8d3db7", "title": "Tephrosia arenicola", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephrosia_arenicola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dd8d3db7.json"}}
{"text": "It has been declared as \"not threatened\" under the state conservation act.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dd8d3db7", "title": "Tephrosia arenicola", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephrosia_arenicola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dd8d3db7.json"}}
{"text": "Tephrosia arenicola occurrence data from Australasian Virtual Herbarium", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_dd8d3db7", "title": "Tephrosia arenicola", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephrosia_arenicola", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_dd8d3db7.json"}}
{"text": "Hong Shan, Hongshan or the Red Mountain (Chinese: 红山; Pinyin: Hóng Shān; Uyghur: قىزىلتاغ, Қизилтағ; Qiziltagh) is an inner city mountain in Ürümqi, capital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. The mountain, sometimes referred to as a hill for its smaller size than a mountain in land form, is the symbolic scenic spot of Ürümqi. The local Ürümqi Television Station adopted the shape of Hong Shan in red as its logo.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_290fbb8d", "title": "Hong Shan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Shan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_290fbb8d.json"}}
{"text": "As the rocks of the mountain reflect a bright red color, people call it Hong Shan (\"Red Mountain\" in Chinese). The red rocks are composed of dark purple sand gravel laid down during the Permian period. Hong Shan Mountain lies at the intersection of Hongshan Road (红山路) and Riverside Road (Hetan Road) (河滩路), Ürümqi, and is best viewed from Xi Daqiao Bridge (西大桥).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_290fbb8d", "title": "Hong Shan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Shan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_290fbb8d.json"}}
{"text": "Hong Shan Park is in the center of Ürümqi  and contains a 1391-meter-high mountain. The temple lying on the hilltop is called Yu Huang Ge (\"Chamber of Heavenly King\") and is said to have been built during the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD), when many monks studied scripture there. There is a nine-storey pagoda named Zhen Long Ta (Genuine dragon Pagoda) at the top of the mountain. It was built in Yuan dynasty (1277–1367 AD). This 25-meter pagoda has been preserved carefully ever since it was built. The pagoda's view at sunset is considered to be one of the eight most famous scenic sights in ancient Ürümqi.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_290fbb8d", "title": "Hong Shan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Shan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_290fbb8d.json"}}
{"text": "Before the Chinese government began the cultivation-planting project in Xinjiang, Hong Shan was treeless. After several years of planting, the mountain gained its current tree covered appearance.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_290fbb8d", "title": "Hong Shan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Shan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_290fbb8d.json"}}
{"text": "Pictorial History of Urumqi’s Hong Shan Park (in English)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_290fbb8d", "title": "Hong Shan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Shan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_290fbb8d.json"}}
{"text": "天山网：乌鲁木齐－红山 (in Chinese)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_290fbb8d", "title": "Hong Shan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Shan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_290fbb8d.json"}}
{"text": "Thakurgangti is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Godda subdivision of the Godda district, Jharkhand state, India.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": "Rameshwar Thakur, independence activist, former Union Minister and Governor of several states, was born at Thakurgangti.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": "Thakurgangti, the eponymous CD block headquarters, is located at 25°7′45″N 87°27′13″E.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": "It is located 48 km from Godda, the district headquarters.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": "Godda district is a plateau region with undulating uplands, long ridges and depressions. The western portion of the Rajmahal hills passes through the district. The plain areas have lost its once rich forests but the hills still retain some. Kajhia, Sunder and Sakri rivers flow through the district.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": "Thakurgangti CD block is bounded by Pirpainti CD block in Bhagalpur district of Bihar on the north, Mandro CD block in  Sahibganj district on the east, Boarijor CD block on the south and Meharama CD block on the west.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": "Thakurgangti CD block has an area of 84.71 km2. Thakurgangti police station serves this block. Headquarters of this CD block is at Thakurgangti village.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": "According to the 2011 Census of India, Thakurgangti CD block had a total population of 99,603, all of which were rural. There were 51,822 (52%) males and 47,781 (48%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 18,978. Scheduled Castes numbered 8,159 (8.19%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 13,304 (13.36%).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": "According to the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Thakurgangti CD block was 45,665 (56.64% of the population over 6 years) out of which 28,495 (62%) were males and 17,170 (38%) were females. The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 24%.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": "See also – List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": "Language and religion", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": "At the time of the 2011 census, 11.37% of the population spoke Santali, 9.21% Kurmali, 5.07% Urdu, 4.60% Bengali, 2.22% Bhojpuri, 2.11% Hindi, 1.65% Magahi, 1.40% Khortha and 1.39% Kurukh as their first language. 56.15% of the population recorded their language as 'Others' under Hindi and 4.16% spoke 'Others' under Gujarati as their first language.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": "40-50% of the population of Godda district were in the BPL category in 2004–2005, being in the same category as Giridih, Koderma and Hazaribagh districts. Rural poverty in Jharkhand declined from 66% in 1993–94 to 46% in 2004–05. In 2011, it has come down to 39.1%.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": "In Thakurgangti CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 6,530 and formed 15.69%, agricultural labourers numbered 22,550 and formed 54.12%, household industry workers numbered 6,564 and formed 15.75% and other workers numbered 6,017 and formed 14.44%. Total workers numbered 41,670 and formed 41.84% of the total population. Non-workers numbered 57,933 and formed  50.36% of total population.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": "Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned. A person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers and entertainment artistes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": "There are 146 inhabited villages in Thakurgangti CD block. In 2011, 29 villages had power supply. 133 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 107 villages had hand pumps, and all villages had drinking water facility. 11 villages had post offices, 18 villages had sub post offices, 15 villages had telephones (land lines), 2 villages had public call offices and 67 villages had mobile phone coverage. 109 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 40 villages had bus service (public/ private), 9 villages had autos/ modified autos, 10 villages had taxis/ vans and 22 villages had tractors, 1 village had navigable waterway. 4 villages had bank branches, 36 villages had cinema/ video halls, 40 villages had public libraries, public reading room. 71 villages had public distribution system, 58 villages had weekly haat (market) and 103 villages had assembly polling stations.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": "Around 80% of the population depends on agriculture, the main economic activity of the district but lack of irrigation facilities is a major constraint in raising the existing low levels of productivity. A sizable population is also engaged in animal husbandry and cottage industries.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": "The livelihood scenario presented above indicates that a large population depends on agriculture. In Thakurgangti CD block 75.46% of the total area is cultivable area and 15.72% of the cultivable area is irrigated area.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": "Backward Regions Grant Fund", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": "Godda district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund. The fund created by the Government of India is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": "Thakurgangti CD block had 50 villages with pre-primary schools, 85 villages with primary schools, 45 villages with middle schools, 5 villages with secondary schools, 1 village with senior secondary school, 1 village with non-formal training centre, 55 villages with no educational facility.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": ".*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": "Thakurgangti CD block had 2 villages with primary health centres, 5 villages with primary health subcentres, 2 villages with dispensaries.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": ".*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_403e5204", "title": "Thakurgangti", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgangti", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_403e5204.json"}}
{"text": "The suanpan (simplified Chinese: 算盘; traditional Chinese: 算盤; pinyin: suànpán), also spelled suan pan or souanpan) is an abacus of Chinese origin. The earliest known written documentation of the Chinese abacus dates to the 2nd century BCE during the Han dynasty, and it was later described in a 190 CE book of the Eastern Han dynasty, namely Supplementary Notes on the Art of Figures written by Xu Yue. However, the exact design of this suanpan is not known.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "Usually, a suanpan is about 20 cm (8 in) tall and it comes in various widths depending on the application.  It usually has more than seven rods.  There are two beads on each rod in the upper deck and five beads on each rod in the bottom deck.  The beads are usually rounded and made of a hardwood.  The beads are counted by moving them up or down towards the beam.  The suanpan can be reset to the starting position instantly by a quick jerk around the horizontal axis to spin all the beads away from the horizontal beam at the center.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "Suanpans can be used for functions other than counting.  Unlike the simple counting board used in elementary schools, very efficient suanpan techniques have been developed to do multiplication, division, addition, subtraction, square root and cube root operations at high speed.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "The modern suanpan has 4+1 beads, colored beads to indicate position and a clear-all button. When the clear-all button is pressed, two mechanical levers push the top row beads to the top position and the bottom row beads to the bottom position, thus clearing all numbers to zero.  This replaces clearing the beads by hand, or quickly rotating the suanpan around its horizontal center line to clear the beads by centrifugal force.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "The word \"abacus\" was first mentioned by Xu Yue (160–220) in his book suanshu jiyi (算数记遗), or Notes on Traditions of Arithmetic Methods, in the Han dynasty. As it described, the original abacus had five beads (suan zhu) bunched by a stick in each column, separated by a transverse rod, and arrayed in a wooden rectangle box. One in the upper part represents five and each of four in the lower part represents one. People move the beads to do the calculation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "The long scroll Along the River During Qing Ming Festival painted by Zhang Zeduan (1085–1145) during the Song dynasty (960–1279) might contain a suanpan beside an account book and doctor's prescriptions on the counter of an apothecary.  However, the identification of the object as an abacus is a matter of some debate.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "Zhusuan was an abacus invented in China at the end of the 2nd century CE and reached its peak during the period from the 13th to the 16th century CE. In the 13th century, Guo Shoujing (郭守敬) used Zhusuan to calculate the length of each orbital year and found it to be 365.2425 days. In the 16th century, Zhu Zaiyu (朱載堉) calculated the musical Twelve-interval Equal Temperament using Zhusuan. And again in the 16th century, Wang Wensu (王文素) and Cheng Dawei (程大位) wrote respectively Principles of Algorithms and General Rules of Calculation, summarizing and refining the mathematical algorithms of Zhusuan, thus further boosting the popularity and promotion of Zhusuan. At the end of the 16th century, Zhusuan was introduced to neighboring countries and regions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "A 5+1 suanpan appeared in the Ming dynasty, an illustration in a 1573 book on suanpan showed a suanpan with one bead on top and five beads at the bottom.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "The evident similarity of the Roman abacus to the Chinese one suggests that one may have inspired the other, as there is strong evidence of a trade relationship between the Roman Empire and China. However, no direct connection can be demonstrated, and the similarity of the abaci could be coincidental, both ultimately arising from counting with five fingers per hand. Where the Roman model and Chinese model (like most modern Japanese) has 4 plus 1 bead per decimal place, the old version of the Chinese suanpan has 5 plus 2, allowing less challenging arithmetic algorithms. Instead of running on wires as in the Chinese and Japanese models, the beads of Roman model run in grooves, presumably more reliable since the wires could be bent.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "Another possible source of the suanpan is Chinese counting rods, which operated with a place value decimal system with empty spot as zero.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "Although sinologist Nathan Sivin claimed that the abacus, with its limited flexibility, \"was useless for the most advanced algebra\", and suggested that \"the convenience of the abacus\" may have paradoxically stymied mathematical innovation from the 14th to 17th centuries, Roger Hart counters that the abacus in fact facilitated new developments during that time, such as Zhu Zaiyu's treatises on musical equal temperament, for which he used nine abacuses to calculate √200 to twenty-five digits.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "There are two types of beads on the suanpan, those in the lower deck, below the separator beam, and those in the upper deck above it. The ones in the lower deck are sometimes called earth beads or water beads, and carry a value of 1 in their column. The ones in the upper deck are sometimes called heaven beads and carry a value of 5 in their column. The columns are much like the places in Indian numerals: one of the columns, usually the rightmost, represents the ones place; to the left of it are the tens, hundreds, thousands place, and so on, and if there are any columns to the right of it, they are the tenths place, hundredths place, and so on.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "The suanpan is a 2:5 abacus: two heaven beads and five earth beads. If one compares the suanpan to the soroban which is a 1:4 abacus, one might think there are two \"extra\" beads in each column. In fact, to represent decimal numbers and add or subtract such numbers, one strictly needs only one upper bead and four lower beads on each column. Some \"old\" methods to multiply or divide decimal numbers use those extra beads like the \"Extra Bead technique\" or \"Suspended Bead technique\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "The most mysterious and seemingly superfluous fifth lower bead, likely inherited from counting rods as suggested by the image above, was used to simplify and speed up  addition and subtraction somewhat, as well as to decrease the chances of error. Its use was demonstrated, for example, in the first book devoted entirely to suanpan: Computational Methods with the Beads in a Tray (Pánzhū Suànfǎ 盤珠算法) by Xú Xīnlǔ 徐心魯 (1573, Late Ming dynasty).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "A simplify explanation on how to use the 5th beads is shown here.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "The following two animations show the details of this particular usage:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "The beads and rods are often lubricated to ensure quick, smooth motion.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "Calculating on a suanpan", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "At the end of a decimal calculation on a suanpan, it is never the case that all five beads in the lower deck are moved. Compared with the Chinese abacus, Japanese Sorobans can accommodate up to 9 in each digit rod and when it becomes 10, the digit rod changes that will visualise the Decimal system bead in the top deck takes their place. Similarly, if two beads in the top deck are pushed down, they are pushed back up, and one carry bead in the lower deck of the next column to the left is moved up. The result of the computation is read off from the beads clustered near the separator beam between the upper and lower deck. In the past, the Chinese used the traditional system of measurements called the Shì yòng zhì (市用制) for its suanpan.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "In Shì yòng zhì (市用制), the unit of weight, the jīn (斤), was defined as 16 liǎng (兩), which made it necessary to perform calculations in hexadecimal. The Suanpan can accommodate up to 15 in each digit rod and when it becomes 16, the digit rod changes that will visualise the hexadecimal system.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "This is the reason why the Japanese Soroban's 4 earth beads (when the value is 0) is one bead apart from the beam while the suanpan's 5 earth beads (when the value is 0) are 2 beads apart from its beam.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "There exist different methods to perform division on the suanpan. Some of them require the use of the so-called \"Chinese division table\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "The two most extreme beads, the bottommost earth bead and the topmost heaven bead, are usually not used in addition and subtraction.  They are essential (compulsory) in some of the multiplication methods (two of three methods require them) and division method (special division table, Qiuchu 九歸, one amongst three methods).  When the intermediate result (in multiplication and division) is larger than 15 (fifteen), the second (extra) upper bead is moved halfway to represent ten (xuanchu, suspended).  Thus the same rod can represent up to 20 (compulsory as intermediate steps in traditional suanpan multiplication and division).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "The mnemonics/readings of the Chinese division method [Qiuchu] has its origin in the use of bamboo sticks [Chousuan], which is one of the reasons that many believe the evolution of suanpan is independent of the Roman abacus.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "This Chinese division method (i.e. with division table) was not in use when the Japanese changed their abacus to one upper bead and four lower beads in about the 1920s.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "This 4+1 abacus works as a bi-quinary based number system (the 5+2 abacus is similar but not identical to bi-quinary) in which carries and shifting are similar to the decimal number system.  Since each rod represents a digit in a decimal number, the computation capacity of the suanpan is only limited by the number of rods on the suanpan.  When a mathematician runs out of rods, another suanpan can be added to the left of the first.  In theory, the suanpan can be expanded indefinitely in this way.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "The suanpan's extra beads can be used for representing decimal numbers, adding or subtracting decimal numbers, caching carry operations, and base sixteen (hexadecimal) fractions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "Zhusuan (Chinese: 珠算; literally: \"bead calculation\") is the knowledge and practices of arithmetic calculation through the suanpan. In the year 2013, it has been inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Zhusuan is named after the Chinese name of abacus, which has been recognised as one of the Fifth Great Innovation in China While deciding on the inscription, the Intergovernmental Committee noted that \"Zhusuan is considered by Chinese people as a cultural symbol of their identity as well as a practical tool; transmitted from generation to generation, it is a calculating technique adapted to multiple aspects of daily life, serving multiform socio-cultural functions and offering the world an alternative knowledge system.\" The movement to get Chinese Zhusuan inscribed in the list was spearheaded by Chinese Abacus and Mental Arithmetic Association.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "Zhusuan is an important part of the traditional Chinese culture. Zhusuan has a far-reaching effect on various fields of Chinese society, like Chinese folk custom, language, literature, sculpture, architecture, etc., creating a Zhusuan-related cultural phenomenon. For example, ‘Iron Abacus’ (鐵算盤) refers to someone good at calculating; ‘Plus three equals plus five and minus two’ (三下五除二; +3 = +5 − 2) means quick and decisive; ‘3 times 7 equals 21’ indicates quick and rash; and in some places of China, there is a custom of telling children's fortune by placing various daily necessities before them on their first birthday and letting them choose one to predict their future lives. Among the items is an abacus, which symbolizes wisdom and wealth.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "Suanpan arithmetic was still being taught in school in Hong Kong as recently as the late 1960s, and in China into the 1990s. In some less-developed industry, the suanpan (abacus) is still in use as a primary counting device and back-up calculating method. However, when handheld calculators became readily available, school children's willingness to learn the use of the suanpan decreased dramatically.  In the early days of handheld calculators, news of suanpan operators beating electronic calculators in arithmetic competitions in both speed and accuracy often appeared in the media. Early electronic calculators could only handle 8 to 10 significant digits, whereas suanpans can be built to virtually limitless precision. But when the functionality of calculators improved beyond simple arithmetic operations, most people realized that the suanpan could never compute higher functions – such as those in trigonometry – faster than a calculator. As digitalised calculators seemed to be more efficient and user-friendly, their functional capacities attract more technological-related and large scale industries in application. Nowadays, even though calculators have become more affordable and convenient, suanpans are still commonly used in China. Many parents still tend to send their children to private tutors or school- and government-sponsored after school activities to learn bead arithmetic as a learning aid and a stepping stone to faster and more accurate mental arithmetic, or as a matter of cultural preservation. Speed competitions are still held.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "Suanpans are  still widely used elsewhere in China and Japan, as well as in a few places in Canada and the United States. With its historical value, it has symbolized the traditional cultural identity. It contributes to the advancement of calculating techniques and intellectual development, which closely relate to the cultural-related industry like architecture and folk customs. With their operational simplicity and traditional habit, Suanpans are still generally in use in small-scale shops.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "In mainland China, formerly accountants and financial personnel had to pass certain graded examinations in bead arithmetic before they were qualified. Starting from about 2002 or 2004, this requirement has been entirely replaced by computer accounting.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "Ifrah, Georges (2001). The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-39671-0.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "Peng Yoke Ho (2000). Li, Qi and Shu: An Introduction to Science and Civilization in China. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-41445-0.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "Martzloff (2006). A History of Chinese Mathematics. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-33782-2.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "Suanpan Tutor - See the steps in addition and subtraction", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "A Traditional Suan Pan Technique for Multiplication", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "UNESCO video on Chinese Zhusuan on YouTube (Published on Dec 4, 2013): Zhusuan", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4b24ade8", "title": "Suanpan", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanpan", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4b24ade8.json"}}
{"text": "Suppression of tumorigenicity 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ST5 gene. ST5 orthologs have been identified in nearly all mammals for which complete genome data are available.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a458d7de", "title": "ST5 (gene)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ST5_(gene)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a458d7de.json"}}
{"text": "This gene was identified by its ability to suppress the tumorigenicity of Hela cells in nude mice. The protein encoded by this gene contains a C-terminal region that shares similarity with the Rab 3 family of small GTP binding proteins. This protein preferentially binds to the SH3 domain of c-Abl kinase, and acts as a regulator of MAPK1/ERK2 kinase, which may contribute to its ability to reduce the tumorigenic phenotype in cells. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms are identified.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a458d7de", "title": "ST5 (gene)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ST5_(gene)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a458d7de.json"}}
{"text": "== Further reading ==", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_a458d7de", "title": "ST5 (gene)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ST5_(gene)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_a458d7de.json"}}
{"text": "Nelson Suburbs FC is a football club in Nelson, New Zealand. They compete in the Mainland Premier League.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_121140bc", "title": "Nelson Suburbs FC", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Suburbs_FC", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_121140bc.json"}}
{"text": "They have won the Mainland Premier League three times. Nelson Suburbs FC has strong ties with the region's most successful football school Nelson College.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_121140bc", "title": "Nelson Suburbs FC", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Suburbs_FC", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_121140bc.json"}}
{"text": "Nelson Suburbs FC manages teams for Seniors, Women, Juniors/Youth (ages 9 to 19), Fun Football (ages 7 to 8)  and First Kicks (ages 4 to 6).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_121140bc", "title": "Nelson Suburbs FC", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Suburbs_FC", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_121140bc.json"}}
{"text": "In 1978 Nelson Suburbs FC joined Central League where it participated for 8 years until 1985.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_121140bc", "title": "Nelson Suburbs FC", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Suburbs_FC", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_121140bc.json"}}
{"text": "In 1996 Nelson Suburbs FC entered the National League.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_121140bc", "title": "Nelson Suburbs FC", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Suburbs_FC", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_121140bc.json"}}
{"text": "In 1999 Nelson Suburbs FC entered the new South Island league.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_121140bc", "title": "Nelson Suburbs FC", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Suburbs_FC", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_121140bc.json"}}
{"text": "In 2000, Nelson Suburbs FC entered the Mainland Premier League. It won the competition in 2004, 2005 and 2008.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_121140bc", "title": "Nelson Suburbs FC", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Suburbs_FC", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_121140bc.json"}}
{"text": "In 2018, Nelson Suburbs FC entered the newly formed Southern Football League, comprising the five best finishers in the Mainland Premier League and the three best finishers in the Southern Premier League.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_121140bc", "title": "Nelson Suburbs FC", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Suburbs_FC", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_121140bc.json"}}
{"text": "In 2019, Nelson Suburbs FC won the Southern Football League by 1 point over Mainland Premier League rivals Cashmere Technical Football Club.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_121140bc", "title": "Nelson Suburbs FC", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Suburbs_FC", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_121140bc.json"}}
{"text": "In 2020, Nelson Suburbs FC launched the Nelson Suburbs Football Academy.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_121140bc", "title": "Nelson Suburbs FC", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Suburbs_FC", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_121140bc.json"}}
{"text": "In national competition, Nelson Suburbs have yet to reach the final of the Chatham Cup; having reached the semi-finals in 2008 and 2018. Both campaigns ended with loses to eventual champions East Coast Bays 2–1 in 2008 and Birkenhead United 2–0 in 2018. The team spent one season in the national league in 2000, finishing seventh out of ten teams but withdrawing from the 2001 league for financial reasons.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_121140bc", "title": "Nelson Suburbs FC", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Suburbs_FC", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_121140bc.json"}}
{"text": "Cinematic Titanic was a project by Mystery Science Theater 3000 (MST3K) creator and original host, Joel Hodgson.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "The project involved \"riffing\" B-movies, in a manner similar to that of MST3K.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "Joining Hodgson were some of the original MST3K cast, as well as some cast members who joined later in the show's run. These included Trace Beaulieu, J. Elvis Weinstein, Frank Conniff and Mary Jo Pehl.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "It was first performed live on December 7, 2007, and first aired on December 22, 2007.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "On February 16, 2013, it was announced that the touring portion of Cinematic Titanic was going on an indefinite hiatus. According to an email sent out to members of the site, due to \"5 people living in 5 different cities with different lives and projects, it has become increasingly difficult to coordinate our schedules and give Cinematic Titanic the attention it requires to keep growing as a creative enterprise and a business.\" The final tour began on September 23, 2013.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "Like Mystery Science Theater 3000, the series used black silhouettes of the riffers placed over the films, but in the case of Cinematic Titanic they sit on both sides of the screen rather than just on the lower right.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "Visual gags are frequent (such as Beaulieu's use of a cherry picker in The Oozing Skull), and there are two or three host segments per episode, all performed in silhouette.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "The actors essentially play themselves as they participate in an experiment for some unknown (possibly shadowy) corporation or military force. The story currently provided to the cast is that there is a tear in the \"electron scaffolding\" that threatens all digital media in the world. Their experience doing MST3K is key to the organization's plans. The riffing for each film is recorded to a \"nanotated disc\" and inserted into a \"Time Tube\" by Hodgson that descends into the frame at the end of every episode. The unknown organization is very firm on keeping the cast focused on their duties, providing no time frame for completion and requiring them to stay within the facilities at all times. They apparently have massive resources and an autonomous military force, which they use to keep the cast in line. The cast is inquisitive of the true purpose of the experiments but have no major problems as, aside from having to watch bad movies, they are well-treated.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "When the cast switched to performing for live audiences, the \"corporation\" premise was abandoned.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "Relation to RiffTrax", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "When asked about potential collaborations with those involved in RiffTrax, Hodgson told New York magazine, \"I don't know. I think those guys—Bill, Kevin and Mike—are really talented, obviously. I think anything’s possible, but I thought it might get confusing to try to merge them together or do crossover projects. I would never rule it out because it's all kind of the same universe. But RiffTrax, the idea of riffing on topical movies, is a different thing. And I like that the movie-riffing universe got bigger when they decided to do that, but we just do weird movies you've never seen before.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "Studio / \"Live\" DVDs", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "In a question and answer session at the Tivoli Theatre in St. Louis, Missouri, it was announced that Cinematic Titanic would begin to release recordings from their live shows as \"Live\" DVDs in an effort to bring the energy of their on stage antics into people's living rooms and further promote the stage show. When asked if this meant the demise of the studio produced DVDs, J. Elvis Weinstein said, \"No, studio releases will return at some point in the future.\" The first of these \"Live\" DVDs to be released was East Meets Watts, which was recorded in front of a live audience during one of the group's performances in Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "The first live performance was a private show for employees of Industrial Light & Magic on December 7, 2007. Afterwards, the cast reworked some jokes, delaying the original December 10 release date. The first episode of Cinematic Titanic was released on DVD to the public at midnight on December 21, via the download-to-burn company EZTakes. According to the Cinematic Titanic website, due to rights issues, the episode was not available for download until April 2, 2008.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "Both the private show and the first release feature the B-movie Brain of Blood. One of the original film's producers, concerned that creating multiple versions of the film could create marketplace confusion, requested that Cinematic Titanic's version have a different name. To alleviate his concerns, Cinematic Titanic retitled their release The Oozing Skull.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "In March 2013, Cinematic Titanic sold the last of their on-hand DVD stock and ceased pressing their own discs. From then on all releases were either in digital format, or through Amazon.com's print-on-demand service.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "In May 2017, Shout! Factory released a Complete Series set, featuring all twelve episodes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "Releases have been available to purchase as a physical DVD, and also as a download and burned DVD version.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "The following is an incomplete list of live performances by Cinematic Titanic.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "MST3K.info for Cinematic Titanic", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "Interview with Joel Hodgson at IFC.com", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "Interview at StarWars.com", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "Review of Cinematic Titanic and its first episode Archived 2008-08-29 at the Wayback Machine", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "DVD Talk discusses the first Cinematic Titanic episode", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "Official playlist on ShoutFactoryTV", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46d131b3", "title": "Cinematic Titanic", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_Titanic", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46d131b3.json"}}
{"text": "Rhus potaninii, the Chinese varnish tree, Chinese sumac (names it shares with other species), Potanin's sumac, or Potanin's lacquer tree, is a species of flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is native to central and southern China. A deciduous tree reaching 12 m (39 ft), it is typically found growing on hill and mountain slopes, in forests and thickets at elevations from 900 to 2,500 m (3,000 to 8,200 ft) above sea level. It is named for its collector, Grigory Potanin. Valued for its rounded crown and vibrant red fall foliage, it is available from commercial suppliers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_88880b50", "title": "Rhus potaninii", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhus_potaninii", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_88880b50.json"}}
{"text": "Clondavaddog (Irish: Cluain Dabhaodóg) is a civil parish in the northern part of the Fanad peninsula in County Donegal, Ireland. It is in the historical barony of Kilmacrenan. Clondavaddog is also an ecclesiastical parish in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Raphoe. Clondevaddock (\"Christ The Redeemer\") is also a parish in the Church of Ireland Diocese of Derry and Raphoe.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7d872034", "title": "Clondavaddog", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clondavaddog", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7d872034.json"}}
{"text": "William Hamilton, who had been appointed the Protestant minister of Clondavaddog in 1790, was killed by an angry mob near Manorcunningham in March 1797. This was one of several precursors to the Irish Rebellion of 1798.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7d872034", "title": "Clondavaddog", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clondavaddog", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7d872034.json"}}
{"text": "Henry Maturin (1842–1920), Irish cricketer and physician", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_7d872034", "title": "Clondavaddog", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clondavaddog", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_7d872034.json"}}
{"text": "The Alexandria Hotel and Annex, also known as Plaza Hotel and Annex, is located at 840-844 Brown St. in Napa, California. Built in 1910, the hotel was a work of architect William H. Corlett. The hotel's design exemplifies the Mission Revival and Mediterranean Revival styles, which were both popular in California in the early 20th century. The design features three square towers on the street facing corners, overhanging eaves, and both slanted bay and rounded windows. The hotel's annex is older than the hotel and was redesigned to match the hotel's architecture when the hotel was built.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c404edba", "title": "Alexandria Hotel and Annex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Hotel_and_Annex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c404edba.json"}}
{"text": "The hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The listing included two contributing buildings, the hotel and its annex.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c404edba", "title": "Alexandria Hotel and Annex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Hotel_and_Annex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c404edba.json"}}
{"text": "2014 Napa Valley earthquake", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c404edba", "title": "Alexandria Hotel and Annex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Hotel_and_Annex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c404edba.json"}}
{"text": "The building was damaged by the 2014 South Napa earthquake, and has been renovated.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_c404edba", "title": "Alexandria Hotel and Annex", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Hotel_and_Annex", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_c404edba.json"}}
{"text": "The Madonna of the Baldacchino is a c.1506-1508 oil on wood holy conversation-style painting by Raphael, now in the Galleria Palatina in Florence.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e41727a2", "title": "Madonna of the Baldacchino", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Baldacchino", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e41727a2.json"}}
{"text": "It was Raphael's first major commission in Florence, produced for the cappella Dei in Santo Spirito. It remained incomplete on the artist's return to Rome in 1508 after being summoned by pope Julius II. It was a popular model for artists such as Andrea del Sarto, Fra' Bartolomeo and Lorenzo Lotto in the 1510s, although another altarpiece was commissioned from Rosso Fiorentino for the chapel.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e41727a2", "title": "Madonna of the Baldacchino", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Baldacchino", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e41727a2.json"}}
{"text": "In Pescia Cathedral by the mid 16th century, Raphael's work was acquired by prince Ferdinando de' Medici in 1697. He had it restored and completed by the brothers Niccolò and Agostino Cassana. Ferdinando wished Raphael's work to act as a pendant to another work in his collection, Fra' Bartolomeo's Christ Among the Doctors, and so had a strip added to the top of Raphael's work to make it the same height as the other painting. Raphael's work was taken to Paris in 1799 and only returned to Florence in 1813.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e41727a2", "title": "Madonna of the Baldacchino", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Baldacchino", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e41727a2.json"}}
{"text": "List of paintings by Raphael", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e41727a2", "title": "Madonna of the Baldacchino", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Baldacchino", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e41727a2.json"}}
{"text": "Vecchi, Pierluigi De (1975). Raffaello. Milano: Rizzoli.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e41727a2", "title": "Madonna of the Baldacchino", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Baldacchino", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e41727a2.json"}}
{"text": "Vecchi, Pierluigi De; Cerchiari, Elda (1999). I tempi dell'arte. Vol. 2. Milano: Bompiani. ISBN 88-451-7212-0.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e41727a2", "title": "Madonna of the Baldacchino", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Baldacchino", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e41727a2.json"}}
{"text": "Franzese, Paolo (2008). Raffaello. Milano: Mondadori Arte. ISBN 978-88-370-6437-2.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e41727a2", "title": "Madonna of the Baldacchino", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Baldacchino", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e41727a2.json"}}
{"text": "Media related to Baldachin Madonna by Raphael at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_e41727a2", "title": "Madonna of the Baldacchino", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Baldacchino", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_e41727a2.json"}}
{"text": "The Best American Short Stories 2024 is a volume in the annual Best American Short Stories anthology. It was edited by the series editor, Heidi Pitlor, and guest editor Lauren Groff. The collection was published in October 2024 with a print run of 75,000 copies.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4216e97f", "title": "The Best American Short Stories 2024", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_American_Short_Stories_2024", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4216e97f.json"}}
{"text": "Short stories included", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4216e97f", "title": "The Best American Short Stories 2024", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_American_Short_Stories_2024", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4216e97f.json"}}
{"text": "Moxico Leste is a province of Angola. It was created on 5 September 2024 from the eastern part of Moxico Province. Its capital is Cazombo.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a49692c", "title": "Moxico Leste Province", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxico_Leste_Province", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a49692c.json"}}
{"text": "Geography and climate", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a49692c", "title": "Moxico Leste Province", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxico_Leste_Province", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a49692c.json"}}
{"text": "Moxico Leste borders the Angolan provinces of Lunda Sul to the northwest and Moxico to the southwest. It also borders Lualaba Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to the northeast, and Zambia's North-Western Province to the southeast. Much of Moxico Leste lies in the upper Zambezi River basin, except for the portion along the Kasai River that demarcates the provincial border with Lunda Sul. Cameia National Park is located in the province, as is Lake Dilolo, Angola's largest lake. Ecoregions found in the province include Angolan miombo woodlands, Zambezian evergreen dry forests and Zambezian flooded grasslands.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a49692c", "title": "Moxico Leste Province", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxico_Leste_Province", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a49692c.json"}}
{"text": "Moxico Leste experiences a tropical savanna climate with the dry season or cacimbo running from May to August.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a49692c", "title": "Moxico Leste Province", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxico_Leste_Province", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a49692c.json"}}
{"text": "Since at least 2016, there have been proposals to divide Moxico, formerly Angola's largest province by area, into two smaller provinces. On 14 August 2024, Angola's National Assembly approved a law to create three new provinces, including separating the municipalities of Alto Zambeze, Cameia, Luacano and Luau from Moxico to form the new province of Moxico Leste. This law went into effect with its publication in the official gazette of Angola on 5 September 2024. Originally the new province was to be named Cassai Zambeze, but the name was changed after consultation with Nhakatolo Ngambo, the sovereign of the Luvale and Lunda peoples.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a49692c", "title": "Moxico Leste Province", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxico_Leste_Province", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a49692c.json"}}
{"text": "Moxico Leste is divided into the nine municipalities of Caianda, Cameia, Cazombo, Lago Dilolo, Lóvua do Zambeze, Luacano, Luau, Macondo and Nana Candundo. Cazombo is further subdivided into the communes of Cazombo and Lumbala Caquengue, and Macondo is subdivided into the communes of Macondo and Calunda.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a49692c", "title": "Moxico Leste Province", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxico_Leste_Province", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a49692c.json"}}
{"text": "The first governor of Moxico Leste is Crispiniano Vivaldino Evaristo dos Santos, who was appointed in December 2024.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a49692c", "title": "Moxico Leste Province", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxico_Leste_Province", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a49692c.json"}}
{"text": "The former municipalities that now form part of Moxico Leste reported a combined population of 250,584 in the 2014 census. In 2022 the population of these municipalities was projected at 318,582 inhabitants. Major ethnic groups in the region include the Chokwe, Luvale, and Lunda Dembo.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a49692c", "title": "Moxico Leste Province", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxico_Leste_Province", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a49692c.json"}}
{"text": "Economy and infrastructure", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a49692c", "title": "Moxico Leste Province", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxico_Leste_Province", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a49692c.json"}}
{"text": "The main economic activity in Moxico Leste is agriculture. In colonial times, Alto Zambeze was a major rice producer in Angola, while nowadays Cameia is a locally significant producer of fruits such as oranges and bananas. Anglo American, Rio Tinto, and Ivanhoe Mines are prospecting in the area for minerals such as copper, zinc, titanium and aluminum. Many Angolans living near the national border go to work in the DRC and Zambia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a49692c", "title": "Moxico Leste Province", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxico_Leste_Province", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a49692c.json"}}
{"text": "The Benguela railway runs through the towns of Cameia, Luacano and Luau. National road EN250 connects Luau to Cazombo, but it is in a severe state of disrepair.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1a49692c", "title": "Moxico Leste Province", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxico_Leste_Province", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1a49692c.json"}}
{"text": "Nigeria competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_840388c6", "title": "Nigeria at the 1992 Summer Olympics", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_840388c6.json"}}
{"text": "The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_840388c6", "title": "Nigeria at the 1992 Summer Olympics", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_840388c6.json"}}
{"text": "Track and road events", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_840388c6", "title": "Nigeria at the 1992 Summer Olympics", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_840388c6.json"}}
{"text": "Track and road events", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_840388c6", "title": "Nigeria at the 1992 Summer Olympics", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_840388c6.json"}}
{"text": "Bridget Yamala Egwolosan", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_840388c6", "title": "Nigeria at the 1992 Summer Olympics", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_840388c6.json"}}
{"text": "Chiaka Lauretta Ihebom", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_840388c6", "title": "Nigeria at the 1992 Summer Olympics", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_840388c6.json"}}
{"text": "Nigeria at the 1990 Commonwealth Games", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_840388c6", "title": "Nigeria at the 1992 Summer Olympics", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_840388c6.json"}}
{"text": "Nigeria at the 1994 Commonwealth Games", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_840388c6", "title": "Nigeria at the 1992 Summer Olympics", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_840388c6.json"}}
{"text": "Marie Podvalová (5 September 1909 – 16 May 1992) was a Czech opera singer who had a long career at the National Theatre in Prague from 1936 to 1978. A dramatic soprano who excelled in the Czech repertoire, she garnered particular acclaim for her portrayal of the title heroine in Bedřich Smetana's Libuše. Her physical beauty and dramatic talents further added to her great popularity among Czech audiences.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d4755fb8", "title": "Marie Podvalová", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Podvalov%C3%A1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d4755fb8.json"}}
{"text": "Podvalová was born in Prague-Čakovice. In her early childhood, she moved with her parents to a house in Chrást, which she visited until her death.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d4755fb8", "title": "Marie Podvalová", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Podvalov%C3%A1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d4755fb8.json"}}
{"text": "Podvalová first studied the violin before studying singing voice privately in Prague. She entered the Prague Conservatory where she studied voice with A. Fatissová and Doubravka Brambergová. She made her professional opera debut in 1935 at the Mahen Theatre in Brno as Marina in Modest Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d4755fb8", "title": "Marie Podvalová", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Podvalov%C3%A1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d4755fb8.json"}}
{"text": "Under the recommendation of conductor Václav Talich, Podvalová was made a principal artist at the Prague National Theater in 1936. She was the theatre's leading dramatic soprano for the next 38 years. Among her signature roles at the opera house were Emilia Marty in Leoš Janáček's The Makropulos Affair, the Foreign Princess in Antonín Dvořák's Rusalka, Kostelnička Buryjovka in Janáček's Jenůfa, Leonora in Fidelio, Milada in Smetana's Dalibor, Senta in Richard Wagner's The Flying Dutchman, and the title roles in Giacomo Puccini's Tosca and Smetana's Libuše. In 1938 she created various roles in the world premiere of Bohuslav Martinů's Julietta. In 1959 she toured the Soviet Union with the Prague National Theatre.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d4755fb8", "title": "Marie Podvalová", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Podvalov%C3%A1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d4755fb8.json"}}
{"text": "Podvalová received numerous honors during her career. She made numerous recordings during her career, mostly on the Supraphon label. She died at the age of 82 in Prague.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_d4755fb8", "title": "Marie Podvalová", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Podvalov%C3%A1", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_d4755fb8.json"}}
{"text": "Olivin \"Olive\" Malmberg Johnson (March 14, 1872 – June 16, 1954) was a Swedish-American socialist, newspaper editor and political activist. She is best remembered as a long-time editor of the weekly English-language newspaper of the Socialist Labor Party of America.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "Olivin Malberg was born March 14, 1872, in Lund, Sweden, the daughter of a merchant. The family emigrated to the United States in the 1890s, with Olive graduating high school in Minneapolis, Minnesota.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "Olive joined the Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP) in 1895. She acted as a lecturer and speaker on behalf of the party beginning in 1898. She worked variously as a retail clerk, restaurant worker, office worker, housekeeper, and teacher.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "Malmberg was married to another member party member by the name of Johnson, took his name, and moved with him to California. The Johnsons' marriage eventually ended, but as was the custom of the day, Olive kept her former husband's surname after its dissolution. She never remarried.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "Johnson attended Hunter College in New York City, from which she obtained a bachelor's degree in 1916, at the age of 44. She later did graduate course work at Columbia University and New York University.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "Johnson was a close friend and trusted political associate of party leader Daniel DeLeon (1852–1914). She was first elected a member of the governing National Executive Committee of the SLP in 1904, remaining in that capacity until 1912. She joined DeLeon as a delegate of the SLP to the 1910 Copenhagen Congress of the Second International and was a delegate to many of the SLP's quadrennial national conventions, beginning in 1904.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "Johnson was also close to Arnold Petersen (1885–1976), the Danish-born successor to Daniel DeLeon's mantle as top leader of the Socialist Labor Party. In 1918, Johnson became editor of the SLP's official newspaper, The Weekly People, replacing Edmund Seidel, who had begun advocating a merger with the leftward tilting Socialist Party of America. She remained in that position for 20 years, also writing many articles and pamphlets on behalf of the party. A number of Johnson's pamphlets were translated into Swedish, Hungarian, Ukrainian, and Croatian by the various foreign language federations of the SLP.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "As editor of the SLP's official organ, Johnson continued to advocate a harsh line towards other political organizations on the left. Historian Ben Perry notes:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "\"Her editorial positions were especially hostile to the Communist and Socialist parties and the anti-political Industrial Workers of the World, but she also condemned the CIO as well as non-revolutionary movements such as the cooperative movement and the New Deal. She was very active during this period, not only as editor, but also as a pamphlet writer, speaker, and candidate for public office.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "On the SLP ticket, Johnson ran for Governor of New York in 1918, for Mayor of New York City in 1929, and for U.S. Senator from New York in 1934.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "Johnson was elected by the SLP as its fraternal delegate to the 3rd World Congress of the Communist International in 1922, but was refused a passport to travel by the American government.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "In the early 1930s Johnson contracted tuberculosis, a disease which sapped her vitality, and she was forced to handle the editorial tasks of The Weekly People more and more from her home. In 1938 she retired from editing the newspaper.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "Olive M. Johnson died in Malibu, California, on June 16, 1954, at 82 years of age.  Her ashes were scattered at Topanga Canyon, California where she had lived with her brother Nils Malmberg for several years.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "Woman and the Socialist Movement: Published Under the Auspices of the Socialist Women of Greater New York. New York: New York Labor News Co., 1908. (Reissued 1919).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "Americanism: An Open Letter to the Board of Education, New York. New York : Socialist Labor Party, 1920.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "Revolution: \"Dictatorship\" and \"Suppression\" Incidental to Social Progress. New York: Socialist Labor Party, 1923.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "Daniel De Leon, American Socialist Pathfinder. New York: New York Labor News Co., 1923.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "The Cooperative Movement: An Infantile Disorder and an Old-Age Disease. New York: New York Labor News Co., 1924.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "The Socialist Party: A Quarter Century Later: From the Kangaroo Exodus to La Follette. New York: Socialist Labor Party, 1924.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "Karl Marx: Forty years After (1883-1923). With Daniel DeLeon. New York: Socialist Labor Party, 1924.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "The Soviet Revolution, 1917-1927: A Historical Comparison. New York: Socialist Labor Party, 1927.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "Russia in Revolution: Selected Editorials. With Daniel DeLeon. New York: New York Labor News Co., 1927.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "The Reform Vote versus the Revolutionary Vote: The Socialist Party - Workers (Communist) Party: Petty Bourgeois Twins Contrasted with the Revolutionary Socialist Labor Party. New York: Socialist Labor Party, 1929.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "The Spy in the Labor Movement: Essays. With Paul LaFargue. New York: Socialist Labor Party, 1929.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "Industrial Government: Industrial Feudal Autocracy versus Industrial Democracy. With Arnold Petersen. New York: New York Labor News Co., 1930.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "The Socialist Labor Party during Four Decades: 1890-1930. With Henry Kuhn. New York: New York Labor News Co., 1931.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "The School To The Teacher. New York: New York Labor News Co., 1932.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "Americanism: Reaction Subverting the Constitution and the American Tradition. New York: Socialist Labor Party, 1935.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "Industrial Unionism. With Thomas Grady. New York: New York Labor News Co., 1935.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "The Virus of Anarchy: Bakuninism vs. Marxism. With Arnold Petersen. New York: New York Labor News Co., 1935.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "May Day vs. Labor Day: A Comparison of the Social Significance of the Two Days of Labor Celebration.  New York: New York Labor News Co., 1936.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "Revolution. With Arnold Petersen. New York: New York Labor News Co., 1936.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_4e2d6e13", "title": "Olive M. Johnson", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_4e2d6e13.json"}}
{"text": "The Broken Violin is an American film that was released in 1923. It was directed by John Francis Dillon. It was produced by Atlantic Features and distributed by Arrow Film Corporation It is a melodrama. A 1923 publication described the film as \"heart interest laid on thick.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b3d16edc", "title": "The Broken Violin (1923 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broken_Violin_(1923_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b3d16edc.json"}}
{"text": "Variety wrote, \"The story is of an imposter endeavoring to secure the millions rightfully belonging to another. His ruse works for a time, but the rightful heir finally comes into his own and incidentally wins the girl which the other hand had also attempted to secure\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b3d16edc", "title": "The Broken Violin (1923 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broken_Violin_(1923_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b3d16edc.json"}}
{"text": "A review in Variety reads, \"These long drawn-out melodramas are pretty tough on summer-time audiences\" and \"Melodramatics are the stock in trade of this production, with the story bringing forth only old bits in this line to create interest. The tale has a flimsy love angle weakly told, with the theme in general falling short of holding attention\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b3d16edc", "title": "The Broken Violin (1923 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broken_Violin_(1923_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b3d16edc.json"}}
{"text": "Dorothy Mackaill as Constance Morley", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b3d16edc", "title": "The Broken Violin (1923 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broken_Violin_(1923_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b3d16edc.json"}}
{"text": "Reed Howes as John Ellsworth", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b3d16edc", "title": "The Broken Violin (1923 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broken_Violin_(1923_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b3d16edc.json"}}
{"text": "Zena Keefe as Governess", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b3d16edc", "title": "The Broken Violin (1923 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broken_Violin_(1923_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b3d16edc.json"}}
{"text": "Warren Cook as Thomas Kitterly", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b3d16edc", "title": "The Broken Violin (1923 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broken_Violin_(1923_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b3d16edc.json"}}
{"text": "Joseph Blake as Jeremy Ellsworth", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b3d16edc", "title": "The Broken Violin (1923 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broken_Violin_(1923_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b3d16edc.json"}}
{"text": "Henry Sedley as James Gault", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b3d16edc", "title": "The Broken Violin (1923 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broken_Violin_(1923_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b3d16edc.json"}}
{"text": "Sydney Deane as Dr. Mason", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b3d16edc", "title": "The Broken Violin (1923 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broken_Violin_(1923_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b3d16edc.json"}}
{"text": "Rita Rogan as Beatrice Ellsworth", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b3d16edc", "title": "The Broken Violin (1923 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broken_Violin_(1923_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b3d16edc.json"}}
{"text": "J.H. Lewis as Jules Davega", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b3d16edc", "title": "The Broken Violin (1923 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broken_Violin_(1923_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b3d16edc.json"}}
{"text": "Gladden James as Phil Carter / Floyd Watson", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b3d16edc", "title": "The Broken Violin (1923 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broken_Violin_(1923_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b3d16edc.json"}}
{"text": "Edward Roseman as Half-Wit", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b3d16edc", "title": "The Broken Violin (1923 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broken_Violin_(1923_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b3d16edc.json"}}
{"text": "The Broken Violin (1928 film)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b3d16edc", "title": "The Broken Violin (1923 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broken_Violin_(1923_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b3d16edc.json"}}
{"text": "The Broken Violin at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_b3d16edc", "title": "The Broken Violin (1923 film)", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broken_Violin_(1923_film)", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_b3d16edc.json"}}
{"text": "L'ajo nell'imbarazzo (The Tutor Embarrassed or The Tutor in a Jam) is a melodramma giocoso, or opera, in two acts by Gaetano Donizetti. The Italian libretto was written by Jacopo Ferretti, after the 1807 play by Giovanni Giraud. At its premiere at the Teatro Valle, Rome, on 4 February 1824, it \"was greeted with wild enthusiasm [and] it was with this opera that [...] Donizetti had his first really lasting success\" During revisions planned for the 1826 production in Naples, Donizetti renamed the opera Don Gregorio, and it is under that name that most later productions were staged.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2155ec4", "title": "L'ajo nell'imbarazzo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27ajo_nell%27imbarazzo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2155ec4.json"}}
{"text": "Performances were given in many Italian cities and it became the first of the composer's operas to be given outside the country, with productions mounted in Vienna, Dresden, Barcelona, and Rio de Janeiro.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2155ec4", "title": "L'ajo nell'imbarazzo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27ajo_nell%27imbarazzo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2155ec4.json"}}
{"text": "However, before the planned Naples production of 1826, Donizetti revised the opera under the title of Don Gregorio, and under that name, it premiered at the Teatro Nuovo in Naples on 11 June 1826. That same year, it also was given at La Scala. On 28 July 1846 it was first given in London, but \"seems to have disappeared from view until it turned up again in Italy in the twentieth century\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2155ec4", "title": "L'ajo nell'imbarazzo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27ajo_nell%27imbarazzo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2155ec4.json"}}
{"text": "20th century and beyond", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2155ec4", "title": "L'ajo nell'imbarazzo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27ajo_nell%27imbarazzo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2155ec4.json"}}
{"text": "It was presented at the Teatro Donizetti in the composer's home town of Bergamo in 1959 and an Italian TV production was broadcast in 1964. A successful staging by the Wexford Festival in 1973 led to it appearing in four additional European cities between 1975 and 1990 and a new video recording was made from live performances given by the Teatro Donizetti in November 2007.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2155ec4", "title": "L'ajo nell'imbarazzo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27ajo_nell%27imbarazzo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2155ec4.json"}}
{"text": "Time: Early nineteenth century", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2155ec4", "title": "L'ajo nell'imbarazzo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27ajo_nell%27imbarazzo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2155ec4.json"}}
{"text": "Place: An Italian city", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2155ec4", "title": "L'ajo nell'imbarazzo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27ajo_nell%27imbarazzo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2155ec4.json"}}
{"text": "Marquis Giulio demands that his sons, Enrico and Pippetto, grow up in complete ignorance of all matters of the flesh. Yet Enrico has secretly married Gilda, and they even have a son. Exasperated by the life he's forced to lead, the youth begs the elderly tutor Gregorio for help, and has him meet his wife. When, however, the Marquis arrives, Gilda remains trapped in Gregorio's room. She worries, for she must nurse her child: Gregorio is forced to fetch the baby and bring it to her, hidden under his cloak. Leonarda, an old servant in the household, informs the Marquis of her suspicions; he discovers Gilda, but is convinced she must be the tutor's lover. In the tempestuous scene that follows, involving all the characters, the truth finally comes out. The Marquis realizes his error, and decides to entrust his younger son, Pippetto, to Enrico, so that he might help him learn \"the ways of the world.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2155ec4", "title": "L'ajo nell'imbarazzo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27ajo_nell%27imbarazzo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2155ec4.json"}}
{"text": "Ashbrook, William, \"Ajo nell'imbarazzo, L'\" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. Ed. Stanley Sadie. Oxford Music Online (accessed 24 September 2011, by subscription)", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2155ec4", "title": "L'ajo nell'imbarazzo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27ajo_nell%27imbarazzo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2155ec4.json"}}
{"text": "Ashbrook, William (1998), \"Ajo nell'imbarazzo, L'\" in Stanley Sadie (ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, vol. two. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-73432-7, 1-56159-228-5", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2155ec4", "title": "L'ajo nell'imbarazzo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27ajo_nell%27imbarazzo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2155ec4.json"}}
{"text": "Ashbrook, William; Sarah Hibberd (2001), \"L'ajo nell'imbarazzio, o Don Gregorio\" in Holden, Amanda (ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam. ISBN 0-14-029312-4", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2155ec4", "title": "L'ajo nell'imbarazzo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27ajo_nell%27imbarazzo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2155ec4.json"}}
{"text": "Osborne, Charles, (1994), The Bel Canto Operas of Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini, Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. ISBN 0-931340-71-3", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2155ec4", "title": "L'ajo nell'imbarazzo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27ajo_nell%27imbarazzo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2155ec4.json"}}
{"text": "Ashbrook, William (1982), Donizetti and His Operas, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-23526-X", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2155ec4", "title": "L'ajo nell'imbarazzo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27ajo_nell%27imbarazzo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2155ec4.json"}}
{"text": "Weinstock, Herbert (1963), Donizetti and the World of Opera in Italy, Paris, and Vienna in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century, New York: Pantheon Books. LCCN 63-13703", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2155ec4", "title": "L'ajo nell'imbarazzo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27ajo_nell%27imbarazzo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2155ec4.json"}}
{"text": "L'ajo nell'imbarazzo: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f2155ec4", "title": "L'ajo nell'imbarazzo", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27ajo_nell%27imbarazzo", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f2155ec4.json"}}
{"text": "Klaus Becker (born February 4, 1953, in Marburg, Germany) is a German/American businessman, working in the steel industry.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46ae9c75", "title": "Klaus Becker", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Becker", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46ae9c75.json"}}
{"text": "Early life and education", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46ae9c75", "title": "Klaus Becker", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Becker", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46ae9c75.json"}}
{"text": "Klaus Becker was born in Marburg, Germany in 1953 and grew up in Dortmund, where his father worked as a technician in a steel production company. He graduated from an apprenticeship program as merchant of foreign trade. Traineeships took him to Italy, Brazil, and the US. Later, he studied business administration and national economics and received a master’s degree from the Ruhr-Universität in Bochum.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46ae9c75", "title": "Klaus Becker", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Becker", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46ae9c75.json"}}
{"text": "Since 1979, Becker has lived in Charlotte, North Carolina, working in the international steel trade. In 1991, Becker founded SouthStar Steel Cooperation which became the largest importer of stainless-steel bars in the US within five years. It was the fastest growing privately held company in the Southern Piedmont three years in a row, and was 21st in Inc. Magazine's \"The Inner City 100\". With warehouses in Charlotte, Philadelphia, Milwaukee, Los Angeles, and Houston, the company created new supply lines and distributed stainless steel bars from Spanish, Korean, Brazilian and Italian manufacturers.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46ae9c75", "title": "Klaus Becker", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Becker", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46ae9c75.json"}}
{"text": "Currently, Becker owns Nirosteel LLC, an international steel trading company based in Charlotte. Nirosteel imports steel and steel related products into the US, Mexico and several European countries.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46ae9c75", "title": "Klaus Becker", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Becker", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46ae9c75.json"}}
{"text": "Becker was voted Entrepreneur of the Year by Ernst & Young in North Carolina in 1996, and by the Charlotte Chamber of Commerce in 1998. Additionally, he has served as president of the N.C. Chapter of the German-American Chamber of Commerce for seven years, from 2004 to 2011.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46ae9c75", "title": "Klaus Becker", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Becker", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46ae9c75.json"}}
{"text": "Klaus Becker has been married to Concha Becker since 1983. They have a daughter, Fiorella.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46ae9c75", "title": "Klaus Becker", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Becker", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46ae9c75.json"}}
{"text": "In 2013, Klaus Becker was appointed as honorary consul of the Federal Republic of Germany for North Carolina. In this function, he founded the N.C. Zeitgeist Foundation. The goal of the Foundation is to inform about German culture, industry, politics, as well as history. The foundation has promoted Charlotte as a US location for international business, trade, and investment, and Becker continues to engage German and American businesses. He was instrumental in bringing the soccer clubs FC Bayern Munich and Borussia Dortmund to Charlotte to play against foreign teams in the International Champions Cup tournament in 2016.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_46ae9c75", "title": "Klaus Becker", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Becker", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_46ae9c75.json"}}
{"text": "Omoayena Rosemary Odunbaku is a Nigerian development expert, university lecturer, human settlement officer with UN Habitat, and founder of the organization Her Ability Hub.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1519b54d", "title": "Omoayena Odunbaku", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omoayena_Odunbaku", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1519b54d.json"}}
{"text": "Odunbaku holds a PhD in Urban and Regional Planning from the University of Lagos, Nigeria. She was a lecturer of the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Lagos between 2012 and 2018, and a lecturer assistant of the Department of Town Planning at the Moshood Abiola Polytechnic, Abeokuta between 2006 and 2007.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1519b54d", "title": "Omoayena Odunbaku", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omoayena_Odunbaku", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1519b54d.json"}}
{"text": "She joined the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) as a Programme Manager in 2014 before becoming the Human Settlement Officer, Regional Office for Africa (ROAf) in 2016.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1519b54d", "title": "Omoayena Odunbaku", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omoayena_Odunbaku", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1519b54d.json"}}
{"text": "Recognition and awards", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1519b54d", "title": "Omoayena Odunbaku", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omoayena_Odunbaku", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1519b54d.json"}}
{"text": "In 2012, she received the Distinguished Researcher award from the University of Lagos.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1519b54d", "title": "Omoayena Odunbaku", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omoayena_Odunbaku", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1519b54d.json"}}
{"text": "In 2021, she authored a 331-page biography, Omoh, which documents her life journey.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_1519b54d", "title": "Omoayena Odunbaku", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omoayena_Odunbaku", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_1519b54d.json"}}
{"text": "Abune-the-Hill is a place in the north of the Orkney Mainland (59.13° N 03.25° W HY2828) and just to the west of the Loch of Swannay.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_06525a74", "title": "Abune-the-hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abune-the-hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_06525a74.json"}}
{"text": "Abune-the-Hill means \"Above the hill\" in the local dialect.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_06525a74", "title": "Abune-the-hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abune-the-hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_06525a74.json"}}
{"text": "The site of a Romish Church is at Abune-the-Hill.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_06525a74", "title": "Abune-the-hill", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abune-the-hill", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_06525a74.json"}}
{"text": "Words of War is a 2025 biographical drama film about the late Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya. Directed by James Strong, Maxine Peake as Politkovskaya, Jason Isaacs as her husband Alexander Politkovsky, and Ciarán Hinds as her Nobel Peace Prize–winning editor at the Novaya Gazeta, Dmitry Muratov.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8df99e32", "title": "Words of War", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_of_War", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8df99e32.json"}}
{"text": "Anna Politkovskaya was a journalist and human rights activist who persisted with reporting on the conflict in Chechnya despite considerable danger to herself and tried to expose corruption within Russia under the governance of Vladimir Putin. She continued in the face of poisoning, intimidation and violence before being the victim of a contract killing in the elevator of her house on October 7, 2006.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8df99e32", "title": "Words of War", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_of_War", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8df99e32.json"}}
{"text": "Maxine Peake as Anna Politkovskaya", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8df99e32", "title": "Words of War", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_of_War", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8df99e32.json"}}
{"text": "Ciarán Hinds as Dmitry Muratov", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8df99e32", "title": "Words of War", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_of_War", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8df99e32.json"}}
{"text": "Jason Isaacs as Alexander Politkovsky", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8df99e32", "title": "Words of War", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_of_War", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8df99e32.json"}}
{"text": "Naomi Battrick as Vera Politkovskaya", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8df99e32", "title": "Words of War", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_of_War", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8df99e32.json"}}
{"text": "Harry Lawtey as Ilya Politkovsky", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8df99e32", "title": "Words of War", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_of_War", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8df99e32.json"}}
{"text": "Ellie Bamber as Elena Milashina", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8df99e32", "title": "Words of War", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_of_War", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8df99e32.json"}}
{"text": "Fady Elsayed as Anzor", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8df99e32", "title": "Words of War", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_of_War", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8df99e32.json"}}
{"text": "The project was announced as Mother Russia at the 2022 Cannes Film Festival with Maxine Peake, Jason Isaacs, and Ciarán Hinds attached to the main roles. The film had James Strong attached as director, working from a screenplay by Eric Poppen, with filming scheduled for UK and Latvia in 2022.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8df99e32", "title": "Words of War", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_of_War", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8df99e32.json"}}
{"text": "In December 2022, it was announced by Deadline Hollywood that Good Films Collective had teamed with Burbank-based Rolling Pictures on the production. Producers were listed as Miriam Segal and Mark Maxey. Principal photography was revealed to have commenced in Latvia, with filming scheduled to last into February 2023.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8df99e32", "title": "Words of War", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_of_War", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8df99e32.json"}}
{"text": "In 2024, Sean Penn joined the project as an executive producer.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8df99e32", "title": "Words of War", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_of_War", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8df99e32.json"}}
{"text": "In September 2022, Emma D'Arcy, Harry Lawtey and Ellie Bamber were added to the cast. Lawtey confirmed his role as Anna Politkovskaya's son and discussed the film within a geo-political context saying \"The film has been planned for years and obviously now it has unfortunately become too relevant...being part of a project that feels current and meaningful is a privilege.\" D'Arcy was replaced by Naomi Battrick due to scheduling issues.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8df99e32", "title": "Words of War", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_of_War", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8df99e32.json"}}
{"text": "In February 2023, the family of Anna Politkovskaya released a joint statement expressing concern about the factual accuracy of the script they had been given at the start of production, that they had not contributed in any way, nor had they granted permission for their names to be used in the film.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8df99e32", "title": "Words of War", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_of_War", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8df99e32.json"}}
{"text": "In May 2024, it was reported that sales agent Concourse Media presented the film to buyers in Cannes under the title of Words of War.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8df99e32", "title": "Words of War", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_of_War", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8df99e32.json"}}
{"text": "Following the Toronto International Film Festival market in September 2024, it was announced that domestic distribution rights for the Words of War film were acquired by Decal Releasing and a theatrical release scheduled for 2025.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8df99e32", "title": "Words of War", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_of_War", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8df99e32.json"}}
{"text": "Variety reported that Words of War was released in U.S. theaters starting on May 2, 2025. The film was released in UK and Ireland cinemas on June 27, 2025.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8df99e32", "title": "Words of War", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_of_War", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8df99e32.json"}}
{"text": "On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 75% of 24 critics' reviews are positive. Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 63 out of 100, based on 7 critics, indicating \"generally favorable\" reviews.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8df99e32", "title": "Words of War", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_of_War", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8df99e32.json"}}
{"text": "Words of War at IMDb", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8df99e32", "title": "Words of War", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_of_War", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8df99e32.json"}}
{"text": "Vourgareli (Greek: Βουργαρέλι) is a village and a community in Arta prefecture, northern Greece. It is located in the north-east of Arta prefecture, built at a height of 900 meters in the slope of Tzoumerka Mountains. The village is the seat of Central Tzoumerka municipality and Athamania municipal unit. Its population is 466 inhabitants according to the 2021 census.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9a0e0469", "title": "Vourgareli", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vourgareli", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9a0e0469.json"}}
{"text": "The symbol and monument of the village is the Red Church.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9a0e0469", "title": "Vourgareli", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vourgareli", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9a0e0469.json"}}
{"text": "Vourgareli is initially referred in a Venetian document of 1696. The derivation of this name is unknown. It is believed that it derives from local lumberjack named Vourgarelis or from Bulgarian lumberjacks that were settled in this area in the past.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9a0e0469", "title": "Vourgareli", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vourgareli", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9a0e0469.json"}}
{"text": "In the late of 18th century the Souliote chieftain Giorgos Botsaris and other 170 Souliote families were settled in Vourgareli. After the fall of Souli to Ali Pasha in 1803 many Souliotes fled to Seltsou Monastery and fought with the Turks. Most were captured and only few managed to escape.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9a0e0469", "title": "Vourgareli", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vourgareli", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9a0e0469.json"}}
{"text": "The last years of Ottoman rule the area of the village was a fief of a Turk, named Abram Karakehaya. After the annexation of Arta to Greece in 1881, the residents of Vourgareli bought the fief, paying 4.416 Ottoman liras. A local rich landholder, named Karapanos, helped to gather the money, in exchange for the exploitation of this area for 40 years.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9a0e0469", "title": "Vourgareli", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vourgareli", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9a0e0469.json"}}
{"text": "During the Greek Resistance, the headquarters of the Greek guerrilla group EDES was established in Vourgareli. The Germans bombed the village on 5 May 1943.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9a0e0469", "title": "Vourgareli", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vourgareli", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9a0e0469.json"}}
{"text": "Historical population", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9a0e0469", "title": "Vourgareli", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vourgareli", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9a0e0469.json"}}
{"text": "Red Church (κόκκινη εκκλησία): A Byzantine church, built in 1281.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9a0e0469", "title": "Vourgareli", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vourgareli", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9a0e0469.json"}}
{"text": "Saint George Monastery (Μονή Αγίου Γεωργίου): Old monastery, built at the beginnings of 18th century.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9a0e0469", "title": "Vourgareli", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vourgareli", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9a0e0469.json"}}
{"text": "Site about the village", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_9a0e0469", "title": "Vourgareli", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vourgareli", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_9a0e0469.json"}}
{"text": "Heroscape (stylized as \"heroScape\" or \"HeroScape\") is an expandable turn-based miniature wargaming system originally manufactured by Hasbro subsidiaries from 2004 until its discontinuation in November 2010. Geared towards younger players, the game is played using pre-painted miniature figures on a board made from interlocking hexagonal tiles, allowing for the construction of an interchangeable and variable 3D landscape. This system and the production quality of the game materials have been lauded by fans even after its discontinuation, eventually leading to its revival in 2024.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Heroscape was first released in 2004 by game designers Craig Van Ness, Rob Daviau, and Stephen Baker through the Milton Bradley Company under Hasbro. The first master set was entitled Rise of the Valkyrie, featuring thirty plastic figures and corresponding cards, eighty-five terrain pieces of various sizes, and two ruins structures. From 2004 to 2008, releases included another master set (Swarm of the Marro), ten small-figure expansions, three large-figure expansions, and four large terrain expansions, alongside various exclusive sets and figures through partnerships with Walmart, Toys \"R\" Us, and Gen Con.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "In 2007, a master set based on Marvel Comics was released, entitled The Conflict Begins. Hasbro had recently acquired the license to produce Marvel-themed toys and merchandise. Featuring ten comic book characters and urban-style terrain, the Marvel expansion is still compatible with the regular game.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "In 2008, Hasbro shifted the Heroscape brand away from Milton Bradley to Wizards of the Coast (WOTC). At the time, WOTC was also responsible for the development and distribution of Dungeons & Dragons (D&D). From 2008 to 2010, another master set (Battle for the Underdark) and three small-figure expansions were released featuring D&D-themed characters and concepts. These behind-the-scenes changes were reportedly intended to reduce production costs, but players also interpreted it as an attempt to convert players away from Heroscape to the more popular D&D line of products. On November 3, 2010, Wizards of the Coast announced that they would be discontinuing production of Heroscape products in favor of focusing on developing their core games: Dungeons & Dragons and Magic: The Gathering. This announcement included the cancellation of various expansions already in development, such as a second wave of Marvel content. An immediate backlash occurred within the Heroscape community, including petitions and threats of boycotts. Despite the lack of official production for over a decade, the game remained popular with a strong community, regular tournaments, and user-created content.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "In 2015, Wizards of the Coast published Magic: The Gathering – Arena of the Planeswalkers, incorporating the rules and terrain based on Heroscape, but with the addition of spell cards, summoning, and select creatures and spells from the Magic: The Gathering universe. Two expansions were later released: Battle for Zendikar, which featured additional figures, updates, and combinations; and Shadows Over Innistrad, which adds a battlefield obstacle called the cryptolith. Some considered Arena of the Planeswalkers to be the spiritual successor to Heroscape, while others still disagreed. The game was discontinued in 2016.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "During the August 2022 Gen Con, Hasbro announced that another of their subsidiaries, Avalon Hill, would be attempting to release a new expansion entitled Heroscape: Age of Annihilation, showcasing a teaser trailer featuring new figures and terrain. Original co-designer Craig Van Ness was involved with the project, along with other dedicated members of the Heroscape community. A HasLab crowdfunding campaign ran from October to November 2022, but it did not reach the required number of backers by the deadline.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "In June 2023, Renegade Game Studios announced that it was taking responsibility for the reboot after reaching a licensing deal with Hasbro. In March 2024, Renegade revealed that the first wave would include the master set Age of Annihilation, along with expansion sets Battle for the Wellspring and The Grove at Laur's End.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Game modes and terrain", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Designed for two or more players ages 8 and older, the game can also be easily adapted for a large group of players, particularly if multiple master sets and expansion sets are used.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "The game comes with two sets of rules: the basic rules create a simpler and shorter game accessible to younger players, while the advanced rules are designed for a longer and more complicated game for older and more experienced players. Regardless of the game mode, each miniature figure or squad of figures has a corresponding card, called an army card, with the basic game mode printed on one side and advanced game mode on the other. For the basic game, only the factors of movement, range, attack, and defense are used, while the advanced game considers these factors, plus point value, health, species, class, personality, size, and special abilities.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "To play the game, a master set is required, which contains enough tiles to build a battlefield large enough for more than two players, but experienced players often combine multiple sets to create larger and more elaborate playing surfaces. Over the course of production, four total master sets were released. The original, Rise of the Valkyrie, includes grass, rock, sand, and water pieces of various tile sizes, plus two ruins to diversify the playing surface. Various expansions and the other master sets add molten lava, lava field, snow, ice, swamp grass, swamp water, dungeon, shadow, road, concrete, and asphalt tiles, in addition to ruins, trees, glaciers, jungle vegetation, rock outcrops, a bridge system, and even a castle structure, complete with walls, turrets, and a gate.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Building the scenario", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Heroscape requires players to construct the three-dimensional playing surface for the game. Scenarios from the master set or some of the larger expansions include detailed instructions for board setups, but many players enjoy designing their own. While the original master set Rise of the Valkyrie was released in 2004, two more master sets were released in 2007. Continuing the story from the first set, The Swarm of the Marro was released in August and features two alternate models of characters from Rise of the Valkyrie, plus new characters. The previous month, the Marvel Comics Master Set called The Conflict Begins was released, containing five heroes and five villains from the Marvel Comics universe. Following the transition to Wizards of the Coasts, a master set based on the Dungeons & Dragons franchise was released in 2010, entitled Battle for the Underdark.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "There are also separate smaller expansions that contain a new set of themed terrain along with a new unit(s) that takes advantage of said terrain. Volcarren Wasteland contains lava and volcanic rock tiles; Thaelenk Tundra contains ice and snow tiles, plus large glaciers; Road to the Forgotten Forest contains roads, bridge pieces, and trees of varying sizes; and Ticalla Jungle features more trees and jungle vegetation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Each player selects one or more \"units,\" where a unit may be a unique and distinct hero or an entire squad of generic figures. Army cards explain the various attributes and special abilities are packaged with each unit. There are four types of units in the original game: Unique Hero, Common Hero, Unique Squad, and Common Squad. Hero cards are associated with a single figure and squad cards are associated with a set of two or more figures. In their army, a given player may only have one of a unique hero or squad, but there is no limit on how many copies of a common hero or squad may be selected. D&D Heroscape introduced a fifth type of unit: Uncommon Hero. These play just like Unique Heroes, but a player can have more than one in his army and one must keep track of which one belongs to which card since they can take damage (as opposed to Common units, which only have one hit point). The idea proved to be unpopular, as most players simply played with them as if they were just Unique Heroes.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "All basic game scenarios and some advanced game scenarios specify the units for each player. Most advanced game scenarios allow players to choose units based on the points values printed on the army card. Usually, scenarios have a different number of points that you can use to buy characters. Depending on the scenario, players may be required to place their team in a specific location, or they may randomly select where each player begins.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Playable units in Heroscape are divided between Archkyrie Generals, fighting on the fictional planet of Valhalla. All started as Valkyrie who discovered and drank from mythical Wellsprings, which granted them the ability to manipulate spacetime to gather massive armies from numerous planets, dimensions, and time periods. Five generals (Jandar, Ullar, Vydar, Einar, and Utgar) appeared in the original game; Aquilla was introduced in 2007; and Valkrill was introduced in 2010 as part of D&D Heroscape.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Despite this backstory, players are free to draft any combination of characters without regard for the in-game alliances or hostilities, unless a group specifically wants to play through the events of the story. Only a few characters' army cards have special abilities that specifically reference the generals.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Jandar is considered an archetypical \"heroic general,\" fighting to stop Utgar from using the wellsprings to conquer all of Valhalla, the universe, and possibly time itself. His army includes the Sentinel faction of Kyrie, Sgt. Drake Alexander and his Airborne Elite from an alternate version of World War II, Vikings, knights, yetis, robotic Omnicron Snipers, the cowboy Johnny \"Shotgun\" Sullivan, Scottish warriors, and the white dragon Nilfheim. Jandar's army cards have a blue and white color scheme.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Ullar consistently allies with Jandar, with his army consisting of species often referenced in the fantasy genre with an overall \"good nature\" theme. His army consists of elves, reptilian assassins called Vipers, Shaolin monks, the giant Jotun, the gryphillin Theracus, the Protector faction of Kyrie, the green dragon Charos, and the cowboy sniper \"Deadeye\" Dan. Ullar's army cards have a dark green and brown color scheme.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Vydar is the only \"true-neutral\" of the neutral generals, aiding either Jandar or Utgar as it suits his own mysterious agenda. His army is very futuristic and technological, mainly consisting of advanced humans and robots, while also incorporating the gun-wielding gorilla-like Primadons, a dog-like alien creature called Dünd, the undead queen Sudema, and the black dragon Braxas. Vydar's army cards have a grey and navy blue color scheme.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Einar first allied with Utgar, but later shifted his alliance to join Jandar. His army consists almost entirely of humans from the history of Earth, including warriors from Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, the American Revolutionary War, and feudal Japan. Exceptions to this include the Imperium faction of Kyrie, the red dragon Zelrig, and a cyclops-like ogre named Gurei-Oni. Einar's army cards have an orange and purple color scheme.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Utgar is the archetypical \"conqueror/overlord,\" a villainous figure fighting to take control of the mysterious wellsprings in order to use their power to conquer Valhalla, and then the rest of time and space. His army consists of dark forces including the Minion faction of Kyrie, the hive-controlled skeletal Marro, orcs with dinosaur mounts, robots, the undead (ghosts, zombies, and vampires), wolves, werewolves, ogres, and the dragons Mimring, Othkurik, and Moltenclaw, among a scattering of other creatures and beings. Utgar's army cards have a red and black color scheme.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "In 2007, Aquilla was the first new general to be introduced, as well as the only female general. Little is known about this mysterious general, except that she is allied with Jandar. Aquilla's army is made up of a darker fantasy/nature theme, with squads of Fyorlag spiders and other giant bugs, Native Americans, and fantasy dwarves. Aquilla's army cards have a black and gold color scheme.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "In 2010, Valkrill was introduced in later expansions for D&D Heroscape as an initial ally of Utgar who turned and formed his own evil and chaotic faction. As Heroscape would be canceled shortly after his introduction, Valkirill possesses the smallest army, consisting of demons, goblins, orcs, and the undead. Valkrill's army cards have a dark olive-green and rusty bronze color scheme.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "In 2022, Revna was revealed in the Avalon Hills announcements regarding Heroscape: Age of Annihilation. After the game transferred subsidiaries, Renegade Game Studios maintained Revna's status as a new general effectively replacing Valkrill's macabre theming and having similarly gray-colored army cards.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "In 2022, Volarak was also revealed in the Avalon Hills announcements, leading a chaotic steampunk style army with lime green army cards.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "The Marvel expansion entitled The Conflict Begins includes ten Marvel superheroes and villains that are not allied with any particular general, though they are still fully compatible with the other characters. Each card has a unique color scheme reflecting the comic book origins of the specific hero or villain.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Structure of a round", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "The flow of play in Heroscape is broken up into rounds and turns. The terms are often used interchangeably in other board games, but there is a key distinction in Heroscape with each round including 3 turns for each player.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "At the beginning of the round, each player must place order markers on their armies. Order markers determine which armies will be used during that round and what order they will be utilized. These markers indicate the turn in which each unit will be activated, but the numbers are hidden from the table.  A fourth \"dummy\" marker may also be placed to add some ambiguity as to which units one will be activating.  The same unit may be activated multiple times in a single round by placing multiple order markers on it.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "After order markers have been placed, each player rolls a twenty-sided initiative die. The highest roller takes the first turn and play passes to the left.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "The player with the highest initiative roll begins his first turn by revealing which unit contains his first order marker.  A turn usually consists of moving and then attacking.  For squads, each figure in the squad is moved before any may attack.  The number of hexes that each figure may move is listed on its card.  Typical movement amounts range from 4 to 8 and normally moving one hex costs one point movement. Certain types of terrain are dangerous (e.g. lava), impassable (e.g. glaciers), slow you down (e.g. snow) or speed you up (e.g. roads). Moving up in elevation also costs additional movement points for each level, but not for moving down.  Some figures' special abilities, such as flying, may also affect movement.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "After movement has been completed, each surviving figure in the unit may attack any figure within its range and line of sight. Melee units are those with a range of one, and ranged units typically have a range of four or more.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "The number of dice rolled for offense is listed on the army card, but may be improved by various bonuses, including terrain bonuses, elevation bonuses, or special abilities. The attack dice contain skulls on three surfaces (in 1st edition) giving a 50% chance at scoring a hit for each die.  The defender likewise calculates how many defense dice he may roll, based on his unit's natural defense value and any other bonuses (terrain, elevation, special abilities, etc.).  The defense dice contain only two shields, giving a statistical advantage to the attacker.  In the second edition the defense and attack dice are combined into one white dice, with three chances for attack, two chances for defense, and one chance for a blank roll.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "If the defender rolls a number of shields equal to or higher than the number of skulls rolled by the attacker, nothing happens.  If the number is lower, the defender receives a number of wound markers equal to the difference. Once a unit receives a number of wound markers equal to its total life points, it is destroyed and removed from the playing surface immediately.  Heroes usually have multiple life points; squads always have one life point per figure in the squad.  In the basic rules version of the game the wound marker system is not used, and each unit simply has one life point; hero units usually have exaggerated defense to compensate.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Various abilities by specific units may modify these rules to some degree (e.g., the samurai may counterattack and inflict damage while defending), but this move/attack/defense flow is typical of a turn.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Once the player has finished all of his attacks, play passes to the left, and that player then reveals his first order marker and takes his turn. Play continues in this manner until the final player has completed his first turn, and then play resumes with the first player, who reveals his second order marker and takes a turn with that unit. This process is repeated for the third order marker, and then the round is completed. Sometimes a player will lose a turn if the unit he had placed an order marker on was destroyed on a previous player's turn.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "The conditions for victory vary based on the scenario. Time limits, round limits, holding certain locations, quest-like goals, or \"last man standing\" variants are all common. In tournament settings, there is often a \"Fractional Scoring\" system used when time expires. In this case, the player with the most points remaining at the end of the time limits wins.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Heroscape's interlocking hexagonal system and the relatively high production quality of the game materials have been lauded by fans years after the game was discontinued.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "In a review of Heroscape in Black Gate, Howard Andrew Jones said \"Two thumbs way up for both the game and the expansion. Sometimes the products I buy are really neat and I read and enjoy them... then put them on the shelf. This is one that my whole family can enjoy for many years to come. If you used to love the idea of the original Risk but grew frustrated at the way blind dumb luck could overrule actual tactical planning, you're likely to enjoy this game. A lot.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "In a 2022 retrospective review, Comic Book Resources ranked Heroscape as the best discontinued board game, noting the ambition of \"combining the fun of Lego with the excitement of miniature games.\" They also discussed how the modern-day costs of plastics indicate that a game of such scope and scale could never be replicated today, hence the interest in buying second-hand.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Family Games: The 100 Best", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Fan-generated content and tournaments", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Fan-generated content", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Heroscape players have created much fan-generated content and material, including custom terrain, jungle pieces made out of aquarium plants, battle boards, ruins, buildings, and sci-fi terrain. Custom figures are also created in a variety of ways: some create cards for figures from other miniature games, and some 3D print their own using online software. Groups of players have formed to create and play-test custom figures.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "The Classic Customs Creators of Valhalla (C3V) attempts to keep continuity with the official Heroscape characters, backstories, and themes by play-tested against official figures.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "The Soldiers of Valhalla (SoV) reviews existing customs created by members for inclusion into \"Fanscape.\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Valhalla Customs (VC) is the collective name for the C3V and the SoV, whom work very closely together.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "The Comics Customs Creators Guild (C3G) releases superhero customs, mostly using HeroClix figures play-tested against the canon Marvel Heroscape figures, as well as updated versions of latter to balance their abilities.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Various groups have come together to play-test figures from a number of different franchises such as Star Wars, Middle-Earth, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles using previously existing figures or creating new 3D printed versions using a number of different software systems.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Although fan-generated content may be posted at various online outlets, the most prominent community of custom creators and their creations is found on forums of the fan-site Heroscapers.com.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Tournaments and events", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Hasbro and Wizards of the Coast never held nor supported officially sanctioned events such as they had with Magic: The Gathering, Pokémon or Axis & Allies; however, a fan-run tournament scene started up soon after the release of Heroscape. The biggest tournaments have been held at major gaming conventions such as Gen Con or multi-genre conventions such as Comic-Con, but various local and regional tournaments are run regularly.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "In August 2022 (twelve years after the original game's discontinuation), another Hasbro subsidiary, Avalon Hill, announced that they would be attempting to revive Heroscape by releasing a HasLab crowdfunding campaign for a new expansion, entitled Heroscape: Age of Annihilation. The HasLab ran from October to November 2022, and they did not receive enough backers to justify the production of the new master set. In June 2023, Renegade Game Studios announced that it was taking responsibility for the reboot after reaching a licensing deal with Hasbro.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "On March 1, 2024 Renegade Game Studios announced that Wave 1 would be released in August 2024, with the first wave including a master set and two expansions. As a first, Renegade Game Studios gave the option to buy these new sets and expansions with the choice of either unpainted or pre-painted miniature figures at different retail price points dependent upon players' personal preference and/or financial situation. In addition, Renegade Game Studios announced a new Heroscape Play Network that will help local game stores run regular tournaments for Heroscape.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Various Heroscape releases from BoardGameGeek", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Heroscape Wave 10: Valkrill's Gambit at Black Gate", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Heroscape Wave 11 at Black Gate", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_8d11becf", "title": "Heroscape", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroscape", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_8d11becf.json"}}
{"text": "Francesca Maria Steele (21 April 1848 – 10 August 1931) was an English novelist, historian, and biographer, who began writing to support her family. She began her writing career with juvenile fiction; she later moved into adult fiction, using the pseudonym Darley Dale for her fiction writing. Intensely religious, she converted to Roman Catholicism in 1887 and later wrote several books on religious topics.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dbc39bf", "title": "Francesca Maria Steele", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Maria_Steele", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dbc39bf.json"}}
{"text": "Steele was born in London on 21 April 1848. Her parents were Robert Peter Steele  (1816 – 10 May 1884), the secretary of the Royal Assurance Company and Frances Mary Francis (8 February 1818 – 3 October 1902).", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dbc39bf", "title": "Francesca Maria Steele", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Maria_Steele", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dbc39bf.json"}}
{"text": "Steele was educated at Bedford College, London, the first higher education college for women in the United Kingdom. Steele lived in Jersey from 1874 to 1884. She began writing in Jersey, with The Jersey Boys in 1878. Her father died on 10 May 1884, and his pension died with him. He had lost everything else in a bank collapse, so Steele's mother was now dependent on what Steele could earn from her writing.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dbc39bf", "title": "Francesca Maria Steele", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Maria_Steele", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dbc39bf.json"}}
{"text": "Steele moved to Gloucestershire with her mother and sisters. Steele and her sister Alice Mary (1856 – c. 1935) converted to Roman Catholicism in 1877. Alice went on to become a nun and was the sister in charge at Tyburn Convent at 6 Hyde Park Place, in London at the time of the 1911 census. Alice was still in charge there twenty years later when Steele died.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dbc39bf", "title": "Francesca Maria Steele", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Maria_Steele", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dbc39bf.json"}}
{"text": "Steele had already moved to Loretto House at Stroud in Gloucestershire when her mother died there on 3 October 1902. She was still there nearly thirty years later when she died. Even after her mother died, Steele was still supporting her youngest sister, Emma Caroline, when she applied to the Royal Literary Fund in 1914.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dbc39bf", "title": "Francesca Maria Steele", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Maria_Steele", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dbc39bf.json"}}
{"text": "Steele was registered at birth and baptised as Fanny Maria Steele, and she used this name up until the 1891 census. By the 1901 census she was using the name Florence Steel, but soon changed to Francesca Maria Steele. She used this name for the publication of The Convents of Great Britain in 1902. In the 1911 Census, she used that form of her name also, and continued to do so. For her writing, she used the pseudonym Darley Dale for all of her fiction, but used her real name for her writing on religious topics.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dbc39bf", "title": "Francesca Maria Steele", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Maria_Steele", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dbc39bf.json"}}
{"text": "Steele's work can be divided into three types:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dbc39bf", "title": "Francesca Maria Steele", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Maria_Steele", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dbc39bf.json"}}
{"text": "Juvenile fiction. Indicated by juv. in the table below. Steele wrote about 20 books for children. Children's books were usually illustrated and printed in a single volume.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dbc39bf", "title": "Francesca Maria Steele", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Maria_Steele", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dbc39bf.json"}}
{"text": "Adult fiction. Indicated by adt. in the table below. Steele wrote over a dozen adult novels. The earlier adult novels were published in as three-volume novels volumes. This was the norm at the time, as such a format had an appeal to circulating libraries.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dbc39bf", "title": "Francesca Maria Steele", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Maria_Steele", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dbc39bf.json"}}
{"text": "Religious topics. Indicated by rel. in the table below. Steele wrote biographies of saints and of important figures in church history, as well as her survey of convents and monasteries. She contributed 21 articles to the Catholic Encyclopedia.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dbc39bf", "title": "Francesca Maria Steele", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Maria_Steele", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dbc39bf.json"}}
{"text": "The sources for the table are:", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dbc39bf", "title": "Francesca Maria Steele", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Maria_Steele", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dbc39bf.json"}}
{"text": "The Jisc Library Hub Discover Database, that collates catalogues from 161 academic and specialist libraries across the UK and Ireland.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dbc39bf", "title": "Francesca Maria Steele", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Maria_Steele", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dbc39bf.json"}}
{"text": "The list in the Who Was Who article for Steele.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dbc39bf", "title": "Francesca Maria Steele", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Maria_Steele", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dbc39bf.json"}}
{"text": "The author page for Steele on the At the Circulating Library: A Database of Victorian Fiction, 1837-1901", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dbc39bf", "title": "Francesca Maria Steele", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Maria_Steele", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dbc39bf.json"}}
{"text": "There seem to be no works by Steele at Project Gutenberg, so the table indicated those cases where online versions of the texts are available.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dbc39bf", "title": "Francesca Maria Steele", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Maria_Steele", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dbc39bf.json"}}
{"text": "Example of illustration of one of Steele's books", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dbc39bf", "title": "Francesca Maria Steele", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Maria_Steele", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dbc39bf.json"}}
{"text": "The following four illustrations by AFB were produced for The Family Failing (1883) by Steele (courtesy of The British Library) Typically, at the time, when it came to novels, only juvenile fiction was illustrated, although serial stories were often illustrated, even if they were for adults.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dbc39bf", "title": "Francesca Maria Steele", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Maria_Steele", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dbc39bf.json"}}
{"text": "At the time of the 1911 Census, Steele was living with her sister Emma Caroline at Loretto House in Stroud. Whatever income she had from her writing, it was obviously not enough as she applied for assistance from the Royal Literary Fund in 1914. In her later years, Steele was an invalid. She died on 16 August 1931, leaving a relatively modest estate of less than £400. Her sister Emma Caroline was her executor, and only survived her sister by four years, dying on 9 December 1935.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dbc39bf", "title": "Francesca Maria Steele", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Maria_Steele", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dbc39bf.json"}}
{"text": "Books by Steele in the Jisc database of collated library catalogues.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dbc39bf", "title": "Francesca Maria Steele", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Maria_Steele", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dbc39bf.json"}}
{"text": "Books by Steele on the Internet Archive.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_5dbc39bf", "title": "Francesca Maria Steele", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Maria_Steele", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_5dbc39bf.json"}}
{"text": "Smurf: Rescue in Gargamel's Castle is a 1982 platform game developed and published by Coleco for the ColecoVision and Atari 2600. The game is based on the television series The Smurfs. In the game, the player must brave a series of obstacles to rescue Smurfette from Gargamel's castle.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f58d72a3", "title": "Smurf: Rescue in Gargamel's Castle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurf:_Rescue_in_Gargamel%27s_Castle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f58d72a3.json"}}
{"text": "Gargamel has kidnapped Smurfette.  As a Smurf, the player has to walk from the Smurf village through a forest and a cave on the way to Gargamel's castle, where Smurfette awaits rescue. The player has an energy bar that slowly depletes over time.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f58d72a3", "title": "Smurf: Rescue in Gargamel's Castle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurf:_Rescue_in_Gargamel%27s_Castle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f58d72a3.json"}}
{"text": "Each side-scrolling screen presents various obstacles that the player must precisely jump over (e.g. fences, stalagmites) or land upon (e.g. ledges). Failure to execute any jump results in instant death. Higher difficulty levels introduce crows, flying bats, and spiders that the player must also avoid.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f58d72a3", "title": "Smurf: Rescue in Gargamel's Castle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurf:_Rescue_in_Gargamel%27s_Castle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f58d72a3.json"}}
{"text": "The ColecoVision version of Smurf: Rescue in Gargamel's Castle contains Easter eggs: initials may appear onscreen when moving between screens, and the player will receive hundreds of thousands of points when moving between two forest screens.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f58d72a3", "title": "Smurf: Rescue in Gargamel's Castle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurf:_Rescue_in_Gargamel%27s_Castle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f58d72a3.json"}}
{"text": "Two of the background music tracks are \"Simple Gifts\" and the first movement of Ludwig van Beethoven's 6th Symphony, the \"Pastoral\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f58d72a3", "title": "Smurf: Rescue in Gargamel's Castle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurf:_Rescue_in_Gargamel%27s_Castle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f58d72a3.json"}}
{"text": "Creative Computing Video & Arcade Games said in 1983 that Smurf for ColecoVision was \"truly good fun\", approving of its graphics. The magazine stated that the game was suitable for very young children and older ones, reporting that neighborhood kids \"loved it. I almost had to evict them from my house at night so I could get a game in before going to sleep\". The ColecoVision version was reviewed in Video magazine in its \"Arcade Alley\" column where it was praised as utilizing \"the best audiovisuals in the entire [ColecoVision] line\". The visuals were described as \"what amounts to the video-game equivalent of a Saturday-morning cartoon show\", and the audio was described as \"sophisticated\" with nuanced sounds such as ominous organ music and the \"muted echo\" accompaniment to standard leaps. The reviewers also cautioned players to \"prepare for frustration\" until they learned how to accurately judge leaps.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f58d72a3", "title": "Smurf: Rescue in Gargamel's Castle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurf:_Rescue_in_Gargamel%27s_Castle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f58d72a3.json"}}
{"text": "Computer Entertainer gave the ColecoVision version of the game a perfect four stars in both gameplay and graphics and described it as \"a must\" for Smurfs fans. They would describe the Atari 2600 version as \"somewhat less elegant\" than the ColecoVision version but still an excellent conversion. Computer Entertainer complemented the game's graphics, especially the smurf player character, which they would describe as \"nearly as well", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f58d72a3", "title": "Smurf: Rescue in Gargamel's Castle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurf:_Rescue_in_Gargamel%27s_Castle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f58d72a3.json"}}
{"text": "animated as the cartoons from which he is drawn\". Though they do acknowledge the game would probably be unappealing to teenagers or adults.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f58d72a3", "title": "Smurf: Rescue in Gargamel's Castle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurf:_Rescue_in_Gargamel%27s_Castle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f58d72a3.json"}}
{"text": "The game was given the award for \"Best Video Game Audiovisual Effects\" at the 4th annual Arkie Awards.", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f58d72a3", "title": "Smurf: Rescue in Gargamel's Castle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurf:_Rescue_in_Gargamel%27s_Castle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f58d72a3.json"}}
{"text": "Smurf: Rescue in Gargamel's Castle at MobyGames", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f58d72a3", "title": "Smurf: Rescue in Gargamel's Castle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurf:_Rescue_in_Gargamel%27s_Castle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f58d72a3.json"}}
{"text": "Video demonstration of Smurf: Rescue in Gargamel's Castle", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f58d72a3", "title": "Smurf: Rescue in Gargamel's Castle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurf:_Rescue_in_Gargamel%27s_Castle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f58d72a3.json"}}
{"text": "The Atari 2600 version of Smurf: Rescue in Gargamel's Castle can be played for free in the browser at the Internet Archive", "metadata": {"article_id": "en_f58d72a3", "title": "Smurf: Rescue in Gargamel's Castle", "language": "en", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurf:_Rescue_in_Gargamel%27s_Castle", "source_file": "data/raw/en/en_f58d72a3.json"}}
{"text": "लक्ष्मी निवास मित्तल (जन्म: १५ जून १९५०) लंदन में बसे भारतीय मूल के उद्योगपति है। उनका जन्म राजस्थान के चूरु जिले के शादूलपुर नामक स्थान में हुआ है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5273f320", "title": "लक्ष्मी मित्तल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5273f320.json"}}
{"text": "वे दुनिया के सबसे धनी भारतीय, ब्रिटेन के सबसे धनी एशियाई और विश्व के 91वें सबसे धनी व्यक्ति है। मित्तल एल एन एम नामक उद्योग समूह के मालिक हैं। इस समूह का सबसे बड़ा व्यवसाय इस्पात क्षेत्र में है|", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5273f320", "title": "लक्ष्मी मित्तल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5273f320.json"}}
{"text": "मित्तल के पास आर्सेलर मित्तल की 38% हिस्सेदारी है और ईएफएल चैम्पियनशिप टीम क्वींस पार्क रेंजर्स में उनकी 3% हिस्सेदारी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5273f320", "title": "लक्ष्मी मित्तल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5273f320.json"}}
{"text": "2005 में फोर्ब्स ने मित्तल को दुनिया का तीसरा सबसे अमीर व्यक्ति बताया था, जिससे वे इस पत्रिका की दुनिया के सबसे अमीर लोगों की वार्षिक सूची में शीर्ष दस में स्थान पाने वाले पहले भारतीय नागरिक बन गये थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5273f320", "title": "लक्ष्मी मित्तल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5273f320.json"}}
{"text": "फोर्ब्स की 2015 की \"सबसे शक्तिशाली लोगों\" की सूची में शामिल 72 व्यक्तियों में से \"57वें सबसे शक्तिशाली व्यक्ति\" भी हैंउनकी बेटी वनिशा मित्तल की शादी (2005 में) इतिहास की दूसरी सबसे महंगी शादी थी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5273f320", "title": "लक्ष्मी मित्तल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5273f320.json"}}
{"text": "मरुभूमि राष्ट्रीय उद्यान  राजस्थान के थार मरुस्थल में अवस्थित है। यह जैसलमेर जिले से 40 किलोमीटर दूर है। यह उद्यान न केवल राज्य का सबसे बड़ा उद्यान है बल्कि पूरे भारत में इसके बराबर का कोई राष्ट्रीय उद्यान नहीं है। उद्यान का कुल क्षेत्र 3162 वर्ग किलोमीटर है। उद्यान का काफी बड़ा भाग लुप्त हो चुकी नमक की झीलों की तलहटी और कंटीली झाड़ियों से परिपूर्ण है। इसके साथ ही रेत के टीलों की भी बहुतायत है। उद्यान का 20 प्रतिशत भाग रेत के टीलों से सजा हुआ है। उद्यान का प्रमुख क्षेत्र खड़ी चट्टानों, नमक की छोटी-छोटी झीलों की तलहटियों, पक्के रेतीले टीलों और बंजर भूमि से अटा पड़ा है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e504c30f", "title": "मरुभूमि राष्ट्रीय उद्यान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e504c30f.json"}}
{"text": "एक नाज़ुक पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र के बावजूद यहाँ पक्षी जीवन की बहुतायत है। यह क्षेत्र रेगिस्तान के प्रवासी और निवासी पक्षियों के लिए स्वर्ग है। कई क़िस्म के बाज़ और गिद्ध इन सबके बीच आम हैं। रेत का मुर्ग छोटे तालाबों या झीलों के पास देखा जाता है। लुप्तप्राय ग्रेट इंडियन बस्टर्ड (सोन चिरैया), जो कि एक शानदार पक्षी है, यहाँ अपेक्षाकृत अच्छी संख्या में पाया है। यह विभिन्न मौसमों में स्थानीय रूप से प्रवास करता है। नवंबर और जनवरी के बीच का समय यहाँ आने के लिए सबसे उपयुक्त समय है। यह उद्यान १८ करोड़ वर्ष पुराने जानवरों और पौधों के जीवाश्म का एक संग्रह है। इस क्षेत्र में डायनोसोर के कुछ जीवाश्म तो ऐसे पाये गये हैं जो ६० लाख साल पुराने हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e504c30f", "title": "मरुभूमि राष्ट्रीय उद्यान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e504c30f.json"}}
{"text": "भारतीय राज्य राजस्थान में जैसलमेर के पास स्थित।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e504c30f", "title": "मरुभूमि राष्ट्रीय उद्यान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e504c30f.json"}}
{"text": "थार की भंगुर पर्यावरणीय प्रणाली में अनेक प्रकार की अनूठी वनस्पतियों और पशुओं की प्रजातियों के साथ-साथ वन्यजीवों को पनाह मिली हुई है। मरुस्थलीय पर्यावरण प्रणाली का यह सर्वथा उपयुक्त उदाहरण है। इन कठिन परिस्थितियों में अनेक प्रकार के जीवों को फलते फूलते देखना अपने आप में एक सुखद आश्चर्य है। उद्यान की अद्भुत वनस्पतियों और पशुओं को देखने का सबसे उत्तम स्थान सुदाश्री वन चौकी है। भरतपुर पक्षी अभयारण्य के निकट स्थित होने के कारण यहां भी अनेक प्रकार के प्रवासी पक्षी आते रहते हैं। उद्यान में तीन प्रमुख झीलें हैं – राजबाग झील, मलिक तलाव झील और पदम तलाव झील। ये तीनों झीलें, इस राष्ट्रीय उद्यान के निवासियों के प्रमुख जल स्रोत हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e504c30f", "title": "मरुभूमि राष्ट्रीय उद्यान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e504c30f.json"}}
{"text": "कृष्णमृग इस क्षेत्र में एक आम मृग है। राष्ट्रीय उद्यान के अन्य उल्लेखनीय निवासियों रेगिस्तानी लोमड़ी, भेड़िया और रेगिस्तानी बिल्ली हैं। इस रेतीले आवास में पक्षी जीवन ज्वलंत और शानदार है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e504c30f", "title": "मरुभूमि राष्ट्रीय उद्यान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e504c30f.json"}}
{"text": "भंगुर पर्यावरणीय प्रणाली के बावजूद यहां अनेक प्रकार के पक्षी पाये जाते हैं। लुप्तप्राय ग्रेट इंडियन बस्टर्ड (सोन चिरैया) इस उद्यान में अच्छी खासी संख्या में मौजूद हैं। यह क्षेत्र मरुस्थल के प्रवासी एवं स्थानीय पक्षियों का सुरक्षित आश्रयस्थल बना हुआ है। यहां उकाब, बाज़, चील, लंबे पांव और चोंच वाले अनेक प्रकार के शिकारी पक्षियों के अलावा गिध्दों का दीदार आसानी से हो जाता है। विविध रंगरूप, पंखों और पंजों की बनावट वाले चील, उकाब, बाज़ और गिध्द यहां पर्याप्त मात्रा में पाए जाते हैं। शाही मरु तीतर छोटे-छोटे तलाबों और झीलों के आसपास देखे जा सकते हैं। बटेर, मधुमक्खी- भक्षी, लवा (भरत पक्षी) और इस तरह की अनेक प्रजातियां यहां सर्वत्र देखी जा सकती हैं। जबकि लंबी गर्दन वाले सारस और बगुले जाड़ों में ही दिखाई देते हैं। नीली दुम वाले और हरे मधुभक्षी पक्षियों के अलावा अनेक प्रकार के सामान्य और दुर्लभ तीतर-बटेर पक्षीप्रेमियों के आकर्षण का केन्द्र बने हुए हैं। इस उद्यान में शीतकाल में अनेक प्रवासी पक्षी भी अपना बसेरा बनाते नज़र आते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e504c30f", "title": "मरुभूमि राष्ट्रीय उद्यान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e504c30f.json"}}
{"text": "शायद उद्यान का सबसे बड़ा आकर्षण ग्रेट इंडियन बस्टर्ड (सोन चिरैया) नामक पक्षी है, जो एक लुप्तप्राय प्रजाति है और केवल भारत में ही पाया है। यह उद्यान उन आखिरी जगहों में से एक है जहाँ यह प्रजाति अच्छी संख्या में पाई जा सकती है। वैसे भी, इस प्रजाति को देखने दुनिया भर से पक्षी प्रेमी हजारों की संख्या में आते हैं। ग्रेट इंडियन बस्टर्ड के अलावा, यह उद्यान अन्य कई किस्म के पक्षियों का गढ़ है जो पक्षी प्रेमियों और संरक्षणवादियों, दोनों को समान रूप से आकर्षित करते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e504c30f", "title": "मरुभूमि राष्ट्रीय उद्यान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e504c30f.json"}}
{"text": "थार रेगिस्तान, जिसे अक्सर 'रेत के समुद्र' कहा जाता है, पश्चिमी राजस्थान के एक बड़े क्षेत्र में फैला हुआ है। थार का नाजुक पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र एक अद्वितीय और विविध वन्य जीवन को सहारा देता है। रेत के इस विशाल सागर में यह प्रसिद्ध राष्ट्रीय उद्यान है, जो थार रेगिस्तान और उसके विविध वन्य जीवन के पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र का एक उत्कृष्ट उदाहरण है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e504c30f", "title": "मरुभूमि राष्ट्रीय उद्यान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e504c30f.json"}}
{"text": "यहाँ वनस्पति विरल है, लेकिन सेवन घास और आक की झाड़ियाँ यहाँ-वहाँ देखी जा सकती हैं। परिदृश्य ऊँची-नीची चट्टानों और ठोस नमक झील के तल, मध्यवर्ती क्षेत्रों और दोनों तरह के रेत के टीलों - चल एवं अचल- से भरा है। रेत के टिब्बे इस विशाल विस्तार का लगभग २०% हिस्सा हैं। पदम तलाव झील, राजबाग़ झील, मिलक झील इत्यादि इस कठोर परिवेष में रहने वाले वन्य प्राणियों के लिए मुख्य जल स्रोत हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e504c30f", "title": "मरुभूमि राष्ट्रीय उद्यान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e504c30f.json"}}
{"text": "उद्यान की वनस्पतियों और पेड़-पौधों की प्रजातियों में धोक, रोंज, सलाई और ताड़ के वृक्ष प्रमुख हैं। वनस्पतियां बिखरी और छितरी हुई हैं। आक की झाड़ियों और सेवान घास से भरे छोटे-छोटे भूखंड भी यत्र-तत्र दिखाई देते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e504c30f", "title": "मरुभूमि राष्ट्रीय उद्यान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e504c30f.json"}}
{"text": "मरुभूमि राष्ट्रीय उद्यान में पशुओं और पौधों के जीवाश्मों के ढेर लगे हैं। कहते हैं कि ये जीवाश्म 18 करोड़ वर्ष पुराने हैं। डायनासोर के 60 लाख वर्ष पुराने जीवाश्म भी इस क्षेत्र में पाए जाते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e504c30f", "title": "मरुभूमि राष्ट्रीय उद्यान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e504c30f.json"}}
{"text": "मरुभूमि राष्ट्रीय उद्यान (डेज़र्ट नेशनल पार्क) के वन्यजीवों में ब्लैक बक (काला हिरण), चिंकारा, रेगिस्तानी लोमड़ी, बंगाल लोमड़ी, भारतीय भेड़िया, रेगिस्तानी बिल्ली, खरगोश आदि प्रमुख हैं। सांप भी यहां खूब पाए जाते हैं। अनेक प्रकार की छिपकलियां, गिरगिट, रूसेल वाइपर, करैत जैसे जहरीले सांपों की अन्य कई प्रजातियां भी यहां पाई जाती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e504c30f", "title": "मरुभूमि राष्ट्रीय उद्यान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e504c30f.json"}}
{"text": "राजस्थान सरकार ने जैसलमेर जिले के इस उद्यान का 4 अगस्त 1980 को जारी अपनी अधिसूचना क्रमांक एफ-3(1)(73) संशो. के जरिये इसे मरुभूमि राष्ट्रीय उद्यान अर्थात डेजर्ट नेशनल पार्क के रूप में अधिसूचित किया था। इससे पूर्व यह मरुभूमि वन्यजीव अभयारण्य के रूप में जाना जाता था। अपने पर्यावरणीय और वानस्पतिक, महत्व के कारण ही इसे राष्ट्रीय उद्यान का दर्जा प्रदान किया गया है ताकि उद्यान में रहने वाले वन्यजीवों और इस राष्ट्रीय उद्यान के पर्यावरण का संरक्षण, प्रचार और विकास भलीभांति किया जा सके।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e504c30f", "title": "मरुभूमि राष्ट्रीय उद्यान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e504c30f.json"}}
{"text": "भारत में वन्य जीवों के संरक्षण के लिए सर्वप्रथम लिखित कानून शासक मौर्य सम्राट अशोक ने बनाया था। (ईसा पूर्व तीसरी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e504c30f", "title": "मरुभूमि राष्ट्रीय उद्यान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e504c30f.json"}}
{"text": "आधुनिक भारत में वन्यजीव संरक्षण हेतु बनाया गया प्रथम अधिनियम-  भारतीय पशु पक्षी संरक्षण अधिनियम – 1887. मूल संविधान में वन्यजीव विषय राज्य सूची का विषय था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e504c30f", "title": "मरुभूमि राष्ट्रीय उद्यान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e504c30f.json"}}
{"text": "42वें  संविधान संशोधन 1976 के द्वारा वन्यजीव विषय को राज्य सूची से हटाकर समवर्ती सूची में शामिल किया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e504c30f", "title": "मरुभूमि राष्ट्रीय उद्यान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e504c30f.json"}}
{"text": "Desert National Park; Nomination as World Heritage Site; Nomination entry - UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e504c30f", "title": "मरुभूमि राष्ट्रीय उद्यान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e504c30f.json"}}
{"text": "Location in Google maps", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e504c30f", "title": "मरुभूमि राष्ट्रीय उद्यान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e504c30f.json"}}
{"text": "दरियापुर भारतीय राज्य बिहार के पटना जिले के फतुहा प्रखण्ड का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ef9554a9", "title": "दरियापुर गाँव, फतुहा (पटना)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ef9554a9.json"}}
{"text": "भटेडी, पिथौरागढ (सदर) तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के पिथोरागढ जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_89b1b8e5", "title": "भटेडी, पिथौरागढ (सदर) तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0)_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_89b1b8e5.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_89b1b8e5", "title": "भटेडी, पिथौरागढ (सदर) तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0)_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_89b1b8e5.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_89b1b8e5", "title": "भटेडी, पिथौरागढ (सदर) तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0)_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_89b1b8e5.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_89b1b8e5", "title": "भटेडी, पिथौरागढ (सदर) तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0)_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_89b1b8e5.json"}}
{"text": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण दांतों की एक बनावटी जड़ है जिसका इस्तेमाल दंत चिकित्सा में दांतों को फिर से स्थापित करने के लिए किया जाता है जो देखने में दांत या दांतों के समूह की तरह लगते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "आजकल किए जाने वाले लगभग सभी दंत प्रत्यारोपण जड़-रूप अन्तर्स्थिकलात्मक प्रत्यारोपण (रूट-फॉर्म एंडोसियस इम्प्लांट्स) होते हैं। दूसरे शब्दों में इक्कीसवीं सदी में किए जाने वाले लगभग सभी दंत प्रत्यारोपण देखने में दांतों की एक वास्तविक जड़ की तरह लगते हैं (और इस प्रकार एक \"जड़ का रूप\" धारण कर लेते हैं) और इन्हें हड्डी के भीतर स्थापित किया जाता है (एंड- \"में\" का यूनानी उपसर्ग है और ओसियस का मतलब \"हड्डी\" है).", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "रूट-फॉर्म एंडोसियस इम्प्लांट्स के आगमन से पहले ज्यादातर प्रत्यारोपण या तो ब्लेड एंडोसियस इम्प्लांट्स होते थे जिनमें हड्डी के भीतर लगाए जाने वाले धातु के टुकड़े की आकृति देखने में चपटे ब्लेड की तरह लगती थी या सबपेरीयोस्टील इम्प्लांट्स होते थे जिनमें जबड़े की दिखाई देने वाली हड्डी पर स्थापित करने के लिए एक रूपरेखा का निर्माण किया जाता था और उसे उस हड्डी के साथ स्क्रू की सहायता से जोड़ दिया जाता था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "दंत प्रत्यारोपणों का इस्तेमाल दांत के ऊपरी भाग, प्रत्यारोपण समर्थित पुल या बनावटी बत्तीसी सहित कई बनावटी दांतों की पंक्ति (डेंटल प्रॉस्थेसिस) को सहारा देने के लिए किया जाता है।दंत प्रत्यारोपण का प्राथमिक उपयोग दंत प्रोस्थेटिक्स (यानी नकली दांत) का समर्थन करना है। आधुनिक दंत प्रत्यारोपण, जैविक प्रक्रिया जहां हड्डी टाइटेनियम और कुछ सिरेमिक जैसी विशिष्ट सामग्रियों की सतह पर कसकर जुड़ जाती है। इम्प्लांट और हड्डी का एकीकरण बिना किसी असफलता के दशकों तक शारीरिक भार का समर्थन कर सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "यह दर्शाया गया है कि माया सभ्यता के लोग, पेर-इंग्वर ब्रेनमार्क द्वारा टाइटेनियम का इस्तेमाल शुरू करने के लगभग 1,350 साल पहले से ही एंडोसियस इम्प्लांट्स (हड्डी में स्थापित किए गए प्रत्यारोपण) का इस्तेमाल करते रहे हैं। 1931 में होन्डुरास में माया कब्रिस्तान की खुदाई करते समय पुरातत्वविदों को लगभग 600 ई. पुराने माया मूल के जबड़े का एक टुकड़ा मिला. इस जबड़े, जो शायद किसी बीस साल की महिला का था, में दांत के आकार के खोल के तीन टुकड़े थे जिन्हें तीन लापता निचले कृंतक दांतों के कोटर में स्थापित किया गया था। चालीस साल तक पुरातात्विक जगत के लोग यही मानते रहे कि इन खोलों को लगभग उसी तरीके से उस महिला की मौत के बाद स्थापित किया गया था जिस तरीके का इस्तेमाल प्राचीन मिस्रवासियों में भी देखा गया था। हालांकि 1970 में ब्राज़ील के एक दंत शिक्षक प्रोफ़ेसर अमाडियो बोबियो ने उस जबड़े के नमूने का अध्ययन किया और उसके कई रेडियोग्राफ लिए॰ उनका ध्यान उनमें से दो प्रत्यारोपणों के चारों तरफ की घनी हड्डी संरचना पर गया जिससे वे इस निष्कर्ष पर पहुँचे कि इन प्रत्यारोपणों को उस महिला के जिन्दा रहने के दौरान स्थापित किया गया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "1950 के दशक में इंग्लैण्ड में कैम्ब्रिज यूनिवर्सिटी में जीवित ऊतक के अंदर खून के बहाव पर अध्ययन करने के लिए एक शोध किया जा रहा था। इन कर्मचारियों ने टाइटेनियम के एक चैंबर के निर्माण की एक विधि की योजना बनाई और उसके बाद उसे खरगोशों के कानों के कोमल ऊतक में अन्तःस्थापित कर दिया. हड्डियों को ठीक करने और उनको फिर से उत्पन्न करने में दिलचस्पी लेने वाले स्वीडिश विकलांग शल्य चिकित्सक पी आई ब्रेनमार्क ने 1952 में खरगोश के जांघ की हड्डी में इस्तेमाल करने के लिए कैम्ब्रिज में डिजाइन किए गए \"खरगोश के कान के चैंबर\" को अपनाया. कई महीनों के अध्ययन के बाद उन्होंने खरगोशों से इन महंगे चैम्बरों को पुनः प्राप्त करने का प्रयास किया और देखा कि वह उन्हें निकालने में असमर्थ थे। ब्रेनमार्क के पर्यवेक्षण के अनुसार टाइटेनियम के साथ हड्डी का विकास इतना करीब से हो गया था कि यह प्रभावी रूप से धातु से जुड़ गया था। ब्रेनमार्क ने जानवर और मनुष्य दोनों पर इस घटना और कई अध्ययन किए जिनमें से सभी अध्ययनों में टाइटेनियम के इस अनोखे गुण की पुष्टि हुई.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "इस बीच स्टेफानो मेल्चियाड ट्रेमोंटे नामक एक इतालवी चिकित्सक के दिमाग में यह बात आई कि दांतों को फिर से स्थापित करने के लिए टाइटेनियम का इस्तेमाल किया जा सकता है और उन्होंने अपने खुद के नकली दांतों को सहारा देने के लिए टाइटेनियम के एक स्क्रू को तैयार करके 1959 में अपने क्लिनिक में कई रोगियों पर इसका इस्तेमाल करना शुरू कर दिया. इंसानों पर उनके नैदानिक अध्ययनों के अच्छे परिणामों को 1966 में प्रकाशित किया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "हालांकि ब्रेनमार्क का वास्तव में यह मानना था कि सबसे पहले इसका इस्तेमाल घुटने और कूल्हे की सर्जरी के लिए किया जाना चाहिए लेकिन अन्त में उन्होंने फैसला किया कि निरन्तर क्लिनिकल पर्यवेक्षणों के लिए मुंह अधिक सुलभ था और आम लोगों में एडेन्टुलिज्म की उच्च दर होने के कारण काफी विस्तृत अध्ययन के लिए अधिक संख्या में रोगी उपलब्ध थे। उन्होंने टाइटेनियम के साथ हड्डी के नैदानिक रूप से पर्यवेक्षित अनुपालन को 'ओसियोइंटीग्रेशन' नाम दिया. 1965 में स्वीडन में गोथेनबर्ग यूनिवर्सिटी में एनाटॉमी के तत्कालीन प्रोफ़ेसर ब्रेनमार्क ने गोस्टा लार्सन नामक एक स्वीडनवासी मानव स्वयंसेवक के दांतों में अपना सबसे पहला टाइटेनियम दन्त प्रत्यारोपण किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "स्टीवंस और अलेक्जेंडर द्वारा संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में समकालीन स्वतंत्र शोध के फलस्वरूप 1969 में टाइटेनियम दन्त प्रत्यारोपणों के अमेरिकी पेटेंट के लिए फाइलिंग की गई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "अगले चौदह सालों में ब्रेनमार्क ने डेंटल इम्प्लांटोलॉजी में टाइटेनियम के इस्तेमाल पर किए गए कई अध्ययनों को प्रकाशित किया; उसके बाद 1978 उन्होंने अपने डेंटल इम्प्लान्ट्स के विकास और विपणन के लिए स्वीडिश डिफेन्स कंपनी बोफोर्स एबी के साथ एक व्यावसायिक समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर किये. जनक कंपनी के रूप में बोफोर्स (जो बाद में नोबेल इन्डस्ट्रीज बनी) के साथ डेंटल इम्प्लांटोलॉजी पर ध्यान केन्द्रित करने के लिए 1981 में नोबेलफार्मा एबी (बाद में नोबेल बायोकेयर नाम पड़ा) की स्थापना की गई। अब तक 7 मिलियन से भी अधिक ब्रेनमार्क सिस्टम इम्प्लान्ट्स को स्थापित किया जा चुका है और सैकड़ों अन्य कंपनियां डेंटल इम्प्लान्ट्स का निर्माण करती हैं। फ़िलहाल उपलब्ध ज्यादातर डेंटल इम्प्लान्ट्स का आकार छोटे-छोटे स्क्रू की तरह है जिनके अगल-बगल के हिस्से या तो पतले या समानांतर हैं। उन्हें दांत निकालने के दौरान ही दांत के कोटर की दीवारों की हड्डी के साथ और कभी-कभी कोटर के ऊपरी सिरे से परे हड्डी के साथ भी स्थापित किया जा सकता है। वर्तमान सबूतों से पता चलता है कि सीधे निष्कर्षण कोटर में लगाए गए इम्प्लान्ट्स स्वस्थ हड्डी में लगाए गए इम्प्लान्ट्स की तुलना में अधिक कारगर साबित हुए हैं। सावधानीपूर्वक चयनित मामलों में ताजे निष्कर्षण कोटरों (उसी समय अस्थायी क्राउन को स्थापित किया जाता है) में लगाए गए डेंटल इम्प्लान्ट्स के तुरन्त पुनर्स्थापनों की सफलता दर और रेडियोग्राफिक परिणामों से पता चला है कि थोड़ी देर से लगाए जाने वाले डेंटल इम्प्लान्ट्स (जहां क्राउन को कुछ सप्ताह या महीने बाद लगाया जाता है) की तुलना में ये अधिक कारगर हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "डेंटल इम्प्लांटोलॉजी के कुछ मौजूदा अनुसन्धान में डेंटल इम्प्लान्ट्स के निर्माण में जिर्कोनिया (ZrO2) जैसे सीरमयुक्त पदार्थों के इस्तेमाल पर ध्यान दिया जा रहा है। जिर्कोनिया जिर्कोनियम का डाइऑक्साइड है जो आवधिक सारणी (पीरियोडिक टेबल) के हिसाब से टाइटेनियम की एक लगभग समकालीन धातु है और जिसमें टाइटेनियम की तरह ही बायोकम्पैटबिलटी (जैवसुसंगति) गुण पाए जाते हैं। हालांकि आम तौर पर टाइटेनियम इम्प्लान्ट्स के समान आकार का होने की वजह से कई सालों तक आर्थोपेडिक सर्जरी के लिए सफलतापूर्वक इस्तेमाल किए जा चुके जिर्कोनिया से इसके चमकदार दांत जैसे रंग की वजह से सुंदरता की दृष्टि से दांत की सुंदरता में और वृद्धि होने का लाभ मिल सकता है। हालांकि दैनिक अभ्यास के लिए एक-अंशीय ZrO2 इम्प्लान्ट्स का सुझाव देने से पहले दीर्घकालिक क्लिनिकल डेटा की जरूरत है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "एक विशेष इम्प्लांट में एक टाइटेनियम स्क्रू होता है (जो देखने में दांत की जड़ की तरह लगता है) जिसकी सतह खुरदरी या चिकनी होती है। ज्यादातर डेंटल इम्प्लान्ट्स का निर्माण वाणिज्यिक दृष्टि से शुद्ध टाइटेनियम से होता है जो इसमें मौजूद कार्बन और लोहे की मात्रा के आधार पर 4 स्तरों में उपलब्ध है। अभी हाल ही में पांचवें स्तर के टाइटेनियम का इस्तेमाल जोर-शोर से हो रहा है। पांचवें ग्रेड के टाइटेनियम को टाइटेनियम 6एएल-4वी नाम दिया गया है (जिससे यह पता चलता है कि टाइटेनियम मिश्र धातु में 6% एल्यूमीनियम और 4% वैनेडियम मिश्र धातु है) जिसके बारे में लोगों का मानना है कि यह वाणिज्यिक दृष्टि से शुद्ध टाइटेनियम के समान ही ओसियोइंटीग्रेशन स्तर प्रदान करता है। टाइटेनियम 6एएल-4वी मिश्र धातु बेहतर तन्य शक्ति और अस्थिभंग प्रतिरोध प्रदान करता है। आज भी ज्यादातर इम्प्लान्ट्स का निर्माण वाणिज्यिक दृष्टि से शुद्ध टाइटेनियम (ग्रेड 1 से 4) से होता है लेकिन कुछ इम्प्लांट सिस्टम्स (एंडोपोर्स और नैनो टाईट) का निर्माण टाइटेनियम 6एएल-4वी मिश्र धातु से किया जाता है। इम्प्लांट की सतह के क्षेत्रफल और इसकी एकीकरण क्षमता को बढ़ाने के लिए इम्प्लांट की सतहों को प्लाज्मा छिड़काव, ऐनडाइजिंग (उद्‌-द्वारीकरण), नक्काशी या सैंडब्लास्टिंग (बालू क्षेपण) द्वारा रूपांतरित किया जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "डेंटल इम्प्लान्ट्स के लिए एडीए द्वारा किसी विशेषज्ञता को मान्यता नहीं दी गई है। इम्प्लांट सर्जरी को एक आउटपेशेंट के रूप में सामान्य संज्ञाहरण, मौखिक जागरूक दर्दनाशक औषधि प्रयोग, नाइट्रस ऑक्साइड दर्दनाशक औषधि प्रयोग, नसों के भीतर दर्दनाशक औषधि प्रयोग या जनरल डेंटिस्ट, ओरल सर्जन, पेरियोडोंटिस्ट और प्रोस्थोडोंटिस्ट सहित प्रशिक्षित और प्रमाणित क्लिनिशियनों द्वारा स्थानीय संज्ञाहरण के तहत किया जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "इम्प्लांट उपचार करने वाले डेंटिस्ट के लिए वैध प्रशिक्षण आवश्यकताओं में देश के आधार पर भिन्नता पाई जाती है। यूके में इम्प्लांट डेंटिस्ट्री को जनरल डेंटल काउंसिल द्वारा डेंटिस्ट्री का एक पोस्टग्रेजुएट क्षेत्र माना जाता है। दूसरे शब्दों में यूनिवर्सिटी डेंटल डिग्री पाठ्यक्रम के अध्यापन के दौरान इसे पर्याप्त रूप से कवर नहीं किया जाता है और डेंटल इम्प्लांटोलॉजी में अभ्यास की इच्छा रखने वाले डेंटिस्ट को कानूनी तौर पर अतिरिक्त औपचारिक पोस्टग्रेजुएट ट्रेनिंग लेनी पड़ती है। जनरल डेंटल काउंसिल ने जनरल डेंटल प्रैक्टिस में डेंटल इम्प्लान्ट्स को स्थापित करने में सक्षम होने के लिए डेंटिस्ट के लिए आवश्यक प्रशिक्षण पर सख्त दिशानिर्देशों को प्रकाशित किया है। रोगियों को इम्प्लांट डेंटिस्ट्री प्रदान करने से पहले यूके डेंटिस्ट को एक योग्यता मूल्यांकित स्नातकोत्तर विस्तृत शिक्षण कार्यक्रम को पूरा करना पड़ता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "इम्प्लान्ट्स के सर्जिकल स्थापन में प्रशिक्षण प्राप्त करने वाले स्नातक और स्नातकोत्तर दन्त चिकित्सकों की उपाधि में देश के आधार पर भिन्नता पाई जाती है लेकिन ऐसा लगता है कि औपचारिक प्रशिक्षण की कमी के फलस्वरूप उच्च जटिलता दरों का सामना करना पड़ेगा.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "सर्जिकल प्रोसीजर (शल्य प्रक्रिया)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "सर्जिकल प्लानिंग (शल्य चिकित्सा योजना निर्माण)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "सर्जरी शुरू करने से पहले सबसे ज्यादा अपेक्षित परिणाम प्राप्त करने के लिए इम्प्लान्ट्स को अच्छी तरह से अनुकूल बनाने के लिए हड्डी के आकार और आयामों के साथ-साथ इन्फेरियर एल्वियोलर नर्व या साइनस जैसी महत्वपूर्ण संरचनाओं की पहचान करने के लिए ध्यानपूर्वक और विस्तृत योजना बनाने की जरूरत है। सर्जरी से पहले अक्सर द्विआयामी रेडियोग्राफ जैसे ऑर्थोपैंटोमोग्राफ या पेरिपिकल लिया जाता है। कभी-कभी सीटी स्कैन भी किया जाता है। मामले की योजना बनाने के लिए विशेष 3डी कैड/कैम कंप्यूटर प्रोग्रामों का इस्तेमाल किया जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "चाहे सीटी-निर्देशित हो या मैनुअल, इम्प्लान्ट्स के स्थापन को सहज बनाने के लिए कभी-कभी 'स्टेंट' का इस्तेमाल किया जा सकता है। एक सर्जिकल स्टेंट एक ऐक्रीलिक वेफर है जिसे स्थापित किए जाने वाले इम्प्लान्ट्स की स्थिति और कोण को दर्शाने के लिए पहले से निर्मित छेदों के साथ दांतों या हड्डी की सतह या म्यूकोसा (जब सभी दांत लापता हों) पर फिट किया जाता है। सर्जिकल स्टेंट को सीटी स्कैन से मामले की कम्प्यूटरीकृत योजना के बाद स्टीरियोलिथोग्राफी के इस्तेमाल से प्रस्तुत किया जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "सीटी निर्देशित सर्जरी में ज्यादातर आम तौर पर स्वीकृत तरीकों की तुलना में दोगुना खर्च होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "इसके सबसे बुनियादी रूप में ओसियोइंटीग्रेटेड इम्प्लांट को लगाने के लिए हड्डी जलन या दबाव परिगलन को रोकने के लिए अतिविनियमित गति वाले परिशुद्धता ड्रिल्स या हैंड ओस्टियोटॉम के इस्तेमाल से हड्डी को तैयार करने की जरूरत पड़ती है। इम्प्लांट की सतह पर हड्डी को बढ़ने की अनुमति देने के लिए दिए जाने वाले पर्याप्त समय (ओसियोइंटीग्रेशन) के बाद दांत या दांतों को इम्प्लांट में लगाया जा सकता है। इम्प्लांट को लगाने में लगने वाले समय में प्रैक्टिशनर के अनुभव, हड्डी की गुणवत्ता और परिमाण और व्यक्तिगत स्थिति की कठिनाई के आधार पर भिन्नता पाई जा सकती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "एडेंटुलस (दांत रहित) जबड़े की साइटों में महत्वपूर्ण ढांचों (खास तौर पर इन्फेरियर एल्वियोलर नर्व या आईएएन और निचले जबड़े का मानसिक रंध्र) की रक्षा को ध्यान में रखते हुए प्राप्तकर्ता हड्डी में एक पायलेट छेद किया जाता है। जबड़े की हड्डी में ड्रिल करने का काम आम तौर पर कई अलग-अलग चरणों में किया जाता है। उत्तरोत्तर व्यापक ड्रिल (आम तौर पर इम्प्लांट की चौड़ाई और लम्बाई के आधार पर तीन से सात उत्तरोत्तर ड्रिलिंग चरणों के बीच) का इस्तेमाल करके पायलेट छेद को बड़ा किया जाता है। बहुत ज्यादा गर्मी की वजह से ओस्टियोब्लास्ट या हड्डी की कोशिकाओं को कोई नुकसान न हो इस बात का ध्यान रखा जाता है। कूलिंग सेलाइन या पानी के छिड़काव से हड्डी का तापमान 47 डिग्री सेल्सियस (लगभग 117 डिग्री फारेनहाईट) से नीचे रहता है। इम्प्लांट स्क्रू सेल्फ-टैपिंग हो सकता है और यह एक छोटे टोर्क पर कसा होता है ताकि इस पर आसपास की हड्डी का ओवरलोड न पड़े (ओवरलोडेड हड्डी नष्ट हो सकती है जो एक ऐसी अवस्था है जिसे ओस्टियोनेक्रोसिस कहते हैं जिसके फलस्वरूप जबड़े की हड्डी के साथ इम्प्लांट को पूरी तरह एकीकृत करने या जोड़ने में कामयाबी नहीं मिल सकती है). आम तौर पर ज्यादातर इम्प्लांट सिस्टमों में ओस्टियोटॉमी या ड्रिल किए गए छेद की गहराई ड्रिल के ऊपरी सिरे की आकृति की वजह से इम्प्लांट को स्थापित करने के लिए आवश्यक गहराई से लगभग 1 मिमी अधिक होती है। महत्वपूर्ण ढांचों के आसपास के क्षेत्र में ड्रिल करते समय सर्जन को अतिरिक्त लम्बाई को ध्यान में रखना चाहिए॰", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "परंपरागत रूप से, उस स्थान के शिखर पर एक चीरा लगाया जाता है जहाँ इम्प्लांट को स्थापित किया जाना है। इसे 'प्रालंब' के रूप में जाना जाता है। कुछ सिस्टम \"प्रालंबरहित\" सर्जरी की अनुमति देते हैं जहाँ म्यूकोसा के एक टुकड़े को इम्प्लांट साईट के ऊपर से ठूस दिया जाता है। \"प्रालंबरहित\" सर्जरी के समर्थकों का मानना है कि इससे ठीक में कम समय लगता है जबकि इसके विरोधियों का मानना है कि यह जटिलता दर में वृद्धि करता है क्योंकि हड्डी के किनारे को देखा नहीं जा सकता है। देखने संबंधी इन समस्याओं की वजह से प्रालंबरहित सर्जरी को अक्सर पूर्व-परिचालनात्मक सीटी स्कैन की कम्प्यूटरीकृत 3डी योजना के बाद निर्मित एक सर्जिकल गाइड के इस्तेमाल से किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "ठीक होने में लगने वाला समय", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "ओसियोइंटीग्रेटेड बनने के लिए इम्प्लांट की अपेक्षित मय सीमा बहस का एक गर्मागर्म विषय है। इसके फलस्वरूप पुनर्स्थापन को स्थापित करने से पहले इम्प्लांट को ठीक होने के लिए प्रैक्टिशनरों द्वारा दिए जाने वाले समय की मात्रा में काफी भिन्नता पाई जाती है। आम तौर पर प्रैक्टिशनर (चिकित्सक) इसे ठीक होने के लिए 2 से 6 महीने का समय देते हैं जबकि प्रारम्भिक अध्ययनों से पता चलता है कि इम्प्लांट की प्रारम्भिक लोडिंग से प्रारम्भिक या दीर्घकालीन जटिलताओं में वृद्धि नहीं हो सकती है। अगर इम्प्लांट को बहुत जल्द लोड किया जाता है तो हो सकता है कि इम्प्लांट हिल जाए और विफल हो जाए॰ एक नए इम्प्लांट को ठीक होने, संभवतः जुड़ने और अन्ततः स्थापित होने में अठारह महीने लग सकते हैं। इसलिए कई ठीक होने के समय को कम करने के प्रति अनिच्छुक हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "एक चरण और दो चरणों वाली सर्जरी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "किसी इम्प्लांट को या तो 'हीलिंग एब्यूटमेंट' के रूप में स्थापित किया जाता है जो म्यूकोसा के माध्यम से आता है या 'कवर स्क्रू' के रूप में लगाया जाता है जिसे दंत प्रत्यारोपण की सतह को स्थापित करने के साथ बहा दिया जाता है। जब एक कवर स्क्रू को स्थापित किया जाता है तो म्यूकोसा इम्प्लांट को एकीकृत करते समय इसे ढँक लेता है उसके बाद हीलिंग एब्यूटमेंट लगाने के लिए दूसरी सर्जरी को पूरा किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "कभी-कभी दो चरणों वाली सर्जरी का चुनाव किया जाता है जब एक समवर्ती बोन ग्राफ्ट को स्थापित किया जाता है या जब एस्थेटिक कारणों से म्यूकोसा पर सर्जरी करने की सम्भावना हो. कुछ इम्प्लांट एकसाथ एक टुकड़े के रूप में होते हैं ताकि कोई हीलिंग एब्यूटमेंट की जरूरत न पड़े.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "सावधानीपूर्वक चयनित मामलों में रोगियों को एक ही सर्जरी में इम्प्लांट स्थापित किया जा सकता है और इस प्रक्रिया को \"त्वरित लोडिंग\" का नाम दिया गया है। ऐसे मामलों में हड्डी के साथ एकीकृत होने के दौरान इम्प्लांट को स्थानांतरित करके काटने की ताकत से बचने के लिए अस्थायी कृत्रिम दांत या क्राउन के आकार को ठीक किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "सर्जिकल टाइमिंग (शल्य चिकित्सा में लगने वाला समय)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "दांत निकालने के बाद डेंटल इम्प्लान्ट्स को स्थापित करने के कई तरीके हैं। ये तरीके इस प्रकार हैं:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "दांत निकालने के तुरन्त बाद दंत प्रत्यारोपण को स्थापित करना.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "दांत निकालने के कुछ समय बाद थोड़ी देर से दंत प्रत्यारोपण को स्थापित करना (दांत निकालने के 2 सप्ताह से लेकर 3 महीने बाद)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "काफी समय बाद दंत प्रत्यारोपण को स्थापित करना (दांत निकालने के 3 महीने या उससे भी अधिक समय बाद).", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "डेंटल इम्प्लान्ट्स को स्थापित करने की समय-सीमा के अनुसार लोडिंग की परेरिया को निम्नलिखित रूपों में वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "तत्काल लोडिंग प्रक्रिया.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "प्रारम्भिक लोडिंग प्रक्रिया (1 सप्ताह से 12 सप्ताह)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "विलंबित लोडिंग प्रक्रिया (3 महीने से अधिक)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "हड्डियों को संरक्षित रखने और इलाज के समय को कम करने की एक तेजी से बढ़ती आम रणनीति में निकटतम निष्कर्षण स्थल में दंत प्रत्यारोपण का स्थापन शामिल है। इसके अलावा, तत्काल लोडिंग अधिक आम होती जा रही है क्योंकि इस प्रक्रिया की सफलता दर अब स्वीकार्य है। इससे इलाज के समय में लगने वाले महीनों में कटौती होती है और कुछ मामलों में डेंटल इम्प्लान्ट्स को स्थापित करने के लिए की जाने वाली सर्जरी के दौरान ही इम्प्लान्ट्स के साथ बनावटी दांत को भी स्थापित किया जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "ज्यादातर विवरणों से पता चलता है कि स्वस्थ हड्डी वाले केवल एक जड़ युक्त दांत के स्थानों और उनके आसपास म्यूकोसा में दंत प्रत्यारोपण को स्थापित करने की प्रक्रिया विलंबित प्रक्रियाओं की तुलना में अधिक कारगर होती है जहाँ कोई अतिरिक्त जटिलता नहीं होती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "सीटी स्कैन का प्रयोग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "जब इन्फेरियर एल्वियोलर कैनल (अवर दंतउलूखल नलिका), मेंटल फोरामेन (मानसिक रंध्र) और मैक्जिलरी साइनस सहित महत्वपूर्ण संरचनाओं का सही-सही पता लगाने के लिए पूर्वपरिचालनात्मक ढंग से कंप्यूटरीकृत टोमोग्राफी का इस्तेमाल किया जाता है जिसे कोन बीम कंप्यूटेड टोमोग्राफी या सीबीसीटी (3डी एक्स-रे इमेजिंग) भी कहा जाता है, तो मुलाकातों की संख्या और इंतज़ार में लगने वाले समय की तरह जटिलताओं की संभावनाओं में भी कटौती हो सकती है। पारंपरिक मेडिकल सीटी स्कैनिंग की तुलना में 2% कम विकिरण के इस्तेमाल वाले कोन बीम सीटी स्कैनिंग से रुचि वाले क्षेत्र में अधिक सटीकता प्राप्त होती है और यह रोगी के लिए ज्यादा सुरक्षित है। सीबीसीटी से सर्जन को सर्जिकल गाइड का निर्माण करने में सहूलियत होती है जिसकी सहायता से सर्जन इम्प्लांट को आदर्श स्थान में सही कोण में स्थापित करने में सक्षम होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "साइनस को उठाना एक आम सर्जिकल प्रक्रिया है। उचित प्रशिक्षण प्राप्त डेंटिस्ट या स्पेशलिस्ट जैसे ओरल सर्जन, परियोडोंटिस्ट, जनरल डेंटिस्ट, या प्रोस्थोडोंटिस्ट अस्थि प्रत्यारोपण या अस्थि पूरक पदार्थ की मदद से साइनस की तरह एट्रोफिक मैक्जिला के अपर्याप्त हिस्से को घना कर देते हैं। इसके परिणामस्वरूप प्रत्यारोपण के लिए एक बेहतर गुणवत्ता वाले अस्थि स्थल के परिमाण में वृद्धि होती है। साइनस कैविटी में इम्प्लान्ट्स को स्थापित करने से बचने की इच्छा रखने वाले विवेकी चिकित्सक सीबीसीटी एक्स-रे के इस्तेमाल से साइनस लिफ्ट सर्जरी की पूर्व योजना बनाते हैं जैसा कि पहले चर्चित पोस्टेरियर मेंडिब्यूलर इम्प्लान्ट्स के मामले में किया गया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "बोन ग्राफ्टिंग उन मामलों में जरूरी होगा जहाँ आगे से पीछे की तरफ की (होंठ से जीभ) गहराई या मोटाई; ऊपर से नीचे की तरफ की ऊँचाई; और दाएँ से बाएँ तरफ की चौड़ाई की दृष्टि से पर्याप्त मैक्जिलरी या मेंडिब्यूलर हड्डी का अभाव होता है। जड़ जैसे इम्प्लांट के साथ पर्याप्त हड्डी को सुरक्षित ढंग से एकीकृत करने के लिए तीन आयामों में इनका होना जरूरी है। बेहतर अस्थि ऊँचाई-जिसे हासिल करना बहुत मुश्किल है-खास तौर पर इम्प्लांट की जड़ी जैसी आकृति की पर्याप्त लंगरवानी को सुनिश्चित करने के लिए जरूरी है क्योंकि इसे एक प्राकृतिक दांत की तरह ही चबाने के यांत्रिक दबाव को सहारा देना पड़ता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "आम तौर पर इम्प्लांटोलॉजिस्ट्स इम्प्लांट को हड्डी में कम से कम उतनी ही गहराई में स्थापित करने की कोशिश करते हैं जितनी गहराई में क्राउन या दांत हड्डी से ऊपर होगा. इसे 1:1 क्राउन से जड़ का अनुपात कहा जाता है। यह अनुपात ज्यादातर मामलों में बोन ग्राफ्टिंग के लिए लक्ष्य निर्धारित करता है। अगर 1:1 या उससे अधिक प्राप्त नहीं किया जा सकता है तो रोगी को आम तौर पर यह सलाह दी जाती है कि केवल एक छोटा इम्प्लांट लगाया जा सकता है और उस इम्प्लांट के ज्यादा दिनों तक इस्तेमाल किए जाने की उम्मीद नहीं है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "बोन ग्राफ्टिंग या बोन रिप्लेसमेंट की प्रक्रिया के दौरान ढेर सारी ग्राफ्टिंग सामग्रियों और पदार्थों का इस्तेमाल किया जा सकता है। उनमें रोगी की अपनी हड्डी (ऑटोग्राफ्ट), जिसे कूल्हे (श्रोणिफलक शिखा) या जबड़े की अतिरिक्त हड्डी से निकाला जा सकता है; लाशों (एलोग्राफ्ट) से संसाधित हड्डी; गोजातीय हड्डी या कोरल (जेनोग्राफ्ट); या कृत्रिम रूप से निर्मित हड्डी जैसे पदार्थ (कैल्शियम सल्फेट जिसका नाम रेगेनेफोर्म है; और हाइड्रोक्सीएपेटाईट या एचए, जो हड्डी में पाए जाने वाले कैल्शियम का प्राथमिक रूप है) शामिल होते हैं। एचए ओस्टियोब्लास्ट के बढ़ने के लिए एक सब्सट्रेट के रूप में प्रभावी है। इसलिए कुछ इम्प्लांट पर एचए का लेप लगाया जाता है हालाँकि इनमें से कई पदार्थों की हड्डी निर्माण सम्बन्धी गुण अस्थि अनुसन्धान समूहों में काफी गर्मागर्म बहस का मुद्दा है। वैकल्पिक रूप से इम्प्लांट को सहारा देने वाली हड्डी को एक सैंडविच की तरह दो आधे हिस्सों के बीच में लगाए गए इम्प्लांट से अलग करके चौड़ा किया जा सकता है। इसे 'रिज स्प्लिट' प्रक्रिया के नाम से जाना जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "बोन ग्राफ्ट सर्जरी का अपना खुद का देखभाल मानक है। एक विशिष्ट प्रक्रिया में चिकित्सक ग्राफ्ट साईट पर जबड़े की हड्डी को पूरी तरह से अनावृत करने के लिए मसूड़े या गम के एक बड़े प्रालंब का निर्माण करता है, मौजूदा हड्डी में और उस पर एक या कई प्रकार के ब्लॉक और ओनले ग्राफ्ट को प्रदर्शित करता है, तब मौखिक गुहा में पाए जाने वाले अवांछित संक्रमण जनक माइक्रोबायोटा को हटाने के लिए बनाई गई झिल्ली को स्थापित करता है। उसके बाद साईट पर म्यूकोसा की ध्यानपूर्वक सिलाई की जाती है। व्यवस्थित एंटीबायोटिक दवाओं और सामयिक जीवाणुरोधी मुख धुलाई एक क्रम के साथ ग्राफ्ट साईट को ठीक होने के लिए (कई महीनों तक) छोड़ दिया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "चिकित्सक आम तौर पर चौड़ाई और ऊँचाई में ग्राफ्ट सफलता की पुष्टि करने के लिए एक नया रेडियोग्राफ लेता है और मान लेता है कि इन दो आयामों में सकारात्मक संकेत सुरक्षित रूप से तीसरे आयाम; गहराई में सफलता की भविष्यवाणी करता है। जहाँ अधिक सटीकता की जरूरत पड़ती है आम तौर पर तब जब मेंडिब्यूलर इम्प्लान्ट्स की योजना बनाई जा रही हो, वहां उचित उपचार योजना बनाने के लिए नसों और महत्वपूर्ण संरचनाओं की स्थिति और हड्डी की सही माप लेने के लिए इस समय एक 3डी या कोन बीम रेडियोग्राफ की जरूरत पड़ सकती है। कंप्यूटर डिजाइन प्लेसमेंट गाइडों की तैयारी के लिए उसी रेडियोग्राफिक डेटा का इस्तेमाल किया जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "सही तरीके से करने पर बोन ग्राफ्ट से जीवित संवहनी हड्डी का निर्माण होता है जो काफी हद तक प्राकृतिक जबड़े की हड्डी की तरह लगती है और इसलिए यह इम्प्लान्ट्स की एक नींव के रूप में उपयुक्त होती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण प्रक्रिया को कारगर बनाने के लिए जबड़े में पर्याप्त हड्डी होना जरूरी है और इम्प्लांट को पकड़कर रखने और उसे सहारा देने के लिए हड्डी को काफी मजबूत होना चाहिए॰ अगर पर्याप्त हड्डी न हो तो पहले चर्चित एक बोन ग्राफ्ट प्रक्रिया के साथ अधिक हड्डी को जोड़ने की जरूरत पड़ सकती है। कभी-कभी इस प्रक्रिया को बोन ऑगमेंटेशन (अस्थि वृद्धि) भी कहा जाता है। इसके अलावा इम्प्लांट साईट के पास के प्राकृतिक दांतों और सहायक ऊतकों का स्वास्थ्य अच्छा होना जरूरी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "सभी मामलों में पुनर्स्थापन के अन्तिम कार्यात्मक पहलुओं पर ध्यान देना जरूरी होता है, जैसे कि इम्प्लांट पर लगाया जाने वाला बल. चबाने और पराकार्य (असामान्य पीसने या जकड़ने की आदत) से इम्प्लांट लोडिंग इम्प्लांट बोन इंटरफेस और/या खुद टाइटेनियम सामग्री की जैवयांत्रिक सहनशीलता बढ़ सकती है जिससे विफलता का मुंह देखना पड़ सकता है। यह स्वयं इम्प्लांट (अस्थिभंग) की विफलता या हड्डी की हानि हो सकती है जो आसपास की हड्डी का \"पिघलना\" या अवशोषण है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "डेंटिस्ट (दन्त चिकित्सक) को सबसे पहले यह निर्धारित करना चाहिए कि किस तरह की प्रोस्थेसिस का निर्माण किया जाएगा. उसके बाद ही संख्या, लम्बाई, व्यास और सिलाई पद्धति सहित विशिष्ट इम्प्लांट आवश्यकताओं का निर्धारण किया जा सकता है। दूसरे शब्दों में, सर्जरी से पहले रिस्टोरिंग डेंटिस्ट को मामले की विपरीत योजना बनानी चाहिए॰ अगर हड्डी की मात्रा या घनत्व काफी नहीं है तो सबसे पहले बोन ग्राफ्ट प्रक्रिया पर विचार करना चाहिए॰ रिस्टोरिंग डेंटिस्ट रोगी का मिलकर इलाज करने के लिए मौखिक सर्जन, पेरियोडोंटिस्ट, एंडोडोंटिस्ट, या एक अन्य प्रशिक्षित जनरल डेंटिस्ट से सलाह-मशविरा कर सकता है। आम तौर पर रोगी के जबड़े की हड्डियों और दांतों के भौतिक मॉडलों और छापों का निर्माण इम्प्लांट सर्जन के अनुरोध पर रिस्टोरेटिव डेंटिस्ट द्वारा किया जाना चाहिए जिसका इस्तेमाल उपचार योजना निर्माण के लिए भौतिक सहायता के रूप में किया जाता है। अगर इसकी आपूर्ति नहीं की जाती है तो उचित उपचार योजना का निर्माण करने के लिए इम्प्लांट सर्जन अपने खुद के या उन्नत कंप्यूटर-समर्थित टोमोग्राफी या कोन बीम सीटी स्कैन पर भरोसा करता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "सीटी स्कैन डेटा पर आधारित कंप्यूटर सिमुलेशन सॉफ्टवेयर से अन्तिम प्रोस्थेसिस के एक बेरियम अन्तर्भरित प्रोटोटाइप पर आधारित वर्चुअल इम्प्लांट सर्जिकल प्लेसमेंट में आसानी होती है। यह उच्च स्तरीय भविष्‍यवचनीयता का निर्माण करके उपचार मामले के लिए इम्प्लांट अस्थि सतह क्षेत्र को बढ़ाकर बोन ग्राफ्टिंग की जरूरत, महत्वपूर्ण भौतिक रचना, अस्थि गुणवत्ता, इम्प्लांट की विशेषताओं की भविष्यवाणी करता है। अन्तिम प्रोस्थेसिस के अन्तर्रोध और सुंदरता पर आधारित उचित इम्प्लांट प्लेसमेंट को सहज बनाने के लिए इम्प्लांट सर्जन के लिए कंप्यूटर कैड/कैम मिल्ड या स्टीरियोलिथोग्राफी आधारित ड्रिल गाइड को विकसित किया जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "कंप्यूटर स्क्रीन पर रोगी के लिए \"ट्राई-इन्स\" का प्रदर्शन करने के लिए उपचार योजना सॉफ्टवेयर का भी इस्तेमाल किया जा सकता है। जब विकल्पों के बारे में रोगी और सर्जन के बीच पूरी तरह से विचार-विमर्श हो जाता है तब सटीक ड्रिल गाइडों का निर्माण करने के लिए उसी सॉफ्टवेयर का इस्तेमाल किया जा सकता है। विशिष्ट सॉफ्टवेयर एप्लीकेशनों जैसे 'सिमप्लांट' (सिमुलेटेड इम्प्लांट) या 'नोबेलगाइड' में उपचार योजना का निर्माण करने के लिए रोगी के सीबीसीटी से डिजिटल डेटा का इस्तेमाल किया जाता है। उसके बाद एक डेटा सेट का निर्माण किया जाता है और उसे एक सटीक इन-माउथ ड्रिलिंग गाइड के निर्माण के लिए लैब में भेज दिया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण की सफलता ऑपरेटर के कौशल, साईट पर मौजूद हड्डी की गुणवत्ता एवं मात्रा और रोगी की मौखिक स्वच्छता से संबंधित है। आम सहमति है कि इम्प्लांट की सफलता दर लगभग 95% है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "इम्प्लांट की सफलता को निर्धारित करने वाले सबसे महत्वपूर्ण कारकों में से एक कारक इम्प्लांट स्थिरता की उपलब्धि और रखरखाव है। स्थिरता को एक आईएसक्यू (इम्प्लांट स्टेबिलिटी कोशेंट) मान के रूप में पेश किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "ज्यादातर सर्जिकल प्रक्रियाओं में दंत प्रत्यारोपण प्लेसमेंट की सफलता में योगदान देने वाले अन्य कारकों में रोगी का सम्पूर्ण सामान्य स्वास्थ्य और सर्जरी के बाद किए जाने वाले देखभाल का अनुपालन शामिल है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण की विफलता अक्सर सही तरीके से ओसियोइंटीग्रेशन की विफलता से संबंधित होती है। एक दंत प्रत्यारोपण को विफल माना जाता है अगर यह नष्ट हो गया हो, हिल गया हो या पहले साल में 1.0 मिमी से ज्यादा पेरी-इम्प्लांट (इम्प्लांट के आसपास) अस्थि हानि या एक साल बाद 0.2 मिमी से ज्यादा की हानि का पता चलता हो.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "डेंटल इम्प्लान्ट्स (दन्त प्रत्यारोपण) डेंटल केरीज़ (दन्त क्षय) के प्रति अतिसंवेदनशील नहीं होते हैं लेकिन उनमें पेरी-इम्प्लांटाइटिस नामक अवस्था का विकास हो सकता है। यह म्यूकोसा या इम्प्लांट के आसपास की हड्डी की सूजन वाली अवस्था है जिसकी वजह से अस्थि हानि और अन्त में इम्प्लांट की हानि का परिणाम देखना पड़ता है। यह अवस्था आम तौर पर लेकिन हमेशा नहीं, किसी पुराने संक्रमण से जुड़ी होती है। बहुत ज्यादा धूम्रपान करने वालों, डायबिटीज (मधुमेह) के रोगियों, खराब मौखिक स्वच्छता वाले रोगियों और उन मामलों में पेरी-इम्प्लांटाइटिस के होने की ज्यादा सम्भावना होती है जहां इम्प्लांट के आसपास का म्यूकोसा (श्लैष्मिक झिल्ली) पतला होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "फ़िलहाल पेरी-इम्प्लांटाइटिस के बेहतरीन इलाज परर कोई सार्वभौमिक समझौता नहीं है। इस हालत और इसके कारणों को अभी भी असंतोषजनक ढंग से समझा जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "धूम्रपान करने वालों में विफलता का खतरा ज्यादा होता है। इसी वजह से इम्प्लान्ट्स को अक्सर तब स्थापित किया जाता है जब रोगी धूम्रपान करना बंद कर देता है क्योंकि इसका इलाज बहुत महंगा होता है। सर्जरी के समय खराब स्थिति की वजह से शायद ही कभी कोई इम्प्लांट विफल होता है या शुरू में ओवरलोड हो सकता है जिसकी वजह से एकीकरण में विफलता का मुंह देखना पड़े. अगर इम्प्लांट सर्जरी से पहले स्मोकिंग (धूम्रपान) और स्थिति सम्बन्धी समस्याएं मौजूद रहती हैं तो क्लिनिसियन (चिकित्सक) अक्सर रोगियों को यही सलाह देते हैं कि इम्प्लांट के बजाय एक ब्रिज या आंशिक डेन्चर इसका एक बेहतर समाधान हो सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "ऊपर उल्लिखित कारणों की वजह से स्वतंत्र रूप से भी विफलता का मुंह देखना पड़ सकता है। अन्य किसी वस्तु की तरह इम्प्लान्ट्स को दर्द और आंसू से गुजरना पड़ता है। अगर सन्दिग्ध इम्प्लान्ट्स को आम तौर पर इस्तेमाल किए जाने वाले दांतों की जगह स्थापित किया जा रहा है तो इस प्रक्रिया में दर्द और आंसू का सामना करना पड़ सकता है और सालों बाद चटककर टूट सकता है हालाँकि ऐसा शायद ही कभी होता है। इस तरह की घटना के जोखिम को कम करने का एकमात्र तरीका नियमित समीक्षा के लिए अपने डेंटिस्ट से मुलाक़ात करना है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "ज्यादातर मामलों में जहां इम्प्लांट हड्डी के साथ एकीकृत होने में विफल हो जाता है और जिसे शरीर द्वारा अस्वीकार कर दिया जाता है, उन सबका कारण अज्ञात है। ऐसा लगभग 5% मामलों में हो सकता है। आज तक हम यह नहीं जानते हैं कि हड्डी टाइटेनियम के डेंटल इम्प्लान्ट्स के साथ एकजुट हो जाती है और एक 'बाहरी वस्तु' के रूप में इस पदार्थ को अस्वीकार क्यों नहीं किया जाता है। पिछले पांच दशकों में कई सिद्धांतों को निर्विवाद मान लिया गया है। एक हाल के सिद्धांत में दिए गए तर्क के अनुसार एक सक्रिय जैविक ऊतक प्रतिक्रिया होने के बजाय इम्प्लांट के साथ हड्डी का एकीकरण नकारात्मक ऊतक प्रतिक्रिया की कमी है। दूसरे शब्दों में अज्ञात कारणों के लिए प्रत्यारोपित बाहरी वस्तुओं को अस्वीकार करने की शरीर की आम प्रतिक्रिया टाइटेनियम इम्प्लान्ट्स के साथ सही तरीके से काम नहीं करती है। इसके अलावा यह भी निर्विवाद मान लिया गया है कि इम्प्लांट अस्वीकृति का मामला उन रोगियों में देखने को मिलता है जिनके अस्थि ऊतक वास्तव में इस तरह प्रतिक्रिया करते हैं जैसे कि उन्होंने प्राकृतिक रूप से 'बाहरी वस्तु' के साथ करना चाहिए और उसी तरीके से इम्प्लांट को अस्वीकार करते हैं जिस तरीके से ज्यादातर अन्य प्रत्योरोपित सामग्रियों के साथ होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "इम्प्लांट डेंटिस्ट्री के मामले में कुछ पूर्ण निषेध-संकेत हैं। हालाँकि ऐसे कुछ व्यवस्थित, व्यावहारिक और शारीरिक विचार हैं जिनका मूल्यांकन किया जाना चाहिए॰", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "खास तौर पर मेंडिब्यूलर (निचला जबड़ा) इम्प्लान्ट्स के लिए मेंटल फोरामेन (एमएफ) के आसपास के क्षेत्र में मेंडिब्यूलर कैनल के ऊपर पर्याप्त एल्वियोलर हड्डी होना जरूरी है जिसे इन्फेरियर एल्वियोलर कैनल (अवर दंतउलूखल नलिका) या आईएसी भी कहा जाता है (जो इन्फेरियर एल्वियोलर नर्व (अवर दंतउलूखल तंत्रिका) या आईएएन का वहन करने वाले न्यूरोवैस्कुलर बंडल के लिए वाहक का काम करता है).", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "आईएएन और एमएफ की स्थिति का सही-सही पता लगाने की विफलता ड्रिल्स और स्वयं इम्प्लांट द्वारा सर्जिकल इन्सल्ट (शल्य चिकित्सीय क्षति) को आमन्त्रित करती है। इस तरह की क्षति की वजह से नस की अपूरणीय क्षति का मुंह देखना पड़ सकता है जिसे अक्सर मसूड़े, होंठ और ठुड्डी की डीसेस्थेसिया (दर्दनाक संवेदनशून्यता) या पैरेस्थेसिया (संवेदनशून्यता) के रूप में महसूस किया जाता है। यह हालत जीवन भर के लिए कायम रह सकती है और इसके साथ अचेतन अवस्था में मुंह से लार बह सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "अनियन्त्रित टाइप टू डायबिटीज एक महत्वपूर्ण सापेक्षिक निषेध-संकेत है क्योंकि किसी भी प्रकार की सर्जिकल प्रक्रिया के बाद खराब परिधीय रक्त परिसंचरण की वजह से स्वस्थ होने में काफी देर लग जाती है। शारीरिक विचारों में मौजूद हड्डी की मात्रा और ऊँचाई शामिल है। सफल इम्प्लांट प्लेसमेंट के लिए पर्याप्त हड्डी प्रदान करने के लिए अक्सर एक सहायक प्रक्रिया की जरूरत पड़ती है जिसे ब्लॉक ग्राफ्ट या साइनस ऑगमेंटेशन के नाम से जाना जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "अन्तःशिरा और मौखिक बिसफ़ॉस्फ़ोनेट्स (जिसे क्रमशः ब्रेस्ट कैंसर (स्तन कैंसर) और ओस्टियोपोरोसिस के कुछ खास रूपों के लिए लिया जाता है) के बारे में नई जानकारी प्राप्त हुई है जिससे रोगियों को ओस्टियोनेक्रोसिस नामक एक विलंबित स्वस्थता सिंड्रोम के विकसित होने का बहुत ज्यादा खतरा हो जाता है। नसों के अंदर बिसफ़ॉस्फ़ोनेट्स लेने वाले कुछ रोगियों को इम्प्लान्ट्स की सलाह नहीं दी जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "मुंह से बिसफ़ॉस्फ़ोनेट (जैसे एक्टोनेल, फोसामैक्स और बोनिवा) लेने वाले लाखों रोगियों को कभी-कभी इम्प्लांट सर्जरी से पहले इसे लेना बंद करने और सर्जरी होने के कई महीनों बाद इसे फिर से लेना शुरू करने की की सलाह दी जा सकती है। हालांकि, वर्तमान प्रमाण से पता चलता है कि यह प्रोटोकॉल जरूरी नहीं हो सकता है। फरवरी 2008 के जर्नल ऑफ ओरल एण्ड मैक्सिलोफेशियल सर्जरी में एक मौखिक बिसफ़ॉस्फ़ोनेट अध्ययन की रिपोर्ट के अनुसार जनवरी 2008 तक 468 इम्प्लान्ट्स वाले 115 मामलों की समीक्षा करने पर यह निष्कर्ष निकला कि \"क्लिनिक में मूल्यांकन किए गए किसी भी रोगी के जबड़े की बिसफ़ॉस्फ़ोनेट से जुडे ओस्टियोनेक्रोसिस का कोई सबूत नहीं मिला है और फोन से या ईमेल द्वारा संपर्क किए गए रोगियों में से किसी ने भी इस तरह के किसी लक्षण की खबर नहीं दी.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "अमेरिकन डेंटल एसोसिएशन ने \"बिसफ़ॉस्फ़ोनेट मेडिकेशंस एण्ड योर ओरल हेल्थ\" नामक एक लेख में बिसफ़ॉस्फ़ोनेट्स के बारे में बताया था। एक अवलोकन में एडीए ने बताया \"मौखिक बिसफ़ॉस्फ़ोनेट थेरपी से गुजरने वाले रोगियों में बोन (जबड़े की बिसफ़ॉस्फ़ोनेट से जुड़ी ओस्टियोनेक्रोसिस) के विकसित होने का जोखिम बहुत कम है।..\" एडीए काउंसिल ऑन साइंटिफिक अफेयर्स ने भी विशेषज्ञों के एक पैनल को नियुक्त किया जिन्होंने मौखिक बिसफ़ॉस्फ़ोनेट्स पर रोगियों के इलाज के लिए सुझाव [क्लिनिसियनों के लिए] जारी किया जिसे जून 2006 में प्रकाशित किया गया। अवलोकन को ada.org पर ऑनलाइन पढ़ा जा सकता है लेकिन इसकी जगह अब \"बिसफ़ॉस्फ़ोनेट यूज एण्ड द रिस्क ऑफ एडवर्स जॉ आउटकम्स\" नामक एक विशाल अध्ययन ने ले लिया है जिसमें 700,000 से अधिक मामले शामिल हैं। 2008 के जोम्स अध्ययन की तरह एडीए अध्ययन में भी डेंटल इम्प्लान्ट्स के लिए एक निषेध-संकेत के रूप में मौखिक बिसफ़ॉस्फ़ोनेट्स को दोषमुक्त पाया गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "ब्रुक्सिज्म (दांत से पकड़ना या पीसना) एक अन्य विचार है जो उपचार के पूर्वानुमान को कम कर सकता है। ब्रुक्सिज्म के दौरान उत्पन्न बल खास तौर पर हड्डी के ठीक होने के दौरान इम्प्लान्ट्स के लिए हानिकारक हैं; इम्प्लांट की स्थिति में सूक्ष्मस्थानांतरण इम्प्लांट की विफलता की वर्धित दर से जुड़ा हुआ है। ब्रुक्सिज्म से प्राप्तकर्ता को जीवन भर इम्प्लान्ट्स का खतरा रहता है। प्राकृतिक दांतों में एक पेरियोडोंटल लिगामेंट होता है जो हर दांत को हिलने-डुलने की अनुमति डेटा है और लम्बवत और क्षतिज बलों के प्रतिक्रियास्वरूप उत्पन्न आघात को सहन करने में मदद करता है। एक बार जब इन्हें डेंटल इम्प्लान्ट्स द्वारा बदल दिया जाता है तब यह लिगामेंट खत्म हो जाता है और दांत बिना हिले-डुले सीधे जबड़े की हड्डी का सहारा लेने लगते हैं। रात में कस्टम निर्मित माउथगर्द (जैसे एनटीआई उपकरण) को पहनकर इस समस्या को कम किया जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "ऑपरेशन के बाद इम्प्लान्ट्स की स्थापना के बाद कुछ शारीरिक निषेध हैं जो इम्प्लांटोलॉजी टीम की तेज कार्रवाई को प्रोत्साहित करते हैं। बहुत ज्यादा खून बहने की तरह ही तीन दिन से ज्यादा समय तक रहने वाला अत्यधिक या गंभीर दर्द भी एक तरह की चेतावनी है। मसूड़े, होंठ और ठुड्डी की लगातार संवेदनशून्यता एक अन्य प्रकार की चेतावनी है जिस पर आम तौर पर सर्जिकल एनेस्थेसिया (शल्य चिकित्सीय संज्ञाहरण) के खत्म होने के बाद `गौर किया जाता है। बाद के मामले में, जिसमें गंभीर निरन्तर दर्द हो सकता है, सर्जिकल प्रक्रिया से आईएएन की कोई क्षति हुई है या नहीं इसका निर्धारण करने के लिए देखभाल के मानक की पहचान करना जरूरी है। 3डी कोन बीम एक्स-रे से आवश्यक डेटा प्राप्त होता है लेकिन इस चरण से भी पहले एक विवेकी इम्प्लांटोलॉजिस्ट नस के कार्य को फिर से स्थापित करने की कोशिश में इम्प्लांट को निकाल सकता है या उसे पूरी तरह से हटा सकता है क्योंकि विलम्ब आम तौर पर अप्रभावी होता है। 3डी एक्स-रे की सहायता से दिखाई देने लायक सबूत के आधार पर रोगियों को नस के इलाज के लिए किसी स्पेशलिस्ट के पास भेजा जा सकता है। सभी मामलों में, निदान और उपचार की गति जरूरी हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका और यूनाइटेड किंगडम में, 'इम्प्लांटोलॉजी' के क्षेत्र में कोई अनन्य विशेषता नहीं है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "इम्प्लांट उपचार करने वाले किसी भी प्रैक्टिशनर (चिकित्सक) को सर्जिकल प्रविष्टि या प्रोस्थेसिस के अन्तिम प्रावधान आदि में पर्याप्त रूप से प्रशिक्षित होना जरूरी है। वैधानिक प्रशिक्षण आवश्यकताओं में देशों के आधार पर भिन्नता देखी जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "2008 में यूके में जनरल डेंटल काउंसिल (जीडीसी) ने डेंटल इम्प्लांटोलॉजी में शामिल डेंटिस्टों (दन्त चिकित्सकों) के लिए सख्त प्रशिक्षण आवश्यकताओं को निर्धारित किया। यूके में डेंटल इम्प्लांटोलॉजी के क्षेत्र में प्रशिक्षण की इच्छा रखने वाले किसी भी डेंटिस्ट को औपचारिक पर्यवेक्षित सर्जिकल ट्रेनिंग और मेंटरिंग के अलावा एक विस्तृत शिक्षण कार्यक्रम में भाग लेना जरूरी है जिसमें जीडीसी द्वारा अनुमोदित विस्तृत सिद्धांत पाठ्यक्रम शामिल हो. डेंटिस्टों को तब तक यूके में इम्प्लांट डेंटिस्ट्री में भाग नहीं लेना चाहिए जब तक प्रशिक्षण प्रदाता उन्हें इस बात की मंजूरी नहीं दे देते हैं कि वे औपचारिक योग्यता मूल्यांकन में पास हो गए हैं। जीडीसी के नियमों के पालन में विफल होने पर डेंटिस्ट को डेंटल रजिस्टर से हटाया जा सकता है और इस तरह वह यूके में डेंटिस्ट्री का अभ्यास करने के अधिकार को खो देता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "ओरल एंड मैक्सिलोफेशियल सर्जरी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "डेंटल इम्प्लांटोलॉजी में बोन ग्रैफ्ट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "अमेरिकन एसोसिएशन ऑफ ओरल एंड मैक्सिलोफेशियल सर्जन्स", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "ओसियोइंटीग्रेशन के लिए यूरोपीय संघ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "ब्रिटिश सोसाइटी ऑफ ओरल इम्प्लांटोलॉजी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "अमेरिकन एकेडमी ऑफ इम्प्लैन्ट डेंटिस्ट्री", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "एकेडमी ऑफ ओसियोइंटीग्रेशन, इम्प्लैन्ट डेंटिस्ट का व्यावसायिक संघ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "आईटीआई: इंटरनेशनल टीम फॉर इम्पलेंटोलॉजी, इम्प्लैन्ट डेंटिस्ट का व्यावसायिक संघ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "अमेरिकन एकेडमी ऑफ पीरियडोंटोलॉजी, डेंटल इम्प्लान्ट्स गाइड", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "एसोसिएशन ऑफ डेंटल इम्पलेंटोलॉजी यूके", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "अमेरिकन डेंटल इम्प्लैन्ट एसोसिएशन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "इंटरनेशनल काँग्रेस ऑफ ऑरल इम्पलेंटोलॉजिस्टस", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "साउथ अफ्रीकन सोसाइटी फॉर पीरियडोंटोलॉजी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "जर्नल ऑफ डेंटल पीरियडोंटोलॉजी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "Nelson S, Thomas G (2009). \"Bacterial Persistence in Dentoalveolar Bone Following Extraction: A Microbiological Study and Implications for Dental Implant Treatment\". Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research. 12 (4): 306–14. डीओआई:10.1111/j.1708-8208.2009.00165.x. पीएमआईडी 19438939. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2f1b24", "title": "दंत प्रत्यारोपण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2f1b24.json"}}
{"text": "झंगोरिया-म०ब०-४, सतपुली तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के पौड़ी जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f711f928", "title": "झंगोरिया-म०ब०-४, सतपुली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%A6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A5%AA,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f711f928.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f711f928", "title": "झंगोरिया-म०ब०-४, सतपुली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%A6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A5%AA,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f711f928.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f711f928", "title": "झंगोरिया-म०ब०-४, सतपुली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%A6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A5%AA,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f711f928.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f711f928", "title": "झंगोरिया-म०ब०-४, सतपुली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%A6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A5%AA,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f711f928.json"}}
{"text": "श्वेता त्रिपाठी एक भारतीय अभिनेत्री है। उन्होंने कई दूरदर्शन श्रृंखला और फिल्मों मे काम किया है। वह डिज्नी चैनल पर 'क्या मस्त है लाइफ' सीरीज में ज़ीनिया खान की भूमिका के कारण  सबसे जादा जानी जाती है। वह टाटा स्काई डाउनलोड और मैकडॉनल्ड्स और हाल ही में टाटा टी के लिए विज्ञापन में दिखाई दी हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1f722cf7", "title": "श्वेता त्रिपाठी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1f722cf7.json"}}
{"text": "त्रिपाठी का जन्म ६ जुलाई, १९८५ को दिल्ली में हुआ था। मुंबई के स्थानांतरित होने से पहले वह कुछ समय के लिए अण्डमान और निकोबार द्वीपसमूह द्वीप समूह में रहते थे। उन्होंने डीपीएस आरके पुरम, नई दिल्ली में अपनी प्राथमिक शिक्षा हासिल की और निफ्ट, दिल्ली से स्नातक की उपाधि प्राप्त की।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1f722cf7", "title": "श्वेता त्रिपाठी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1f722cf7.json"}}
{"text": "श्वेता बाद में वेब श्रृंखला मिर्जापुर में दिखाई दीं, जिसमें उनकी हस्तमैथुन की महिलाओं की कामुकता के स्पष्ट चित्रण के लिए प्रशंसा की गई थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1f722cf7", "title": "श्वेता त्रिपाठी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1f722cf7.json"}}
{"text": "इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर श्वेता त्रिपाठी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1f722cf7", "title": "श्वेता त्रिपाठी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1f722cf7.json"}}
{"text": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन् इयंगर (तमिल ஸ்ரீனிவாஸ ராமானுஜன் ஐயங்கார்) (२२ दिसम्बर १८८७ – २६ अप्रैल १९२०) एक महान् भारतीय गणितज्ञ थे। इन्हें आधुनिक काल के महानतम गणित विचारकों में गिना जाता है। इन्हें गणित में कोई विशेष प्रशिक्षण नहीं मिला, फिर भी इन्होंने विश्लेषण एवं संख्या सिद्धांत के क्षेत्रों में गहन योगदान दिए। इन्होंने अपने प्रतिभा और लगन से न केवल गणित के क्षेत्र में अद्भुत अविष्कार किए वरन्  अतुलनीय गौरव भी प्रदान किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "ये बचपन से ही विलक्षण प्रतिभावान् थे। इन्होंने खुद से गणित सीखा और अपने जीवनभर में गणित के ३८८४ प्रमेयों का संकलन किया। इन में से अधिकांश प्रमेय सही सिद्ध किये जा चुके हैं। इन्होंने गणित के सहज ज्ञान और बीजगणित प्रकलन की अद्वितीय प्रतिभा के बल पर बहुत से मौलिक और अपारम्परिक परिणाम निकाले जिन से प्रेरित शोध आज तक हो रहा है, यद्यपि इन की कुछ खोजों को गणित मुख्यधारा में अब तक नहीं अपनाया गया है। हाल में इन के सूत्रों को क्रिस्टल-विज्ञान में प्रयुक्त किया गया है। इन के कार्य से प्रभावित गणित के क्षेत्रों में हो रहे काम के लिये रामानुजन जर्नल की स्थापना की गई है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "रामानुजन का जन्म २२ दिसम्बर १८८७ को भारत के दक्षिणी भूभाग में स्थित कोयम्बटूर के ईरोड नाम के ग्राम में हुआ था। वह पारम्परिक ब्राह्मण परिवार में जन्मे थे। इन की माता का नाम कोमलताम्मल और इन के पिता का नाम श्रीनिवास अय्यंगर था। इन का बचपन मुख्यतः  कुंभकोणम में बीता था जो कि अपने प्राचीन मंदिरों के लिए जाना जाता है। बचपन में रामानुजन का बौद्धिक विकास सामान्य बालकों जैसा नहीं था। यह तीन वर्ष की आयु तक बोलना भी नहीं सीख पाए थे। जब इतनी बड़ी आयु तक जब रामानुजन् ने बोलना भी नहीं सीखा था तो सब को चिंता हुई कि कहीं यह गूंगे तो नहीं हैं। बाद के वर्षों में जब उन्होंने विद्यालय में प्रवेश लिया तो भी पारम्परिक शिक्षा में इन का कभी भी मन नहीं लगा। रामानुजन् ने दस वर्षों की आयु में प्राथमिक परीक्षा में पूरे ज़िले में सबसे अधिक अंक प्राप्त किये और आगे की शिक्षा के लिए टाउन हाईस्कूल पहुंचे। रामानुजन् को प्रश्न पूछना बहुत पसंद था। उन के प्रश्न अध्यापकों को कभी कभी बहुत अटपटे लगते थे। जैसे कि संसार में पहला पुरुष कौन था ? पृथ्वी और बादलों के बीच की दूरी कितनी होती है ? रामानुजन का व्यवहार बड़ा ही मधुर था। इन का सामान्य से कुछ अधिक स्थूल शरीर और जिज्ञासा से चमकती आंखें इन्हें एक अलग ही पहचान देती थीं। इन के सहपाठियों के अनुसार इन का व्यवहार इतना सौम्य था कि कोई इन से नाराज हो ही नहीं सकता था। विद्यालय में इन की प्रतिभा ने दूसरे विद्यार्थियों और शिक्षकों पर छाप छोड़ना आरंभ कर दिया। इन्होंने स्कूल के समय में ही कालेज के स्तर के गणित को अध्ययन कर लिया था। एक बार इन के विद्यालय के प्रधानाध्यापक ने यह भी कहा था कि विद्यालय में होने वाली परीक्षाओं के मापदंड रामानुजन् के लिए लागू नहीं होते हैं। हाईस्कूल की परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण करने के बाद इन्हें गणित और अंग्रेजी मे अच्छे अंक लाने के कारण सुब्रह्मण्यम छात्रवृत्ति मिला और आगे कालेज की शिक्षा के लिए प्रवेश भी मिला। आगे एक परेशानी आई। रामानुजन् का गणित के प्रति प्रेम इतना बढ़ गया था कि वे दूसरे विषयों पर ध्यान ही नहीं देते थे। यहां तक की वे इतिहास, जीव विज्ञान की कक्षाओं में भी गणित के प्रश्नों को हल किया करते थे। परिणाम यह हुआ कि ग्यारहवीं कक्षा की परीक्षा में वे गणित को छोड़ कर बाकी सभी विषयों में फेल हो गए और परिणामस्वरूप उन को छात्रवृत्ति मिलनी बंद हो गई। एक तो घर की आर्थिक स्थिति खराब और ऊपर से छात्रवृत्ति भी नहीं मिल रही थी। रामानुजन् के लिए यह बड़ा ही कठिन समय था। घर की स्थिति सुधारने के लिए इन्होंने गणित के कुछ ट्यूशन तथा खाते बही का काम भी किया। कुछ समय बाद १९०७ में रामानुजन् ने फिर से बारहवीं कक्षा की प्राइवेट परीक्षा दी और अनुत्तीर्ण हो गए और इसी के साथ पारंपरिक शिक्षा की इतिश्री हो गई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "औपचारिक शिक्षा की समाप्ति और संघर्ष का समय", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "विद्यालय छोड़ने के बाद का पांच वर्षों का समय इन के लिए बहुत हताशा भरा था। भारत इस समय परतंत्रता की बेड़ियों में जकड़ा था। चारों तरफ भयंकर गरीबी थी। ऐसे समय में रामानुजन् के पास न कोई नौकरी थी और न ही किसी संस्थान अथवा प्रोफेसर के साथ काम करने का मौका। बस उन का ईश्वर पर अटूट विश्वास और गणित के प्रति अगाध श्रद्धा ने उन्हें कर्तव्य मार्ग पर चलने के लिए सदैव प्रेरित किया। नामगिरी देवी रामानुजन् के परिवार की ईष्ट देवी थीं। उन के प्रति अटूट विश्वास ने उन्हें कहीं रुकने नहीं दिया और वे इतनी विपरीत परिस्थितियों में भी गणित के अपने शोध को चलाते रहे। इस समय रामानुजन् को गणित के ट्यूशन से कुल पाँच रुपये मासिक मिलते थे और इसी में गुजारा होता था। रामानुजन् का यह जीवन काल बहुत कष्ट और दुःखों से भरा था। इन्हें हमेशा अपने भरण पोषण के लिए और अपनी शिक्षा को जारी रखने के लिए इधर उधर भटकना पड़ा और अनेक लोगों से असफल याचना भी करनी पड़ी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "वर्ष 1908 में इनके माता पिता ने इनका विवाह जानकी नामक कन्या से कर दिया। विवाह हो जाने के बाद अब इनके लिए सब कुछ भूल कर गणित में डूबना संभव नहीं था। अतः वे नौकरी की तलाश में मद्रास आए। बारहवीं की परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण न होने की वजह से इन्हें नौकरी नहीं मिली और उनका स्वास्थ्य भी बुरी तरह गिर गया। अब डॉक्टर की सलाह पर इन्हें वापस अपने घर कुंभकोणम लौटना पड़ा। बीमारी से ठीक होने के बाद वे वापस मद्रास आए और फिर से नौकरी की तलाश शुरू कर दी। ये जब भी किसी से मिलते थे तो उसे अपना एक रजिस्टर दिखाते थे। इस रजिस्टर में इनके द्वारा गणित में किए गए सारे कार्य होते थे। इसी समय किसी के कहने पर रामानुजन वहां के डिप्टी कलेक्टर श्री वी. रामास्वामी अय्यर से मिले। अय्यर गणित के बहुत बड़े विद्वान थे। यहां पर श्री अय्यर ने रामानुजन की प्रतिभा को पहचाना और जिलाधिकारी श्री रामचंद्र राव से कह कर इनके लिए 25 रूपये मासिक छात्रवृत्ति का प्रबंध भी कर दिया। इस वृत्ति पर रामानुजन ने मद्रास में एक साल रहते हुए अपना प्रथम शोधपत्र प्रकाशित किया। शोध पत्र का शीर्षक था \"बरनौली संख्याओं के कुछ गुण” और यह शोध पत्र जर्नल ऑफ इंडियन मैथेमेटिकल सोसाइटी में प्रकाशित हुआ था। यहां एक साल पूरा होने पर इन्होने मद्रास पोर्ट ट्रस्ट में क्लर्क की नौकरी की। सौभाग्य से इस नौकरी में काम का बोझ कुछ ज्यादा नहीं था और यहां इन्हें अपने गणित के लिए पर्याप्त समय मिलता था। यहां पर रामानुजन रात भर जाग कर नए-नए गणित के सूत्र लिखा करते थे और फिर थोड़ी देर तक आराम कर के फिर दफ्तर के लिए निकल जाते थे। रामानुजन गणित के शोधों को स्लेट पर लिखते थे। और बाद में उसे एक रजिस्टर में लिख लेते थे। रात को रामानुजन के स्लेट और खड़िए की आवाज के कारण परिवार के अन्य सदस्यों की नींद चौपट हो जाती थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "प्रोफेसर हार्डी के साथ पत्रव्यावहार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "इस समय भारतीय और पश्चिमी रहन सहन में एक बड़ी दूरी थी और इस वजह से सामान्यतः भारतीयों को अंग्रेज वैज्ञानिकों के सामने अपने बातों को प्रस्तुत करने में काफी संकोच होता था। इधर स्थिति कुछ ऐसी थी कि बिना किसी अंग्रेज गणितज्ञ की सहायता लिए शोध कार्य को आगे नहीं बढ़ाया जा सकता था। इस समय रामानुजन के पुराने शुभचिंतक इनके काम आए और इन लोगों ने रामानुजन द्वारा किए गए कार्यों को लंदन के प्रसिद्ध गणितज्ञों के पास भेजा। पर यहां इन्हें कुछ विशेष सहायता नहीं मिली लेकिन एक लाभ यह हुआ कि लोग रामानुजन को थोड़ा बहुत जानने लगे थे। इसी समय रामानुजन ने अपने संख्या सिद्धांत के कुछ सूत्र प्रोफेसर शेषू अय्यर को दिखाए तो उनका ध्यान लंदन के ही प्रोफेसर हार्डी की तरफ गया। प्रोफेसर हार्डी उस समय के विश्व के प्रसिद्ध गणितज्ञों में से एक थे। और अपने सख्त स्वभाव और अनुशासन प्रियता के कारण जाने जाते थे। प्रोफेसर हार्डी के शोधकार्य को पढ़ने के बाद रामानुजन ने बताया कि उन्होने प्रोफेसर हार्डी के अनुत्तरित प्रश्न का उत्तर खोज निकाला है। अब रामानुजन का प्रोफेसर हार्डी से पत्रव्यवहार आरंभ हुआ। अब यहां से रामानुजन के जीवन में एक नए युग का सूत्रपात हुआ जिसमें प्रोफेसर हार्डी की बहुत बड़ी भूमिका थी। दूसरे शब्दों में कहा जाए तो जिस तरह से एक जौहरी हीरे की पहचान करता है और उसे तराश कर चमका देता है, रामानुजन के जीवन में वैसा ही कुछ स्थान प्रोफेसर हार्डी का है। प्रोफेसर हार्डी आजीवन रामानुजन की प्रतिभा और जीवन दर्शन के प्रशंसक रहे। रामानुजन और प्रोफेसर हार्डी की यह मित्रता दोनो ही के लिए लाभप्रद सिद्ध हुई। एक तरह से देखा जाए तो दोनो ने एक दूसरे के लिए पूरक का काम किया। प्रोफेसर हार्डी ने उस समय के विभिन्न प्रतिभाशाली व्यक्तियों को 100 के पैमाने पर आंका था। अधिकांश गणितज्ञों को उन्होने 100 में 35 अंक दिए और कुछ विशिष्ट व्यक्तियों को 60 अंक दिए। लेकिन उन्होंने रामानुजन को 100 में पूरे 100 अंक दिए थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "आरंभ में रामानुजन ने जब अपने किए गए शोधकार्य को प्रोफेसर हार्डी के पास भेजा तो पहले उन्हें भी पूरा समझ में नहीं आया। जब उन्होंने अपने मित्र गणितज्ञों से सलाह ली तो वे इस निष्कर्ष पर पहुंचे कि रामानुजन गणित के क्षेत्र में एक दुर्लभ व्यक्तित्व है और इनके द्वारा किए गए कार्य को ठीक से समझने और उसमें आगे शोध के लिए उन्हें इंग्लैंड आना चाहिए। अतः उन्होने रामानुजन को कैंब्रिज आने के लिए आमंत्रित किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "कुछ व्यक्तिगत कारणों और धन की कमी के कारण रामानुजन ने प्रोफेसर हार्डी के कैंब्रिज के आमंत्रण को अस्वीकार कर दिया। प्रोफेसर हार्डी को इससे निराशा हुई लेकिन उन्होनें किसी भी तरह से रामानुजन को वहां बुलाने का निश्चय किया। इसी समय रामानुजन को मद्रास विश्वविद्यालय में शोध वृत्ति मिल गई थी जिससे उनका जीवन कुछ सरल हो गया और उनको शोधकार्य के लिए पूरा समय भी मिलने लगा था। इसी बीच एक लंबे पत्रव्यवहार के बाद धीरे-धीरे प्रोफेसर हार्डी ने रामानुजन को कैंब्रिज आने के लिए सहमत कर लिया। प्रोफेसर हार्डी के प्रयासों से रामानुजन को कैंब्रिज जाने के लिए आर्थिक सहायता भी मिल गई। रामानुजन ने इंग्लैण्ड जाने के पहले गणित के करीब 3000 से भी अधिक नये सूत्रों को अपनी नोटबुक में लिखा था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "रामानुजन ने लंदन की धरती पर कदम रखा। वहां प्रोफेसर हार्डी ने उनके लिए पहले से व्ववस्था की हुई थी अतः इन्हें कोई विशेष परेशानी नहीं हुई। इंग्लैण्ड में रामानुजन को बस थोड़ी परेशानी थी और इसका कारण था उनका शर्मीला, शांत स्वभाव और शुद्ध सात्विक जीवनचर्या। अपने पूरे इंग्लैण्ड प्रवास में वे अधिकांशतः अपना भोजन स्वयं बनाते थे। इंग्लैण्ड की इस यात्रा से उनके जीवन में क्रांतिकारी परिवर्तन आया। उन्होंने प्रोफेसर हार्डी के साथ मिल कर उच्चकोटि के शोधपत्र प्रकाशित किए। अपने एक विशेष शोध के कारण इन्हें कैंब्रिज विश्वविद्यालय द्वारा बी.ए. की उपाधि भी मिली। लेकिन वहां की जलवायु और रहन-सहन की शैली उनके अधिक अनुकूल नहीं थी और उनका स्वास्थ्य खराब रहने लगा। डॉक्टरों ने इसे क्षय रोग बताया। उस समय क्षय रोग की कोई दवा नहीं होती थी और रोगी को सेनेटोरियम मे रहना पड़ता था। रामानुजन को भी कुछ दिनों तक वहां रहना पड़ा। वहां इस समय भी यह गणित के सूत्रों में नई नई कल्पनाएं किया करते थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "रॉयल सोसाइटी की सदस्यता", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "इसके बाद वहां रामानुजन को रॉयल सोसाइटी का फेलो नामित किया गया। ऐसे समय में जब भारत गुलामी में जी रहा था तब एक अश्वेत व्यक्ति को रॉयल सोसाइटी की सदस्यता मिलना एक बहुत बड़ी बात थी। रॉयल सोसाइटी के पूरे इतिहास में इनसे कम आयु का कोई सदस्य आज तक नहीं हुआ है। पूरे भारत में उनके शुभचिंतकों ने उत्सव मनाया और सभाएं की। रॉयल सोसाइटी की सदस्यता के बाद यह ट्रिनीटी कॉलेज की फेलोशिप पाने वाले पहले भारतीय भी बने। अब ऐसा लग रहा था कि सब कुछ बहुत अच्छी जगह पर जा रहा है। लेकिन रामानुजन का स्वास्थ्य गिरता जा रहा था और अंत में डॉक्टरों की सलाह पर उन्हें वापस भारत लौटना पड़ा। भारत आने पर इन्हें मद्रास विश्वविद्यालय में प्राध्यापक की नौकरी मिल गई। और रामानुजन अध्यापन और शोध कार्य में पुनः रम गए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "भारत लौटने पर भी स्वास्थ्य ने इनका साथ नहीं दिया और हालत गंभीर होती जा रही थी। इस बीमारी की दशा में भी इन्होने मॉक थीटा फंक्शन पर एक उच्च स्तरीय शोधपत्र लिखा। रामानुजन द्वारा प्रतिपादित इस फलन का उपयोग गणित ही नहीं बल्कि चिकित्साविज्ञान में कैंसर को समझने के लिए भी किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "इनका गिरता स्वास्थ्य सबके लिए चिंता का विषय बन गया और यहां तक की अब डॉक्टरों ने भीजवाब दे दिया था। अंत में रामानुजन के विदा की घड़ी आ ही गई। 26 अप्रैल1920 के प्रातः काल में वे अचेत हो गए और दोपहर होते होते उन्होने प्राण त्याग दिए। इस समय रामानुजन की आयु मात्र 33 वर्ष थी। इनका असमय निधन गणित जगत के लिए अपूरणीय क्षति था। पूरे देश विदेश में जिसने भी रामानुजन की मृत्यु का समाचार सुना वहीं स्तब्ध हो गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "रामानुजन की कार्यशैली और शोध", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "रामानुजन और इनके द्वारा किए गए अधिकांश कार्य अभी भी वैज्ञानिकों के लिए अबूझ पहेली बने हुए हैं। एक बहुत ही सामान्य परिवार में जन्म ले कर पूरे विश्व को आश्चर्यचकित करने की अपनी इस यात्रा में इन्होने भारत को अपूर्व गौरव प्रदान किया। इनका उनका वह पुराना रजिस्टर जिस पर वे अपने प्रमेय और सूत्रों को लिखा करते थे 1976 में अचानक ट्रिनीटी कॉलेज के पुस्तकालय में मिला। करीब एक सौ पन्नों का यह रजिस्टर आज भी वैज्ञानिकों के लिए एक पहेली बना हुआ है। इस रजिस्टर को बाद में रामानुजन की नोट बुक के नाम से जाना गया। मुंबई के टाटा मूलभूत अनुसंधान संस्थान द्वारा इसका प्रकाशन भी किया गया है। रामानुजन के शोधों की तरह उनके गणित में काम करने की शैली भी विचित्र थी। वे कभी कभी आधी रात को सोते से जाग कर स्लेट पर गणित से सूत्र लिखने लगते थे और फिर सो जाते थे। इस तरह ऐसा लगता था कि वे सपने में भी गणित के प्रश्न हल कर रहे हों। रामानुजन के नाम के साथ ही उनकी कुलदेवी का भी नाम लिया जाता है। इन्होने शून्य और अनन्त को हमेशा ध्यान में रखा और इसके अंतर्सम्बन्धों को समझाने के लिए गणित के सूत्रों का सहारा लिया। रामानुजन के कार्य करने की एक विशेषता थी। पहले वे गणित का कोई नया सूत्र या प्रमेंय पहले लिख देते थे लेकिन उसकी उपपत्ति पर उतना ध्यान नहीं देते थे। इसके बारे में पूछे जाने पर वे कहते थे कि यह सूत्र उन्हें नामगिरी देवी की कृपा से प्राप्त हुए हैं। रामानुजन का आध्यात्म के प्रति विश्वास इतना गहरा था कि वे अपने गणित के क्षेत्र में किये गए किसी भी कार्य को आध्यात्म का ही एक अंग मानते थे। वे धर्म और आध्यात्म में केवल विश्वास ही नहीं रखते थे बल्कि उसे तार्किक रूप से प्रस्तुत भी करते थे। वे कहते थे कि \"मेरे लिए गणित के उस सूत्र का कोई मतलब नहीं है जिससे मुझे आध्यात्मिक विचार न मिलते हों।”", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "गणितीय कार्य एवं उपलब्धियाँ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "रामानुजन ने इंग्लैण्ड में पाँच वर्षों तक मुख्यतः संख्या सिद्धान्त के क्षेत्र में काम किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "रामानुजन् ने निम्नलिखित सूत्र प्रतिपादित किया-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle 1+{\\frac {1}{1\\cdot 3}}+{\\frac {1}{1\\cdot 3\\cdot 5}}+{\\frac {1}{1\\cdot 3\\cdot 5\\cdot 7}}+{\\frac {1}{1\\cdot 3\\cdot 5\\cdot 7\\cdot 9}}+\\cdots +{1 \\over 1+{1 \\over 1+{2 \\over 1+{3 \\over 1+{4 \\over 1+{5 \\over 1+\\cdots }}}}}}={\\sqrt {\\frac {e\\cdot \\pi }{2}}}}", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "इस सूत्र की विशेषता यह है कि यह गणित के दो सबसे प्रसिद्ध नियतांकों ('पाई' तथा 'ई') का सम्बन्ध एक अनन्त सतत भिन्न के माध्यम से व्यक्त करता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "पाई के लिये उन्होने एक दूसरा सूत्र भी (सन् १९१० में) दिया था-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle \\pi ={\\frac {9801}{2{\\sqrt {2}}\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {(4n)!}{(n!)^{4}}}\\times {\\frac {[1103+26390n]}{(4\\times 99)^{4n}}}}}}", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "'रामानुजन संख्या' उस प्राकृतिक संख्या को कहते हैं जिसे दो अलग-अलग प्रकार से दो संख्याओं के घनों के योग द्वारा निरूपित किया जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle 9^{3}+10^{3}=1^{3}+12^{3}=1729}", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle 2^{3}+16^{3}=9^{3}+15^{3}=4104}", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle 10^{3}+27^{3}=19^{3}+24^{3}=20683}", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle 2^{3}+34^{3}=15^{3}+33^{3}=39312}", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle 9^{3}+34^{3}=16^{3}+33^{3}=40033}", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "अतः 1729, 4104, 20683, 39312, 40033 आदि रामानुजन संख्याएं हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "रामानुजन अटकल (Ramanujan conjecture)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "हिन्दू-अरबी अंक पद्धति का इतिहास", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "महान गणितज्ञ श्रीनिवास रामानुजन: 22 दिसम्बर – राष्ट्रीय गणित दिवस", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "रामानुजन की याद में 2012 राष्ट्रीय गणित वर्ष घोषित", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "The Man Who Knew Infinity Official Trailer", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "गणित के नक्षत्र श्रीनिवास रामानुजन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "जन्मदिन 22 दिसम्बर पर विशेष : गणित के पुरोधा रामानुजन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "A Study Group For Mathematics: Srinivasa Ramanujan Iyengar", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "The Ramanujan Journal - An international journal devoted to Ramanujan", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "Jai Maharaj, Computing the Mathematical Face of God: S. Ramanujan", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "Srinivasa Aiyangar Ramanujan", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "International Math Union Prizes, including a Ramanujan Prize.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "Feature Film on Math Genius Ramanujan by Dev Benegal and Stephen Fry", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "Norwegian and Indian mathematical geniuses", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "RAMANUJAN — Essays and Surveys", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "Ramanujan's growing influence", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "Bruce C. Berndt, Robert A. Rankin. The Books Studied by Ramanujan in India American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 107, No. 7 (Aug. - Sep., 2000), pp. 595–601 doi:10.2307/2589114", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d3cff7d", "title": "श्रीनिवास रामानुजन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d3cff7d.json"}}
{"text": "सलेमपुर बरौनी, बेगूसराय, बिहार स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_eea43e1b", "title": "सलेमपुर गाँव, बरौनी (बेगूसराय)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_eea43e1b.json"}}
{"text": "सात्यकि महाभारत में एक वीर जो यादवों का सेनापति थे। सात्यकि यादवों के एक कुल का राजकुमार, वासुदेव कृष्ण का अभिन्न मित्र एवं महाभारत के समय पाण्डवों की ओर से लडने वाला एक महान् योद्धा था। वह उन चंद लोंगों में से था जो कि महाभारत के बाद जीवित बच गए थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bae82129", "title": "सात्यकि", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bae82129.json"}}
{"text": "सात्यकि, शिनि का पुत्र जिसको 'दारुक', 'युयुधान' तथा 'शैनेय' भी कहते हैं। द्वारिका में श्रीकृष्ण की सेना के एक अधिकारी सत्यक के पुत्र होने से इसका नाम सात्यकि पड़ा। इसने अर्जुन से धनुर्विद्या सीखी थी और महाभारत के समय श्रीकृष्ण की पूरी सेना ने कौरवों की तरफ से युद्ध किया परंतु गुरु अर्जुन विरुद्ध युद्ध ना करने की प्रार्थना को श्रीकृष्ण ने स्वीकार कर सात्यकि को पांडवों की ओर से युद्ध की अनुमति दी थी। श्रीकृष्ण का सारथी और नातेदार था। पांडवों की ओर से लड़ा। इसी ने आगे चलकर कृतवर्मा का वध किया था। महाभारत युद्ध से पूर्व जब कृष्ण हस्तिनापुर कौरवों को समझाने के लिए शांति संदेश ले कर आये थें तो उस वक्त उनके साथ केवल सात्यकि ही आये थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bae82129", "title": "सात्यकि", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bae82129.json"}}
{"text": "सात्यकि महाभारत में अर्जुन के कारण जीवित बचा रहा, उसकी म‌त्यु बाद में यादवों के आपसी मौशल युद्ध में हुई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bae82129", "title": "सात्यकि", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bae82129.json"}}
{"text": "महाभारत के अनुसार सात्यकि यदुकुल का एक प्रतापी योद्धा था ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bae82129", "title": "सात्यकि", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bae82129.json"}}
{"text": "जब उपप्लव्या नामक नगर में पांडो अपनी अज्ञातवास अवधि समाप्त करके यही स्थान पर मंत्राणा के लिए सभी प्रतापी वीर राजाओं को न्योता दिया था आने को। जिस समारोह में अभिमन्यु और उतरा का विवाह हुआ था ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bae82129", "title": "सात्यकि", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bae82129.json"}}
{"text": "इसी उपप्लाव्यकी बैठक में भगवान कृष्ण के बड़े भाई बलराम जी और सात्यकि का विचाराविवाद हुआ था जिसमें सात्यकि ने सीधे तौर पर कौरव पर आक्रमण करके पांड्यो को अपना राज्य पाने के लिए जोर दिया था। सात्यकि का बात का समर्थन राजा द्रुपद ने भी किया था।।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bae82129", "title": "सात्यकि", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bae82129.json"}}
{"text": "भारत मैं पंचायती राज व्यवस्था मौर्य साम्राज्य से उत्पन्न हुई जो आज भी कायम है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_71dcff79", "title": "पंचायत", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_71dcff79.json"}}
{"text": "भारत की पंचायती राज प्रणाली में गाँव या छोटे कस्बे के स्तर पर ग्राम पंचायत या ग्राम सभा होती है जो भारत के स्थानीय स्वशासन का प्रमुख अवयव  है। सरपंच, ग्राम सभा का चुना हुआ सर्वोच्च प्रतिनिधि होता है। प्राचीन काल से ही भारतवर्ष के सामाजिक, राजनीतिक और आर्थिक जीवन में पंचायत का महत्वपूर्ण स्थान रहा है। सार्वजनिक जीवन का प्रत्येक पहलू इसी के द्वारा संचालित होता था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_71dcff79", "title": "पंचायत", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_71dcff79.json"}}
{"text": "वैदिक काल में भी पंचायतों का अस्तित्व था। ग्राम के प्रमुख को ग्रामणी कहते थे। उत्तर वैदिक काल में भी यह होता था जिसके माध्यम से राजा ग्राम पर शासन करता था। बौद्धकालीन ग्रामपरिषद् में \"ग्राम वृद्ध\" सम्मिलित होते थे। इनके प्रमुख को \"ग्रामभोजक\" कहते थे। परिषद् अथवा पंचायत ग्राम की भूमि की व्यवस्था करती थी तथा ग्राम में शांति और सुरक्षा बनाए रखने में ग्रामभोजक की सहायता करती थी। जनहित के अन्य कार्यों का संपादन भी वही करती थी। स्मृति ग्रंथों में भी पंचायत का उल्लेख है। कौटिल्य ने ग्राम को राजनीतिक इकाई माना है। \"अर्थशास्त्र\" का \"ग्रामिक\" ग्राम का प्रमुख होता था जिसे कितने ही अधिकार प्राप्त थे। अपने सार्वजनिक कर्तव्यों को पूरा करने में वह ग्रामवासियों की सहायता लेता था। सार्वजनिक हित के अन्य कार्यों में भी ग्रामवासियों का सहयोग वांछनीय था। ग्राम की एक सार्वजनिक निधि भी होती थी जिसमें जुर्माने, दंड आदि से धन आता था। इस प्रकार ग्रामिक और ग्रामपंचायत के अधिकार और कर्तव्य सम्मिलित थे जिनकी अवहेलना दंडनीय थी। गुप्तकाल में ग्राम शासन की सबसे छोटी इकाई था जिसके प्रमुख को \"ग्रामिक\" कहते थे। वह \"पंचमंडल\" अथवा पंचायत की सहायता से ग्राम का शासन चलाता था। \"ग्रामवृद्ध\" इस पंचायत के सदस्य होते थे। हर्ष ने भी इसी व्यवस्था को अपनाया। उसके समय में राज्य \"भुक्ति\" (प्रांत), \"विषय\" (जिला) और \"ग्राम\" में विभक्त था। हर्ष के मधुबन शिलालेख में सामकुंडका ग्राम का उल्लेख है जो \"कुंडघानी\" विषय और \"अहिछत्र\" भुक्ति के अंतर्गत था। ग्रामप्रमुख को ग्रामिक कहते थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_71dcff79", "title": "पंचायत", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_71dcff79.json"}}
{"text": "नवीं और दसवीं शताब्दी के चोल और उत्तर मल्लूर शिलालेखों से पता चलता है कि दक्षिण में भी पंचायत व्यवस्था थी। ग्राम्य स्वशासन का विकास चोल शासन की मुख्य विशेषता थी। इन साम्य शासन इकाइयों को \"कुर्रुम\" कहते थे, जिनमें कई ग्राम सम्मिलित होते थे। कुर्रुम एक स्वायत्तशासी इकाई थी। शासनसत्ता एक महासभा में निहित होती थी जिले ग्राम के लोग चुनते थे सभा अपनी समितियों के माध्यम से शासन का काम चलाती थी। इस प्रकार की आठ समितियाँ थीं जो जनहित के विभिन्न कार्यों को करने के अतिरिक्त शांति और सुरक्षा बनाए रखने के लिए उत्तरदायी थीं। ये न्याय संबंधी कार्य भी करती थीं। ग्राम पूरी तरह स्वायत्तशासी था और इस प्रकार केंद्रीय शासन अनेक दायित्वों से मुक्त रहता था। मुस्लिम और मराठा कालों में भी किसी न किसी प्रकार की पंचायत व्यवस्था चलती रही और प्रत्येक ग्राम अपने में स्वावलंबी बना रहा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_71dcff79", "title": "पंचायत", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_71dcff79.json"}}
{"text": "अंग्रेजी शासनकाल में पंचायत-व्यवस्था को सबसे अधिक धक्का पहुँचा और वह यह व्यवस्था छिन्न-भिन्न हो गई। फिर भी ग्रामों के सामाजिक जीवन में पंचायतें बनी रहीं। प्रत्येक जाति अथवा वर्ग की अपनी अलग-अलग पंचायतें थीं जो उसके सामाजिक जीवन को नियंत्रित करती थीं और पंचायत की व्यवस्था एवं नियमों का उल्लंघन करनेवाले को कठोर दंड दिया जाता था। शासन की ओर से इन पंचायतों के कार्यों में हस्तक्षेप नहीं किया जाता था। आरंभ से ही अंग्रेजों की नीति यह रही कि शासन का काम, यथासंभव, अधिकाधिक राज्य कर्मचारियों के हाथों में ही रहे। इसके परिणामस्वरूप फौजदारी और दीवानी अदालतों की स्थापना, नवीन राजस्व नीति, पुलिस व्यवस्था, गमनागमन के साधनों का विकास आदि कारणों से ग्रामों का स्वावलंबी जीवन और स्थानीय स्वायत्तता धीरे-धीरे समाप्त हो चली।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_71dcff79", "title": "पंचायत", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_71dcff79.json"}}
{"text": "परंतु आगे चलकर अंग्रेजों ने भी यह अनुभव किया कि उनकी केंद्रीकरण की नीति से शासनभार दिन प्रति दिन बढ़ता ही जा रहा है। दूसरी ओर राष्ट्रीय जाग्रति के कारण स्वायत्तशासन की माँग भी बढ़ रही थी। अतएव उन्हें विकेंद्रीकरण की दिशा में कदम उठाने को बाध्य होना पड़ा। प्रारंभ में जिला बोर्डों और म्युनिसिपल बोर्डों की स्थापना की गई। सन् 1907 के विकेंद्रीकरण संबंधी शाही कमीशन ने पंचायतों के महत्त्व को स्वीकर किया और अपनी रिपोर्ट में लिखा कि किसी भी स्थायी संगठन की नींव, जिससे जनता का सक्रिय सहयोग प्रशासन के साथ हो, ग्रामों में ही होनी चाहिए। कमीशन ने सिफारिश की कि कुछ चुने हुए ग्रामों में, जो पारस्परिक दलबंदी और झगड़ों से मुक्त हों, पंचायतें स्थापित की जाएँ और प्रारंभ में उन्हें सीमित अधिकार दिए जाएँ। तत्कालीन भारत सरकार ने 1915 ई. में कमीशन की सिफारिशों को सिद्धांतत: तो स्वीकर कर लिया परंतु व्यवहार में उनकी पूर्णतया उपेक्षा की गई। बहुत ही कम ग्रामों में पंचायतें बनी; जो बनीं, वे भी सरकार द्वारा पूरी तरह नियंत्रित थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_71dcff79", "title": "पंचायत", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_71dcff79.json"}}
{"text": "भारत सरकार के 1919 में अधिनियम के अनुसार प्रांतीय सरकारों को स्वशासन के कुछ अधिकार दिए गए और 1920 के आसपास सभी प्रांतों में ग्राम पंचायत अधिनियम बनाए गए। संयुक्त प्रदेश (उत्तर प्रदेश) में 1920 के पंचायत ऐक्ट के अधीन लगभग 4700 ग्राम पंचायतें स्थापित की गईं। सभी प्रांतों में पंचायतों को सीमित अधिकार दिए गए। वे जनस्वास्थ्य, स्वच्छता, चिकित्सा, जलविकास, सड़कों, तालाबों कुओं आदि की देखभाल करती थीं। उन्हें न्याय संबंधी कुछ अधिकार भी प्राप्त थे। वे अधिकतम 200 रु. की चल संपत्ति से संबद्ध मुकदमे ले सकती थीं और फौजदारी के मुकदमों में 50 रु. तक जुर्माना कर सकती थीं। इनकी आय का मुख्य साधन जुर्माना या दान था। परंतु वास्तविकता यह रही कि प्राचीन पंचायतों की तुलना में ये पंचायतें पूर्णतया प्रभावहीन थीं, इनके पंच जनता द्वारा न चुने जाकर सरकार द्वारा मनोनीत किए जाते थे तथा आय के साधन न होने के करण इनकी आर्थिक स्थिति शोचनीय थी। दूसरी ओर राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन के कर्णधार यह अनुभव करते थे कि गाँवों का आर्थिक और नैतिक पतन केवल पंचायतों की पुन: स्थापना द्वारा ही रोका जा सकता है। गांधी जी के ग्रामों के लिए दससूत्री कार्यक्रम में पंचायतों को सुदृढ़ बनाने की बात मुख्य थी। वे पंचायतों को स्वंतत्र भारत की शासनव्यवस्था की आधारशिला बनाना चाहते थे। 1937 में सात प्रांतों में स्थापित कांग्रेसी सरकारों के सामने भी यही आदर्श था। उत्तर प्रदेश में अनेक ग्रामों में जीवनसुधार समितियाँ (Better Life Societies) बनाई गई जिन्हें ग्रामविकास के कार्य सौंपे गए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_71dcff79", "title": "पंचायत", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_71dcff79.json"}}
{"text": "स्वतंत्रताप्राप्ति के बाद", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_71dcff79", "title": "पंचायत", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_71dcff79.json"}}
{"text": "इस प्रकार 1947 ई. तक ग्रामों में सही पंचायत व्यवस्था का अभाव ही रहा। स्वतंत्रताप्राप्ति के पश्चात् इस व्यवस्था को पुनर्जीवित करने के सक्रिय प्रयास आरंभ हुए। उत्तर प्रदेश में सन् 1947 में पंचायत राज अधिनियम बनाया गया। संविधान के अंतर्गत \"राजनीति के निदेशक तत्वों\" में राज्य का यह प्रमुख कर्तव्य बतलाया गया कि \"वह ग्राम पंचायतों का संगठन करने के लिए अग्रसर हो\" तथा \"उनको ऐसी शक्तियाँ और अधिकार प्रदान करे जो उन्हें स्वायत्त शासन की इकाइयों के रूप में कार्य करने योग्य बनाने के लिए आवश्यक हों\"। इस निदेश के अनुसार प्रत्यक राज्य में पंचायत व्यवस्था लागू करने की दिशा में कदम उठाए गए और प्रत्येक ग्राम अथवा ग्रामसमूह में पंचायत की स्थापना की गई। पंचायत के सदस्यों का चुनाव गाँव के मताधिकारप्राप्त व्यक्तियों द्वारा किया जाता है। ग्राम पंचायतें ग्राम की स्वच्छता, प्रकाश, सड़कों, औषधालयों, कुओं की सफाई और मरम्मत, सार्वजनिक भूमि, पैठ, बाजार तथा मेलों और चरागाहों की व्यवस्था करती हैं, जन्म मृत्यु का लेखा रखती हैं और खेती, उद्योग धंधों एवं व्यवसायों की उन्नति, बीमारियों की रोकथाम, श्मशानों और कब्रिस्तानों की देखभाल भी करती हैं। वृक्षारोपण, पशुवंश का विकास, ग्रामसुरक्षा के लिए ग्रामसेवक दल का गठन, सहकारिता का विकास, अकाल पीड़ितो की सहायता, पुलों और पुलियों का निर्माण, स्कूलों और अस्पतालों का सुधार आदि इनके ऐच्छिक कर्तव्य हैं। ग्रामों में पंचायत व्यवस्था का दूसरा अंग न्याय पंचायतें हैं। ग्रामों में मुकदमेबाजी कम करने तथा जनता को सस्ता न्याय सुलभ बनाने की दृष्टि से न्याय पंचायतों का निर्माण किया गया है। इन्हें दीवानी, फौजदारी और माल के मामलों में कुछ अधिकार प्रदान किए गए है। प्रत्येक राज्य में पंचायतों के अधिकार और दायित्व न्यूनाधिक रूप से समान है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_71dcff79", "title": "पंचायत", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_71dcff79.json"}}
{"text": "विकेंद्रीकरण व्यवस्था को पूरी तरह कार्यान्वित करने की दिशा में और भी कदम उठाए गए हैं। पंचायतों के अधिकारों और कर्तव्यों का क्षेत्र विस्तृत हो रहा है। इस प्रकार ग्राम पंचायतें पुन: हमारे देश के जनजीवन का अभिन्न अंग बन गई हैं। इस व्यवस्था की सफलता के लिए जनशिक्षा, सामूहिक चेतना, गुटबंदी का अभाव, राज्य द्वारा कम से कम हस्तक्षेप आदि बातें आवश्यक हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_71dcff79", "title": "पंचायत", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_71dcff79.json"}}
{"text": "ग्राम सभा के अधिकार क्या हैं?", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_71dcff79", "title": "पंचायत", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_71dcff79.json"}}
{"text": "पंचायत का इतिहास (भारतीय पक्ष)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_71dcff79", "title": "पंचायत", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_71dcff79.json"}}
{"text": "लोक पंचायत (हिन्दी पत्रिका)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_71dcff79", "title": "पंचायत", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_71dcff79.json"}}
{"text": "अंकिता सनहौला, भागलपुर, बिहार स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2901c229", "title": "अंकिता गाँव, सनहौला (भागलपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2901c229.json"}}
{"text": "सूरजपुर सूर्यगढा, लखीसराय, बिहार स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75619709", "title": "सूरजपुर गाँव, सूर्यगढा (लखीसराय)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75619709.json"}}
{"text": "मादक (कृष्णा) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के कृष्णा जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_16db7b22", "title": "मादक (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_16db7b22.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_16db7b22", "title": "मादक (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_16db7b22.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_16db7b22", "title": "मादक (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_16db7b22.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर मादक (कृष्णा)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_16db7b22", "title": "मादक (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_16db7b22.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_16db7b22", "title": "मादक (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_16db7b22.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_16db7b22", "title": "मादक (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_16db7b22.json"}}
{"text": "जिम्बाब्वे महिला राष्ट्रीय क्रिकेट टीम अंतरराष्ट्रीय महिला क्रिकेट में जिम्बाब्वे का प्रतिनिधित्व करती है। टीम का आयोजन जिम्बाब्वे क्रिकेट द्वारा किया जाता है, जो अंतर्राष्ट्रीय क्रिकेट परिषद (आईसीसी) का पूर्ण सदस्य है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ed2da6cb", "title": "ज़िम्बाब्वे महिला क्रिकेट टीम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ed2da6cb.json"}}
{"text": "महिला क्रिकेट विश्व कप के लिए आईसीसी अफ्रीका क्षेत्रीय क्वालीफायर में जिम्बाब्वे ने 2006 में अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तर पर अपनी शुरुआत की। उस टूर्नामेंट को जीतकर, टीम ने 2008 विश्व कप क्वालीफायर के लिए क्वालीफाई किया, अंततः स्कॉटलैंड को प्ले-ऑफ में हराकर आठ टीमों में से पांचवां स्थान हासिल किया। हालांकि, 2011 विश्व कप क्वालीफायर में, जिम्बाब्वे को बहुत कम सफलता मिली, वह एक भी मैच जीतने में असफल रहा। 2013 विश्व ट्वेंटी 20 क्वालिफायर में टीम ने आठ टीमों में से छठा स्थान रखा, जबकि 2015 संस्करण में टीम ने तीसरे स्थान पर रखा, 2016 वर्ल्ड ट्वेंटी 20 के लिए क्वालीफाइंग में गायब रही।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ed2da6cb", "title": "ज़िम्बाब्वे महिला क्रिकेट टीम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ed2da6cb.json"}}
{"text": "दिसंबर 2018 में, मैरी-ऐनी मोंडा को चिपो मुगेरी के स्थान पर टीम का कप्तान नियुक्त किया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ed2da6cb", "title": "ज़िम्बाब्वे महिला क्रिकेट टीम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ed2da6cb.json"}}
{"text": "मधेपुरा भारत के बिहार राज्य का जिला है। इसका मुख्यालय मधेपुरा शहर है। सहरसा जिले के एक अनुमंडल के रूप में रहने के उपरांत ९ मई १९८१ को उदाकिशुनगंज अनुमंडल को मिलाकर इसे जिला का दर्जा दे दिया गया। यह जिला उत्तर में अररिया और सुपौल, दक्षिण में खगड़िया और भागलपुर जिला, पूर्व में पूर्णिया तथा पश्चिम में सहरसा जिले से घिरा हुआ है। वर्तमान में इसके दो अनुमंडल तथा ११ प्रखंड हैं। मधेपुरा धार्मिक एवं ऐतिहासिक दृष्टि से समृद्ध जिला है। चंडी स्थान, सिंहेश्वर स्थान, बाबा बिशु राउत मंदिर आदि यहां के प्रमुख दर्शनीय स्थलों में से हैं। यहाँ का रेल कारखाना पूरे भारत में प्रसिद्ध है। मैथिली यहाँ की प्रमुख भाषा है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "मधेपुरा के नामकरण के संबंध में कई कहानियाँ हैं, हालाँकि इतिहासकारों द्वारा इसके नामकरण के संबंध में आम तौर पर दो स्वीकृत सिद्धांत हैं; एक मत यह है कि चूंकि मधेपुरा कोसी घाटी के मध्य में स्थित है, इसलिए इसे मध्यपुरा कहा जाता था, जो बाद में बदलकर मधेपुरा हो गया। दूसरा मत यह है कि कहा जाता है कि इस क्षेत्र में माधववंशियों (यादवों का शाखा) की बहुलता के कारण इसे माधवपुरा कहा जाता था जो कालान्तर में माधवपुरा से मधेपुरा बन गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "प्राचीन काल में मधेपुरा मिथिला राज्य का हिस्सा था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "ऐसा माना जाता है कि पौराणिक काल में कोशी नदी के तट पर श्रृंगी ऋषि का आश्रम था। श्रृंगी ऋषि भगवान शिव के भक्त थे और वह आश्रम में भगवान शिव की प्रतिदिन उपासना किया करता था। श्रृंगी ऋषि के आश्रम स्थल को श्रृंगेश्‍वर के नाम से जाना जाता था। कुछ समय बाद इस उस जगह का नाम बदलकर सिंहेश्वर हो गया। महाजनपद काल में मधेपुरा अंग महाजनपद का हिस्सा था। मौर्य वंश का भी यहां शासन रहा। इसका प्रमाण उदा-किशनगंज स्थित मौर्य स्तम्भ से मिलता है। गुप्त वंश के शासन काल में यह मिथिला प्रांत का हिस्सा रहा। मधेपुरा का इतिहास कुषाण वंश के शासनकाल से भी सम्बन्धित है। शंकरपुर प्रखंड के बसंतपुर तथा रायभीर गांवों में रहने वाले भर समुदाय के लोग कुशान वंश के परवर्ती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "मुगल काल में मधेपुरा सरकार तिरहुत के अधीन रहा। उदा-किशुनगंज अंतर्गत सरसंडी गांव में अकबर के समय की एक मस्जिद आज मौजूद है। इसके अतिरिक्त, सिकंदर साह ने भी जिले का दौरा किया था, जो साहुगढ़ गांव से मिले सिक्कों से स्पष्ट होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "मधेपुरा शहर से लगभग २२ किलोमीटर की दूरी पर उत्तर-पश्चिम में स्थित श्रीनगर एक गांव है। इस गांव में दो किले हैं। माना जाता है कि इनसे से एक किले का इस्तेमाल राजा श्री देव रहने के लिए किया गया था। किले के पश्चिम और दक्षिण-पश्चिम दिशा की ओर दो विशाल कुंड स्थित है; पहले कुंड को हरसैइर और दूसर कुंड को घोपा पोखर् के नाम से जाना जाता है। इसके अतिरिक्त यहां एक मंदिर भी है। यह मंदिर भगवान शिव को समर्पित है। मंदिर में स्थित पत्थरों से बने स्तंभ इसकी खूबसूरती को और अधिक बढ़ाते हैं। यहां  की शीलालेख लगभग 3000 से 5000 ईसा पूर्व की मानी जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "मधेपुरा के दक्षिण से लगभग 24 किलोमीटर की दूरी पर बसंतपुर गांव स्थित है। यहां पर एक किला है जो कि पूरी तरह से विध्वंस हो चुका है। माना जाता है कि यह किला राजा विराट के रहने का स्थान था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "सोनबरसा रेलवे स्टेशन से लगभग 9 किलोमीटर की दूरी पर बिराटपुर गांव है। यह गांव देवी चंडिका के मंदिर के लिए प्रसिद्ध है। माना जाता है कि इस मंदिर का सम्बन्ध महाभारत काल से है। 11वीं शताब्दी में राजा कुमुन्दानंद के सुझाव से इस मंदिर के बाहर पत्थर के स्तम्भ बनवाए गए थे। इन स्तम्भों पर अभिलेख देखे जा सकते हैं। इसके साथ ही यहां पर दो स्तूप भी है। मंदिर के पश्चिम से लगभग आधा किलोमीटर की दूरी पर एक छोटा टीला है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "कोशी नदी के मैदानों में स्थित इस जिले की स्थिति 25°. 34 - 26°.07’ उत्तरी अक्षांश तथा 86° .19’ से 87°.07’ पूर्वी देशान्तर के बीच है। इसके उत्तर में अररिया जिला तथा सुपौल जिला है तथा इसका उत्तरी छोर नेपाल से सिर्फ ६० कि॰मी॰ की दूरी पर है। पूर्व की दिशा में पूर्णियां जिला, पश्चिम में सहरसा तथा दक्षिण में खगड़िया तथा भागलपुर हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "यहां का सबसे निकटतम हवाई अड्डा दरभंगा स्थित दरभंगा हवाई अड्डा है। दरभंगा से मधेपुरा 130 किलोमीटर की दूरी पर स्थित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "मधेपुरा रेलमार्ग द्वारा भारत के कई प्रमुख शहरों से जुड़ा हुआ है। सबसे नजदीकी रेलवे स्टेशन दौरम मधेपुरा है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "भारत के कई प्रमुख शहरों शहरों से मधेपुरा सड़कमार्ग द्वारा आसानी से पहुंचा सकते हैं। राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग नम्बर 31 से होते हुए मधेपुरा पहुंचा जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "यहाँ स्थित प्राचीन शिव मंदिर इस जिले का प्रमुख आकर्षण केन्द्र है। एक पौराणिक कथा के अनुसार, श्रृंगी ऋषि के आश्रम में एक प्राकृतिक शिवलिंग उत्पन्न हुई थी। उस स्थान पर बाद में एक अतिसुंदर मंदिर बना। एक व्यापारी जिसका नाम हरि चरण चौधरी था, ने वर्तमान मंदिर का निर्माण लगभग 200 वर्ष पूर्व करवाया था। यह शिवलिंग एक विशाल चट्टान पर स्थित है, जो कि करीबन 15-16 फीट ऊंचा है। प्रतिवर्ष महाशिवरात्रि के दिन और श्रावण माह में भक्तों तथा श्रद्धालुओं की यहाँ अपार भीड़ रहती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "बाबा बिशु राउत मंदिर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "मधेपुरा के चौसा प्रखंड सबसे अंतिम छोर पर अवस्थित बाबा बिशु राउत पचरासी धाम लोगो की आस्था का केंद्र है। यह मंदिर मधेपुरा से ६५ किलोमीटर व चौसा प्रखंड मुख्यालय से 7 किलोमीटर की दुरी पर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "लोकदेव के रूप में चर्चित बाबा बिशु राउत का मंदिर पशु पलकों के लिए पूजन का महत्पूर्ण केंद्र माना जाता है। पचरासी धाम में भव्य मेला का आयोजन लगभग २०० (अनुमानित ) वर्षों से किया जा रहा है। वर्ष 2015 में सूबे के मुख्यमंत्री नीतिश कुमार मेला का उद्घाटन कर लोक देवता बाबा विशु की प्रतिमा पर दुधाभिषेक किया था। तत्कालीन पर्यटन मंत्री अशोक कुमार सिंह ने भी इसे पर्यटन का दर्जा देने की घोषणा की थी। इसके पूर्व लालू प्रसाद ने भी अपने मुख्यमंत्रीत्व काल में कई बार इस मेला में पहुंच कर बाबा विशु राउत की प्रतिमा पर दुधाभिषेक करने के बाद आयोजित आम सभा में पचरासी स्थल को पर्यटन दर्जा देने की घोषणा किया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "दुर्गा मंदिर, उदाकिशुनगंज", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "मनोकामना शक्ति पीठ के रुप में ख्याति प्राप्त उदाकिशुनगंज सार्वजनिक दुर्गा मंदिर न केवल धार्मिक और अध्यात्मिक बल्कि ऐतिहासिक महत्व को भी दर्शाता है। यहां सदियों से पारंपरिक तरीके से दुर्गा पूजा धूमधाम से मनाया जाता है। पूजा के दौरान कई देवी-देवताओं की भव्य प्रतिमा स्थापित की जाती है। मंदिर कमिटी और प्रशासन के सहयोग से विशाल मेले का भी आयोजन किया जाता है। अध्यात्म की स्वर्णिम छटा बिखेर रही सार्वजनिक दुर्गा मंदिर के बारे में कहा जाता है कि करीब 250 वर्षों से भी अधिक समय से यहां मां दुर्गा की पूजा की जा रही है। बड़े-बुजूर्गो का कहना है कि करीब 250 वर्ष पूर्व 18 वीं शताब्दी में चंदेल राजपूत सरदार उदय सिंह और किशुन सिंह के प्रयास से इस स्थान पर मां दुर्गा की पूजा शुरू की गयी थी। तब से यह परंपरा पीढ़ी दर पीढ़ी चलते आ रहा है। उन्होंने कहा कि कोशी की धारा बदलने के बाद आनंदपुरा गांव के हजारमनी मिश्र ने दुर्गा मंदिर की स्थापना के लिए जमीन दान दी थी। उन्हीं के प्रयास से श्रद्धालुओं के लिए एक कुएं का निर्माण कराया गया था, जो आज भी मौजूद है। उदाकिशुनगंज निवासी प्रसादी मिश्र मंदिर के पुजारी के रुप में 1768 ई में पहली बार कलश स्थापित किया था। उन्हीं के पांचवीं पीढ़ी के वंशज परमेश्वर मिश्र उर्फ पारो मिश्र वर्तमान में दुर्गा मंदिर के पुजारी हैं ।प्रतिवर्ष दुर्गा पूजा के दिन भक्तों तथा श्रद्धालुओं की यहाँ अपार भीड़ रहती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "महर्षि मेंही अवतरण भूमि, मझुआ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "यहाँ स्थित भव्य सत्संग आश्रम इस जिले का प्रमुख आकर्षण केन्द्र है। यहाँ एक भव्य सत्संग आश्रम बना  है, जो कि अत्यंत सुन्दर है. यहाँ संत शिशु सूरज जी बड़ी लगन से आश्रम का निर्माण करवाया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "२०वी सदी के महान संत महर्षि मेंही परमहंस जी महाराज का जन्म मझुआ नामक गांव में हुआ था। इनका जन्म २८-०४-१८८५ ईस्वी को  नानाजी के यहाँ हुआ. इनकी माता जी का नाम जनकवती देवी था. स्व श्री चुमन लाल जी व् स्व श्री जय कुमार लाल दास जी इनके मामा जी थे. श्री कामेश्वर लाल दास जी इनके ममेरे भाई हैं, जो की जयकुमार लाल दास जी के सुपुत्र है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "प्रतिवर्ष वैशाख मास के शुक्ल पक्ष के चतुर्दसी के दिन भक्तों तथा श्रद्धालुओं की यहाँ अपार भीड़ रहती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "बी.पी. मंडल, बिहार के पूर्व मुख्यमंत्री एवं द्वितीय पिछड़ा वर्ग आयोग के अध्यक्ष भी रहे जिसे मंडल आयोग के नाम से जाना जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "मधेपुरा जिले का ब्रेकिंग न्यूज़", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fb05e405", "title": "मधेपुरा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fb05e405.json"}}
{"text": "चेदुर्तिपाडु (कृष्णा) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के कृष्णा जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8e7eb9c4", "title": "चेदुर्तिपाडु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8e7eb9c4.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8e7eb9c4", "title": "चेदुर्तिपाडु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8e7eb9c4.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8e7eb9c4", "title": "चेदुर्तिपाडु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8e7eb9c4.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर चेदुर्तिपाडु (कृष्णा)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8e7eb9c4", "title": "चेदुर्तिपाडु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8e7eb9c4.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8e7eb9c4", "title": "चेदुर्तिपाडु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8e7eb9c4.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8e7eb9c4", "title": "चेदुर्तिपाडु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8e7eb9c4.json"}}
{"text": "बहतरा, थराली तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के चमोली जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_68438afe", "title": "बहतरा, थराली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_68438afe.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_68438afe", "title": "बहतरा, थराली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_68438afe.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_68438afe", "title": "बहतरा, थराली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_68438afe.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_68438afe", "title": "बहतरा, थराली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_68438afe.json"}}
{"text": "बुगांख्याली, चम्पावत तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के चम्पावत जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ecd582fd", "title": "बुगांख्याली, चम्पावत तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ecd582fd.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ecd582fd", "title": "बुगांख्याली, चम्पावत तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ecd582fd.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ecd582fd", "title": "बुगांख्याली, चम्पावत तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ecd582fd.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ecd582fd", "title": "बुगांख्याली, चम्पावत तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ecd582fd.json"}}
{"text": "चौरी, बेरीनाग तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के पिथोरागढ जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_42cbfc4d", "title": "चौरी, बेरीनाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_42cbfc4d.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_42cbfc4d", "title": "चौरी, बेरीनाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_42cbfc4d.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_42cbfc4d", "title": "चौरी, बेरीनाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_42cbfc4d.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_42cbfc4d", "title": "चौरी, बेरीनाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_42cbfc4d.json"}}
{"text": "नारगोल (Nargol) भारत के गुजरात राज्य के वलसाड ज़िले में स्थित एक गाँव है। यह अरब सागर से तटस्थ है और यहाँ का बालूतट (बीच) एक पर्यटन आकर्षण है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2568fba5", "title": "नारगोल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2568fba5.json"}}
{"text": "भोगी (तेलुगु: భోగి,तमिल: போகி) चार दिवसीय मकर संक्रांति उत्सव का पहला दिन है। यह हिंदू सौर कैलेंडर के महीने अग्रहायण या मार्गशीर्ष या खरमास के अंतिम दिन पर पड़ता है। ग्रेगोरियन कैलेंडर के अनुसार, यह आमतौर पर 13 जनवरी को मनाया जाता है। यह तमिलनाडु, आंध्र प्रदेश, तेलंगाना, कर्नाटक, महाराष्ट्र औरश्रीलंका में व्यापक रूप से मनाया जाने वाला त्योहार है। उत्तर भारत में इसी दिन लोहडी भी मनाई जाती है जो कुछ हद तक भोगी से मिलती जुलती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3ee1158f", "title": "भोगी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3ee1158f.json"}}
{"text": "भोगी पर, लोग पुरानी और परित्यक्त चीजों को त्याग देते हैं और परिवर्तन या परिवर्तन के कारण नई चीजों पर ध्यान केंद्रित करते हैं। भोर में, लोग लकड़ी के लट्ठों, अन्य ठोस-ईंधन और घर पर लकड़ी के फर्नीचर के साथ अलाव जलाते हैं जो अब उपयोगी नहीं हैं। यह वर्ष के खातों के अंत और अगले दिन फसल के पहले दिन नए खातों की शुरुआत का प्रतीक है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3ee1158f", "title": "भोगी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3ee1158f.json"}}
{"text": "माउंट मॉन्गनुई (अंग्रेज़ी: Mount Maunganui) टौरंगा नगर का एक प्रमुख रिहायशी, व्यावसायिक तथा औद्योगिक उपनगर है, जो टौरंगा सिटी सेंटर उत्तर-पूर्व में प्रायद्वीप पर स्थित है। यह टौरंगा हार्बर ब्रिज बनने से पूर्व टौरंगा से स्वतंत्र नगर था। हार्बर ब्रिज दोनों को ही आपस में जोड़ता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9d4ec62c", "title": "माउंट मॉन्गनुई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9d4ec62c.json"}}
{"text": "माउंट मॉन्गनुई एक लावा गुम्बज का भी नाम है जो कि लगभग 20 से 30 लाख वर्ष पुराना है और रायोलाइट लावे के निष्कर्षण से बना है। यह आधिकारिक रूप से इसके माओरी नाम माउओ के नाम से जाना जाता है मगर न्यूजीलैंड में इसे सामान्य बोलचाल की भाषा में लोग इसे द माउंट बोलते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9d4ec62c", "title": "माउंट मॉन्गनुई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9d4ec62c.json"}}
{"text": "माउंट मॉन्गनुई पर्यटन जालस्थल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9d4ec62c", "title": "माउंट मॉन्गनुई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9d4ec62c.json"}}
{"text": "बन्डोला ल० खुगसा-अ०५, पौडी तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के पौड़ी जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2a29ed0b", "title": "बन्डोला ल० खुगसा-अ०५, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%85%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AB,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2a29ed0b.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2a29ed0b", "title": "बन्डोला ल० खुगसा-अ०५, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%85%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AB,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2a29ed0b.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2a29ed0b", "title": "बन्डोला ल० खुगसा-अ०५, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%85%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AB,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2a29ed0b.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2a29ed0b", "title": "बन्डोला ल० खुगसा-अ०५, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%85%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AB,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2a29ed0b.json"}}
{"text": "बघमरा, अरारिया में भारत के बिहार राज्य के अन्तर्गत पुर्णिया मण्डल के अररिया जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ef0ae0cd", "title": "बघमरा, अरारिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ef0ae0cd.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ef0ae0cd", "title": "बघमरा, अरारिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ef0ae0cd.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ef0ae0cd", "title": "बघमरा, अरारिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ef0ae0cd.json"}}
{"text": "नंदूप, आसिफाबाद‌ मण्डल में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के अदिलाबादु जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e3e40675", "title": "नंदूप, आसिफाबाद‌ मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA,_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E2%80%8C_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e3e40675.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e3e40675", "title": "नंदूप, आसिफाबाद‌ मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA,_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E2%80%8C_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e3e40675.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e3e40675", "title": "नंदूप, आसिफाबाद‌ मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA,_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E2%80%8C_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e3e40675.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर नंदूप, आसिफाबाद‌ मण्डल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e3e40675", "title": "नंदूप, आसिफाबाद‌ मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA,_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E2%80%8C_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e3e40675.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e3e40675", "title": "नंदूप, आसिफाबाद‌ मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA,_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E2%80%8C_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e3e40675.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e3e40675", "title": "नंदूप, आसिफाबाद‌ मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA,_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E2%80%8C_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e3e40675.json"}}
{"text": "गिर्वेल्लि, दहेगाव‌ मण्डल में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के अदिलाबादु जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f99db06c", "title": "गिर्वेल्लि, दहेगाव‌ मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E2%80%8C_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f99db06c.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f99db06c", "title": "गिर्वेल्लि, दहेगाव‌ मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E2%80%8C_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f99db06c.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f99db06c", "title": "गिर्वेल्लि, दहेगाव‌ मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E2%80%8C_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f99db06c.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर गिर्वेल्लि, दहेगाव‌ मण्डल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f99db06c", "title": "गिर्वेल्लि, दहेगाव‌ मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E2%80%8C_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f99db06c.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f99db06c", "title": "गिर्वेल्लि, दहेगाव‌ मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E2%80%8C_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f99db06c.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f99db06c", "title": "गिर्वेल्लि, दहेगाव‌ मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E2%80%8C_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f99db06c.json"}}
{"text": "कमलपुर बलिया, बेगूसराय, बिहार स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b5fec246", "title": "कमलपुर गाँव, बलिया (बेगूसराय)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b5fec246.json"}}
{"text": "डोटेली विकिपीडिया या डोट्याली विकिपीडिया डोटेली भाषा में बना विकिपीडिया है, जिसका स्वामित्व विकिमीडिया संस्थान के पास है। इसका निर्माण 24 अप्रैल 2017 को किया गया था। इसके निर्माण के बाद जब इसे इंकूबेटर से आयात किया गया तो इसमें कुल 2,802 लेख थे। 28 अप्रैल 2017 के अनुसार इसमें कुल 3843 पृष्ठ थे, इनमें 2,810 पृष्ठ लेखों के थे। इनके निर्माण में 14,305 सम्पादन किए गए थे। इस दौरान इसमें 76 पंजीकृत सदस्यों में से 9 सक्रिय सदस्य थे। अपलोड की गई फाइलों की संख्या शून्य थी और गहराई एक थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_baa5274a", "title": "डोटेली विकिपीडिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_baa5274a.json"}}
{"text": "लुइस अल्वारेज़, १९६८", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c0b9f8ea", "title": "लुइस अल्वारेज़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c0b9f8ea.json"}}
{"text": "नोबेल पुरस्कार भौतिक शास्त्र विजेता", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c0b9f8ea", "title": "लुइस अल्वारेज़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c0b9f8ea.json"}}
{"text": "नोबेल पुरस्कार विजेताओं की सूची", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c0b9f8ea", "title": "लुइस अल्वारेज़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c0b9f8ea.json"}}
{"text": "भौतिकी में नोबेल पुरस्कार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c0b9f8ea", "title": "लुइस अल्वारेज़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c0b9f8ea.json"}}
{"text": "सिन्धी-त०ढा०-२, यमकेश्वर तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के पौड़ी जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_759e9651", "title": "सिन्धी-त०ढा०-२, यमकेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%A6%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_759e9651.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_759e9651", "title": "सिन्धी-त०ढा०-२, यमकेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%A6%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_759e9651.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_759e9651", "title": "सिन्धी-त०ढा०-२, यमकेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%A6%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_759e9651.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_759e9651", "title": "सिन्धी-त०ढा०-२, यमकेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%A6%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_759e9651.json"}}
{"text": "सरतु में भारत के बिहार राज्य के अन्तर्गत मगध मण्डल के औरंगाबाद जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1e12008f", "title": "सरतु", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1e12008f.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1e12008f", "title": "सरतु", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1e12008f.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1e12008f", "title": "सरतु", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1e12008f.json"}}
{"text": "क्रैक जिसे क्रैक - जीतेगा तो जिएगा! के नाम से भी जाना जाता है, 2024 में रिलीज होने वाली भारतीय हिंदी भाषा की एक स्पोर्ट्स एक्शन फिल्म है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_24dfe4f1", "title": "क्रैक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_24dfe4f1.json"}}
{"text": "यह फ़िल्म आदित्य दत्त द्वारा निर्देशित और एक्शन हीरो फिल्म्स के तहत विद्युत जामवाल और अब्बास सैय्यद द्वारा निर्मित हैं। इसमें जामवाल, अर्जुन रामपाल, नोरा फतेही और एमी जैक्सन मुख्य भूमिका में हैं। इसे भारत की पहली चरम खेल एक्शन फिल्म बताया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_24dfe4f1", "title": "क्रैक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_24dfe4f1.json"}}
{"text": "फिल्म की आधिकारिक घोषणा 20 अक्टूबर 2022 को की गई तथा अक्टूबर 2022 से दिसंबर 2023 के बीच मुख्य फोटोग्राफी पोलैंड में हुई। 23 फरवरी 2024 को क्रैक को आलोचकों से मिश्रित नकारात्मक समीक्षाओं के साथ रिलीज़ किया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_24dfe4f1", "title": "क्रैक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_24dfe4f1.json"}}
{"text": "20 अक्टूबर 2022 को विद्युत जामवाल, जैकलीन फर्नांडीज और अर्जुन रामपाल की मुख्य भूमिकाओं वाली इस फिल्म की घोषणा की गई कि इसका निर्देशन आदित्य दत्त करेंगे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_24dfe4f1", "title": "क्रैक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_24dfe4f1.json"}}
{"text": "बाद में रचनात्मक मतभेदों के कारण फर्नांडीज की जगह नोरा फतेही को ले लिया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_24dfe4f1", "title": "क्रैक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_24dfe4f1.json"}}
{"text": "अपने प्रोडक्शन बैनर एक्शन हीरो फिल्म्स के तहत जामवाल ने दत्त के साथ मिलकर यह फिल्म बनाई जो कमांडो 3 के बाद उनकी दूसरी फिल्म थी। 18 दिसंबर 2023 को फ़िल्म की शूटिंग समाप्त हुई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_24dfe4f1", "title": "क्रैक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_24dfe4f1.json"}}
{"text": "23 फरवरी 2024 को क्रैक रिलीज़ हुई। नकारात्मक प्रतिक्रिया के कारण निर्माताओं ने फिल्म की डिजिटल रिलीज के लिए 15 मिनट की फुटेज हटाकर क्लाइमेक्स बदल दिया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_24dfe4f1", "title": "क्रैक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_24dfe4f1.json"}}
{"text": "क्रैक  इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_24dfe4f1", "title": "क्रैक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_24dfe4f1.json"}}
{"text": "हावड़ा ज़िला (बंगाली: হাওড়া জেলা) भारत के पश्चिम बंगाल राज्य का एक ज़िला है। इसका मुख्यालय हावड़ा है। इस जिले का नाम इसके मुख्यालय, हावड़ा शहर के नाम पर रखा गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_49ac0c06", "title": "हावड़ा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_49ac0c06.json"}}
{"text": "यह जिला 22°48′ उत्तर और 22°12′ उत्तर अक्षांश के बीच और 88°23′ पूर्व और 87°50′ पूर्व देशांतर के बीच स्थित है। उत्तर एवं दक्षिण में हुगली तथा पूर्व मिदनापुर जिले हैं। इसकी पूर्वी तथा पश्चिमी सीमाएँ क्रमश: हुगली नदी एवं रूपनारायन नदी हैं। दामोदर नदी इस जिले के बीचोबीच बहती है। काना दामोदर तथा सरस्वती अन्य नदियाँ हैं। नदियों के बीच नीची दलदली भूमि मिलती है। राजापुरदलदल सबसे विस्तृत है। धान मुख्य फ़सल है, पर गेहूँ, जौ, मकई तथा जूट भी उगाए जाते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_49ac0c06", "title": "हावड़ा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_49ac0c06.json"}}
{"text": "वार्षिक सामान्य वर्षा 1461 मिलीमीटर है। वार्षिक अधिकतम तापमान 32-39 डिग्री सेल्सियस के बीच और न्यूनतम तापमान 8-10 डिग्री सेल्सियस के बीच रहता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_49ac0c06", "title": "हावड़ा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_49ac0c06.json"}}
{"text": "संसदीय और विधानसभा क्षेत्र", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_49ac0c06", "title": "हावड़ा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_49ac0c06.json"}}
{"text": "यह जिला 2 लोकसभा क्षेत्रों में है और इसमें 16 विधानसभा क्षेत्र हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_49ac0c06", "title": "हावड़ा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_49ac0c06.json"}}
{"text": "लावी मेला (Lavi Fair), जिसका औपचारिक नाम अंतर्राष्ट्रीय लावी मेला (International Lavi Fair) है, भारत के हिमाचल प्रदेश राज्य के शिमला ज़िले के रामपुर बुशहर नगर में मनाया जाने वाला एक व्यापारिक मेला है। यह कार्तिक (नवम्बर) के महीने में मनाया जाता है और हिमाचल के सबसे प्रसिद्ध व महत्वपूर्ण मेलों में से एक है। यह हिमाचल की भूतपूर्व बुशहर रियासत और तिब्बत के बीच आज से लगभग 300 वर्ष (1679-1684) काल में हुई एक व्यापारिक संधि की स्मृति में मनाया जाता है। यहाँ विश्वभर से पर्यटक आते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a3ab2199", "title": "लावी मेला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a3ab2199.json"}}
{"text": "\"लावी\" शब्द \"लोई\" शब्द से आया है जिसका अर्थ एक पतली रज़ाई या ऊन का कम्बल है। इसका अर्थ भेड़ से ऊन उतारना भी होता है। समझा जाता है कि इसमें भारत-तिब्बत व्यापार में ऊन की वस्तुओं में लेन-देन की स्मृति है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a3ab2199", "title": "लावी मेला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a3ab2199.json"}}
{"text": "सेवरी सनहौला, भागलपुर, बिहार स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_decd7dc4", "title": "सेवरी गाँव, सनहौला (भागलपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_decd7dc4.json"}}
{"text": "तिलसरा भारतीय राज्य उत्तर प्रदेश के कन्नौज जिले के तिरवा प्रखण्ड में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2cf23b87", "title": "तिलसरा गाँव, तिरवा (कन्नौज)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%9C)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2cf23b87.json"}}
{"text": "दया शब्द हिंदी में काफी प्रयुक्त होता है। इसका का अर्थ करुणा है।कई विद्वानो ने दया की अलग अलग परिभाषा दी है,तुलसीदास जी ने दया को धर्म का मूल कहा है।जब तक ह्रदय मे दया है,तब तक धर्म उस पर टिका हुआ है, दया की अनुपस्थिती में धर्म का कोई अस्तित्व नही है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_85bd231a", "title": "दया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_85bd231a.json"}}
{"text": "तापणी भारतीय राज्य उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के अल्मोड़ा जिले की भनोली तहसील का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_89e6f02b", "title": "तापणी, भनोली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_89e6f02b.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_89e6f02b", "title": "तापणी, भनोली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_89e6f02b.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_89e6f02b", "title": "तापणी, भनोली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_89e6f02b.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_89e6f02b", "title": "तापणी, भनोली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_89e6f02b.json"}}
{"text": "नाघर, कांडा तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के बागेश्वर जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_609a8684", "title": "नाघर, कांडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_609a8684.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_609a8684", "title": "नाघर, कांडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_609a8684.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_609a8684", "title": "नाघर, कांडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_609a8684.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_609a8684", "title": "नाघर, कांडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_609a8684.json"}}
{"text": "कोनसमुद्रं (कडप) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के कडप जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_989e4a67", "title": "कोनसमुद्रं (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_989e4a67.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_989e4a67", "title": "कोनसमुद्रं (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_989e4a67.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_989e4a67", "title": "कोनसमुद्रं (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_989e4a67.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर कोनसमुद्रं (कडप)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_989e4a67", "title": "कोनसमुद्रं (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_989e4a67.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_989e4a67", "title": "कोनसमुद्रं (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_989e4a67.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_989e4a67", "title": "कोनसमुद्रं (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_989e4a67.json"}}
{"text": "चचिहा (Chachiha) भारत के मध्य प्रदेश राज्य के मुरैना ज़िले की जौरा तहसील में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_949fe5b1", "title": "चचिहा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_949fe5b1.json"}}
{"text": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य राजस्थान, भारत में एक वन्यजीव अभयारण्य है। राज्य के अजमेर, पाली और राजसमंद जिलों में फैला हुआ है, यह 1983 में स्थापित किया गया था। यह उष्णकटिबंधीय पर्णपाती जंगलों और घास के मैदान के लगभग 495 किमी 2 पर स्थित है। प्रमुख वन्यजीवों में तेंदुआ, जंगली सूअर, चिंकारा, आम लंगूर, सुस्त भालू और भारतीय भेड़िया शामिल हैं। साथ ही, 2013 के सर्वेक्षण में लगभग 143 पक्षी प्रजातियों को यहां दर्ज किया गया था। निकटतम प्रमुख शहर अजमेर है, जो 105 किमी दूर है। अजमेर जंक्शन रेलवे स्टेशन और ब्यावर रेलवे स्टेशन निकटतम रेलवे स्टेशन हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "अभयारण्य अरावली पहाड़ी श्रृंखला के बीच में काफी हद तक स्थित है, जो टोडगढ़ गांव पर आधारित है, जो NH-8 दिल्ली-उदयपुर राजमार्ग पर जस्सा खेरा से 25 किमी दूर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "करंज, इमली और बरगद के ऊंचे पेड़ों से घिरा शिव को समर्पित एक प्राचीन मंदिर पर्यटकों को आकर्षित करता है। मंदिर में झरने के पानी का एक बारहमासी स्रोत है। यहां एक प्राचीन शिवलिंग है और इस शिवलिंग से जलधारा बहती है। जिसे हर मौसम में देखा जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "प्रज्ञा शि‍खर (महा शि‍ला अभि‍लेख)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "प्रज्ञा शि‍खर के नाम से यहां एक पहाडी पर महाशि‍ला अभि‍लेख के रूप में सुदूर दक्षि‍ण से लाया गया वि‍शालकाय काले ग्राईट पत्‍थर पर मानवीयता के संदेश आने वाले 5000 वर्षो तक देता रहेगा। इस महाशि‍ला अभलेख के अति‍रि‍क्‍त यहीं पर मनोहारी हि‍तमा मय वातावरण में एक वि‍शाल पुस्‍तकालय एवं सभग्रह भी है। जो पर्यटको को अपनी और आकर्षित करता हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "पीपलाज माता का मंदि‍र", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "टोडगढ़ के पास देवल उनवास में पीपलाज माता का पुराना भव्य मंदिर है।इसे देवलमालिया भी कहते हैं। पीपलाज देवियों में सबसे बड़ी देवी मानी जाती है। इस मंदिर से कई पौराणिक कथाएं जुड़ी हुई हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "काजलवास धूनी प्राचीन धार्मिक महत्व का स्थान है जहां 'नाथ' संप्रदाय के नौ योगियों ने गहन तपस्या की है। यह अरावली रेंज  की गोद में सिरियारी, राजस्थान, भारत से लगभग चार किलोमीटर पूर्व में स्थित है। इस स्थान पर नौ नाथों की समाधि है और समाधि पर श्रद्धा सुमन अर्पित करने के लिए प्रतिदिन कई भक्त इस स्थान पर आते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "देवर महाराणा प्रताप से जुड़े अभयारण्य के अंदर एक ऐतिहासिक स्थान है। यह वह स्थान है जहां उसने अकबर की मुगल सेना को हराया था। जेम्स टॉड ने अपनी पुस्तक एनल्स एंड एंटीक्विटीज ऑफ राजस्थान में इसे \"मेवाड़ का मैराथन\" कहा है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "भगोरा वन खंड में अभयारण्य के अंदर 55 मीटर ऊंचा झरना है। बरसात के दिनों में पानी का गिरना देखा जा सकता है। इसके पास की चट्टानों पर लंबे बिल वाले गिद्धों और कई चट्टानी छत्तों को बसते हुए भी देखा जा सकता है। भीलबेरी से 4 किमी प्रकृति पथ जीप द्वारा पहुंचा जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "1. महादेव मंदि‍र – यह स्‍थान टॉडगढ़ तेजाजी मंदि‍र से पाडल सीसी सडक पर नर्सरी तालाब के कि‍नारे स्‍थि‍त एक सुन्‍दर एवं पुराना शि‍व मंदि‍र है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "2. बडा का माजाती का मंदि‍र एवं सन सेट पोईंट :- स्‍थान टॉडगढ़ से लगभग 3 कि‍मी पर ग्राम मालातो की बैर में स्‍थति‍ है वि‍वरण आगे दर्ज हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "3. देव जी का मंदि‍र :- यह मंदि‍र पुराना ऐति‍हासि‍क मंदि‍र जो कि‍ टॉडगढ़ बसा तभी से पूजा जा रहा है जो तेजारी मंदि‍र के पास स्‍थि‍त हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "4. शीलता माता मंदि‍र :- यह प्रज्ञा शि‍खर के पास टॉडगढ़ देवगढ सडक पर स्‍थि‍त एक भव्‍य मंदि‍र हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "5. तेजाजी का मंदि‍र :- टॉडगढ़ में ही स्‍थति‍ है जो पुराना मंदि‍र है जहां पर दूर दूर से र्स दंश के केस ठीक होने हेतु आते हैं हर वर्ष मेला लगता हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "6. धर्मा की तलाई :- यह टॉडगढ़ से बराखन सडक होते हुए कानपुरि‍या से 3.500 कि‍मी दूर कच्‍ची सडक से पहाडी पर राजस्‍थान के गुरूशि‍खर के बाद दूसरी सबसे उंची चोटी हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "7. मांगट जी महाराज का मंदि‍र :- यह स्‍थान टॉडगढ़ से 17 कि‍मी दूर बडाखेडा से सरूपा पक्‍की सडक से पहाडी पर 4 कि‍मी उपर स्‍थति‍ एक पुराना धार्मिक स्‍थल है वि‍वरण आगे दर्ज है इसी स्‍थान के पास कुण्‍डामाता का मंदि‍र का दर्शनीय स्‍थान भी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "8. गोरमघाट :- उदयपुर शहर से करीब 136 किलोमीटर दूर गोरमघाट, रावली टॉडगढ़ अभयारण्य की प्राकृतिक छटा और इसके मध्य जोगमंडी वाटर फॉल देखकर हर कोई रोमांचित हो उठता है। यहां मीटर गेज पर धीमी गति से चलने वाली सात डिब्बों वाली मावली-मारवाड़ ट्रेन ही रोमांच का सफर करवाती है। मानसून शुरू होते ही यह ट्रेन गोरमघाट के रेलवे स्टेशन खामली घाट तक जाती है और इसमें रोमांचक सफर करने वाले पर्यटक ही देखने को मिलते हैं। ब्रिटिश काल के समय का ट्रैक और उस पर से होकर गुजरती मीटर गेज ट्रेन मावली रेलवे स्टेशन से रवाना होकर देवगढ़ क्षेत्र के खामली घाट रेलवे स्टेशन पहुंचती है। अब राजसमंद जिले में इस दर्रा से उदयपुर - जोधपुर रेलमार्ग गुजरता है। गोरम घाट को राजस्थान का छोटा कश्मीर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "9. हनुमान प्रति‍मा :- टॉडगढ़ से 10 कि‍मी दूर लाखागुडा ग्राम के पास 72 फि‍ट उंची हनुमान प्रति‍मा हैं जो पर्यटको का दर्शनीय स्‍थल है जि‍ला राजसमंद में आता हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "10. तीन होटल :- (1) टॉडगढ़ में एक यूनाईटेड 21 रॉयल रि‍सोर्ट टॉडगढ़, (2) हि‍ल वैली रि‍सोर्ट मेडि‍या, (3) अमर वि‍लास मालातो की बैर।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "11. प्राचीन तहसील भवन :- (1) टॉडगढ़ मं ही स्‍थि‍त है अंग्रेजो के समय से बनी तहसील है जो वर्तमान में राजकीय उच्‍च माध्‍यमिक वि‍द्यालय चल रहा हैं (2) इसमें पुरानी ट्रेजरी, जैल, जि‍समें स्‍वतंत्रता सैनानि‍ वि‍जय ‍सिंह पथि‍क कैद रहे थे जि‍न्‍होने 1915 में बिजोलि‍या कि‍सान आंदोलन का नेतृत्‍व कि‍या। इस जेल को काटकर वि‍जय सि‍ह पथि‍क फरार हो गये थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "12. वीर रावत राजू चौहान स्‍मार्क :- यह स्‍थान टॉडगढ़ से 6 कि‍मी दूरी पर फुति‍या खेडा में चौराहे पर इनकी भव्‍य प्रतिमा स्‍थत हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "13. वि‍क्‍ट्री मेमोरि‍यल फौजी धर्मशाला :- यह टॉडगढ़ में ही स्‍थत है द्वि‍ति‍य वि‍श्‍वयुद्व में शहीद यहां के नि‍वासीयों की याद मे बनी फौजी धर्मशाला हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "14. कातर घाटी सडक :- टॉडगढ़ से बराखन सडक पर 6 कि‍मी पर वि‍हंगम दृश्‍य सजोए अद्भुत सडक है जि‍समें यू टर्न (मोड) है जि‍सका सम्‍वत् 1956 में अंग्रेजो द्वारा नि‍र्माण करवाया गया। उस समय भयंकर अकाल पडा था जि‍समें आस पास के ग्रामीणो द्वारा इसका नि‍र्माण कि‍या गया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "15. बागलि‍या भग्‍गड गुफा मामारेल टॉडगढ़ :- भग्‍गड (गुफा ) ग्राम टॉडगढ़ से भीम टॉडगढ़ पक्‍की सडक से 1/कि‍मी दूर मामाजी की रेल में स्‍थि‍त है जो कि‍ टॉडगढ़ से 13 कि‍मी दूर गोधाजी के गांव भीम के पास कि‍ले के पास नि‍कलती हैं यह स्‍थान मामादेव की धूनी के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1365269e", "title": "टोडगढ़ - रावली वन्यजीव अभयारण्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_-_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1365269e.json"}}
{"text": "राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग १२६ए (National Highway 126A) भारत का एक राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग है। यह पूरी तरह ओड़िशा में है और उत्तर में बरपाली से दक्षिण में सुबर्णपुर तक जाता है। यह राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग २६ का एक शाखा मार्ग है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_17851cf7", "title": "राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग १२६ए (भारत)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AC%E0%A4%8F_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_17851cf7.json"}}
{"text": "इस राजमार्ग पर कुछ मुख्य पड़ाव इस प्रकार हैं: बरपाली,रामपुर, सिंघीजुबा, सुबर्णपुर।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_17851cf7", "title": "राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग १२६ए (भारत)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AC%E0%A4%8F_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_17851cf7.json"}}
{"text": "राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग (भारत)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_17851cf7", "title": "राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग १२६ए (भारत)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AC%E0%A4%8F_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_17851cf7.json"}}
{"text": "राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग २६ (भारत)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_17851cf7", "title": "राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग १२६ए (भारत)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AC%E0%A4%8F_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_17851cf7.json"}}
{"text": "लोमड़ी एक कुत्ते के रूप का जंगली प्राणी है। वैज्ञानिक नज़रिए से लोमड़ी की जातियाँ कैनिडाए जीववैज्ञानिक कुल के अंतर्गत कई वंशों में आयोजित हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8404dafb", "title": "लोमड़ी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8404dafb.json"}}
{"text": "जल या पानी एक आम रासायनिक पदार्थ है जिसका अणु दो हाइड्रोजन परमाणु और एक ऑक्सीजन परमाणु से बना है - H2O। यह सारे प्राणियों के जीवन का आधार है। आमतौर पर जल शब्द का प्रयोग द्रव अवस्था के लिए उपयोग में लाया जाता है पर यह ठोस अवस्था (बर्फ) और गैसीय अवस्था (भाप या जल वाष्प) में भी पाया जाता है। पानी जल-आत्मीय सतहों पर तरल-क्रिस्टल के रूप में भी पाया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "पृथ्वी का लगभग 71% सतह को 1.460 पीटा टन (पीटी) (1021 किलोग्राम) जल से आच्छदित है जो अधिकतर महासागरों और अन्य बड़े जल निकायों का हिस्सा होता है इसके अतिरिक्त, 1.6% भूमिगत जल एक्वीफर और 0.001% जल वाष्प और बादल (इनका गठन हवा में जल के निलंबित ठोस और द्रव कणों से होता है) के रूप में पाया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "खारे जल के महासागरों में पृथ्वी का कुल 97%, हिमनदों और ध्रुवीय बर्फ चोटिओं में 2.4% और अन्य स्रोतों जैसे नदियों, झीलों और तालाबों में 0.6% जल पाया जाता है। पृथ्वी पर जल की एक बहुत छोटी मात्रा, पानी की टंकिओं, जैविक निकायों, विनिर्मित उत्पादों के भीतर और खाद्य भंडार में निहित है। बर्फीली चोटिओं, हिमनद, एक्वीफर या झीलों का जल कई बार धरती पर जीवन के लिए साफ जल उपलब्ध कराता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "जल लगातार एक चक्र में घूमता रहता है जिसे जलचक्र कहते है, इसमे वाष्पीकरण या ट्रांस्पिरेशन, वर्षा और बह कर सागर में पहुॅचना शामिल है। हवा जल वाष्प को स्थल के ऊपर उसी दर से उड़ा ले जाती है जिस गति से यह बहकर सागर में पहुंचता है लगभग 36 Tt (1012 किलोग्राम) प्रति वर्ष। भूमि पर 107 Tt वर्षा के अलावा, वाष्पीकरण 71 Tt प्रति वर्ष का अतिरिक्त योगदान देता है। साफ और ताजा पेयजल मानवीय और अन्य जीवन के लिए आवश्यक है, लेकिन दुनिया के कई भागों में खासकर विकासशील देशों में भयंकर जलसंकट है और अनुमान है कि 2025 तक विश्व की आधी जनसंख्या इस जलसंकट से दो-चार होगी।.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "जल विश्व अर्थव्यवस्था में एक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है, क्योंकि यह रासायनिक पदार्थों की एक विस्तृत श्रृंखला के लिए विलायक के रूप में कार्य करता है और औद्योगिक प्रशीतन और परिवहन को सुगम बनाता है। मीठे जल की लगभग 70% मात्रा की खपत कृषि में होती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "पदार्थों में से है जो पृथ्वी पर प्राकृतिक रूप से सभी तीन अवस्थाओं में मिलते हैं। जल पृथ्वी पर कई अलग अलग रूपों में मिलता है: आसमान में जल वाष्प और बादल; समुद्र में समुद्री जल और कभी कभी हिमशैल; पहाड़ों में हिमनद और नदियां ; और तरल रूप में भूमि पर एक्वीफर के रूप में।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "जल में कई पदार्थों को घोला जा सकता है जो इसे एक अलग स्वाद और गंध प्रदान करते है। वास्तव में, मानव और अन्य जानवरों समय के साथ एक दृष्टि विकसित हो गयी है जिसके माध्यम से वो जल के पीने को योग्यता का मूल्यांकन करने में सक्षम होते हैं और वह बहुत नमकीन या सड़ा हुआ जल नहीं पीते हैं। मनुष्य ठंडे से गुनगुना जल पीना पसंद करते हैं; ठंडे जल में रोगाणुओं की संख्या काफी कम होने की संभावना होती है। शुद्ध पानी H2O स्वाद में फीका होता है जबकि सोते (झरने) के पानी या लवणित जल (मिनरल वाटर) का स्वाद इनमे मिले खनिज लवणों के कारण होता है। सोते (झरने) के पानी या लवणित जल की गुणवत्ता से अभिप्राय इनमे विषैले तत्वों, प्रदूषकों और रोगाणुओं की अनुपस्थिति से होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "रसायनिक और भौतिक गुण", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "जल एक रसायनिक पदार्थ है जिसका रसायनिक सूत्र H2O है: जल के एक अणु में दो हाइड्रोजन के परमाणु सहसंयोजक बंध के द्वारा एक ऑक्सीजन के परमाणु से जुडे़ रहते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "जल के प्रमुख रसायनिक और भौतिक गुण हैं:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "जल सामान्य तापमान और दबाव में एक फीका, बिना गंध वाला तरल है। जल और बर्फ़ का रंग बहुत ही हल्के नीला होता है, हालांकि जल कम मात्रा में रंगहीन लगता है। बर्फ भी रंगहीन लगती है और जल वाष्प मूलतः एक गैस के रूप में अदृश्य होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "जल पारदर्शी होता है, इसलिए जलीय पौधे इसमे जीवित रह सकते हैं क्योंकि उन्हे सूर्य की रोशनी मिलती रहती है। केवल शक्तिशाली पराबैंगनी किरणों का ही कुछ हद तक यह अवशोषण कर पाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "ऑक्सीजन की वैद्युतऋणात्मकता हाइड्रोजन की तुलना में उच्च होती है जो जल को एक ध्रुवीय अणु बनाती है। ऑक्सीजन कुछ ऋणावेशित होती है, जबकि हाइड्रोजन कुछ धनावेशित होती है जो अणु को द्विध्रुवीय बनाती है। प्रत्येक अणु के विभिन्न द्विध्रुवों के बीच पारस्परिक संपर्क एक शुद्ध आकर्षण बल को जन्म देता है जो जल को उच्च पृष्ठ तनाव प्रदान करता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "एक अन्य महत्वपूर्ण बल जिसके कारण जल अणु एक दूसरे से चिपक जाते हैं, हाइड्रोजन बंध है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "जल का क्वथनांक (और अन्य सभी तरल पदार्थ का भी) सीधे बैरोमीटर का दबाव से संबंधित होता है। उदाहरण के लिए, एवरेस्ट पर्वत के शीर्ष पर, जल 68 °C पर उबल जाता है जबकि समुद्रतल पर यह 100 °C होता है। इसके विपरीत गहरे समुद्र में भू-उष्मीय छिद्रों के निकट जल का तापमान सैकड़ों डिग्री तक पहुँच सकता है और इसके बावजूद यह द्रवावस्था में रहता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "जल का उच्च पृष्ठ तनाव, जल के अणुओं के बीच कमजोर अंतःक्रियाओं के कारण होता है (वान डर वाल्स बल) क्योंकि यह एक ध्रुवीय अणु है। पृष्ठ तनाव द्वारा उत्पन्न यह आभासी प्रत्यास्था (लोच), केशिका तरंगों को चलाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "अपनी ध्रुवीय प्रकृति के कारण जल में उच्च आसंजक गुण भी होते है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "केशिका क्रिया, जल को गुरुत्वाकर्षण से विपरीत दिशा में एक संकीर्ण नली में चढ़ने को कहते हैं। जल के इस गुण का प्रयोग सभी संवहनी पौधों द्वारा किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "जल एक बहुत प्रबल विलायक है, जिसे सर्व-विलायक भी कहा जाता है। वो पदार्थ जो जल में भलि भाँति घुल जाते है जैसे लवण, शर्करा, अम्ल, क्षार और कुछ गैसें विशेष रूप से ऑक्सीजन, कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड उन्हे हाइड्रोफिलिक (जल को प्यार करने वाले) कहा जाता है, जबकि दूसरी ओर जो पदार्थ अच्छी तरह से जल के साथ मिश्रण नहीं बना पाते है जैसे वसा और तेल, हाइड्रोफोबिक (जल से डरने वाले) कहलाते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "कोशिका के सभी प्रमुख घटक (प्रोटीन, डीएनए और बहुशर्कराइड) भी जल में घुल जाते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "शुद्ध जल की विद्युत चालकता कम होती है, लेकिन जब इसमे आयनिक पदार्थ सोडियम क्लोराइड मिला देते है तब यह आश्चर्यजनक रूप से बढ़ जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "अमोनिया के अलावा, जल की विशिष्ट उष्मा क्षमता किसी भी अन्य ज्ञात रसायन से अधिक होती है, साथ ही उच्च वाष्पीकरण ऊष्मा (40.65 kJ mol−1) भी होती है, यह दोनों इसके अणुओं के बीच व्यापक हाइड्रोजन बंधों का परिणाम है। जल के यह दो असामान्य गुण इसे तापमान में हुये उतार-चढ़ाव का बफ़रण कर पृथ्वी की जलवायु को नियमित करने पात्रता प्रदान करते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "जल का घनत्व अधिकतम 3.98 °C पर होता है। जमने पर जल का घनत्व कम हो जाता है और यह इसका आयतन 9% बढ़ जाता है। यह गुण एक असामान्य घटना को जन्म देता जिसके कारण: बर्फ जल के ऊपर तैरती है और जल में रहने वाले जीव आंशिक रूप से जमे हुए एक तालाब के अंदर रह सकते हैं क्योंकि तालाब के तल पर जल का तापमान 4 °C के आसपास होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "जल कई तरल पदार्थ के साथ मिश्रय होता है, जैसे इथेनॉल, सभी अनुपातों में यह एक एकल समरूप तरल बनाता है। दूसरी ओर, जल और तेल अमिश्रय होते हैं और मिलाने परत बनाते है और इन परतों में सबसे ऊपर वाली परत का घनत्व सबसे कम होता है। गैस के रूप में, जल वाष्प पूरी तरह हवा के साथ मिश्रय है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "जल अन्य कई विलायकों के साथ एक एज़िओट्रोप बनाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "जल को हाइड्रोजन और ऑक्सीजन में विद्युतपघटन द्वारा विभाजित किया जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "हाइड्रोजन की एक ऑक्साइड के रूप में, जब हाइड्रोजन या हाइड्रोजन-यौगिकों जलते हैं या ऑक्सीजन या ऑक्सीजन-यौगिकों के साथ प्रतिक्रिया करते हैं तब जल का सृजन होता है। जल एक ईंधन नहीं है। यह हाइड्रोजन के दहन का अंतिम उत्पाद है। जल को विद्युतपघटन द्वारा वापस हाइड्रोजन और ऑक्सीजन में विभाजन करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा, हाइड्रोजन और ऑक्सीजन को पुनर्संयोजन से उत्सर्जित ऊर्जा से अधिक होती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "वह तत्व जो हाइड्रोजन से अधिक वैद्युतधनात्मक (electropositive) होते हैं जैसे लिथियम, सोडियम, कैल्शियम, पोटेशियम और सीजयम, वो जल से हाइड्रोजन को विस्थापित कर हाइड्रोक्साइड (जलीयऑक्साइड) बनाते हैं। एक ज्वलनशील गैस होने के नाते, हाइड्रोजन का उत्सर्जन खतरनाक होता है और जल की इन वैद्युतधनात्मक तत्वों के साथ प्रतिक्रिया बहुत विस्फोटक होती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "और इसे भी देखें भारत के जल संसाधन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "जल का उपयोग जब मानव करता है तो यह उसके लिये संसाधन हो जाता है। दैनिक कार्यों से लेकर कृषि में और विविध उद्द्योगों में जल का उपयोग होता है। जल मानव जीवन के लिये इतना महत्वपूर्ण संसाधन है कि यह मुहावरा ही प्रचलित है कि जल ही जीवन है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "जैविक दृष्टिकोण से, पानी में कई विशिष्ट गुण हैं जो जीवन के प्रसार के लिए महत्वपूर्ण हैं। यह कार्बनिक यौगिकों को उन तरीकों पर प्रतिक्रिया देने की अनुमति देता है जो अंततः प्रतिकृति की अनुमति देती है। जीवन के सभी ज्ञात रूप पानी पर निर्भर करते हैं। जल एक विलायक के रूप में दोनों महत्वपूर्ण है जिसमें शरीर के कई विलायकों को भंग किया जाता है और शरीर के भीतर कई चयापचय प्रक्रियाओं का एक अनिवार्य हिस्सा होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "पानी प्रकाश संश्लेषण और श्वसन के लिए मौलिक है। ऑक्सीजन से पानी के हाइड्रोजन को अलग करने के लिए प्रकाश संश्लेषक कोशिका सूर्य की ऊर्जा का उपयोग करते हैं। हाइड्रोजन CO2 (हवा या पानी से अवशोषित) के साथ मिलाकर ग्लूकोज और ऑक्सीजन को रिलीज करने के लिए जोड़ा जाता है। सभी जीवित कोशिकाओं ने इस तरह के ईंधन का उपयोग किया और सूर्य की ऊर्जा को प्राप्त करने के लिए हाइड्रोजन और कार्बन को ऑक्सीकरण, प्रक्रिया में पानी और CO2 (सेलुलर श्वसन) का उपयोग किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "पानी का सबसे महत्वपूर्ण उपयोग कृषि में है, जो खाने के उत्पाद में महत्वपूर्ण है| कुछ विकासशील देशों  ९०% पानी का उपयोग सिंचाई में होता है  और अधिक आर्थिक रूप से विकसित देशों में भी बहुत सारा उत्पाद होता है (जैसे अमरीका में, 30% ताजे मिठे जल का उपयोग सिंचाई के लिए होता है)।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "पचास साल पहले, आम धारणा यह थी कि पानी एक अनंत संसाधन था। उस समय, धरती पर इंसानों की संख्या आज के संख्या के आधे से भी काम था। लोग भी आज जितने आमिर नहीं थे और खाना, खास तौर पर, मांस कम खाते थे, इसलिए उनके भोजन का उत्पादन करने के लिए कम पानी की जरूरत थी उन्हें पानी की एक तिहाई आवश्यकता होती जो हम वर्तमान में नदियों से लेते हैं। आज, जल संसाधनों के लिए प्रतिस्पर्धा तीव्र है, जो \"पीक पानी\" की अवधारणा को जन्म देती है।  इसका कारण यह है कि अब इस ग्रह पर सात अरब लोग हैं, जल-प्यास मांस और सब्जियों की खपत बढ़ रही है, और उद्योग, शहरीकरण और जैव-ईंधन फसलों से पानी की बढ़ती प्रतिस्पर्धा है। भविष्य में, भोजन का उत्पादन करने के लिए और भी ज्यादा पानी की आवश्यकता होगी क्योंकि पृथ्वी की आबादी 2050 तक 9 अरब तक पहुंचने का अनुमान है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "कृषि में जल प्रबंधन का मूल्यांकन 2007 में श्रीलंका में अंतर्राष्ट्रीय जल प्रबंधन संस्थान द्वारा किया गया था यह देखने के लिए कि दुनिया के बढ़ती आबादी के लिए भोजन उपलब्ध कराने के लिए पर्याप्त पानी है या नहीं।  इसने वैश्विक स्तर पर कृषि के लिए पानी की मौजूदा उपलब्धता का मूल्यांकन किया और पानी की कमी से पीड़ित स्थानों का नक्शा बनाया। यह पाया गया कि दुनिया में 1.2 अरब (बिलियन) से अधिक (कुल जान-संख्या का पांचवां हिस्सा) भौतिक पानी की कमी के क्षेत्र में रहता है , जहां सभी मांगों को पूरा करने के लिए पर्याप्त पानी नहीं है। एक और 1.6 अरब (बिलियन) लोग आर्थिक जल की कमी का सामना कर रहे इलाकों में रहते हैं, जहां पानी में निवेश की कमी या अपर्याप्त मानव क्षमता से अधिकारियों को पानी की मांग को पूरा करना असंभव बना देता है। रिपोर्ट में पाया गया कि भविष्य में आवश्यक भोजन का उत्पादन करना संभव होगा, लेकिन आज के खाद्य उत्पादन और पर्यावरण के रुझान को जारी रखने से दुनिया के कई हिस्सों में संकट पैदा हो जाएगा। वैश्विक जल संकट से बचने के लिए, किसानों को भोजन की बढ़ती मांगों को पूरा करने के लिए उत्पादकता बढ़ाने का प्रयास करना होगा, और उद्योगों और शहरों को पानी  अधिक कुशलता से उपयोग करने के तरीके खोजने होंगे|", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "कपास के उत्पादन के कारण भी पानी की कमी हुई है: १ किलोग्राम कपास - एक जींस पतलून के बराबर - उत्पाद करने के लिए 10.9 मीटर 3 पानी का उपयोग किया जाता है। जबकि कपास का उत्पादन दुनिया के 2.4% पानी ही उपयोग करता है,यह उपयोग उन क्षेत्रों में किया जाता है जो पहले से ही पानी की कमी के जोखिम में हैं। महत्वपूर्ण पर्यावरणीय नुकसान हुआ है, जैसे कि अराल सागर के लापता होना।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "(वैज्ञानिक रूप से जल विज्ञान चक्र के रूप में जाना जाता है) जल, वायुमंडल, मिट्टी के पानी, सतह के पानी, भूजल और पौधों के बीच जल के निरंतर आदान-प्रदान को दर्शाता है। पानी इन चक्रों में से प्रत्येक के माध्यम से सख्ती से जल चक्र में निम्नलिखित स्थानांतरण प्रक्रियाओं को शामिल करता है: महासागरों और अन्य जल निकायों से हवा में वाष्पीकरण और भूमि के पौधों और जानवरों से हवा में प्रत्यारोपण। वर्षा से, हवा से घनीभूत वायु वाष्प से और पृथ्वी या सागर तक गिरने से। आम तौर पर समुद्र तक पहुंचने वाले देश से बहने वाला पानी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "महासागरों पर अधिकांश जल वाष्प महासागरों में लौटता है, लेकिन हवाएं समुद्र में जल प्रवाह के रूप में उसी दर पर पानी की वाष्प लेती हैं, प्रति वर्ष लगभग 47 टीटी। भूमि के ऊपर, बाष्पीकरण और संवहन प्रति वर्ष एक और 72 टीटी का योगदान करते हैं। जमीन पर प्रति वर्ष 119 टन प्रति वर्ष की दर से वर्षा होती है, इसमें कई रूप होते हैं: सबसे अधिक बारिश, बर्फ, और ओलों, कोहरे और ओस  से कुछ योगदान के साथ।ओस पानी की छोटी बूंद है जो पानी के वाष्प की एक उच्च घनत्व एक शांत सतह से मिलता है जब गाढ़ा रहे हैं ओस आम तौर पर सुबह में बना रहता है जब तापमान सबसे कम होता है, सूर्योदय से पहले और जब पृथ्वी की सतह का तापमान बढ़ना शुरू हो जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "शोधित जल (purified water)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "खनिजरहित जल (demineralised water)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "खनिज जल (mineral water)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "लवणीय जल (या खारा जल)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "जल प्रश्नोत्तरी (बच्चों का कोना; केन्द्रीय जल आयोग)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2be6e4ff", "title": "जल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2be6e4ff.json"}}
{"text": "रामभद्रतेवाडी, बागेश्वर (सदर) तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के बागेश्वर जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c51f7367", "title": "रामभद्रतेवाडी, बागेश्वर(सदर) तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0)_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c51f7367.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c51f7367", "title": "रामभद्रतेवाडी, बागेश्वर(सदर) तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0)_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c51f7367.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c51f7367", "title": "रामभद्रतेवाडी, बागेश्वर(सदर) तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0)_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c51f7367.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c51f7367", "title": "रामभद्रतेवाडी, बागेश्वर(सदर) तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0)_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c51f7367.json"}}
{"text": "गडकाचक सनहौला, भागलपुर, बिहार स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f7ff3839", "title": "गडकाचक गाँव, सनहौला (भागलपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f7ff3839.json"}}
{"text": "नूरीचक भारतीय राज्य बिहार के पटना जिले के पानदारक प्रखण्ड का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_641c8334", "title": "नूरीचक गाँव, पानदारक (पटना)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_641c8334.json"}}
{"text": "ईसोंगो का गिरजाघर (स्पेनी भाषा में: Capilla de Santo Medero (Isongo)) अस्तूरियास, स्पेन का एक प्रसिद्ध ऐतिहासिक गिरजाघर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e53b5d3", "title": "ईसोंगो का गिरजाघर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e53b5d3.json"}}
{"text": "Spain By Zoran Pavlovic, Reuel R. Hanks, Charles F. Gritzner", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e53b5d3", "title": "ईसोंगो का गिरजाघर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e53b5d3.json"}}
{"text": "Some Account of Gothic Architecture in SpainBy George Edmund Street", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e53b5d3", "title": "ईसोंगो का गिरजाघर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e53b5d3.json"}}
{"text": "Romanesque Churches of Spain: A Traveller's Guide Including the Earlier Churches of AD 600-1000 Giles de la Mare, 2010 - Architecture, Romanesque - 390 pages", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e53b5d3", "title": "ईसोंगो का गिरजाघर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e53b5d3.json"}}
{"text": "A Hand-Book for Travellers in Spain, and Readers at Home: Describing the ...By Richard Ford", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e53b5d3", "title": "ईसोंगो का गिरजाघर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e53b5d3.json"}}
{"text": "The Rough Guide to Spain", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e53b5d3", "title": "ईसोंगो का गिरजाघर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e53b5d3.json"}}
{"text": "भडियास, श्री पूर्णागिरी टनकपुर तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के चम्पावत जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_88a1ee45", "title": "भडियास, श्री पूर्णागिरी टनकपुर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8,_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_88a1ee45.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_88a1ee45", "title": "भडियास, श्री पूर्णागिरी टनकपुर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8,_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_88a1ee45.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_88a1ee45", "title": "भडियास, श्री पूर्णागिरी टनकपुर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8,_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_88a1ee45.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_88a1ee45", "title": "भडियास, श्री पूर्णागिरी टनकपुर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8,_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_88a1ee45.json"}}
{"text": "अजमाबाद मछुआ कोइल, अलीगढ़, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2e5be00e", "title": "अजमाबाद मछुआ गाँव, कोइल (अलीगढ़)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2e5be00e.json"}}
{"text": "देवीधूरा, नैनीताल तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के नैनीताल जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6d8beb8", "title": "देवीधूरा, नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6d8beb8.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6d8beb8", "title": "देवीधूरा, नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6d8beb8.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6d8beb8", "title": "देवीधूरा, नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6d8beb8.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6d8beb8", "title": "देवीधूरा, नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6d8beb8.json"}}
{"text": "चचोडिया विष्ठ भारतीय राज्य उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के अल्मोड़ा जिले की रानीखेत तहसील का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_11c081d2", "title": "चचोडिया विष्ठ, रानीखेत तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0,_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_11c081d2.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_11c081d2", "title": "चचोडिया विष्ठ, रानीखेत तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0,_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_11c081d2.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_11c081d2", "title": "चचोडिया विष्ठ, रानीखेत तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0,_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_11c081d2.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_11c081d2", "title": "चचोडिया विष्ठ, रानीखेत तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0,_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_11c081d2.json"}}
{"text": "एल्विन इसहाक कालीचरण (जन्म 21 मार्च 1949, अंग्रेज़ी: Alvin Isaac Kallicharran) गुयाना से भारतीय मूल के पूर्व वेस्टइंडीज़ क्रिकेट टीम के एक खिलाड़ी हैं जिन्होंने 1972 से 1981 तक टीम के लिये क्रिकेट खेला था। कालीचरण का जन्म जॉर्जटाउन, ब्रिटिश गयाना में हुआ था। वह बाएं हाथ के बल्लेबाज और दाएं हाथ के ऑफ स्पिनर थे। वह 1973 के विज़्डन क्रिकेटर ऑफ द ईयर थे। वह 1975 और 1979 टीमों का हिस्सा थे जो क्रिकेट विश्व कप जीती थी। उन्हें अंग्रेज़ी काउंटी क्रिकेट में वॉर्विकशायर के साथ सफलता मिली। जब 1977-1978 में क्लाइव लॉयड ने इस्तीफा दे दिया तब उन्हें वेस्टइंडीज का कप्तान नियुक्त किया गया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b3ed14f4", "title": "एल्विन कालीचरण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b3ed14f4.json"}}
{"text": "कुल मिलाकर एल्विन ने 66 टेस्ट मैच खेलं जिसमें उन्होंने 12 शतक और 44.43 औसत से 4,399 रन बनाए। 31 एक दिवसीय अंतर्राष्ट्रीय में उन्होनें 826 रन 34.41 की औसत से बनाए। प्रथम श्रेणी क्रिकेट के 505 मैचों में उनकी 32,650 रन 87 शतक लगाकर बनाए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b3ed14f4", "title": "एल्विन कालीचरण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b3ed14f4.json"}}
{"text": "नीमी ता उतरौन भारत के उत्तर प्रदेश राज्य के इलाहाबाद जिले के हंडिया प्रखण्ड में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_db9a384f", "title": "नीमी ता उतरौन गाँव, हंडिया (इलाहाबाद)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_db9a384f.json"}}
{"text": "दिम्म, अदिलाबादु मण्डल में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के अदिलाबादु जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_77ce84f5", "title": "दिम्म, अदिलाबादु मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_77ce84f5.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_77ce84f5", "title": "दिम्म, अदिलाबादु मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_77ce84f5.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_77ce84f5", "title": "दिम्म, अदिलाबादु मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_77ce84f5.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर दिम्म, अदिलाबादु मण्डल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_77ce84f5", "title": "दिम्म, अदिलाबादु मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_77ce84f5.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_77ce84f5", "title": "दिम्म, अदिलाबादु मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_77ce84f5.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_77ce84f5", "title": "दिम्म, अदिलाबादु मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_77ce84f5.json"}}
{"text": "प्रायापिज़्म (प्राचीन यूनानी: πριαπισμός, अंग्रेजी: Priapism), एक संभावित रूप से हानिकारक और अति पीड़ाजनक चिकित्सा अवस्था है जिसके अंतर्गत एक स्तंभित शिश्न या भगशेफ, किसी शारीरिक या मनोवैज्ञानिक या फिर दोनो प्रकार के उत्प्रेरण की अनुपस्थिति के बावजूद, स्तंभन के चार घंटे के दौरान वापस अपनी शिथिलावस्था प्राप्त नहीं करते। प्रायापिज़्म दो प्रकार के होते हैं, निम्न-प्रवाह और उच्च-प्रवाह और दोनो के लिए अलग अलग उपचार है। प्रायापिज़्म एक आपातकालीन चिकित्सा अवस्था है और इसका किसी योग्य चिकित्सक से तत्काल और उचित उपचार होना चाहिए। शीघ्र उपचार कार्यात्मक स्वास्थ्य लाभ के लिए आवश्यक है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_10fc4af4", "title": "प्रायापिज़्म", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_10fc4af4.json"}}
{"text": "प्रायापिज़्म का नाम यूनानी देवता प्रायापस, के नाम पर पड़ा है जो अपने अति विशाल और स्थायी स्तंभन के लिए विख्यात था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_10fc4af4", "title": "प्रायापिज़्म", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_10fc4af4.json"}}
{"text": "भारतीय पॉप संगीत, जिसे  भारतीय-पॉप  के रूप में भी जाना जाता है', आई-पॉप ,  भारत में निर्मित पॉप फ़िल्मी से भारतीय सिनेमा के लिए साउंडट्रैक, जैसे बॉलीवुड का संगीत, जो अधिक लोकप्रिय है  ।  भारतीय पॉप को बॉलीवुड,  दक्षिण भारतीय सिनेमा (टॉलीवुड और कॉलीवुड) और एशियाई भूमिगत के दृश्य यूनाइटेड किंगडम से निकटता से जोड़ा गया है।  विभिन्न देशों के दक्षिण एशियाई संगीत की विविधता को आमतौर पर देसी संगीत के रूप में जाना जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5b9d6af4", "title": "इंडियन पॉप", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AA", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5b9d6af4.json"}}
{"text": "पॉप संगीत दक्षिण एशियाई क्षेत्र में पार्श्व गायक अहमद रुश्दी के गीत ‘'को कोइ कोरिना को १ ९ ६६ में बनाया गया था।1966 और तब से भारत, बांग्लादेश, और हाल ही में श्रीलंका, और नेपाल को उनके संबंधित पॉप संस्कृतियों में एक अग्रणी प्रभाव के रूप में अपनाया गया है।  रुश्दी की सफलता के बाद, ईसाई धर्म में ईसाई जैज़ में बैंड की शुरुआत गिग (संगीत प्रदर्शन) [रात में विभिन्न क्लबों और होटल लॉबी में  हैदराबाद,मुंबई, दिल्ली, कोलकाता, ढाका और लाहौर।  वे आमतौर पर या तो प्रसिद्ध अमेरिकी जैज़ हिट गाते हैं या रुश्दी के गीतों को कवर करते हैं रुश्दी के गाने हिट या कवर।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5b9d6af4", "title": "इंडियन पॉप", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AA", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5b9d6af4.json"}}
{"text": "पॉप संगीत ने भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप में १ ९ पॉपुलैरिटी  के दशक की शुरुआत में पाकिस्तानी गायकों नाज़िया हसन और  ज़ोहैब के साथ एक शानदार जोड़ी बनाई, जिसके रिकॉर्ड भारतीय बिद्दू, 60 मिलियन प्रतियों के रूप में बेचा गया. बिदु ने खुद पहले पश्चिमी दुनिया में सफलता हासिल की थी, जहाँ वह 1970 के दशक की शुरुआत में सबसे सफल डिस्को निर्माताओं में से एक था, जैसे कि बेहद लोकप्रिय \"कुंग फू फाइटिंग (\"  1974).", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5b9d6af4", "title": "इंडियन पॉप", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AA", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5b9d6af4.json"}}
{"text": "इंडिपॉप  शब्द का पहली बार उपयोग  ब्रिटिश-इंडियन फ्यूजन बैंड  मॉनसून में 1981 में स्टीव कोए के  इंडिपेंडस रिकॉर्ड्स  पर हुआ।.  चरणजीत सिंह 's' 'सिंथेसाइजिंग: डिस्को बीट के लिए दस रागों' '(1982) ने  एसिड घर का संगीत की आवाज़ का अनुमान लगाया था। १ ९ ,० के दशक के उत्तरार्ध के दृश्य रॉलैंड टीआर -१० ड्रम मशीन, टीबी -३०३ बास सिंथेसाइज़र का उपयोग करते हुए शैली के उभार से पहले , और बृहस्पति -8 सिंथेसाइज़र.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5b9d6af4", "title": "इंडियन पॉप", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AA", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5b9d6af4.json"}}
{"text": "2000 के दशक के उत्तरार्ध में, इंडि-पॉप संगीत ने फिल्मी संगीत से बढ़ती प्रतिस्पर्धा का सामना किया।  प्रमुख पॉप गायक ने एल्बम जारी करना बंद कर दिया और फिल्मों के लिए गाना शुरू कर दिया।  हाल ही में, भारतीय पॉप ने पिछले भारतीय फिल्म के गानों के \"रीमिक्स आईएनजी\" के साथ एक दिलचस्प मोड़ लिया है, उनके लिए नए बीट्स जोड़े जा रहे हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5b9d6af4", "title": "इंडियन पॉप", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AA", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5b9d6af4.json"}}
{"text": "शोबॉक्स एक भारतीय हिंदी संगीत चैनल है जिसका स्वामित्व आईएन 10 मीडिया नेटवर्क के पास है। यह फ्री टू एयर चैनल है। यह चैनल बॉलीवुड, पंजाबी और हरियाणवी गाने दिखाता है। डीडी फ्री डिश चैनल नंबर 7 पर उपलब्ध है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c488ac92", "title": "शो बॉक्स", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c488ac92.json"}}
{"text": "चकवी बीट दे वखरा स्वग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c488ac92", "title": "शो बॉक्स", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c488ac92.json"}}
{"text": "सिरौला खैर, अलीगढ़, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6316f403", "title": "सिरौला गाँव, खैर (अलीगढ़)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6316f403.json"}}
{"text": "पशुबलि वह अनुष्ठान है जिसमें किसी पशु की हत्या करके उसे किसी देवता आदि को चढ़ाया जाता है। पशुबलि प्रायः किसी  धार्मिक अनुष्ठान का अंग होता है और किसी देवता को प्रसन्न करने के ध्येय से किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8f72e699", "title": "पशुबलि", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8f72e699.json"}}
{"text": "अनुष्ठान वध पर प्रतिबंध", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8f72e699", "title": "पशुबलि", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8f72e699.json"}}
{"text": "लिंगापूर , कडें मण्डल में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के अदिलाबादु जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5e2196ad", "title": "लिंगापूर, कडें मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5e2196ad.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5e2196ad", "title": "लिंगापूर, कडें मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5e2196ad.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5e2196ad", "title": "लिंगापूर, कडें मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5e2196ad.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर लिंगापूर, कडें मण्डल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5e2196ad", "title": "लिंगापूर, कडें मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5e2196ad.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5e2196ad", "title": "लिंगापूर, कडें मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5e2196ad.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5e2196ad", "title": "लिंगापूर, कडें मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5e2196ad.json"}}
{"text": "कठुड-सितौं०२, पौडी तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के पौड़ी जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5ba9efc1", "title": "कठुड-सितौं०२, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%82%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5ba9efc1.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5ba9efc1", "title": "कठुड-सितौं०२, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%82%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5ba9efc1.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5ba9efc1", "title": "कठुड-सितौं०२, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%82%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5ba9efc1.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5ba9efc1", "title": "कठुड-सितौं०२, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%82%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5ba9efc1.json"}}
{"text": "सोनापूर , काशीपेट मण्डल में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के अदिलाबादु जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_63f29071", "title": "सोनापूर, काशीपेट मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_63f29071.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_63f29071", "title": "सोनापूर, काशीपेट मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_63f29071.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_63f29071", "title": "सोनापूर, काशीपेट मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_63f29071.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर सोनापूर, काशीपेट मण्डल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_63f29071", "title": "सोनापूर, काशीपेट मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_63f29071.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_63f29071", "title": "सोनापूर, काशीपेट मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_63f29071.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_63f29071", "title": "सोनापूर, काशीपेट मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_63f29071.json"}}
{"text": "पाकिस्तान की राष्ट्रीय भाषा उर्दू है। जो कि हिन्दी का ही व्याकरण उपयोग करती है। भारत और पाकिस्तान में भाषीय और संस्कृतिक समानताओं के कारण पाकिस्तान में हिन्दी का बहुत प्रभाव देखने को मिलता है। स्वतन्त्रता के पूर्व वर्तमान पाकिस्तानी क्षेत्रों में हिन्दी का बड़ी तेजी से विकास हो रहा था। किन्तु स्वतन्त्रता के बाद पाकिस्तान सरकार की एक सोची-समझी नीति के अन्तर्गत पूरे देश में हिन्दी के अध्ययन-अध्यापन पर रोक लगा दी गई। वर्तमान में पाकिस्तान के बहुत ही कम संस्थानों में हिन्दी पढ़ाई जाती है। यह बात समझ से परे है कि पाकिस्तान के निर्माण के साथ ही हिन्दी को समाप्त करने के लिए चले अभियान पर अभी तक गहराई से अध्ययन क्यों नहीं हुआ ? पाकिस्तान में भाषा को लेकर सरकारी नीति प्रारम्भ से ही बहुत तर्कहीन रही है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_92a05491", "title": "पाकिस्तान में हिन्दी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_92a05491.json"}}
{"text": "भारत के विभाजन के पहले पंजाब में हिन्दी बहुत लोकप्रिय थी। यशपाल, भीष्म साहनी, कृष्णा सोबती, देवेंद्र सत्यार्थी, उपेंद्रनाथ अश्क, नरेंद्र कोहली समेत हिन्दी के दर्जनों लेखक विभाजन से पहले मौजूदा पाकिस्तान के पंजाब प्रान्त के विद्यालयों-महाविद्यालयों में हिन्दी सीख चुके थे या उन्होंने अपना रचनाकर्म प्रारम्भ कर दिया था। लाहौर में 1947 तक कई हिन्दी प्रकाशन सक्रिय थे, जिनमें राजपाल एण्ड सन्स विशेष था। हिन्दी के प्रसार-प्रचार के लिए कई संस्थाएँ प्रतिबद्धता के साथ जुटी हुई थीं, जिनमें धर्मपुरा स्थित हिन्दी प्रचारिणी सभा के योगदान को भुलाया नहीं जा सकता। किन्तु 15 अगस्त, 1947 को पाकिस्तान के विश्व के मानचित्र में आते ही हिन्दी 'शत्रुओं की भाषा' हो गयी। हिन्दी के प्रकाशन बन्द हो गये।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_92a05491", "title": "पाकिस्तान में हिन्दी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_92a05491.json"}}
{"text": "निःसन्देह तब पंजाब में उर्दू और पंजाबी का वर्चस्व था किन्तु हिन्दी ने अपने लिए स्थान बनाया हुआ था। लाहौर से आर्य गजट, प्रकाश तथा अमर भारत नाम से हिन्दी के समाचार पत्र प्रकाशित हो रहे थे, जिनकी प्रसार संख्या हजारों में थी। विभाजन के बाद वहाँ के विद्यालयों एवं महाविद्यालयों में हिन्दी की कक्षाएँ लगनी समाप्त हो गईं, जबकि लाहौर के सरकारी महाविद्यालयों, फोरमैन क्रिश्चियन कॉलेज, खालसा कॉलेज, दयाल सिंह कॉलेज, डीएवी आदि में हिन्दी की स्नातकोत्तर स्तर तक की पढ़ाई की व्यवस्था थी। पंजाब के ही रावलपिण्डी में डीएवी तथा गॉर्डन कॉलेज में भी हिन्दी पढ़ी-पढ़ाई जा रही थी। वहाँ रहकर ही बलराज साहनी, भीष्म साहनी तथा आनन्द बख्शी ने हिन्दी जानी-समझी थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_92a05491", "title": "पाकिस्तान में हिन्दी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_92a05491.json"}}
{"text": "सिन्ध की राजधानी कराची, बलूचिस्तान और पाकिस्तान के शेष भागों में भी हिन्दी पढ़ी-लिखी जा रही थी। कराची विश्वविद्यालय का हिन्दी विभाग भी बहुत समृद्ध हुआ करता था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_92a05491", "title": "पाकिस्तान में हिन्दी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_92a05491.json"}}
{"text": "हिन्दी प्रचारिणी सभा पंजाब के बड़े नगरों जैसे लाहौर, सरगोधा, और रावलपिण्डी में नियमित रूप से हिन्दी भाषा में वाद-विवाद प्रतियोगिता आयोजित करती थी। राष्ट्रभाषा प्रचार समिति (वर्धा), सिन्ध में हिन्दी प्रचार का कार्य कर रही थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_92a05491", "title": "पाकिस्तान में हिन्दी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_92a05491.json"}}
{"text": "हिन्दी फिल्मों और भारतीय टीवी धारावाहिकों के चलते हिन्दी के दर्जनों शब्द आम पाकिस्तानी की आम बोलचाल चाल में शामिल हो गये हैं। उनकी जुबान में अब जन्मतिथि, भूमि, विवाद, अटूट, विश्वास, आशीर्वाद, चर्चा, पत्नी, शान्ति जैसे शब्द सुने जा सकते हैं। इसका एक कारण यह है कि खाड़ी देशों में लाखों भारतीय-पाकिस्तानी एक साथ काम कर रहे हैं। दुबई, अबूधावी, रियाद, शारजहाँ जैसे शहरों में हजारों पाकिस्तानी भारतीय कारोबारियों की कम्पनियों, होटलों, रेस्त्राँ आदि में काम कर रहे हैं। इसके चलते वे हिन्दी के अनेक शब्द सीख लेते हैं। भारतीय समाज और संस्कृति को और अधिक गहनता से जानने की इच्छा के कारण भी अनेक पाकिस्तानी इण्टरनेट के माध्यम से हिन्दी सीख रहे हैं। सिन्ध प्रान्त और उसकी राजधानी कराची में हिन्दुओं की ठीक-ठाक संख्या है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_92a05491", "title": "पाकिस्तान में हिन्दी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_92a05491.json"}}
{"text": "हालाँकि पाकिस्तान के हिन्दुओं की मातृभाषा हिन्दी नहीं है और वहाँ हिन्दी अध्यापन की व्यवस्था भी नहीं है। इसके बावजूद हिन्दी से उनका भावनात्मक जुड़ाव है और खासकर मध्यवर्गीय हिन्दू तो हिन्दी सीखते ही हैं। उनमें अपने धर्मग्रन्थों को हिन्दी में पढ़ने की लालसा रहती है। सिन्ध और कराची में रहने वाले हिन्दू सिन्धी के माध्यम से हिन्दी का अध्ययन कर रहे हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_92a05491", "title": "पाकिस्तान में हिन्दी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_92a05491.json"}}
{"text": "पिछले कुछ वर्षों से इस्लामाबाद स्थित  नेशनल यूनिवर्सिटी ऑफ़ मॉडर्न लैंग्वेज  (एन॰यू॰एम॰एल॰) में हिन्दी की कक्षाएँ प्रारम्भ हुई हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_92a05491", "title": "पाकिस्तान में हिन्दी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_92a05491.json"}}
{"text": "वहाँ हिन्दी में डिप्लोमा कोर्स से लेकर पीएच॰डी॰ तक करने की सुविधा है और इसके लिए कुल पाँच प्राध्यापक हैं। पर उसमें गिनती के ही छात्र दाखिला लेते हैं। स्पष्ट है कि पाकिस्तान में हिन्दी के प्रति छिटपुट कोशिशें चाहे हों, पर वहाँ हिन्दी अब पहले वाली स्थिति में तो नहीं आ सकती।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_92a05491", "title": "पाकिस्तान में हिन्दी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_92a05491.json"}}
{"text": "बॉलीवुड फ़िल्मों और भारती टीवी धारावाहिकों के कारण पाकिस्तान में हिन्दी का बहुत प्रभाव है। कई हिन्दी शब्द पाकिस्तान की आम बोल-चाल में शामिल हो गए हैं जैसे कि \"विश्वास\", आशीर्वाद, चर्चा, पत्नी, शान्ति और इसके अलावा कई और शब्द शामिल हैं। कई विशेषज्ञ इसको वैश्वीकरण की एक उदाहरण मानते हैं, जबकि कुछ का कहना है के यह एक सांस्कृतिक आक्रमण है या फिर हिन्दी-उर्दू विवाद को फिर से प्रारम्भ करने का प्रयास है। पाकिस्तानी लोगों के अनुसार हिन्दी सीखने से उन्हें हिन्दी मीडिया देखने का अवसर मिलता है और इसके साथ ही वह भारत में चल रही सरगर्मियों के बारे में जान लेते हैं। कुछ पहली पीढ़ी के लोग, जो स्वतन्त्रता के उपरान्त पाकिस्तान में गए थे, वे भी हिन्दी जानते हैं। ब्रिटिश भारत में भी मौजूदा पाकिस्तान के क्षेत्र में हिन्दी बोली जाती थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_92a05491", "title": "पाकिस्तान में हिन्दी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_92a05491.json"}}
{"text": "लाहौर में वाघा बॉर्डर क्रॉसिंग पर, भारतीय यात्रियों की सुविधा के लिए साइनबोर्ड में उर्दू / शाहमुखी और अंग्रेजी के साथ हिन्दी चिह्न होते हैं। पाकिस्तान प्रसारण निगम एक हिन्दी रेडियो सेवा संचालित करता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_92a05491", "title": "पाकिस्तान में हिन्दी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_92a05491.json"}}
{"text": "पश्चिम दिल्ली जिला दिल्ली का जिला है। इसमें आने वाले उपमंडल हैं:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4b708596", "title": "पश्चिम दिल्ली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4b708596.json"}}
{"text": "बॊज्जिरॆड्डिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के अनंतपुर जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_70144a49", "title": "बॊज्जिरॆड्डिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_70144a49.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_70144a49", "title": "बॊज्जिरॆड्डिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_70144a49.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_70144a49", "title": "बॊज्जिरॆड्डिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_70144a49.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर बॊज्जिरॆड्डिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_70144a49", "title": "बॊज्जिरॆड्डिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_70144a49.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_70144a49", "title": "बॊज्जिरॆड्डिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_70144a49.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_70144a49", "title": "बॊज्जिरॆड्डिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_70144a49.json"}}
{"text": "गडकोट तल्ला भारतीय राज्य उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के अल्मोड़ा जिले की सल्ट तहसील का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_73bbf751", "title": "गडकोट तल्ला, सल्ट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_73bbf751.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_73bbf751", "title": "गडकोट तल्ला, सल्ट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_73bbf751.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_73bbf751", "title": "गडकोट तल्ला, सल्ट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_73bbf751.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_73bbf751", "title": "गडकोट तल्ला, सल्ट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_73bbf751.json"}}
{"text": "ताल्लपल्ली (Thallapalle) भारत के तेलंगाना राज्य के मंचेरियल ज़िले में स्थित एक नगर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dd9d8d53", "title": "ताल्लपल्ली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dd9d8d53.json"}}
{"text": "किसी स्रोत से (जैसे, किसी गैलेक्सी या किसी तारे से) आने वाला प्रकाश जब विरूपित होकर एक वलय (रिंग) के रूप में दिखता है जिसे आइन्स्टाइन वलय (Einstein ring या  Einstein–Chwolson ring या Chwolson ring) कहते हैं।  ऐसा तब होता है जब स्रोत से निकला प्रकाश किसी अति-द्रव्यमान वाले आकाशीय पिण्ड से होकर गुजरता है जैसे दूसरी गैलेक्सी या कृष्ण विवर (ब्लैक होल)। इस अति-द्रव्यमान वाले पिण्ड के कारण एक प्रकार की गुरुत्वीय लेंसिंग हो जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_feee3124", "title": "आइन्स्टाइन वलय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_feee3124.json"}}
{"text": "गुरुत्वाकर्षण लेंसिंग की भविष्यवाणी अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन के सामान्य आपेक्षिकता के सिद्धान्त द्वारा की गई है। एक सीधी रेखा में यात्रा करने वाले स्रोत से प्रकाश के बदले (तीन विमाओं में) यह एक विशाल पिण्ड की उपस्थिति से मुड़ा हुआ है, जो अन्तरिक्ष काल को विकृत करता है। आइंस्टीन वलय गुरुत्वाकर्षण लेंसिंग का एक विशेष उदाहरण है, जो स्रोत, लेंस तथा पर्यवेक्षक के सटीक संरेखण के कारण होता है। इसके परिणामस्वरूप लेंस के चारों ओर समरूपता होती है, जिससे एक वलय जैसी संरचना होती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_feee3124", "title": "आइन्स्टाइन वलय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_feee3124.json"}}
{"text": "कनारिस आइंस्टीन रिंग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_feee3124", "title": "आइन्स्टाइन वलय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_feee3124.json"}}
{"text": "कलौडी, कांडा तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के बागेश्वर जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b8a87dae", "title": "कलौडी, कांडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b8a87dae.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b8a87dae", "title": "कलौडी, कांडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b8a87dae.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b8a87dae", "title": "कलौडी, कांडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b8a87dae.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b8a87dae", "title": "कलौडी, कांडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b8a87dae.json"}}
{"text": "मनमर्ज़ियाँ स्टार प्लस पर प्रसारित होने वाला एक धारावाहिक है। यह 13 अप्रैल 2015 से सोमवार से शुक्रवार रात को देता है। इसके निर्माता सिद्धार्थ कुमार तिवारी और निर्देशक पुष्कर महाबल हैं। इसका निर्माण स्वस्तिक निर्माण कंपनी ने किया है। इसके मुख्य किरदार में मोनिका सेहगल हैं, जो इस धारावाहिक में राधिका नामक एक लड़की का किरदार निभा रहीं हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2c57ad", "title": "मनमर्ज़ियाँ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2c57ad.json"}}
{"text": "यह कहानी एक सामान्य परिवार में रहने वाली राधिका (मोनिका सेहगल) की है। वहीं राधिका की सहेली समाइरा का मुंबई हुआ रहता है और वह राधिका से बिलकुल अलग स्वभाव की रहती है। लेकिन वह जब राधिका से मिलती है तो उसके कला से वह बहुत प्रभावित होती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2c57ad", "title": "मनमर्ज़ियाँ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2c57ad.json"}}
{"text": "मोनिका सेहगल - राधिका मिश्रा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2c57ad", "title": "मनमर्ज़ियाँ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2c57ad.json"}}
{"text": "कश्मीरा ईरानी - समाइरा खन्ना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2c57ad", "title": "मनमर्ज़ियाँ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2c57ad.json"}}
{"text": "प्रियंका चाँद - बोननी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2c57ad", "title": "मनमर्ज़ियाँ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2c57ad.json"}}
{"text": "साधना शर्मा - प्रिया, अर्जुन की बहन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2c57ad", "title": "मनमर्ज़ियाँ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2c57ad.json"}}
{"text": "मोहन कपूर - समाइरा के पिता", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2c57ad", "title": "मनमर्ज़ियाँ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2c57ad.json"}}
{"text": "शाइज़ा कश्यप - कृतिका", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dc2c57ad", "title": "मनमर्ज़ियाँ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dc2c57ad.json"}}
{"text": "गम्हरिया मिलिक में भारत के बिहार राज्य के अन्तर्गत पुर्णिया मण्डल के अररिया जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2c8ac84f", "title": "गम्हरिया मिलिक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2c8ac84f.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2c8ac84f", "title": "गम्हरिया मिलिक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2c8ac84f.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2c8ac84f", "title": "गम्हरिया मिलिक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2c8ac84f.json"}}
{"text": "एक ही रास्ता 1977 में बनी हिन्दी भाषा की फिल्म है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1c15eaa2", "title": "एक ही रास्ता (1977 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_(1977_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1c15eaa2.json"}}
{"text": "आशा सचदेव - अभिनेत्री", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1c15eaa2", "title": "एक ही रास्ता (1977 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_(1977_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1c15eaa2.json"}}
{"text": "एक ही रास्ता  इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1c15eaa2", "title": "एक ही रास्ता (1977 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_(1977_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1c15eaa2.json"}}
{"text": "सरकार 2005 में राम गोपाल वर्मा द्वारा निर्देशित की गई एक चलचित्र थी।.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0bc0c264", "title": "सरकार (2005 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_(2005_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0bc0c264.json"}}
{"text": "अनुपम खेर - मोतीलाल खुराना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0bc0c264", "title": "सरकार (2005 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_(2005_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0bc0c264.json"}}
{"text": "सत्तेनपल्ले (Sattenapalle) भारत के आन्ध्र प्रदेश राज्य के गुन्टूर ज़िले में स्थित एक शहर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_892c776f", "title": "सत्तेनपल्ले", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_892c776f.json"}}
{"text": "सत्तेनपल्ले रेलवे स्टेशन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_892c776f", "title": "सत्तेनपल्ले", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_892c776f.json"}}
{"text": "वजली-अस०३, पौडी तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के पौड़ी जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c438b6fd", "title": "वजली-अस०३, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c438b6fd.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c438b6fd", "title": "वजली-अस०३, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c438b6fd.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c438b6fd", "title": "वजली-अस०३, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c438b6fd.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c438b6fd", "title": "वजली-अस०३, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c438b6fd.json"}}
{"text": "गैरखेत, कपकोट तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के बागेश्वर जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bc05afbb", "title": "गैरखेत, कपकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bc05afbb.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bc05afbb", "title": "गैरखेत, कपकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bc05afbb.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bc05afbb", "title": "गैरखेत, कपकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bc05afbb.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bc05afbb", "title": "गैरखेत, कपकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bc05afbb.json"}}
{"text": "विजेन्द्र सिंह बैनीवाल एक भारतीय पेशेवर मुक्केबाज़ है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_74d13051", "title": "विजेन्द्र सिंह", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_74d13051.json"}}
{"text": "२० अगस्त के दिन कार्लोस गोंगोरा के विरुद्ध कांस्य पदक के लिए प्रदर्शन करते हुए विजेंदर ने बड़ी ही सधी शुरुआत करते हुए ईक्वाडोर के मुक्केबाज़ कार्लोस गोंगोरा को 9-4 से हरा दिया। पहले राउंड में विजेंदर ने सधी हुई मुक्केबाज़ी करते हुए दो अंक जुटाए। दूसरे चक्र में भी वो रुक रुक कर मुक्के लगाते रहे और चार अंक जुटा लिए। तीसरे राउंड में गोंगोरा काफी थके हुए दिखे जिसका फ़ायदा विजेंदर ने उठाया और गोंगोरा को हराने में सफलता प्राप्त की। गोंगोरा को मामूली मुक्केबाज़ नहीं हैं, वे चार बार यूरोपीय चैंपियन रहे हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_74d13051", "title": "विजेन्द्र सिंह", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_74d13051.json"}}
{"text": "लेकिन सेमीफाइनल में वह उजबेकिस्तान के अब्बोस अतोयेफ के हाथों 3-7 से पराजित हो गए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_74d13051", "title": "विजेन्द्र सिंह", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_74d13051.json"}}
{"text": "मिडल वेट सेमीफाइनल मुकाबले में हार कर भी विजेंदर ने भारत के लिए इतिहास रच दिया है। पहले राउंड में विजेंदर 1-0 से आगे थे लेकिन पूर्व लाइट हेवीवेट विश्व चैपियन अतोयेफ ने शानदार वापसी करते हुए अगले चक्र में पांच अंक जीते, दूसरे चक्र की समाप्ति पर स्कोर हो गया 5-1 तीसरे और आखिरी चक्र में दोनों मुक्केबाज 2-2 से बराबर रहे लेकिन तीसरे चक्र की टक्कर विजेंदर को मैच जीताने में कामयाब साबित नहीं हुई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_74d13051", "title": "विजेन्द्र सिंह", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_74d13051.json"}}
{"text": "विजेन्द्र सिंह ने वर्ष 2004 के एथेंस ओलम्पिक में सर्वप्रथम भाग लिया, किन्तु वह वेल्टर वेट वर्ग में तुर्की के मुस्तफ़ा कारागोलेयू से 20-25 से पराजित हो गये।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_74d13051", "title": "विजेन्द्र सिंह", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_74d13051.json"}}
{"text": "राष्ट्रमण्डल खेल वर्ष 2006 में इंग्लैंण्ड के नील पिरकिन्स को सेमीफ़ाइनल में पराजित कर फ़ाइनल में प्रवेश किया, किन्तु दक्षिण अफ़्रीका के बोनगानी मविलासी से पराजित हो गए और कांस्य पदक ही जीत सके।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_74d13051", "title": "विजेन्द्र सिंह", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_74d13051.json"}}
{"text": "दोहा ओलम्पिक खेल वर्ष 2006 में मुक्केबाज़ी मिडिल वेट वर्ग में कज़ाकिस्तान के बख़्तियार अरतायेव से सेमीफ़ाइनल में 24-29 से पराजित होकर कांस्य पदक जीत सके।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_74d13051", "title": "विजेन्द्र सिंह", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_74d13051.json"}}
{"text": "पेशेवर मुक्केबाज़ी रिकॉर्ड", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_74d13051", "title": "विजेन्द्र सिंह", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_74d13051.json"}}
{"text": "विजेन्द्र सिंह 2019 में भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस में सम्मलित हो गये। दिल्ली से लोकसभा चुनाव हारे थे। 3 अप्रैल 2024 को कांग्रेस छोड़कर भारतीय जनता पार्टी में सम्मिलित हो गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_74d13051", "title": "विजेन्द्र सिंह", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_74d13051.json"}}
{"text": "डॉली की डोली एक भारतीय बॉलीवुड फ़िल्म है, जिसका निर्देशन अभिषेक डोगरा ने किया है। इस फ़िल्म का निर्माण अरबाज़ ख़ान ने किया है। इस फ़िल्म में मुख्य किरदार में सोनम कपूर, पुलकित सम्राट, राजकुमार राव और वरुण शर्मा हैं। यह फ़िल्म 23 जनवरी 2015 में प्रदर्शित होगी।2", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3248d974", "title": "डॉली की डोली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3248d974.json"}}
{"text": "यह कहानी एक डॉली नामक लड़की की है, जो लड़कों के साथ झूठी शादी कर उन्हे लूट लेती है। वह पहले उन लोगों से मिलती है और उन्हे अपने जाल में फँसाती है। इसके पश्चात वह शादी करती है और अपने शादी के पहली रात को ही वह सारे गहने और पैसे लेकर भाग जाती है। इस लूट को रोकने के लिए निरीक्षक रॉबिन सिंह (पुलकित सम्राट) को भेजा गया और वह उस गिरोह को पकड़ने में सफल भी हो जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3248d974", "title": "डॉली की डोली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3248d974.json"}}
{"text": "पुलकित सम्राट (रॉबिन सिंह)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3248d974", "title": "डॉली की डोली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3248d974.json"}}
{"text": "राजकुमार राव (सोनू सारवत)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3248d974", "title": "डॉली की डोली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3248d974.json"}}
{"text": "वरुण शर्मा (मनोज सिंह चड्डा)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3248d974", "title": "डॉली की डोली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3248d974.json"}}
{"text": "सैफ अली खान (विशेष उपस्थिती)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3248d974", "title": "डॉली की डोली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3248d974.json"}}
{"text": "मलाइका अरोड़ा खान (विशेष उपस्थिती)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3248d974", "title": "डॉली की डोली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3248d974.json"}}
{"text": "गुलफाम खान (सोनू की माँ)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3248d974", "title": "डॉली की डोली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3248d974.json"}}
{"text": "सभी साजिद-वाजिद द्वारा संगीतबद्ध।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3248d974", "title": "डॉली की डोली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3248d974.json"}}
{"text": "कस्तूरी पटनायक ओडिसी नृत्य की एक कलाकार है, जो भारत के आठ शास्त्रीय नृत्य में से एक है। वह ओडिसी अनुसंधान केंद्र, भुवनेश्वर से जुड़ी हुई है, जो विशेष रूप से दो दशकों से अपने छात्रों को कोरियोग्राफी और प्रशिक्षण सिखाता है। वह ओडिसी अनुसंधान केंद्र के पहले बैच से पास होने वाली छात्राओं में से एक थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9ff7cd1c", "title": "कस्तूरी पटनायक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9ff7cd1c.json"}}
{"text": "कस्तूरी पट्टनायक एक कलाकार, संगीतकार, शिक्षक और ओडिसी के कोरियोग्राफर हैं। वह ओडिसी नृत्य के एक वरिष्ठतम प्रतिपादक के रूप में अच्छी तरह से प्रशंसित हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9ff7cd1c", "title": "कस्तूरी पटनायक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9ff7cd1c.json"}}
{"text": "वह दोनों एकल कलाकार और समूह कलाकार हैं, जो ओडिसी नृत्य नाटक पर ध्यान केंद्रित कर रहे हैं, जो ओडिशा की शास्त्रीय और लोक परंपराओं, भारतीय पौराणिक कथाओं, और ऐतिहासिक और सामाजिक मुद्दों को मिश्रित करता है। पटनायक ने बचपन में ओडिसी नृत्य सीखना शुरू किया, साथ ही कथक नृत्य भी किया। उन्होंने भुवनेश्वर में  ओडिसी अनुसंधान केंद्र (ORC) में अध्ययन किया। उनके प्रशिक्षकों में स्वर्गीय गुरु रघुनाथ दत्ता, स्वर्गीय पद्मविभूषण गुरु केलुचरण महापात्र, पद्मश्री कुमकुम मोहंती, स्वर्गीय पद्मश्री गंगाधर प्रधान, गुरु रमानी रंजन जेना और स्वर्गीय गुरु दयानिधि दास शामिल थे। उन्होंने हांगकांग, रूस, इंडोनेशिया, थाईलैंड, सिंगापुर और उत्तर कोरिया का दौरा करने और सिखाने के लिए पूरे एशिया की यात्रा की है। पटनायक ने देश और विदेश में कई छात्रों को प्रशिक्षित किया है, जिनमें से कुछ गुरु बन गए। ओडिसी अनुसंधान केंद्र में उनके कार्यकाल के बाद वह दिल्ली में संकल्प में कार्यक्रम निदेशक बनीं। वहां वह शिक्षा, अनुसंधान और नीति रणनीतियों में शामिल थी। उन्होंने आदिवासी और लोक कलाओं को संरक्षित करने का काम किया जो विलुप्त होने के करीब हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9ff7cd1c", "title": "कस्तूरी पटनायक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9ff7cd1c.json"}}
{"text": "उन्होंने वंचित बच्चों और महिलाओं के लिए शिक्षा को बढ़ावा दिया। पटनाइक ने उड़िया फिल्मों और राष्ट्रीय दूरदर्शन चैनल धारावाहिक जैसे \"देवदासी\" में भूमिकाएं निभाई हैं। वह केंद्रीय फिल्म प्रमाणन बोर्ड (CBFC) और संस्कृति मंत्रालय के लिए समितियों की सदस्य थीं; वह अब प्रदर्शन कला पर मंत्रालय की विशेषज्ञ समिति में हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9ff7cd1c", "title": "कस्तूरी पटनायक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9ff7cd1c.json"}}
{"text": "उपलब्धियां और योगदान", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9ff7cd1c", "title": "कस्तूरी पटनायक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9ff7cd1c.json"}}
{"text": "संस्कृति के लिए कार्यक्रम निदेशक के रूप में, पट्टनायक सांस्कृतिक और प्राकृतिक विरासत को बढ़ावा देता है। उन्होंने नौ पल्लव बनाए हैं:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9ff7cd1c", "title": "कस्तूरी पटनायक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9ff7cd1c.json"}}
{"text": "शुरुआती के लिए शंकरवन -1", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9ff7cd1c", "title": "कस्तूरी पटनायक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9ff7cd1c.json"}}
{"text": "नृत्य नाटकों में शामिल हैं:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9ff7cd1c", "title": "कस्तूरी पटनायक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9ff7cd1c.json"}}
{"text": "हिरन कृष्णसरा (कृष्णासरा मृग)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9ff7cd1c", "title": "कस्तूरी पटनायक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9ff7cd1c.json"}}
{"text": "1997 में कटक, उड़ीसा में \"राजेंद्र प्रसाद स्मृति संस्कार\" से राजेंद्र प्रसाद पुरस्कार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9ff7cd1c", "title": "कस्तूरी पटनायक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9ff7cd1c.json"}}
{"text": "उड़ीसा के पुरी में विष्णुप्रिया स्मृति सम्मान से ओडिसी नृत्य में उत्कृष्ट अभिनय के लिए \"अभिनंदनिका - 1999\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9ff7cd1c", "title": "कस्तूरी पटनायक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9ff7cd1c.json"}}
{"text": "1987 में राज्य से छात्रवृत्ति और 2000 में मानव संसाधन विकास मंत्रालय से", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9ff7cd1c", "title": "कस्तूरी पटनायक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9ff7cd1c.json"}}
{"text": "उदयन संस्कृत अनुष्ठान, 2003 से \"देवदासी सम्मान\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9ff7cd1c", "title": "कस्तूरी पटनायक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9ff7cd1c.json"}}
{"text": "2002 के लिए केंद्रीय फिल्म प्रमाणन बोर्ड की चोटें", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9ff7cd1c", "title": "कस्तूरी पटनायक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9ff7cd1c.json"}}
{"text": "1999 में आंध्र प्रदेश के कुचिपुड़ी जिले में कुचिपुड़ी नाट्यकला मंडली से सम्मानित", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9ff7cd1c", "title": "कस्तूरी पटनायक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9ff7cd1c.json"}}
{"text": "माहि पुरस्कार -2015, आदि गुरु पंकज चरण दास द्वारा स्थापित", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9ff7cd1c", "title": "कस्तूरी पटनायक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9ff7cd1c.json"}}
{"text": "रेब्बेन , भीमिनि मण्डल में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के अदिलाबादु जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4557f81e", "title": "रेब्बेन, भीमिनि मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4557f81e.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4557f81e", "title": "रेब्बेन, भीमिनि मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4557f81e.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4557f81e", "title": "रेब्बेन, भीमिनि मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4557f81e.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर रेब्बेन, भीमिनि मण्डल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4557f81e", "title": "रेब्बेन, भीमिनि मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4557f81e.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4557f81e", "title": "रेब्बेन, भीमिनि मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4557f81e.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4557f81e", "title": "रेब्बेन, भीमिनि मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4557f81e.json"}}
{"text": "पडिकॊंडलपालॆं (कृष्णा) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के कृष्णा जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3d842cc1", "title": "पडिकॊंडलपालॆं (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3d842cc1.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3d842cc1", "title": "पडिकॊंडलपालॆं (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3d842cc1.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3d842cc1", "title": "पडिकॊंडलपालॆं (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3d842cc1.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर पडिकॊंडलपालॆं (कृष्णा)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3d842cc1", "title": "पडिकॊंडलपालॆं (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3d842cc1.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3d842cc1", "title": "पडिकॊंडलपालॆं (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3d842cc1.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3d842cc1", "title": "पडिकॊंडलपालॆं (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3d842cc1.json"}}
{"text": "बेलुंसिंगवरं (कर्नूलु) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के कर्नूलु जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_df6c0a16", "title": "बेलुंसिंगवरं (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_df6c0a16.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_df6c0a16", "title": "बेलुंसिंगवरं (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_df6c0a16.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_df6c0a16", "title": "बेलुंसिंगवरं (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_df6c0a16.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर बेलुंसिंगवरं (कर्नूलु)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_df6c0a16", "title": "बेलुंसिंगवरं (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_df6c0a16.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_df6c0a16", "title": "बेलुंसिंगवरं (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_df6c0a16.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_df6c0a16", "title": "बेलुंसिंगवरं (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_df6c0a16.json"}}
{"text": "नौणा, थराली तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के चमोली जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_abe6ca28", "title": "नौणा, थराली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_abe6ca28.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_abe6ca28", "title": "नौणा, थराली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_abe6ca28.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_abe6ca28", "title": "नौणा, थराली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_abe6ca28.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_abe6ca28", "title": "नौणा, थराली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_abe6ca28.json"}}
{"text": "क्वैरालीचक पनुवानौला भारतीय राज्य उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के अल्मोड़ा जिले की भनोली तहसील का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8c57561e", "title": "क्वैरालीचक पनुवानौला, भनोली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8c57561e.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8c57561e", "title": "क्वैरालीचक पनुवानौला, भनोली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8c57561e.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8c57561e", "title": "क्वैरालीचक पनुवानौला, भनोली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8c57561e.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8c57561e", "title": "क्वैरालीचक पनुवानौला, भनोली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8c57561e.json"}}
{"text": "न्यू इंग्लैंड (अंग्रेज़ी: New England) संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका का एक भौगोलिक क्षेत्र है जिसमें पूर्वोत्तर संयुक्त राज्य के छह राज्य शामिल हैं: मेन, वरमॉण्ट, न्यू हैम्पशायर, मैसाचुसेट्स, रोड आइलैंड और कनेक्टिकट। यह न्यूयॉर्क से पश्चिम और दक्षिण में सीमा रखता है और कनाडाई प्रान्तों न्यू ब्रंसविक और क्यूबेक से क्रमशः उत्तर-पूर्व और उत्तर में। मैसाचुसेट्स की राजधानी बोस्टन, न्यू इंग्लैंड का सबसे बड़ा शहर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_15ebb35c", "title": "न्यू इंग्लैंड", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_15ebb35c.json"}}
{"text": "1620 में पहले अंग्रेज लोग मैसाचुसेट्स में बसना शुरू हुए थे। 18वीं शताब्दी के अंत में, न्यू इंग्लैंड कॉलोनियों के राजनीतिक नेताओं ने नए कर लागू करने के ब्रिटेन के प्रयासों के प्रति प्रतिरोध शुरू किया। इस टकराव ने 1775 में अमेरिकी क्रांतिकारी युद्ध की पहली लड़ाई और वसंत 1776 में इस क्षेत्र से ब्रिटिश अधिकारियों के निष्कासन का नेतृत्व किया। संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में गुलामी को खत्म करने के लिए इस क्षेत्र ने आंदोलन में प्रमुख भूमिका निभाई। यह अमेरिका का पहला क्षेत्र भी था जिसमें औद्योगिक क्रांति का बदलाव हुआ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_15ebb35c", "title": "न्यू इंग्लैंड", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_15ebb35c.json"}}
{"text": "न्यू इंग्लैंड की भौगोलिक भूगोल विविध है। दक्षिणपूर्व न्यू इंग्लैंड संकीर्ण तटीय मैदान है, जबकि पश्चिमी और उत्तरी क्षेत्रों में एपलाशियन पर्वतमाला के उत्तरी छोर के चोटियों का प्रभुत्व है। 2010 में, न्यू इंग्लैंड की आबादी 1,44,44,865 थी। मैसाचुसेट्स सबसे अधिक आबादी वाला राज्य है, जबकि वरमोंट कम से कम आबादी वाले राज्य है। श्वेत अमेरिकी कुल जनसंख्या के 83.4% हैं। अंग्रेज़ी घर पर बोली जाने वाली सबसे आम भाषा है। 81.3% निवासी घर पर केवल अंग्रेज़ी ही बोलते हैं। 2015 तक, न्यू इंग्लैंड की जीडीपी 953.9 अरब डॉलर थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_15ebb35c", "title": "न्यू इंग्लैंड", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_15ebb35c.json"}}
{"text": "भटनिया में भारत के बिहार राज्य के अन्तर्गत पुर्णिया मण्डल के अररिया जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fa2ddf3a", "title": "भटनिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fa2ddf3a.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fa2ddf3a", "title": "भटनिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fa2ddf3a.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fa2ddf3a", "title": "भटनिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fa2ddf3a.json"}}
{"text": "मुहम्मद हिदायतुल्लाह (17 दिसम्बर 1905 - 18 सितंबर 1992) भारत के पहले मुस्लिम मुख्य न्यायाधीश थे।ये मध्यप्रदेश के प्रथम न्यायधीश भी रहे तथा उन्होंने दो अवसरों पर भारत के राष्ट्रपति के रूप में भी कार्यभार संभाला था।इसके साथ ही वो एक पूरे कार्यकाल के लिए भारत के छठे उपराष्ट्रपति भी रहे। नया रायपुर में स्थित हिदायतुल्लाह राष्ट्रीय विधि विश्वविद्यालय का नाम उनके नाम पर रखा गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5b324221", "title": "मुहम्मद हिदायतुल्लाह", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5b324221.json"}}
{"text": "अन्तोन पाव्लविच चेख़व (रूसी: Антон Павлович Чехов; IPA: [ɐnˈton ˈpavɫəvʲɪtɕ ˈtɕɛxəf], 29 जनवरी,1860 -15 जुलाई,1904) रूसी कथाकार और नाटककार थे। अपने छोटे से साहित्यिक जीवन में उन्होंने रूसी भाषा को चार कालजयी नाटक दिए जबकि उनकी कहानियाँ विश्व के समीक्षकों और आलोचकों में बहुत सम्मान के साथ सराही जाती हैं। चेखव अपने साहित्यिक जीवन के दिनों में ज़्यादातर चिकित्सक के व्यवसाय में लगे रहे। वे कहा करते थे कि चिकित्सा मेरी धर्मपत्नी है और साहित्य प्रेमिका।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d137aebe", "title": "आंतोन चेखव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d137aebe.json"}}
{"text": "उनका जन्म दक्षिण रूस के तगानरोग में 29 जनवरी 1860 में एक दूकानदार के परिवार में हुआ। 1868 से 1879 तक चेखव ने हाई स्कूल की शिक्षा ली। 1879 से 1884 तक चेखव ने मॉस्को के मेडिकल काॅलेज में शिक्षा पूरी की और डाक्टरी करने लगे। 1880 में चेखव ने अपनी पहली कहानी प्रकाशित की और 1884 में इनका प्रथम कहानीसंग्रह निकला। 1886 में 'रंगबिरंगी कहानियाँ' नामक संग्रह प्रकाशित हुआ और 1887 में पहला नाटक 'इवानव'। 1890 में चेखव ने सखालिन द्वीप की यात्रा की जहाँ इन्होंने देशनिर्वासित लोगों की कष्टमय जीवनी का अध्ययन किया। इस यात्रा के फलस्वरूप 'सखालिन द्वीप' नामक पुस्तक लिखी। 1892 से 1899 तक चेखव मॉस्को के कनटिवर्ती ग्राम 'मेलिखोवो' में रहे थे। इन वर्षों में अकाल के समय चेखव ने किसानों की सहायता का आयोजन किया और हैजे के प्रकोप के समय सक्रिय रूप से डाक्टरी करते रहे। 1899 में चेखव बीमार पड़े जिससे वे क्रिम (क्राइमिया) के यालता नगर में बस गए। वहाँ चेखव का गोर्की से परिचय हुआ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d137aebe", "title": "आंतोन चेखव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d137aebe.json"}}
{"text": "1902 में चेखव को 'सम्मानित अकदमीशियन' की उपाधि मिली; लेकिन जब 1902 में रूसी जार निकोलस द्वितीय ने गोर्की को इसी प्रकार की उपाधि देने के फैसले को रद्द कर दिया तब चेखव ने अपना विरोध प्रकट करने के लिये अपनी इस उच्च उपाधि का परित्याग कर दिया। 1901 में चेखव ने विनप्पेर नामक अभिनेत्री से विवाह किया। इनकी पत्नी उस प्रगतिशील थियेटर की अभिनेत्री थी जहाँ चेखव के अनेक नाटकों का मंचन किया गया था। 1904 में चेखव के नाटक 'चेरी के पेड़ों का बाग' का प्रथम बार अभिनय हुआ। 1904 के जून में बीमारी (तपेदिक) जोर से फैल जाने के कारण चेखव इलाज के लिए जर्मनी गए। वहीं बादेनवैलर नगर में इनका स्वर्गवास हुआ। चेखव की समाधि मास्को में है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d137aebe", "title": "आंतोन चेखव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d137aebe.json"}}
{"text": "चेखव ने सैकड़ों कहानियाँ लिखीं। इनमें सामाजिक कुरीतियों का व्यांगात्मक चित्रण किया गया है। अपने लघु उपन्यासों 'सुख' (१८८७), 'बाँसुरी' (१८८७) और 'स्टेप' (१८८८) में मातृभूमि और जनता के लिए सुख के विषय मुख्य हैं। 'तीन बहनें' (१९००) नाटक में सामाजिक परिवर्तनों की आवश्यकता की झलक मिलती है। 'किसान' (१८९७) लघु उपन्यास में जार कालीन रूस के गाँवों की दु:खप्रद कहानी प्रस्तुत की गई थी। अपने सभी नाटकों में चेखव ने साधारण लोगों की मामूली जिंदगी का सजीव वर्णन किया है। चेखव का प्रभाव अनेक रूसी लेखकों, बुनिन, कुप्रिन, गोर्की आदि पर पड़ा। यूरोप, एशिया और अमेरीका के लेखक भी चेखव से प्रभावित हुए। भाारतीय लेखक चेखव की कृतियाँ उच्च कोटि की समझते हैं। प्रेमचंद के मत से 'चेखव संसार के सर्वश्रेठ कहानी लेखक' हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d137aebe", "title": "आंतोन चेखव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d137aebe.json"}}
{"text": "आजकल भी चेखव के सभी नाटकों का रूस के अनेक थियेटरों में प्रदर्शन किया जाता है। चेखव की कहानियों के आधार पर अनेक चलचित्र बनाए गए हैं, जैसे 'कुत्तेवाली महिला', 'भालू', 'दूल्हन', 'स्वीडिश दियासलाई'। सोवियम संघ में १९१८ से १९५६ तक चेखव की कृतियाँ ७१ भाषाओं में प्रकाशित हुई थीं। इन सभी पुस्तकों की संख्या ४९ लाख है। चेखव के निवासस्थानों पर मॉस्को, यालता, तागनरोग और मेलिखेव में चेखव म्यूजियम खुले हैं। भारम में चेखव की अनेक कहानियाँ और नाटक बहुत सी भाषाओं में प्रकाशित हुए हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d137aebe", "title": "आंतोन चेखव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d137aebe.json"}}
{"text": "मेलिखोव : चेखव का तपोवन;", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d137aebe", "title": "आंतोन चेखव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d137aebe.json"}}
{"text": "बनारसीदास चतुर्वेदी : 'रूस की साहित्यिक यात्रा', दिल्ली, १९६२।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d137aebe", "title": "आंतोन चेखव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d137aebe.json"}}
{"text": "बेडी तल्ली, गैरसैण तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के चमोली जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_779366c8", "title": "बेडी तल्ली, गैरसैण तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_779366c8.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_779366c8", "title": "बेडी तल्ली, गैरसैण तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_779366c8.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_779366c8", "title": "बेडी तल्ली, गैरसैण तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_779366c8.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_779366c8", "title": "बेडी तल्ली, गैरसैण तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_779366c8.json"}}
{"text": "चैनपुर (Chainpur) भारत के बिहार राज्य के सहरसा ज़िले के कहरा प्रखंड  में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eb17687", "title": "चैनपुर, बिहार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eb17687.json"}}
{"text": "डेवाओ शहर या दावाओ शहर, फिलीपींस के सबसे अधिक जनसंख्या वाले शहरों में से एक है। यह भौगोलिक रूप से दावाओ देल सूर प्रान्त में स्थित है और इस प्रांत के तहत फिलीपीन सांख्यिकी प्राधिकरण द्वारा समूहीकृत है। लेकिन यह एक बेहद शहरीकृत शहर है। और इसे राजनीतिक रूप से स्वतंत्र शासित और प्रशासित किया जाता है। शहर का क्षेत्रफल 2,443.61 किमी2 (943.48 वर्ग मील) है, और 2015 की जनगणना के आधार पर 1,632,991 लोगों की आबादी है। इसके अनुसार यह फिलीपींस में तीसरा सबसे अधिक जनसंख्या वाला शहर और मिंडानाओ में सबसे ज्यादा आबादी वाला शहर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dcce82ee", "title": "डेवाओ शहर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dcce82ee.json"}}
{"text": "डेवाओ शहर मनीला से लगभग 588 मील (946 किमी) दुर, दक्षिण-पूर्व की ओर स्थित है, और यहाँ से समुद्र तट कि दुरी 971 किमी है। यह शहर दक्षिण पूर्वी मिंडानाओ में, दावाओ खाड़ी के उत्तर-पश्चिम तट पर सामल द्वीप के सामने स्थित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dcce82ee", "title": "डेवाओ शहर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dcce82ee.json"}}
{"text": "डेवाओ शहर की स्थलाकृति, पश्चिम की ओर पहाड़ी इलाके (मारीलोग जिला) से नीचे कि ओर ढलान लेते हुए दक्षिणी किनारे तक जाती हैं। माउंट आपो, फिलीपींस में सबसे ऊंची चोटी है, जोकि शहर के दक्षिण-पश्चिमी नोक पर स्थित है। माउंट आपो नेशनल पार्क (पर्वत और इसके आस-पास के आसपास के क्षेत्र) का उद्घाटन राष्ट्रपति मैनुअल क्यूज़न (8 मई, 1936 को) के द्वारा आसपास के पर्वत श्रृंखला के वनस्पतियों और जीवों की रक्षा के लिए किया गया था। माउंट आपो कई पक्षी प्रजातियों का घर है, जिनमें से 111 के लिए यह स्थानिय घर हैं। यहाँ दुनिया के सबसे बड़े और गंभीर रूप से लुप्तप्राय फ़िलिपिनी गस्र्ड (ईगल) पाये जाते हैं, जोकि इस देश का राष्ट्रीय पक्षी भी हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dcce82ee", "title": "डेवाओ शहर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dcce82ee.json"}}
{"text": "डेवाओ नदी शहर का प्राथमिक जल आपुर्ति एवं निकासी का स्रोत है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dcce82ee", "title": "डेवाओ शहर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dcce82ee.json"}}
{"text": "डेवाओ में तापमान में थोड़ा मौसमी बदलाव के साथ एक उष्णकटिबंधीय वर्षावन जलवायु है। औसतन मासिक तापमान हमेशा 26 डिग्री सेल्सियस (78.8 डिग्री फारेनहाइट) से ऊपर होता है, और औसत मासिक बारिश 77 मिलीमीटर (3.03 इंच) से अधिक होता है। जिसके कारण शहर में शुष्क मौसम के बिना ही एक उष्णकटिबंधीय जलवायु होता है; जबकि सर्दियों में भी वर्षा होती रहती है। गर्मियों के महीनों में सबसे अधिक वर्षा होती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dcce82ee", "title": "डेवाओ शहर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dcce82ee.json"}}
{"text": "डेवाओ शहर के पैसिफिक रिंग ऑफ फायर के एशियाई हिस्से में मौजूद होने के बावजूद, शहर में कुछ ही भूकंप आए हैं और इनमें से अधिकांश कम तीव्रता के थे। शहर से 40 किलोमीटर दक्षिण पश्चिम पर स्थित माउंट आपो, एक निष्क्रिय ज्वालामुखी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dcce82ee", "title": "डेवाओ शहर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dcce82ee.json"}}
{"text": "2015 की जनगणना के अनुसार, डेवाओ शहर की जनसंख्या 1,632,991 हैं। 2015 में, शहर के केंद्र के रूप में महानगर डेवाओ कि आबादी लगभग 2.5 मिलियन थी, जो इसे फिलीपींस में तीसरा सबसे अधिक जनसंख्या वाले महानगरीय क्षेत्र और मिंडानाओ में सबसे अधिक आबादी वाला शहर बना दिया। 20वीं शताब्दी के दौरान शहर की आबादी में अधिक बढ़ोतरी हुई, जोकि देश के अन्य हिस्सों से आने वाली बड़े पैमाने पर आव्रजन के चलते हुई थी और यह आज भी जारी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dcce82ee", "title": "डेवाओ शहर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dcce82ee.json"}}
{"text": "यहाँ मोरो जातीय समूह में मागुंदनाओंस, मारानाओस, इरानन्स, संगीरेसे और समा-बेजॉस आदि शामिल हैं। यहाँ इंडोनेशियाई, मलेशियाई, कोरियाई, चीनी, जापानी और भारतीय जैसे गैर-फिलिपिनो एशियाई लोग भी एक छोटे समुदाय के रूप में स्थित है। गैर-एशियाई विदेशी जैसे कि अमेरिकी और यूरोपीय भी शहर में मौजूद हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dcce82ee", "title": "डेवाओ शहर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dcce82ee.json"}}
{"text": "डेवाओ शहर की अधिकांश आबादी 80%, रोमन कैथोलिक हैं। शेष दो प्रतिशत आबादी में गैर-ईसाई धर्मों से संबंधित हैं, जिसमें मुख्यतः इस्लाम एवं अन्य सिख धर्म, हिंदू धर्म, बौद्ध धर्म, जीववाद, यहूदी धर्म और गैर-धार्मिक आदि के लोग शामिल हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dcce82ee", "title": "डेवाओ शहर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dcce82ee.json"}}
{"text": "इलेक्ट्रॉन बिन्दु संरचना, वे आरेख हैं जिनमें किसी अणु के परमाणुओं के मध्य आबन्धों एवं एकाकी युग्मों को दर्शाया गया होता है। उन अणुओं की बिन्दु संरचनाएँ बनाई जा सकती है जिनके परमाणु  सहसंयोजकता या उपसहसंयोजकता से जुड़े हों। अमेरिकी रसायनज्ञ गिल्बर्ट न्यूटन ल्यूइस ने परमाणु में संयोजक इलेक्ट्रॉनों के निरूपण हेतु इन सरल संकेतनों को प्रस्तावित किया था। प्रतीक के चारों ओर उपस्थित बिन्द्वों की संख्या परमाणु के संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉनों की संख्या को दर्शाती है। यह संख्या तत्त्व की सामान्य अथवा समूह संयोजकता के परिकलन में सहायता देती है। तत्त्व की समूह संयोजकता या तो बिन्दु संरचना में उपस्थित बिन्द्वों की संख्या के समान होती है या 8 में से बिन्द्वों अथवा संयोजक इलेक्ट्रॉनों की संख्या को घटाकर इसे परिकलित किया जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0d1dfdf", "title": "लूइस संरचना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0d1dfdf.json"}}
{"text": "सरल अण्वों का निरूपण", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0d1dfdf", "title": "लूइस संरचना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0d1dfdf.json"}}
{"text": "इलेक्ट्रॉन बिन्दु संरचनाओं द्वारा सहभाजित इलेक्ट्रॉन युग्मों तथा अष्टक नियम के अनुसार अण्वों एवं आयनों में आबन्धन का चित्रण किया जाता है। यद्यपि यह चित्रण अणु में आबन्धन तथा उसकी प्रकृति को पूर्ण रूप से स्पष्ट नहीं करता, किन्तु इसके आधार पर अणु के विरचन तथा उसके गुणों को पर्याप्त सीमा तक समझने में सहायता मिलती है। अतः अण्वों की इलेक्ट्रॉन बिन्दु संरचनाएँ अत्यन्त उपयोगी होती हैं। इन्हें निम्नलिखित पदों के आधार पर लिखा जा सकता है:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0d1dfdf", "title": "लूइस संरचना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0d1dfdf.json"}}
{"text": "बिन्दु संरचना लिखने हेतु आवश्यक कुल इलेक्ट्रॉनों की संख्या संयुग्मित होने वाले परमाण्वों के संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉनों के योग द्वारा प्राप्त की जाती है। उदाहरणार्थ— CH4, अणु में कुल आठ संयोजक इलेक्ट्रॉन (4 कार्बन परमाणु से तथा 4 हाइड्रोजन के चार परमाण्वों से ) उपलब्ध होते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0d1dfdf", "title": "लूइस संरचना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0d1dfdf.json"}}
{"text": "संयोजक इलेक्ट्रॉनों की कुल संख्या में ऋणायनों हेतु प्रति ऋणावेश एक इलेक्ट्रॉन जोड़ दिया जाता है, जबकि धनायनों हेतु प्रति धनावेश एक इलेक्ट्रॉन घटा दिया जाता है। उदाहरणार्थ— CO3-2 आयन हेतु कार्बन तथा ऑक्सीजन के संयोजक इलेक्ट्रॉनों के योग में दो इलेक्ट्रॉन जोड़ दिए जाते हैं। इस आयन पर उपस्थित दो ऋणावेश यह दर्शाते हैं कि इस आयन में ऋणावेशित परमाण्वों द्वारा दिए गए संयोजक इलेक्ट्रॉनों से दो इलेक्ट्रॉन अधिक हैं। NH4+ आयन पर उपस्थित 1+ आवेश एक इलेक्ट्रॉन की हानि को दर्शाता है। अतः इस आयन हेतु ऋणावेशित परमाण्वों द्वारा दिए गए संयोजक इलेक्ट्रॉनों में से एक इलेक्ट्रॉन घटाया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0d1dfdf", "title": "लूइस संरचना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0d1dfdf.json"}}
{"text": "संयुक्त होने वाले परमाण्वों के रासायनिक प्रतीकों तथा अणु की आधारभूत संरचना अर्थात् कौन से परमाणु किन परमाण्वों के साथ आते हैं इस बात का ज्ञान होने पर परमाण्वों के मध्य सभी इलेक्ट्रॉनों का वितरण आबन्धित सहभागी इलेक्ट्रॉन युग्मों के रूप में तथा सम्पूर्ण आबन्धों की संख्या के सरल हो जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0d1dfdf", "title": "लूइस संरचना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0d1dfdf.json"}}
{"text": "सामान्यतः अणु में न्यूनतम विद्युदृणात्मकता वाला परमाणु केन्द्रीय परमाणु का स्थान पाता है। हाइड्रोजन तथा फ्लोरीन के परमाणु साधारणतः अन्तःस्थ होती हैं। जैसे NF3, तथा CO3-2 क्रमश: नाइट्रोजन तथा कार्बन केन्द्रीय परमाणु के रूप में लिखे जाएँगे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0d1dfdf", "title": "लूइस संरचना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0d1dfdf.json"}}
{"text": "एकल आबन्धों हेतु सहभाजित इलेक्ट्रॉन युग्म लिखने के पश्चात् शेष इलेक्ट्रॉन युग्मों का उपयोग या तो बह्वाबन्धन हेतु किया जाता है या वे एकाकी इलेक्ट्रॉन युग्मों के रूप में रहते हैं। आधारभूत आवश्यकता यह है कि प्रत्येक आबन्धित परमाणु में इलेक्ट्रॉनों का अष्टक पूर्ण हो जाए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0d1dfdf", "title": "लूइस संरचना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0d1dfdf.json"}}
{"text": "इलेक्ट्रॉन बिन्दु संरचनाएँ सामान्यतः अण्वों की वास्तविक आकृति नहीं दर्शाती हैं। बहुपारमाण्विक आयनों में सम्पूर्ण आवेश किसी विशेष परमाणु पर उपस्थित न होकर पूरे आयन पर स्थित होता है। यद्यपि प्रत्येक परमाणु पर औपचारिक आवेश दर्शाया जा सकता है। बहुपारमाण्विक अणु या आयन के किसी परमाणु पर उपस्थित औपचारिक आवेश दर्शाया जा सकता है। बहुपारमाण्विक अणु या आयन के किसी परमाणु पर उपस्थित औपचारिक आवेश को उसके विगलित स्थिति (अर्थात् मुक्त परमाणु अवस्था) में संयोजक इलेक्ट्रॉनों की कुल संख्या तथा बिन्दु संरचना में परमाणु को प्रदत्त इलेक्ट्रॉनों की संख्या के अन्तर के रूप में परिभाषित किया जा सकता है। इसे इस प्रकार अभिव्यक्त किया जाता है-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0d1dfdf", "title": "लूइस संरचना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0d1dfdf.json"}}
{"text": "औपचारिक आवेश = मुक्त परमाणु में संयोजक इलेक्ट्रॉनों की कुल संख्या - (अनाबन्धित (एकाकी युग्म) इलेक्ट्रॉनों की कुल संख्या + आबन्धों की कुल संख्या)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0d1dfdf", "title": "लूइस संरचना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0d1dfdf.json"}}
{"text": "कुछ तत्त्वों के लूइस बिन्दु संरचनाएँ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0d1dfdf", "title": "लूइस संरचना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0d1dfdf.json"}}
{"text": "भर्रा गोगरी, खगड़िया, बिहार स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_263ce0cb", "title": "भर्रा गाँव, गोगरी (खगड़िया)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_263ce0cb.json"}}
{"text": "अक्षता नारायण मूर्ति (जन्म: अप्रैल 1980) एक ब्रिटेन में रहने वाली भारतीय फेशन डिज़ाइनर हैं। यह बहु-राष्ट्रीय आईटी कंपनी इंफोसिस के फाउंडर नारायण मूर्ति और सुधा मूर्ति की बेटी हैं। इनके पास इंफोसिस का 0.93% शेयर है। इनकी निजी संपत्ति ब्रिटिश मीडिया में चर्चा का कारण बनी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3d7db325", "title": "अक्षता मूर्ति", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3d7db325.json"}}
{"text": "2007 में मूर्ति डच क्लीनटेक फर्म टेंड्रिस में इसके मार्केटिंग निदेशक के रूप में शामिल हुईं थीं। इसमें इन्होंने 2 वर्षों तक काम करने के बाद इन्होंने अपना फेशन फर्म की शुरू किया, लेकिन 2012 में इसे बंद कर दिया। 2013 में वैंचर केपिटल फंड कटमरैन वेंचर्स के निदेशक के रूप में जुड़ी। इनके पिता की फ़र्म की लंदन स्थित शाखा की यह अपने पति ऋषि सुनक के साथ सह-संस्थापक बनी। सुनक ने 2015 में रिचमंड के एमपी के रूप में चुनाव लड़ने से पूर्व अपने शेयर अक्षता को भेज दिये थे। अक्षता के पास अपने पिता के फ़र्म के कुल 0.93% शेयर मौजूद है, जिसकी अप्रैल 2022 में कीमत लगभग साढ़े छह लाख करोड़ रुपए होता है। इसके अलावा इनके पास जैमी ओलिवर के रेस्तरा और भारत में वेंडी के कोरो किड्स और डिगमी फिटनेस के शेयर भी हैं। यह डिगमी फिटनेस और सोरोको की निदेशक हैं और अपने भाई रोहन मूर्ति के साथ इसकी फाउंडर भी हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3d7db325", "title": "अक्षता मूर्ति", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3d7db325.json"}}
{"text": "अगस्त 2009 में अक्षता का ऋषि सुनक से विवाह हुआ, जिनसे उनकी मुलाक़ात स्टैनफोर्ड विश्वविद्यालय में एमबीए की पढ़ाई के दौरान हुई थी। इनके अनुष्का और कृष्णा नामक दो बच्चियाँ हैं। यह अपने पति के साथ लंदन के 11 डाउनिंग स्ट्रीट में रहती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3d7db325", "title": "अक्षता मूर्ति", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3d7db325.json"}}
{"text": "अक्षता के पास भारतीय नागरिकता है। अगस्त 2022 में किसी के द्वारा यह रिपोर्ट सामने आई की अक्षता यूनाइटेड किंगडम में गैर-निवासी के रूप में रह रही हैं। जिसके कारण उन्हें ब्रिटेन के से प्राप्त होने वाले कमाई पर इस देश में कोई टैक्स नहीं देना पड़ता है। वे इस तरह रहने के लिए मात्र £30,000 चुकाती हैं। इस रिपोर्ट के सामने आने के बाद अक्षता ने कहा कि वे गैर-निवासी स्थिति को बनाए रखेंगी, लेकिन स्वयंसेवक के रूप में विश्वभर से होने वाली कमाई का टैक्स यूके में चुकाएंगी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3d7db325", "title": "अक्षता मूर्ति", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3d7db325.json"}}
{"text": "सरसौली में भारत के बिहार राज्य के अन्तर्गत मगध मण्डल के औरंगाबाद जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_be1b610b", "title": "सरसौली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_be1b610b.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_be1b610b", "title": "सरसौली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_be1b610b.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_be1b610b", "title": "सरसौली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_be1b610b.json"}}
{"text": "वंडीपेरियार (Vandiperiyar) भारत के केरल राज्य के इडुक्की ज़िले में स्थित एक नगर है। भारत का राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग १८३ए यहाँ से गुज़रता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b3d8ea43", "title": "वंडीपेरियार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b3d8ea43.json"}}
{"text": "बनीपुर भारत के उत्तर प्रदेश राज्य के इलाहाबाद जिले के हंडिया प्रखण्ड में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_489805e4", "title": "बनीपुर गाँव, हंडिया (इलाहाबाद)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_489805e4.json"}}
{"text": "देसाली (Desali) भारत के अरुणाचल प्रदेश राज्य के निचली दिबांग घाटी ज़िले में स्थित एक गाँव है। यह रोइंग के समीप स्थित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f0672120", "title": "देसाली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f0672120.json"}}
{"text": "निचली दिबांग घाटी ज़िला", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f0672120", "title": "देसाली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f0672120.json"}}
{"text": "द लीजेंड ऑफ़ माइकल मिश्रा (अंग्रेजी :The Legend of Michael Mishra) २०१६ की एक भारतीय फ़िल्म है जिसका निर्देशन मनीष झा ने किया है। फ़िल्म अरशद वारसी, अदिति राव हयाद्री तथा बोमन ईरानी मुख्य किरदार है। फ़िल्म ०५ अगस्त २०१६ को सिनेमाघरों में प्रदर्शित हुई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_efdb012e", "title": "द लीजेंड ऑफ़ माइकल मिश्रा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_efdb012e.json"}}
{"text": "अरशद वारसी -माइकल मिश्रा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_efdb012e", "title": "द लीजेंड ऑफ़ माइकल मिश्रा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_efdb012e.json"}}
{"text": "अदिति राव हयाद्री - वर्षा शुक्ला", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_efdb012e", "title": "द लीजेंड ऑफ़ माइकल मिश्रा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_efdb012e.json"}}
{"text": "The Legend of Michael Mishra  इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_efdb012e", "title": "द लीजेंड ऑफ़ माइकल मिश्रा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_efdb012e.json"}}
{"text": "दौला, कपकोट तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के बागेश्वर जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_23c67327", "title": "दौला, कपकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_23c67327.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_23c67327", "title": "दौला, कपकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_23c67327.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_23c67327", "title": "दौला, कपकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_23c67327.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_23c67327", "title": "दौला, कपकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_23c67327.json"}}
{"text": "डाडा ढमढमा, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के चमोली जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_651871ad", "title": "डाडा ढमढमा, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_651871ad.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_651871ad", "title": "डाडा ढमढमा, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_651871ad.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_651871ad", "title": "डाडा ढमढमा, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_651871ad.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_651871ad", "title": "डाडा ढमढमा, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_651871ad.json"}}
{"text": "केरन भारत के जम्मू और कश्मीर राज्य के कुपवाड़ा ज़िले में स्थित एक शहर है, जो ज़िले में तहसील का दर्जा भी रखता है। यह किशनगंगा नदी के किनारे बसा हुआ है और किशनगंगा घाटी में स्थित है। यह नियंत्रण रेखा पर स्थित है और उसके पार पाकिस्तान प्रशासित कश्मीर में भी एक केरन नामक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_049249b1", "title": "केरन, जम्मू और कश्मीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8,_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_049249b1.json"}}
{"text": "लाल गढ़ी खैर, अलीगढ़, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_825b7869", "title": "लाल गढ़ी गाँव, खैर (अलीगढ़)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_825b7869.json"}}
{"text": "सुरखालसुगडा, गंगोलीहाट तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के पिथोरागढ जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b1e8a519", "title": "सुरखालसुगडा, गंगोलीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b1e8a519.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b1e8a519", "title": "सुरखालसुगडा, गंगोलीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b1e8a519.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b1e8a519", "title": "सुरखालसुगडा, गंगोलीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b1e8a519.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b1e8a519", "title": "सुरखालसुगडा, गंगोलीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b1e8a519.json"}}
{"text": "सुमेरा दरियापुर गभाना, अलीगढ़, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0f525c08", "title": "सुमेरा दरियापुर गाँव, गभाना (अलीगढ़)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0f525c08.json"}}
{"text": "लीलापुर (Lilapur) भारत के उत्तर प्रदेश राज्य के प्रतापगढ़ ज़िले में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b03bef76", "title": "लीलापुर, प्रतापगढ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b03bef76.json"}}
{"text": "प्रतापगढ़ ज़िला, उत्तर प्रदेश", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b03bef76", "title": "लीलापुर, प्रतापगढ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b03bef76.json"}}
{"text": "बल्लो के (Ballo Ke) भारत के पंजाब राज्य के बरनाला ज़िले में स्थित एक गाँव है। गाँव के पश्चिमोत्तर से सरहिन्द नहर गुज़रती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a264253d", "title": "बल्लो के", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a264253d.json"}}
{"text": "बनुआ में भारत के बिहार राज्य के अन्तर्गत मगध मण्डल के औरंगाबाद जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3009f0f8", "title": "बनुआ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3009f0f8.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3009f0f8", "title": "बनुआ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3009f0f8.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3009f0f8", "title": "बनुआ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3009f0f8.json"}}
{"text": "मल्केपल्लि, काशीपेट मण्डल में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के अदिलाबादु जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fee1fa93", "title": "मल्केपल्लि, काशीपेट मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fee1fa93.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fee1fa93", "title": "मल्केपल्लि, काशीपेट मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fee1fa93.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fee1fa93", "title": "मल्केपल्लि, काशीपेट मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fee1fa93.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर मल्केपल्लि, काशीपेट मण्डल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fee1fa93", "title": "मल्केपल्लि, काशीपेट मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fee1fa93.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fee1fa93", "title": "मल्केपल्लि, काशीपेट मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fee1fa93.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fee1fa93", "title": "मल्केपल्लि, काशीपेट मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fee1fa93.json"}}
{"text": "उसिया (Usia) भारत के उत्तर प्रदेश राज्य के गाज़ीपुर ज़िले में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ee22c915", "title": "उसिया, गाज़ीपुर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ee22c915.json"}}
{"text": "पारम्परिक रूप से यह गाँव कमसार परगना का भाग है। हिन्दी फ़िल्मों के प्रसिद्ध अभिनेता नज़ीर हुसैन का जन्म उसिया में हुआ था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ee22c915", "title": "उसिया, गाज़ीपुर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ee22c915.json"}}
{"text": "लुड्डन , पाकिस्तान के पंजाब प्रांत के विहाड़ी ज़िले का एक कस्बा  और यूनियन परिषद्  है। यहाँ बोले जाने वाली प्रमुख भाषा पंजाबी  है, जबकि उर्दू प्रायः हर जगह समझी जाती है। साथ ही अंग्रेज़ी भी कई लोगों द्वारा काफ़ी हद तक समझी जाती है। प्रभुख प्रशासनिक भाषाएँ उर्दू और अंग्रेज़ी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_51ce9ab4", "title": "लुड्डन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_51ce9ab4.json"}}
{"text": "पाकिस्तान के यूनियन काउंसिल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_51ce9ab4", "title": "लुड्डन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_51ce9ab4.json"}}
{"text": "पाकिस्तान में स्थानीय प्रशासन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_51ce9ab4", "title": "लुड्डन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_51ce9ab4.json"}}
{"text": "विहाड़ी जिले के यूनियन परिषदों की सूची", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_51ce9ab4", "title": "लुड्डन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_51ce9ab4.json"}}
{"text": "पाकिस्तान ब्यूरो ऑफ़ स्टॅटिस्टिक्स की आधिकारिक वेबसाइट-१९९८ की जनगणना(जिलानुसार आँकड़े)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_51ce9ab4", "title": "लुड्डन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_51ce9ab4.json"}}
{"text": "वेंकूर, कुंटाल मण्डल में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के अदिलाबादु जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3ef97164", "title": "वेंकूर, कुंटाल मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3ef97164.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3ef97164", "title": "वेंकूर, कुंटाल मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3ef97164.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3ef97164", "title": "वेंकूर, कुंटाल मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3ef97164.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर वेंकूर, कुंटाल मण्डल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3ef97164", "title": "वेंकूर, कुंटाल मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3ef97164.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3ef97164", "title": "वेंकूर, कुंटाल मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3ef97164.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3ef97164", "title": "वेंकूर, कुंटाल मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3ef97164.json"}}
{"text": "अनाड़ी 1959 में बनी हिन्दी भाषा की फिल्म है जिसका निर्देशन ऋषिकेश मुखर्जी ने किया। इसमें राज कपूर, नूतन, ललिता पवार और मोतीलाल हैं। संगीत शंकर जयकिशन का है और गीत शैलेन्द्र के साथ-साथ हसरत जयपुरी के थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a23c7cf7", "title": "अनाड़ी (1959 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_(1959_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a23c7cf7.json"}}
{"text": "राज कुमार एक ईमानदार, खूबसूरत और समझदार लड़का है, जो एक पेंटर के रूप में अकेले काम करता है। उसकी कमाई इतनी भी नहीं होती है कि वो घर का किराया भी दे सके। एक दिन उसे रास्ते में पैसों से भरा हुआ किसी का बटुवा दिखता है, वो उसके मालिक, रामनाथ को उसे वापस कर देता है। रामनाथ उसकी ईमानदारी देख कर खुश हो जाता है और अपने कार्यालय में उसे क्लर्क की नौकरी दे देता है। उसकी मुलाक़ात रामनाथ के घर काम करने वाली आशा से होती है और दोनों एक दूसरे को प्यार करने लगते हैं। पर ये सब कुछ तब खत्म हो जाता है, जब उसे पता चलता है कि वो असल में आशा नहीं, बल्कि रामनाथ की भांजी, आरती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a23c7cf7", "title": "अनाड़ी (1959 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_(1959_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a23c7cf7.json"}}
{"text": "अचानक राज की मकान मालकिन की रामनाथ के कंपनी की दवाई खाने के बाद मौत हो जाती है। पुलिस को पता चलता है कि उसकी मौत जहर की वजह से हुई है। सारा शक राज के ऊपर जाता है और पुलिस उसे पूछताछ के लिए गिरफ्तार कर लेती है। अंत में रामनाथ सारी सच्चाई बता देता है और राज बच जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a23c7cf7", "title": "अनाड़ी (1959 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_(1959_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a23c7cf7.json"}}
{"text": "ललिता पवार - श्रीमती एल॰ डी'सा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a23c7cf7", "title": "अनाड़ी (1959 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_(1959_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a23c7cf7.json"}}
{"text": "मोतीलाल - सेठ रामनाथ सोहनलाल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a23c7cf7", "title": "अनाड़ी (1959 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_(1959_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a23c7cf7.json"}}
{"text": "नाना पालसिकर -  पुजारी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a23c7cf7", "title": "अनाड़ी (1959 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_(1959_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a23c7cf7.json"}}
{"text": "सभी शंकर जयकिशन द्वारा संगीतबद्ध।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a23c7cf7", "title": "अनाड़ी (1959 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_(1959_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a23c7cf7.json"}}
{"text": "अनाड़ी  इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a23c7cf7", "title": "अनाड़ी (1959 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_(1959_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a23c7cf7.json"}}
{"text": "चॉपसुई एक कोरियाली व्यंजन है। यह आलू, स्टार्च समर्थक पतली डंडे में चेहरा और तिल से बना मांस और गाजर पालक, मशरूम, प्याज और विभिन्न वनस्पति और यकृत के साथ भुना हुआ होता है। यिसे कोरिया खाद्य कहते हैं। अक्सर हलचल तिल और शीर्ष पर छिड़का गार्निश.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_55b4c8bb", "title": "चॉपसुई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_55b4c8bb.json"}}
{"text": "यह एक मुख्य पकवान के रूप में आदेश दिया जा सकता चॉपसुई काटना, कोरिया में मुख्य रूप से बर्तन पकवान अमीर खा ली की तरह. इसके अलावा, अगर तुम चावल का एक कटोरा और चावल की तरह खाने के चॉपसुई काटना कहा जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_55b4c8bb", "title": "चॉपसुई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_55b4c8bb.json"}}
{"text": "सामग्री (4 सर्विंग्स 1). \"मुख्य संघटक: मांस 100g, लकड़ी कान चेहरा 5, गाजर 1 / 2, प्याज 2 1 /, अंडे 1, एफ (पौधों]) लहरें 2 1 / जड़ें, तेल 3 tablespoons, तिल का तेल 1 बड़ा चमचा, चीनी 1 बड़ा चमचा, लहसुन 3 पृष्ठों, तिल, नमक, सोया", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_55b4c8bb", "title": "चॉपसुई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_55b4c8bb.json"}}
{"text": "सामग्री * 2 \". मांस सॉस - एफ पौधों लहरें 2 1 / जड़ें, लहसुन 2 पृष्ठों, सोया 1 बड़ा चमचा, चीनी 1 / 2] बड़ा चमचा तिल, तिल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_55b4c8bb", "title": "चॉपसुई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_55b4c8bb.json"}}
{"text": "रोराथांग (Rorathang) भारत के सिक्किम राज्य के पूर्व सिक्किम ज़िले में स्थित एक शहर है। यह रंगपो नदी के उत्तरी किनारे पर बसा हुआ है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_83cffa2c", "title": "रोराथांग", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_83cffa2c.json"}}
{"text": "डी. नवीन  तेलुगू भाषा के विख्यात साहित्यकार हैं। इनके द्वारा रचित एक उपन्यास कालरेखलु  के लिये उन्हें सन् 2004 में साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2a7efeb9", "title": "डी. नवीन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80._%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2a7efeb9.json"}}
{"text": "आपराधिक जनजाति अधिनियम अंग्रेज़ सरकार द्वारा जनजातियों पर लगाया गया एक काला कानून था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0b2cbffa", "title": "आपराधिक जनजाति अधिनियम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0b2cbffa.json"}}
{"text": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया आंख के प्राकृतिक लेन्स (मणिभ लेन्स भी कहा जाता है) जिसमें अपारदर्शन विकसित हो गया है तथा जो मोतियाबिंद कहलाता है, उसे शल्यक्रिया द्वारा हटाने की क्रिया है। समय के साथ मणिभ लेन्स तंतुओं के चयापचयी परिवर्तनों के कारण मोतियाबिंद का विकास होता है और पारदर्शिता चली जाती है, जिसके कारण दृष्टि कम या नष्ट हो जाती है। कई मरीजों के प्रथम लक्षण हैं रात्रि में प्रकाश तथा छोटे प्रकाश स्रोतों से तीव्र चमक, प्रकाश के कम स्तर पर गतिविधियों में कमी. मोतियाबिंद शल्य चिकित्सा के दौरान, एक रोगी के धुंधले प्राकृतिक लेन्स को हटा कर उसके स्थान पर एक कृत्रिम लेन्स लगा दिया जाता है ताकि लेन्स की पारदर्शिता को बहाल किया जा सके.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "शल्यक्रिया से प्राकृतिक लेन्स को हटाने के बाद एक कृत्रिम आंतराक्षि लेन्स निवेशित किया जाता है (नेत्र शल्य चिकित्सक इसे \"लेन्स प्रत्यारोपण” कहते हैं). मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया सामान्यतः एक नेत्र रोग विशेषज्ञ (नेत्र सर्जन) द्वारा शल्य चिकित्सा केंद्र या चिकित्सालय में एक चलनक्षम (अंतः रोगी की बजाय) व्यवस्था में स्थानीय निश्चेतना (या तो स्थानिक, परिनेत्रगोलकीय या पश्चनेत्रगोलकीय) का उपयोग करते हुए, आमतौर पर रोगी को बहुत कम या जरा भी कष्ट दिए बिना की जाती है। बहुत कम जटिलता दर के साथ 90% से काफी अधिक शल्यक्रियाएं उपयोगी दृष्टि बहाल करने में सफल रहती हैं। शीघ्र शल्यकर्मोत्तर स्वास्थ्यलाभ के साथ दिन की देखभाल, भारी संख्या, न्यूनतम प्रसार, छोटा चीरा, लेन्स पायसीकरण (फेकोइमल्सीफिकेशन) दुनिया भर में मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया में देखभाल के मानक बन गए हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "वर्तमान में, नेत्ररोग विशेषज्ञों द्वारा किए जाने वाले मोतियाबिंद के शल्यक्रिया द्वारा निष्कर्षण के दो मुख्य प्रकार हैं, लेन्स पायसीकरण (फेको) और पारंपरिक बहिर्सम्पुटीय मोतियाबिंद निष्कर्षण (ईसीसीई (ECCE)) . दोनों प्रकार की शल्यक्रिया में एक आंतराक्षि लेन्स का निवेशन किया जाता है। आमतौर पर फेको विधि में वलनीय लेन्स तथा पारंपरिक ईसीसीई (ECCE) विधि में अवलनीय लेन्स का उपयोग किया जाता है। लेन्स पायसीकरण में एक छोटे आकार का चीरा (2-3 एमएम) लगाया जाता है और टांकारहित घाव बंद किया जाता है। ईसीसीई (ECCE) में एक बड़े चीरे (10-12एमएम) का उपयोग होता है और इसलिए आमतौर पर टांकों की आवश्यकता होती है, हालांकि टांकारहित ईसीसीई (ECCE) भी उपयोग में है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "मोतियाबिंद निष्कर्षण की अंतर्सम्पुटी मोतियाबिंद निष्कर्षण (आईसीसीई (ICCE)) विधि का अब बहुत कम इस्तेमाल होता है, उसका स्थान फेको और ईसीसीई (ECCE) ने ले लिया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "लेन्स पायसीकरण विकसित दुनिया में सर्वाधिक उपयोग की जाने वाली मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया है। हालांकि, एक लेन्स पायसीकरण मशीन और संबद्ध प्रयोज्य उपकरणों की उच्च लागत के कारण ईसीसीई (ECCE) विकासशील देशों में सबसे अधिक अपनाई जाने वाली प्रक्रिया बनी हुई है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "शल्यक्रिया के प्रकार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "बहिर्सम्पुटी मोतियाबिंद निष्कर्षण में लगभग समूचे प्राकृतिक लेन्स को हटाया जाता है जबकि लचीले लेन्स सम्पुट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "(पश्च सम्पुट) को आंतराक्षि लेन्स के प्रत्यारोपण के लिए सुरक्षित छोड़ दिया जाता है। मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया के दो मुख्य प्रकार हैं:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "लेन्स पायसीकरण (फेको) अधिकतर मामलों में सर्वाधिक पसंदीदा विधि है। इसमें एक टाइटेनियम या इस्पात टिप से सुसज्जित पराध्वनिक हैंडपीस वाली मशीन का उपयोग किया जाता है। टिप पराध्वनिक आवृत्ति (40000 हर्ट्ज) पर कंपन करती है और लेन्स सामग्री पायसीकृत हो जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "एक दूसरा छोटा यंत्र (कभी कभी इसे एक पटाखा या छुरा भी कहते हैं) का उपयोग पार्श्व पोर्ट से नाभिक के छोटे-छोटे डुकड़े करने के लिेए किया जा सकता है। छोटे टुकड़ों में विखंडन पायसीकरण के साथ ही वल्कुटीय सामग्री (नाभिक के चारों ओर लेन्स का नरम भाग) के चूषण को आसान बना देता है। लेन्स नाभिक और वल्कुटीय सामग्री का पायसीकरण पूर्ण होने के बाद, एक दोहरी धावन-चूषण (आई-ए (I-A)) एषणी या एक द्विहस्तक आई-ए (I-A) प्रणाली का उपयोग शेष परिधीय वल्कुटीय सामग्री के चूषण हेतु किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "पारंपरिक बहिर्संम्पुटीय मोतियाबिंद निष्कर्षण (ईसीसीई (ECCE)): इसमें नेत्रपटल या श्वेतपटल में एक बड़े चीरे (सामान्यतः 10-12 एमएम) के द्वारा लेन्स का हाथ से प्रकटन किया जाता है। हालांकि इसमें एक बड़े चीरे और टांकों के उपयोग की आवश्यकता होती है, ऐसे रोगियों जिनका मोतियाबिंद बहुत कठोर होता है या अन्य स्थितियों जिनमें पायसीकरण में समस्याएं हों, के लिए पारंपरिक विधि निर्देशित की जा सकती है। सूक्ष्मछेदन मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया की एक तकनीक है जिसके द्वारा एक 1.5 मिलीमीटर या उससे कम के चीरे के माध्यम से मोतियाबिंद तक पहुँचा जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "अंतर्सम्पुटी मोतियाबिंद निष्कर्षण (आईसीसीई (ICCE)) में लेन्स तथा उसके आसपास की लेन्स सम्पुटी को एक साथ हटाना शामिल है। इस प्रक्रिया में बड़े चीरे की आवश्यकता एवं कांच जैसे पिंड पर दबाव पड़ने के कारण जटिलताओं की अपेक्षाकृत उच्च दर रहती है। इसलिए यह बड़े पैमाने पर अधिक्रमित हो चुकी है तथा जिन देशों में शल्यक्रिया सूक्ष्मदर्शी और उच्च-तकनीकी उपकरण आसानी से उपलब्ध हैं, वहां इसका शायद ही कभी उपयोग होता है। लेन्स हटाने के बाद, एक कृत्रिम प्लास्टिक लेन्स (एक आंतराक्षि लेन्स प्रत्यारोपण) सामने के कोष्ठ में रखा जा सकता है या परिखा में सिला जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "शीतनिष्कर्षण आईसीसीई (ICCE) का एक रूप है जिमें तरल नाइट्रोजन जैसे शीतक पदार्थ से लेन्स को जमाया जाता है। इस तकनीक में एक शीतनिष्कर्षक के माध्यम से मोतियाबिंद को निकाला जाता है- एक शीतएषणी जिसकी प्रशीतित टिप लेन्स से चिपक जाती है और उसके तंतुओं को जमा देती है जिससे लेन्स को हटाना आसान हो जाता है। हालांकि इसका इस्तेमाल अब मुख्य रूप से आंशिक संधिभ्रंशित लेन्स को हटाने के लिेए ही किया जाता है, यह 1960 के दशक से 1980 के दशक के आरंभ तक मोतियाबिंद निष्कर्षण की पसंदीदा विधि थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "आंतराक्षि लेन्स प्रत्यारोपण : मोतियाबिंद हटाने के बाद, आमतौर पर या तो एक वलनीय आईओएल (IOL) का उपयोग करते हुए एक छोटा चीरा (1.8 एमएम से 2.8 एमएम) लगाकर, या एक पीएमएमए (PMMA) (पोलीमिथाइलमीथाक्राइलेट) लेन्स का उपयोग करते हुए एक बड़ा चीरा लगा कर आंख में एक आंतराक्षि लेन्स (आईओएल (IOL)) का प्रत्यारोपण किया जाता है। सिलिकॉन या उपयुक्त शक्ति की एक्रिलिक सामग्री से बने वलनीय आईओएल (IOL) का वलयन या तो एक धारक/वलयक के द्वारा या आईओएल (IOL) के साथ आनेवाले ट्रेडमार्क युक्त निवेशन उपकरण के द्वारा किया जाता है। पिछले कोष्ठ के अंदर सम्पुटी थैली में (थैली-में-प्रत्यारोपण) लगे चीरे में से प्रत्यारोपित लेन्स का निवेशन किया जाता है। कभी कभी, पश्च सम्पुटी आंसू या मंडलिका अपोहन की की वजह से एक परिखा आरोपण (सामने या सम्पुटी थैली के शीर्ष पर, लेकिन परितारिका के पीछे) की आवश्यकता हो सकती है। 1 वर्ष से कम उम्र के रोगियों में पश्च-कोष्ठ आईओएल (IOL) (पीसी-आईओएल (PC-IOL)) आरोपण विवादास्पद है क्योंकि इस उम्र में नेत्र संबंधी वृद्धि तेज गति से होती है तथा सूजन अत्यधिक मात्रा में होती है जिसको नियंत्रित करना बहुत मुश्किल होता है। इन रोगियों में आंतराक्षि लेन्स के बिना (एफेकिक) दृष्टि संबंधी सुधार आमतौर पर या तो विशेष संपर्क लेन्स या चश्मे के द्वारा किया जाता है। आईओएल (IOL) के द्वित्तीयक प्रत्यारोपण (एक दूसरे ऑपरेशन के रूप में प्रत्यारोपित लेन्स लगाना) पर बाद में विचार किया जा सकता है। बहुफोकस आंतराक्षि लेन्स का नया डिजाइन अब उपलब्ध हैं। ये लेन्स दूर तथा पास दोनों दूरियों पर स्थित वस्तुओ से आने वाली किरणों का फोकसन करके बहुत कुछ चश्मे के द्विफोकस या त्रिफोकस लेन्स की तरह काम करते हैं। अवास्तविक अपेक्षाओं तथा शल्यकर्मेतर रोगी असंतोष से बचने के लिए शल्यकर्मपूर्व रोगी चयन तथा अच्छा परामर्श अत्यंत आवश्यक है। इन लेन्सों के लिए स्वीकार्यता बेहतर हो गई है और चयनित रोगियों के अध्ययन में अच्छे परिणाम दिखाई दिए हैं। बाजार में उपलब्ध ब्रांड रेस्टोर (आर) (ReSTOR (R)), रिजूम (आर) (Rezoom (R) और टेकनिस एमएफ (आर) (Technis MF (R)) हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "इसके अतिरिक्त, अमेरिकी (US) एफडीए (FDA) द्वारा अनुमोदित और आइयोनिक्स द्वारा निर्मित, अब बॉश एवं लॉम्ब द्वारा निर्मित एक समंजक लेन्स है। क्रिस्टालेन्स (आर) (Crystalens (R)) struts पर है इसे आंख की लेन्स सम्पुटी में प्रत्यारोपित किया जाता है, इसका डिजाइन ऐसा है कि लेन्स की फोकसन मांसपेशियां इसे आगे और पीछे सरकाती हैं, जिससे रोगी को प्राकृतिक फोकसन क्षमता मिलती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "कृत्रिम आंतराक्षि लेन्स का उपयोग आंख के प्राकृतिक लेन्स को बदलने के लिए किया जाता है, जिसे मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया के दौरान हटा दिया जाता है। इन लेन्सों की लोकप्रियता 1960 के बाद से बढ़ती रही है लेकिन यह तब तक नहीं हुआ जब 1981 में इस प्रकार के उत्पादों के लिए पहला एफडीए (FDA) अनुमोदन जारी नहीं कर दिया गया। आंतराक्षि लेन्स के विकास से दृष्टि की दुनिया में एक नवप्रवर्तन हुआ क्योंकि इनके आने से पूर्व रोगियों के प्राकृतिक लेन्स बदले नहीं जाते थे जिसके परिणामस्वरूप उन्हें मोटे-मोटे चश्मे लगाने पड़ते थे या विशेष प्रकार के संस्पर्श लेन्स बगवाने होते थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "आजकल आईओएल (IOLs) रोगियों की विभिन्न दृष्टि समस्याओं के लिए विशेष रूप से डिजाइन किए जा रहे हैं। आ़जकल उपलब्ध आईओएल (IOLs) को मुख्य रूप से एकलफोकस और बहुफोकस लेन्सों में विभाजित किया जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "एकलफोकस आंतराक्षि लेन्स पारंपरिक लेन्स हैं, जो एक दूरी पर ही दृष्टि प्रदान कर सकते हैं: दूर, मध्यवर्ती, या निकट. वे रोगी जो अधिक विकसित प्रकार के लेन्सों की तुलना में इन लेन्सों को चुनते हैं, तो उन्हें पढ़ने या कंप्यूटर पर काम करने के लिेए चश्मा पहनना पड़ता है या संस्पर्श लेन्स लगवाने होते हैं। ये आंतराक्षि लेन्स आमतौर पर गोलाकार होते है और उनकी सतह समान रूप से मुड़ी होती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "बहुफोकस आंतराक्षि लेन्स इस प्रकार के लेन्सों के आधुनिकतम प्रकार हैं। वे अक्सर \"प्रीमियम\" लेन्स के रूप में संदर्भित होते हैं क्योंकि वे बहुफोकस और समंजक होते हैं तथा मरीज को चश्मा पहनने या संस्पर्श लेन्स लगाने की आवश्यकता को समाप्त करते हुए, एकाधिक दूरियों पर वस्तुओं को देखने की सुविधा देते हैं। प्रीमियम आंतराक्षि लेन्स वे लेन्स हैं जिनका उपयोग जरादूरदृष्टि या दृष्टिवैषम्य के सुधार के लिए किया जाता है। प्रीमियम आंतराक्षि लेन्सों को आम तौर पर बीमा कंपनियों द्वारा कवर नहीं किया जाता क्योकि उनके अतिरिक्त लाभों को एक चिकित्सकीय आवश्यकता न मान कर विलासिता माना जाता है। एक समंजक आंतराक्षि लेन्स प्रत्यारोपण का केवल एक फोकस केंद्र होता है, लेकिन यह एक बहुफोकस की भांति कार्य करता है। आंतराक्षि लेन्स को एक चलसंधि के साथ आंख के प्राकृतिक लेन्स की यांत्रिकी के अनुरूप डिजाइन किया गया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "दृष्टिवैषम्य को सुधारने के लिए इस्तेमाल किए जाने वाले आंतराक्षि लेन्स को टॉरिक कहा जाता है और यह एफडीए (FDA) द्वारा 1998 से अनुमोदित है। स्टार सर्जिकल आंतराक्षि लेन्स संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में विकसित इस प्रकार का पहला लेन्स था जो 3.5 डाइऑप्टर तक संशोधन कर सकता था। टॉरिक लेन्स का एक भिन्न मॉडल एलकॉन द्वारा बनाया गया है जो दृष्टिवैषम्य को 3 डाइऑप्टर तक संशोधित कर सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "दोनों आंखों की दृष्टि समस्याओं के संशोधन हेतु मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया की जा सकती है और इन मामलों में आम तौर पर रोगियों को एकलदृष्टि पर विचार करने की सलाह दी जाती है। इस प्रक्रिया में एक आंख में एक आंतराक्षि लेन्स निवेशित किया जाता है जो निकट दृष्टि प्रदान करता है तथा दूसरी आंख का आईओएल (IOL) दूर की दृष्टि प्रदान करता है। हालांकि अधिकांश रोगी दोनों आंखों में एकलफोकस लेन्सों के प्रत्यारोपण को समायोजित कर सकते हैं, जबकि कई लोग समायोजन न कर पाने के कारण निकट व दूर की दोनों धुंधली दृष्टियां अनुभव कर सकते हैं। संशोधित एकलदृष्टि प्राप्त करने के लिए दूर दृष्टि आईओएल (IOLs) को मध्यवर्ती दृष्टि वाले आईओएल (IOL) के साथ मिला देना चाहिए. 2004 में बॉश और लॉम्ब ने पहला अगोली आईओएल (IOL) विकसित किया जो लेन्स के मध्य भाग की तुलना में परिधि के सपाट होने के कारण बेहतर विपर्यास संवेदनशीलता प्रदान करता है। हालांकि, कुछ मोतियाबिंद शल्य चिकित्सक अगोली आईओएल (IOL) के लाभों पर बहस करते है, क्योंकि विपर्यास संवेदनशीलता बड़ी उम्र के रोगियों में अधिक समय तक नहीं रहती.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "नए आरंभ किए गए कुछ आईओएल (IOL) पराबैंगनी और नीले प्रकाश से सुरक्षा प्रदान करते हैं। आँख के मणिभ इन हानिकारक किरणों को छान देते हैं और कई प्रीमियम आईओएल (IOLs) इस कार्य को करने के लिए अच्छी तरह से डिजाइन किए गए हैं। हालांकि कुछ अध्ययनों के अनुसार, इन लेन्सों को दृष्टि की गुणवत्ता में गिरावट के साथ संबद्ध किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "आंतराक्षि लेन्स का एक अन्य प्रकार प्रकाश समायोज्य है जो अभी एफडीए के नैदानिक परीक्षण के दौर से गुजर रहा है। इस विशेष प्रकार के आईओएल (IOL) को आंखों में प्रत्यारोपित किया जाता है और फिर लेन्स की वक्रता में परिवर्तन करने के लिए एक निश्चित तरंग दैर्घ्य के प्रकाश के साथ इसे उपचारित किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "कुछ मामलों में, शल्य चिकित्सक पहले से प्रत्यारोपित लेन्स पर एक अतिरिक्त लेन्स लगाने का विकल्प भी चुन सकते हैं। इस प्रकार की आईओएल (IOL) प्रक्रिया को \"पिगीबैक\" आईओएल (IOL) कहा जाता है और आमतौर पर जब पूर्व लेन्स प्रत्यारोपण के परिणाम इष्टतम नहीं होते है तब इसे एक विकल्प माना जाता है। ऐसे मामलों में, पूर्व में प्रत्यारोपित लेन्स को बदलने की अपेक्षा विद्यमान आईओएल (IOL) लेन्स के ऊपर एक और आईओएल (IOL) लेन्स प्रत्यारोपित करना अधिक सुरक्षित माना जाता है। इस विधि का उपयोग उन रोगियों में भी किया जा सकता है जिन्हें उच्च स्तरीय दृष्टि सुधार की आवश्यकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "सांख्यिकीय रूप से, जब आंखों की देखभाल की बात आती है तो मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया और आईओएल (IOL) प्रत्यारोपण सबसे सुरक्षित और सर्वोच्च सफलता दर वाली शल्यक्रियाएं हैं। शल्य चिकित्सा के किसी भी अन्य प्रकार के अनुरूप इसमें भी कुछ खतरे तो हैं ही. लागत इन लेन्सों का एक और महत्वपूर्ण पहलू है। यद्यपि अधिकांश बीमा कंपनियां आईओएल (IOLs) की पारंपरिक लागत को कवर करती है, प्रीमियम लेन्स जैसे और अधिक उन्नत लेन्स का चुनाव करने वाले रोगियों को कीमतों में अंतर का भुगतान करना पड़ सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "शल्यकर्मपूर्व मूल्यांकन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "मोतियाबिंद की मौजूदगी की पुष्टि करने तथा शल्यक्रिया के लिए मरीज की उपयुक्तता तय करने के लिए एक नेत्र-सर्जन द्वारा नेत्र-परीक्षण और शल्यकर्मपूर्व मूल्यांकन किया जाना आवश्यक है। रोगी को कुछ आवश्यकताएं पूर्ण करनी होंगी जैसे:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "मोतियाबिंद के कारण कम से कम मोटे तौर पर, किस स्तर तक दृष्टि में कमी आई है, इसका मूल्यांकन किया जाना चाहिए. जबकि अन्य दृष्टि-संतर्जक रोगों, जैसे उम्र से जुड़ा चिह्नित अपजनन या कांचबिंदु मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया में बाधा नहीं डालते, हां उनकी उपस्थिति में कम सुधार की उम्मीद की जा सकती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "आंखों पर सामान्य दाब होना चाहिए, या अगर पहले से कांचबिंदु हो तो दवाओं द्वारा उसे पर्याप्त रूप से नियंत्रित किया जाना चाहिए. अनियंत्रित कांचबिंदु के मामले में, एक संयुक्त मोतियाबिंद-कांचबिंदु शल्यक्रिया (फेको-ट्रेबेकुलेक्टोमी) निर्धारित कर क्रियान्वित किया जाना चाहिए.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "आंख में दवा डालकर पुतलियों को पर्याप्त रूप से फैलाया जाना चाहिए, यदि दवाओं से पुतलियों का फैलाव अपर्याप्त हो, तो शल्यक्रिया के दौरान पुतलियों के यांत्रिक फैलाव की प्रक्रिया की आवश्यकता हो सकती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "नेत्रपटलीय वियोजन के रोगियों के लिए पीसी-आईओएल (PC-IOL) प्रत्यारोपण सहित एक संयुक्त नेत्रकाचाभ-नेत्रपटलीय शल्यक्रिया निर्धारित की जानी चाहिए.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "इसके अतिरिक्त, हाल ही में यह दिखाया गया है कि, अभिवर्धित प्रोस्टेट के लिए एक आम दवा टैमसुलोसिन (फ्लोमैक्स) लेने वाले रोगियों में अंतर-शल्यकर्म फ्लॉपी आयरिस सिंड्रोम (आईएफआईएस (IFIS)) विकसित हो सकता है, जिसका पश्च सम्पुटी फटने की एक शल्यक्रियात्मक जटिलता से बचने के लिए, सही-सही प्रबंध बहुत जरूरी है; हालांकि बादके अध्ययनों ने दिखाया है कि यदि शल्य-चिकित्सक को मरीज का इतिहास और पूर्व में दी गई दवाओं की जानकारी देदी जाए तथा उपयुक्त वैकल्पिक तकनीक की तौयारी कर ली जाए, तो खतरा काफी कम हो जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "मोतियाबिंद को हटाने के लिए लेन्स पायसीकरण की शल्य प्रक्रिया में कई चरण शामिल है। वांछित परिणाम प्राप्त करने के लिए हर कदम सावधानी से और कुशलता से क्रियान्वित होना चाहिए. चरणों का वर्णन निम्न प्रकार है:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "पलक वीक्षक के उपयोग से नेत्रगोलक का अनावरण,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "न्यूनतम छेदन (नेत्रपटलीय या श्वेतपटलीय) के माध्यम से आंख में प्रवेश", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "अग्रवर्ती कोष्ट को स्थिर करने और आंख का दबाव बनाएरखने के लिए श्यानप्रत्यास्थ इंजेक्शन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "नाभीय भंजन या संकर्तन (यदि आवश्यकता हो) के बाद पराध्वनिक नाशन या मोतियाबिंद का पायसीकरण, लेन्स के अवशेषों का वल्कुटीय चूषण, सम्पुटी चकासन (यदि आवश्यक हो)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "कृत्रिम आईओएल (IOL) का प्रत्यारोपण", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "आईओएल (IOL) का एंट्रेशन (आमतौर पर तह होने वाले)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "श्यानप्रत्यास्थ निष्कासन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "जख्म बंद करना / जलयोजन (यदि आवश्यक).", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "मोतियाबिंद को अच्छी तरह देखने के लिए दवा की बूंदें डाल कर फैलाया जाता है (यदि आईओएल को परितारिका के पाछे रखा जाना है). पुतली संकुचन दवा की बूंदें परितारिका के सामने आईओएल (IOL) के द्वित्तीयक प्रतायारोपण के लिए सुरक्षित रख दी जाती है (यदि प्राथमिक आईओएल (IOL) के प्रत्यारोपण के बिना ही मोतियाबिंद पहले निकाला जा चुका है). निशचेतना स्थानिक (आंख की दवा की बूंदें) या आंख के आगे (परिनेत्रगोलकीय) अथवा पीछे (पश्चनेत्रगोलकीय) इंजेक्शन द्वारा दी जा सकती है। तनाव को कम करने के लिए मौखिक या अन्तःशिराभ शमन का उपयोग भी किया जा सकता है। सामान्य निश्चेतना की शायद ही कभी आवश्यकता होती है, लेकिन बच्चों और विशेष चिकित्सा या मनोरोग मामलों के वयस्कों के लिए नियोजित की जा सकती है। शल्यक्रिया एक स्ट्रेचर या एक अधलेटी परीक्षण कुर्सी पर हो सकती है। पलकों और आसपास की त्वचा को निस्संक्रामक के साथ फाहे से पोंछा जाएगा. शल्यक्रियाधीन आँख के लिए खुला छिद्र छोड़कर चेहरे को एक कपड़े या चादर से ढक दिया जाता है। शल्यक्रिया के दौरान पलक ना झपकें इसके लिए वीक्षक की सहायता से पलकों को खुला रखा जाता है। आमतौर पर सही ढंग से निश्चेतन आंख में दर्द न्यूनतम होता है, हालांकि एक दबाव की अनुभूति, सूक्ष्मदर्शी के चमकदार प्रकाश के कारण कुछ असुविधा अनुभव होना आम है। निर्जीवाणुकृत लवणयुक्त बूंदें या मिथाइलसेलुलोज आंख की ड्रॉप्स का उपयोग करके आंख की सतह को नम रखा जाता है। आँख के लेन्स में जहां नेत्रपटल और श्वेतपटल मिलते हैं वहां चीरा लगाया जाता है। छोटे चीरे का लाभ यह है कि टांके या तो लगते ही नहीं या बहुत कम लगते हैं तथा ठीक होने में समय कम लगता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "सम्पुटछेदन (शायद ही कभी मूत्राशयछिद्रीकरण रूप में जाना जाता है) लेन्स सम्पुट के एक भाग को मूत्राशयछेदक नामक उपकरण का उपयोग करके खोलने की प्रक्रिया है। अग्रभाग सम्पुटछेदन लेन्स सम्पुट के सामने का भाग खोलने को तथा पश्च सम्पुटछेदन लेन्स सम्पुट का पिछला भाग खोलने को कहते हैं। लेन्स पायसीकरण में, शल्यचिकित्सक अग्रभाग में एक सतत गोलाकार चीरा लगाकर एक गोल चिकना मुख बनाया जाता है जिसमें से लेन्स नाभिक को पायसीकृत किया जाता है और आंतराक्षि लेन्स प्रत्यारोपित किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "मोतियाबिंद हटाने (ईसीसीई (ECCE) या लेन्स पायसीकरण के द्वारा, जैसा कि ऊपर वर्णित है) के बाद, आमतौर पर एक आंतराक्षि लेन्स का निवेशन किया जाता है। आईओएल (IOL) डालने के बाद, शल्यचिकित्सक जांच करता है कि घाव में से तरल पदार्थ रिस तो नहीं रहा है। यह एक बहुत ही महत्वपूर्ण कदम है, क्योंकि घाव से रिसाव अवांछित सूक्ष्मजीवों के आंख तक पहुंच के खतरे को बढ़ा देता है तथा अंतर्नेत्रशोथ का खतरा बढ़ जाता है। एक प्रतिजैविक/स्टेरॉयड संयोजन की बूंदें आंख में डाली जाती हैं और शल्यक्रिया वाली आंख पर कवच लगा दिया जाता है, कभी कभी आंख को एक पर्दे से ढक दिया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "प्रतिजैविक दवाएं शल्यक्रिया-पूर्व, अंतर-शल्यक्रिया और/या शल्यकर्मोत्तर दी जा सकती हैं। अक्सर एक स्थानिक कोर्टिकोस्टेरॉयड स्थानिक प्रतिजैविक के साथ संयोजन में शल्यकर्मोत्तर दिया जाता हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "अधिकतर मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रियाएं स्थानीय निश्चेतक के अधीन की जाती हैं, जिससे रोगी उसी दिन अपने घर जा सकता है। सामान्यतः कुछ घंटों के लिए आंख पर पर्दे का उपयोग करने के लिए कहा जाता है, जिसके बाद मरीज को सूजन रोकने के लिए आंख में डालने की दवा तथा संक्रमण रोकने के लिए प्रतिजैविक का उपयोग शुरू करने के लिए कहा जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "कभी कभी, पुतली अवरोधक कांचबिंदु के खतरे को न्यूनतम करने के लिए एक परिधीय परितारिका-उच्छेदन निष्पादित किया जाता है। परितारिका में से एक छिद्र हाथ से बनाया जा सकता है (शल्य परितारिका-उच्छेदन) या एक लेजर के साथ (जिसे वाईएजी-लेजर परितारिकाछेदन (YAG-laser iridotomy)) कहा जाता है। लेजर परिधीय परितारिकाछेदन मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रियासे पहले या मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया के बाद किया जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "लेजर की बजाय हाथ से किए गए परितारिका उपच्छेदन का छिद्र बड़ा होता है। जब शल्य प्रक्रिया हाथ से की जाती है तो कुछ नकारात्मक पक्षीय प्रभाव, जैसे कि परितारिका का खुला मुख दूसरों के द्वारा देखा जा सकता है (सौंदर्यशास्त्र) और नए छेद के माध्यम से प्रकाश आंख में जा सकता है जिससे कुछ दृष्टि संबंधी गड़बड़ी पैदा हो सकती है। दृष्टि संबंधी गड़बड़ियों के मामले में, आँख और मस्तिष्क अक्सर क्षतिपूर्ति करना सीख जाते हैं और दो महीने बाद गड़बड़ियों को अनदेखा करने लगते हैं। कभी कभी परिधीय परितारिका का छिद्र भर जाता है, जिसका अर्थ है कि अब छिद्र का अस्तित्व ही नीं रहा. इस कारण सर्जन कभी कभी दो छेद बना देते हैं, ताकि कम से कम एक छेद खुला रहे.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "शल्यक्रिया के बाद, रोगी को (आंख की सूजन की स्थिति तथा कुछ अन्य कारकों के आधार पर) शोथरोधी तथा प्रतिजैविक आंख की ड्रॉप्स का दो सप्ताह तक उपयोग करने के लिए कहा जाता है। नेत्र सर्जन, प्रत्येक रोगी के प्रकृतिवैशिष्ट्य के आधार पर निर्णय करेगा कि ड्रॉप्स का उपयोग कब तक करना है। आंख ज्यादातर एक सप्ताह के अंदर ठीक हो जाती है और पूरी तरह से एक महीने के अंदर ठीक हो जानी चाहिए. जब तक नेत्र सर्जन द्वारा ऐसा करने की मंजूरी न दे दी जाए, संपर्क/जोखिम वाले खेलों में भाग नहीं लेना चाहिए.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया के उपरांत जटिलताओं का होना अपेक्षाकृत असामान्य हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "पीवीडी (PVD) - पश्च कांचाभ विलगन सीधे दृष्टि के लिए खतरा नहीं है। फिर भी, यह बढ़ती हुई चिंता की बात है क्योंकि नेत्रनेत्रकाचाभ तथा दृष्टिपटल के बीच अन्योन्यक्रियाएं प्रमुख वैकृत नेत्रकाचाभ-दृष्टिपटल स्थितियों के विकास में एक निर्णायक भूमिका निभा सकती हैं। पीवीडी (PVD) छोटी उम्र के रोगियों के साथ अधिक समस्याजनक हो सकता है क्योंकि 60 से ऊपर के रोगी तो पहले ही पीवीडी (PVD) से गुजर चुके होते हैं। पीवीडी (PVD) के साथ परिधीय प्रकाश-चौंध तथा बढ़ती संख्या में प्लवमान-पिंड भी हो सकते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "कुछ लोगों को एक पश्च सम्पुटी अपारदर्शन (इसे उत्तर-मोतियाबिंद भी कहा जाता है) भी विकसित हो सकता है। मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया के बाद एक संभावित शारीरिक परिवर्तन के रूप में, पश्च सम्पुटी कोशिकाएं अतिवृद्धि तथा कोशिकीय प्रवसन से गुजरती हैं, स्थूलन, अपारदर्शन और पश्च लेन्स सम्पुटी (जिसे मोतियाबिंद हटाते समय आईओएल (IOL) लगाने के लिए छोड़ दिया गया था) के धुंधला होने के रूप में दिखाई देता है। इस से दृश्य तीक्ष्णता प्रभावित हो सकती है, नेत्र रोग विशेषज्ञ एक उपकरण का उपयोग करके इस स्थिति में सुधार कर सकते हैं। इसे एक लेजर उपकरण के उपयोग से मणिभ के पश्च लेन्स सम्पुटी में छोटे-छोटे छिद्र करके सुरक्षित और बिना दर्द के ठीक किया जा सकता है। यह आमतौर पर एक त्वरित बहिरंग रोगी प्रक्रिया है जिसमें एक एनडी-वाईएजी (Nd-YAG) लेजर (नियोडायमियम-इट्रियम-एल्यूमीनियम-गार्नेट) का उपयोग अपारदर्शित पश्च लेन्स सम्पुटी के केंद्रीय भाग को भंग करने और साफ करने के लिए किया जाता है। (पश्च सम्पुटछेदन) इससे दृष्टि की तीक्ष्णता में सुधार के के लिए एक स्पष्ट केंद्रीय दृश्य अक्ष बनता है। बहुत मोटी अपारदर्शी पश्च सम्पुटी में शल्य (हाथ से) सम्पुटछेदन ही की जाने वाली शल्य प्रक्रिया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया के दौरान पश्च सम्पुटी आंसू एक जटिलता हो सकता है। कुशल शल्यचिकितसकों के बीच पश्च सम्पुटी आंसू के मामलों की दर लगभग 2% से 5% है। यह प्राकृतिक लेन्स की एक पश्च सम्पुटी के फटने को दर्शाता है। शल्य प्रबंधन अग्रभाग नेत्रकाचाभ-छेदन को शामिल कर सकता है, कभी-कभी पक्ष्माभिकी परिखा में या अग्रभाग कोष्ठ में (परितारिका के सामने) आंतराक्षि लेन्स प्रत्यारोपित करने की या ऐसा कम ही होता है, श्वेतपटल में सिलने की वैकल्पिक योजना बनाई जा सकती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "नेत्रपटलीय वियोजन मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया की एक असामान्य जटिलता है जो सप्ताहों, महीनों या वर्षों के बाद भी हो सकती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "विषाक्त अग्रभाग खंड सिंड्रोम या टीएएसएस (TASS) एक असंक्रामक सूजन की हालत है जो मोतियाबिंद के बाद हो सकती है। आमतौर पर इसका उपचार उच्च खुराक और बारंबारता में स्थानिक कोर्टिकोस्टेरॉयड के साथ किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "अंतर्नेत्रशोथ आमतौर पर आंतराक्षि शल्यक्रिया या तीक्ष्ण अभिघात के बाद होनेवाला आंतराक्षि ऊतकों का एक गंभीर संक्रमण है। स्पष्ट श्वेतपटल में चीरे को लेकर चिंता यह है कि इससे अंतर्नेत्रशोथ की वृद्धि की संभावना अधिक हो सकती है लेकिन इस संदेह की पुष्टि के लिए कोई निर्णायक अध्ययन नहीं हुआ है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "कांचबिंदु हो सकता है और इसे नियंत्रित कर पाना बहुत कठिन है। यह आमतौर पर सूजन के साथ जुड़ा हुआ है, खास तौर पर जब नाभिक के छोटे टुकड़े या हिस्से नेत्रकाचाभ में पहुँच जाते हैं। कुछ विशेषज्ञों की सलाह है कि यह स्थिति आने पर जल्दी ही हस्तक्षेप करना चाहिए (पश्च भाग प्लाना सम्पुटछेदन). नववाहिकीय कांचबिंदु हो सकता है, विशेष रूप से मधुमेह के रोगियों में. कुछ रोगियों में, आंतराक्षि दबाव इतना अधिक रहता है कि उसके परिणामस्वरूप अंधापन हो सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "सूजन या नेत्रपटल के मध्य भाग में शोफ, जिसे धब्बा (मैक्युला) कहते हैं, के परिणामस्वरूप शल्यक्रिया के कुछ दिनों या सप्ताहों बाद चित्तीदार शोफ हो सकता है। ऐसे अधिकांश मामलों में सफलतापूर्वक इलाज किया जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "अन्य संभावित जटिलताओं में शामिल हैं: कभी-कभी धुंधली दृष्टि से जुड़ी श्वेतपटल की सूजन या शोफ जो अस्थाई या स्थाई हो सकती है (स्यूडोफेकिक बुलूस किरैटोपैथी). आंतराक्षि लेन्स प्रत्यारोपण का विस्थापन या स्थानच्युति शायद ही कभी हो सकती है। पराध्वनिक इकोबायोमीट्री (लंबाई और आवश्यक आंतराक्षि लेन्स शक्ति की माप) में त्रुटि के कारण अनियोजित उच्च अपवर्तक त्रुटि (या तो निकटदृष्टिक या दूरदृष्टिक) हो सकती है। अक्सर मोतियाबिंद हटाने के कुछ दिन या हफ्तों या महीनों बाद नीलवर्णता हो जाती है, जिसमें रोगी को सबकुछ नीले रंग से रंगा हुआ दिखाई देता है। प्लवमान पिंड शल्यक्रिया के बाद सामान्यतः प्रकट होते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "मोतियाबिंद सर्जरी का पहली बार उल्लेख बेबीलोनियन कोड हम्मुराबी 1750 ईसा पूर्व में किया गया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "भारतीय चिकित्सक सुश्रुत को मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया का ज्ञान था (छठी शताब्दी ई.पू.) जिन्होंने अपनी पुस्तक सुश्रुत संहिता में इस का वर्णन किया था। इस पाठ में एक शल्यक्रिया “काउचिंग” का वर्णन है, जिसमें एक मुड़ी हुई सूई का उपयोग लेन्स को दृष्टि क्षेत्र से बाहर, आंख के पिछले भाग में धकेलने के लिए किया जाता था इसके बाद आँख में शुद्ध गर्म घी लगाकर पट्सेटी कर दी जाती थी। सुश्रुत ने इस विधि के साथ सफलता का दावा किया था लेकिन चेताया भी था कि इस प्रक्रिया का उपयोग चरम आवश्यकता होने पर ही किया जाना चाहिए.  चीन में शल्यक्रिया द्वारा मोतियाबिंद को हटाने की विधि भारत से पहुंची थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "पश्चिमी दुनिया में मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया में काम आने वाले कुछ कांस्य उपकरण बेबीलोनिया, मिस्र और यूनान में खुदाई में प्राप्त हुए हैं। पश्चिम में मोतियाबिंद और इसके इलाज के पहले संदर्भ 29ई. में लैटिन विश्वकोष संकलनकर्ता ऑलस कॉर्नेलिअस सेल्सस की पुस्तक डि मेडिसिने में मिलते हैं, जिसमें काउचिंग शल्यक्रिया का भी वर्णन है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "संपूर्ण मध्य युग में काउचिंग का उपयोग होता रहा था और अफ्रीका के कुछ भागों तथा यमन में अभी भी इसका उपयोग होता है। हालांकि, काउचिंग मोतियाबिंद चिकित्सा की एक अप्रभावी तथा खतरनाक विधि है और इसके परिणाम में मरीज अक्सर अंधे या आंशिक दृष्टि के साथ रह जाते हैं। अधिकांश रूप से, यह अब परिसम्पुटछेदन मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया और विशेष रूप से, लेन्स पायसीकरण द्वारा प्रतिस्थापित हो चौकी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "लेन्स को एक खोखले उपकरण के माध्यम से चूषण द्वारा भी हटाया जा सकता है। कांस्य मौखिक चूषण उपकरण पाए गए हैं, संभवतः जिनका उपयोग दूसरी शताब्दी ईस्वी में मोतियाबिंद निष्कर्षण की इस विधि में किया जाता था। इस तरह की एक प्रक्रिया का वर्णन 10वीं शताब्दी के पारसी चिकित्सक मोहम्मद इब्न जकारिया अल-रजी ने किया है, जिन्होंने इसका श्रेय दूसरी शताब्दी के यूनानी चिकित्सक एंटाइलस को दिया. इस प्रक्रिया में \"आंख में एक बड़े चीरे, एक खोखली सूई और फेफड़ों की असाधारण क्षमता वाले एक सहायक की आवश्यकता होती थी”. मोसुल के इराकी नेत्र चिकित्सक अम्मार इब्न अली ने भी 10वीं शताब्दी में लिखी अपनी पुस्तक नेत्र रोग चिकित्सा के विकल्प में किया था। उसने अनेक रोगियों में इसकी सफलता का दावा करते हुए व्यक्ति वृत्त भी प्रस्तुत किए. लेन्स निकालने का लाभ लेन्स के दृष्टि क्षेत्र में पलायन की संभावना को दूर करना है। 14वीं शताब्दी में मिस्र में, नेत्र विशेषज्ञ अल-शाधिली के अनुसार मोतियाबिंद सुई के एक बाद के रूपांतरण में चूषण के लिए एक पेच का उपयोग किया जाता था। यह तथापि, यह स्पष्ट नहीं है, कि इस पद्धति का कितना इस्तेमाल हुआ क्योंकि अबू अल-कासिम अल-जवाहिरी और अल-शाधिली सहित अन्य लेखकों ने इस प्रक्रिया में अनुभव की कमा बताई और दावा किया कि यह अप्रभावी थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "1748 में, जैक डेविअल पहले आधुनिक यूरोपीय चिकित्सक थे जिन्होंने सफलतापूर्वक आँख से मोतियाबिंद निकाला था। 1940 के दशक में हेरोल्ड रिडले ने आंतराक्षि लेन्स के प्रत्यारोपण की अवधारणा प्रस्तुत की जिसके कारण मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया के बाद अधिक कुशल तथा सहज दृश्य पुनर्वास संभव हुआ। वलनीय आंतराक्षि लेन्स के प्रत्यारोपण को अत्याधुनिक विधि माना जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "1967 में, चार्ल्स केलमैन ने बड़े चीरे के बिना मोतियाबिंद को हटाने के लिए मणिभ लेंस के नाभिक के पायसीकरण हेतु पराध्वनि किरणों का उपयोग करने वाली तकनीक लेंस पायसीकरण पेश की. शल्य चिकित्सा की इस नई विधि ने अस्पताल में लंबे समय तक ठहरने की आवश्यकता को कम किया है और शल्य चिकित्सा को चलनक्षम बनाया है। मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया से गुजरने वाले रोगी मुश्किल से ही प्रक्रिया के दौरान दर्द या बेचैनी की शिकायत करते हैं। हालांकि परिकंदीय अवरोध के बजाय, जो स्थानिक निश्चेतना के रोगियों को कुछ परेशानी का अनुभव हो सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "मोतियाबिंद और अपवर्तक शल्यक्रिया की अमेरिकन सोसायटी के सदस्यों के सर्वेक्षण के अनुसार संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में 2004 के दौरान लगभग 28.5 लाख तथा 2005 में 27.9 लाख मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रियाएं की गईं.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "भारत शल्यक्रिया के पुराने तरीकों को सरकारी और गैर सरकारी संगठनों द्वारा प्रायोजित नेत्र शल्यचिकित्सा शिविरों में आंतराक्षि लेन्स प्रत्यारोपण की आधुनिक तकनीक ने प्रतिस्थापित कर दिया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "सबसे कम उम्र के व्यक्ति की शल्यक्रिया 31 अक्टूबर 1995 को उत्तरी अमेरिका में वैंकूवर, ब्रिटिश कोलंबिया, कनाडा में हुई थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "अफ्रीका मोतियाबिंद परियोजना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "फिंगर, स्टेनली (2001). ऑरिजिंस ऑफ़ न्यूरोसाइंस: अ हिस्ट्री ऑफ़ एक्सप्लोरेशन इनटू ब्रेन फंक्शन. अमेरिका: ऑक्सफोर्ड यूनिवर्सिटी प्रेस. ISBN 0-19-514694-8.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "लेड, अर्नी एंड स्वोबोडा, रॉबर्ट (2000). चाइनीज़ मेडिसिन एंड आयुर्वेदा. मोतीलाल बनारसीदास. ISBN 81-208-1472-X.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "Keith P. Thompson (inventor). \"Near Vision Accommodating Intraocular Lens with Adjustable Power\" (PDF). U.S. patent No. 5,607,472. मूल से (PDF) से 7 सितंबर 2006 को पुरालेखित।. अभिगमन तिथि: 2007-02-04.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यचिकित्सा - द न्यूयॉर्क टाइम्स द्वारा स्लाइड शो", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "मोतियाबिंद ऑपरेशन - प्रिस्टीन केयर द्वारा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ffe01d6b", "title": "मोतियाबिंद शल्यक्रिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ffe01d6b.json"}}
{"text": "अंगमेडिला राष्ट्रीय उद्यान श्रीलंका के राष्ट्रीय उद्यानों में से एक है। इस क्षेत्र को 6 जून 2006 को राष्ट्रीय उद्यान के रूप में नामित किया गया था। मूल रूप से अंगमेडिला 12 फरवरी 1988 को घोषित मिननेरिया-गिरीथले अभयारण्य के भीतर एक वन आरक्षित था। उद्यान मुख्य रूप से पराक्रम समुद्र के जलसम्भर की रक्षा के लिए घोषित किया गया है। यह कोलंबो से 225 किलोमीटर दूर स्थित राष्ट्रीय उद्यान है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3db510fc", "title": "अंगमेडिला राष्ट्रीय उद्यान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3db510fc.json"}}
{"text": "उद्यान की वनस्पति मुख्य रूप से शुष्क सदाबहार वन है। डायोस्पायरोस इबेनम जंगल में प्रमुख पौधों की प्रजातियों में से एक है। प्राकृतिक वनस्पतियों में खिरनी, भिर्रा, विटेक्स पिननाटा और करमा आम हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3db510fc", "title": "अंगमेडिला राष्ट्रीय उद्यान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3db510fc.json"}}
{"text": "उद्यान के भीतर श्रीलंकाई हाथी, श्रीलंकाई सांभर हिरण, भैंस, जंगली सूअर और मोर भी हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3db510fc", "title": "अंगमेडिला राष्ट्रीय उद्यान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3db510fc.json"}}
{"text": "सर विलियम \"मार्क\" टली, केबीई (जन्म 1935, कोलकाता, भारत) बीबीसी के नई दिल्ली स्थित ब्यूरो के पूर्व अध्यक्ष थे। जुलाई 1994 में इस्तीफ़े से पूर्व उन्होंने 30 वर्ष की अवधि तक बीबीसी के लिए कार्य किया। उन्होंने 20 वर्ष तक बीबीसी के दिल्ली में स्थित ब्यूरो के अध्यक्ष पद को संभाला। 1994 के बाद से वह नई दिल्ली से एक स्वतंत्र (फ़्रीलैंस) पत्रकार और प्रसारक के रूप में कार्य कर रहे थे। पूर्व में, वह बीबीसी रेऽडियो 4 के साप्ताहिक कार्यक्रम सम्थिंग अंडर्स्टुड के नियमित प्रस्तुतकर्ता थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_21463d1c", "title": "मार्क टली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_21463d1c.json"}}
{"text": "उनका जन्म कोलकाता (पूर्व में कलकत्ता) में 1936 में हुआ और वह एक अमीर अंग्रेज़ अकाउंटंट के पुत्र थे। अपने बचपन के शुरूआती दस साल उन्होंने भारत में ही बिताए, लेकिन उन्हें भारतीय लोगों के साथ मिलने-जुलने की आज़ादी नहीं थी। उसके बाद वह अपनी स्कूली शिक्षा के लिए इंग्लैंड चले गए। उनका शिक्षण ट्वाइफ़र्ड स्कूल, मार्लबोरो कॉलिज तथा ट्रिनिटी हॉऽल, कैंब्रिज में हुआ, जहाँ उन्होंने धर्मशास्त्र का अध्ययन किया। कैंब्रिज के बाद उन्होंने इंग्लैंड के एक चर्च में एक पादरी बनने के बारे में सोचा, लेकिन लिंकन थिय'लॉजिकल कॉलिज में केवल दो सत्रों के बाद इस विचार को त्याग दिया; बाद में उन्होंने स्वीकार किया कि \"एक ईसाई पादरी के रूप में व्यवहार करने के लिए (अपनी) कामुकता पर नियंत्रण\" के बारे में उन्हें संदेह था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_21463d1c", "title": "मार्क टली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_21463d1c.json"}}
{"text": "मार्क टली बीबीसी में 1964 में शामिल हुए और एक भारतीय संवाददाता के रूप में कार्य करने के लिए 1965 में भारत आ गए। अपने कार्यकाल के दौरान उन्होंने दक्षिण एशिया की सभी प्रमुख घटनाओं को कवर किया जिनमें शामिल हैं, भारत-पाकिस्तान संघर्ष, भोपाल गैस त्रासदी, ऑपरेशन ब्लू स्टार (और उसके बाद इंदिरा गाँधी की हत्या तथा सिख विरोधी दंगे), राजीव गाँधी की हत्या एवं बाबरी मस्जिद विध्वंस।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_21463d1c", "title": "मार्क टली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_21463d1c.json"}}
{"text": "टली ने जुलाई 1994 में तत्कालीन महानिदेशक जॉन बिर्ट के साथ बहस के बाद बीबीसी से इस्तीफ़ा दे दिया। उन्होंने बिर्ट पर \"कॉर्प'रेशन को भय द्वारा चलाने\" और \"बीबीसी को घटिया रेऽटिंग तथा हतोत्साहित कर्मचारियों वाली एक अपारदर्शी संस्था\" में तब्दील करने का आरोप लगाया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_21463d1c", "title": "मार्क टली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_21463d1c.json"}}
{"text": "टली को 1985 में ऑफ़िसर ऑव दि ऑर्डर ऑव द ब्रिटिश अंपायर बनाया गया और 1992 में पद्मश्री से सम्मानित किया गया। वर्ष 2002 में उन्हें नाइट की उपाधि से सम्मानित किया गया और 2005 में उन्हें पद्म भूषण सम्मान प्रदान किया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_21463d1c", "title": "मार्क टली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_21463d1c.json"}}
{"text": "टली ने भारत पर आधारित कई पुस्तकें लिखीं, जिनमें शामिल हैं: इंडिया इन स्लो मोशन (सह-लेखक गिलियन राइट), नो फ़ुल स्टॉप्स इन इंडिया, द हार्ट ऑव इंडिया, डिवाइड ऐंड क्विट, लास्ट चिलरिन ऑव द राज, फ़्रॉम राज टू राजीव-40 यिअर्ज़ ऑव इंडियन इंडिपेंडंस, इंडिया-50 यिअर्ज़ ऑव इंडिपेंडंस, इंडिया'ज़ अनेंडिंग जर्नी  तथा अमृतसर: मिसिज़ गाँधी'ज़ लास्ट बैटल। धर्म के क्षेत्र में सर मार्क ने बीबीसी शृंखला के लिए द लाइव्ज़ ऑव जीज़ज़  लिखी और फ़ॉर फ़ेऽसिज़: अ जर्नी इन सर्च ऑव जीज़ज़ द डिवाइन, द जू, द रिबेल एवं द सेज़  नामक अन्य पुस्तकें भी लिखी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_21463d1c", "title": "मार्क टली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_21463d1c.json"}}
{"text": "किसी गुमनाम शख़्स द्वारा लिखित हिंदुत्व सेक्स ऐंड अड्वेंचर  उपन्यास के मुख्य चरित्र और टली में काफ़ी समानताएँ हैं। टली ने स्वयं कहा है, \"मैं चकित हूँ कि रोली बुक्स ने इस प्रकार की घटिया साहित्यिक चोरी को प्रकाशित किया और लेखक को एक छद्म नाम के पीछे छुपने दिया। यह पुस्तक स्पष्ट रूप से मेरे करियर पर आधारित है, यहाँ तक कि इसके मुख्य चरित्र का नाम भी मुझसे मिलता है। उस चरित्र की पत्रकारिता अत्यंत घटिया है और हिंदुत्व तथा हिंदू धर्म पर उसके विचार किसी भी तरह से मेरे विचारों को प्रतिबिंबित नहीं करते हैं। मैं पूरी तरह से उनके साथ असहमत हूँ\"।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_21463d1c", "title": "मार्क टली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_21463d1c.json"}}
{"text": "मार्क टली: द वॉइस ऑव इंडिया", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_21463d1c", "title": "मार्क टली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_21463d1c.json"}}
{"text": "बीबीसी रेऽडियो 4 प्रोग्रैम \"सम्थिंग अंडर्स्टुड\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_21463d1c", "title": "मार्क टली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_21463d1c.json"}}
{"text": "मार्क टली: फ़ैब्रिकैट स्टोरीज़", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_21463d1c", "title": "मार्क टली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_21463d1c.json"}}
{"text": "दाभी कोइल, अलीगढ़, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_50ef7b8e", "title": "दाभी गाँव, कोइल (अलीगढ़)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_50ef7b8e.json"}}
{"text": "दयारतोली, बाराकोट तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के चम्पावत जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2cf21a9c", "title": "दयारतोली, बाराकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2cf21a9c.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2cf21a9c", "title": "दयारतोली, बाराकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2cf21a9c.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2cf21a9c", "title": "दयारतोली, बाराकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2cf21a9c.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2cf21a9c", "title": "दयारतोली, बाराकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2cf21a9c.json"}}
{"text": "दयारतोली, बाराकोट तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के बागेश्वर जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2cf21a9c", "title": "दयारतोली, बाराकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2cf21a9c.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2cf21a9c", "title": "दयारतोली, बाराकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2cf21a9c.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2cf21a9c", "title": "दयारतोली, बाराकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2cf21a9c.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2cf21a9c", "title": "दयारतोली, बाराकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2cf21a9c.json"}}
{"text": "खेसरा अतरौली, अलीगढ़, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3f12c578", "title": "खेसरा गाँव, अतरौली (अलीगढ़)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3f12c578.json"}}
{"text": "जाँद N.Z.A., धारी तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के नैनीताल जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c06412de", "title": "जाँद N.Z.A., धारी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A6_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c06412de.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c06412de", "title": "जाँद N.Z.A., धारी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A6_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c06412de.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c06412de", "title": "जाँद N.Z.A., धारी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A6_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c06412de.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c06412de", "title": "जाँद N.Z.A., धारी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A6_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c06412de.json"}}
{"text": "चंद्रपल्लि, तांडूरु मण्डल में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के अदिलाबादु जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_aa26338a", "title": "चंद्रपल्लि, तांडूरु मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_aa26338a.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_aa26338a", "title": "चंद्रपल्लि, तांडूरु मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_aa26338a.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_aa26338a", "title": "चंद्रपल्लि, तांडूरु मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_aa26338a.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर चंद्रपल्लि, तांडूरु मण्डल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_aa26338a", "title": "चंद्रपल्लि, तांडूरु मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_aa26338a.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_aa26338a", "title": "चंद्रपल्लि, तांडूरु मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_aa26338a.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_aa26338a", "title": "चंद्रपल्लि, तांडूरु मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_aa26338a.json"}}
{"text": "कंसरा भारतीय राज्य बिहार के पटना जिले के मसौढी प्रखण्ड का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_48d44c40", "title": "कंसरा गाँव, मसौढी (पटना)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_48d44c40.json"}}
{"text": "भारत की सन् 2011 की जनगणना के अनुसार गाँव की कुल जनसंख्या 577 है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_48d44c40", "title": "कंसरा गाँव, मसौढी (पटना)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_48d44c40.json"}}
{"text": "गोगन्यडी बासीसीम भारतीय राज्य उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के अल्मोड़ा जिले की सल्ट तहसील का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d741f8df", "title": "गोगन्यडी बासीसीम, सल्ट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d741f8df.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d741f8df", "title": "गोगन्यडी बासीसीम, सल्ट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d741f8df.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d741f8df", "title": "गोगन्यडी बासीसीम, सल्ट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d741f8df.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d741f8df", "title": "गोगन्यडी बासीसीम, सल्ट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d741f8df.json"}}
{"text": "फिल्मफेयर पुरस्कार अंग्रेजी की फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पत्रिका द्वारा हिन्दी फिल्म के विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में सर्वश्रेष्ठ योगदान के लिए प्रतिवर्ष प्रदान किये जाते हैं। इस पुरस्कार वितरण का समारोह भारतीय सिनेमा के इतिहास की सबसे पुरानी और प्रमुख घटनाओं में से एक रही है। इसकी शुरुआत सबसे पहले 1954 में हुई जब राष्ट्रीय फिल्म पुरस्कार की भी स्थापना हुई थी। पुरस्कार जनता के मत एवं ज्यूरी के सदस्यों के मत -- दोनों के आधार पर दिये जाते हैं। अभी हाल ही में 2019 के 64वें फिल्म फेयर अवार्ड वितरित किये गए हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_774b79e1", "title": "फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पुरस्कार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_774b79e1.json"}}
{"text": "इसकी शुरुआत फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पत्रिका में लोकप्रिय अभिनेता एवं अभिनेत्रियों पर कराये गये पाठकों के मतदान द्वारा 1953 में हुई थी जब लगभग 20,000 पाठकों ने इसमें हिस्सा लिया था। 21 मार्च 1954 को होने वाले पहले पुरस्कार समारोह में सिर्फ पाँच पुरस्कार रखे गये थे जिसमें दो बीघा ज़मीन को सर्वश्रेष्ठ फ़िल्म, सर्वश्रेष्ठ निर्देशन के लिए बिमल राय (दो बीघा ज़मीन), सर्वश्रेष्ठ अभिनेता के लिए दिलीप कुमार (दाग), सर्वश्रेष्ठ अभिनेत्री के लिए मीना कुमारी (बैजू बावरा), एवं इसी फिल्म में सर्वश्रेष्ठ संगीत के लिए नौशाद को पुरस्कार दिए गये थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_774b79e1", "title": "फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पुरस्कार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_774b79e1.json"}}
{"text": "57वे फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पुरस्कार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_774b79e1", "title": "फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पुरस्कार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_774b79e1.json"}}
{"text": "अब पुरस्कारों की संख्या बढकर 31 हो गयी है। इसके अलावा \"क्रिटिक्स अवार्ड\" भी दिये जाते हैं जिसके फैसले में दर्शक शामिल नहीं होते हैं बल्कि फिल्मों के श्रेष्ठ आलोचक इसके निर्णायक होते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_774b79e1", "title": "फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पुरस्कार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_774b79e1.json"}}
{"text": "लोकप्रिय पुरस्कार एवं विजेता", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_774b79e1", "title": "फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पुरस्कार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_774b79e1.json"}}
{"text": "65वां फ़िल्मफ़ेअर पुरस्कार की सूची ( 2020 )", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_774b79e1", "title": "फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पुरस्कार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_774b79e1.json"}}
{"text": "सर्वश्रेष्ठ निर्देशक", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_774b79e1", "title": "फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पुरस्कार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_774b79e1.json"}}
{"text": "सर्वश्रेष्ठ अभिनेत्री", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_774b79e1", "title": "फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पुरस्कार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_774b79e1.json"}}
{"text": "सर्वश्रेष्ठ सहायक अभिनेता", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_774b79e1", "title": "फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पुरस्कार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_774b79e1.json"}}
{"text": "सर्वश्रेष्ठ सहायक अभिनेत्री", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_774b79e1", "title": "फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पुरस्कार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_774b79e1.json"}}
{"text": "सर्वश्रेष्ठ हास्य अभिनेता", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_774b79e1", "title": "फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पुरस्कार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_774b79e1.json"}}
{"text": "सर्वश्रेष्ठ नये अभिनेता", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_774b79e1", "title": "फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पुरस्कार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_774b79e1.json"}}
{"text": "सर्वश्रेष्ठ नयी अभिनेत्री", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_774b79e1", "title": "फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पुरस्कार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_774b79e1.json"}}
{"text": "सर्वश्रेष्ठ संगीत निर्देशक", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_774b79e1", "title": "फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पुरस्कार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_774b79e1.json"}}
{"text": "सर्वश्रेष्ठ पार्श्वगायक", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_774b79e1", "title": "फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पुरस्कार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_774b79e1.json"}}
{"text": "सर्वश्रेष्ठ पार्श्वगायिका", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_774b79e1", "title": "फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पुरस्कार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_774b79e1.json"}}
{"text": "आलोचक (क्रिटीक) पुरस्कार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_774b79e1", "title": "फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पुरस्कार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_774b79e1.json"}}
{"text": "फ़िल्मफ़ेयर विशेष पुरस्कार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_774b79e1", "title": "फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पुरस्कार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_774b79e1.json"}}
{"text": "इस पुरस्कार समारोह का आरंभिक नाम द क्लेयर्स था जो फिल्मों के आलोचक क्लेयर मेंदिनोचा के नाम पर आधारित था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_774b79e1", "title": "फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पुरस्कार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_774b79e1.json"}}
{"text": "फिल्मफेयर पुरस्कार विजेताओं की सूची", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_774b79e1", "title": "फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पुरस्कार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_774b79e1.json"}}
{"text": "फिल्म फेयर का आधिकारिक जालस्थल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_774b79e1", "title": "फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पुरस्कार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_774b79e1.json"}}
{"text": "सोनली, कालाढूगी तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के नैनीताल जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1b990b3", "title": "सोनली, कालाढूगी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1b990b3.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1b990b3", "title": "सोनली, कालाढूगी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1b990b3.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1b990b3", "title": "सोनली, कालाढूगी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1b990b3.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1b990b3", "title": "सोनली, कालाढूगी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1b990b3.json"}}
{"text": "सौरभ राज जैन (जन्म 1 दिसंबर 1985) एक भारतीय अभिनेता और मॉडल हैं, जो हिंदी टेलीविजन में काम करते हैं ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b09fc3e1", "title": "सौरभ राज जैन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b09fc3e1.json"}}
{"text": "1 अगस्त 2023 से सौरभ राज,  ' जी न्यूज' के प्रमुख समाचार शो डीएनए को होस्ट  कर रहे है ।जानकारीपूर्ण दर्शक अनुभव को सुनिश्चित करने, विश्वसनीयता और दर्शकों के विश्वास को बढ़ाने और जटिल मुद्दों की गहरी समझ को बढ़ावा देने के लिए, ज़ी न्यूज़ ने आम आदमी की आवाज़ बनने की ज़िम्मेदारी सौंपते हुए, सौरभ राज जैन के नए अवतार का अनावरण किया। [1]", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b09fc3e1", "title": "सौरभ राज जैन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b09fc3e1.json"}}
{"text": "और महाभारत (2013-14) और देवों के देव महादेव में भगवान कृष्ण और विष्णु का किरदार निभाकर लोकप्रियता हासिल की।  (2011-14) और महाकाली - अंत ही आरंभ है में भगवान शिव (2017-18)।  इसके अतिरिक्त, उन्होंने कसम से, उतरन, चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य और पटियाला बेब्स सहित कई अन्य शो में अभिनय किया है और रियलिटी शो नच बलिए 9 और  फियर फैक्टर: खतरों के खिलाड़ी 11 में भाग लिया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b09fc3e1", "title": "सौरभ राज जैन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b09fc3e1.json"}}
{"text": "सौरभ ने तीन साल की डेटिंग के बाद 2010 में रिद्धिमा जैन से शादी की। वे नच बलिए 9 शो में एक साथ भाग ले चुके हैं। यह जोड़ा 21 अगस्त 2017 को जुड़वाँ बच्चों ऋषिका और हृशिव के माता-पिता बने।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b09fc3e1", "title": "सौरभ राज जैन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b09fc3e1.json"}}
{"text": "सौरभ ने अपने पहले शो, रीमिक्स (2004) में अभिनय किया। उन्होंने आगे एक हॉलीवुड फिल्म कर्म  में अभिनय किया, लेकिन एकता कपूर की परिचय में अभिनय करने के बाद वह एक घरेलू नाम बन गए। उन्हें सफलता देवों के देव महादेव शो में अभिनय से मिली। . जहां उन्होंने भगवान विष्णु की भूमिका निभाई। इसके बाद उन्होंने स्वास्तिक प्रोडक्शंस महाभारत (2013) में भगवान कृष्ण की मुख्य भूमिका में अभिनय किया, जिसे उन्होंने अपने करियर के लिए \"गेम-चेंजर\" के रूप में वर्णित किया।  इसके बाद उन्होंने महाकाली - अंत ही आरंभ है में भगवान शिव के रूप में अभिनय किया, और फिर तेलुगु फिल्म ओम नमो वेंकटेशया में विष्णु के रूप में फिर से अभिनय किया। उन्होंने शो पोरस और चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य  में सम्राट धना नंदा के रूप में नकारात्मक भूमिकाएँ निभाईं। इसके बाद उन्होंने पटियाला बेब्स में नील की भूमिका भी निभाई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b09fc3e1", "title": "सौरभ राज जैन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b09fc3e1.json"}}
{"text": "पुरस्कार और उपलब्धियां", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b09fc3e1", "title": "सौरभ राज जैन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b09fc3e1.json"}}
{"text": "IMDb पर सौरभ राज जैन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b09fc3e1", "title": "सौरभ राज जैन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b09fc3e1.json"}}
{"text": "इंस्टाग्राम पर सौरभ राज जैन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b09fc3e1", "title": "सौरभ राज जैन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b09fc3e1.json"}}
{"text": "कसौटी (गाँव) में भारत के बिहार राज्य के अन्तर्गत मगध मण्डल के औरंगाबाद जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9a43e944", "title": "कसौटी (गाँव)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9a43e944.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9a43e944", "title": "कसौटी (गाँव)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9a43e944.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9a43e944", "title": "कसौटी (गाँव)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9a43e944.json"}}
{"text": "कर्नाटक का राज्य चिह्न भारत के कर्नाटक राज्य में आधिकारिक रूप से प्रयुक्त होने वाला एक प्रतीक/चिह्न है। इसे विशेष तौर पर कर्नाटक के सरकारी मंत्रालय और कार्यालय में प्रयोग किया जाता है, साथ ही कर्नाटक सरकार द्वारा प्रकाशित किए गए सभी आधिकारिक पत्राचारों पर इसे देखा जा सकता है। यह प्रतीक भारत के मैसूर साम्राज्य के सैन्य प्रतीक से प्रेरित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_980e1284", "title": "कर्नाटक का राज्य चिह्न", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_980e1284.json"}}
{"text": "कर्नाटक के राज्य चिह्न के मध्य भाग में एक लाल ढाल बना हुआ है, जिस पर दो सिर वाला सफेद पक्षी गंडभेरुंड की आकृति बनी हुई है। ढाल की सीमा नीले रंग की बनी हुई है। प्रतीक/चिह्न के शिखा पर अशोक स्तम्भ को दर्शाया गया है, जिसे भारत सरकार के प्रतीक के रूप में भी उपयोग में लाया जाता है। अशोक स्तम्भ पर बने सिंह के ठीक नीचे एक नीले गोलाकार पट्टी पर अशोक चक्र बना हुआ है, जिसके बाईं ओर एक सरपट दौड़ते घोड़े का चित्र अंकित है। घोड़े के आगे धर्मचक्र की रूपरेखा दिखाई देती है। इसी प्रकार अशोक चक्र के दायीं ओर एक बैल का चित्र अंकित है, जिसके पीठ की कूबड़ निकली हुई है। बैल के पीछे भी धर्मचक्र की रूपरेखा दिखाई देती है। ढाल के दोनों तरफ लाल और पीले रंग का एक जीव बना हुआ है, जो आधा सिंह और आधा हाथी है। इसके शरीर का ढांचा कुछ-कुछ मानव के समान है। कर्नाटक के राज्य चिह्न का यह जीव एक पौराणिक चरित्र गजकेसरी है, जिसे पुराणों में एक शुभ, आनन्द दायक और ताकतवर जीव बताया गया है, जिसे अधिकार के संकेत के रूप में और मजबूत धार्मिकता को कायम रखने के रूप में प्रयोग में लाया जाता है। यह दो बुद्धिमान और शक्तिशाली जीव शेर और हाथी का एक संकर रूप है। हिंदू ज्योतिष विज्ञान में भी गजकेसरी एक भाग्यशाली प्रारब्ध और ऊर्जा को संदर्भित करता है। ऐसा माना जाता है कि जिस व्यक्ति के ज्योतिष रेखा में गजकेसरी योग होता है, वह हिंदू मान्यता के अनुसार पूरी दुनिया पर विजय प्राप्त करता है। एक विजेता की सभी विशेषताएँ होने के कारण ही गजकेसरी को कई प्रतीकों/चिह्नों में देखा जा सकता है, जिनमें कर्नाटक का राज्य चिह्न भी शामिल है। कर्नाटक के राज्य चिह्न में गजकेसरी को हरे, पत्तेदार संरचना पर खड़ा दिखाया गया है। इस संरचना के ठीक नीचे देवनागरी लिपि में सत्यमेव जयते लिखा हुआ है, जो भारत देश का राष्ट्रीय आदर्श वाक्य है, जिसका अर्थ होता है- सत्य की ही जीत होती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_980e1284", "title": "कर्नाटक का राज्य चिह्न", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_980e1284.json"}}
{"text": "बिरवान लोकनाथ में भारत के बिहार राज्य के अन्तर्गत मगध मण्डल के औरंगाबाद जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0fae141c", "title": "बिरवान लोकनाथ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0fae141c.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0fae141c", "title": "बिरवान लोकनाथ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0fae141c.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0fae141c", "title": "बिरवान लोकनाथ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0fae141c.json"}}
{"text": "ज्ञान सरस्वती मन्दिर सरस्वती देवी का मन्दिर है जो गोदावरी नदी के किनारे, बासर, तेलंगाना, भारत में स्थित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c12cec9a", "title": "ज्ञान सरस्वती मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c12cec9a.json"}}
{"text": "यलोस्टोन नेशनल पार्क (अंग्रेज़ी: Yellowstone National Park) संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में स्थित एक राष्ट्रीय उद्यान है। इसका विस्तार मुख्य रूप से व्योमिंग राज्य में है, लेकिन इसके कुछ हिस्से मोंटाना और इडाहो राज्यों की सीमाओं में भी आते हैं। 1 मार्च 1872 को अमेरिकी कांग्रेस द्वारा पारित एक प्रस्ताव पर तत्कालीन राष्ट्रपति यूलिसिस एस. ग्रांट के हस्ताक्षर के बाद इस उद्यान की स्थापना की गई थी। यलोस्टोन को संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका और विश्व के पहले राष्ट्रीय उद्यानों में से एक माना जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1f05f4d3", "title": "यलोस्टोन नेशनल पार्क", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1f05f4d3.json"}}
{"text": "यह उद्यान अपने वन्यजीवों और भू-तापीय (Geothermal) संरचनाओं के लिए जाना जाता है। यहाँ स्थित 'ओल्ड फेथफुल गीज़र' (Old Faithful Geyser) और 'ग्रैंड प्रिज्मीय स्प्रिंग' (Grand Prismatic Spring) इसके प्रमुख प्राकृतिक आकर्षण हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1f05f4d3", "title": "यलोस्टोन नेशनल पार्क", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1f05f4d3.json"}}
{"text": "स्वदेशी जनजातियाँ और प्रारंभिक अन्वेषण", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1f05f4d3", "title": "यलोस्टोन नेशनल पार्क", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1f05f4d3.json"}}
{"text": "यलोस्टोन क्षेत्र में मानव निवास के पुरातात्विक साक्ष्य 11,000 वर्ष से अधिक पुराने हैं। कौआ (Crow), शोशोन (Shoshone) और ब्लैकफीट (Blackfeet) जैसी मूल अमेरिकी जनजातियाँ इस क्षेत्र का उपयोग शिकार और ज्वालामुखीय काँच(ओब्सीडियन) इकट्ठा करने के लिए करती थीं, जिससे वे हथियार बनाते थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1f05f4d3", "title": "यलोस्टोन नेशनल पार्क", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1f05f4d3.json"}}
{"text": "1805 में 'लुईस और क्लार्क अभियान' के सदस्य जॉन कोल्टर ने पहली बार इस क्षेत्र की भू-तापीय विशेषताओं का वर्णन किया था। 1870 में वॉशबर्न-लैंगफोर्ड-डोन अभियान (Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition) ने इस क्षेत्र का पहला विस्तृत वैज्ञानिक अन्वेषण किया, जिसने इसे एक संरक्षित क्षेत्र बनाने का आधार तैयार किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1f05f4d3", "title": "यलोस्टोन नेशनल पार्क", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1f05f4d3.json"}}
{"text": "उद्यान की स्थापना और संरक्षण", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1f05f4d3", "title": "यलोस्टोन नेशनल पार्क", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1f05f4d3.json"}}
{"text": "1871 के 'हेडन भूवैज्ञानिक सर्वेक्षण' की रिपोर्टों, चित्रों और तस्वीरों ने अमेरिकी कांग्रेस को इस भूमि को संरक्षित करने के लिए प्रेरित किया, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप 1872 में इसे राष्ट्रीय उद्यान घोषित किया गया। 1916 में 'राष्ट्रीय उद्यान सेवा' (National Park Service) की स्थापना के बाद यलोस्टोन का प्रबंधन इस संस्था को सौंप दिया गया। इसके पारिस्थितिक महत्व के कारण, 1978 में यूनेस्को (UNESCO) ने इसे विश्व धरोहर स्थल घोषित किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1f05f4d3", "title": "यलोस्टोन नेशनल पार्क", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1f05f4d3.json"}}
{"text": "यलोस्टोन नेशनल पार्क का कुल क्षेत्रफल लगभग 2,219,791 एकड़ (8,983 वर्ग किलोमीटर) है। यह एक पठारी क्षेत्र है, जो मध्य रॉकी पर्वत (Middle Rocky Mountains) शृंखलाओं से घिरा है। महाद्वीपीय जलविभाजक (Continental Divide) इस पार्क के दक्षिण-पश्चिमी हिस्से से होकर गुजरता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1f05f4d3", "title": "यलोस्टोन नेशनल पार्क", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1f05f4d3.json"}}
{"text": "पार्क का सबसे बड़ा जल निकाय, यलोस्टोन झील, 7,732 फीट की ऊंचाई पर स्थित है। यलोस्टोन नदी इसी झील से निकलती है, जिसने भूवैज्ञानिक समय में 'यलोस्टोन की ग्रैंड कैनियन' का निर्माण किया है। इस कैनियन में कई बड़े झरने मौजूद हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1f05f4d3", "title": "यलोस्टोन नेशनल पार्क", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1f05f4d3.json"}}
{"text": "भूविज्ञान और भू-तापीय विशेषताएँ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1f05f4d3", "title": "यलोस्टोन नेशनल पार्क", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1f05f4d3.json"}}
{"text": "यलोस्टोन 'यलोस्टोन काल्डेरा' के ऊपर स्थित है, जो उत्तरी अमेरिका का सबसे बड़ा सुपरवोलकैनो (Supervolcano) है। यह ज्वालामुखी वर्तमान में भी सक्रिय है, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप इस क्षेत्र में 10,000 से अधिक भू-तापीय संरचनाएं पाई जाती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1f05f4d3", "title": "यलोस्टोन नेशनल पार्क", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1f05f4d3.json"}}
{"text": "पार्क में लगभग 500 सक्रिय गीज़र मौजूद हैं, जो वैश्विक संख्या का लगभग आधा है। 'ओल्ड फेथफुल' यहाँ का एक प्रमुख गीज़र है, जिसका विस्फोट समय पूर्वानुमानित है। इसके अतिरिक्त, 'ग्रैंड प्रिज्मीय स्प्रिंग' संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका का सबसे बड़ा गर्म पानी का चश्मा (Hot spring) है, जो अपने जीवाणुओं के कारण उत्पन्न चमकीले रंगों के लिए पहचाना जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1f05f4d3", "title": "यलोस्टोन नेशनल पार्क", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1f05f4d3.json"}}
{"text": "यलोस्टोन में पौधों की 1,700 से अधिक प्रजातियाँ पाई जाती हैं। पार्क का लगभग 80% जंगली क्षेत्र लॉजपोल चीड़ (Lodgepole pine) के पेड़ों से आच्छादित है। इसके अलावा यहाँ डगलस फर और विलो (Willow) के पेड़ भी पाए जाते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1f05f4d3", "title": "यलोस्टोन नेशनल पार्क", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1f05f4d3.json"}}
{"text": "यह उद्यान 'ग्रेटर यलोस्टोन इकोसिस्टम' का मुख्य हिस्सा है। यहाँ बड़े स्तनधारियों (Megafauna) की कई प्रजातियाँ पाई जाती हैं:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1f05f4d3", "title": "यलोस्टोन नेशनल पार्क", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1f05f4d3.json"}}
{"text": "बाइसन: यलोस्टोन बाइसन (Bison) का झुंड संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका का सबसे बड़ा और पुराना सार्वजनिक झुंड है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1f05f4d3", "title": "यलोस्टोन नेशनल पार्क", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1f05f4d3.json"}}
{"text": "शिकारी जानवर: इस क्षेत्र में भूरे भालू (Grizzly bears), काले भालू और प्यूमा (Mountain lions) का प्राकृतिक आवास है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1f05f4d3", "title": "यलोस्टोन नेशनल पार्क", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1f05f4d3.json"}}
{"text": "भेड़ियों का पुनर्वास: 1995 में पार्क में भेड़ियों (Wolves) का पुनर्वास किया गया था, जिसका उद्देश्य पारिस्थितिक संतुलन को बहाल करना था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1f05f4d3", "title": "यलोस्टोन नेशनल पार्क", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1f05f4d3.json"}}
{"text": "वर्ष 1988 की गर्मियों में यलोस्टोन में लगी आग ने पार्क के लगभग 36% हिस्से (793,880 एकड़) को प्रभावित किया था। इस घटना के पश्चात पारिस्थितिक अध्ययनों से यह निष्कर्ष निकला कि प्राकृतिक रूप से लगने वाली आग लॉजपोल चीड़ जैसे पेड़ों के पुनर्जनन और जंगल के स्वास्थ्य के लिए एक आवश्यक प्रक्रिया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1f05f4d3", "title": "यलोस्टोन नेशनल पार्क", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1f05f4d3.json"}}
{"text": "यलोस्टोन संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के प्रमुख राष्ट्रीय उद्यानों में से एक है। 2023 के आंकड़ों के अनुसार यहाँ लगभग 45 लाख पर्यटक आए थे। उद्यान प्रबंधन द्वारा आगंतुकों को वन्यजीवों से सुरक्षित दूरी बनाए रखने और भू-तापीय क्षेत्रों में केवल निर्धारित रास्तों (Boardwalks) का उपयोग करने के सख्त निर्देश दिए जाते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1f05f4d3", "title": "यलोस्टोन नेशनल पार्क", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1f05f4d3.json"}}
{"text": "सिमथला अतरौली, अलीगढ़, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7758c4a6", "title": "सिमथला गाँव, अतरौली (अलीगढ़)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7758c4a6.json"}}
{"text": "कलीगॉव, लोहाघाट तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के चम्पावत जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d5a318d", "title": "कलीगॉव, लोहाघाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d5a318d.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d5a318d", "title": "कलीगॉव, लोहाघाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d5a318d.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d5a318d", "title": "कलीगॉव, लोहाघाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d5a318d.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d5a318d", "title": "कलीगॉव, लोहाघाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d5a318d.json"}}
{"text": "शाहिदपुर उत्तर प्रदेश के आगरा जिले के फ़तेहाबाद प्रखंड में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_52f0c499", "title": "शाहिदपुर गाँव, फ़तेहाबाद (आगरा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_(%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_52f0c499.json"}}
{"text": "आंगवांतीबो (Angwantibo) अफ़्रीका के मुख्य महाद्वीप में मिलने वाला निशाचरी (रात्रि में सक्रीय) नरवानर प्राणी होते हैं। यह नरवानर गण के स्ट्रेपसिराइनी उपगण के लीमरिफ़ोर्मीस अधोगण (इन्फ़ाऑर्डर) के लोरिसिडाए कुल में आर्कटिसीबस (Arctocebus) नामक वंश की दो जातियों का साधारण नाम हैं। यह दिखने में पोटो जैसे लगते हैं लेकिन इनका रंग सुनहरा होता है, जिस कारणवश इन्हें सुनहरा पोटो (golden potto) भी कहा जाता है। आंगवांतीबो की दोनो जातियाँ - कालाबार आंगवांतीबो और सुनहरा आंगवांतीबो - दोनों मध्य अफ़्रीका में रहते हैं और उनका विस्तार नाइजीरिया और कैमरून से लेकर कांगो लोकतांत्रिक गणतंत्र के उत्तरी भाग तक है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7277f536", "title": "आंगवांतीबो", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7277f536.json"}}
{"text": "आंगवांतीबो का आकार २२ से ३० सेमी तक का होता है और उनकी कोई पूँछ नहीं होती। वज़न ४०० ग्राम तक ही होता है। उनके बालों का रंग पीला-खाकी या सुनहरा होता है। अन्य लोरिसिडाए वंशों की तुलना में इनका थूथन अधिक चोंचीला होता है और उनके गोल कानों के साथ उन्हें भालू जैसा मुखरूप देता है, जिस वजह से उन्हें जर्मन भाषा में \"भालू लीमर\" (Bärenmaki) कहा जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7277f536", "title": "आंगवांतीबो", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7277f536.json"}}
{"text": "वह अकेला रहना पसंद करते हैं, रात्रि को अधिक सक्रीय होते हैं और वृक्ष विचरणी होते हैं। अधिकतर वे झाड़ और वृक्षों के निचले भागों में समय बिताते हैं। दिन के समय पत्तो में छुपकर सोते हैं। अन्य लोरिसिडाए वंशों की तरह वह धीरे हिलते हैं। इनका भोजन कीट और कभी-कभी फल होते हैं। हिलने के धीरेपन से वह अपने ग्रास के बहुत पास पहुँचकर अचानक उसे पकड़ने में सक्षम हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7277f536", "title": "आंगवांतीबो", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7277f536.json"}}
{"text": "नर अपना क्षेत्र निर्धारित कर लेते हैं और अपने क्षेत्र में उपस्थित सभी मादाओं के साथ बच्चे जन्मते हैं। मादाएँ १३० दिनों के लिये गर्भ धारण करती हैं और उसके बाद एक ही शिशु जन्मती हैं। जब मादा पेड़ों में घूमती है, शिशु अपनी माँ को पेट पर कस कर पकड़े रखता है। कभी-कभी माँ शिशु को किसी डाल पर छोड़कर खाना ढूंढने निकलती है। जन्म के तीन से चार महीनों के बाद शिशु दूध पीना बंद कर देता है और छह मास बाद अपनी माँ को छोड़ देता है। आठ से दस महीनों में बच्चा पूरी तरह बड़ा हो जाता है। औसत आंगवांतीबो अधिक-से-अधिक १३ वर्षों तक जीते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7277f536", "title": "आंगवांतीबो", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7277f536.json"}}
{"text": "चागल्लु (अनंतपुर) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के अनंतपुर जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9ae24c88", "title": "चागल्लु (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9ae24c88.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9ae24c88", "title": "चागल्लु (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9ae24c88.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9ae24c88", "title": "चागल्लु (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9ae24c88.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर चागल्लु (अनंतपुर)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9ae24c88", "title": "चागल्लु (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9ae24c88.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9ae24c88", "title": "चागल्लु (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9ae24c88.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9ae24c88", "title": "चागल्लु (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9ae24c88.json"}}
{"text": "घोड़सगाँव (Ghodasgaon) भारत के महाराष्ट्र राज्य के धुले ज़िले में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ca757afe", "title": "घोड़सगाँव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ca757afe.json"}}
{"text": "एयर इंडिया फ़्लाइट 171 भारत के अहमदाबाद में सरदार वल्लभभाई पटेल अंतर्राष्ट्रीय हवाई अड्डे से यूनाइटेड किंगडम के लंदन गैटविक हवाई अड्डे के लिए एक निर्धारित अंतरराष्ट्रीय यात्री उड़ान थी। 12 जून 2025 को, यह उड़ान भरने के थोड़ी देर बाद अहमदाबाद के मेघाणी नगर क्षेत्र में दुर्घटनाग्रस्त हो गई। यह एक बोइंग 787-8 ड्रीमलाइनर विमान था, जिसमें 230 यात्री और 12 चालक दल के सदस्य सवार थे। पुलिस के अनुसार, दुर्घटनास्थल से कम से कम 290 शव बरामद किए गए हैं, जिनमें विमान में सवार यात्री और ज़मीन पर मौजूद लोग दोनों शामिल हैं। यह हादसा 2020 के दशक की सबसे घातक विमान दुर्घटना बन गया है, जिसने जेजू एयर फ्लाइट 2216 की दुर्घटना को भी पीछे छोड़ दिया है। यह बोइंग 787 विमान के 2011 में परिचय के बाद पहली घातक दुर्घटना और पूरी तरह से विमान के नष्ट होने की पहली घटना थी। यह मलेशिया एयरलाइंस उड़ान 17 के बाद पहला वाइडबॉडी (चौड़े धड़ वाला) विमान हादसा था जिसमें यात्रियों की मृत्यु हुई। यह एयर इंडिया के लिए 1985 में एयर इंडिया फ़्लाइट 182 की बमविस्फोट की घटना के बाद पहली बड़ी विमान हानि थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7e874394", "title": "एयर इंडिया फ्लाइट 171", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F_171", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7e874394.json"}}
{"text": "यह विमान एक 11 वर्ष पुराना बोइंग 787-8 ड्रीमलाइनर था, जिसकी पंजीकरण संख्या वीटी-एएनबी (VT-ANB) थी। इसमें दो जनरल इलेक्ट्रिक जीईएनएक्स इंजन लगे हुए थे। इसने पहली उड़ान 14 दिसंबर 2013 को भरी थी और 28 जनवरी 2014 को एयर इंडिया को सौंपा गया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7e874394", "title": "एयर इंडिया फ्लाइट 171", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F_171", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7e874394.json"}}
{"text": "विमान में कुल 242 लोग सवार थे, जिनमें 230 यात्री, 2 पायलट और 10 केबिन क्रू शामिल थे, यह जानकारी नागरिक उड्डयन महानिदेशालय (DGCA) और एयर इंडिया द्वारा दी गई। यात्रियों में 169 भारतीय, 53 ब्रिटिश, 1 कनाडाई और 7 पुर्तगाली नागरिक शामिल थे। गुजरात के पूर्व मुख्यमंत्री विजय रूपाणी भी इस उड़ान में सवार थे। इस उड़ान का संचालन कैप्टन सुमीत सभरवाल और फर्स्ट ऑफिसर क्लाइव कुंदर द्वारा किया जा रहा था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7e874394", "title": "एयर इंडिया फ्लाइट 171", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F_171", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7e874394.json"}}
{"text": "फ्लाइट 171 ने सरदार वल्लभभाई पटेल अंतर्राष्ट्रीय हवाई अड्डे के रनवे 23 से दोपहर 13:38 बजे (स्थानीय समयानुसार IST; 08:08 UTC) लंदन गैटविक के लिए उड़ान भरी। विमान के एडीएस-बी ट्रांसपोंडर ने 625 फीट (191 मी॰) की ऊँचाई दर्ज की, जिसके बाद संपर्क टूट गया। संपर्क टूटने से ठीक पहले, उड़ान दल ने एयर ट्रैफिक कंट्रोल को मे डे कॉल भेजा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7e874394", "title": "एयर इंडिया फ्लाइट 171", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F_171", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7e874394.json"}}
{"text": "दुर्घटना दोपहर के समय उड़ान भरने की प्रक्रिया के दौरान हुई। मेघाणी नगर क्षेत्र के चश्मदीदों ने कई विस्फोटों की आवाज़ें सुनने की बात कही, जिसके बाद मोटे धुएं के गुबार दिखाई दिए, जो कि पास के इलाकों जैसे धरपुर से भी नज़र आ रहे थे। अहमदाबाद के एक वरिष्ठ पुलिस अधिकारी ने एएनआई को बताया कि विमान बी. जे. मेडिकल कॉलेज की एक छात्रावास इमारत से टकराया। दुर्घटना के बाद विमान की आंशिक रूप से सुरक्षित पूंछ एक बहुमंज़िला इमारत से बाहर निकली हुई थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7e874394", "title": "एयर इंडिया फ्लाइट 171", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F_171", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7e874394.json"}}
{"text": "जब विमान नीचे गिर रहा था, उस समय उसका लैंडिंग गियर नहीं उठाया गया था, जबकि फ्लैप्स वापस खींचे गए प्रतीत हो रहे थे। मेटार रिपोर्टों के अनुसार, उस समय मौसम स्थिर था और दृश्यता स्पष्ट थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7e874394", "title": "एयर इंडिया फ्लाइट 171", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F_171", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7e874394.json"}}
{"text": "अहमदाबाद के पुलिस आयुक्त जी.एस. मलिक ने एसोसिएटेड प्रेस को बताया कि दुर्घटना में कोई जीवित नहीं बचा प्रतीत होता है और ऐसा संभव है कि आसपास के इलाकों के निवासी भी मारे गए हों।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7e874394", "title": "एयर इंडिया फ्लाइट 171", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F_171", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7e874394.json"}}
{"text": "आपातकालीन प्रतिक्रिया", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7e874394", "title": "एयर इंडिया फ्लाइट 171", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F_171", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7e874394.json"}}
{"text": "कम से कम सात दमकल वाहन और कई एंबुलेंस तुरंत घटनास्थल पर भेजे गए। अहमदाबाद अग्निशमन और आपातकालीन सेवा विभाग ने शहर के विभिन्न विभागों से इकाइयाँ तैनात करने की पुष्टि की। राहत कार्यों को आसान बनाने के लिए दुर्घटनास्थल और उसके आसपास के सभी रास्तों को बंद कर दिया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7e874394", "title": "एयर इंडिया फ्लाइट 171", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F_171", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7e874394.json"}}
{"text": "सीआईएसएफ, जो अहमदाबाद हवाई अड्डे की सुरक्षा के लिए ज़िम्मेदार है, सबसे पहले पहुँचने वालों में शामिल थी। सीआईएसएफ कर्मियों ने दुर्घटना के तुरंत बाद आपातकालीन प्रोटोकॉल सक्रिय किया और बचाव कार्यों के लिए घटनास्थल पर पहुँचे। वे स्थानीय अधिकारियों और अन्य आपातकालीन सेवाओं के साथ मिलकर क्षेत्र को सुरक्षित करने, जीवित लोगों की मदद करने और हालात को संभालने का कार्य कर रहे हैं। दुर्घटना के तुरंत बाद, अहमदाबाद हवाई अड्डे पर सभी उड़ानों का संचालन अस्थायी रूप से रोक दिया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7e874394", "title": "एयर इंडिया फ्लाइट 171", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F_171", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7e874394.json"}}
{"text": "पुलिस के अनुसार, 100 से अधिक शव बरामद किए गए और एक स्थानीय अस्पताल ले जाए गए। कम से कम 50 से 60 मेडिकल छात्रों को भी अस्पताल ले जाया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7e874394", "title": "एयर इंडिया फ्लाइट 171", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F_171", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7e874394.json"}}
{"text": "पुलिस के अनुसार, शाम 6:36 बजे (आईएसटी) तक दुर्घटनास्थल से कम से कम 204 शव बरामद किए जा चुके थे। यह स्पष्ट नहीं है कि ये शव विमान के यात्रियों के हैं या जमीन पर मौजूद लोगों के। एक 40 वर्षीय व्यक्ति को विमान से आपातकालीन खिड़की से कूदने के बाद जीवित बचाया गया। विमान जिस छात्रावास से टकराया था, उसमें रह रहे लगभग 60 मेडिकल छात्रों को अस्पताल में भर्ती कराया गया और कुल 41 लोग घायल हुए। छात्रावास से 75 शव बरामद किए गए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7e874394", "title": "एयर इंडिया फ्लाइट 171", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F_171", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7e874394.json"}}
{"text": "विमान दुर्घटना के कारणों की जाँच भारत की विमान दुर्घटना जांच ब्यूरो (AAIB) द्वारा की जा रही है। नागरिक उड्डयन महानिदेशालय और एयर इंडिया दोनों ने इस दुर्घटना की स्वतंत्र जाँच शुरू की है। एक तकनीकी टीम को घटना के कारणों का मूल्यांकन करने के लिए भेजा गया है। दुर्घटना के समय विमान में लंदन की लंबी दूरी की उड़ान के लिए ईंधन भरा गया था, जिसने आग की तीव्रता को और बढ़ा दिया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7e874394", "title": "एयर इंडिया फ्लाइट 171", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F_171", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7e874394.json"}}
{"text": "प्रधानमंत्री नरेन्द्र मोदी ने एक्स पर शोक व्यक्त करते हुए कहा, \"अहमदाबाद की त्रासदी ने हमें स्तब्ध और दुखी कर दिया है। यह अत्यंत हृदयविदारक है। इस दुख की घड़ी में मेरी संवेदनाएं सभी प्रभावित लोगों के साथ हैं। मैंने मंत्रियों और संबंधित अधिकारियों से बात की है जो प्रभावितों को सहायता देने के लिए काम कर रहे हैं।\" भारत के गृह मंत्री अमित शाह ने दुर्घटना के बाद गुजरात के मुख्यमंत्री भूपेंद्रभाई पटेल से बात की। पटेल ने कहा कि अधिकारियों को \"तत्काल बचाव और राहत कार्य\" शुरू करने और \"युद्ध स्तर\" पर व्यवस्था करने के निर्देश दिए गए हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7e874394", "title": "एयर इंडिया फ्लाइट 171", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F_171", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7e874394.json"}}
{"text": "यूनाइटेड किंगडम में, प्रधानमंत्री कीर स्टार्मर ने दुर्घटना को \"विनाशकारी\" बताया और इसे \"बेहद पीड़ादायक समय\" बताते हुए यात्रियों और उनके परिवारों के प्रति संवेदना प्रकट की। राजा चार्ल्स तृतीय और रानी कैमिला ने भी एक बयान जारी कर गहरा शोक व्यक्त किया और सभी प्रभावितों के प्रति संवेदना व्यक्त की। उन्होंने राहत और बचाव कार्य में लगे सभी कर्मचारियों को धन्यवाद दिया। ब्रिटेन का विदेश कार्यालय ने भारत और ब्रिटेन में संकट प्रबंधन दलों को सक्रिय किया है। पोप लियो XIV ने दुर्घटना के पीड़ितों के प्रति संवेदना व्यक्त की।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7e874394", "title": "एयर इंडिया फ्लाइट 171", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F_171", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7e874394.json"}}
{"text": "एयर इंडिया के अध्यक्ष नटराजन चंद्रशेखरन ने कहा कि उड़ान 171 एक \"दुखद दुर्घटना\" में शामिल थी और प्रभावित लोगों के प्रति \"गहरी संवेदना\" प्रकट की। उन्होंने कहा कि एयरलाइन का पूरा ध्यान पीड़ितों और उनके परिवारों की सहायता, आपातकालीन दलों के सहयोग, और सत्यापित जानकारी प्रदान करने पर केंद्रित है। एयर इंडिया ने जानकारी के लिए एक आपातकालीन केंद्र और सहायता दल सक्रिय किया हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7e874394", "title": "एयर इंडिया फ्लाइट 171", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F_171", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7e874394.json"}}
{"text": "बोइंग कंपनी ने कहा कि वह प्रारंभिक रिपोर्टों से अवगत है और जानकारी एकत्र कर रही है। दुर्घटना के बाद कंपनी के स्टॉक लगभग 9% तक गिर गए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7e874394", "title": "एयर इंडिया फ्लाइट 171", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F_171", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7e874394.json"}}
{"text": "एयर इंडिया की मूल कंपनी टाटा समूह ने पीड़ितों के परिजनों को प्रति व्यक्ति ₹1 करोड़ (लगभग US$1.2 लाख या £89,000) मुआवजा देने की घोषणा की है। इसके साथ ही घायल व्यक्तियों के इलाज का पूरा खर्च भी टाटा समूह द्वारा वहन किया जाएगा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7e874394", "title": "एयर इंडिया फ्लाइट 171", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F_171", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7e874394.json"}}
{"text": "निडुमोलु (कृष्णा) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के कृष्णा जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06c4b310", "title": "निडुमोलु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06c4b310.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06c4b310", "title": "निडुमोलु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06c4b310.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06c4b310", "title": "निडुमोलु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06c4b310.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर निडुमोलु (कृष्णा)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06c4b310", "title": "निडुमोलु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06c4b310.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06c4b310", "title": "निडुमोलु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06c4b310.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06c4b310", "title": "निडुमोलु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06c4b310.json"}}
{"text": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त  भारतीय खगोलशास्त्र का प्रसिद्ध ग्रन्थ है। इसका अनुमानित रचनाकाल चतुर्थ या पंचम शताब्दी ई० है। वर्तमान समय में जो सूर्यसिद्धान्त उपलब्ध है, वह १५वीं शताब्दी में ताड़पत्र पर लिखित पाण्डुलिपि तथा उससे भी नयी पाण्डुलिपियों पर आधारित ग्रन्थ है जिसमें १४ अध्याय हैं। इसमें ग्रहों एवं चन्द्रमा की गति की गणना की विधि, विभिन्न ग्रहों के ब्यास, तथा विभिन्न खगोलीय पिण्डों कक्षा (ऑर्बिट) की गणना करने की विधियाँ दी गयीं हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त के प्रथम अध्याय के प्रारम्भ में श्लोक-१ से लेकर श्लोक-१० तक आख्यान शैली में काल के आधारभूत सूर्य का महत्त्व बताते हुए सूर्य को प्रत्यक्ष देवता कहा गया है (यानी वह देवता जो हमें प्रत्यक्ष दिखाई देते हैं)। कथा कुछ यों है- मय ने सूर्य की आराधना की । उसकी तपस्या से प्रसन्न होकर सूर्यदेव ने उसे कालगणना का विद्वान होने का वरदान दिया था। मय उनसे कोई शक्ति प्राप्त नहीं करना चाहता था, वह केवल उनसे कालगणना और ज्योतिष के रहस्यों का जानना चाहता था । उसकी तपस्या से प्रसन्न होकर सूर्य ने उसकी इच्छा पूरी की। लेकिन सूर्य कहीं ठहर नहीं सकते, सो उन्होंने अपने शरीर से एक और पुरुष की उत्पत्ति की और उसे आदेश दिया कि वो मय दानव को कालगणना और ज्योतिष के सारे रहस्यों को समझाए । सूर्य के प्रतिरूप से मिली शिक्षा के बाद मय दानव ने स्वयं भी ज्योतिष और वास्तु के कई सिद्धांत दिए जो आज भी प्रामाणिक हैं। सूर्य के प्रतिपुरुष और मयासुर के बीच की बातचीत को ही सूर्यसिद्धान्त का नाम दिया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "अल बेरुनी ने लिखा है कि सूर्यसिद्धान्त नामक ग्रन्थ की रचना लटदेव ने की थी जो आर्यभट के शिष्य थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त १४ अध्यायों में विभक्त है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सौर घड़ी द्वारा समय मापन के शुद्ध तरीके अध्याय 3 और 13 में वर्णित हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- 12 राशियो का एक भगण होता है ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- 60 विकला की एक कला ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- 60 कला का - 1 अंश ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- 30 अंश को - 1 राशी ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- शीघ्र्‍ गति वाले ग्रह अल्पकाल मे तथा मंद गतिवाले अधिक काल मे 27 नक्षत्र का भोग करते है ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- अश्विनी नक्षत्र सें भ्रमण करते हुये रेवती नक्षत्र तक ग्रहो का भगण पुरा होता है ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- पुर्वाभिमुख गमन करने वाले सुर्य-बुध और शुक्र और मंगल शनि और गुरू की भगण संख्या 4320000 होती है ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- एक महायुग मे चंद्रमा कि भगण संख्या – 57753336,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- एक महायुग मे मंगल कि भगण संख्या – 2296832,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- एक महायुग मे बुध कि भगण संख्या – 17937060,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- एक महायुग मे गुरु की भगण संख्या – 364220", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- एक महायुग मे शुक्र की भगण संख्या – 7022376", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- एक महायुग मे शनि की भगण संख्या – 146568", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- चंद्र की भगण संख्या – 488203", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- राहु-केतु की विपरीत गति से भगणों कि – 232236 संख्या होती है ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- एक महायुग मे नक्षत्रो की भगण संख्या – 1582237828 होती है ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- नाक्षत्र भगण मे से ग्रहो के अपने अपने भगण घटाने पर शेष ग्रहों के सावन दिन होते है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- एक महायुग मे सुर्य और चंद्रमा के भगणों के अंतर के समान चांद्रमास होते है ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- युग चांद्रमास से युग सुर्य मास घटाने पर अधिमास मिलता है ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- एक महायुग में 1577917828 सावन दिन होते है ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- 1603000080 तिथियाँ होती है ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- 1593336 आधिमास होते है ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- 25082252 क्षय दिन होते है ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "- 51840000 सौर मास होते है ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "नक्षत्र भगण से सौर भगण घटाने पर सावन होता है ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "समय-मापन एवं इकाइयाँ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "इस ग्रंथ में वर्णित काल-मापन की इकाइयाँ आश्चर्यजनक एवं विलक्षण रूप से विशुद्ध हैं। हिन्दू ब्रह्माण्डीय कालगणना सूर्य सिद्धांत के पहले अध्याय के श्लोक 11–23 में आते हैं।:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "(श्लोक 11) - वह जो कि श्वास से आरम्भ होता है, यथार्थ कहलाता है; और वह जो त्रुटि से आरम्भ होता है, अवास्तविक कहलाता है। छः श्वास से एक विनाड़ी बनती है। साठ श्वासों से एक नाड़ी बनती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "(श्लोक 12) - और साठ नाड़ियों से एक दिवस (दिन और रात्रि) बनते हैं। तीस दिवसों से एक मास (महीना) बनता है। एक नागरिक (सावन) मास सूर्योदयों की संख्याओं के बराबर होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "(श्लोक 13) - एक चंद्र मास, उतनी चंद्र तिथियों से बनता है। एक सौर मास सूर्य के राशि में प्रवेश से निश्चित होता है। बारह मास एक वरष बनाते हैं। एक वरष को देवताओं का एक दिवस कहते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "(श्लोक 14) - देवताओं और दैत्यों के दिन और रात्रि पारस्परिक उलटे होते हैं। उनके छः गुणा साठ देवताओं के (दिव्य) वर्ष होते हैं। ऐसे ही दैत्यों के भी होते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "(श्लोक 15) - बारह सहस्र (हज़ार) दिव्य वर्षों को एक चतुर्युग कहते हैं। एक चतुर्युग तिरालीस लाख बीस हज़ार सौर वर्षों का होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "(श्लोक 16) - चतुर्युगी की उषा और संध्या काल होते हैं। कॄतयुग या सतयुग और अन्य युगों का अन्तर, जैसे मापा जाता है, वह इस प्रकार है, जो कि चरणों में होता है:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "(श्लोक 17) - एक चतुर्युगी का दशांश को क्रमशः चार, तीन, दो और एक से गुणा करने पर कॄतयुग और अन्य युगों की अवधि मिलती है। इन सभी का छठा भाग इनकी उषा और संध्या होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "(श्लोक 18) - इकहत्तर चतुर्युगी एक मन्वन्तर या एक मनु की आयु होते हैं। इसके अन्त पर संध्या होती है, जिसकी अवधि एक सतयुग के बराबर होती है और यह प्रलय होती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "(श्लोक 19) - एक कल्प में चौदह मन्वन्तर होते हैं, अपनी संध्याओं के साथ; प्रत्येक कल्प के आरम्भ में पंद्रहवीं संध्या/उषा होती है। यह भी सतयुग के बराबर ही होती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "(श्लोक 20) - एक कल्प में, एक हज़ार चतुर्युगी होते हैं और फ़िर एक प्रलय होती है। यह ब्रह्मा का एक दिन होता है। इसके बाद इतनी ही लम्बी रात्रि भी होती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "(श्लोक 21) - इस दिन और रात्रि के आकलन से उनकी आयु एक सौ वर्ष होती है; उनकी आधी आयु निकल चुकी है और शेष में से यह प्रथम कल्प है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "(श्लोक 22) - इस कल्प में, छः मनु अपनी संध्याओं समेत निकल चुके, अब सातवें मनु (वैवस्वत: विवस्वान (सूर्य) के पुत्र) का सत्तैसवां चतुर्युगी बीत चुका है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "(श्लोक 23) - वर्तमान में, अट्ठाईसवां चतुर्युगी का कॄतयुग बीत चुका है।........", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "इस खगोलीय समय चक्र का आकलन करने पर, निम्न परिणाम मिलते हैं", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "उष्णकटिबनधीय वर्ष की औसत लम्बाई है 365.2421756 दिवस, जो कि आधुनिक आकलन से केवल 1.4 सैकण्ड ही छोटी है। (J2000). यह उष्णकटिबन्धीय वर्ष का सर्वाधिक विशुद्ध आकलन रहा कम से कम अगली छः शताब्दियों तक, जब मुस्लिम गणितज्ञ उमर खय्याम ने एक बेहतर अनुमान दिया. फ़िर भी यहआकलन अभी भी विश्व में प्रचलित ग्रेगोरियन वर्ष के मापन से अति शुद्ध ही है, जो कि वर्शः की अवधि केवल 365.2425 दिवस ही बताता है, यथार्थ 365.2421756 दिवस के स्थान पर.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "एक नाक्षत्रीय वर्ष की औसत अवधि, पृथ्वी के द्वारा, सूर्य की परिक्रमा में लगे समय अवधि 365.2563627 दिवस होती है, जो कि आधुनिक मान 365.25636305 दिवस (J2000) के एकदम बराबर ही है। यह नाक्षत्रीय वर्ष का सर्वाधिक परिशुद्ध कलन यहा सहस्रों वर्ष तक.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "नाक्षत्रीय वर्ष का दिया गया यथार्थ मान, वैसे उतना शुद्ध नहीं है। इसका मान 365.258756 दिवस दिया गया है, जो कि आधुनिक मान से 3 मिनट और 27 सैकण्ड कम है। यह इसलिये है, क्योंकि लेखक, या सम्पादक ने बाद में किये गये कलनों में हिन्दू ब्रह्माण्डीय समय चह्र की गणना से थोड़ा भिन्न हो कर यहां गणना की है। उसने शायद समय चक्र के जटिल गणना के आकलन को सही समझा नहीं है। सम्पादक ने सूर्य की औसत गति और समान परिशुद्धता का प्रयोग किया है, जो कि हिन्दू ब्रह्माण्डीय समय चक्र के आकलन से निम्न स्तर का है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सर्वत्रैव महीगोले स्वस्थानम् उपरि स्थितम् ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "मन्यन्ते खे यतो गोलस् तस्य क्वोर्धवम् क्व वाधः ॥ (सूर्यसिद्धान्त १२.५३)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "अनुवाद : (अनुवादक: स्कॉट एल मॉण्टगोमरी, आलोक कुमार)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "इस गोलाकार धरती पर लोग अपने स्थान को सबसे ऊपर मानते हैं। किन्तु यह गोला तो आकाश में स्थित है, उसका उर्ध्व (ऊपर) क्या और नीचे क्या?", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सूर्य सिद्धान्त में ग्रहों के व्यास की गणना भी की गयी है। बुध का व्यास ३००८ मील दिया गया है जो आधुनिक स्वीकृत मान (३०३२ मील्) से केवल १% कम है। इसके अलावा शनि, मंगल, शुक्र और बृहस्पति के व्यास की गणना भी की गयी है। शनि का व्यास ७३८८२ मील बताया गया है जो केवल १% अशुद्ध है। मंगल का व्यास ३७७२ मील बताया गया है जो लगभग ११% अशुद्ध है। शुक्र का व्यास ४०११ मील तथा बृहस्पति का व्यास ४१६२४ मील बताया गया है जो वर्तमान स्वीकृत मानों के लगभग आधे हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "पण्डित सुधाकर द्विवेदी अपने समीकरण-मीमांसा नामक ग्रन्थ की भूमिका में लिखते हैं कि \"भारतवर्ष में बीजगणित का अंकुर कब और पहिले कहाँ जमा यह अब स्पष्टरूप से जानना अत्यन्त कठिन है। तथापि जहां तक विचार से अनुभव होता है, यह जान पड़ता है कि इस देश में लिखने की विद्या प्रकट होने के पूर्व ही से बीजगणित का प्रचार था। आर्ष ग्रन्थ सूर्यसिद्धान्त ( जिसकी रचना काल का अनुसन्धान अभी तक स्पष्ट रूप से नहीं हो सका है ) को देखने से यह अनुमान होता है कि बीजगणित भारत में ही पहिले उत्पन्न हुआ फिर यहाँ से सर्वत्र फैला है-\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "त्रिज्यावर्गार्धतो +अग्रज्यावर्गोनाद्द्वादशाहतात् ।। ३.२८ ।।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "पुनर्द्वादशनिघ्नाच्च लभ्यते यत्फलं बुधैः ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "शङ्कुवर्गार्धसंयुक्तविषुवद्वर्गभाजितात् ।। ३.२९ ।।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "तदेव करणी नाम तां पृथक्स्थापयेद्बुधः ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "अर्कघ्नी विषुवच्छायाग्रज्यया गुणिता तथा ।। ३.३० ।।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "भक्ता फलाख्यं तद्वर्गसंयुक्तकरणीपदम् ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "फलेन हीनसंयुक्तं दक्षिणोत्तरगोलयोः ।। ३.३१ ।।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "याम्ययोर्विदिशोः शङ्कुरेवं याम्योत्तरे रवौ ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "परिभ्रमति शङ्कोस्तु शङ्कुरुत्तरयोस्तु सः ।। ३.३२ ।।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "तत्त्रिज्यावर्गविश्लेषान्मूलं दृग्ज्याभिधीयते ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "स्वशङ्कुना विभज्याप्ते दृक्त्रिज्ये द्वादशाहते ।। ३.३३ ।।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "अर्थ - त्रिज्या के वर्ग के आधे में अग्रा का वर्ग घटा कर शेष को १२ से गुण कर फिर १२ से गुण दो। इस गुणनफल मे शङ्कवर्ग के आधे अर्थात् ७२ युत गुण पावर्ग से भाग दो। इससे जो भजनफल पाया जाय उसके करणी कह पण्डित इस करणी को अलग लिख रक्खे। फिर १२ गुन पलभा वा अग्रा से गुणने से जो गुणनफल हो उसमें उसी का अर्थात् ७२ युत पलभावग का भाग दो। इस लब्धि को फल कहो । इस फल के वर्ग से युत करणी के वर्गमूल मे से उस फल को यदि सूर्य दक्षिण गोल मे हो तो घटाओ और यदि सूर्य उत्तर गोल में हो तो जोड़ो। यही फल कोणशङ्कु होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "पं० सुधाकर द्विवेदी का स्पष्ट कथन है कि इस सूत्र की उपपत्ति बीजगणित के बिना हो ही नहीं सकती।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त आधुनिक त्रिकोणमिति का मूल है। सूर्यसिद्धान्त में वर्णित ज्या और कोटिज्या फलनों से ही आधुनिक साइन (sine) और कोसाइन (cosine) नाम व्युत्पन्न हुए हैं ( जो भारत से अरब-जगत होते हुए यूरोप पहुँचे)। इतना ही नहीं, सूर्यसिद्धान्त के तृतीय अध्याय (त्रिप्रश्नाधिकारः) में ही सबसे पहले स्पर्शज्या (tangent) और व्युकोज्या (secant) का प्रयोग हुआ है। निम्नलिखित श्लोकों में शंकुक द्वारा निर्मित छाया का वर्णन करते हुए इनका उपयोग हुआ है-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "शेषम् नताम्शाः सूर्यस्य तद्बाहुज्या च कोटिज्या।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "शंकुमानांगुलाभ्यस्ते भुजत्रिज्ये यथाक्रमम् ॥ ३.२१ ॥", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "कोटिज्यया विभज्याप्ते छायाकर्णाव् अहर्दले।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "क्रान्तिज्या विषुवत्कर्णगुणाप्ता शंकुजीवया ॥ ३.२२ ॥", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "Of [the sun's meridian zenith distance] find the jya (\"base sine\") and kojya (cosine or \"perpendicular sine\"). If then the jya and radius be multiplied respectively by the measure of the gnomon in digits, and divided by the kojya, the results are the shadow and hypotenuse at mid-day.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "उपरोक्त सूत्र से, आधुनिक प्रतीकों का उपयोग करते हुए, दोपहर के समय शंकुक (gnomon) की छाया की लम्बाई यह होगी-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle s={\\frac {g\\sin \\theta }{\\cos \\theta }}=g\\tan \\theta }", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "तथा, दोपहर के समय, शंकुक के विकर्ण (hypotenuse) की लम्बाई यह होगी-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle h={\\frac {gr}{\\cos \\theta }}=gr{\\frac {1}{\\cos \\theta }}=gr\\sec \\theta }", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "शंकुक की लम्बाई (उंचाई) है,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "शंकुक की त्रिज्या है,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "शंकुक की छाया की लम्बैइ है, और", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "भारत के विभिन्न भागों में भारतीय सौर पंचांग तथा चन्द्र-सौर पंचांग प्रयुक्त होते हैं। इनके आधार पर ही विभिन्न त्यौहार, मेले, क्रियाकर्म होते हैं। भारत में प्रचलित आधुनिक सौर तथा चान्द्रसौर पंचांग, सूर्य के विभिन्न राशियों में प्रवेश के समय पर ही आधारित हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "परम्परागत पंचांगकार, आज भी सूर्यसिद्धान्त में निहित सूत्रों और समीकरणों का ही प्रयोग करके अपने पंचांग का निर्माण करते हैं। भारतीयों के धार्मिक एवं सामाजिक जीवन पर पंचांग का बहुत अधिक प्रभाव है तथा अधिकांश घरों में पंचांग रखने की प्रथा है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "पारदाराम्बुसूत्राणि शुल्वतैलजलानि च।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "बीजानि पांसवस्तेषु प्रयोगास्तेऽपि दुर्लभाः ॥१३.२२ ॥", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "अर्थ : ताड़ियों (spokes) में पारद भरा हुआ, जल, धागा (सूत्र), रस्सी, तेल और जल आदि से ये यंत्र बनाये जाते हैं। इसके अलावा बीज और महीन रेत भी इन यंत्रों में प्रयुक्त होती हैं। ये यन्त्र दुर्लभ हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त की महत्ता का अनुमान इसी से लगाया जा सकता है कि इसकी कम से कम २६ टीकाएँ उपलब्ध हैं।  इसके अलावा ८ और टीकाएँ भी हैं जिनके लेखकों के नाम अज्ञात हैं। नीचे प्रमुख टिकाओं के नाम दिये गये हैं। लगभग सभी टीकाओं में इस ग्रन्थ की सामग्री को पुनर्व्यवस्थित या परिवर्तित किया गया है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सूर्यसिद्धान्तटीका (1178) (मल्लिकार्जुन सूरि)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त-भाष्य (1185) (चन्देश्वर नामक एक मैथिल ब्राह्मण)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "वासनार्णव (1375–1400 ई०) ('महाराजाधिराज' मदनपाल)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त-विवरण (1432) ( केरल के परमेश्वर नम्बुदिरी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "कल्प-वल्ली (1472) (आन्ध्रदेश के यल्लय)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सुबोधिनी (1472) (रामकृष्ण अराध्य)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त-विवरण (1572) (काम्पिल्य के भूधर)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "कामदोग्धृ (1599) (परगीपुरी के तम्म यज्वन)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "गूढार्थ-प्रकाशक (1603) (काशी के रङ्गनाथ)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सौर-भाष्य (1611) (काशी के नृसिंह)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "गहनार्थ-प्रकाश (1628) (काशी के विश्वनाथ)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सौर-वासना (1658 के पश्चात) (काशी के कमलाकर)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "किरणावली (1719) (दादाभाई नामक एक चितपावन ब्राह्मण)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त-टीका (रचना-काल अज्ञात) (दक्षिण भारत के कामभट्ट)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "गणकोपकारिणी (रचना-काल अज्ञात) (दक्षिण भारत के चोल विपश्चित)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "गुरुकटाक्ष (रचना-काल अज्ञात) (दक्षिण भारत के भूति-विष्णु)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "मल्लिकारुज सूरि ने संस्कृत में \"सूर्य-सिद्धान्त-टीका\" रचने के पहले सन ११७८ में तेलुगु में इसकी एक टीका लिखी थी।  कल्पाकृति सूरि ने सूर्यसिद्धान्त पर तेलुगु में एक दूसरा टिका-ग्रन्थ लिखा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "Translation of the Sûrya-Siddhânta: A text-book of Hindu astronomy, with notes and an appendix by Ebenezer Burgess Originally published: Journal of the American Oriental Society 6 (1860) 141–498. Commentary by Burgess is much larger than his translation.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "बापू देव शास्त्री कृत सूर्यसिद्धान्त का अनुवाद (1861) ISBN 3-7648-1334-2, ISBN 978-3-7648-1334-5. Only a few notes। Translation of Surya Siddhanta occupies first 100 pages; rest is a translation of the Siddhanta Siromani by Lancelot Wilkinson.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "Surya-Siddhanta: A Text Book of Hindu Astronomy by Ebenezer Burgess, ed. Phanindralal Gangooly (1989/1997) with a 45-page commentary by P. C. Sengupta (1935).", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "Ebenezer Burgess. \"Translation of the Surya-Siddhanta, a text-book of Hindu Astronomy\", Journal of the American Oriental Society 6 (1860): 141–498.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "Victor J. Katz. A History of Mathematics: An Introduction, 1998.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "Dwight William Johnson. Exegesis of Hindu Cosmological Time Cycles, 2003.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "भारतीय विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त (संस्कृत विकिस्रोत)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त (देवनागरी पाठ)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त (देवनागरी पाठ)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त (राष्ट्रीय संस्कृत संस्थान)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त का हिन्दी अनुवाद (प्रथम चार अध्याय)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सूर्य सिद्धान्त का अनुवाद", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "Surya-Siddhanta: A Text Book of Hindu Astronomy (1858) by Ebenezer Burgess Kessinger Publishing", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "Surya-Siddhanta: A Text Book of Hindu Astronomy by Ebenezer Burgess Phanindralal Gangooly", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "Surya-Siddhanta: A Text Book of Hindu Astronomy; With Notes and an Appendix by Ebenezer Burgess JSTOR", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "Surya Siddhanta Sanskrit text in Devanagari.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "Surya Siddhanta. PDF scans of various (English and Sanskrit) editions, with and without Sansksrit commentaries. (English, Sanskrit)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त (हिन्दी व्याख्या सहित ; सम्पादक और व्याख्याकार - रामचन्द्र पाण्डेय)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त, गरुडप्रकाश एवं हिन्दी टीका सहित (बलदेव प्रसाद मिश्र)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त, भाग-२ (एम० पी० श्रीवास्तव)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e2de47dc", "title": "सूर्यसिद्धान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e2de47dc.json"}}
{"text": "मॊरसालपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के अनंतपुर जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_71200406", "title": "मॊरसालपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_71200406.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_71200406", "title": "मॊरसालपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_71200406.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_71200406", "title": "मॊरसालपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_71200406.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर मॊरसालपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_71200406", "title": "मॊरसालपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_71200406.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_71200406", "title": "मॊरसालपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_71200406.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_71200406", "title": "मॊरसालपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_71200406.json"}}
{"text": "कुकरेती धार-उ०त०३, यमकेश्वर तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के पौड़ी जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_215cc340", "title": "कुकरेती धार-उ०त०३, यमकेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%89%E0%A5%A6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9,_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_215cc340.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_215cc340", "title": "कुकरेती धार-उ०त०३, यमकेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%89%E0%A5%A6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9,_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_215cc340.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_215cc340", "title": "कुकरेती धार-उ०त०३, यमकेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%89%E0%A5%A6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9,_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_215cc340.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_215cc340", "title": "कुकरेती धार-उ०त०३, यमकेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%89%E0%A5%A6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9,_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_215cc340.json"}}
{"text": "कलिंगपटनम (Kalingapatnam) भारत के आन्ध्र प्रदेश राज्य के श्रीकाकुलम ज़िले में स्थित एक नगर है। यह बंगाल की खाड़ी से तटस्थ है और यहाँ वंशधारा नदी का सागर में विलय होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ca411b43", "title": "कलिंगपटनम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ca411b43.json"}}
{"text": "सराय सैयबारे उर्फ यासीनपुर  भारतीय राज्य उत्तर प्रदेश के प्रयागराज जिले के फूलपुर प्रखण्ड में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5f2187cf", "title": "सराय सैयबारे उर्फ यासीनपुर गाँव, फूलपुर (इलाहाबाद)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5f2187cf.json"}}
{"text": "नम त्सो (तिब्बती: གནམ་མཚོ་, अंग्रेज़ी: Namtso) या नमत्सो, जिसे मंगोल भाषा में तेन्ग्री नोर (Tengri Nor, अर्थ: तेन्ग्री/स्वर्ग की झील) भी कहते हैं, तिब्बत की एक पर्वतीय झील है। यह तिब्बत के ल्हासा विभाग के दमझ़ुंग ज़िले और नगछु विभाग के पलगोन (बैनगोइन) ज़िले की सरहद पर स्थित है। इसका पानी खारा है। लगभग १५,००० फ़ुट पर स्थित यह झील दुनिया की सबसे ऊँची खारी झील है और चिंगहई झील के बाद तिब्बत के पठार की दूसरी सबसे बड़ी झील है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d8926295", "title": "नम त्सो", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d8926295.json"}}
{"text": "चिंगहई झील के बाद नमत्सो तिब्बत के पठार की दूसरी सबसे बड़ी झील है। १९५० में तिब्बत पर क़ब्ज़ा करने के बाद चीन की सरकार ने प्रशासनिक रूप से उसका विभाजन कर दिया इसलिए अब चिंगहई झील औपचारिक रूप से तिब्बत स्वशासित प्रदेश में नहीं बल्कि चिंगहई प्रान्त में आती है। इस कारणवश नमत्सो तिब्बत स्वशासित प्रदेश की सबसे बड़ी झील भी कहलाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d8926295", "title": "नम त्सो", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d8926295.json"}}
{"text": "नमत्सो में पाँच द्वीप हैं लेकिन इनपर कोई नहीं रहता। इनके अलावा कुछ पत्थर की चट्टानें भी सतह से ऊपर दिखती हैं। सर्दियों में झील की सतह पर बर्फ़ की मोटी तह जम जाती है जिसपर चलकर द्वीपों तक जाना सम्भव हो जाता है। अक्सर तिब्बती बौद्ध तीर्थयात्री अपना खाना साथ ले जाकर इन द्वीपों पर जाकर ध्यान लगाते हैं। पुराने ज़माने में कुछ भिक्षु पूरी गरमी-भर बर्फ़ पिघलने के बाद कई महीने द्वीपों पर ही कठिन परिस्थितियों में रहते थे लेकिन अब चीनी सरकार ने यह प्रथा वर्जित कर दी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d8926295", "title": "नम त्सो", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d8926295.json"}}
{"text": "नमत्सो का सबसे बड़ा द्वीप झील के पश्चिमोत्तरी कोने में है और २,१०० मीटर लम्बा और ८०० मीटर चौड़ा है। झील की सतह की तुलना में द्वीप के बीच में १०० मीटर (३३० फ़ुट) की उँचाई है। यह द्वीप झील के छोर से लगभग ३.१ किमी दूर है। झील का सबसे दूर-दराज़ टापू झील के किनारे से लगभग ५.१ किमी दूर है। द्वीपों पर गर्मियों में भिन्न घासें उगी होती हैं और कुछ पक्षी वहाँ जाकर ठहरते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d8926295", "title": "नम त्सो", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d8926295.json"}}
{"text": "न्येनचेन थंगल्हा पर्वतमाला के क्षेत्र में मौसम अचानक बदल जाता है। इसलिये झील के इलाक़े में कभी-कभी यकायक बर्फ़बारी होनी शुरु हो जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d8926295", "title": "नम त्सो", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d8926295.json"}}
{"text": "छींच (Chhinch) भारत के राजस्थान राज्य के बांसवाड़ा ज़िले में स्थित एक नगर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bece4224", "title": "छींच", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bece4224.json"}}
{"text": "छींच में एक 12वीं शताब्दी में बना ब्रह्मा जी का प्रसिद्ध मन्दिर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bece4224", "title": "छींच", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bece4224.json"}}
{"text": "जैखाल भारतीय राज्य उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के अल्मोड़ा जिले की भिकियासैण तहसील का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_83169610", "title": "जैखाल, भिकियासैण तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_83169610.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_83169610", "title": "जैखाल, भिकियासैण तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_83169610.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_83169610", "title": "जैखाल, भिकियासैण तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_83169610.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_83169610", "title": "जैखाल, भिकियासैण तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_83169610.json"}}
{"text": "धनियाखान मल्ला N.Z.A., कोश्याँकुटोली तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के नैनीताल जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b59c28fc", "title": "धनियाखान मल्ला N.Z.A., कोश्याँकुटोली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b59c28fc.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b59c28fc", "title": "धनियाखान मल्ला N.Z.A., कोश्याँकुटोली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b59c28fc.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b59c28fc", "title": "धनियाखान मल्ला N.Z.A., कोश्याँकुटोली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b59c28fc.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b59c28fc", "title": "धनियाखान मल्ला N.Z.A., कोश्याँकुटोली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b59c28fc.json"}}
{"text": "सुसेरा, पिथौरागढ (सदर) तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के पिथोरागढ जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_945e1f90", "title": "सुसेरा, पिथौरागढ (सदर) तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0)_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_945e1f90.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_945e1f90", "title": "सुसेरा, पिथौरागढ (सदर) तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0)_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_945e1f90.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_945e1f90", "title": "सुसेरा, पिथौरागढ (सदर) तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0)_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_945e1f90.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_945e1f90", "title": "सुसेरा, पिथौरागढ (सदर) तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0)_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_945e1f90.json"}}
{"text": "मणिकुर्ति (कर्नूलु) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के कर्नूलु जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0bfece8e", "title": "मणिकुर्ति (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0bfece8e.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0bfece8e", "title": "मणिकुर्ति (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0bfece8e.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0bfece8e", "title": "मणिकुर्ति (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0bfece8e.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर मणिकुर्ति (कर्नूलु)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0bfece8e", "title": "मणिकुर्ति (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0bfece8e.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0bfece8e", "title": "मणिकुर्ति (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0bfece8e.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0bfece8e", "title": "मणिकुर्ति (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0bfece8e.json"}}
{"text": "संपलोडी-घुड०२, पौडी तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के पौड़ी जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d5bc3a09", "title": "संपलोडी-घुड०२, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d5bc3a09.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d5bc3a09", "title": "संपलोडी-घुड०२, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d5bc3a09.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d5bc3a09", "title": "संपलोडी-घुड०२, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d5bc3a09.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d5bc3a09", "title": "संपलोडी-घुड०२, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d5bc3a09.json"}}
{"text": "दाग 1952 में बनी हिन्दी भाषा की फिल्म है। इस फिल्म के मुख्य कलाकार दिलीप कुमार हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9e32153", "title": "दाग (1952 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_(1952_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9e32153.json"}}
{"text": "दिलीप कुमारऔर सारे कलाकारों के नाम बताये", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9e32153", "title": "दाग (1952 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_(1952_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9e32153.json"}}
{"text": "1953 - फ़िल्मफ़ेयर सर्वश्रेष्ठ अभिनेता पुरस्कार - दिलीप कुमार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9e32153", "title": "दाग (1952 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_(1952_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9e32153.json"}}
{"text": "दाग  इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9e32153", "title": "दाग (1952 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_(1952_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9e32153.json"}}
{"text": "भेरिया में भारत के बिहार राज्य के अन्तर्गत मगध मण्डल के औरंगाबाद जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87a4bd57", "title": "भेरिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87a4bd57.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87a4bd57", "title": "भेरिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87a4bd57.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87a4bd57", "title": "भेरिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87a4bd57.json"}}
{"text": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची (अंग्रेज़ी:List of Sahabah) सहाबी या सहाबिया जिन्होंने इस्लाम के पैग़म्बर को देखा या मुलाकात की थी, जब वह जीवित था उस पर विश्वास किया था और अंतिम सांस तक मुस्लिम के रूप में ही रहा था। मुहम्मद का किसी भी तरह साथ देने वाले और विश्वास करने वाले को सहाबा माना जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अरबी भाषा की इस्लामी शब्दावली में पुरुष के लिए सहाबी और बहुवचन में सहाबा तथा  स्त्रीलिंग के लिए 'सहाबिया' और बहुवचन में सहाबियात का प्रयोग होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "पैग़म्बर मुहम्मद के देहान्त के समय सहाबा और सहाबियात  की संख्या प्रोफेसर [[जियाउर्रहमान आज़मी के अनुसार एक लाख बीस हजार थी। उनके देहान्त के समय एक लाख सहाबा उनके साथ हज में सम्मिलित हुए थे, जबकि बहुत सारे लोग मदीना तथा उसके चारों ओर ऐसे थे जो उस समय हज पर नहीं जा सके थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अबू सुबरा बिन अबू रहम", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अबूसुफ़ियान बिन हारिस", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अबू सुफ़ियान बिन हर्ब", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अबू सुफ़ियान बिन हर्ब", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अबू उबैदा इबन जर्राह", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अबी बिन मआज़ बिन अनस", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अर्क़म बिन अबी उलारक़ुम", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अमराउल क़ेस बिन आबिस", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अब्बास बिन अबदुलमुतलिब", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अबदुर्रहमान बिन अबी बक्र", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अबदुर्रहमान बिन समरा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अबदुर्रहमान बिन मआज़ बिन जबल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अब्दुल्लाह बिन अबी ओफ़ी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अब्दुल्लाह बिन अबी खोली", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अब्दुल्लाह बिन अबी क़हाफ़ा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अब्दुल्लाह बिन अर्क़म", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अब्दुल्लाह बिन जाफ़र", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अब्दुल्लाह बिन हारिस", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अब्दुल्लाह बिन हुजेफ़ा सहमी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अब्दुल्लाह बिन रवाहा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अब्दुल्ला इब्न अल-ज़ुबैर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अब्दुल्लाह बिन सराक़ा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अब्दुल्लाह बिन सुहेल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अब्दुल्लाह बिन तारिक़", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अब्दुल्लाह बिन अब्दुल्लाह बिन अबी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अब्दुल्लाह बिन मग़फ़िल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अबद अलल्ले बिन मख़रमा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अब्दुल्लाह बिन मज़ावन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अब्दुल्लाह बिन अब्बास", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अब्दुल्लाह बिन अबदुल्लाह बिन अबी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अब्दुल्लाह बिन उमरो बिन हराम", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अब्दुल्लाह बिन उमरो बिन अल आस", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अब्दुल्लाह इब्न ज़ुबैर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अब्द या लील बिन नाशब", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अदी बिन अबू अलज़ग़बा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "अक़ील इब्न अबी तालिब", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "आक़िल बिन अबी अलबकेर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "इब्राहिम इब्न मुहम्मद", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "उम्मे कुलसूम बिंत आसिम", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "उम कुलसूम बिंत मुहम्मद", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "उम्मे कुलसूम बिंत उक़बा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "बुरा-ए-बिन मालिक अंसारी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "बशीर बिन साद अब्बू अलनामान इबन सालबा अलांसारी अलख़ज़रजी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "साबित बिन अमरो अंसारी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "सालबा बिन अमरो बिन मुहसिन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "सुवैबाCheck orthography", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "सालिम मूली अबी हुज़ैफ़ा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "साइब बिन उसमान बिन मज़ावन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "सुफ़ियान बिन अबदुल्लाह", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "सिनान बिन अब्बू सिनान", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "सफिया बिंत ही बिन अख़्तब", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "सफिया बिंत अबद अलमतलब", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "जुवेरिया बिन्त अल-हारिस", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "जाबिर बिन अबदुल्लाह बिन राब", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "जरीर बिन अबदुल्लाह अलबजली", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "ज़ह्हाक बिन सुफ़ियान", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "ज़ह्हाक बिन अबद अमरो", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "ज़ियाद बिन अबी सुफ़ियान", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "ज़ौ अलशमालेन बिन अबद अमरो", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "हारिस बिन अनस बिन मालिक", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "हारिस बिन ओस बिन मआज़", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "हारिस बिन अबद अलाज़ी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "हारिस बिन अबदुलमुतलिब", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "हारिस बिन क़ैस बन ख़ुलदा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "हारिस बिन हिशाम बिन मुग़ीरह", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "हारिसा बिन जै़द अंसारी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "हरीस बिन जै़द बिन अबद रुबा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "हुक्म बिन अमीर इलसम्मा ली", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "हमज़ा बिन अबदुल मुतलिब", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "ख़ारिजा बिन हज़ाफ़ा सहमी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "ख़ालिद बिन अबी अलबकेर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "ख़ालिद बिन अमरो बिन अदी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "ख़ालिद बिन क़ैस बिन मालिक", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "ख़ुबैब बिन अलासोद अंसारी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "ख़िलाद बिन राफ़े बिन मालिक", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "ख़िलाद बिन अमरो बिन अलजमोह", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "ख़ुवैलद बिन अमरो अलसलमी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "रमला बिंत अबूसुफ़ियान", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "रुक़य्या बिंत मुहम्मद", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "तुफ़ैल बिन अमरो दौसी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "फ़ातिमा बिंत अलोलीद बिन अबद शमस", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "फ़ातिमा बिंत अलोलीद बिन अलमग़ीरा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "फ़ातिमा बिंत अलज़बीर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "क़द उम्मा बिन मज़ावन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "लबीद बिन रबीया आमिरी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "मालिक बन रबीया बिन अलबदन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "मुबश्शिर बिन अबद अलमनज़र", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "मुहम्मद बिन अबी बिक्र", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "मुहम्मद बिन मुस्लिमा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "मुर्सिद बिन अब्बू मुर्सिद", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "मआज़ बिन अमरो बिन जम्वा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "मुआवीया बिन अब्बू सुफ़ियान", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "मुअम्मर बिन अबी सिरा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "मऊज़ बिन अमरो बिन अलजमोह", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "मएकेब बिन अबी फ़ातिमा दौसी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "नाइला बिंत अलफ़राफ़सा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "नोमान बिन अब्बू ख़ज़िमा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "वाक़िद बिन अबद अलल्ले", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "वलीद इबन अलोलीद ख़ालिद बिन वलीद के भाई", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "हिंद बिंत औफ़ बिन ज़हीर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "यज़ीद बिन आमिर अंसारी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "हयातुस्सहाबा (1-3) (हिंदी पुस्तक), लेखक:युसूफ कांधलवी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "Hayatus Sahaba (The Lives of the Sahabah) (1-3 volumes)  - Writer: Yusuf Kandhlawi", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "Sahaba e Kiram Encyclopedia (Urdu)صحابہ اکرام انسائیکلوپیڈیا", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b06e0bc5", "title": "सहाबा और सहाबियात की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b06e0bc5.json"}}
{"text": "तल्ली मिरई भारतीय राज्य उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के अल्मोड़ा जिले की द्वाराहाट तहसील का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8c1d8e32", "title": "तल्ली मिरई, द्वाराहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%88,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8c1d8e32.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8c1d8e32", "title": "तल्ली मिरई, द्वाराहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%88,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8c1d8e32.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8c1d8e32", "title": "तल्ली मिरई, द्वाराहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%88,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8c1d8e32.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8c1d8e32", "title": "तल्ली मिरई, द्वाराहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%88,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8c1d8e32.json"}}
{"text": "भोजपुरी सिनेमा  का मुख्य क्षेत्र बिहार में है। इसके अलावा यह सिनेमा उत्तर प्रदेश ,और नेपाल में भी अपनी जगह बना चुका है। भोजपुरी की पहली फिल्म \"गंगा मैया तोहे पियरी चढ़इबो\" विश्वनाथ शाहाबादी द्वारा 1963 में प्रदर्शित की गई थी। भोजपुरी की सर्वाधिक कमाई करने वाली फिल्मों में \"ससुरा बड़ा पैसा वाला\" भी गिनी जाती है। जिसमे मनोज तिवारी मुख्य भूमिका में थे, जो एक प्रसिद्ध भोजपुरी गायक भी है। भोजपुरी फिल्म उद्योग 3000 करोड़ रुपये का एक उद्योग है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c55cfcde", "title": "भोजपुरी सिनेमा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c55cfcde.json"}}
{"text": "1960 के दशक में, भारत के पहले राष्ट्रपति राजेंद्र प्रसाद ने बॉलीवुड अभिनेता नाजीर हुसैन से मुलाकात की और उन्होंने भोजपुरी में एक फिल्म बनाने के लिए कहा, जिसकी वजह से 1963 में पहली भोजपुरी फिल्म रिलीज हुई। भोजपुरी सिनेमा का इतिहास अच्छी तरह से फिल्म \"गंगा मैया तोहे पीयरी चढ़ाईबो\" के साथ शुरू होता है, जिसे विश्वनाथ प्रसाद शाहाबादी द्वारा निर्मित किया गया था। बॉलीवुड सिनेमा के कई प्रमुख सितारे, जिनमें अमिताभ बच्चन भी शामिल हैं, उन्होंने भी भोजपुरी फिल्मों में काम किया है। मिथुन चक्रवर्ती की भोजपुरी की पहली फिल्म भोले शंकर, जो 2008 में रिलीज़ हुई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c55cfcde", "title": "भोजपुरी सिनेमा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c55cfcde.json"}}
{"text": "भोजपुरी सिनेमा पर अश्लीलता के आरोप लगते रहे हैं। और इसी वजह से इसे फूहड़ और घटिया सिनेमा भी कहा जाता है, क्योंकि इस अंग प्रदर्शन और अश्लील गानो का बहुत प्रयोग किया गया, इन फ़िल्मों को परिवार के साथ बैठ कर नहीं देखा जा सकता है। भोजपुरी की अधिकतर फिल्में अश्लीलता के कारण कारोबार करती हैं तथा बहुत सी फिल्में तो परिवार के साथ बैठकर देखने लायक भी नहीं हैं। हालांकि भोजपुरी कलाकार इन आरोपों का खंडन भी करते रहे हैं। पर यह भी सत्य है कि भोजपुरी में बनने वाली बहुत सी फिल्मों को भारतीय केन्द्रीय फिल्म प्रमाणन बोर्ड द्वारा A/व (व्यस्कों वाला) प्रमाण पत्र दिया गया है जो ये साबित करता है कि भोजपुरी सिनेमा में अश्लीलता का स्थान रहा है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c55cfcde", "title": "भोजपुरी सिनेमा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c55cfcde.json"}}
{"text": "राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग २१ (National Highway 21) भारत का एक राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग है। यह राजस्थान में जयपुर से उत्तर प्रदेश में बरेली तक जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cb948a9e", "title": "राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग २१ (भारत)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A7_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cb948a9e.json"}}
{"text": "राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग (भारत)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cb948a9e", "title": "राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग २१ (भारत)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A7_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cb948a9e.json"}}
{"text": "राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग २१ (भारत, पुराना संख्यांक)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cb948a9e", "title": "राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग २१ (भारत)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A7_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cb948a9e.json"}}
{"text": "नागेपल्लि, बेज्जूर‌ मण्डल में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के अदिलाबादु जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0248a9c7", "title": "नागेपल्लि, बेज्जूर‌ मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%8C_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0248a9c7.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0248a9c7", "title": "नागेपल्लि, बेज्जूर‌ मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%8C_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0248a9c7.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0248a9c7", "title": "नागेपल्लि, बेज्जूर‌ मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%8C_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0248a9c7.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर नागेपल्लि, बेज्जूर‌ मण्डल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0248a9c7", "title": "नागेपल्लि, बेज्जूर‌ मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%8C_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0248a9c7.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0248a9c7", "title": "नागेपल्लि, बेज्जूर‌ मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%8C_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0248a9c7.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0248a9c7", "title": "नागेपल्लि, बेज्जूर‌ मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%8C_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0248a9c7.json"}}
{"text": "माचू पिच्चू (क्वेशुआ: Machu Pikchu, 'पुरानी चोटी\") दक्षिण अमेरिकी देश पेरू मे स्थित एक कोलम्बस-पूर्व युग, इंका सभ्यता से संबंधित ऐतिहासिक स्थल है। यह समुद्र तल से 2,430 मीटर की ऊँचाई पर उरुबाम्बा घाटी, जिसमे से उरुबाम्बा नदी बहती है, के ऊपर एक पहाड़ पर स्थित है। यह कुज़्को से 80 किलोमीटर (50 मील) उत्तर पश्चिम में स्थित है। इसे अक्सर “इंकाओं का खोया शहर “ भी कहा जाता है। माचू पिच्चू इंका साम्राज्य के सबसे परिचित प्रतीकों में से एक है। 7 जुलाई 2007 को घोषित विश्व के सात नए आश्चर्यों में माचू पिच्चू भी एक है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3cc8c2f3", "title": "माचू पिच्चू", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3cc8c2f3.json"}}
{"text": "1430 ई. के आसपास इंकाओं ने इसका निर्माण अपने शासकों के आधिकारिक स्थल के रूप में शुरू किया था, लेकिन इसके लगभग सौ साल बाद, जब इंकाओं पर स्पेनियों ने विजय प्राप्त कर ली तो इसे यूँ ही छोड़ दिया गया। हालांकि स्थानीय लोग इसे शुरु से जानते थे पर सारे विश्व को इससे परिचित कराने का श्रेय हीरम बिंघम को जाता है जो एक अमेरिकी इतिहासकार थे और उन्होने इसकी खोज 1911 में की थी, तब से माचू पिच्चू एक महत्वपूर्ण पर्यटन आकर्षण बन गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3cc8c2f3", "title": "माचू पिच्चू", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3cc8c2f3.json"}}
{"text": "माचू पिच्चू को 1981 में पेरू का एक ऐतिहासिक देवालय घोषित किया गया और 1983 में इसे यूनेस्को द्वारा विश्व धरोहर स्थल की दर्जा दिया गया। क्योंकि इसे स्पेनियों ने इंकाओं पर विजय प्राप्त करने के बाद भी नहीं लूटा था, इसलिए इस स्थल का एक सांस्कृतिक स्थल के रूप में विशेष महत्व है और इसे एक पवित्र स्थान भी माना जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3cc8c2f3", "title": "माचू पिच्चू", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3cc8c2f3.json"}}
{"text": "माचू पिच्चू को इंकाओं की पुरातन शैली में बनाया था जिसमें पॉलिश किये हुए पत्थरों का प्रयोग हुआ था। इसके प्राथमिक भवनों में इंतीहुआताना (सूर्य का मंदिर) और तीन खिड़कियों वाला कक्ष प्रमुख हैं। पुरातत्वविदों के अनुसार यह भवन माचू पिच्चू के पवित्र जिले में स्थित हैं। सितम्बर 2007, पेरू और येल विश्वविद्यालय के बीच एक सहमति बनी की वो सभी शिल्प जो हीरम बिंघम माचू पिच्चू की खोज के बाद अपने साथ ले गये थे वो पेरू को लौटा दिये जायेंगे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3cc8c2f3", "title": "माचू पिच्चू", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3cc8c2f3.json"}}
{"text": "[[श्रेणी:दुनिया के सात नए अजूबे]", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3cc8c2f3", "title": "माचू पिच्चू", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3cc8c2f3.json"}}
{"text": "सुम्बावा इण्डोनेशिया के लघुतर सुन्दा द्वीपसमूह के बीच में स्थित एक द्वीप है। इसके पश्चिम में लोम्बोक द्वीप, पूर्व में फ़्लोरेस द्वीप और दक्षिण में सुम्बा द्वीप है। प्रशासनिक रूप से यह पश्चिम नुसा तेंगारा प्रान्त का भाग है, हालांकि इसे स्वयं एक अलग प्रान्त बनाने का प्रस्ताव सक्रीय है। यह द्वीप शहद उत्पादन, संदल की लकड़ी और सप्पान (जिससे लाल रंग बनता है) के लिए जाना जाता है। द्वीप का बड़ा भाग घासभूमि है जिसपर मवेशी चराये जाते हैं और जहाँ की स्थानीय हिरण आबादी का शिकार भी करा जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_71d8c0de", "title": "सुम्बावा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_71d8c0de.json"}}
{"text": "लघुतर सुन्दा द्वीपसमूह", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_71d8c0de", "title": "सुम्बावा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_71d8c0de.json"}}
{"text": "पगान साम्राज्य या बगान साम्राज्य (Pagan Empire ; बर्मी भाषा : ပုဂံခေတ်, उच्चारण : [bəɡàɴ kʰɪʔ] ; अर्थ - बेगान काल) उन क्षेत्रों को एकजुट करने वाला पहला राज्य था जो बाद में आधुनिक बर्मा कहलाया। इसे 'बगान राजवंश' भी कहते हैं। अनोरथ या अनिरुद्ध ने ११वीं शताब्दी में इसकी स्थापना की थी। इरावदी घाटी और इसकी परिधि पर पगान के 250 वर्ष के शासन ने बर्मी भाषा और संस्कृति के उत्थान, ऊपरी बर्मा में बर्मन जातीयता के प्रसार और बर्मा में थेरवादी बौद्ध धर्म के विकास में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभायी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6f02dca3", "title": "बगान साम्राज्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6f02dca3.json"}}
{"text": "गुलशन कुमार (5 मई 1956 - 12 अगस्त 1997) टी-सीरीज़ संगीत लेबल के संस्थापक और एक भारतीय बॉलीवुड फ़िल्म निर्माता थे। टी-सिरीज अब उनके पुत्र भूषण कुमार द्वारा संचालित है। उनकी पुत्री तुलसी कुमार एक पार्श्वगायिका हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_83db9ed2", "title": "गुलशन कुमार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_83db9ed2.json"}}
{"text": "गुलशन दुआ का जन्म एक पंजाबी परिवार में हुआ। वो दिल्ली के दरियागंज बाजार में फलरस विक्रेता चन्द्रभान के पुत्र थे। उन्होंने वहाँ से ही अपना प्रारम्भिक कार्य आरम्भ किया। बाद में उन्होंने अपना कारोबार बदल लिया जब उनके परिवार ने रिकॉर्ड और सस्ते ऑडियो कैसेट बेचने की दुकान का अधिग्रहण किया। यह उनके विशाल संगीत साम्राज्य बनाने की शुरुआत थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_83db9ed2", "title": "गुलशन कुमार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_83db9ed2.json"}}
{"text": "इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर गुलशन कुमार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_83db9ed2", "title": "गुलशन कुमार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_83db9ed2.json"}}
{"text": "रीडिफ.कॉम पर गुलशन कुमार हत्या का मुखपृष्ठ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_83db9ed2", "title": "गुलशन कुमार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_83db9ed2.json"}}
{"text": "क्या गुलशन कुमार की हत्या बॉलीवुड के लिए पृराज चौहान की हत्या जैसी दूरगामी थी?", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_83db9ed2", "title": "गुलशन कुमार", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_83db9ed2.json"}}
{"text": "विश्व की विविध संस्कृतियों में गृह के भीतर जूते-चप्पल उतारने की परम्परा अत्यन्त भिन्न है। ये रीति-नीतियाँ यह निर्धारित करती हैं कि व्यक्ति अपने घर लौटते समय जूते उतारता है या नहीं, अथवा अन्य के घर जाते समय उनसे जूते उतारने की अपेक्षा की जाती है या नहीं। यदि जूते न पहने जाएँ तो घर के भीतर पादत्राण के स्थान पर लोग क्या धारण करते हैं, यह भी इन परम्पराओं से प्रभावित होता है। इसके अतिरिक्त, अनेक स्थानों पर उपासना-स्थलों अथवा शिक्षण-स्थलों में भी इसी प्रकार की परम्पराएँ प्रचलित हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप तथा मध्यपूर्व से उत्पन्न धर्मों में उपासनास्थल में प्रवेश करते समय जूते उतारना अनिवार्य माना गया है। जूतों को धूल लाने वाला समझा जाता है, और उन्हें उतारना पवित्रता के समक्ष अपनी अशुद्धता को स्वीकार करने का एक रूप माना गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "हिन्दू धर्म में पादों को अशुद्ध माना गया है; पुस्तकों को पाँव से स्पर्श करना अपवित्रता है तथा किसी व्यक्ति की ओर पाँव करना अपमानजनक है। इसी कारण मन्दिरों, मस्जिदों, गिरजाघरों तथा आराधनालयों में प्रवेश से पूर्व जूते उतारना आवश्यक है। इसे देव-उपस्थिति में प्रवेश का प्रतीक माना जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "अनेक एशियाई देशों में गृह में प्रवेश से पूर्व जूते उतारने की परम्परा प्रचलित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "भारत, पाकिस्तान, बांग्लादेश, श्रीलंका, नेपाल तथा मालदीव में प्रायः क़ालीन बिछे होते हैं। अतः गृह में प्रवेश करते समय जूते उतारना आवश्यक समझा जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "भारत में गृह में प्रवेश से पूर्व जूते उतारना स्वच्छता का विषय माना जाता है। बाहर चलने पर जूतों में धूल, कीचड़, जीवाणु तथा संक्रामक रोग घर में प्रवेश कर सकते हैं। भारतीय परम्परा में अन्य के घर जाते समय भी जूते उतारना शिष्टाचार है। यदि अतिथि घर के भीतर जूते पहने रहें तो गृहस्वामी इसे अनादर मानते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "भारतीय संस्कृति में पाँव से पुस्तक को स्पर्श करना अपवित्रता है तथा किसी की ओर पाँव करना अपमानजनक है। प्राचीन धर्मशास्त्रों में गृहप्रवेश के समय पादत्राण-त्याग का उल्लेख मिलता है। विवाह, उपनयन, गृहप्रवेश आदि संस्कारों में जूते बाहर उतारना अनिवार्य होता है। अनेक भारतीय परिवारों में गृह-द्वार पर विशेष जूता-स्थान (रैक) रखा जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "अफ़्ग़ानिस्तान तथा ईरान में गृह में प्रवेश से पूर्व जूते उतारना सामान्य परम्परा है। वहाँ स्वच्छता को अत्यन्त महत्त्व दिया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "अरब देशों में भी गृह के भीतर जूते वर्जित हैं। मस्जिद में प्रवेश से पूर्व मुसलमानों को जूते उतारना अनिवार्य है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "यद्यपि यहूदी धर्म में गृह में प्रवेश करते समय जूते उतारना अनिवार्य नहीं है, तथापि अनेक इस्राइली यहूदी अपने घरों में जूते उतारते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "जापान में गेन्कान नामक गृह-प्रवेश-द्वार पर बाहर के जूते उतारे जाते हैं और भीतर उवाबाकि नामक चप्पल पहनी जाती है। शौचालय में प्रवेश हेतु पृथक टॉयलेट-चप्पल (トイレスリッパ, तोइरे सुरिप्पा) होती है। जापानी जनमानस में बाह्य क्षेत्र को अत्यन्त अशुद्ध माना जाता है, जबकि गृह-भीतर को पवित्र एवं स्वच्छ क्षेत्र समझा जाता है। तातामी (फ़र्श पर बिछी चटाई) पर उवाबाकि भी पहनना अनुचित माना जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "चीन में गृह में प्रवेश करते समय बाहर के जूते उतारकर चप्पल पहनना सामान्य है। किन्तु कुछ क्षेत्रों में लोग घर के भीतर भी जूते पहने रहते हैं। सामाजिक उत्सवों, विशेषतः चीनी नववर्ष के अवसर पर, जब अतिथियों की संख्या अधिक होती है, तब सभी से जूते उतारने की अपेक्षा नहीं की जाती।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "कोरिया में ह्युन-ग्वान (현관) नामक प्रवेश-द्वार पर जूते उतारना परम्परा है। वहाँ लोग प्रायः नंगे पाँव अथवा मोज़े पहनकर चलते हैं। स्नानगृह में रबड़ की चप्पल पहनना सामान्य है। आधुनिक कोरियाई अपार्टमेण्टों में जूता-स्थान (कैबिनेट) निर्मित होता है। गृह में जूते पहनकर प्रवेश करना अनादर माना जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "वियतनाम में किसी भी गृह अथवा अपार्टमेण्ट में प्रवेश से पूर्व जूते उतारना अनिवार्य है। वहाँ बाल-विद्यालयों तथा कुछ निजी व्यवसायों में भी यह परम्परा प्रचलित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "मलेशिया में सभी जातीय समुदायों में गृह में प्रवेश से पूर्व जूते उतारना सामान्य परम्परा है। आधुनिक गृहों में भीतर पहनने हेतु चप्पल उपलब्ध कराई जाती है। बातू गुफ़ाएँ जैसे मन्दिरों तथा मस्जिदों में जूते उतारना अनिवार्य है। आधुनिक विद्यालयों में वातानुकूलित कक्षाओं, प्रयोगशालाओं, पुस्तकालयों तथा क़ालीनयुक्त कार्यालयों में प्रवेश से पूर्व विद्यार्थियों को जूते उतारने होते हैं। किन्तु क्रीडा-मैदानों, सभागारों तथा खुले कक्षों में जूते पहनना अनुमत है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "थाईलैण्ड में प्रत्येक गृह में प्रवेश से पूर्व जूते उतारकर मुख्य-द्वार पर रखना आवश्यक है। उबोसोत (मन्दिर का मुख्य प्रार्थना-गृह) में प्रवेश से पूर्व भी जूते उतारना अनिवार्य है। बाल-विद्यालयों तथा कुछ प्राचीन विद्यालयों में भी विद्यार्थियों को जूते उतारने होते हैं। कुछ गृहों अथवा विद्यालयों में भीतर चप्पल पहनने की अनुमति होती है, किन्तु उन्हें बाहर ले जाना वर्जित है। शौचालयों में स्वच्छता हेतु पृथक चप्पल उपलब्ध कराई जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "म्यान्मार में गृह में प्रवेश से पूर्व तथा बौद्ध उपासना-स्थलों में जूते उतारना अनिवार्य परम्परा है। अनेक कार्यालयों में भी जूते पहनना निषिद्ध होता है; प्रायः जूते गलियारे अथवा कार्यालय-द्वार पर ही रखे जाते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "बौद्ध उपासना-स्थलों, विशेषतः पगोडा तथा क्यौंग (बौद्ध मठ) में यह परम्परा कठोरता से पालन की जाती है। वहाँ जूते उतारना धार्मिक श्रद्धा का प्रतीक है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "ऑस्ट्रेलिया और न्यूज़ीलैण्ड", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "न्यूज़ीलैण्ड में गृह में प्रवेश से पूर्व जूते उतारना सामान्य परम्परा है। यह सम्भवतः माओरी परम्परा से उत्पन्न हुआ है, जहाँ व्हारेनुई (सभा-गृह) में प्रवेश से पूर्व जूते उतारना अनिवार्य है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "ऑस्ट्रेलिया में भी न्यूज़ीलैण्ड के समान गृह में प्रवेश से पूर्व जूते उतारने की परम्परा प्रचलित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "फ़्रांस – वहाँ अतिथियों से जूते उतारने की अपेक्षा विरल ही की जाती है, किन्तु गृहस्वामी अथवा निकट सम्बन्धियों के घर में जूते द्वार पर उतारना सामान्य है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "जर्मनी और ऑस्ट्रिया – वहाँ जूते उतारना परम्परा है, किन्तु अल्पकालिक भेंट में जूते पहने रहना भी असामान्य नहीं है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "नीदरलैण्ड – वहाँ गृह में जूते उतारना सामान्य नहीं है। किन्तु कभी-कभी गृहस्वामी अतिथियों से जूते उतारने का अनुरोध कर सकते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "स्कॉट्लैण्ड – वृद्धजन गृह में जूते पहनते हैं, किन्तु युवा पीढ़ी जूते उतारने की परम्परा अपनाती है। अनेक परिवार गृह-द्वार पर अतिथियों हेतु चप्पल की टोकरी रखते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "आयरलैण्ड – वहाँ गृह में प्रवेश करते समय जूते उतारना अत्यन्त विरल है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "इटली – अल्पसंख्या में ही गृह में प्रवेश पर जूते उतारे जाते हैं। अधिकांश गृहों में भीतर पान्तोफ़ोले अथवा चियाबत्ते (चप्पल) पहनना सामान्य है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "स्पेन, पुर्तगाल, अण्डोरा – वहाँ गृह में प्रवेश पर जूते उतारना सामान्य है, किन्तु अतिथियों को विकल्प दिया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "ग्रीस – वहाँ गृह में नंगे पाँव रहना असामान्य है। लोग प्रायः चप्पल पहनते हैं। चर्चों तथा सार्वजनिक स्थलों में जूते उतारना प्रचलित नहीं है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "तुर्की – वहाँ गृह में प्रवेश से पूर्व जूते उतारना अनिवार्य है। अतिथियों को चप्पल प्रदान की जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "स्लाव देशों (रूस, यूक्रेन, पोलैण्ड आदि) – वहाँ गृह में प्रवेश पर जूते उतारना सामान्य है। विद्यालयों में विद्यार्थियों हेतु विशेष जूते होते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "दक्षिण-पूर्व यूरोप (युगोस्लाविया, अल्बानिया, बुल्गारिया आदि) – वहाँ गृह में प्रवेश पर जूते उतारना अनिवार्य है। अतिथियों हेतु चप्पल प्रदान की जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "चेक गणराज्य, स्लोवाकिया, हंगरी, रोमानिया, मोल्दोवा – वहाँ भी स्लाव परम्परा के समान जूते उतारना सामान्य है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "स्लोवेनिया – वहाँ भी गृह में प्रवेश पर जूते उतारना तथा चप्पल पहनना परम्परा है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "स्कैण्डिनेविया तथा आइसलैण्ड में गृह में प्रवेश करते समय जूते पहनना अशिष्टता तथा अशुद्धता माना जाता है। वहाँ शीतकालीन मौसम के कारण जूते उतारना आवश्यक समझा जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "कनाडा में गृह में प्रवेश करते समय जूते न उतारना अशुद्ध तथा अशिष्ट माना जाता है। सामान्यतः अपेक्षा की जाती है कि अतिथि गृह में प्रवेश करते समय जूते उतारें, यद्यपि गृहस्वामी यदि अन्यथा कहें तो अपवाद सम्भव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "शीतकाल में बाहर पहने गये जूते प्रायः हिम, लवण तथा रेत से भीगे अथवा मलिन होते हैं। अतः विद्यालयों में विद्यार्थियों को भीतर पहनने हेतु पृथक जूते रखने की आवश्यकता होती है। इसी प्रकार व्यायामशालाओं, कार्यालयों तथा अन्य निजी संस्थानों में भी शीतकाल में जूते उतारना आवश्यक होता है। ग्रीष्मकाल में लोग प्रायः बाहर के जूते ही विद्यालय, कार्यालय अथवा व्यायामशाला में पहनते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "विशेष चिकित्सालयों में स्वच्छता हेतु रोगियों को जूते उतारने अथवा कागज़ी आवरण पहनने की आवश्यकता होती है। स्वच्छकक्ष (विशुद्ध कक्ष) में विद्युत-स्थैतिक सुरक्षा हेतु ऐसे आवरण अनिवार्य होते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के महाद्वीपीय भाग में गृह में प्रवेश करते समय जूते उतारना सामान्य परम्परा नहीं है। किन्तु हवाई, अलास्का, गुआम तथा उत्तरी मरियाना द्वीपसमूह में यह अपेक्षित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "२०१८ ईस्वी में यू-गॉव सर्वेक्षण के अनुसार अनेक अमेरिकी अपने घरों में जूते उतारते हैं, किन्तु अतिथियों से ऐसा करने की अपेक्षा अनिवार्य नहीं करते।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तर-पूर्वी राज्यों में शीतकालीन मौसम के कारण यह परम्परा अधिक प्रचलित है। प्रशान्त उत्तर-पश्चिम क्षेत्र में भी गृह-गृहान्तर भिन्न मानक हैं। वहाँ सामान्यतः अतिथियों को चप्पल प्रदान नहीं की जाती।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "न्यू इंग्लैण्ड क्षेत्र में प्राथमिक विद्यालयों में विद्यार्थियों को भीतर पहनने हेतु पृथक जूते तथा शीतकालीन बूट लाने की आवश्यकता होती है। वर्षा ऋतु में जूते मलिन अथवा भीगे होने के कारण यह विशेष रूप से आवश्यक है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4bb3dac4", "title": "घर में जूते उतारने की परम्परा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4bb3dac4.json"}}
{"text": "अजमाबाद मछुआ कोइल, अलीगढ़, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b6170d5d", "title": "अजमाबाद मछुआ गाँव, कोइल (अलीगढ़)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b6170d5d.json"}}
{"text": "कनेकल् (अनंतपुर) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के अनंतपुर जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7ab2152b", "title": "कनेकल् (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7ab2152b.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7ab2152b", "title": "कनेकल् (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7ab2152b.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7ab2152b", "title": "कनेकल् (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7ab2152b.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर कनेकल् (अनंतपुर)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7ab2152b", "title": "कनेकल् (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7ab2152b.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7ab2152b", "title": "कनेकल् (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7ab2152b.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7ab2152b", "title": "कनेकल् (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7ab2152b.json"}}
{"text": "मझौली भारतीय राज्य बिहार के पटना जिले के फुलवारीशरीफ़ प्रखण्ड का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_695f4be9", "title": "मझौली गाँव, फुलवारीशरीफ़ (पटना)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_695f4be9.json"}}
{"text": "भेला (N.Z.A.), नैनीताल तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के नैनीताल जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7bcedb64", "title": "भेला (N.Z.A.), नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_(N.Z.A.),_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7bcedb64.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7bcedb64", "title": "भेला (N.Z.A.), नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_(N.Z.A.),_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7bcedb64.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7bcedb64", "title": "भेला (N.Z.A.), नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_(N.Z.A.),_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7bcedb64.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7bcedb64", "title": "भेला (N.Z.A.), नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_(N.Z.A.),_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7bcedb64.json"}}
{"text": "बुंगा भारतीय राज्य उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के अल्मोड़ा जिले का एक गाँव है। यह गाँव अल्मोडा तहसील के अंतर्गत आता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d402ecd", "title": "बुंगा, अल्मोडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d402ecd.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d402ecd", "title": "बुंगा, अल्मोडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d402ecd.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d402ecd", "title": "बुंगा, अल्मोडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d402ecd.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d402ecd", "title": "बुंगा, अल्मोडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d402ecd.json"}}
{"text": "कदिरि (अनंतपुर) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के अनंतपुर जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_579f19f2", "title": "कदिरि (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_579f19f2.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_579f19f2", "title": "कदिरि (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_579f19f2.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_579f19f2", "title": "कदिरि (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_579f19f2.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर कदिरि (अनंतपुर)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_579f19f2", "title": "कदिरि (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_579f19f2.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_579f19f2", "title": "कदिरि (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_579f19f2.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_579f19f2", "title": "कदिरि (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_579f19f2.json"}}
{"text": "सीआईडी 1990 में बनी हिन्दी भाषा की फिल्म है जिसका निर्देशन अजय गोयल ने किया। फिल्म में विनोद खन्ना, अमृता सिंह, जूही चावला, सुरेश ओबेरॉय, शफ़ी ईनामदार, आलोक नाथ और किरण कुमार हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1736aa32", "title": "सीआईडी (1990 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_(1990_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1736aa32.json"}}
{"text": "सीआईडी इंस्पेक्टर वीर (विनोद खन्ना) संगठित अपराध के खिलाफ युद्ध छेड़ता है। उसकी दुश्मनी रोशन लाला (किरण कुमार) से है जो भारत में ड्रग्स और सोने की तस्करी के रैकेट का सरदार है। रोशन लाला इतना खतरनाक आदमी है किसी ने भी कभी अदालत में  आगे आकर उसके खिलाफ गवाही देने की हिम्मत नहीं की है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1736aa32", "title": "सीआईडी (1990 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_(1990_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1736aa32.json"}}
{"text": "रोशन लाला को दोषी ठहराने के लिए जरूरी सबूतों और गवाहों की कमी से निराश होकर इंस्पेक्टर वीर रोशन लाला के संगठन में एक युवा अंडरकवर अधिकारी रक्षा (जूही चावला) को भेजने में सफल हो जाता है। हालाँकि, वह जल्द ही पुलिस अधिकारी के रूप में पकड़ी जाती है और रोशन लाला द्वारा उसकी गोली मारकर हत्या कर दी जाती है। इस हत्याकांड के गवाह एक अधेड़ उम्र के दंपत्ति, मिस्टर एंड मिसेज सक्सेना होते हैं जिनकी इकलौती बेटी मेघना की शादी इंस्पेक्टर वीर से होने वाली है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1736aa32", "title": "सीआईडी (1990 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_(1990_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1736aa32.json"}}
{"text": "विनोद खन्ना — इंस्पेक्टर वीर सहगल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1736aa32", "title": "सीआईडी (1990 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_(1990_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1736aa32.json"}}
{"text": "अमृता सिंह — मेघना सक्सेना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1736aa32", "title": "सीआईडी (1990 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_(1990_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1736aa32.json"}}
{"text": "सुरेश ओबेरॉय — मेजर ब्रिजमोहन वर्मा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1736aa32", "title": "सीआईडी (1990 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_(1990_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1736aa32.json"}}
{"text": "जूही चावला — इंस्पेक्टर रक्षा मेहरा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1736aa32", "title": "सीआईडी (1990 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_(1990_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1736aa32.json"}}
{"text": "शफ़ी ईनामदार — इंस्पेक्टर फैज़ान", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1736aa32", "title": "सीआईडी (1990 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_(1990_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1736aa32.json"}}
{"text": "किरन कुमार — रोशन लाला", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1736aa32", "title": "सीआईडी (1990 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_(1990_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1736aa32.json"}}
{"text": "आलोक नाथ — पुलिस कमिश्नर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1736aa32", "title": "सीआईडी (1990 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_(1990_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1736aa32.json"}}
{"text": "भरत कपूर — सुनील सक्सेना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1736aa32", "title": "सीआईडी (1990 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_(1990_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1736aa32.json"}}
{"text": "अपराजिता — सुधा सक्सेना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1736aa32", "title": "सीआईडी (1990 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_(1990_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1736aa32.json"}}
{"text": "सभी गीत अनजान एवं रमेश पंत द्वारा लिखित; सारा संगीत कल्याणजी-आनंदजी द्वारा रचित।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1736aa32", "title": "सीआईडी (1990 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_(1990_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1736aa32.json"}}
{"text": "सीआईडी  इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1736aa32", "title": "सीआईडी (1990 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_(1990_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1736aa32.json"}}
{"text": "अनुरिता झा एक भारतीय अभिनेत्री और मॉडल हैं। उनका जन्म बिहार के कटिहार में हुआ। प्रारम्भिक शिक्षा-दीक्षा पटना तथा दिल्ली (पत्राचार/कॉरेस्पोण्डेंस) से हुई। उन्होंने दिल्ली और मुंबई के फ़ैशन-वीक में भाग लिया है। अनुरिता ने वर्ष 2005 में फोर्ड  सुपरमॉडल प्रतियोगिता में भाग लिया और वर्ष 2006 में \"Channel V Get Gorgeous\" प्रतियोगिता की विजेता रहीं। उन्होंने अभिनेता-निर्देशक अनुराग कश्यप की फिल्म गैंग्स ऑफ वासेपुर – भाग 1 (2012) से हिन्दी सिनेमा में अभिनय आरम्भ किया और इसके बाद गैंग्स ऑफ वासेपुर – भाग 2 में भी दिखाई दीं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2ed9f32a", "title": "अनुरिता झा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2ed9f32a.json"}}
{"text": "इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर अनुरिता झा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2ed9f32a", "title": "अनुरिता झा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2ed9f32a.json"}}
{"text": "ख़ोलोदिलनिक पर्वत (रूसी: гора́ Холоди́льник, रोपा ख़ोलोदिलनिक; अथवा со́пка Холодильник, सोपका ख़ोलोदिलनिक) रूस के सुदूर पूर्व में स्थित राज्य प्रिमोर्स्की क्राय की राजधानी व्लादिवोस्तोक का सब से ऊँचा पहाड़ है। यह २५७ मीटर (८४३ फ़ुट) की ऊँचाई रखता है और सिख़ोते-अलीन पर्वत शृंखला की एक चोटी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_96b1ccbb", "title": "ख़ोलोदिलनिक पर्वत", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_96b1ccbb.json"}}
{"text": "नाम का उच्चारण और अर्थ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_96b1ccbb", "title": "ख़ोलोदिलनिक पर्वत", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_96b1ccbb.json"}}
{"text": "ध्यान दीजिये कि 'ख़ोलोदिलनिक' में 'ख़' के अक्षर का उच्चारण 'ख' से ज़रा भिन्न है। रूसी भाषा में 'ख़ोलोदिलनिक' का अर्थ 'फ़्रिज' (खाना ठंडा रखने वाला उपकरण) होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_96b1ccbb", "title": "ख़ोलोदिलनिक पर्वत", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_96b1ccbb.json"}}
{"text": "भौगोलिक अक्षांश-रेखांश स्थिति", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_96b1ccbb", "title": "ख़ोलोदिलनिक पर्वत", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_96b1ccbb.json"}}
{"text": "अक्षांश-रेखांश (लैटिट्यूड-लॉन्गीट्यूड) के हिसाब से ख़ोलोदिलनिक पर्वत ४३°८'४३\" उत्तर और १३१°५६'२४\" पूर्व (43°8′43″N 131°56′24″E) पर स्थित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_96b1ccbb", "title": "ख़ोलोदिलनिक पर्वत", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_96b1ccbb.json"}}
{"text": "भारतीय विद्युत उत्पादन एवं आपूर्ति के क्षेत्र में परमाणु ऊर्जा एक निश्चित एवं निर्णायक भूमिका है। किसी भी राष्ट्र के सम्पूर्ण विकास के लिए विद्युत की पर्याप्त तथा अबाधित आपूर्ति का होना आवश्यक है। विकासशील देश होने के कारण भारत की सम्पूर्ण विद्युत आवश्यकताओं का एक बड़ा भाग गैर पारम्परिक स्रोतों से पूरा किया जाता है क्योंकि पारम्परिक स्रोतों द्वारा बढ़ती हुई आवश्यकताओं को पूरा नहीं किया जा सकता। भारत ने नाभिकीय विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी के क्षेत्र में आत्मनिर्भरता प्राप्त की है। इसका श्रेय डॉ॰ होमी भाभा द्वारा प्रारम्भ किए गए महत्वपूर्ण प्रयासों को जाता है जिन्होंने भारतीय नाभिकीय कार्यक्रम की कल्पना करते हुए इसकी आधारशिला रखी। तब से ही परमाणु ऊर्जा विभाग परिवार के समर्पित वेज्ञानिकों तथा इंजीनियरों द्वारा बड़ी सतर्कता के साथ इसे आगे बढ़ाया गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "भारत में गुजरात, कर्नाटक, महाराष्ट्र, राजस्थान, तमिलनाडु और उत्तर प्रदेश में परमाणु बिजली केन्द्र है। ये केन्द्र सरकार के अधीन हैं। वर्तमान में (अप्रैल 2015 से जेनुअरी 2016 तक) कुल बिजली उत्पादन में नाभिकीय ऊर्जा का भाग 30869 मिलियन यूनिट है जो कि लगभग 3.3% है। वर्तमान में कुल स्थापित क्षमता 4780 मेगावाट है,  तथा 2022 तक 13480 मेगावाट बिजली के उत्पादन की संभावना है, यदि वर्तमान में सभी निर्माणाधीन और कुछ नए प्रोजेक्ट को समयबद्ध तरीके से पूरा कर लिया जाता है। 1983 में गठित परमाणु ऊर्जा विनियामक बोर्ड (एईआरबी) भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा के लिए नियामक संस्था है। नाभिकीय विज्ञान अनुसंधान बोर्ड (बीआरएनएस) के द्वारा अनुसन्धान और विकास सम्बन्धी गतिविधियाँ की जाती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "भारत के विद्युत उत्पादन का बड़ा भाग निम्नलिखित से प्राप्त होता है:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "कोयला आधारित ताप बिजलीघरों से (2002 में 58,000 मेगावाट, कुल विद्युत उत्पादन का लगभग 67%)[उद्धरण चाहिए]", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "जल विद्युत उत्पादन द्वारा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "गैर-पारम्पारिक स्रोतों (नाभिकीय, वायु, ज्वारीय तरंगों आदि) से", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "भारत में प्रति व्यक्ति विद्युत की खपत लगभग 400 किलोवाट घंटा/वर्ष [उद्धरण चाहिए] है जो कि विश्व की औसत खपत 2400 किलो वाट घंटा /वर्ष[उद्धरण चाहिए] से काफी कम है। अत: आने वाले वर्षों में सकल राष्ट्रीय दर को बढ़ा कर उसे विश्व औसत के बराबर लाने के लिए हमें विद्युत के उत्पादन में बहुत वृद्धि करनी होगी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "भारत में कोयले के अनुमानित भण्डार 206 अरब टन हैं (यह विश्व के कुल कोयले भंडार का लगभग 6% है)[उद्धरण चाहिए] तथा भारत में परम्परागत ऊर्जा स्रोतों का वितरण निम्नलिखित है [उद्धरण चाहिए]:-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "कोयला- 68%, भूरा कोयला-5.6 % पौट्रोलियम - 20%, प्राकृतिक गौसें- 5.6%", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "ऊर्जा की बढ़ती हुई माँग को देखते हुए यह पर्याप्त नहीं है और इसके अलावा भारतीय कोयले में सल्फर और राख की उच्च मात्रा होने के कारण इससे पर्यावरण समस्याएँ उत्पन्न होती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "जल विद्युत उत्पादन क्षमता सीमित है और यह अनिश्चित मानसून पर निर्भर करती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "विद्युत उत्पादन के सन्दर्भ में किसी महत्वाकांक्षी लक्ष्य को प्राप्त करने में हमारे परम्परागत स्रोत अपर्याप्त हैं। समाप्त होते कोयले के भण्डार जल विद्युत की सीमित क्षमता के चलते नाभिकीय एवं अन्य गौर-परम्परागत स्रोतों के दोहन के द्वारा ही भविष्य में राष्ट्र की विद्युत आवश्यताएँ पूरी की जा सकती हैं। गौर परम्परागत स्रोतों में भारी क्षमता है और हमें इनका दोहन करना चाहिए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "अपनी प्रकृति के कारण जहाँ अन्य गौर परम्परागत स्रोत लघु विकेन्द्रित अनुप्रयोगों के लिए उपयुक्त हैं वहीं नाभिकीय बिजलीघर बृहत केन्द्रीय उत्पादन केन्द्रों के लिए उपयुक्त हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "नाभिकीय ऊर्जा हेतु नीति", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "भारत ने विद्युत उत्पादन के लिए नाभिकीय ऊर्जा के प्रयोग के सम्बन्ध में सावधानीपूर्वक कदम आगे बढाए हैं। इसके लिए परमाणु ऊर्जा अधिनियम बनाकर उसका क्रियान्वयन किया गया। इसके अन्तर्गत निर्धारित उद्देश्यों में प्राकृतिक रूप से उपलब्ध तथा उच्च सम्भावना वाले तत्वों यूरेनियम एवं थोरियम का उपयोग भारतीय नाभिकीय विद्युत रिएक्टरों में नाभिकीय ईंधन के रूप में करना है। भारत में इन दोनों तत्वों के अनुमानित प्राकृतिक भण्डार इस प्रकार हैं :-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "प्राकृतिक यूरेनियम भण्डार - लगभग 70,000 टन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "थोरियम भण्डार - लगभग 3,60,000 टन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "भारतीय नाभिकीय विद्युत उत्पादन कार्यक्रम के अन्तर्गत एक तीन चरणीय कार्यक्रम (चरण 1, चरण 2, चरण 3) का समावेश है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "दाबित भारी पानी रिएक्टर अभिकल्पन का विकास", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "भारत के नाभिकीय कार्यक्रम का प्रथम चरण पीएचडब्ल्यूआर प्रौद्योगिकी पर आधारित था जिसके निम्नलिखित लाभ हैं :-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "सीमित यूरेनियम स्रोतों का सर्वोत्तम उपयोग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "द्वितीय चरण ईंधन हेतु उच्चतर प्लूटोनियम का उत्पादन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "स्वदेशी प्रौद्योगिकी की उपलब्धता", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "पीएचडब्ल्यूआर अभिकल्पन की सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण विशेषताएँ निम्नलिखित हैं", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "बृहत् दाब वाहिका की बजाय बहुल दाब नलिका संगरुपण", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "पहले दो रिएक्टर कनाडा के सहयोग से राजस्थान में कोटा के निकट रावतभाटा में बनाये गये थे। बाद में मद्रास के निकट कलपक्कम में दो इकाइयाँ बनाई गयीं जिनकी डिजाइन समान थी परन्तु उनमें स्वदेशी प्रौद्योगिकी का प्रयोग किया गया। बाद में, नरोरा में स्थित रिएक्टरों द्वारा हमारे इंजीनियरों को प्रथम बार यह अवसर मिला कि वे अपने प्रचालन अनुभवों तथा अन्य आवश्यकताओं जैसे - कठोर संरक्षा मानकों एवं भूकम्परोधी डिजाइन का उपयोग करते हुए स्वदेशी डिजाइन तैयार करें। विकास की प्रक्रिया का अगला कदम 500 MWe पीएचडब्ल्यूआर का अभिकल्पन करना है और इस अभिकल्पन पर आधारित दो इकाइयाँ तारापुर (महाराष्ट्र) में स्थापित की जा रही हैं। विभिन्न घटकों एवं उपकरणों के निर्माण हेतु प्रौद्योगिकी अब अच्छी तरह स्थापित हो चुकी है और यह परमाणु ऊर्जा विभाग एवं उद्योगों के मध्य सक्रिय सहयोग द्वारा और विकसित हो रही है। पऊवि में स्वगृहीय प्रयासों के अतिरिक्त पीएचडब्ल्यूआर प्रौद्योगिकी के विकास में अनेक विश्वविद्यालयों एवं राष्ट्रीय संस्थानों ने भी भाग लिया है। प्राप्त अनुभवों तथा निष्णान्त प्रौद्योगिकी के उपयोग द्वारा हमारे संयन्त्रों के कार्य निष्पादन में सुधार हो रहा है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "तीव्र प्रजनक रिएक्टर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "भारत का प्रथम 40 मेगावाटवाला तीव्र प्रजनक परीक्षण रिएक्टर (फास्ट ब्रीडर टेस्ट रिएक्टर, एफबीटीआर) 18 अक्टूबर 1985 को क्रान्तिक हुआ। अमेरिका, ब्रिटेन, फ़्रांस, जापान और तत्कालीन यूएसएसआर के अलावा भारत छठवाँ देश हुआ जिसके पास एफ बी टी आर के निर्माण तथा प्रचालन की प्रौद्योगिकी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "भारतीय एफबीटीआर की अद्वितीय विशेषताएँ इस प्रकार हैं :-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "प्लूटोनियम समृद्ध स्वदेश में विकसित U-Pu कार्बाइड ईंधन है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "भारतीय वैज्ञानिकों द्वारा उद्योग क्षेत्र से घनिष्ठ संबंध रखते हुए सभी मशीनरी, बाह्य इकाइयों और सामग्री का अभिकल्पन, विकास तथा निर्माण कार्य।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "स्थिति : परिचालन की प्रारंभिक समस्याओं को दूर कर लिया गया है और रिएक्टर को 10.5 मेगावाट के स्थिर ऊर्जा स्तर पर आसानी से प्रचालित किया जा रहा है जो कि इसकी छोटी कोर को देखते हुए अधिकतम संभव विद्युत उत्पादन है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "भावी योजनाएँ : एफबीटीआर के अभिकल्पन, स्थापना और प्रचालन द्वारा भरपूर अनुभव और द्रव धातु शीतलित तीव्र प्रजनक रिएक्टर की प्रौद्योगिकी के संबंध में असीम जानकारी प्राप्त हुई है तथा इससे कल्पाक्कम में निर्मित किए जानेवाले एक 500 मेगावॉट के प्रोटोटाइप तीव्र प्रजनक रिएक्टर का अभिकल्पन कार्य प्रारम्भ करने के लिए आत्मविश्वास भी मिला।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "पीएफबीआर के अभिकल्पन हेतु आवश्यक है :-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "बाष्प-द्रवचालन कार्यविधि का विस्तृत और पूरा ज्ञान।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "विसर्पण, विसर्पण-श्रान्ति की पारस्परिक क्रिया तथा बकलिंग और अभिकल्पन इष्टतमीकरण हेतु द्रव-संरचना की अन्तर्क्रिरया और संरचनात्मक सुस्वस्थता का मूल्यांकन।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "बाष्प-द्रवचालन और संरचनात्मक यांत्रिकी के क्षेत्रों में बड़ी संख्या में कोडों का निर्माण।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "कोडों को प्रयोगात्मक आँकडों या अन्तरराष्ट्रीय बेंचमार्क परीक्षणों द्वारा वौधीकृत किया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "आर एण्ड डी इंजीनियरी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "अनुरूपी प्रयोगों और उपकरणों के विकास के माध्यम से तीव्र प्रजनक रिएक्टर कार्यक्रम हेतु।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "विश्लेषणात्मक कोडों और निष्पादन मूल्यांकन कोडों के वौधीकरण हेतु प्रयोगात्मक आँकड़े।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "वायु, जल तथा सोडियम के पर्यावरण में इन प्रयोगों को करने की सुविधा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "कार्य विधियों हेतु विशेषज्ञता, आदर्श प्रवाह, कंपन आदि के फ्लो पौटर्न के मापन हेतु विशेष यंत्रीकरण।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "उच्च तापीय सोडियम सुविधाओं की स्थापना और उनके सुरक्षित प्रचालन की क्षमता।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "8330 K तक के तापमान पर सोडियम में रिएक्टर उपकरणों के परीक्षण हेतु बड़े पुर्जों वाली जाँच की रिग सुविधा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "पीएचडब्ल्यूआर में मन्दक और प्राथमिक शीतलक के रूप में काम करने के लिए उच्च शुद्धता वाले भारी जल का प्रयोग किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "भारत में प्रथम भारी जल संयन्त्र वर्ष 1962 में नांगल में स्थापित किया गया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "अन्य भारी जल संयन्त्र बड़ौदा, तूतीकोरिन, कोटा, थल, हजीरा और मणुगूरु में हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "कोटा और मणुगूरु स्थित संयन्त्रों में उपयोग में लाई गई हाइड्रोजन सल्फाइड - जल प्रक्रिया स्वदेशी अनुसन्धान एवं विकास द्वारा विकसित विशेषज्ञता पर आधारित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "भारी जल के उन्नयन हेतु प्रौद्योगिकी का विकास भाभा परमाणु अनुसन्धान केन्द्र में किया गया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "भारी जल के उत्पादन के लिए वर्तमान में किया जा रहा अनुसन्धान कार्य वैकल्पिक तथा अधिक किफायती प्रौद्योगिकियों के विकास की ओर केन्द्रित है, यथा-हाइड्रोजन-जल विनिमय प्रक्रिया", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "नाभिकीय ईंधन एवं संरचनात्मक घटक", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "देश के सम्पूर्ण परमाणु विद्युत कार्यक्रम हेतु नाभिकीय ईंधन के संयोजन और महत्वपूर्ण संरचनात्मक घटकों के निर्माण हेतु नाभिकीय ईंधन सम्मिश्र (एन एफ सी) की स्थापना हैदराबाद में 70 के दशक के प्रारम्भ में की गई थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "एन एफ सी के क्रियाकलापों का विवरण निम्नलिखित है :-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार और केरल से प्राप्त यूरेनियम अयस्क सांद्रित्र तथा धातु जिर्कोन रेत का स्वदेश में विकसित शृंखलाबद्ध रासायनिक और धात्विक प्रक्रियाओं द्वारा संसाधन।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "ऊष्ण बहिर्वेधन एवं शीतल पिलगरिंग प्रक्रिया द्वारा स्टैनलेस स्टील, कार्बन स्टील, टिटैनियम तथा निकेल, मौग्नीशियम की अन्य मिश्र धातुओं की सीवनहीन ट्र्यूबों का निर्माण।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "180 मिली मीटर व्यास वाली उष्ण बहिर्वेधन ट्यूबों और 4.5 मिलीमीटर पतली दीवार वाली शीतल पिलगर्ड ट्यूबों का नियमित रूप से निर्माण कार्य।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "एन.एफ.सी. द्वारा अपनी अर्जित विशेषज्ञता का लाभ भारतीय नौसेना, हिंदुस्तान एरोनाटिक्स लिमिटेड तथा अन्य रक्षा संगठनों तथा रसायनिक, खाद और यांत्रिक बॉल बियरिंग का निर्माण करनेवाले उद्योगों तथा अन्य अनेक रासायनिक उपकरण विनिर्माताओं को प्रदान किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "एन.एफ.सी. के अन्य उत्पादनों में टैन्टलम, नियोबियम, रजत और ग्राहकों के विनिर्देशों के अनुसार विभिन्न उच्च शुद्धता वाली सामग्री शामिल हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "भारतीय बाजार में अपने उत्पादकों की आपूर्ति करने के अलावा एन.एफ.सी. ने हाल ही में अपने कुछ उत्पादों उदाहरणार्थ : जर्कोनियम छडों और एनहाइड्रस मौग्नीशियम क्लोराइड का निर्यात भी किया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "नाभिकीय ईंधन चक्र का पश्च्यन्त (backend)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "नाभिकीय विद्युत उत्पादन कार्यक्रम - नाभिकीय ईंधन चक्र का अग्रान्त (front end)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "यूरेनियम का खनन, पृथक्करण, रसायनिक शुद्धीकरण, उपयुक्त रूप में परिवर्तन और ईंधन छड़ का निर्माण", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "नाभिकीय विद्युत उत्पादन कार्यक्रम - नाभिकीय ईंधन चक्र का पश्च्यन्त", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "भुक्तशेष ईंधन का पुनर्संसाधन, विखण्ड्य उर्वर घटकों का पृथक्करण, उचित उपचार क्रिया के बाद विकिरण सक्रिय अपशिष्ट का निरापद निपटान।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "नाभिकीय ईंधन चक्र का पश्च्यन्त उसकी संवेदनशीतला और सुरक्षा दोनों ही दृष्टियों से एक महत्वपूर्ण क्रिया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "पूर्ण रूप से स्वदेश में किए गए अनुसन्धान एवं विकास प्रयासों द्वारा ही ईंधन पुनर्संसाधन प्रौद्योगिकी का विकास और मानकीकरण किया गया था। भुक्तशेष ईंधन से प्लूटोनियम निकालने के लिए तीन पुनर्संसाधन संयन्त्रों का क्रमश: ट्राम्बे, तारापुर और कल्पाक्कम में शीत कमीशनन किया गया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "कल्पाक्कम संयन्त्र में अनेक नवीन प्रक्रियाएँ समाविष्ट की गई हैं जैसे :", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "सर्वो-परिचालकों के प्रयोग द्वारा उष्म कोशिकाओं में हाइब्रिड अनुरक्षण की अवधारणा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "संयंत्र की आयु बढ़ाने के लिए प्रावधान किए गए। यह संयन्त्र एम.ए.पी.एस. तथा एफ.बी.टी.आर. से प्राप्त ईंधन के पुनर्संसाधन सम्बन्धी आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति करेगा। प्रक्रिया कार्य के इस हिस्से में ईंधन चक्र में उत्पादित अत्यन्त रेडियो एक्टिव अपशिष्ट की सुदक्ष हैण्डलिंग, सुरक्षित प्रबन्धन तथा उपयुक्त निपटान कार्य को उच्च प्राथमिकता दी जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "अपशिष्ट को सुरक्षित हैण्डलिंग एवं निपटान के लिए स्वदेशी अनुसन्धान एवं विकास कार्य द्वारा विकसित प्रौद्योगिकी कड़े नियामक मानकों पर आधारित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "सभी नाभिकीय बिजली संयन्त्र स्थलों पर स्थापित अपशिष्ट संसाधन संयन्त्र प्रचालनरत हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "अपशिष्ट प्रबन्धन हेतु निम्नलिखित अनुसार दीर्घ-कालिक कार्य योजना प्रतिपादित की गई है :-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "ग्लास मौट्रिक्स में काचन द्वारा अचलीकृत किए गए उच्च स्तरीय अपशिष्ट को संक्षारणरोधी कनिस्तरों में उनके डबल एनकैपसुलेशन के बाद उसे इंजीनियरीकृत भण्डारण सुविधा में पृथक रूप से भण्डारित किया जाता है जिसमें 20-30 वर्षों तक लगातार शीतलन की सुविधा उपलब्ध रहती है। इसके बाद अन्तिम निपटान अतिरिक्त संरक्षण अवरोधकों के साथ भूमि के अन्दर गहराई में किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "मध्यम स्तर के अपशिष्टों को उचित उपयुक्त मौट्रिक्स में ठोस रूप में परिवर्तित करने के बाद रिसावरहित पात्रों में भण्डारित किया जाता है और उन्हें पर्याप्त सुरक्षाकवर वाले जलरोधी कंक्रीट टाइल से बने विवरों में दफन किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "नाभिकीय विज्ञान एवं प्रौद्योगिकी के क्षेत्र में भारत की उपलब्धियों को अन्तरराष्ट्रीय स्तर पर मान्यता एवं स्वीकृति प्राप्त है। भारत द्वारा सफलतापूर्वक अपनाये गये उत्कृष्ट अवसंरचनात्मक एवं वर्षों के समर्पित अनुसन्धान एवं विकास कार्यों से नाभिकीय विद्युत उत्पादन एवं सहायक क्षेत्रों में महत्वपूर्ण प्रगति के साथ-साथ वैज्ञानिक एवं प्रौद्योगिकीय क्षेत्रों में स्वावलम्बन भी हासिल किया गया है। परमाणु ऊर्जा विभाग द्वारा नाभिकीय ऊर्जा एवं रिएक्टर प्रौद्योगिकियों, आइसोटोप अनुप्रयोगों एवं विकिरण प्रौद्योगिकियों, त्वरक एवं लेसर प्रौद्योगिकी कार्यक्रम, विकिरण सम्बन्धी स्वास्थ्य एवं सुरक्षा के क्षेत्रों में सर्वांगीण एवं व्यापक अनुसंधान तथा विकास सम्बन्धी अध्ययन कार्य अपने चार अनुसन्धान एवं विकास केन्द्रों यथा भापअ केंद्र, आईजीसीएआर, वीईसीसी एवं कैट, इन्दौर में संचालित किये जाते हैं। विज्ञान एवं इंजीनियरी के अनेक महत्वपूर्ण विषयों में मूलभूत एवं अनुप्रयोगात्मक अनुसंधान कार्यों पर बल देने के कारण इन संस्थानों में प्रौद्योगिकी एवं मूलभूत अनुसन्धान कार्यों के विकास में महत्वपूर्ण वृद्धि हुई है जिससे न केवल परमाणु ऊर्जा बल्कि अन्य अनेक क्षेत्रों में लाभ मिला है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "विद्युत उत्पादन के अतिरिक्त अन्य क्षेत्रों में प्राप्त कुछ महत्वपूर्ण उपलब्धियाँ निम्नलिखित रही हैं :", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "विकिरण प्रेरित उत्परिवर्तन के माध्यम से 22 विविध उच्च उत्पादन किस्म के बीजों का विकास। (दालें 10, मूंगफली 8, राई 2, चावल 1और पटसन 1)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "रेडियोआइसोटोपों के चिकित्सीय अनुप्रयोगों के अंतर्गत प्रतिवर्ष लगभग छ: लाख रोगियों का नौदानिक परीक्षण किया जाता है एवं 15-20 लाख रोगी प्रतिवर्ष समर्पित एवं संबद्ध केन्द्रों के माध्यम से विकिरण उपचार ले रहे हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "रेडियोआइसोटोपों के औद्योगिक अनुप्रयोगों में ~1000 औद्योगिक रेडियोग्राफी कैमरे नेमी प्रयोग में लाये जा रहे हैं। जल विज्ञान एवं अनुरेखी अनुप्रयोगों द्वारा भूगर्भीय रिसावों के संसूचन, बन्दरगाहों में गाद संचलन के अध्ययन और भूजल स्रोतों तथा उनके बहाव मार्गों के मानचित्रण आदि कार्यों में महत्वपूर्ण प्रगति की गई है। अनेक नये अनुप्रयोग भी जुड़ रहे हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "अनुसन्धान रिएक्टरों का प्रयोग -", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "अनुसन्धान रिएक्टर अनेक विषयों में मूलभूत एवं अनुप्रयुक्त अनुसंधान हेतु आदर्श आधार उपलब्ध कराते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "नाभिकीय ईंधन के परीक्षणात्मक किरणन, रिएक्टरों के लिए निर्माण में लगनेवाली सामग्री तथा घटकों के विकास कार्य एवं विद्युत केन्द्रो को प्रचालित करने हेतु आवश्यक कार्मिकों के प्रशिक्षण के लिए किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "विखंडन भौतिकी, ठोस अवस्था भौतिकी एवं विकिरण रसायनिकी में विस्तृत अनुसंधान के लिए किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "ध्रुव : भापअ केन्द्र स्थित ध्रुवा रिएक्टर का अभिकल्पन, निर्माण एवं कमीशनन भारतीय इंजीनियरों एवं वौज्ञानिकों द्वारा किया गया। इसमें ईंधन के रूप में प्राकृतिक यूरेनियम मन्दक एवं शीतलक के रूप में भारी पानी का प्रयोग किया जाता है। इस रिएक्टर के द्वारा भारत को रेडियोआइसोटोपों के उत्पादन में आत्मनिर्भरता प्राप्त हुई है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "कामिनी : यह कल्पाक्कम स्थित इंदिरा गांधी परमाणु अनुसन्धान केन्द्र में 30 kWt क्षमतावाला रिएक्टर है। यह रिएक्टर अक्टूबर 1996 में क्रान्तिक हुआ जो न्यूट्रान रेडियोग्राफी सुविधाएँ उपलब्ध कराता है। हमारे विस्तृत थोरियम भंडार के उपयोग की दिशा में यह एक छोटी परन्तु महत्वपूर्ण उपलब्धि है। यह विश्व का एक मात्र रिएक्टर है जिसमें यूरेनियम - 233 ईंधन का प्रयोग होता है। परमाणु ऊर्जा विभाग द्वारा निर्मित कुछ बड़ी सुविधाएँ अब पऊवि सुविधाओं हेतु अन्तर विश्वविद्यालय संघ के माध्यम से विश्वविद्यालय के शोधकर्ताओं के उपयोग के लिए उपलब्ध हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "अपने अनुसन्धान केन्द्रों में अनुसन्धान कार्य के अतिरिक्त परमाणु ऊर्जा विभाग द्वारा निम्नलिखित सात सहायता प्राप्त संस्थाओं को पूर्ण सहायता दी जाती है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "टाटा मूलभूत अनुसंधान संस्थान, मुंबई", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "टाटा स्मारक केन्द्र, मुंबई", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "भौतिकी संस्थान, भुवनेश्वर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "साहा नाभिकीय भौतिकी संस्थान, कोलकाता", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "मेहता गणित एवं गणितीय भौतिकी अनुसंधान संस्थान, इलाहाबाद", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "गणित विज्ञान संस्थान, चेन्नई", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "प्लाज्मा अनुसंधान संस्थान, गांधीनगर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "परमाणु ऊर्जा के शान्तिमय उपयोग के कार्यों में, नाभिकीय ऊर्जा पर आधारित विद्युत उत्पादन का सर्वप्रथम स्थान है एवं भारत ने इस क्षेत्र में कई उपलब्धियां प्राप्त की है। देश की भविष्य की आवश्यकताओं हेतु अधिक विद्युत उत्पादन क्षमता एवं उपलब्ध स्रोतों को ध्यान में रखते हुए विद्युत उत्पादन में वृद्धि के लिए परमाणु ऊर्जा के दोहन हेतु एक सुनियोजित कार्यक्रम का क्रियान्वयन किया जा रहा है। अनुसन्धान एवं विकास कार्यों का एक सुदृढ़ ढाँचा तौयार किया गया है जो अनुसंधान एवं विकास गतिविधियों के सुचारू नियोजन तथा उसके द्वारा परमाणु ऊर्जा विभाग को दिए गए दायित्व को पूरा करने में एक आधार भूमिका का निर्वाह कर रहा है। विकासात्मक आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति हेतु अनेक सामरिक रूप से महत्वपूर्ण प्रौद्योगिकियों में निपुणता प्राप्त की गई है। ईंधन पुनर्संसाधन, समृद्धिकरण, विशेष पदार्थों का उत्पादन, कम्प्यूटर, लेसर, त्वरक, आदि के क्षेत्रों में स्वदेशी प्रौद्योगिकी का विकास हमारे भविष्य की ऊर्जा माँगों की पूर्ति हेतु हमारे ऊर्जा स्रोतों के दोहन से संबंधित संचालित हमारी संपूर्ण गतिविधियों का चित्रण करती हैं। विकिरण प्रौद्योगिकी एवं आइसोटोप अनुप्रयोग ऐसे अन्य प्रमुख क्षेत्र हैं जहाँ परमाणु ऊर्जा का स्वास्थ्य संरक्षण, कृषि, उद्योग, जलविज्ञान एवं खाद्य परिरक्षण के लिए शान्तिमय उपयोग किया जाता है तथा जहाँ हमें आत्मनिर्भरता प्राप्त हुई है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "देश में वित्तीय वर्ष 2009-10 के दौरान परमाणु ऊर्जा से 10667 मिलियन यूनिट बिजली उत्पन्न की गयी। इससे पहले वित्तीय वर्ष 2006-07, 2007-08, 2008-09 के दौरान क्रमश: 18801 मिलियन इकाई, 16956 मिलियन इकाई तथा 14927 मिलियन इकाई बिजली उत्पन्न हुई थी। वित्तीय वर्ष 2008-09 में कुल क्षमता का 50 फीसदी उत्पादन हुआ था जबकि वित्तीय वर्ष 2009-10 में यह 60 फीसदी था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "11वीं पंचवर्षीय योजना में नाभिकीय ऊर्जा के उत्‍पादन का लक्ष्‍य 163,935 मिलियन यूनिट (एमयूज) था जबकि वास्‍तविक उत्‍पादन 109,642 मिलियन यूनिट हुआ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "कुडनकुलम नाभिकीय विद्युत परियोजना यूनिट-1 की स्‍थापित क्षमता 1000 मेगावाट है और इस यूनिट को अक्‍टूबर 2013 को ग्रिड के साथ जोड़े जाने के बाद से लेकर 13 जुलाई 2014 तक इसमें अनिश्चित तौर पर विद्युत का वास्‍तविक रूप से उत्‍पादन लगभग 2565 यूनिट रहा है। परियोजना की द्वितीय इकाई (1000 मेगावाट) कमीशनाधीन है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "परमाणु ऊर्जा विभाग (भारत)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "न्यूक्लियर पावर कॉर्पोरेशन ऑफ इंडिया लिमिटेड (NPCIL)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "भाभा परमाणु अनुसंधान केन्द्र", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "भारतीय नाभिकीय विद्युत निगम लिमिटेड (भाविनि)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "तीन चरणों वाला भारत का नाभिकीय कार्यक्रम", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "भारत का परमाणु कार्यक्रम", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "नाभिकीय ऊर्जा का भविष्य एवं भारत", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "परमाणु ऊर्जा को गति देने के लिए 10 स्वदेशी रिएक्टरों के निर्माण को मंजूरी (मई २०१७)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "700-700 मेगावाट के परमाणु ऊर्जा के 10 रिएक्टर लगेंगे  (मई २०१७)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "भारत का परमाणु ऊर्जा कार्यक्रम (डॉ. एम.आर.श्रीनिवासन ; अगस्त २०१७)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78f9c49e", "title": "भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78f9c49e.json"}}
{"text": "शौर्य स्मारक  (The War Memorial) जो भोपाल शहर के केंद्र में अरेरा पहाड़ी पर स्थित है, भारत के अमर शहीदों की युद्ध तथा शौर्य गाथाओं की आम जनता को अनुभूति कराने हेतु भारत के प्रधान मंत्री नरेन्द्र मोदी द्वारा १४ अक्टूबर २०१६ को देश को समर्पित किया गया। पर्यटन की दृष्टि से अब यह भोपाल का ही नहीं बल्कि भारत का एक महत्वपूर्ण स्थल बन गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_29b26ed3", "title": "शौर्य स्मारक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_29b26ed3.json"}}
{"text": "भोपाल स्थित शौर्य स्मारक के सौन्दर्य, स्वच्छता तथा सुरक्षा को  ध्यान में  रखते हुए छोटे से प्रवेश शुल्क का प्रावधान किया गया है जो मिलने वाले आनंद की तुलना में कुछ भी नहीं है। हालांकि सैनिकों, भूतपूर्व सैनिकों तथा उनके परिवार वालों सम्मान देते हुए यहाँ निःशुल्क प्रवेश दिया जाता है। शौर्य स्मारक का रख-रखाव भोपाल स्थित भारतीय सेना व मध्य प्रदेश प्रशासन द्वारा किया जाता है। प्रवेश समय दोपहर १२:०० से शाम ७:०० तक है तथा बुधवार को अवकाश है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_29b26ed3", "title": "शौर्य स्मारक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_29b26ed3.json"}}
{"text": "शौर्य स्मारक, भोपाल के प्रमुख आकर्षण और विशेषताएँ निम्नवत हैं :-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_29b26ed3", "title": "शौर्य स्मारक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_29b26ed3.json"}}
{"text": "शौर्य स्मारक स्तम्भ -  श्वेत गुलाब के बगीचों से घिरा हुआ शौर्य स्मारक स्तम्भ ग्रेनाइट पत्थर से बना ६२ फुट ऊँचा स्तम्भ है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_29b26ed3", "title": "शौर्य स्मारक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_29b26ed3.json"}}
{"text": "श्वेत गुलाब का बगीचा -  एक मनमोहक दृश्य व  खुशबू बिखेरता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_29b26ed3", "title": "शौर्य स्मारक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_29b26ed3.json"}}
{"text": "अनंत ज्योति - शौर्य स्मारक स्तम्भ की नींव के पास जलने वाली अत्याधुनिक होलोग्राफिक अनंत ज्योति सैनिकों के बलिदान की याद दिलाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_29b26ed3", "title": "शौर्य स्मारक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_29b26ed3.json"}}
{"text": "संग्रहाल  - तीनों सेनाओं की यादों को चित्रों में संजोए हुए संग्रहालय में परमवीर चक्र, महावीर चक्र जैसे शौर्य पुरस्कारों को देखा जा सकता है साथ ही भारतीय सेना के तीनों सशस्त्र बलों के विभिन्न डायोरमाज तथा हवाई जहाज, टैंक्स, तथा पानी के जहाजों के लघु मॉडल्स आकर्षण का केन्द्र हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_29b26ed3", "title": "शौर्य स्मारक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_29b26ed3.json"}}
{"text": "शौर्य चलचित्र - सेना के प्रशिक्षण और जीवन को चल चित्र के रूप में आम आदमी तक पहुँचाने के लिए चल चित्र की व्यवस्था की गयी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_29b26ed3", "title": "शौर्य स्मारक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_29b26ed3.json"}}
{"text": "युद्ध और गोलियों की आवाजें - दर्शकों के लिए  युद्ध जैसा  वातावरण तैयार करने के लिए स्मारक युद्ध व गोलियों की आवाजों से गूंजता रहता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_29b26ed3", "title": "शौर्य स्मारक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_29b26ed3.json"}}
{"text": "सियाचिन दर्शन - एक छोटे से कक्ष में कृत्रिम रूप से बनाए गए सियाचिन के वातावरण को देखा जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_29b26ed3", "title": "शौर्य स्मारक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_29b26ed3.json"}}
{"text": "ऐसा है भोपाल में बना शौर्य स्मारक, पीएम आज करेंगे उद्घाटन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_29b26ed3", "title": "शौर्य स्मारक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_29b26ed3.json"}}
{"text": "पीएम मोदी ने 'शौर्य स्मारक' का उद्घाटन किया, कहा-सेना बोलती नहीं पराक्रम करती है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_29b26ed3", "title": "शौर्य स्मारक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_29b26ed3.json"}}
{"text": "PM to inaugurate 'Shaurya Smarak' on Oct 14 in Bhopal", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_29b26ed3", "title": "शौर्य स्मारक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_29b26ed3.json"}}
{"text": "Shaurya Smarak:India's first war memorial", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_29b26ed3", "title": "शौर्य स्मारक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_29b26ed3.json"}}
{"text": "राष्ट्रीय युद्ध स्मारक (भारत)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_29b26ed3", "title": "शौर्य स्मारक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_29b26ed3.json"}}
{"text": "एडो (Edo) पश्चिमी अफ़्रीका में स्थित नाइजीरिया देश का एक राज्य है। यह देश के दक्षिणी भाग में स्थित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b77d2702", "title": "एडो राज्य", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b77d2702.json"}}
{"text": "सुशील कुमार शिंदे (जन्म: 4 सितम्बर 1941) भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस से संबंद्ध एक भारतीय राजनीतिज्ञ है। पूर्व में भारत गणराज्य के केन्द्रीय गृह मंत्री थे तथा पंद्रहवीं लोकसभा के महाराष्ट्र से सांसद है। वे पूर्व में महाराष्ट्र के मुख्यमंत्री और आन्ध्र प्रदेश के राज्यपाल रह चुके है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4884e799", "title": "सुशील कुमार शिंदे", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4884e799.json"}}
{"text": "संयुक्त प्रगतिशील गठबंधन की सरकार में केन्द्रीय बिजली मंत्री भी रह चुके है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4884e799", "title": "सुशील कुमार शिंदे", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4884e799.json"}}
{"text": "जीबूती पूर्वी अफ्रीका में बसा एक देश है, जिसकी सीमाएं उत्तर में इरीट्रिया से, पश्चिम और दक्षिण में इथियोपिया से और दक्षिण पूर्व में सोमालिया से मिलती है। इसके अलावा लाल सागर और गल्फ ऑफ अदन से मिलती देश की सीमाएं हैं। महज 23 हजार वर्ग किमी में फैले इस देश की आबादी पांच लाख से कुछ ज्यादा है। इसकी राजधानी जिबूती है। देश की आबादी का पांचवा हिस्सा अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तर पर गरीबी रेखा के लिए तय 1.25 डालर प्रति दिन से कम आय अर्जित करता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_13f0dd9c", "title": "जिबूती", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_13f0dd9c.json"}}
{"text": "जकरपुरा सूर्यगढा, लखीसराय, बिहार स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_aba4bdfa", "title": "जकरपुरा गाँव, सूर्यगढा (लखीसराय)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_aba4bdfa.json"}}
{"text": "यह एक प्राचीन गांव है ।जो पश्चिम में गंगा की एक", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_aba4bdfa", "title": "जकरपुरा गाँव, सूर्यगढा (लखीसराय)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_aba4bdfa.json"}}
{"text": "सह धारा रूपी बहती नदी,पुर्व में पटना मुंगेर रोड,उत्तर में सूर्यगढ़ा बाजार और दक्षिण में जगदीशपुर ग्राम सटा है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_aba4bdfa", "title": "जकरपुरा गाँव, सूर्यगढा (लखीसराय)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_aba4bdfa.json"}}
{"text": "महनाज़ अफखमी (फ़ारसी: مهناز افخمی; जन्म 14 जनवरी, 1941) एक ईरानी महिला अधिकार कार्यकर्ता हैं, जिन्होंने 1976 से 1978 तक ईरान की कैबिनेट में काम किया। वह वीमेन्स लर्निंग पार्टनरशिप (WLP) की संस्थापक और अध्यक्ष हैं, फाउंडेशन फॉर ईरानी स्टडीज़ की कार्यकारी निदेशक और ईरान की क्रांति से पहले की सरकार में महिला मामलों की पूर्व मंत्री थीं। वह 1979 से संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में निर्वासन में रह रही हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_11d97ece", "title": "महनाज़ अफखमी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_11d97ece.json"}}
{"text": "अफखमी 1970 के दशक से महिलाओं के अधिकारों की वकालत कर रही हैं। उन्होंने ईरान में और बाद में दुनिया भर में महिलाओं की स्थिति को बेहतर बनाने पर ध्यान केंद्रित करने वाले कई अंतरराष्ट्रीय गैर-सरकारी संगठनों की स्थापना की है और उनका नेतृत्व किया है। उन्होंने अंतरराष्ट्रीय महिला आंदोलन, महिलाओं के मानवाधिकार, नेतृत्व में महिलाएं, महिलाएं और प्रौद्योगिकी, मुस्लिम-बहुल समाजों में महिलाओं की स्थिति और नागरिक समाज निर्माण और लोकतंत्रीकरण में महिलाओं की भागीदारी पर बड़े पैमाने पर भाषण दिए हैं और लिखा है। उनकी किताबें कई भाषाओं में अनुवादित हुई हैं और अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तर पर वितरित की गई हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_11d97ece", "title": "महनाज़ अफखमी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_11d97ece.json"}}
{"text": "बेलघरिया (Belgharia) भारत के पश्चिम बंगाल राज्य के नदिया ज़िले में स्थित एक नगर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_68aedc24", "title": "बेलघरिया, नदिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_68aedc24.json"}}
{"text": "पश्चिम कोडिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के अनंतपुर जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_da9934e6", "title": "पश्चिम कोडिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_da9934e6.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_da9934e6", "title": "पश्चिम कोडिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_da9934e6.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_da9934e6", "title": "पश्चिम कोडिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_da9934e6.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर पश्चिम कोडिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_da9934e6", "title": "पश्चिम कोडिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_da9934e6.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_da9934e6", "title": "पश्चिम कोडिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_da9934e6.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_da9934e6", "title": "पश्चिम कोडिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_da9934e6.json"}}
{"text": "क्षेत्रपाल (चमोली), चमोली तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के चमोली जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d629b918", "title": "क्षेत्रपाल (चमोली), चमोली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80),_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d629b918.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d629b918", "title": "क्षेत्रपाल (चमोली), चमोली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80),_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d629b918.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d629b918", "title": "क्षेत्रपाल (चमोली), चमोली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80),_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d629b918.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d629b918", "title": "क्षेत्रपाल (चमोली), चमोली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80),_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d629b918.json"}}
{"text": "बहरमपुर ५ मनसूरचक, बेगूसराय, बिहार स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5dc2978f", "title": "बहरमपुर ५ गाँव, मनसूरचक (बेगूसराय)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A5%AB_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95_(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5dc2978f.json"}}
{"text": "कोलकाता कि घेराबंदी ब्रिटिश ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी और बंगाल के नवाब, सिराजुद्दौला के बीच हुआ युद्ध था। नवाब ने कल्कत्ता शाहर को ब्रिटिश नियंत्रण से वापस लेने के लिए ये युद्ध किया था। यह अंग्रेज़ों के फ्रांसीसियों से सप्त वर्षीय युद्ध से बवने हेतु दुर्ग बनाने से उपजे विवाद का परिणाम था। २० जून को हुए इस आक्रमण से अंग्रेज़ एकदम अनभिज्ञ थे और फोर्ट विलियम जल्दी ही नवाब के हाथों में आ गया। यहां के कई युद्ध बंदियों को ब्लैक होल नामक स्थान पर रखा गया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b037cfe4", "title": "कोलकाता का युद्ध", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b037cfe4.json"}}
{"text": "कलिंगनगर (Kalinganagar) भारत के ओड़िशा राज्य के जाजपुर ज़िले में एक नियोजित औद्योगिक नगर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0526e63e", "title": "कलिंगनगर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0526e63e.json"}}
{"text": "बालवीर सब टीवी पर प्रसारीत होने वाला एक भारतीय बाल टेलीविजन धारावाहिक है जिसका प्रसारण 8 अक्टूबर 2012 को आरम्भ हुआ। इस शो ने 8 जून 2016 को अपने 1000 प्रकरण पूर्ण कर लिए। ४ नवम्बर २०१६ को 1111 प्रकरण पूर्ण होने के बाद कार्यक्रम को समाप्त कर दिया गया था। बालवीर बच्चों को साहसी बनने की शिक्षा देता था। बालवीर, बालवीर फ्रेंचाइजी की पहली किस्त के रूप में काम करता है, इसके बाद एक सीधा सीक्वल बालवीर रिटर्न्स और दो आध्यात्मिक सीक्वल बालवीर रिटर्न्स और बालवीर ४ हैं ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "बाल वीर, परियों पे आधारित सुपर हीरो शो है।  यह कहानी एक बच्चे की है, जिसे परियों ने पाला और उसे चमत्कारी शक्तियों से परिपूर्ण बनाया जिससे वह बुराइयों से लड़ सके। उसे धरती पर बल्लू नाम से रहने के लिए भेजा जिससे वह धरती पर रह कर धरती को बुरी ताकतों से बचा सके। वह धरती पर जिस घर में रहता है, वहाँ उसे बल्लू के नाम से ही जानते है। इसके मेहर और मानव दोस्त बन जाते हैं। वह बालवीर बन कर लोंगों को बचाता रहता है और बुरी ताकतों को समाप्त करता रहता है।  बाल वीर, एक परियों पे आधारित सुपर हीरो शो है।बुरी परियों से लड़ता था। और बच्चों को अच्छे संदेश देता था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "देव जोशी  बालवीर / बल्लू डगली", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "चारु असोपा - अटकाती परी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "करिश्मा तन्ना/श्रुति सेठ/सुदीपा सिंह - रानी परी/बहुरूपी परी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "शमा सिकंदर / श्वेता कवत्रा भयंकर परी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "अनुष्का सेन - मेहक / बाल सखी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "रूद्र सोनी - मानव / बाल मित्र", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "परवेश पिंपल - मोंटू लखानी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "श्रीधर वत्सर - डूबा डूबा एक / तौबा तौबा / बग्गी चाचा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "शर्मीली राज - बाल परी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "श्रुति बिष्ट - सलोनी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "अदिति सजवान - नटखट परी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "अभय हरपडे - महेश डगली", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "अमिता चोकसी - स्मिता डगली", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "अल्पना बुच - कस्तूरी डगली (दादी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "समीक्षा सूद - डरी डरी परी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "मनीषा ठक्कर - भटकाती परी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "डिंपल कावा - आरपार परी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "मीनल मोगनम - बिज़धार परी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "निगार खान - प्रचंडिका", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "दीपशिखा नागपाल - भवंडर परी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "श्वेता तिवारी - महाभस्म परी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "सुगन्धा मिश्रा - छल परी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "आशका गोरडिया - महाविनाशनी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "पल्लवी भट्टाचार्य - नाराज़ परी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "समीक्षा सूद - डरी डरी परी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "टीया गंदवानी - पतंगा परी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_793132d0", "title": "बाल वीर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_793132d0.json"}}
{"text": "करीमाचक बछवारा, बेगूसराय, बिहार स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5780ca4f", "title": "करीमाचक गाँव, बछवारा (बेगूसराय)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5780ca4f.json"}}
{"text": "हुड़ा (Hura) भारत के पश्चिम बंगाल राज्य के पुरुलिया ज़िले में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2bac61ce", "title": "हुड़ा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2bac61ce.json"}}
{"text": "कोल्हापुर (Kolhapur) भारत के महाराष्ट्र राज्य के कोल्हापुर ज़िले में स्थित एक नगर है। यह ज़िले का मुख्यालय भी है। भूतपूर्व समय में यह भोंसले छत्रपति द्वारा शासित कोल्हापुर रियासत की राजधानी थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_97dfd055", "title": "कोल्हापुर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_97dfd055.json"}}
{"text": "कोल्हापुर मुंबई से 400 किलोमीटर दूर स्थित है। मुंबई से पास होने के कारण बड़ी संख्‍या में पर्यटक सप्‍ताहंत में यहां आते हैं। यह स्‍थान ऐतिहासिक तथा धार्मिक दृष्टि से बहुत महत्‍वपूर्ण है। कोल्‍हापुर का मराठी कला के क्षेत्र में बहुत महत्‍वपूर्ण योगदान रहा है। विशेष रूप से कोल्‍हापुरी हस्‍तशिल्‍प बहुत प्रसिद्ध है। कोल्‍हापुरी चप्‍पलें तो देश विदेश में मशहूर हैं ही। प्रकृ‍ति, इतिहास, संस्‍कृति और आध्‍यात्‍म से रूबरू कराता कोल्‍हापुर सभी आयु के लोगों को कुछ न कुछ अवश्‍य देता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_97dfd055", "title": "कोल्हापुर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_97dfd055.json"}}
{"text": "यह मनमोहक मंदिर कोल्‍हापुर तथा आसपास के हजारों श्रद्धालुओं को अपनी ओर खींचता है। यह मंदिर देवी महालक्ष्‍मी को समर्पित है जिन्‍हें अंबा बाई के नाम से भी जाना जाता है। मंदिर परिसर में काशी विश्‍वेश्‍वर, कार्तिकस्‍वामी, सिद्धिविनायक, महासरस्‍वती, महाकाली, श्री दत्‍ता और श्री राम भी विराजमान हैं। महालक्ष्‍मी मंदिर का निर्माण कार्य चालुक्‍य शासक करनदेव ने 7वीं शताब्‍दी में करवाया था। बाद में 9वीं शताब्‍दी में शिलहार यादव ने इसे विस्‍तार प्रदान किया। मंदिर के मुख्‍य गर्भगृह में देवी महालक्ष्‍मी की 40 किलो की प्रतिमा स्‍थापित है। कोल्हापुर यह स्थान 'तांबडा' और सफेद रस्सा के लिए और मिसलपाव इस खाद्यपदार्थों के लिए प्रसिद्ध है। इसके साथ ही कोल्हापुर की चप्पल भी खूप प्रसिद्ध है।जिसे कोल्हापुरी चपल ही कहा जाता है।अपनत्व की भावना भी यहाँ के लोगों में दिखाई देती है। यहाँ की मिसळपाव यह बहुत प्रसिद्ध खाद्यपदार्थ है। खाऊ गल्ली की राजाभाऊं इनकी भेल प्रसिद्ध है। इसके साथ ही बावडा मिसळ, फडतरे, चोरगे, हॉटेल साकोली एेसी अनेक मिसलपाव की जगहें प्रसिद्ध है।मिरजकर तिकटी,गंगावेस यहाँ दुध कट्टे पर उत्तम प्रकार का ताजा दूध मिलता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_97dfd055", "title": "कोल्हापुर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_97dfd055.json"}}
{"text": "पौराणिक हिंदू धर्मशास्त्र के अनुसार, प्राचीन काल में केशी राक्षस का लडका कोल्हासुर यह यहाँ राज्य कर रहा था। उसने राज्य में अनाचार और सभी के त्रस्त कर रखा था इसलिए देवाें की प्रार्थना पर महालक्ष्मीने उनसे युद्ध किया। यह युद्ध नौ दिवस चला और अश्विन शुद्ध पंचमी को महालक्ष्मीने कोल्हासूर इस राक्षस का वध किया। उस समय कोल्हासूर महालक्ष्मी को शरण गया और उसने देवी के पास अपने नगर का कोल्हापूर और करवीर यह नाम जैसे है वैसे ही चालू रखे ऐसा वर माँगा उसके अनुसार इस नगरी को कोल्हापुर या करवीर इस नाम पहचाना जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_97dfd055", "title": "कोल्हापुर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_97dfd055.json"}}
{"text": "नया महल और छत्रपति शाहू संग्रहालय", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_97dfd055", "title": "कोल्हापुर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_97dfd055.json"}}
{"text": "1884 में बने इस महल का महाराज का नया महल भी कहा जाता है। इसका डिजाइन मेजर मंट ने बनाया था। महल के वास्‍तुशिल्‍प पर गुजरात और राजस्‍थान के जैन व हिंदू कला तथा स्‍थानीय राजवाड़ा शैली का प्रभाव है। महल के प्रथम तल पर वर्तमान राजा रहते हैं जबकि भूतल पर वस्‍त्रों, हथियारों, खेलों, आभूषणों आदि का संग्रह प्रदर्शित किया गया है। ब्रिटिश वायसराय और गवर्नर जनरल ऑफ इंडिया की ओर से लिखे गए पत्र भी यहां देखे जा सकते हैं। महल के अंदर ही शाहु छत्रपति संग्रहालय भी है। यहां पर कोल्हापुर के महाराज शहाजी छत्रपति की बहुत सी वस्‍तुएं प्रदर्शित की गई हैं जैसे बंदूक, ट्रॉफियां और कपड़े आदि।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_97dfd055", "title": "कोल्हापुर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_97dfd055.json"}}
{"text": "कोल्‍हापुर का पन्हाला किला समुद्र तल से ३१२७ फीट की ऊंचाई पर स्थित है। यहां की प्राकृतिक खूबसूरती और शांत अपनी ओर खींचती है। पन्हाला का नाम मिला पन्‍न्ना नामक जनजाति के नाम पर पड़ा जो आरंभ में इस किले पर शासन करती थी। इस किले का निर्माण १०५२ में राजा भेज ने करवाया था। बाद में शिलहार और यादव वंशों ने भी यहां राज किया। वीर मराठा शिवाजी ने १६५९ में इस स्‍थान को आदिल शाह के नियंत्रण से मुक्‍त कराया। १७८२ तक पन्हाला कोल्हापुर की रानी ताराबाई के राज्‍य की राजधानी रहा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_97dfd055", "title": "कोल्हापुर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_97dfd055.json"}}
{"text": "काशी विश्‍वेश्‍वर मंदिर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_97dfd055", "title": "कोल्हापुर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_97dfd055.json"}}
{"text": "काशी विश्‍वेश्‍वर मंदिर महालक्ष्‍मी मंदिर के उत्‍तर में घाटी-दर्वजा परिसर में स्थित है। मंदिर का निर्माण्‍ा 6ठी-7वीं शताब्‍दी के दौरान किया गया था और इसका विस्‍तार राजा गोंडाडिक्‍स ने किया था। कबीर महात्‍मय के अनुसार इस स्‍थान पर अगस्ति ऋषि, लोपमुद्रा, राजा प्रल्‍हाद और राजा इंद्रसेन दर्शन करने आए थे। मंदिर बन ने से पूर्व यहां पर दो जलकुंड थे- काशी और मणी कमिका जिनमें से मणीकमिका पूरी तरह नष्‍ट हो गया। इसके स्‍थान पर महालक्ष्‍मी उद्यान बनाया गया। कहा जाता है कि बाहर के छोटे मंडप में एक प्राचीन गुफा है जो ध्‍यान साधना के उद्देनश्‍य से बनाई गई थी। प्रवेश स्‍थान पर गणेश, तुलसी आदि की प्रमिमाएं हैं। मंदिर के पास ही जोतिबा का छोटा सा मंदिर भी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_97dfd055", "title": "कोल्हापुर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_97dfd055.json"}}
{"text": "जोतिबा कोल्‍हापुर के उत्‍तर में पहाड़ों से घिरा एक खूबसूरत मंदिर है। इसका निर्माण 1730 में नवाजीसवा ने करवाया था। मंदिर का वास्‍तु प्राचीन शैली का है। यहां स्‍थापित जोतिबा की प्रतिमा चारभुजाधारी है। माना जाता है कि जोतिबा भैरव का पुनर्जन्‍म था। उन्‍होंने रत्‍नासुर से लड़ाई में देवी महालक्ष्‍मी का साथ दिया था। रत्‍नासुर के नाम से रत्न और चारोओर पहाड़ है उससे गिरी  ऐसे गांव का नाम रत्‍नागिरी पड़ा। बाद में गांव वालों ने इसका नाम जोतिबा रख दिया। चैत्र पूर्णिमा के अवसर पर यहां भव्‍य मेले का आयोजन किया जाता है। उस समय गुलाल उड़ाकर भक्‍त अपनी श्रद्धा का परिचय देते हैं। उस समय पहाड़ भी मानो गुलाबी रंग में रंग जाते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_97dfd055", "title": "कोल्हापुर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_97dfd055.json"}}
{"text": "महालक्ष्‍मी मंदिर के पश्चिम में स्थित रंकाला झील यहां के स्‍थानीय लोगों के साथ-साथ सैलानियों के बीच भी लोकप्रिय है। झील का निर्माण स्‍वर्गीय महाराजा श्री शाहू छत्रपति ने करवाया था। झील के आसपास चौपाटी और अनेक उद्यान हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_97dfd055", "title": "कोल्हापुर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_97dfd055.json"}}
{"text": "दाजीपुर बिसन अभ्‍यारण्‍य कोल्‍हापुर और सिंधुदुर्ग जिले की सीमा पर स्थित है। इस प्रसिद्ध पर्यटक स्‍थल में पशु-पक्षियों की अनेक प्रजातियां पाई जाती है। यहां चारों ओर प्रकृति की खूबसूरती बिखरी हुई है। यह जंगल गावा भैंसों के लिए जाना जाता है। इसके अलावा जंगली हिरन, चीतल आदि भी यहां देखे जा सकते हैं। जंगल में गंगनगिरी महाराजा का मठ भी है। वनस्‍पतिशास्‍त्र के छात्रों के लिए यह स्‍थान बहुत ज्ञानवर्धक है। रोमांच के शौकीनों के लिए यह स्‍थान स्‍वर्ग है। ट्रैकिंग का मजा लेने के लिए अनेक लोग यहां आते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_97dfd055", "title": "कोल्हापुर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_97dfd055.json"}}
{"text": "कोल्‍हापुर शहर के बीचों बीच स्थित इस इमारत का निर्माण 1872-1876 के बीच किया गया था। यहां पर संग्रहालय भी है जिसमें ऐतिहासिक चीजें देखी जा सकती हैं। संग्रहालय में ब्रह्मपुरी से लाई गई वस्‍तुएं, प्राचीन मूर्तियां, सुप्रसिद्ध चित्रकारों द्वारा बनाए गए चित्र, कलाकृतियां, प्राचीन सिक्‍के, कढ़ाईदार सामान, वस्‍त्र, तलवारें, बंदूर आदि रखे गए हैं। टाउन हॉल परिसर में सरकारी कार्यालय, कोर्ट, सरकारी अस्‍पताल, टेलिफोन कार्यालय हैं। इसलिए यहां हमेशा भीड़ भाड़ रहती है। यहां के उद्यान में विशाल फव्‍वारा, कुड और महादेव मंदिर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_97dfd055", "title": "कोल्हापुर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_97dfd055.json"}}
{"text": "नजदीकी हवाई अड्डा बेलगांव में है जो कोल्‍हापुर से 150 किलोमीटर दूर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_97dfd055", "title": "कोल्हापुर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_97dfd055.json"}}
{"text": "यहां पुणे-मिरज-कोल्‍हापुर सेक्‍शन का रेलवे स्‍टेशन है जो भारत के सभी प्रमुख शहरों से जुड़ा हुआ है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_97dfd055", "title": "कोल्हापुर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_97dfd055.json"}}
{"text": "कोल्हापुर दिल्ली से चेन्नई जाने वाले राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग 48 द्वारा कई अन्य नगरों से जुड़ा हुआ है। रत्नगिरि जाने वाले राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग 166 का भी एक अंत यहाँ स्थित है। कोल्‍हापुर से मुंबई, पणजी, मिराज, सांगली, पुणे, सतारा, सावंतवाड़ी, सोलापुर, नांदेड़  और अन्‍य कई जगहों के लिए राज्‍य परिवहन की नियमित बस सेवा उपलब्‍ध है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_97dfd055", "title": "कोल्हापुर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_97dfd055.json"}}
{"text": "यहाँ के उद्योगों में वस्त्र निर्माण, इंजीनियरिंग उत्पाद उद्योग और चीनी प्रसंस्करण शामिल है। पश्चिमी घाटी और वर्णा नदी के किनारे गन्ना उत्पादन के कारण चीनी मिलों की संख्या बढ़ी है। यहाँ दुग्ध उत्पादन और प्रसंस्करण व मुर्गीपालन महत्त्वपूर्ण सहायक आर्थिक गतिविधियाँ हैं। कोल्हापुर के दक्षिण में गोकुल शिरगांव नामक नया शहरी क्षेत्र है। जो दुग्ध उत्पादन और औषधि निर्माण इकाइयों के लिए ख़ास तौर पर प्रसिद्ध है। इस प्रमुख गन्ना उत्पादन क्षेत्र में चीनी मिलें आम है। ज़िले के अन्य स्थानों को उनकी कुछ विशिष्टताओं के लिए जाना जाता है। इचलकरंजी को हथकरघा और विद्युतचालित करघे के लिए हुपारी को चांदी के आभूषणों और कापशी को चमड़े के सामान के लिए जाना जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_97dfd055", "title": "कोल्हापुर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_97dfd055.json"}}
{"text": "आसीन्द (Asind) भारत के राजस्थान राज्य के भीलवाड़ा ज़िले में स्थित एक नगर पालिका और एक शहर है। यह जिले का तीसरा सबसे बड़ा शहर हैं।।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f720e513", "title": "आसीन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f720e513.json"}}
{"text": "आसीन्द नगर होने के साथ-साथ तहसील मुख्यालय भी है। यह कई गांवों के लिए एक तहसील है शहर में एक मजिस्ट्रेट कार्यालय, लोअर न्याय न्यायालय और कई बड़े गांवों के लिए कई प्रशासनिक केंद्र हैं। यह मुख्यतः देवनारायण मंदिर के लिये जाना जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f720e513", "title": "आसीन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f720e513.json"}}
{"text": "आसींद 25.73°N 74.33°E पर स्थित है। इसकी औसत ऊंचाई 467 मीटर (1532 फीट) है। आसींद चीन के झेजियांग प्रांत के हांग्जो में स्थित एक चीनी कंपनी का नाम भी है। सोडा फेल्डस्पार क्वार्ट्ज और अभ्रक की खदानें राजस्थान के ग्राम शंभुगढ़, दौलतगढ़, रूप-पुरा, बराना, तहसील आसींद, जिला भीलवाड़ा में स्थित हैं। यह खदान भारत के अद्वितीय खनिज भंडार पोटेशियम फेल्डस्पार, क्वार्ट्ज और अभ्रक से समृद्ध है और बहुत कम समय में किसी भी मात्रा को पूरा कर सकती है। इन दोनों खदानों की संयुक्त क्षमता लगभग 150000 टन खनिज प्रति वर्ष है। आसींद में पत्थर की कई खदानें हैं जिनका उपयोग राजस्थान के कई क्षेत्रों में घर और इमारतें बनाने के लिए किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f720e513", "title": "आसीन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f720e513.json"}}
{"text": "2001 की भारत की जनगणना के अनुसार, आसींद की जनसंख्या 14,118 थी। जनसंख्या में 51% पुरुष और 49% महिलाएं हैं। आसींद की औसत साक्षरता दर 54% है, जो राष्ट्रीय औसत 59.5% से कम है; 63% पुरुष और 37% महिलाएँ साक्षर हैं। 18% आबादी 6 साल से कम उम्र की है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f720e513", "title": "आसीन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f720e513.json"}}
{"text": "श्री सवाई भोज मंदिर भीलवाड़ा जिले का प्रसिद्ध मंदिर है। श्री सवाई भोज हिंदू देवता देवनारायण के पिता थे और बागरावत नाम के 24 बहादुर गुर्जर भाइयों में से एक थे। भीलवाड़ा में सवाई भोज मंदिर 400 साल से अधिक पुराना होने का दावा किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f720e513", "title": "आसीन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f720e513.json"}}
{"text": "आसींद राजस्थान के भीलवाड़ा जिले में एक तहसील/ब्लॉक है। जनगणना 2011 की जानकारी के अनुसार आसींद ब्लॉक का उप-जिला कोड 00627 है। आसींद ब्लॉक में लगभग 196 गाँव हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f720e513", "title": "आसीन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f720e513.json"}}
{"text": "आसींद ब्लॉक के विधायक श्री जब्बार सिंह सांखला (भाजपा) हैं और बीडीओ (खंड विकास अधिकारी) श्री अमित जैन हैं। आसींद नगर पालिका के अध्यक्ष देवीलाल साहू हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f720e513", "title": "आसीन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f720e513.json"}}
{"text": "आसीन्द विधानसभा क्षेत्र (राजस्थान)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f720e513", "title": "आसीन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f720e513.json"}}
{"text": "यह उन उल्लेखनीय अभिनेत्रियों की सूची है जिन्होंने बॉलीवुड फिल्मों में प्रमुख भूमिकाओं में अभिनय किया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_00a360c7", "title": "बॉलीवुड अभिनेत्रियों की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_00a360c7.json"}}
{"text": "मादली तल्ली, चम्पावत तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के चम्पावत जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e06a68b4", "title": "मादली तल्ली, चम्पावत तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e06a68b4.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e06a68b4", "title": "मादली तल्ली, चम्पावत तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e06a68b4.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e06a68b4", "title": "मादली तल्ली, चम्पावत तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e06a68b4.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e06a68b4", "title": "मादली तल्ली, चम्पावत तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e06a68b4.json"}}
{"text": "महाकवि भूषण (1613 - 1715) रीतिकाल के तीन प्रमुख हिन्दी कवियों में से एक हैं, अन्य दो कवि हैं बिहारी तथा  शृंगार रस में रचना कर रहे थे, वीर रस में प्रमुखता से रचना कर भूषण ने अपने को सबसे अलग साबित किया। 'भूषण' की उपाधि उन्हें चित्रकूट के राजा हृदयराम के पुत्र रुद्रदत्त ने प्रदान की थी। ये मोरंग, कुमायूँ, श्रीनगर, जयपुर, जोधपुर, रीवाँ, छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज और छत्रसाल आदि के आश्रय में रहे, परन्तु इनके पसंदीदा नरेश छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज और महाराजा छत्रसाल थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "महाकवि भूषण का जन्म संवत 1670 तदनुसार ईस्वी 1613 में हुआ।  वे मूलतः टिकवापुर गाँव के निवासी थे जो वर्तमान में उत्तर प्रदेश के कानपुर जिले के घाटमपुर तहसील में पड़ता है। उनके दो भाई चिन्तामणि और मतिराम भी कवि थे। उनका मूल नाम क्या था, यह पता नहीं है। 'शिवराज भूषण' ग्रंथ के निम्न दोहे के अनुसार 'भूषण' उनकी उपाधि है जो उन्हें चित्रकूट के राज हृदयराम के पुत्र रुद्रशाह ने दी थी -", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "कुल सुलंकि चित्रकूट-पति साहस सील-समुद्र।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "कवि भूषण पदवी दई, हृदय राम सुत रुद्र॥", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "कहा जाता है कि भूषण कवि मतिराम और चिंतामणि के भाई थे। एक दिन भाभी के ताना देने पर उन्होंने घर छोड़ दिया और कई आश्रम में गए। यहाँ आश्रय प्राप्त करने के बाद छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज के आश्रम में चले गए और अन्त तक वहीं रहे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "पन्ना नरेश छत्रसाल से भी भूषण का संबंध रहा। वास्तव में भूषण केवल  छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज और छत्रसाल इन दो राजाओं के ही सच्चे प्रशंसक थे। उन्होंने स्वयं ही स्वीकार किया है-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "और राव राजा एक मन में न ल्याऊं अब।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "साहू को सराहों कै सराहौं छत्रसाल को॥", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "संवत 1772 तदनुसार ईस्वी 1715 में भूषण परलोकवासी हो गए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण जी के सगे भाई मतिराम और बिहारी थे। गांव टीकवापुर पोस्ट सजेती क़स्बा में श्री शिवमोहन तिवारी का कवि भूषण जी का एक परिवार रहता है जो  कवि भूषण के वंशज हैं व उनके पूर्वज अग्रेजों के शासनकाल में टिकवापुर गाँव छोड़कर यहाँ बस गए। आज भी उनकी जमीने टिकवापुर गाव में पड़ती है। कवि भूषण की बाद की पीढ़ी का सति माता का एक मंदिर टिकवापुर में बना है जिसे यह परिवार अपनी कुलदेवी मानता है व् हर छोटे मोटे त्यौहार में उनकी पूजा अर्चना करता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "विद्वानों ने इनके छह ग्रंथ माने हैं - शिवराजभूषण, शिवाबावनी, छत्रसालदशक, भूषण उल्लास, भूषण हजारा, दूषनोल्लासा। परन्तु इनमें शिवराज भूषण, छत्रसाल दशक व शिवा बावनी ही उपलब्ध हैं। शिवराजभूषण में अलंकार, छत्रसाल दशक में छत्रसाल बुंदेला के पराक्रम, दानशीलता व शिवाबवनी में छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज के गुणों का वर्णन किया गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "शिवराज भूषण एक विशालकाय ग्रन्थ है जिसमें 385 पद्य हैं। शिवा बावनी में 52 कवितों में छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज के शौर्य, पराक्रम आदि का ओजपूर्ण वर्णन है। छत्रशाल दशक में केवल दस कवितों के अन्दर बुन्देला वीर छत्रसाल के शौर्य का वर्णन किया गया है। इनकी सम्पूर्ण कविता वीर रस और ओज गुण से ओतप्रोत है जिसके नायक छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज हैं और खलनायक औरंगजेब। औरंगजेब के प्रति उनका जातीय वैमनस्य न होकर शासक के रूप में उसकी अनीतियों के विरुद्ध है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "शिवराज भूषण से कुछ छन्द", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "इन्द्र जिमि जंभ पर , वाडव सुअंभ पर।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "रावन सदंभ पर , रघुकुल राज है ॥१॥", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "पौन बरिबाह पर , संभु रतिनाह पर।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "ज्यों सहसबाह पर , राम द्विजराज है ॥२॥", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "दावा द्रुमदंड पर , चीता मृगझुंड पर।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण वितुण्ड पर , जैसे मृगराज है ॥३॥", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "तेजतम अंस पर , कान्ह जिमि कंस पर।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "त्यों म्लेच्छ बंस पर , शेर सिवराज है ॥४॥", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण रीति युग था पर इन्होंने  ने वीर रस में कविता रची। उनके काव्य की मूल संवेदना वीर-प्रशस्ति, जातीय गौरव तथा शौर्य वर्णन है। निरीह हिन्दू जनता अत्याचारों से पीड़ित थी। भूषण ने इस अत्याचार के विरुद्ध आवाज उठाई तथा निराश हिन्दू जन समुदाय को आशा का संबल प्रदान कर उसे संघर्ष के लिए उत्साहित किया। इन्होंने अपने काव्य नायक शिवाजी व छत्रसाल को चुना। छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज की वीरता के विषय में भूषण लिखते हैं :", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण भनत महावरि बलकन लाग्यो सारी पातसाही के उड़ाय गये जियरे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "तमके के लाल मुख सिवा को निरखि भये स्याह मुख नौरंग सिपाह मुख पियरे॥", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "इन्होंने छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज की युद्धवीरता, दानवीरता, दयावीरता व धर्मवीरता का वर्णन किया है। भूषण के काव्य में उत्साह व शक्ति भरी हुई है। इसमें हिंदू जनता की भावनाओं को ओजमयी भाषा में अंकन किया गया है। भूषण ने कहा कि यदि छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज न होते तो सब कुछ सुन्नत हो गया होताः", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "देवल गिरावते फिरावते निसान अली ऐसे डूबे राव राने सबी गये लबकी,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "गौरागनपति आप औरन को देत ताप आप के मकान सब मारि गये दबकी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "पीरा पयगम्बरा दिगम्बरा दिखाई देत सिद्ध की सिधाई गई रही बात रबकी,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "कासिहू ते कला जाती मथुरा मसीद होती सिवाजी न होतो तौ सुनति होत सबकी॥", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "सांच को न मानै देवीदेवता न जानै अरु ऐसी उर आनै मैं कहत बात जबकी,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "और पातसाहन के हुती चाह हिन्दुन की अकबर साहजहां कहै साखि तबकी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "बब्बर के तिब्बर हुमायूं हद्द बान्धि गये दो मैं एक करीना कुरान बेद ढबकी,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "कासिहू की कला जाती मथुरा मसीद होती सिवाजी न होतो तौ सुनति होत सबकी॥", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "कुम्भकर्न असुर औतारी अवरंगज़ेब कीन्ही कत्ल मथुरा दोहाई फेरी रबकी,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "खोदि डारे देवी देव सहर मोहल्ला बांके लाखन तुरुक कीन्हे छूट गई तबकी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण भनत भाग्यो कासीपति बिस्वनाथ और कौन गिनती मै भूली गति भव की,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "चारौ वर्ण धर्म छोडि कलमा नेवाज पढि सिवाजी न होतो तौ सुनति होत सबकी॥", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण के काव्य में सर्वत्र उदारता का भाव मिलता है। वे सभी धर्मों को समान दृष्टिकोण से देखते हैं। इनके साहित्य में ऐतिहासिक घटनाओं का यथार्थवादी चित्रण मिलता है। इन्होंने छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज को धर्मरक्षक के रूप प्रशंसा की है तो जसवंत सिंह, करण सिंह आदि की आलोचना भी की है। भूषण ने सारा काव्य ब्रजभाषा में रचा था। ओजगुण से परिपूर्ण ब्रजभषा का प्रयोग सर्वप्रथम इन्होंने ही किया था। इन्होंने प्रशस्तियाँ भी लिखी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "आज गरीब निवाज मही पर तो सो तुही सिवराज विरजै", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण ने मुक्तक शैली में काव्य की रचना की। इन्होंने अलंकारों का सुन्दर प्रयोग किया है। कवित्त व सवैया, छंद का प्रमुखतया प्रयोग किया है। वस्तुतः भूषण बहुमुखी प्रतिभा के धनी थे। वे कवि व आचार्य थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण वीर रस के श्रेष्ठ कवि हैं", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण का वीरकाव्य हिन्दी साहित्य की वीर काव्य परंपरा में लिखा गया है। इनकी कविता का अंगीरस वीर रस है। इनकी रचनाएँ शिवराज भूषण, शिवाबावजी और छत्रसाल दशक वीर रस से ओतप्रोत है। ये तीनों कृतियाँ भूषण की वीर भावना की सच्ची निर्देशक है। यह काव्य अपने युग के आदर्श नायकों के चरित्र को प्रस्तुत करने वाला है। इनमें छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज और छत्रसाल के शौर्य-साहस, प्रभाव व पराक्रम, तेज व ओज का जीवंत वर्णन हुआ है। भूषण के वीरकाव्य की मुख्य विशेषता यह है कि उसमें कल्पना और पुराण की तुलना में इतिहास की सहायता अधिक ली गई है। काव्य का आधार ऐतिहासिक है। इसके अतिरिक्त, इस वीरकाव्य में देश की संस्कृति व गौरव का गान है। भूषण ने अपने वीरकाव्य में औरंगजेब के प्रति आक्रोश सर्वत्र व्यक्त किया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण की वीरभावना का वर्णन बहुआयामी है। इसे हम युद्धमूलक, धर्ममूलक, दानमूलक, स्तुतिमूलक आदि रूपों में देख सकते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "वीर रस के स्थायी भाव उत्साह का उत्कृष्ट रूप युद्धभूमि में शत्रु को ललकारते हुए उजागर होता हैं छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज स्वंय वीर थे और उनकी प्रेरणा से हिन्दू सैनिकों के मन में वीरता का भाव उत्पन्न हुआ था। भूषण ने उन सैनिकों की वीरता का वर्णन करते हुए कहा हैः", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "घूटत कमान अरू तीर गोली बानन के मुसकिल होति मुरचान हू की ओट में।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "ताहि समै सिवराज हुकम के हल्ल कियो दावा बांधि पर हल्ला वीर भट जोट में॥", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "युद्धों का सजीव चित्रण", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण का युद्ध वर्णन बड़ा ही सजीव और स्वाभाविक है। युद्ध के उत्साह से युक्त सेनाओं का रण प्रस्थान युद्ध के बाजों का घोर गर्जन, रण भूमि में हथियारों का घात-प्रतिघात, शूर वीरों का पराक्रम और कायरों की भयपूर्ण स्थिति आदि दृश्यों का चित्रण अत्यंत प्रभावशाली ढंग से प्रस्तुत किया गया है। छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज की सेना का रण के लिए प्रस्थान करते समय का एक चित्र देखिए -", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "साजि चतुरंग बीररंग में तुरंग चढ़ि।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "सरजा सिवाजी जंग जीतन चलत है॥", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषन भनत नाद विहद नगारन के।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "नदी नद मद गैबरन के रलत हैं॥", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "ऐल फैल खैल भैल खलक में गैल गैल,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "गाजन की ठेल-पेल सैल उसलत हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "तारा सों तरनि घूरि धरा में लगत जिम,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "धारा पर पारा पारावार ज्यों हलत हैं॥ -- (शिवा बावनी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "कवि ने छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज  को धर्म व संस्कृति के उन्नायक के रूप में अंकित किया है। छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज ने मुसलमानों से टक्कर ली तथा हिंदुओं की रक्षा की। उन्होंने शिवराज और छत्रसाल की महिमा का वर्णन किया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "कवि ने शिवाबावनी में कहा है :-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "वेद राखे विदित पुराने राखे सारयुत,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "राम नाम राख्यों अति रसना सुधार मैं,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "हिंदुन की चोटी रोटी राखी है सिपहिन की,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "कांधे में जनेऊ राख्यो माला राखी गर मैं॥", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "वीर रस के कवियों ने अपने नायक को अत्यधिक दानवीर दिखलाया है। भूषण ने छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज की दानवीरता का अतिश्योक्तिपूर्ण वर्णन किया है। याचक को अपनी इच्छा से ज्यादा दान मिलता है। शिवास्तुति में कवि ने छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज की अपूर्व दानशीलता का वर्णन किया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "जाहिर जहान सुनि दान के बखान आजु,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "महादानि साहितनै गरिब नेवाज के।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण जवाहिर जलूस जरबाक जोति,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "देखि-देखि सरजा की सुकवि समाज के॥", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण के अनुसार, छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज दया के सागर हैं। वे शरणागत पर दया करते थे। उन्होंने अपने सैनिकों को स्त्रियों व बच्चों को तंग न करने का निर्देश दिया हुआ था। वस्तुतः भूषण ने छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज के पराक्रम, शौर्य व आतंक का प्रभावशाली वर्णन किया है। उन्होंने छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज के धर्मरक्षक, दानवीर व दयावान, रूप को प्रकट किया है। इनके वीररस से संबंधित पद मुक्तक हैं। इनमें ओजगुण का निर्वाह है। हिन्दी के अन्य वीर रस के कवि शृंगार का वर्णन भी साथ में करते हैं। जबकि भूषण का काव्य शृंगार भावना से बचा हुआ है। अतः कहा जा सकता है कि भूषण वीररस के श्रेष्ठ कवि हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण ने अपने काव्य की रचना ब्रज भाषा में की। वे सर्वप्रथम कवि हैं जिन्होंने ब्रज भाषा को वीर रस की कविता के लिए अपनाया। वीर रस के अनुकूल उनकी ब्रज भाषा में सर्वत्र ही आज के दर्शन होते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण की ब्रज भाषा में उर्दू, अरबी, फ़ारसी आदि भाषाओं के शब्दों की भरमार है। जंग, आफ़ताब, फ़ौज आदि शब्दों का खुल कर प्रयोग हुआ है। शब्दों का चयन वीर रस के अनुकूल है। मुहावरों और लोकोक्तियों का प्रयोग सुन्दरता से हुआ है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "व्याकरण की अव्यवस्था, शब्दों को तोड़-मरोड़,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "वाक्य विन्यास की गड़बड़ी आदि के होते हुए भी भूषण की भाषा बड़ी सशक्त और प्रवाहमयी है। हां, प्राकृत और अपभ्रंश के शब्द प्रयुक्त होने से वह कुछ क्लिष्ट अवश्य हो गई है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण की शैली अपने विषय के अनुकूल है। वह ओजपूर्ण है और वीर रस की व्यंजना के लिए सर्वथा उपयुक्त है। अतः उनकी शैली को वीर रस की ओज पूर्णशैली कहा जा सकता है। प्रभावोत्पादकता, चित्रोपमता और सरसता भूषण की शैली की मुख्य विशेषताएं हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण की कविता की वीर रस के वर्णन में भूषण हिंदी साहित्य में अद्वितीय कवि हैं। वीर के साथ रौद्र भयानक-वीभत्स आदि रसों को भी स्थान मिला है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण ने शृंगार रस की भी कुछ कविताएं लिखी हैं, किन्तु शृंगार रस के वर्णन ने भी उनकी वीर रस की एवं रुचि का स्पष्ट प्रभाव दीख पड़ता है -", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "न करु निरादर पिया सौ मिल सादर ये", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "आए वीर बादर बहादुर मदन के", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण  105 अलंकार कृत हैं", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण की छंद योजना रस के अनुकूल है। दोहा, कवित्त, सवैया, छप्पय आदि उनके प्रमुख छंद हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "रीति कालीन कवियों की भांति भूषण ने अलंकारों को अत्यधिक महत्व दिया है। उनकी कविता में प्रायः सभी अलंकार पाए जाते हैं। अर्थालंकारों की अपेक्षा शब्दालंकारों को प्रधानता मिली है। यमक अलंकार का एक उदाहरण देखिए-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "ऊंचे घोर मंदर के अंदर रहन वारी,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "ऊंचे घोर मंदर के अंदर रहाती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "कंद मूल भोग करें कंद मूल भोग करें", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "तीन बेर खातीं, ते वे तीन बेर खाती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषन शिथिल अंग भूषन शिथिल अंग,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "बिजन डुलातीं ते वे बिजन डुलाती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "‘भूषन’ भनत सिवराज बीर तेरे त्रास,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "नगन जड़ातीं ते वे नगन जड़ाती हैं॥", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "(१) ऊंचे घोर मंदर – ऊंचे विशाल घर-महल / ऊंचे विशाल पहाड़", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "(२) कंद मूल – राजघराने में खाने के प्रयोग में लाये जाने वाले जायकेदार कंद-मूल वगैरह / जंगल में कंद की मूल यानि जड़", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "(३) तीन बेर खातीं – तीन समय खाती थीं / [मात्र] तीन बेर [फल] खाती हैं", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "(४) भूषन शिथिल अंग – अंग भूषणों के बोझ से शिथिल हो जाते थे / भूख की वजह से उन के अंग शिथिल हो गए हैं", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "(५) बिजन डुलातीं – जिनके इर्द गिर्द पंखे डुलाये जाते थे / वे जंगल-जंगल भटक रही हैं", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "(६) नगन जड़ातीं – जो नगों से जड़ी हुई रहती थीं / नग्न दिखती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण की राष्ट्रीय चेतना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "महाकवि भूषण राष्ट्रीय भावों के गायक है। उनकी वाणी पीड़ित प्रजा के प्रति एक अपूर्व आश्वसान हैं। इनका समय औरंगजेब का शासन था। औरंगजेब के समय से मुगल वैभव व सत्ता की पकड़ कमजोर होती जा रही थी। औरंगजेब की कटुरता व हिन्दुओं के प्रति नफरत ने उसे जनता से दूर कर दिया था। संकट की इस घड़ी में भूषण ने दो राष्ट्रीय पुरूषों - छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज व छत्रसाल के माध्यम से पूरे राष्ट्र में राष्ट्रीय भावना संचारित करने का प्रयास किया। भूषण ने तत्कालीन जनता की वाणी को अपनी कविताओं का आधार बनाया है। इन्होंने स्वदेशानुराग, संस्कृति अनुराग, साहित्य अनुराग, महापुरुषों के प्रति अनुराग, उत्साह आदि का वर्णन किया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण का अपने देश के प्रति गहरा लगाव था। उनकी दृष्टि पूरे देश पर थी। उन्होंने देखा कि औरंगजेब देवालयों को नष्ट कर रहा है तो उनका मन विद्रोह कर उठा। छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज के माध्यम से उन्होंने अपनी वाणी प्रकट की -", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "देवल गिरावते फिरवाते निसान अली ऐसे समय राव-राने सबै गये लबकी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "गौरा गनपति आय, औरंग की देखि ताप अपने मुकाम सब मारि गये दबकी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण ने संस्कृति का उपयोग हिंदुओं को खोया हुआ बल दिलाने के लिए किया। इन्होंने अनेक देवी-देवताओं के कार्यों का उल्लेख किया तथा उन महान् कार्यों की कोटि में छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज के कार्यों की गणना की है। शिवाजी काे धर्म व संस्कृति के उन्नायक रूप में अंकित किया गया है-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "मीड़ि राखे मुगल मरोड़ि राखे पातसाह बैरी पीसि राखे बरदान राख्यौ कर मैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "राजन की हद्द राखी तेग-बल सिवराज देव राखे देवल स्वधर्म राख्यो घर मैं ॥", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण ने वेदशास्त्रों का गहन अध्ययन किया है। इन्होंने प्राचीन साहित्य के आधार पर ही अपने काव्य की रचना की उनका साहित्य प्रेम उनकी राष्ट्रीय भावना का परिचायक है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "महापुरुषों के प्रति श्रद्धा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण ने अतीत व वर्तमान के महापुरुषों व जननायकों के प्रति श्रद्धा व्यक्त की है। इन्होंने छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज और छत्रसाल बुन्देला या अन्य कोई पात्र सभी का उल्लेख केवल उन्हीं प्रसंगों में किया है जो राष्ट्रीय भावना से संबंधित थे। जैसे :", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "रैयाराव चंपति को छत्रसाल महाराज भूषण सकत को बरवानि यों बलन के।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "राष्ट्रीय साहित्य में चेतना का भाव होता है। भूषण के साहित्य में सजीवता, स्फूर्ति व उमंग का भाव है। मुगलों के साथ छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज के संघर्ष का कवि उत्साहपूर्ण शैली में वर्णन किया हैः-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "दावा पातसाहन सों किन्हों सिवराज बीर,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "जेर कीन्हीं देस हृदय बांध्यो दरबारे से।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "हठी मरहठी तामैं राख्यौ न मवास कोऊ,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "छीने हथियार डोलैं बन बनजारे से॥", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "निस्संदेह, भूषण का काव्य राष्ट्रीय चेतना से ओत-प्रोत है। वे सच्चे अर्थों में राष्ट्रीय भावना के कवि हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "महाकवि भूषण का हिंदी साहित्य में एक विशिष्ट स्थान हैं। वे वीर रस के अद्वितीय कवि थे। रीति कालीन कवियों में वे पहले कवि थे जिन्होंने हास-विलास की अपेक्षा राष्ट्रीय-भावना को प्रमुखता प्रदान की। उन्होंने अपने काव्य द्वारा तत्कालीन असहाय हिंदू समाज की वीरता का पाठ पढ़ाया और उसके समक्ष रक्षा के लिए एक आदर्श प्रस्तुत किया। वे निस्संदेह राष्ट्र की अमर धरोहर हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "जन्म संवत तथा स्थान - 1670", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "ग्रंथ - शिवराज भूषण, शिवा बावनी, छत्रसाल दशक।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "वर्ण्य विषय - शिवाजी तथा छत्रसाल के वीरतापूर्ण कार्यों का वर्णन।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भाषा - ब्रज भाषा जिसमें अरबी, फ़ारसी, तुर्की बुंदेलखंडी और खड़ी बोली के शब्द मिले हुए हैं। व्याकरण की अशुद्धियाँ हैं और शब्द बिगड़ गए हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "शैली - वीर रस की ओजपूर्ण शैली।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "छंद - कवित्त, सवैया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "रस - प्रधानता वीर, भयानक, वीभत्स, रौद्र और श्रृंगार भी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "अलंकार - प्रायः सभी अलंकार हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण ग्रन्थावली (गूगल पुस्तक)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "भूषण को किन मायनों में राष्ट्रीय कहें? (सर्जना, हिन्दी चिट्ठा)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f71b871a", "title": "भूषण (हिन्दी कवि)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f71b871a.json"}}
{"text": "एडलीन वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़ (अंग्रेज़ी: Adeline Virginia Woolf) (२५ जनवरी, १८८२ - २८ मार्च, १९४१)  २०वीं सदी की एक प्रतिभाशाली अंग्रेज साहित्यकार और निबंधकार थीं। ए रूम ऑफ वन्स ओन की लेखिका वर्जिनिया वुल्फ प्रसिद्ध लेखिका, आलोचक और पर्वतारोही पिता सर स्टीफन और मां जूलिया स्टीफन की बेटी थीं। उनका जन्म १८८२ में लंदन में हुआ था। बुद्धिजीवियों की आवाजाही उनके घर में होती रहती थी। जाहिर है वर्जिनिया का भी रुझान आरंभ से ही लिखने-पढ़ने की ओर रहा। वर्जिनिया की अधिकतर स्मृतियां कॉर्नवाल की हैं, जहां वह अकसर गर्मीयों की छुट्टियां बिताने जाती थीं। इन्हीं स्मृतियों की देन थी उनकी प्रमुख रचना - टु द लाइटहाउस। जब वह केवल १३ वर्ष की थीं, तब उनकी मां का आकस्मिक निधन हो गया। इसके दो वर्ष बाद अपनी बहन व १९०४ में पिता को भी उन्होंने खो दिया। यह उनका अवसाद भरा दौर था। इसके बाद आजीवन अवसाद के दौरे उन्हें घेरते रहे। इसके बाद भी उन्होंने कई महत्वपूर्ण कृतियों की रचना की। शारीरिक रूप से बहुत दुर्बल होने के कारण उनकी पढ़ाई-लिखाई घर पर ही हुई। बाद में उन्होंने अध्यापन कार्य आरंभ किया। ३० वर्ष की आयु में उन्होंने लोयोनार्ड वुल्फ़ से विवाह किया। उन्होंने डायरी, जीवनियां, उपन्यास, आलोचना सभी लिखे। लेकिन उनकी प्रिय विषयवस्तु स्त्री विमर्श ही थी। इसी का परिणाम था, उनकी महत्वपूर्ण पुस्तक ए रूम ऑफ वन्स ओन।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "१९४० में द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध में नाज़ियों के हमले के दौरान वुल्फ दंपती बहुत परेशान रहा करते थे, क्योंकि उनके पति लियोनार्ड यहूदी थे, जिनसे नाज़ी घृणा करते थे। इसी वर्ष बमबारी में उनका प्रेस नष्ट हो गया। अवसाद की स्थिति में उन्होंने २८ मार्च १९४१ में नदी में छलांग लगा दी और आत्महत्या कर अपना जीवन समाप्त कर लिया। गूगल ने उनके १३६वें जन्मदिन को एक डूडल के साथ मनाया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "25 जनवरी, 1882 को जन्मे, एडलिन वर्जीनिया स्टीफन को एक उल्लेखनीय घर में उठाया गया था। उनके पिता, सर लेस्ली स्टीफन एक इतिहासकार और लेखक थे, साथ ही पर्वतारोहण के स्वर्ण युग में सबसे प्रमुख शख्सियतों में से एक थे। वुल्फ की मां, जूलिया प्रिंसेप स्टीफन (नी जैक्सन), भारत में पैदा हुई थीं और बाद में कई प्री-राफेललाइट चित्रकारों के लिए एक मॉडल के रूप में सेवा की। वह एक नर्स भी थी और पेशे पर एक किताब भी लिखी थी। उसके माता-पिता दोनों विवाहित थे और एक दूसरे से शादी करने से पहले विधवा हो गए थे। वुल्फ के तीन पूर्ण भाई-बहन थेबी, वेनेसा और एड्रियन और चार सौतेले भाई लौरा मेकपीस स्टीफन और जॉर्ज, गेराल्ड और स्टेला डकवर्थ। आठ बच्चे 22 हाइड पार्क गेट, केंसिंग्टन में एक ही छत के नीचे रहते थे। वुल्फ के दो भाइयों को कैम्ब्रिज में शिक्षित किया गया था, लेकिन सभी लड़कियों को घर पर पढ़ाया जाता था और परिवार की रसीली विक्टोरियन लाइब्रेरी के शानदार संगम का उपयोग किया जाता था। इसके अलावा, वुल्फ के माता-पिता सामाजिक और कलाकार दोनों तरह से बहुत अच्छी तरह से जुड़े हुए थे। उनके पिता विलियम ठाकरे के मित्र थे, उनकी पहली पत्नी के पिता, जिनकी अप्रत्याशित रूप से मृत्यु हो गई, और जॉर्ज हेनरी लुईस, साथ ही कई अन्य प्रसिद्ध विचारक थे। उनकी माँ की चाची प्रसिद्ध 19 वीं सदी की फोटोग्राफर जूलिया मार्गरेट कैमरन थीं।[उद्धरण चाहिए]", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "वुल्फ को 20वी सदी की एक महत्वपूर्ण उपन्यासकार माना जाता है। वह एक आधुनिकवादी थी जिन्होंने चिंतन की धारा (स्ट्रीम ऑफ कांशसनेस) को कहानी के भाग के रूप में प्रोस्तुत किया। इस समय डोरोथी रिचर्डसन, मार्सेल प्रौस्ट, जेम्स जॉयस आदि जैसे लेखक इस तकनीक का व्यवहार कर रहे थे। वुल्फ की ख्याति १९३० के दसक में खूब रही मगर द्वितीय बिस्वयुद्ध के बाद कम हो गयी। १९७० के दसक में नारीबादी साहित्य समालोचना के उत्थान के वक़्त वुल्फ की प्रोसिद्धता का फिर एक बार स्थापना हुआ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "टु द लाइटहाउस (१९२७)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "बिट्वीन द ऐक्ट्स (१९४१)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "मंडे और ट्यूज़्डे (१९२१)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "अ हौन्टिड हाउस और अन्य लघु कथाएं (१९४४)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "मिसेस डैलोवेज़ पार्टी (१९७३)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "द कम्प्लीट शॉर्टर फ़िक्शन (१९८५)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़ ने निम्नलिखित तीन पुस्तकें प्रकाशित कीं जिन्हें उन्होंने आत्मकथा का उपशीर्षक दिया:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "ऑर्लैंडो: ए बायोग्राफी (१९२८, वीटा सैकविल-वेस्ट के जीवन से प्रेरित)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "फ्लश: ए बायोग्राफी (१९३३, एलिजाबेथ बैरेट ब्राउनिंग के कुत्ते फ्लश कि नज़र से उनकी जीवन गाथा)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "रॉजर फ्राई: ए बायोग्राफी  (१९४०)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "मॉडर्न फिक्शन (१९१९)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "ए रूम ऑफ वन्स ओन (१९२९)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "द कॉमन रीडर : द्वितीय श्रंखला  (१९३२)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "द डेथ ऑफ़ मोथ  एंड अदर ऐस्सैज़ (१९४२)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "द मोमेंट एंड अदर ऐस्सैज़ (१९४७)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "द  कैप्टेनज़ death बीएड एंड अदर ऐस्सैज़ (१९५०)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "ग्रेनाइट  एंड रेनबो  (१९५८)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "बुक्स एंड पोर्ट्रेट्स  (१९७८)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "वीमेन एंड राइटिंग  (१९७९)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "कलेक्टेड ऐस्सैज़ (छ: संस्करण)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "फ्रेशवाटर: ए कॉमेडी (१९२३  में प्रस्तुत, १९३५  में संशोधित और १९७६ में प्रकाशित)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़ का बीबीसी पर प्रसारित साक्षात्कार। (२९ अप्रैल १९३७)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6187abc", "title": "वर्जिनिया वुल्फ़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6187abc.json"}}
{"text": "नवाडमौला हरकसिंह, हल्द्वानी तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के नैनीताल जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_db9d95cb", "title": "नवाडमौला हरकसिंह, हल्द्वानी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9,_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_db9d95cb.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_db9d95cb", "title": "नवाडमौला हरकसिंह, हल्द्वानी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9,_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_db9d95cb.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_db9d95cb", "title": "नवाडमौला हरकसिंह, हल्द्वानी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9,_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_db9d95cb.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_db9d95cb", "title": "नवाडमौला हरकसिंह, हल्द्वानी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9,_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_db9d95cb.json"}}
{"text": "जामणी N.Z.A., नैनीताल तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के नैनीताल जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_aaf86f0c", "title": "जामणी N.Z.A., नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_aaf86f0c.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_aaf86f0c", "title": "जामणी N.Z.A., नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_aaf86f0c.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_aaf86f0c", "title": "जामणी N.Z.A., नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_aaf86f0c.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_aaf86f0c", "title": "जामणी N.Z.A., नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_aaf86f0c.json"}}
{"text": "थवाई में भारत के बिहार राज्य के अन्तर्गत मगध मण्डल के औरंगाबाद जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ed5b678c", "title": "थवाई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ed5b678c.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ed5b678c", "title": "थवाई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ed5b678c.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ed5b678c", "title": "थवाई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ed5b678c.json"}}
{"text": "नथुवाखान N.Z.A., नैनीताल तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के नैनीताल जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d4385d2", "title": "नथुवाखान N.Z.A., नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d4385d2.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d4385d2", "title": "नथुवाखान N.Z.A., नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d4385d2.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d4385d2", "title": "नथुवाखान N.Z.A., नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d4385d2.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d4385d2", "title": "नथुवाखान N.Z.A., नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d4385d2.json"}}
{"text": "हिम्मतपुर मोटाहल्दू (Himmatpur Motahaldu) भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के नैनीताल ज़िले में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_30130722", "title": "हिम्मतपुर मोटाहल्दू", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_30130722.json"}}
{"text": "जमतोला लग्गा ताल, गंगोलीहाट तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के पिथोरागढ जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9290f79f", "title": "जमतोला लग्गा ताल, गंगोलीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9290f79f.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9290f79f", "title": "जमतोला लग्गा ताल, गंगोलीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9290f79f.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9290f79f", "title": "जमतोला लग्गा ताल, गंगोलीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9290f79f.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9290f79f", "title": "जमतोला लग्गा ताल, गंगोलीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9290f79f.json"}}
{"text": "तिरुवनंतपुरम (मलयालम: തിരുവനന്തപുരം, अंग्रेज़ी: Thiruvananthapuram) पूर्व नाम त्रिवेंद्रम, भारत के केरल राज्य का सबसे बड़ा नगर और राजधानी है। यह तिरुवनंतपुरम जिले का मुख्यालय भी है। केरल की राजनीति के अलावा शैक्षणिक व्यवस्था का केंद्र भी यही है। कई शैक्षणिक संस्थानों में विक्रम साराभाई अंतरिक्ष केंद्र, राजीव गाँधी जैव प्रौद्योगिकी केंद्र कुछ प्रसिद्ध नामों में से हैं। भारत की मुख्य भूमि के सुदूर दक्षिणी पश्चिमी तट पर बसे इस नगर को महात्मा गाँधी ने \"भारत का नित हरा नगर\" की संज्ञा दी थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "तिरुवनंतपुरम का संधि विच्छेद है: तिरु +अनंत +पुरम्", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "\"तिरु\" एक दक्षिण भारतीय आदरसूचक आद्याक्षर और संस्कृत के \"श्री\" का रूप है, जैसे कि तिरुचिरापल्ली, तिरुपति, तिरुवल्लुवर। इसका संस्कृत समानांतर \"श्री\" है, जैसे कि श्रीमान, श्रीकाकुलम्, श्रीनगर, श्रीविष्णु इत्यादि। \"अनंत\"  भगवान अनंत के लिए हैं तथा संस्कृत शब्द \"पुरम\" का अर्थ है घर, वासस्थान। तिरुवनंतपुरम का शाब्दिक अर्थ होता है \"भगवान अनंत का वासस्थान\"। भगवान अनंत, हिंदू मान्यताओं के अनुसार, शेषनाग हैं जिनपर भगवान विष्णु विराजते हैं। यहाँ का श्री पद्मनाभस्वामी मंदिर, जहाँ भगवान विष्णु शेषनाग जी पर आराम की मुद्रा में बैठे हैं, नगर की पहचान बन गया है। ब्रिटिश शासन के पर्यन्त इसे ट्रिवानड्रम  के नाम से भी जाना जाता था। 1991 में राज्य सरकार ने इसका नाम बदलकर तिरुवनंतपुरम कर दिया। यद्यपि अब भी ट्रिवानड्रम नाम बहुत प्रयुक्त होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "हिंदी में इसे इन वर्तनियों में भी लिखा जाता है - तिरुवनंतपुरम या ट्रिवानड्रम। हिंदी (तथा अन्य भारतीय भाषाओं) में संधि के अनुसार तिरु+अनंत = तिरुवनंत। इसलिए इसे तिरुवनंतपुरम लिखते हैं। हलंत (्) लगाने का कारण उच्चारण है। हिंदी (तथा उत्तर भारतीय भाषाओं) में, अंतिम अक्षर में, बिना लिखे हलंत होने का प्रचलन है। हमें शब्द के अंत में हलंत लगाने की आवश्यकता नहीं पड़ती क्योंकि ये माना हुआ होता है कि शब्द के अंत में एक हलंत लगा होता है। परंतु दक्षिण भारतीय भाषाओं में हलंत लगाना पड़ता है। अतः तिरुवनंतपुरम के नाम का यदि मलयालम से लिप्यंतरित किया जाए तो यह तिरुवनंतपुरम होता है। हिंदी में हलंत लगाने की आवश्यक्ता तो नहीं है पर चूँकि ये नाम दक्षिण भारतीय है इसलिए इसमें हलंत लगा लिया जाता है। दक्षिण भारतीय भाषाओं में त के ध्वनि को अंग्रेजी में Th से लिखा जाता है, क्योंकि इसे T लिखने से (जो उत्तर भारत में किया जाता है), ट की ध्वनि के साथ विभेद नहीं हो पाता है। पर कई लोग इस अंग्रेजी के शब्द का हिंदी में लिप्यंतरित करते समय इसे \"थिर्वनंतपुरम\" लिखते है परंतु यह अनुचित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "केरल की राजधानी तिरुवनंतपुरम को त्रिवेंद्रम के नाम से भी पुकारा जाता है। देवताओं की नगरी के नाम से मशहूर इस शहर को महात्मा गाँधी ने नित हरा नगर की संज्ञा दी थी। इस नगर का नाम शेषनाग अनंत के नाम पर पड़ा जिनके ऊपर पद्मनाभस्वामी (भगवान विष्णु) विश्राम करते हैं। तिरुवनंतपुरम, एक प्राचीन नगर है जिसका इतिहास 1000 ईसा पूर्व से शुरू होता है। त्रावणकोर के संस्थापक अनीयम तिरुनाल मार्तंड वर्मा ने तिरुवनंतपुरम को अपनी राजधानी बनाया जो उनकी मृत्यु के बाद भी बनी रही। स्वतंत्रता के बाद यह त्रावणकोर-कोचीन की राजधानी बनी। 1956 में केरल राज्य के बनने के बाद से यह केरल की राजधानी है। पश्चिमी घाट पर स्थित यह नगर प्राचीन काल से ही एक प्रमुख सांस्कृतिक केंद्र रहा है। तिरुवनंतपुरम की सबसे बड़ी पहचान श्री पद्मनाभस्वामी का मंदिर है जो लगभग 2000 साल पुराना है। अंतर्राष्ट्रीय हवाई अड्डा बनने के बाद से यह नगर एक प्रमुख पर्यटक और व्यवसायिक केंद्र के रूप में स्थापित हुआ है। इसकी समृद्ध सांस्कृतिक धरोहर और शोभायमान तटों से आकर्षित होकर प्रतिवर्ष हजारों पर्यटक यहाँ खीचें चले आते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "तिरुवनंतपुरम भारत के केरल राज्य के दक्षिण-पश्चिमी तट पर 8.5°N 76.9°E / 8.5; 76.9 पर स्थित है। इसकी ऊँचाई समुद्र तल से 16 फीट है, एवं इसका क्षेत्रफल अरब सागर एवं पश्चिमी घाट के बीच 250 वर्ग किमी है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "नगर का जलवायु उष्णकटिबंधीय सवाना जलवायु और उष्णकटिबंधीय मानसून जलवायु के बीच है। नतीजतन, यह विभिन्न ऋतुओं का अनुभव नहीं करता है। माध्य अधिकतम तापमान 34° C (93° F) और न्यूनतम तापमान 21° C (70° F) है। वर्षाऋतु में आर्द्रता अधिक होती है और लगभग 90% तक बढ़ जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "श्री पद्मनाभस्वामी मंदिर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "यह मंदिर भारत के सबसे प्रमुख वैष्णव मंदिरों में से एक है तथा तिरुवनंतपुरम का ऐतिहासिक स्थल है। पूर्वी दुर्ग के अंदर स्थित इस मंदिर का परिसर बहुत विशाल है जिसकी अनुभूति इसका सात मंजिला गोपुरम देखकर हो जाता है। केरल और द्रवि‍ड़ियन वास्तुशिल्प में निर्मित यह मंदिर दक्षिण भारतीय वास्तुकला का उत्‍कृष्‍ट उदाहरण है। पद्मा तीर्थम, पवित्र कुंड, कुलशेखर मंडप और नवरात्रि मंडप इस मंदिर को और भी आकर्षक बनाते हैं। 260 वर्ष पुराने इस मंदिर में केवल हिंदु ही प्रवेश कर सकते हैं। पुरुष केवल श्वेत धोती पहन कर यहाँ आ सकते हैं। इस मंदिर का नियंत्रण त्रावणकोर राजसी परिवार द्वारा किया जाता है। इस मंदिर में दो वार्षिकोत्सव मनाए जाते हैं- एक पंकुनी के महीने (15 मार्च - 14 अप्रैल) में और दूसरा ऐप्पसी के महीने (अक्टूबर-नवंबर) में। इन समारोहों में हजारों की संख्या में श्रद्धालु भाग लेते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "तिरुवनंतपुरम वेधशाला", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "यह वेधशाला तिरुवनंतपुरम के संग्रहालय परिसर में स्थित है। महाराजा स्वाति तिरुनाल ने 1837 में इसका निर्माण करवाया था। यह भारत की सबसे पुरानी वेधशालाओं में से एक है। यहाँ आप अंतरिक्ष से संबंधित सारी जानकारी प्राप्‍त कर सकते है। पहाड़ी के सामने एक अतिसुंदर उद्यान है जहाँ गुलाब के फूलों का अत्योत्तम संग्रह है। वर्तमान में इसकी पर्यवेक्षण भौतिकी विभाग, केरल विश्वविद्यालय द्वारा की जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "पी.एम.जी. संगम के पास स्थित यह चिड़ियाघर भारत का दूसरा सबसे पुराना चिड़ियाघर है। 55 एकड़ में फैला यह जैविक उद्यान वनस्पति उद्यान का भाग है। इसका निर्माण 1857 ई. में त्रावणकोर के महाराजा द्वारा बनाए गए संग्रहालय के एक भाग के रूप में हुआ था। यहाँ देशी-विदेशी वनस्पति और जंतुओं का संग्रह है। यहाँ आने पर ऐसा लगता है जैसे कि नगर के बीचों बीच एक वन बसा हो। रैप्टाइल हाउस में साँपों की अनेक प्रजातियाँ रखी गई हैं। इस चिड़ियाघर में नीलगिरी लंगूर, भारतीय गैंडा, एशियाई सिंह और राजसी बंगाल व्याघ्र भी आपको दिख जाएगें।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "समय: सुबह 10 से शाम 5 बजे तक, सोमवार को बंद", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "तिरुवनंतपुरम से 17 किलोमीटर दूर वाइजिनजाम मछुआरों का गाँव है जो आयुर्वेदिक चिकित्सा और बीच रिजॉर्ट के लिए प्रसिद्ध है। वाइजिनजाम का एक अन्य आकर्षण चट्टान को काट कर बनाई गई गुफा है जहाँ विनंधरा दक्षिणमूर्ति का एक मंदिर है। इस मंदिर में 18वीं शताब्दी में चट्टानों को काटकर बनाई गई प्रतिमाएँ रखी गई हैं। मंदिर के बाहर भगवान शिव और देवी पार्वती की अर्धनिर्मित प्रतिमा स्थापित है। वाइजिनजाम में मैरीन एक्वैरियम भी है जहाँ रंगबिरंगी और आकर्षक मछलियाँ जैसे क्लाउन फिश, स्क्विरिल फिश, लायन फिश, बटरफ्लाइ फिश, ट्रिगर फिश रखी गई हैं। इसके अलावा आप यहाँ सर्जिअन फिश और शार्क जैसी शिकारी मछलियां भी देख सकते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "नेपिअर संग्रहालय से 800 मी. उत्तर पूर्व में स्थित यह महल केरल सरकार से संबंद्ध है। एक छोटी-सी पहाड़ी पर बने इस महल का निर्माण श्री मूलम तिरुनल राजा के शासन काल में हुआ था। इस महल की आंतरिक सजावट के लिए खूबसूरत दीपदानों और शाही फर्नीचर का प्रयोग किया गया है। यहाँ स्थित निशागंधी ओपन एयर ओडिटोरिअम और सूर्यकांति ओडिटोरिअम में अनेक सांस्कृतिक सम्मेलनों और कार्यक्रमों का आयोजन किया जाता है। पर्यटन विभाग निशागंधी ओपन एयर ओडिटोरिअम में प्रतिवर्ष अखिल भारतीय नृत्योत्सव का आयोजन करता है। इस दौरान जानेमाने कलाकार भारतीय शास्त्रीय संगीत का कार्यक्रम प्रस्तुत करते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "लकड़ी से बनी यह आकर्षक इमारत शहर के उत्तर में म्यूजियम रोड पर स्थित है। यह भारत के सबसे पुराने संग्रहालयों में से एक है। इसका निर्माण 1855 में हुआ था। मद्रास के गवर्नर लॉर्ड चाल्र्स नेपियर के नाम पर इस संग्रहालय का नाम रखा गया है। यहाँ शिल्प शास्त्र के अनुसार 8वीं-18वीं शताब्दी के दौरान कांसे से बनाई गई शिव, विष्णु, पार्वती और लक्ष्मी की प्रतिमाएं भी प्रदर्शित की गई हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "चाचा नेहरु बाल संग्रहालय", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "यह बच्चों के आकर्षण का केंद्र है। इसकी स्थापना 1980 में की गई थी। यह सिटी सेंट्रल बस स्टेशन से 1 किलोमीटर उत्तर में स्थित है। इस संग्रहालय में विभिन्न परिधानों में सजी 2000 आकृतियाँ रखी गई हैं। यहाँ हेल्थ एजुकेशन डिस्प्ले, एक छोटा एक्वेरिअम और मलयालम में प्रकाशित पहली बाल साहित्य की प्रति भी प्रदर्शित की गई है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "यह बीच शहर से लगभग 8 किलोमीटर दूर है। इसके पास ही तिरुवनंतपुरम हवाई अड्डा है। इंडोर मनोरंजन क्लब, चाचा नेहरु ट्रैफिक ट्रैनिंग पार्क, मत्सय कन्यक और स्टार फिश के आकार का रेस्टोरेंट यहाँ के मुख्य आकर्षण हैं। नाव चलाते सैकड़ों मछुवारे और सूर्यास्त का नजारा यहाँ बहुत ही सुंदर दिखाई देता है। मंदिरों में होने वाले उत्सवों के समय इस बीच पर भगवान की प्रतिमाओं को पवित्र स्नान कराया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "तिरुवनंतपुरम से 16 किलोमीटर दूर स्थित कोवलम बीच केरल का एक प्रमुख पर्यटक केंद्र है। रेतीले तटों पर नारियल के पेड़ों और खूबसूरत लैगून से सजे ये बीच पर्यटकों को अपनी ओर आकर्षित करते हैं। कोवलम बीच के पास तीन और तट भी हैं जिनमें से दक्षिणतम छोर पर स्थित लाइट हाउस बीच सबसे अधिक प्रसिद्ध है। यह विश्व के सबसे अच्छे तटों में से एक है। कोवलम के तटों पर अनेक रेस्टोरेंट हैं जिनमें आपको सी फूड मिल जाएगें।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "आट्टुकाल देवी का मंदिर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "अट्टुकल पोंगल महिलाओं द्वारा मनाया जाने वाला एक प्रसिद्ध उत्सव है। यह उत्सव तिरुवनंतपुरम से 2 किलोमीटर दूर देवी के प्राचीन मंदिर में मनाया जाता है। 10 दिनों तक चलने वाले पोंगल उत्सव की शुरुआत मलयालम माह मकरम-कुंभम (फरवरी-मार्च) के भरानी दिवस (कार्तिक चंद्र) को होती है। पोंगल एक प्रकार का व्यंजन है जिसे गुड़, नारियल और केले के निश्चित मात्रा को मिलाकर बनाया जाता है। ऐसा माना जाता है कि यह देवी का पसंदीदा पकवान है। धार्मिक कार्य प्रात:काल ही शुरू हो जाते हैं और दोपहर तक चढ़ावा तैयार कर दिया जाता है। पोंगल के दौरान पुरुषों का मंदिर में प्रवेश वर्जित होता है। मुख्य पुजारी देवी की तलवार हाथों में लेकर मंदिर प्रांगण में घूमता है और भक्तों पर पवित्र जल और पुष्प वर्षा करता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "निकटवर्ती दर्शनीय स्थल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "ऐसा माना जाता है कि यह त्रृषि अगस्त्य का निवास स्थान था। समुद्रतल से 1890 मी. ऊपर स्थित यह जगह केरल का दूसरा सबसे ऊंचा स्‍थान है। सहाद्री पर्वत शृंखला का हिस्सा अगस्त्यकूडम के जंगल अपने यहाँ मिलने वाली जड़ी बूटियों और वनस्पति के लिए जाना जाता हैं। यहाँ मिलने वाली चिकित्सीय औषधियों की संख्या 2000 से भी ज्यादा है। वनस्पतियों के अलावा इस जंगल में हाथी, शेर, तेंदुआ, जंगली सूअर, जंगली बिल्ली और धब्बेदार हिरन जैसे जानवर भी मिलते हैं। 1992 में 23 वर्ग किलोमीटर के क्षेत्र को अगस्त्य वन को बायोलॉजिकल पार्क बना दिया गया था। ऐसा करने के पीछे मुख्य उद्देश्य इस स्थान का शैक्षणिक प्रयोग करना था। ट्रैकिंग के शौकीनों के लिए यह स्थान उपयुक्त है। इसके लिए दिसंबर से अप्रैल के बीच यहाँ आ सकते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "नेय्यर वन्यजीव अभयारण्य और नेय्यर बाँध", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "तिरुवनंतपुरम से 30 किलोमीटर दूर स्थित यह जगह पश्चिमी घाट पर स्थित है। यहाँ की झील और बाँध पर्यटकों को बहुत लुभाते हैं। अभयारण्य की स्थापना 1958 में की गई थी। इसका क्षेत्रफल 123 वर्ग किलोमीटर में फैला है। यह अभयारण्य नेन्नयर, मुल्लयर और कल्लर नदियों के प्रवाह क्षेत्र में आता है। वॉच टावर, क्रोकोडाइल फार्म, लायन सफारी पार्क और डियर पार्क यहाँ के मुख्य आकर्षण हैं। यहाँ से पहाड़ों का बहुत ही सुंदर नजारा दिखाई देता है। वन्य जीवों की बात करें तो गौर, भालू, जंगली बिल्ली और नीलगिरी लंगूर यहाँ पाए जाते हैं। यहाँ ट्रैकिंग और बोटिंग की सुविधाएँ भी उपलब्ध हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "तिरुवनंतपुरम अंतर्राष्ट्रीय विमानपत्तन के लिए चैन्नई, दिल्ली, गोवा, मुंबई से उड़ाने जाती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "मैंगलोर, अर्नाकुलम, बैंगलोर, चैन्नई, दिल्ली, गोवा, मुंबई, कन्याकुमारी और अन्य नगरों से यहाँ के लिए रेलगाड़ियाँ चलती हैं। त्रिशूर के प्रतिदिन लगभग सात रेलगाड़ियाँ यहाँ आती हैं। कोल्लम और कोच्चि से भी प्रतिदिन यहाँ रेलगाड़ी आती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "कोच्चि, चैन्नई, मदुरै, बैंगलोर और कन्याकुमारी से तिरुवनंतपुरम के लिए बसें चलती हैं। लंबी दूरी की बसें केंद्र  बस थाना (केएसआरटीसी, तिरुवनंतपुरम बस अड्डा) से जाती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "खरीदारी उत्साहकों के लिए तिरुवनंतपुरम उत्तम जगह है। यहाँ ऐसी अनेक सामान मिलती हैं जो कोई भी व्यक्ति अपने साथ ले जाना चाहेगा। केरल का हस्तशिल्प पूरी दुनिया में मशहूर है। यहाँ से पारंपरिक हस्तशिल्प जैसे तांबे का सामान, बाँस का उपस्कर लिया जा सकता हैं। कथककली के मुखौटे और पारंपरिक परिधान अनेक दुकानों पर मिलते हैं। सरकारी दुकानों के अलावा चलाई बाजार, कोन्नेमारा मार्केट, पावन हाउस रोड के पास की दुकानें और एम.जी.रोड, अट्टुकल शॉपिंग कॉम्प्लेक्स (पूर्वी किला), नर्मदा शॉपिंग कॉम्प्लेक्स (कोडियार) से भी खरीदारी की जा सकती है। अधिकतर दुकानें सवेरा 9 बजे-रात 8 बजे तक तथा सोमवार से शनिवार तक खुली रहती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "ट्रिवानड्रम के हर प्रमुख मार्ग के कोने पर चाय और पान की दुकानें मिल जाएँगी। केले के चिप्स यहाँ की विशेषता है। स्वादिष्ट केले के चिप्स के लिए कैथामुक्कु या वाईडब्ल्यूसीए रोड, ब्रिटिश पुस्तकालय के पास जा सकते हैं। यहाँ ताजे और अच्छे चिप्स मिलते हैं। ट्रिवानड्रम में ऐसे कई जलपान गृह भी हैं जो उत्तर भारतीय भोजन परोसते है। यहाँ नारियल के तेल का प्रयोग प्राय: हर व्यंजन में होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "प्रमुख शिक्षण संस्थान", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "भारतीय अंतरिक्ष विज्ञान एवं प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "भारतीय विज्ञान शिक्षा एवं अनुसंधान संस्थान", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "आधिकारिक जिला वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "ट्रिवानड्रम पर पब्लिक रिलेशंस का पृष्ठ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "ट्रिवानड्रम जिले पर केरल सरकार की वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_055d3804", "title": "तिरुवनन्तपुरम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_055d3804.json"}}
{"text": "लुंगलेई ज़िला भारतीय राज्य मिज़ोरम के आठ ज़िलों में से एक है। भारत की जनगणना २०११ के अनुसार यह मिज़ोरम का अइज़ोल ज़िले के बाद दूसरा सबसे ज्यादा जनसंख्या वाला ज़िला है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4dd00a57", "title": "लुंगलेई ज़िला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4dd00a57.json"}}
{"text": "लुंगलेई ज़िले का नाम इसके मुख्यालय लुंगलेई के नाम पर पड़ा है। कभी-कभी मिज़ो भाषा में लुंगलेई को लुंगलेह बोला जाता है, जिसका अर्थ चट्टानों का पुल होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4dd00a57", "title": "लुंगलेई ज़िला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4dd00a57.json"}}
{"text": "यह ज़िला उत्तर में ममित तथा अइज़ोल ज़िले से, पश्चिम में बांग्लादेश से, दक्षिण में लॉङ्गतलाई ज़िले से, दक्षिण-पूर्व में सइहा ज़िले से, पूर्व में म्यांमार तथा उत्तर पूर्व में सेरछिप ज़िले से घिरा है। इस ज़िले का क्षेत्रफल ४३५८ वर्ग किमी है। लुंगलेई कस्बा इस ज़िले का मुख्यालय है। यह एक ऐसा ज़िला है जिसकी बांग्लादेश और म्यांमार दोनों से सीमा लगती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4dd00a57", "title": "लुंगलेई ज़िला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4dd00a57.json"}}
{"text": "इस ज़िले में तीन सम्भाग ह्नाहथिआल, लुंगलेई तथा त्लाबुंग हैं। ज़िले में ७ विधानसभा क्षेत्र दक्षिण तुइपुई, लुंगलेई उत्तर, लुंगलेई पूर्व, लुंगलेई पश्चिम, लुंगलेई दक्षिण, थोरांग तथा पश्चिम तुइपुई हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4dd00a57", "title": "लुंगलेई ज़िला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4dd00a57.json"}}
{"text": "२०११ जनगणना के अनुसार लुंगलेई ज़िले की जनसंख्या १६१,४२८ है, जिसमे ८२,८९१ पुरुष तथा ७८,५३७ महिलाएँ हैं। इस ज़िले की जनसंख्या लगभग सेण्ट लूसिया राष्ट्र के बराबर है। जनसंख्या के अनुसार भारत के ६४० ज़िलों में इसका ५९७वाँ स्थान है। ज़िले का जनसंख्या घनत्व 36 प्रत्येक वर्ग किलोमीटर में निवासी (93/वर्ग मील) है। २००१-११ के मध्य दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर १७.६४% रही। ज़िले का लिंगानुपात दर ९४७ महिला प्रति १००० पुरुष है तथा साक्षरता दर ८८.८६% है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4dd00a57", "title": "लुंगलेई ज़िला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4dd00a57.json"}}
{"text": "यहाँ का प्रमुख बहुसंख्यक धर्म ईसाई है, जो कि कुल जनसंख्या का ७८.७५% है। अन्य अल्पसंख्यक धर्म बौद्ध १७.०६%, हिन्दू ३.२४%, मुस्लिम ०.८०%, जैन ०.०६% तथा सिक्ख ०.०२% हैं। ०.०४% लोगों ने अपने धर्म का उल्लेख नहीं किया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4dd00a57", "title": "लुंगलेई ज़िला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4dd00a57.json"}}
{"text": "\"Base Map of Lunglei District, Mizoram\". Agriculture - Remote Sensing and GIS. कृषि विभाग, मिज़ोरम सरकार. मूल से से 26 अगस्त 2015 को पुरालेखित।. अभिगमन तिथि: 22 मई 2018.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4dd00a57", "title": "लुंगलेई ज़िला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4dd00a57.json"}}
{"text": "\"Drainage Map of Lunglei District, Showing Coding up to Mico Watershed, Mizoram\". Agriculture - Remote Sensing and GIS. कृषि विभाग, मिज़ोरम सरकार. मूल से से 26 अगस्त 2015 को पुरालेखित।. अभिगमन तिथि: 22 मई 2018.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4dd00a57", "title": "लुंगलेई ज़िला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4dd00a57.json"}}
{"text": "पतलना भारतीय राज्य उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के अल्मोड़ा जिले का एक गाँव है। यह गाँव अल्मोडा तहसील के अंतर्गत आता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_32dad862", "title": "पतलना, अल्मोडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_32dad862.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_32dad862", "title": "पतलना, अल्मोडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_32dad862.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_32dad862", "title": "पतलना, अल्मोडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_32dad862.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_32dad862", "title": "पतलना, अल्मोडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_32dad862.json"}}
{"text": "बजेत, देवलथल तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के पिथोरागढ जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e26957a4", "title": "बजेत, देवलथल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e26957a4.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e26957a4", "title": "बजेत, देवलथल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e26957a4.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e26957a4", "title": "बजेत, देवलथल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e26957a4.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e26957a4", "title": "बजेत, देवलथल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e26957a4.json"}}
{"text": "रमसी सनहौला, भागलपुर, बिहार स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cb370828", "title": "रमसी गाँव, सनहौला (भागलपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cb370828.json"}}
{"text": "2011 तक, भारत की जनगणना 15 बार की जा चुकी है। 1872 में यह ब्रिटिश वायसराय लॉर्ड मेयो के अधीन पहली बार कराई गयी थी। उसके बाद यह हर 10 वर्ष में 1 बार होती है। । हालाकि भारत की पहली संपूर्ण जनगणना 1881(रिपन के समय )में हुई। 1949 के बाद से यह भारत सरकार के गृह मंत्रालय के अधीन भारत के महारजिस्ट्रार एवं जनगणना आयुक्त द्वारा कराई जाती है। 1951 के बाद की सभी जनगणनाएं 1948 की जनगणना अधिनियम के तहत कराई गईं। 1948 का भारतीय जनगणना अधिनियम केंद्र सरकार को किसी विशेष तिथि पर जनगणना करने या अधिसूचित अवधि में अपना डेटा जारी करने के लिए बाध्य नहीं करता है। अंतिम जनगणना 2011 में कराई गई थी, जबकि अगला 2021 में कराया किया जाना था। लेकिन इसे COVID-19 महामारी के कारण स्थगित कर दिया गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "मौर्य प्रशासन में जनगणना लेना एक नियमित प्रक्रिया थी। मौर्य साम्राज्य में व्यापारियों, कृषकों, लुहारों, कुम्हारों, बढ़इयों आदि जैसे लोगों के विभिन्न वर्गों की गणना करने के लिए ग्रामीण अधिकारी (ग्रामिक) और नगरपालिका अधिकारी  (नागरिक) जिम्मेदार थे और मवेशी भी, ज्यादातर कराधान उद्देश्यों के लिए। ये व्यवसाय जातियों के रूप में समेकित हुए, भारतीय समाज की एक विशेषता जो आज तक भारतीय राजनीति को प्रभावित करती रही है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "स्वतंत्रता से पहले भारत की जनगणना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "1872 की भारतीय जनगणना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "1881 की भारतीय जनगणना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "1891 की भारतीय जनगणना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "1901 की भारतीय जनगणना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "1911 की भारतीय जनगणना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "1921 की भारतीय जनगणना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "1931 की भारतीय जनगणना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "1941 की भारतीय जनगणना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "स्वतंत्र भारत की जनगणना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "1951 की भारतीय जनगणना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "1961 की भारतीय जनगणना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "1971 की भारतीय जनगणना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "1981 की भारतीय जनगणना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "1991 की भारतीय जनगणना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "2001 की भारतीय जनगणना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "2011 की भारतीय जनगणना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "2021 की भारतीय जनगणना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "स्वतंत्रता-पूर्व भारत की जनगणना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "1891 की भारतीय जनगणना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "विकिमीडिया कॉमन्स पर Censuses in India से सम्बन्धित मीडिया", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "Stamps issued by India Post", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80bc3544", "title": "भारत की जनगणना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80bc3544.json"}}
{"text": "दौला भारतीय राज्य उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के अल्मोड़ा जिले का एक गाँव है। यह गाँव अल्मोडा तहसील के अंतर्गत आता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_144fa5c8", "title": "दौला, अल्मोडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_144fa5c8.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_144fa5c8", "title": "दौला, अल्मोडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_144fa5c8.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_144fa5c8", "title": "दौला, अल्मोडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_144fa5c8.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_144fa5c8", "title": "दौला, अल्मोडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_144fa5c8.json"}}
{"text": "संयुक्त राष्ट्र महासभा ने २० दिसंबर २०१३ को, अपने ६८ वें सत्र में, अपने प्रस्ताव UN ६८/२०५ में, ३ मार्च १९७३ में  हुए 'जंगली जीव और वनस्पतियों की लुप्तप्राय प्रजातियों में अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार पर कन्वेंशन' (CITES) को  विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस अपनाने का दिन घोषित करने का निर्णय लिया जिसे थाईलैंड द्वारा, दुनिया के जंगली जीवों और वनस्पतियों के बारे में जागरूकता बढ़ाने और मनाने के लिए  प्रस्तावित किया गया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "3 मार्च को विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस के रूप में नामित करने का मुख्य उद्देश्य दुनिया के वन्य जीवों और वनस्पतियों के बारे में जागरूकता बढ़ाना है ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "जिसकी शुरुआत थाईलैंड द्वारा दुनिया के जंगली जीवों के बारे में जागरूकता बढ़ाने और मनाने के लिए प्रस्तावित किया गया था।। महासभा ने वन्यजीवों के पारिस्थितिक, आनुवांशिक,वैज्ञानिक, सौंदर्य सहित विभिन्न प्रकार से अध्ययन अध्यापन को बढ़ावा देने को प्रेरित किया ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "विभिन्न जीवों और वनस्पतियों की प्रजातियों के अस्तित्व की रक्षा भी इसका उद्देश्य कहा जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "जंगली जीवों और पौधों का अद्भुत संरक्षण आवश्यक है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "इन्हें संरक्षित करने से भूमि पर जीवन को संभाला जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "वन्य जीवों के लुप्त होने से पर्यावरणीय संतुलन और विकास पर असर पड़ता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "यह दिन हमें संगठन के रूप में मिलकर काम करने की प्रेरणा देता है, ताकि हम सभी साझा उत्तरदायित्व के एक भाग के रूप में पृथ्वी के संरक्षण में योगदान कर सकें।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "अपने प्रस्ताव में,  महासभा ने वन्यजीवों के आंतरिक मूल्य और पारिस्थितिक, आनुवांशिक, सामाजिक, आर्थिक, वैज्ञानिक, शैक्षिक, सांस्कृतिक, मनोरंजन और सौंदर्य सहित विभिन्न योगदानों की पुष्टि की, ताकि सतत विकास और मानव कल्याण हो ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "महासभा ने बैंकाक में ३ से १४ मार्च २०१३  तक विशेष रूप से संकल्प सम्मेलन में आयोजित पार्टियों के सम्मेलन की 16 वीं बैठक के परिणाम पर ध्यान दिया। १६.१  ३ मार्च  के रूप में नामित करना, ताकि दुनिया के वन्य जीवों और वनस्पतियों के बारे में जागरूकता बढ़ाई जा सके, और यह सुनिश्चित करने में CITES की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका को मान्यता दी कि जिससे वह यह सुनिश्चित कर सके की अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार से प्रजातियों के अस्तित्व को खतरा नहीं है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "महासभा ने विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस के कार्यान्वयन की सुविधा के लिए, संयुक्त राष्ट्र प्रणाली के संबंधित संगठनों के साथ मिलकर CITES सचिवालय का अनुरोध किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "2024 : 2024 की थीम \"लोगों और ग्रह को जोड़ना: Archived 2024-03-02 at the वेबैक मशीन वन्यजीव संरक्षण में डिजिटल नवाचार की खोज\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "२०२३ : २०२३ की थीम \"वन्यजीव संरक्षण के लिए साझेदारी\" है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "२०२० : २०२० की थीम \"पृथ्वी पर जीवन कायम रखना\" है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "२०१९ : २०१९  की थीम है \"पानी के नीचे जीवन: लोगों और ग्रह के लिए\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "२०१८ : २०१८  की थीम \"बड़ी बिल्लियां  -  शिकारियों के खतरे में\" है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "२०१७  : २०१७  की थीम \"युवा आवाज सुनो\" है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "२०१६ : २०१६  का थीम है \"वन्यजीवों का भविष्य हमारे हाथ में है\", एक उप-थीम \"हाथियों का भविष्य हमारे हाथों में है\"।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "२०१५  :२०१५  की थीम \"वन्यजीव अपराध के बारे में अब गंभीर होने का समय है\"।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "राष्ट्रीय विज्ञान दिवस Archived 2024-02-26 at the वेबैक मशीन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "विश्व नागरिक सुरक्षा दिवस", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "विश्व आद्र भूमि दिवस", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "UN.org पर विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस पृष्ठ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस की आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस का आधिकारिक फेसबुक पेज", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस का आधिकारिक फ़्लिकर पेज", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d9f6519", "title": "विश्व वन्यजीव दिवस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d9f6519.json"}}
{"text": "नेमदारगंज (Nemdargunj) भारत के बिहार राज्य के नवादा ज़िले में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cbfb3b27", "title": "नेमदारगंज", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cbfb3b27.json"}}
{"text": "मिज़ूरी (अंग्रेज़ी: Missouri) आयोवा, इलिनॉय, केन्टकी, टेनेसी, अर्कन्सास, ओक्लाहोमा, केन्सास और नेब्रास्का से घिरा संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के मध्य-पश्चिम क्षेत्र का एक राज्य है। मिसौरी सबसे अधिक जनसंख्या वाला 18वां राज्य है जिसकी 2009 में अनुमानित जनसंख्या 5,987,580 थी। यह 114 प्रान्तों और एक स्वतंत्र शहर से मिलकर बना है। मिसौरी की राजधानी जेफ़रसन शहर है। तीन सबसे बड़े शहरी क्षेत्र सेंट लुई, कन्सास शहर और स्प्रिंगफील्ड हैं। मिसौरी को मूल रूप से लुइसियाना खरीद के भाग के रूप में फ्रांस से अधिग्रहण किया गया था। मिसौरी राज्य क्षेत्र के भाग को 10 अगस्त 1821 में 24वें राज्य के रूप में संघ में शामिल कर लिया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "मिसौरी में राष्ट्र के जनसांख्यिकीय, आर्थिक और राजनैतिक क्षेत्र में शहरी और ग्रामीण संस्कृति का मिश्रण देखने को मिलता है। इसे लंबे समय से एक राजनीतिक कसौटी राज्य माना जाता रहा है। 1956 और 2008 को छोड़कर, मिसौरी के U.S. राष्ट्रपति के पद के चुनाव के परिणाम ने 1904 से प्रत्येक चुनाव में संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के अगले राष्ट्रपति की सही-सही भविष्यवाणी की है। यह मध्य पश्चिमी और दक्षिणी दोनों संस्कृतियों से प्रभावित है और अपने इतिहास में एक सीमा राज्य के रूप में प्रदर्शित है। यह पूर्वी और पश्चिमी संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के बीच एक अवस्थांतर भी है क्योंकि सेंट लुई को अक्सर \"सुदूर-पश्चिमी पूर्वी शहर\" और कन्सास शहर को \"सुदूर-पूर्वी पश्चिमी शहर\" कहते हैं। मिसौरी के भूगोल में अत्यधिक विविधता है। राज्य का उत्तरी भाग विच्छेदित गोल मैदानों में पड़ता है जबकि दक्षिणी भाग ओज़ार्क पर्वतों (विच्छेदित पठार) में पड़ता है जिसे मिसोरी नदी दो भागों में बांटती है। मिसिसिपी और मिसौरी नदियों का संगम सेंट लुई के पास स्थित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "अपने पड़ोसी राज्य टेनेसी की तरह मिसौरी आठ अलग-अलग राज्यों की सीमा बनाता है। U.S. का कोई भी राज्य आठ से अधिक राज्यों को स्पर्श नहीं करता है। मिसौरी उत्तर में आयोवा से; पूर्व में मिसिसिपी नदी के आर-पार इलिनॉयस, केन्टकी और टेनेसी से; दक्षिण में अरकन्सास से; और पश्चिम में ओकलाहोमा, कन्सास और नेब्रास्का (मिसौरी नदी के अंतिम सिरे पर) से घिरा है। मिसौरी की दो सबसे बड़ी नदियां मिसिसिपी और मिसौरी हैं जिनमें से पहली राज्य की पूर्वी सीमा बनाती है और दूसरी पश्चिम से पूर्व की ओर राज्य से होकर बहती है और अनिवार्य रूप से दो सबसे बड़े महानगरों, कन्सास शहर और सेंट लुई को जोड़ती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "यद्यपि आज इस राज्य को आम तौर पर मिडवेस्ट का भाग माना जाता है, लेकिन ऐतिहासिक दृष्टि से मिसौरी को कभी एक दक्षिणी राज्य माना जाता था, जिसका मुख्य कारण दक्षिण के प्रवासियों की बस्ती और गृह युद्ध से पहले एक दास राज्य के रूप में इसका दर्ज़ा था। जिन प्रान्तों ने \"लिटिल डिक्सी\" का निर्माण किया वे राज्य के मध्य में मिसौरी नदी के किनारे स्थित थे जिनकी स्थापना दक्षिणी प्रवासियों ने की थी जिसमें दासों की तादाद बहुत ज्यादा थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "सुदूर उत्तरी शहरों और राज्य के बड़े-बड़े महानगरीय क्षेत्रों, जहां राज्य की अधिकांश जनसंख्या निवास करती है (कन्सास शहर, सेंट लुई और कोलम्बिया), के निवासी व्यापक रूप से खुद को मिडवेस्टर्न मानते थे। ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों और सुदूर दक्षिण के शहरों जैसे (केप गिरार्डियू, पोपलर ब्लफ़, स्प्रिंगफील्ड और सिकेस्टन) में निवासी व्यापक तौर पर अपने आप की पहचान अति दक्षिणी के रूप में करते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "2005 में, मिसौरी के राष्ट्रीय उद्यानों में 16,695,000 दर्शक और अन्य मनोरंजक क्षेत्रों में कुल 202,000 एकड़ (820 kमी2) लोग आए जिससे इसे 7.41 मिलियन डॉलर वार्षिक राजस्व प्राप्त हुए जो इसके संचालन व्यय का 26.6% था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "यूरोपीय अन्वेषण और उपनिवेश से हज़ारों साल पहले से मिसौरी में स्वदेशी लोग बसे थे।|यूरोपीय अन्वेषण और उपनिवेश से हज़ारों साल पहले से मिसौरी में स्वदेशी लोग बसे थे। नदियों के आसपास की पुरातत्विक खुदाई से 7,000 साल से भी अधिक समय तक यहां लगातार निवास का पता चला है। 1000 CE से पहले शुरू में वहां मिसिसिपियन संस्कृति का उत्थान हुआ जिसके लोगों ने वर्तमानकालीन सेंट लुई और वर्तमानकालीन कॉलिंसविल, इलिनॉयस के निकट काहोकिया में मिसिसिपी नदी के आसपास क्षेत्रीय राजनीतिक केंद्र स्थापित किए। उनके बड़े-बड़े शहरों में हज़ारों व्यक्तिगत निवास थे लेकिन वे मंच, उन्नतशीर्ष और शंकु के आकारों में धार्मिक, राजनीतिक और सामाजिक दृष्टि से निर्मित अपने मिट्टी की कलाकृतियों के बचे-खुचे विशाल टीले के लिए मशहूर हैं। काहोकिया एक क्षेत्रीय व्यापार नेटवर्क का केंद्र था जो ग्रेट लेक्स से मैक्सिको की खाड़ी तक पहुंच गया था। 1400 CE तक सभ्यता का पतन हो गया और अधिकांश वंशज यूरोपियों के आने से पहले क्षेत्र छोड़कर चले गए। शहरी विकास में खो जाने के बाद से अनगिनत बचे रह गए टीलों की वजह से सेंट लुई को कभी माउंड शहर के रूप में जाना जाता था। मिसिसिपियन संस्कृति ने इन टीलों को पूरे मध्य मिसिसिपी और ओहियो नदी की घाटियों में छोड़ दिया था जो दक्षिण-पूर्व के साथ-साथ ऊपरी नदी तक फैला हुआ था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "प्रथम यूरोपीय उपनिवेशक ज्यादातर फ़्रांसिसी कैनेडियन थे जो लगभग 1750 में नदी के पूर्व दिशा से वर्तमानकालीन स्ते. जेनेवियेव के क्षेत्र में आकर बस गए थे। यह मिसौरी में पहला यूरोपीय उपनिवेश था। वे इलिनॉयस देश की मिसिसिपी की पूर्व की ओर स्थित औपनिवेशिक गांवों से आए जहां मिट्टी का क्षय हो रहा था और जनसंख्या वृद्धि के लिए अपर्याप्त नदी तल भूमि थी। सेंट लुई भी फ़्रांसिसी-कैनेडियन उपनिवेशकों द्वारा स्थापित किया गया था। सेंट लुई एक क्षेत्रीय लोमचर्म व्यापार का केंद्र बन गया जिसका कई दशकों तक इसकी अर्थव्यवस्था पर प्रभुत्व था। स्ते. जेनेवियेव एक संपन्न कृषि केंद्र था, जो व्यापार के लिए लोअर लुइसियाना के लिए नदी-तल से कई टन अनाज के नौवहन के लिए अतिरिक्त गेहूं, अनाज और तम्बाकू का उत्पादन करता था। इलिनॉयस देश में अन्न उत्पादन लोअर लुइसियाना के अस्तित्व के लिए महत्वपूर्ण था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका द्वारा 1803 के लुइसियाना खरीद के भाग, मिसौरी को \"पश्चिम का प्रवेश द्वार\" उपनाम प्राप्त हुआ क्योंकि 19वीं शताब्दी में पश्चिम की तरफ अग्रसर होने वाले अभियानों और उपनिवेशकों के लिए यह एक प्रमुख प्रस्थान स्थल के रूप कार्य करता था। सेंट लुई क्षेत्र, लुईस और क्लार्क अभियान का आरम्भ स्थल और वापसी गंतव्य था जिसने प्रशांत महासागर के पश्चिमी राज्य क्षेत्रों का पता लगाया. राज्य क्षेत्र को मिसौरी समझौते के भाग के रूप में 1821 में एक दास राज्य के रूप में शामिल कर लिया गया। मिसिसिपी के आरपार होने वाले नदी यातायात और व्यापार, राज्य की अर्थव्यवस्था के अभिन्न अंग थे। कृषिभूमि और निम्नस्थ गांवों के नियमित बाढ़ आगमन को नियंत्रित करने के प्रयास में 1860 तक राज्य ने मिसिसिपी पर बांधों के 140 मील (230 kमी॰) का निर्माण कार्य पूरा कर लिया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "राज्य 1812 के नए मैड्रिड भूकम्प के उप्रिकेंद्र का स्थल था जो शायद देश की स्थापना के बाद से संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका का सबसे शक्तिशाली भूकम्प था। कम जनसंख्या के कारण हताहतों की संख्या भी कम थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "मूल रूप से राज्य की पश्चिमी सीमा एक सीधी रेखा थी जिसे काव्समाउथ से होकर गुजरने वाले मध्याह्न के रूप परिभाषित किया जाता था जो वह स्थल था जहां कन्सास नदी मिसौरी नदी में प्रवेश करती है। इस पदनाम के बाद से नदी का स्थानांतरण हो गया है। इस रेखा को ओसेज सीमा के रूप में जाना जाता है। मूल जनजातियों से भूमि खरीद लेने के बाद 1835 में राज्य के उत्तर-पूर्व कोने में प्लैट खरीद को शामिल कर लिया गया और मिसौरी नदी कन्सास नदी की उत्तरी सीमा बन गया। इस संयोजन ने भूमि क्षेत्र में वृद्धि कर दी जो कि पहले से ही उस समय संघ का सबसे बड़ा राज्य था (वर्जीनिया के 65,000 वर्ग मील का लगभग 66,500 वर्ग मील (172,000 kमी2) था जिसमें फिर पश्चिमी वर्जीनिया शामिल हो गया)।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "जैसा कि पश्चिमी मिसौरी के अधिकांश प्रारंभिक अमेरिकी उपनिवेशक अपर दक्षिण से आए थे, इसलिए उन्होंने परिश्रम के लिए दास अफ़्रीकी अमेरिकियों और अपनी संस्कृति एवं दासत्व प्रथा को कायम रखने की अपनी इच्छा को भी अपने साथ लेते आए। उन्होंने मुख्य रूप से मिसौरी नदी के किनारे 17 देशों में सपाट भूमिओं के एक क्षेत्र में अपने उपनिवेश स्थापित किए जो वृक्षारोपण कृषि में सक्षम था और जिसे \"लिटिल डिक्सी\" के रूप में जाना गया। 1830 के दशक के आरम्भ में, उत्तरी राज्यों और कनाडा से आए मोर्मोन प्रवासियों ने इंडिपेंडेंस और उसके ठीक उत्तरी क्षेत्रों के पास आकर बसना शुरू कर दिया। 'पुराने उपनिवेशकों' (खास तौर पर दक्षिण से आए) और मोर्मोनों (खास तौर पर उत्तर और कनाडा से आए) के मध्य दासत्व और धर्म को लेकर विवाद छिड़ गया। 'मोर्मोन युद्ध' शुरू हो गया। 1839 तक उपनिवेशकों ने मोर्मोनों को मिसौरी से खदेड़ दिया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "दासत्व को लेकर छिड़े विवाद ने राज्यों और राज्य क्षेत्रों के बीच सीमा सम्बन्धी तनावों को भयंकर रूप प्रदान कर दिया। 1838-1839 में आयोवा के साथ तथाकथित हनी लैंड्स को लेकर छिड़े एक सीमा विवाद के परिणामस्वरूप दोनों राज्यों ने सीमा पर अपनी-अपनी सेना तैनात कर दी। आक्रमण के लिए कन्सास की पश्चिमी सीमा को पार करने की कई घटनाओं के बाद (जिसमें कन्सास शहर के ऐतिहासिक वेस्टपोर्ट क्षेत्र में आग लगाने की घटना भी शामिल थी),[उद्धरण चाहिए] मिसौरी और कन्सास के बीच एक सीमा युद्ध छिड़ गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "1830 के दशक से लेकर 1860 के दशक तक मिसौरी की जनसंख्या हर दशक में लगभग दोगुनी हो जाती थी। नवांगतुकों में से अधिकांश अमेरिकी थे लेकिन 1840 के दशक के अंत में और 1850 के दशक में कई आयरिश और जर्मन आप्रवासियों का आगमन हुआ। अकालग्रस्त, दमन और क्रन्तिकारी परिवर्तनों का आघात झेलने की वजह से इनमें दासत्व के प्रति सहानुभूति नहीं थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "मिसौरी के अधिकांश किसान जीवन निर्वाह के लिए खेती करते थे। जिनके पास दास थे ऐसे लोगों का बहुमत प्रति 5 व्यक्तियों से भी कम था। बागान मालिकों, जिनके पास इतिहासकारों के अनुसार 20 या उससे अधिक दास थे, का ध्यान उन देशों की ओर गया जसे \"लिटिल डिक्सी\" के रूप में जाना जाता था जो मिसौरी नदी के किनारे राज्य के मध्य भाग में स्थित था। दासत्व की चिंता मुख्य रूप से राज्य और राष्ट्र के भविष्य से सम्बन्धित था। 1860 में दास बनाए गए अफ़्रीकी अमेरिकियों की संख्या राज्य की जनसंख्या 1,182,012 की 10% थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "1861 में दक्षिणी राज्यों का अलगाव शुरू होने के बाद, मिसौरी विधायिका ने अलगाव पर एक विशेष सम्मलेन का आह्वान किया। सम्मेलन ने निर्णायक रूप से संघ के भीतर बने रहने के पक्ष में अपना मत दिया। पूर्व-दक्षिणी राज्यपाल क्लेबोर्न एफ. जैक्सन ने राज्य सेना के सैकड़ों सदस्यों को जुटाने का आदेश दिया जो प्रशिक्षण के लिए सेंट लुई के एक शिविर में एकत्र हुए थे। इस कार्रवाई की सूचना मिलते ही यूनियन जनरल नथानिएल लायोन ने पहले प्रहार किया और शिविर की घेराबंदी कर दी और राज्य सैन्य टुकड़ियों को आत्मसमर्पण करने के लिए बाध्य कर दिया। लायोन ने उसके बाद अपने सैनिकों, जिसमें से ज्यादातर गैर-अंग्रेज़ी बोलने वाले जर्मन आप्रवासी थे, को कैदियों को गलियों से होकर ले जाने के लिए कहा और उन्होंने नागरिकों की अधिकांश विरोधी भीड़ पर गोली चलाई जो उनके चारो तरफ एकत्रित हुए थे। सैनिकों ने इस घटना में निहत्थे कैदियों के साथ सेंट लुई के पुरुष, महिलाओं और बच्चों को मार डाला जिसे \"सेंट लुई नरसंहार\" के नाम से जाना गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "इन घटनाओं ने राज्य के भीतर संघि समर्थन को और बढ़ा दिया। राज्यपाल जैक्सन ने स्टर्लिंग प्राइस, अलगाव पर सम्मलेन का अध्यक्ष, को नए मिसौरी राज्य रक्षक के प्रमुख के रूप में नियुक्त किया। राज्य में जनरल लायोन की तीव्र उन्नति के सामने, जैक्सन और प्राइस को 14 जून 1861 को जेफ़रसन शहर की राजधानी भागने पर बाध्य होना पड़ा. मिसौरी के नियोशो शहर में जैक्सन ने सत्र में राज्य विधायिका को बुलावा भेजा. उन्होंने एक अलगाव अध्यादेश लागू किया। हालांकि, पूर्व-संघ राज्य सम्मलेन को ऐसा करने की एकमात्र शक्ति प्रदान की गई थी और राज्य पूर्व-संधि की अपेक्षा अधिक पूर्व-संघ था, इसलिए इस अध्यादेश पर आम तौर पर बहुत कम बल दिया गया है। फिर भी, अध्यादेश को 30 अक्टूबर 1861 को महासंघ द्वारा मान्यता दे दी गई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "निर्वाचित गवर्नर के अपनी राजधानी से अनुपस्थित होने और विधायकों के अधिकतर छिन्न-भिन्न होने के फलस्वरूप संग बलों ने एक अनिर्वाचित पूर्व-संघ अल्पकालीन सरकार की स्थापना की और हैमिल्टन गैम्बल को अल्पकालीन राज्यपाल नियुक्त किया। राष्ट्रपति लिंकन के प्रशासन ने तुरंत गैम्बल की सरकार को कानूनी सरकार की मान्यता दे दी। इस निर्णय के तहत राज्य में सेवा के लिए पूर्व-संघ सेना बलों और संघ सेना के लिए स्वयंसेवक टुकड़ियों की व्यवस्था की गई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "संघ बलों और जनरल प्राइस के मिसौरी राज्य रक्षक और जनरल बेन मक कुलोच के अधीन अरकन्सास एवं टेक्सास की संधि सैन्य टुकड़ियों की एक संयुक्त सेना के बीच लड़ाई छिड़ गई। विल्सन्स क्रीक की लड़ाई में जीत हासिल करने और मिसौरी के लेक्सिंगटन की घेराबंदी और हर तरफ हानि उठाने के बाद संधि बलों के पास एक अति सशक्त संघ सेना के सामने पहले अरकन्सास और फिर बाद में टेक्सास के मार्शल की तरफ पीछे हटने के अलावा कोई विकल्प नहीं बचा था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "यद्यपि नियमित संधि सैन्य टुकड़ियों ने मिसौरी में कुछ बड़े पैमाने पर हमले किए, लेकिन अगल तीन वर्षों तक राज्य में चली इस लड़ाई में मुख्य रूप से छापामार युद्ध शामिल थी। \"नागरिक सैनिकों\" जैसे कर्नल विलियम क्वांट्रिल, फ्रैंक और जेसी जेम्स, यंगर भ्राताओं और विलियम टी. एंडरसन ने तुरंत, छोटी-इकाई वाली रणनीति का प्रयोग किया। मिसौरी पक्षपाती रेंजरों की अगुवाई में गृह युद्ध के दौरान कब्ज़ा किए गए महासंघ के अन्य भागों में कुछ विद्रोहों का भी जन्म हुआ। हाल ही में इतिहासकारों ने जेम्स भ्राताओं के निर्वासन काल को आधिकारिक युद्ध समाप्त होने के बाद जारी छापामार युद्ध के रूप में मूल्यांकित किया है। युद्ध के समापन की एक लम्बी अवधि के पश्चात् 1880 के दशक में दक्षिण-मध्यवर्ती मिसौरी के 'बाल्ड नॉबर्स' की गतिविधियों को एक अनधिकृत निरंतर चलने वाली लड़ाइयों के रूप में भी देखा गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "1930 में, स्प्रिंगफील्ड के आसपास के क्षेत्रों में डिप्थीरिया महामारी का प्रकोप हुआ जिसने लगभग 100 लोगों की जान ले ली। क्षेत्र में तुरंत सीरम की व्यवस्था की गई और महामारी को रोक दिया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "1950 के दशक के मध्य और 1960 के दशक के दौरान, अन्य प्रमुख औद्योगिक शहरों की तरह सेंट लुई को भी रेलमार्गों और विनिर्माण के क्षेत्र में अनौद्योगीकरण और रोजगार में कमी का सामना करना पड़ा. उसी वक़्त राजमार्ग के निर्माण ने मध्य-वर्गीय निवासियों के लिए उपनगरों में नए आवासन के लिए शहर को छोड़ने का मार्ग आसान कर दिया। सेंट लुई को एक अलग अर्थव्यवस्था का विकास करने के लिए पुनः समायोजन के कई दशकों से गुजरना पड़ा है। उपनगरीय क्षेत्रों में ज्ञान उद्योगों और सेवाओं दोनों क्षेत्रों में अलग-अलग रोजगार बाज़ारों जैसे प्रमुख खुदरा मॉलों का विकास हुआ है। 1956 में सेंट चार्ल्स प्रथम अंतरराज्यीय राजमार्ग परियोजना का स्थल था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "2009 में, मिसौरी की अनुमानित जनसंख्या 5,987,580 थी; जो वर्ष 2000 के बाद से 392,369 (7.0 प्रतिशत) अधिक था। 2000 से 2007 तक, पिछली जनगणना के बाद से इसमें कुल 137,564 लोगों (480,763 जन्म घटाव 343,199 मौत) की सामान्य वृद्धि हुई है और राज्य में शुद्ध प्रवास कारण कुल 88,088 लोगों की वृद्धि हुई है। संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के बाहर से होने वाले आप्रवासन के परिणामस्वरूप 50,450 लोगों की शुद्ध वृद्धि हुई है और देश के भीतर होने वाले प्रवासन ने 37,638 लोगों की शुद्ध वृद्धि की। आधे से भी अधिक मिसौरीवासी (3,294,936 लोग, या 55.0%) राज्य के दो सबसे बड़े महानगरीय क्षेत्रों–-सेंट लुई और कन्सास शहर में रहते हैं। 2009 में राज्य का जनसंख्या घनत्व 86.9 किसी भी अन्य राज्य की तुलना में राष्ट्रीय औसत (2009 में 86.8) के बहुत करीब है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "2000 की U.S. जनगणना में पाया गया कि संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका का जनसंख्या केंद्र मिसौरी के फेल्प्स प्रान्त में है। खुद मिसौरी की जनसंख्या का केंद्र वेस्टफालिया शहर के ओसेज प्रान्त में स्थित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "2004 तक, जनसंख्या में विदेशों में जन्में 194,000 लोग (राज्य की जनसंख्या का 3.4 प्रतिशत) शामिल थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "मिसौरी के पांच सबसे बड़े पूर्वज समूह हैं: जर्मन (23.5 प्रतिशत), आयरिश (12.7 प्रतिशत), अमेरिकी (10.5 प्रतिशत), अंग्रेज़ (9.5 प्रतिशत) और फ़्रांसीसी (3.5 प्रतिशत)। \"अमेरिकी\" में कुछ ऐसे लोग शामिल हैं जिन्हें मूल अमेरिकी या अफ़्रीकी अमेरिकी के रूप में सूचित किया जाता है लेकिन कुछ यूरोपीय अमेरिकी भी हैं जिनके पूर्वजों ने संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में काफी समय तक निवास किया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "जर्मन अमेरिकी वंश समूह सम्पूर्ण मिसौरी में उपस्थित हैं। अफ़्रीकी अमेरिकी, कन्सास शहर के सेंट लुई और दक्षिण-पूर्वी बूटहील और मिसौरी नदी घाटी के कुछ भागों में जनसंख्या का एक बहुत बड़ा हिस्सा हैं जहां कभी वृक्षारोपण कृषि का बहुत महत्व था। फ़्रांसीसी मूल के मिसौरी क्रियोलों का केंद्र सेंट लुई के दक्षिण में मिसिसिपी नदी घाटी में स्थित है। हाल ही में बोस्नियाक के से आए लगभग 40,000-50,000 आप्रवासी ज्यादातर सेंट लुई इलाके में ही रहते हैं।[उद्धरण चाहिए]", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "2004 में, राज्य की जनसंख्या के 6.6 प्रतिशत लोगों की उम्र 5 साल से कम, 25.5 प्रतिशत लोगों की 18 साल से कम और 13.5 प्रतिशत लोगों की 65 या उससे अधिक बताई गई। महिलाओं की संख्या, जनसंख्या का लगभग 51.4 प्रतिशत थी। मिसौरी निवासियों के 81.3 प्रतिशत लोग उच्च विद्यालय स्नातक थे (जो राष्ट्रीय औसत से अधिक था) और 21.6 प्रतिशत लोगों के पास स्नातक की डिग्री या उससे भी अधिक थी। मिसौरीवासियों के 3.4 प्रतिशत लोग विदेशों में जन्मे थे और 5.1 प्रतिशत लोगों द्वारा उनके घर पर अंग्रेज़ी के अलावा अन्य भाषा बोलने की सूचना थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "सन् 2000 में, मिसौरी में 2,194,594 कुटुम्ब थे जिनमें से प्रत्येक कुटुम्ब में औसतन 2.48 लोग थे। गृहस्वामित्व की दर 70.3 प्रतिशत थी और स्वामी-अधिकृत आवास का औसत मूल्य 89,900 डॉलर था। 1999 में औसत कुटुम्ब आय 37,934 डॉलर या 19,936 डॉलर प्रति व्यक्ति था। 1999 में गरीबी रेखा से नीचे रहने वाले मिसौरीवासियों की संख्या", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "11.7 प्रतिशत (637,891) थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "गृह और कार्य स्थल के मध्य आवागमन का औसत समय 23.8 मिनट था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "जिन मिसौरीवासियों की पहचान धर्म के आधार पर होती है उनमें से पांच में से तीन प्रोटेस्टेंट थे। राज्य के कुछ भागों में मध्यम-आकार वाली एक रोमन कैथोलिक समुदाय भी है; लगभग पांच मिसौरीवासियों में से एक रोमन कैथोलिक हैं। बड़े कैथोलिक समुदायों वाले क्षेत्रों में सेंट लुई, जेफ़रसन शहर, वेस्टप्लेक्स और मिसौरी राइनलैंड (विशेष रूप से मिसौरी नदी का दक्षिणी भाग) शामिल हैं। सेंट लुई और कन्सास शहर के महानगरीय क्षेत्रों में भी महत्वपूर्ण यहूदी समुदायों की उपस्थिति है जिन्होंने शहरों की संस्कृति और दान-कर्मों में काफी योगदान दिया है; अभी बिलकुल हाल ही में, उन्हीं क्षेत्रों में रहने वाले भारतीय और पाकिस्तानी आप्रवासियों ने हिन्दू और मुस्लिम सभाओं का भी निर्माण किया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "अमेरिकी धार्मिक पहचान सर्वेक्षण के अनुसार मिसौरी के लोगों की धार्मिक सम्बद्धता:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "अन्य प्रोटेस्टेंट - 12%", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "अन्य या अनिर्दिष्ट ईसाई - 8%", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "2000 में अनुयायियों की संख्या के आधार पर सबसे बड़ी संख्या में रोमन कैथोलिक चर्च जिनकी संख्या 856,964 थी; दक्षिणी बैप्टिस्ट कॉन्वेंशन जिनकी संख्या 797,732 थी; और युनाइटेड मेथोडिस्ट चर्च थे जिनकी संख्या 226,578 थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "कई धार्मिक संगठनों के मुख्यालय मिसौरी में है, जिसमें लुथरन चर्च-मिसौरी धर्मसभा भी शामिल है जिसके अपने मुख्यालय किर्कवुड में है और साथ ही साथ युनाइटेड पेंटेकोस्टल चर्च इंटरनैशनल का हैज़लवुड में है जो दोनों सेंट लुई के बाहर है। कन्सास शहर नाज़रीन के चर्च का मुख्यालय है। कन्सास शहर के पास स्थित इंडिपेंडेंस, मसीह का समुदाय (पहले रिऑर्गनाइज़्ड चर्च ऑफ़ जीसस क्राइस्ट ऑफ़ लैटर डे सेंट्स) और रेमनेंट चर्च ऑफ़ जीसस क्राइस्ट ऑफ़ लैटर डे सेंट्स का मुख्यालय है। मिसौरी के इस क्षेत्र और अन्य भागों का द चर्च ऑफ़ जीसस क्राइस्ट ऑफ़ लैटर डे सेंट्स (मोर्मोन) के लिए भी महत्वपूर्ण धार्मिक और ऐतिहासिक महत्व है जो कई स्थलों/आगंतुक केन्द्रों का रखरखाव करते हैं और जिसके सदस्यों की संख्या, मिसौरी की जनसंख्या का लगभग 1 प्रतिशत या 62,217 है। स्प्रिंगफील्ड, असेम्बलीज़ ऑफ़ गॉड और बैप्टिस्ट बाइबल फ़ेलोशिप इंटरनैशनल का मुख्यालय है। जनरल एसोसिएशन ऑफ़ जनरल बैप्टिस्ट्स के मुख्यालय पोपलर ब्लफ़ में हैं। पेंटेकोस्टल चर्च ऑफ़ गॉड का मुख्यालय जोप्लिन में है। यूनिटी चर्च का मुख्यालय यूनिटी गांव में है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "आर्थिक विश्लेषण ब्यूरो का अनुमान है कि 2006 में मिसौरी का कुल राज्य उत्पाद 225.9 बिलियन डॉलर था। 2006 के प्रति व्यक्ति निजी आय 32,705 डॉलर थी, जो देश में 26वें स्थान पर था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "प्रमुख उद्योगों में एयरोस्पेस, परिवहन उपकरण, खाद्य प्रसंस्करण, रसायन, मुद्रण/प्रकाशन, विद्युत् उपकरण, प्रकाश विनिर्माण और बियर शामिल हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "राज्य के कृषि उत्पाद गोमांस, सोयाबीन, सूअर का मांस, डेयरी उत्पाद, घास, मक्का, मुर्गीपालन, चारा, कपास, चावल और अंडे हैं। सूअरों के उत्पादन के लिए मिसौरी को देश में 6वां और पशुओं के उत्पादन के लिए 7वां स्थान प्रदान किया गया है। मिसौरी को सोयाबीन के उत्पादन के लिए देश में शीर्ष पांच राज्यों में स्थान प्रदान किया गया है। 2001 तक 108,000 खेत थे जो टेक्सास के बाद किसी भी राज्य की तुलना में दूसरी सबसे बड़ी संख्या है। मिसौरी तेजी से बढ़ रहे अपने शराब उद्योग को सक्रिय रूप से बढ़ावा देता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "मिसौरी में चूना पत्थर की विशाल मात्रा उपलब्ध है। अन्य खनन संसाधन सीसा, कोयला और कुचला हुआ पत्थर हैं। मिसौरी सभी राज्यों की तुलना में सबसे अधिक सीसा का उत्पादन करता है। सीसा के खानों का अधिकांश भाग राज्य के मध्यवर्ती पूर्वी हिस्से में हैं। मिसौरी को चूना के उत्पादन में भी प्रथम या प्रथम के करीब स्थान प्राप्त है जो पोर्टलैंड सीमेंट का एक प्रमुख संघटक है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "पर्यटन, सेवाएं और थोक/खुदरा व्यापार महत्वपूर्ण निर्माण का पालन करते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "निजी आय पर 1.5 प्रतिशत से लेकर 6.0 प्रतिशत तक 10 अलग-अलग आय सीमा के अंतर्गत कर लगाया जाता है। मिसौरी में अधिकांश वस्तुओं के बिक्री कर की दर 4.225 प्रतिशत है। अतिरिक्त स्थानीय शुल्क लागू हो सकते हैं। 2,500 से ज्यादा मिसौरी स्थानीय सरकार वास्तविक संपत्ति (अचल संपत्ति) और निजी संपत्ति पर लगाए जाने वाले संपत्ति कर पर निर्भर करते हैं। मोटरयुक्त वाहनों को छोड़कर अधिकांश निजी संपत्ति कर मुक्त है। मुक्त अचल संपत्ति में सरकार के स्वामित्व वाले संपत्ति और गैर-लाभ वाले समाधि-स्थलों, खास तौर पर धार्मिक पूजा-पाठ के लिए, विद्यालयों और महाविद्यालयों के लिए और विशुद्ध रूप से धर्मार्थ उद्देश्यों के लिए प्रयुक्त संपत्ति शामिल हैं। संघीय संपत्ति कर वसूली से संबंधित कोई विरासती कर और सीमित मिसौरी संपत्ति कर नहीं लिया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "मिसौरी संघ का एकमात्र ऐसा राज्य है जिसके दो फेडरल रिजर्व बैंक: एक तो कन्सास शहर में है (जो पश्चिमी मिसौरी, कन्सास, नेब्रास्का, ओकलाहोमा, कोलोरेडो, उत्तरी न्यू मैक्सिको और व्योमिंग में सेवारत है) और एक सेंट लुई में है (जो पूर्वी मिसौरी, दक्षिणी इलिनॉयस, दक्षिणी इंडियाना, पश्चिमी केन्टकी, पश्चिमी टेनेसी, उत्तरी मिसिसिपी और पूरे अरकन्सास में सेवारत है)।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "मिसौरी राज्य में दो प्रमुख हवाई अड्डा केन्द्र: लैम्बर्ट-सेंट लुई अंतरराष्ट्रीय हवाई अड्डा और कन्सास शहर अंतरराष्ट्रीय हवाई अड्डा हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "देश के तीन सबसे व्यस्त रेल केन्द्रों में से दो मिसौरी में स्थित हैं। कन्सास शहर BNSF रेलवे, नॉरफ़ॉक दक्षिणी रेलवे, कन्सास शहर साउदर्न रेलवे और यूनियन पैसिफिक रेलरोड का एक प्रमुख रेलमार्ग केंद्र है। कन्सास शहर अमेरिका का दूसरा सबसे बड़ा माल ढुलाई रेल केंद्र है। कन्सास शहर की तरह सेंट लुई रेल माल ढुलाई का एक प्रमुख स्थल है। ऐमट्रैक सवारी रेलगाड़ी कन्सास शहर, ला प्लाटा, जेफ़रसन शहर, सेंट लुई, ली'स समिट, इंडिपेंडेंस, वॉरेंसबर्ग, हरमन, वॉशिंगटन, किर्कवुड, सेडालिया और पोपलर ब्लफ़ में सेवा प्रदान करता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "मिसौरी की एकमात्र शहरी हल्की रेल/भूगर्भ व्यवस्था सेंट लुई मेट्रो लिंक है जो सेंट लुई शहर को इलिनॉयस के उपनगरों और सेंट लुई प्रान्त से जोड़ती है। यह संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका की सबसे बड़ी (ट्रैक माइलेज) व्यवस्थाओं में से एक है। 2007 में कन्सास शहर क्षेत्र में एक हल्की रेल व्यवस्था का प्रबंध किया जा रहा था लेकिन नवम्बर 2008 में मतदाताओं द्वारा इसे विफल कर दिया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "सेंट लुई का गेटवे मल्टीमॉडल ट्रांसपोर्टेशन सेंटर राज्य का सबसे बड़ा बहु-उपयोगी परिवहन केंद्र है। यह ऐतिहासिक सेंट लुई यूनियन स्टेशन परिसर के बगल में डाउनटाउन सेंट लुई में स्थित है। यह शहर की रेल व्यवस्था सेंट लुई मेट्रो-लिंक और क्षेत्रीय बस व्यवस्था मेट्रो-बस, ग्रेहाउंड, ऐमट्रैक और शहर की टैक्सी सेवाओं के एक हब सेंटर/स्टेशन के रूप में कार्य करता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "स्प्रिंगफील्ड BNSF रेलवे के लिए एक संचालन केंद्र बना हुआ है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "मिसिसिपी नदी और मिसौरी नदी मिसौरी में अपनी पूरी लम्बाई में व्यवसायिक दृष्टि से नौगम्य है। मिसौरी में निकर्षण और उभारों द्वारा नहर निकाला गया और मिसिसिपी को चट्टानों से बचाने और इसे गहरा बनाने के लिए इसमें अनगिनत अवरोध और बांध बनाए गए। सेंट लुई मिसिसिपी नदी पर नाव यातायात के लिए एक प्रमुख स्थल है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "राज्य में कई राजमार्गों का प्रसार है जिनका विवरण नीचे दिया गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "2004 के अंत में अमेंडमेंट 3 के पारित होने के बाद, मिसौरी परिवहन विभाग (MoDOT) ने दिसम्बर 2007 तक राजमार्गों 2,200 मील (3,500 kमी॰) को अच्छी स्थिति में लाने के लक्ष्य के साथ अपनी चिकनी, सुरक्षित, जल्द ही सड़क-निर्माण कार्यक्रम की शुरुआत की। 2006-2008 तक यातायात मृत्यु में प्रति वर्ष गिरावट आई है और जिस यातायात की मृत्यु की संख्या 2005 में 1,257 थी वह", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "2006 में 1,096, 2007 में 974, 2008 में 941 हो गई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "अंतरराज्यीय 29,  अंतरराज्यीय 229", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "अंतरराज्यीय 35,  अंतरराज्यीय 435 (कन्सास शहर के आसपास की परिधि)  अंतरराज्यीय 635", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "अंतरराज्यीय 55,  अंतरराज्यीय 155,  अंतरराज्यीय 255 (सेंट लुई के इलिनॉयस की तरफ के आसपास की परिधि)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "अंतरराज्यीय 70,  अंतरराज्यीय 170,  अंतरराज्यीय 270 (सेंट लुई के मिसौरी की तरफ के आसपास की परिधि)  अंतरराज्यीय 470,  अंतरराज्यीय 670", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "अंतरराज्यीय 49 (प्रस्तावित)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "अंतरराज्यीय 66 (प्रस्तावित)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकी मार्ग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "साँचा:Missouri Government", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "मिसौरी के वर्तमान संविधान, राज्य के चौथे संविधान, को 1945 में अपनाया गया था। यह सरकार की तीन शाखाओं: विधायी, न्यायिक और कार्यकारी शाखाओं के लिए उपलब्ध कराता है। विधायी शाखा के दो निकाय हैं: प्रतिनिधि सभा और सीनेट. इन निकायों में मिसौरी महासभा शामिल है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "प्रतिनिधि सभा में 163 सदस्य हैं जिन्हें पिछले दस वर्ष की जनगणना के आधार पर विभाजित किया गया है। सीनेट में लगभग समान जनसंख्या वाले जिलों के 34 सदस्य शामिल हैं। न्यायिक विभाग में सुप्रीम कोर्ट ऑफ़ मिसौरी शामिल है, जिसमें सात न्यायाधीश, मिसौरी कोर्ट ऑफ़ अपील्स (तीन जिलों में विभाजित एक मध्यवर्ती अपीली अदालत जिसकी बैठक कन्सास शहर, सेंट लुई और स्प्रिंगफील्ड में होती है) और स्थानीय सुनवाई अदालतों के रूप में कार्य करने वाले 45 सर्किट कोर्ट शामिल हैं। कार्यकारी शाखा का संचालन मिसौरी के राज्यपाल के नेतृत्व में किया जाता है और इसमें पांच अन्य राज्यव्यापी निर्वाचित कार्यालय शामिल है। 2008 के चुनाव के बाद, मिसौरी के राज्यव्यापी निर्वाचित कार्यालयों में से एक को छोड़कर बाकी सभी कार्यालयों में प्रजातांत्रिकों का प्रभुत्व हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "एक राजनीतिक कसौटी के रूप में इसका स्तर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "मिसौरी को व्यापक रूप से अमेरिकी राजनीति में एक राज्य की कसौटी के रूप में माना जाता है। 1904 के बाद से केवल दो अपवादों को छोड़कर देश का मत प्राप्त करने वाले किसी भी अन्य राज्य की तुलना में इस राज्य से राष्ट्रपति पद के उम्मीदवार की जीत का समर्थन करने का एक लंबा दौर रहा है। ये दो अपवाद हैं: 1956 का चुनाव जब उन्होंने पूर्व विजेता, कन्सास के पदस्थ राष्ट्रपति ड्वाइट एइसेंहॉवर के बजाय इलिनॉयस के राज्यपाल ऐड्लाई स्टीवनसन को चुना और 2008 का चुनाव जब उन्होंने राष्ट्रीय विजेता, इलिनॉयस के सीनेटर बराक ओबामा के बजाय एरिज़ोना के सीनेटर जॉन मक-केन को चुना, दोनों जीत में बहुत कम फासला था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "अहस्तक्षेप शराब और तंबाकू कानून", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "मिसौरी को इसकी जनसंख्या के नियामक व्यवस्था के प्रति आम तौर पर \"दिग्गज, रूढ़िवादी, गैर-विश्वासप्रवणता\" वाले दृष्टिकोण के लिए जाना जाता है जो राज्य के अनधिकृत उपनाम, \"शो-मी स्टेट\" (मुझें राज्य दिखाओ) के मूल कारणों में से एक है। इसके परिणामस्वरूप और इस तथ्य से संयुक्त होकर कि मिसौरी अमेरिका के प्रमुख शराब और तम्बाकू उत्पादन करने वाले राज्यों में से एक है, मिसौरी में शराब और तम्बाकू के नियमन की गिनती अमेरिका के अधिकांश अहस्तक्षेप-नीति में की जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "एक वृहद् जर्मन आप्रवासी जनसंख्या और चल उद्योग के विकास के कारण, मिसौरी हमेशा से संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के सबसे अधिक स्वतंत्र देने वाले शराब कानूनों के बीच रहा है। इसने कभी राज्यव्यापी प्रतिबंध लागू नहीं किया। मिसौरी मतदाताओं ने 1910, 1912 और 1918 में तीन अलग जनमत-संग्रह में निषेध खारिज कर दिया। शराब नियमन मिसौरी में 1934 तक शुरू नहीं किया गया। आज, शराब कानूनों राज्य सरकार के नियंत्रण में हैं और स्थानीय न्यायालय को राज्य के उन कानूनों के बाहर जाने की मनाही है। मिसौरी में सार्वजनिक रूप से शराब पीने पर कोई राज्यव्यापी ओपन कंटेनर कानून या प्रतिबंध नहीं है, शराब से संबंधित कोई ब्लू क़ानून नहीं है, कोई स्थानीय विकल्प नहीं है, पैकेज द्वारा शराब की बिक्री करने (और यहां तक कि किसी भी प्रकार की शराब बेचने के लिए दवा की दूकान और गैस स्टेशन की व्यवस्था करने) की कोई सटीक जगह नहीं है और शराब की मात्रा पर आधारित कोई कानूनी भेदभाव भी नहीं है। मिसौरी में नाबालिगों द्वारा शराब के \"सेवन\" करने से मना करने के लिए कोई क़ानून नहीं था (जबकि रखने पर विरोध था) और राज्य का क़ानून सार्वजनिक तौर पर नशा करने वाले व्यक्तियों को गिरफ्तार होने या आपराधिक दंड से बचाता है। मिसौरी का कानून स्पष्ट रूप से किसी भी अधिकार क्षेत्र के कठोर होने पर प्रतिबंध लगाता है। मिसौरी का कानून स्पष्ट रूप से माता-पिताओं और अभिभावकों को अपने बच्चों को शराब पिलाने की अनुमति प्रदान करता है। कन्सास शहर का पॉवर ऐंड लाइट डिस्ट्रिक्ट संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के ऐसे कुछ स्थानों में से एक है जहां राज्य का एक क़ानून 21 से ज्यादा उम्र के लोगों को सडकों पर शराब के खुले पात्रों को रखने और उसका सेवन करने की अनुमति प्रदान करता है (तब तक जब तक कि पेय एक प्लास्टिक कप में होता है)।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "इन्हें भी देखें: मिसौरी के धूम्रपान कानून", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "जहां तक तम्बाकू का सवाल है, जून 2009 तक की सूचना के अनुसार मिसौरी ने सिगरेट के उत्पादन पर 17 सेंट प्रति पैक की दर से संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका का दूसरा सबसे कम उत्पाद कर लगाया है। (जो केवल दक्षिण कैरोलिना से पीछे है) और मतदाताओं ने 2002 और 2006 में इसे उसी स्तर पर रखने के पक्ष में मत दिया।  सन् 2007 में फोर्ब्स ने मिसौरी के सबसे बड़े महानगरीय क्षेत्र, सेंट लुई को अमेरिका का \"धूम्रपान करने वालों के लिए सर्वश्रेष्ठ शहर\" नाम दिया।रोग नियंत्रण और रोकथाम केन्द्रों के मुताबिक़, 2008 में मिसौरी में व्यस्क धूम्रपान करने वालों की संख्या 24.5% थी जो संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के राज्यों में चौथा उच्चतम प्रतिशत था। हालांकि मिसौरी में तम्बाकू उत्पादों की खरीद और वितरण की कम से कम उम्र 18 साल है, लेकिन फिर भी तम्बाकू उत्पादों को निजी संपत्ति पर परिवार के सदस्यों द्वारा 18 से कम उम्र के लोगों को वितरित किया जा सकता है। मिसौरी महासभा के सम्मुख कभी किसी राज्यव्यापी धूम्रपान प्रतिबंध को गंभीरतापूर्वक लागू नहीं किया गया है और अक्टूबर 2008 में मिसौरी स्वास्थ्य और वरिष्ठ सेवा विभाग के एक राज्यव्यापी सर्वेक्षण से पता चला कि केवल 27.5% मिसौरीवासी सभी बारों और रेस्तराओं में एक राज्यव्यापी प्रतिबंध का समर्थन करते हैं। मिसौरी राज्य कानून बारों, 50 से कम लोगों के बैठने की जगह वाले रेस्तराओं, बाउलिंग ऐलीज़ और बिलियर्ड पार्लरों को बिना किसी सीमाबद्धता के अपने लिए खुद की धूम्रपान नीतियों का निर्णय लेने की अनुमति प्रदान करता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "इसके अतिरिक्त, मिसौरी में इसे एक नियोक्ता का \"एक अनुचित नियोजन कार्यप्रणाली\" करार दिया जाता है यदि वह किसी ऐसे व्यक्ति को इस आधार काम पर रखने से मना करता है, काम से निकाल देता है, या नहीं तो उसे नुकसान पहुंचता है कि वह व्यक्ति कानूनी तौर पर शराब और या तम्बाकू उत्पादों का प्रयोग करता है जब वह काम पर नहीं है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "मिसौरी में 114 प्रान्त और एक स्वतंत्र शहर (सेंट लुई) है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "आकार के आधार पर सबसे बड़ा प्रान्त टेक्सास प्रान्त (1,179 वर्ग मील) है शैनोन प्रान्त (1,004 वर्ग मील) दूसरे स्थान पर है। वर्थ प्रान्त (266 वर्ग मील) सबसे छोटा प्रान्त है। सेंट लुई स्वतंत्र शहर का क्षेत्रफल केवल 62 वर्ग मील (160 kमी2) ही है। सेंट लुई शहर मिसौरी का सबसे घनी जनसंख्या वाला क्षेत्र (5,724.7 प्रति वर्ग मील) है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "जनसंख्या के आधार पर सबसे बड़ा प्रान्त सेंट लुई प्रान्त (991,830 निवासी) है और इसके साथ ही साथ जैक्सन प्रान्त (668,417 निवासी) का दूसरा, सेंट लुई (354,361) का तीसरा और सेंट चार्ल्स (349,407) का चौथा स्थान है। वर्थ प्रान्त की सबसे कम जनसंख्या वाला प्रान्त है जिसके निवासियों की संख्या 2,039 है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "महत्वपूर्ण शहर और कस्बें", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "जेफ़रसन शहर मिसौरी राज्य की राजधानी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "मिसौरी के पांच सबसे बड़े शहर - कन्सास शहर, सेंट लुई, स्प्रिंगफील्डम, इंडिपेंडेंस, कोलम्बिया हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "सेंट लुई मिसौरी के सबसे बड़े महानगरीय क्षेत्र का प्रमुख शहर है जिसमें सत्रह प्रान्त और सेंट लुई स्वतंत्र शहर शामिल है; जिनमें से आठ प्रान्त इलिनॉयस राज्य में स्थित हैं। 2008 तक, ग्रेटर सेंट लुई देश का 18वां सबसे बड़ा महानगरीय क्षेत्र था जहां रहने वाले लोगों की संख्या 2.81 मिलियन थी। हालांकि, अगर संयुक्त सांख्यिकी क्षेत्र का उपयोग करके श्रेणीबद्ध किया जाए तो यह 2.88 मिलियन लोगों वाला 16वां सबसे बड़ा क्षेत्र है। मिसौरी के सेंट लुई मेट्रो क्षेत्र का निर्माण करने प्रमुख शहरों में से कुछ शहरों में सेंट चार्ल्स, सेंट पीटर्स, फ्लोरिसैंट, चेस्टरफील्ड, क्रीव कोयूर, मैरीलैंड हाइट्स, ओ'फ़ॉलोन, क्लेटन, बॉलविन और यूनिवर्सिटी शहर शामिल हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "कन्सास शहर मिसौरी का सबसे बड़े शहर है और पंद्रह-प्रान्तों वाले कन्सास शहर महानगरीय सांख्यिकी क्षेत्र का प्रमुख शहर है जिसमें कन्सास राज्य के छः प्रान्त शामिल हैं। 2008 तक, यह देश का 29वां सबसे बड़ा महानगरीय क्षेत्र था, जहां के लोगों की संख्या 2.002 मिलियन थी। मिसौरी के कन्सास शहर मेट्रो क्षेत्र में शामिल कुछ अन्य प्रमुख शहरों में इंडिपेंडेंस, ली'स समिट, ब्लू स्प्रिंग्स, रेटाउन, लिबर्टी और ग्लैडस्टोन शामिल हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "ब्रैनसन दक्षिण-पश्चिमी मिसौरी के ओज़ार्क्स में पर्यटक आकर्षण का एक प्रमुख केंद्र है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "मिसौरी राज्य शिक्षा बोर्ड", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "मिसौरी राज्य की सभी सार्वजनिक शिक्षा पर मिसौरी राज्य शिक्षा बोर्ड का साधारण अधिकार है। यह राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त और मिसौरी सीनेट द्वारा पुष्टीकृत आठ नागरिकों से मिलकर बना है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "प्राथमिक और माध्यमिक विद्यालय", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "संविधि 167.031 के तहत सात साल से लेकर सत्रह साल तक शिक्षा अनिवार्य है। RSMo के मुताबिक़ जिस माता या पिता, अभिभावक या अन्य व्यक्ति के पास सात (7) साल की उम्र से लेकर जिला के अवश्यमभावी उपस्थिति उम्र तक के बच्चे के संरक्षण या नियंत्रण का अधिकार है, उन्हें निश्चित रूप से यह सुनिश्चित कर लेना चाहिए कि बच्चे का विद्यालय वर्ष की पूरी अवधि तक सार्वजानिक, निजी, संकीर्ण विद्यालय, गृह विद्यालय या विद्यालय समूह में प्रवेश हो गया है और वह नियमित रूप से शिक्षा प्राप्त करने वहां उपस्थित रहता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "संज्ञा \"जिला के लिए अनिवार्य उपस्थिति की आयु\" का अर्थ अन्य सभी मामलों में सत्रह (17) साल की उम्र या उच्च विद्यालय के स्नातक स्तर की पढ़ाई के लिए सफलतापूर्वक पूरा किया गया सोलह (16) स्तर होगा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "पांच (5) और सात (7) की उम्र के बीच के बच्चे को विद्यालय में दाखिला कराने की आवश्यकता नहीं है। हालांकि, अगर उनका दाखिला एक सार्वजनिक विद्यालय में हुआ है तो उनके माता-पिता, अभिभावक या संरक्षक को यह सुनिश्चित करना चाहिए कि वे नियमित रूप से वहां शामिल रहते हो। मिसौरी के विद्यालयों को आम तौर पर न कि खास तौर पर प्राथमिक और माध्यमिक शिक्षा के तीन स्तरों: प्रारंभिक विद्यालय, मिडिल स्कूल या कनिष्ठ उच्च स्कूल और हाई विद्यालय में विभाजित किया गया है। सार्वजनिक विद्यालयों की व्यवस्था में बालवाड़ी से लेकर 12वीं कक्षा शामिल हैं। जिला प्रदेशों के ढांचे में अक्सर जटिल रही है। कुछ मामलों में, एक ही जिले के प्राथमिक, मध्य और कनिष्ठ उच्च विद्यालय, दूसरे जिले के हाई स्कूलों का भरण-पोषण करते हैं। उच्च विद्यालय के ऐथलेटिक्स और प्रतियोगिताओं का नियंत्रण मिसौरी स्टेट उच्च विद्यालय ऐक्टिविटिज़ एसोसिएशन या MSHSAA द्वारा किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "गृह-शिक्षा मिसौरी में वैध है और अनिवार्य शिक्षा की आवश्यकता को पूरा करने का एक विकल्प है। राज्य के प्राथमिक और माध्यमिक शिक्षा विभाग द्वारा न तो इसकी निगरानी की जाती है और न ही इसे नियंत्रित किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "एक पूरक शिक्षा कार्यक्रम के रूप में मिसौरी स्कोलर्स ऐकडमी मिसौरी राज्य में प्रतिभासंपन्न उच्च विद्यालयी छात्रों के लिए एक पाठ्यक्रमेतर अधिगम अनुभव प्रदान करता है। आधिकारिक एमएसए वेबसाइट ऐकडमी के उद्देश्यों का वर्णन निम्न प्रकार से करता है: \"ऐकडमी सभी स्तरों पर शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में उत्कृष्टता के लिए प्रयास करने से संबंधित मिसौरी की इच्छा को दर्शाता है। कार्यक्रम इस प्रस्ताव पर आधारित है कि मिसौरी के प्रतिभाशाली युवाओं को अपनी पूरी क्षमता को समझने के लिए उनके अपने तरीके से शिक्षा और व्यक्तिगत विकास के लिए विशेष अवसर प्रदान किया जाना चाहिए।\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "महाविद्यालय और विश्वविद्यालय", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "यूनिवर्सिटी ऑफ़ मिसौरी सिस्टम मिसौरी की राज्यव्यापी सार्वजानिक विश्वविद्यालय व्यवस्था, प्रमुख संस्था है और राज्य का सबसे बड़ा विश्वविद्यालय कोलम्बिया का मिसौरी विश्वविद्यालय है। इस व्यवस्था के तहत अन्य विश्वविद्यालयों में मिसौरी विश्वविद्यालय-कन्सास शहर, मिसौरी विश्वविद्यालय-सेंट लुई और मिसौरी विज्ञान एवं प्रौद्योगिकी विश्वविद्यालय का नाम आता है। ट्रूमैन राज्य विश्वविद्यालय, जो कि मिसौरी का \"प्रीमियर उदार कला और विज्ञान विश्वविद्यालय\" है, उच्च चयनात्मक प्रवेश मानकों वाली राज्य की एकमात्र सार्वजनिक संस्था है। ए. टी. स्टिल विश्वविद्यालय दुनिया का सबसे पहला", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "अस्थि-चिकित्सीय औषधीय विद्यालय था। कन्सास शहर औषध एवं जीवविज्ञान विश्वविद्यालय, मूल रूप से स्वास्थ्य विज्ञान विश्वविद्यालय, कन्सास शहर का पहला मेडिकल विद्यालय था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "उल्लेखनीय उच्च श्रेणी के निजी संस्थानों में सेंट लुई का वॉशिंगटन विश्वविद्यालय और सेंट लुई विश्वविद्यालय शामिल हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "जेफ़रसन शहर का लिंकन विश्वविद्यालय ऐतिहासिक दृष्टि से काले लोगों की अनगिनत महाविद्यालयों और विश्वविद्यालयों में से एक है। 1866 में स्थापित, इसका निर्माण 62वें और 65वें युनाइटेड स्टेट्स कलर्ड ट्रूप्स के सदस्यों द्वारा \"लिंकन इंस्टीट्युट\" के रूप में स्वतंत्र लोगों को शिक्षा प्रदान करने के लिए किया गया था। यह शिक्षाविदों और परिश्रम के संयोजन के एक मॉडल पर निर्मित था। 1921 में, राज्य ने आधिकारिक तौर पर इसे एक विश्वविद्यालय के रूप में वर्गीकृत करके लिंकन के स्नातक और स्नातकोत्तर कार्यक्रमों के विकास को मान्यता दी। संस्था ने अपना नाम बदलकर \"मिसौरी लिंकन विश्वविद्यालय\" रख लिया। 1954 में विश्वविद्यालय ने सभी जातियों के आवेदकों को स्वीकार करना शुरू कर दिया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "ज़रूरतमंद सार्वजनिक विद्यालयों के लिए नए शिक्षकों के विकास के लिए 1905 में राज्य ने राज्य के हर क्षेत्र में महाविद्यालयों में सामान्य विद्यालयों की एक श्रृंखला स्थापित की। यह सार्वजनिक शिक्षा के व्यापक रूप से प्रशंसित जर्मन मॉडल पर आधारित था। सामान्य विद्यालय प्राथमिक / प्रारंभिक विद्यालयों में छात्रों के शिक्षकों के प्रशिक्षण के लिए थे। प्रारंभिक नेटवर्क में केप गिरार्डियू का दक्षिण पूर्व मिसौरी राज्य विश्वविद्यालय, स्प्रिंगफील्ड का मिसौरी राज्य विश्वविद्यालय (पहले दक्षिण पूर्व मिसौरी राज्य विश्वविद्यालय), किर्क्सविल का ट्रूमैन राज्य विश्वविद्यालय, मैरीविल का उत्तर-पूर्व मिसौरी राज्य विश्वविद्यालय और वॉरेंसबर्ग का केन्द्रीय मिसौरी विश्वविद्यालय (पहले केन्द्रीय मिसौरी राज्य विश्वविद्यालय) शामिल था। कई वर्षों के भीतर, सामान्य विद्यालय पाठ्यक्रम का विस्तार एक पूरे चार साल वाले शैक्षिक विषयों में हो गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "राज्य में कई कनिष्ठ महाविद्यालय, व्यापार विद्यालय, चर्च विश्वविद्यालय और निजी विश्वविद्यालय हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "राज्य भी 2000 डॉलर के एक अक्षय योग्यता-आधारित छात्रवृत्ति, ब्राईट फ्लाईट, का वित्तपोषण करता है जिसे मिसौरी उच्च विद्यालय के स्नातकों के उन शीर्ष 3 प्रतिशत छात्रों को प्रदान किया जाता है जो राज्य के विश्वविद्यालय में शिक्षा ग्रहण करते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "मिसौरी और कन्सास के बीच की 19वीं सी. सीमा युद्ध मिसौरी विश्वविद्यालय और कन्सास विश्वविद्यालय के बीच एक खेल प्रतिद्वंद्विता के रूप में जारी है। प्रतिद्वंद्विता मुख्यतः दोनों विश्वविद्यालयों के बीच फुटबॉल और बास्केटबॉल के खेलों के माध्यम से व्यक्त किया जाता है। मिसिसिपी नदी के पश्चिम का सबसे पुराना और देश का दूसरा सबसे पुराना महाविद्यालय प्रतिद्वंद्विता है। हर साल जब भी विश्वविद्यालयों की मुलाकात खेल के दौरान होती है तो इस खेल को \"सीमा युद्ध\" की संज्ञा दी जाती है। खेल के बाद एक परिवर्तन होता है जिसके तहत विजेता को एक ऐतिहासिक मार्चिंग बैंड ड्रम मिलता है जिसे कई दशकों से आगे-पीछे स्थानांतरित किया गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "बेसबॉल: सेंट लुई कार्डिनल्स और कन्सास शहर रॉयल्स", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "फुटबॉल: सेंट लुई रैम्सऔर कन्सास शहर चीफ्स", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "हॉकी: सेंट लुई ब्लूज़", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "CHL: मिसौरी मावरिक्स", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "WPS: सेंट लुई ऐथलेटिका", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "इनडोर फुटबॉल: सेंट लुई स्ट्रीमर्स और कन्सास शहर कॉमेट्स", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "ऐरेना फुटबॉल: कन्सास शहर ब्रिगेड और रिवर सिटि रेग (UIFL)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "टेनिस: कन्सास शहर एक्सप्लोरर्स, स्प्रिंगफील्ड लेज़र्स और सेंट लुई ऐसेज़", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "सायक्लिंग: टूर ऑफ़ मिसौरी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "स्प्रिंगफील्ड कार्डिनल्स (वर्ग AA, टेक्सास लीग)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "रिवर सिटि रॉस्कल्स (स्वतंत्र, फ्रंटियर लीग)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "फार्मिंगटन फायरबर्ड्स (स्वतंत्र, किट लीग)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "मैरीसविल मैगपाइज़ (स्वतंत्र, जेहॉक लीग)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "नेवादा ग्रिफिंस (स्वतंत्र, जेहॉक लीग)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "सिकेस्टन बुल्स (स्वतंत्र, किट लीग)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "हैनिबल केवमेन (प्रॉस्पेक्ट लीग)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "सेंट लुई चिल (मिडवेस्ट हॉकी लीग)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "मिसौरी मावरिक्स (केन्द्रीय हॉकी लीग)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "पूर्व पेशेवर खेल टीम", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "सेंट लुई कार्डिनल्स (1960 में शिकागो से स्थानांतरित, 1988 में टेम्पे, एरिज़ोना से स्थानांतरित और अब एरिज़ोना कार्डिनल्स हैं)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "सेंट लुई ऑल स्टार्स (केवल 1923 में सक्रिय)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "कन्सास शहर (NFL) (ब्लूज़/काउबॉय) (1924-1926 तक सक्रिय, बंद)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "सेंट लुई गनर्स (स्वतंत्र टीम, 1934 के सत्र के पिछले तीन सप्ताह तक NFL में शामिल थे और उसके बाद बंद हो गया)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "मेजर लीग बेसबॉल (अमेरिकन लीग) :", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "सेंट लुई ब्राउन्स (1902 में मिलवॉकी से चले गए, 1953 के सत्र के बाद बाल्टीमोर, मेरीलैंड चले गए और अब बाल्टीमोर ओरिओल्स हैं)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "कन्सास शहर ऐथलेटिक्स (1955 में फिलाडेल्फिया से चले गए, 1967 के सत्र के बाद ऑकलैंड, कैलिफोर्निया चले गए और अब ओकलैंड ऐथलेटिक्स हैं", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "नैशनल बास्केटबॉल एसोसिएशन :", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "सेंट लुई बॉम्बर्स (1946 में चार्टर BAA फ़्रैन्चाइज़, NBA में शामिल हो गए जब यह 1949 में गठित हुआ; 1950 में संचालन समाप्त हो गया)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "सेंट लुई हॉक्स (1955 में मिलवॉकी से चले गए, 1968 में अटलांटा चले गए और अब अटलांटा हॉक्स हैं)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "कन्सास शहर किंग्स (1985 में सैक्रामेंटो चले गए और अब सैक्रामेंटो किंग्स हैं)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "कन्सास शहर स्काउट्स (1974 विस्तार टीम, 1976 में डेनवर, कोलोराडो चले गए और कोलोराडो रॉकीज़ बन गए और फिर नेवार्क, न्यू जर्सी चले गए; अब न्यू जर्सी डेविल्स कहलाते हैं)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "सेंट लुई ईगल्स (मूल ओटावा सीनेटरों का 1934 स्थानांतरण, 1934-35 सत्र के बाद बंद)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "कन्सास शहर विज़र्ड्स (1995 में कन्सास शहर, मिसौरी, में गठित; 2007 में कन्सास शहर, कन्सास चले गए)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "कॉन्टिनेंटल बास्केटबॉल एसोसिएशन :", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "कन्सास शहर और सेंट लुई की टीम।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "USS मिसौरी का नामकरण राज्य के सम्मान में किया गया जो अमेरिकी नौसेना के कई जहाज़ों का नाम है जिसमें एक आयोवा क्लास वर्ल्ड वॉर II–एरा युद्धपोत भी शामिल है। सबसे हाल ही में, एक वर्जीनिया -क्लास सबमरीन का नाम राज्य के नाम पर रखा गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "अनधिकृत उपनाम शो-मी स्टेट के प्रयोग के पीछे कई संभावित कारण हैं। वाक्यांश \"आई'एम फ्रॉम मिसौरी\" का अर्थ है कि मैं बातो के प्रति संशयी हूं और मुझे आसानी से यकीन नहीं होता है। यह राज्य के अनधिकृत आदर्श वाक्य \"शो मी\" से संबंधित है जिसकी उत्पत्ति का श्रेय लोकप्रियता के आधार पर काँग्रेसमैन विलार्ड वैनडिवर को है जिन्होंने घोषणा की कि \"मैं एक ऐसे देश से हूं जो अनाज और कपास, छोटे-छोटे धतूरे और प्रजातान्त्रिकों को जन्म देता है और इसकी झागदार वाक्पटुता मुझे न तो राजी करता है और न ही मुझे संतुष्ट करता है। मैं मिसौरी से हूं और आपको मुझे दिखने का मौका मिला है।\" लेकिन, शोधकर्ताओं के अनुसार, वाक्यांश 1890 के दशक के बहुत पहले संचलन में था। एक अन्य कथा के अनुसार, वाक्यांश उन मिसौरी खनिकों के संदर्भ में था जिन्हें हड़ताली खनिकों की जगह लेने के लिए लीडविल, कोलोरेडो लाया गया था और खनन के तरीकों से अपरिचित होने के कारण काफी निर्देश की आवश्यकता थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "गैलेना लीड माइंस में 1827 की एक सभा के कारण शायद इसे प्यूक स्टेट के रूप में भी जाना जाता है। जॉर्ज इयार्ली शैंकल \"... बहुत से मिसौरीवासी इकठ्ठा हुए थे और वहां पहले से उपस्थित उनलोगों ने घोषणा कर दी कि मिसौरी राज्य ने 'प्यूक' (उलटी) किया था।\" राज्य के भीतर, गृह युद्ध से पहले \"प्यूक्स\" शब्द का प्रयोग गरीब नागरिकों के लिए किया जाता था जो किसी भी तरह से दासत्व का समर्थन नहीं करते थे जो \"साफ-साफ ख़राब कचड़े\" के बराबर था। वॉल्ट ह्विटमैन ने \"प्यूक्स\" शब्द को मिसौरीवासियों के एक उपनाम के रूप में सूचीबद्ध किया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "मिसौरी को \"गुफा राज्य\" के रूप में भी जाना जाता है क्योंकि यहां 6000 से भी अधिक गुफाओं के होने की खबर है (जो टेनेसी के बाद दूसरे स्थान पर है)। राज्य के गुफाओं की सबसे अधिक संख्या और एकमात्र सबसे लम्बी गुफा दोनों ही पेरी प्रान्त में हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "अन्य उपनामों में \"सीसा राज्य\", \"बुलियन राज्य\", \"ओज़ार्क राज्य\", \"पश्चिम की माता\", \"लौह पर्वत राज्य\" और \"पश्चिम का पेंसिल्वेनिया\" शामिल हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "राज्य का कोई आधिकारिक उपनाम नहीं है लेकिन फिर भी राज्य का आधिकारिक आदर्श वाक्य \"Salus Populi Suprema Lex Esto\" है जिसका अर्थ है \"मान लें, लोगों का कल्याण ही सर्वोच्च कानून है।\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_66c041e6", "title": "मिज़ूरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_66c041e6.json"}}
{"text": "इम्फाल नदी (Imphal River) भारत के मणिपुर राज्य में बहने वाली एक नदी है, जो मणिपुर नदी की एक उपनदी है। यह कंगपोकपी ज़िले में ज़िले के मुख्यालय, कंगपोकपी, से उत्तर में कारोंग पहाड़ियों से उत्पन्न होती है। यह फिर इम्फाल नगर से निकलती है और थोउबल ज़िले में प्रवेश कर यह मणिपुर नदी से संगम करती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_33b0bf79", "title": "इम्फाल नदी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_33b0bf79.json"}}
{"text": "कलियागाड, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के चमोली जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1773d964", "title": "कलियागाड, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1773d964.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1773d964", "title": "कलियागाड, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1773d964.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1773d964", "title": "कलियागाड, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1773d964.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1773d964", "title": "कलियागाड, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1773d964.json"}}
{"text": "हावड़ा ज़िला (बंगाली: হাওড়া জেলা) भारत के पश्चिम बंगाल राज्य का एक ज़िला है। इसका मुख्यालय हावड़ा है। इस जिले का नाम इसके मुख्यालय, हावड़ा शहर के नाम पर रखा गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2a7e9bea", "title": "हावड़ा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2a7e9bea.json"}}
{"text": "यह जिला 22°48′ उत्तर और 22°12′ उत्तर अक्षांश के बीच और 88°23′ पूर्व और 87°50′ पूर्व देशांतर के बीच स्थित है। उत्तर एवं दक्षिण में हुगली तथा पूर्व मिदनापुर जिले हैं। इसकी पूर्वी तथा पश्चिमी सीमाएँ क्रमश: हुगली नदी एवं रूपनारायन नदी हैं। दामोदर नदी इस जिले के बीचोबीच बहती है। काना दामोदर तथा सरस्वती अन्य नदियाँ हैं। नदियों के बीच नीची दलदली भूमि मिलती है। राजापुरदलदल सबसे विस्तृत है। धान मुख्य फ़सल है, पर गेहूँ, जौ, मकई तथा जूट भी उगाए जाते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2a7e9bea", "title": "हावड़ा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2a7e9bea.json"}}
{"text": "वार्षिक सामान्य वर्षा 1461 मिलीमीटर है। वार्षिक अधिकतम तापमान 32-39 डिग्री सेल्सियस के बीच और न्यूनतम तापमान 8-10 डिग्री सेल्सियस के बीच रहता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2a7e9bea", "title": "हावड़ा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2a7e9bea.json"}}
{"text": "संसदीय और विधानसभा क्षेत्र", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2a7e9bea", "title": "हावड़ा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2a7e9bea.json"}}
{"text": "यह जिला 2 लोकसभा क्षेत्रों में है और इसमें 16 विधानसभा क्षेत्र हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2a7e9bea", "title": "हावड़ा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2a7e9bea.json"}}
{"text": "पपीया घोष दक्षिण एशियाई इतिहास के इतिहासकार थी और इतिहासकार पटना विश्वविद्यालय, भारत मे। उनकी ३ दिसम्बर, २००६ को हत्या कर दी अपने बुजुर्ग नौकरानी, ​​मालती देवी के साथ। वह भारतीय प्रशासनिक सेवा के अधिकारी, तुटक कुमार की बहन थीं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1103d4ce", "title": "पपिया घोष", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1103d4ce.json"}}
{"text": "पपीया घोष का जन्म ८ अक्टूबर १९५३ को दुमका (बिहार, भारत) में हुआ था। वह बिहार केडर के आईएएस अधिकारी उज्जल कुमार घोष की बेटी थी। पपीया ने पटना में सेंट जोसेफ कॉन्वेंट हाई स्कूल से शिक्षा प्राप्त की। उन्होंने पटना महिला महाविद्यालय (पटना विश्वविद्यालय) से इतिहास में स्नातक की उपाधि अर्जित की। पपीआ घोष दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय में चले गए जहां उन्होंने बिहार में स्वतंत्रता से पहले सविनय अवज्ञा आंदोलन का अध्ययन करते हुए एमफिल और पीएचडी पूरी की। पीएचडी के बाद, उन्होंने दो साल तक दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय में इतिहास पढ़ाया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1103d4ce", "title": "पपिया घोष", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1103d4ce.json"}}
{"text": "पूनिया घोष के नाम पर पूर्णुजल पपीया घोष मेमोरियल ट्रस्ट द्वारा निम्नलिखित पुरस्कारों की स्थापना की गई:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1103d4ce", "title": "पपिया घोष", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1103d4ce.json"}}
{"text": "बी.ए. इतिहास में श्रेष्ठ के लिए पुरस्कार, पटना महिला महाविद्यालय, पटना विश्वविद्यालय मे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1103d4ce", "title": "पपिया घोष", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1103d4ce.json"}}
{"text": "एम. ए. इतिहास में श्रेष्ठ के लिए पुरस्कार, इतिहास विभाग, पटना विश्वविद्यालय मे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1103d4ce", "title": "पपिया घोष", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1103d4ce.json"}}
{"text": "एम. ए. इतिहास में श्रेष्ठ के लिए पुरस्कार, हिंदू महाविद्यालय, दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय मे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1103d4ce", "title": "पपिया घोष", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1103d4ce.json"}}
{"text": "सलोन (Salon) भारत के उत्तर प्रदेश राज्य के रायबरेली ज़िले में स्थित एक नगर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a8e52b6f", "title": "सलोन, उत्तर प्रदेश", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8,_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a8e52b6f.json"}}
{"text": "मार्शल द्वीपसमूह , आधिकारिक रूप में मार्शल द्वीपसमूह गणराज्य (RMI), प्रशांत महासागर के मध्य एक माइक्रोनेशियाई राष्ट्र है। इसकी जनसंख्या लगभग 62000 है। यह नाउरु और कीरीबाती के उत्तर में, माइक्रोनेशिया के पूर्व में, स्थित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d9a29454", "title": "मार्शल द्वीपसमूह", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d9a29454.json"}}
{"text": "शाकम्भरी देवी माँ आदिशक्ति जगदम्बा का एक सौम्य अवतार हैं। इन्हें चार भुजाओं और कही पर अष्टभुजाओं वाली के रुप में भी दर्शाया गया है। इनका प्राकाट्य स्थान हिमालय की देहरादून के निकट शिवालिक पर्वत श्रृंखला में  हैं जहां  भगवती का भव्य मंदिर  है। शताक्षी, शाकम्भरी तथा दुर्गा इन तीनों का प्रादुर्भाव शिवालिक पर्वत में ही है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "इनका सबसे बड़ा और सबसे प्राचीन सिद्धपीठ उत्तर प्रदेश के सहारनपुर मेे है। ये माँ ही वैष्णो देवी, चामुंडा, कांगड़ा वाली, ज्वाला, चिंतपूर्णी , कामाख्या,शिवालिक पर्वत वासिनी, चंडी, बाला सुंदरी, मनसा, नैना और शताक्षी देवी कहलाती हैं । माँ शाकम्भरी ही रक्तदंतिका, छिन्नमस्तिका, भीमादेवी,भ्रामरी और श्री कनकदुर्गा है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "माँ श्री शाकंभरी के देश मे अनेक पीठ है। लेकिन प्रमुख और प्राचीन शक्तिपीठ केवल एक ही है जो सहारनपुर के पर्वतीय भाग में  है | यह मंदिर उत्तर भारत के सबसे अधिक देखे जाने वाले मंदिरों मे से एक है और उत्तर भारत मे वैष्णो देवी के बाद दूसरा सबसे प्रसिद्ध मंदिर है | इसके अलावा दो मंदिर  और भी है शाकम्भरी माता राजस्थान,को  सकराय पीठ कहते हैं जोकि राजस्थान मे है और सांभर पीठ भी राजस्थान मे है । वर्तमान मे उत्तर भारत की नौ देवियों मे शाकम्भरी देवी का नौंवा और अंतिम दर्शन होता है वैष्णो देवी से शुरू होने वाली नौ देवी यात्रा मे माँ चामुण्डा देवी, माँ वज्रेश्वरी देवी, माँ ज्वाला देवी, माँ चिंतपुरणी देवी, माँ नैना देवी, माँ मनसा देवी, माँ कालिका देवी, माँ शाकम्भरी देवी सहारनपुर आदि शामिल हैं। नौ देवियों मे माँ शाकम्भरी देवी का स्वरूप सर्वाधिक करूणामय और ममतामयी माँ का है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "अथान्यदस्ति देवेशि पीठं प्रत्यकारकम। शाकम्भरी यत्र जाता मुनिना त्राणकारणात।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "तस्य पीठं परम पीठ सर्वपाप प्रणाशनाम", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "गत्वा शाकम्भरी पीठे नत्वा शाकम्भरी तथा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "शाकम्भरीति विख्याता सर्वकामेश्वरी तथा। तस्यां सदर्शनादेव सर्वपापै प्रमुच्यते।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "शाकेश्वरो महादेव प्रत्यक्ष सिद्धिदायक:। पुरात्रैव महादेवी मुनिस्तपसी चाश्रिताम।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "विग्रहे शतवार्षिके शाकैं स्वांगसमुद्भवे। भरयामास परमा तत:  शाकम्भरी मता। प्रत्यक्षसिद्धिदा देवी दर्शनात्पापनाशिनी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "स्कंद पुराण के उपरोक्त श्लोकों मे शाकम्भरी क्षेत्र और शाकेश्वर महादेव की प्रत्यक्ष  महिमा बताई गई है जो शिवालिक पर्वतमाला मे स्थित शाकम्भरी क्षेत्र है। तीनों पीठों का सम्बन्ध शिवालिक पर्वतमाला पर विराजमान शाकम्भरी देवी से है | इसकी गणना प्रसिद्ध 51 शक्तिपीठों मे होती है यहाँ सती का मस्तक  गिरा था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "पुराणों में इस देवी पीठ को शक्तिपीठ, परमपीठ, महाशक्तिपीठ और सिद्धपीठ कहा गया है। मुख्य प्रतिमा के दायीं और भीमा एवं भ्रामरी तथा बायीं और शताक्षी देवी की प्राचीन प्रतिमायें विराजमान है पास ही प्रथमपूज्य  विघ्नहर्ता गणेश जी विराजमान हैं | इनके प्रसाद में हलवा पूरी, सराल-शाक, फल, सब्जी, मिश्री मेवे और शाकाहारी भोजन का भोग लगता है | प्रत्येक वर्ष आश्विन नवरात्र मे सहारनपुर के शिवालिक क्षेत्र मे शाकम्भरी देवी का विशाल मेला लगता है | इसके अलावा चैत्र नवरात्र और होली पर  भी माता के मेले लगते हैं। उत्तर भारत की नौ देवी यात्रा मे सबसे अंत मे माँ शाकम्भरी देवी का ही नौवां दर्शन होता है | मान्यता है इनके दर्शन पूजन से अन्न, फल, धन, धान्य और अक्षय फल की प्राप्ति होती है। माँ शाकम्भरी देवी जी सहारनपुर की अधिष्ठात्री देवी हैं |  सहारनपुर मे विराजमान माँ शाकम्भरी देवी मंदिर उत्तर भारत का सबसे बड़ा सिद्धपीठ है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "शाकम्भ शाकंभरीरी देवी के प्रचलित पौराणिक आख्यान व दंत कथाएँ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "महाभारत के वनपर्व के अनुसार शाकम्भरी देवी ने शिवालिक पहाडियों मे सौं वर्ष तक तप किया था महीने के अंतराल मे एक बार शाकाहारी भोजन का आहार करती थी। उनकी कीर्ति सुनकर ऋषि- मुनि उनके दर्शन को आये। देवी ने उनका स्वागत भी शाक से ही किया तभी वह शाकंभरी के नाम से जाने जाने लगी । इसका अर्थ यह है की देवी केवल शाकाहारी भोजन का भोग ही ग्रहण करती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "स्कंदपुराण के अनुसार यमुना के पूर्व भाग में सूर्य कुंड है यहां पर विष्णु कुण्ड और बाणगंगा सरीखें तीर्थ विराजमान है। पूर्व काल में यहां भगवान विष्णु ने रुद्र को प्रसन्न करने के लिए तप किया था। इसके दक्षिण भाग में शाकम्भरी देवी विराजमान है जो श्रेष्ठ और सर्व कामेश्वरी हैं। यहां पर शाकेश्वर महादेव प्रत्यक्ष सिद्धिदायक हैं। प्राचीन काल में 100 वर्षों वाले अकाल या युद्ध में अपने अंगों से उत्पन्न विशेष प्रकार के शाक द्वारा देवी ने भरण पोषण कराया था। इसलिए वे शाकंभरी के नाम से विख्यात हुई यह देवी प्रत्यक्ष सिद्धिदात्री और दर्शन से ही पाप नाश करने वाली हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "एक अन्य दंत कथा के अनुसार पार्वतीजी ने शिवजी को पाने के लिए कठोर तपस्या की। उन्होंने अन्न-जल त्याग दिया था तथा जीवित रहने के लिए केवल शाक सब्जियां ही खाईं। इसलिए उनका नाम शाकंभरी रखा गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "देवी भागवत के अनुसार जब पृथ्वी पर सौ वर्षों तक वर्षा नहीं हुई, तब मनुष्यों को कष्ट उठाते देख मुनियों ने मां से प्रार्थना की। तब शाकम्भरी के रूप में माता ने अपने शरीर से उत्पन्न हुए शाकों के द्वारा ही संसार का भरण-पोषण किया था। इस तरह देवी ने सृष्टि को नष्ट होने से बचाया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "मां शाकंभरी की पौराणिक ग्रंथों में वर्णित कथा के अनुसार, एक समय जब पृथ्‍वी पर दुर्गम नामक दैत्य ने आतंक का माहौल पैदा किया। इस तरह करीब सौ वर्ष तक वर्षा न होने के कारण अन्न-जल के अभाव में भयंकर सूखा पड़ा, जिससे लोग मर रहे थे। जीवन खत्म हो रहा था। उस दैत्य ने ब्रह्माजी से चारों वेद चुरा लिए थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "तब आदिशक्ति मां दुर्गा का रूप मां शाकंभरी देवी में अवतरित हुई, जिनके सौ नेत्र थे। उन्होंने रोना शुरू किया, रोने पर आंसू निकले और इस तरह पूरी धरती में जल का प्रवाह हो गया। अंत में मां शाकंभरी दुर्गम दैत्य का अंत कर दिया", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "एक अन्य दंत कथा के अनुसार जहाँ आज शाकंभरी देवी जी का शक्तिपीठ है पूर्वकाल मे यह इस स्थान से लगभग ८ किमी दूर शिवालिक पर्वत के शिखर पर था । घने जंगल और ऊंचे पहाड़ तथा दुर्गम रास्ता पार करना भक्तों के लिए दुष्कर था कालांतर मे यहाँ आदि शंकराचार्य जी आये और वर्तमान मंदिर की स्थापना उनके द्वारा ही हुई कहा जाता है मंदिर मे स्थापित भीमा, भ्रामरी और शताक्षी देवी के विग्रह उन्होंने ही स्थापित कराये थे उसके पश्चात वे हरिद्वार के रास्ते श्री बद्री केदार चले गए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "शाकम्भरी देवी और दुर्गमासुर की कथा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "देवी पुराण,शिव पुराण और धार्मिक ग्रन्थों के अनुसार हिरण्याक्ष के वंश मे एक महादैत्य रूरु था। रूरु का एक पुत्र हुआ दुर्गम। दुर्गमासुर ने ब्रह्मा जी की तपस्या करके चारों वेदों को अपने अधीन कर लिया। वेदों के ना रहने से समस्त क्रियाएँ लुप्त हो गयी। ब्राह्मणों ने अपना धर्म त्याग कर दिया। चौतरफा हाहाकार मच गया। ब्राह्मणों के धर्म विहीन होने से यज्ञादि अनुष्ठान बंद हो गये और देवताओं की शक्ति भी क्षीण होने लगी। जिसके कारण एक भयंकर अकाल पड़ा। किसी भी प्राणी को जल नही मिला जल के अभाव मे वनस्पति भी सूख गयी। अतः भूख और प्यास से समस्त जीव मरने लगे। दुर्गमासुर की देवों से भयंकर लडाई हुई जिसमें देवताओं की हार हुई अत: दुर्गमासुर के अत्याचारों से पीडि़त देवतागण शिवालिक पर्वतमालाओं में छिप गये  तथा जगदम्बा का ध्यान, जप,पुजन और स्तुति करने लगे । उनके द्वारा जगदम्बा की स्तुति करने पर महामाया माँ पार्वती जो महेशानी,भुवनेश्वरि नामों से प्रसिद्ध है आयोनिजा(जिसके कोई माता-पिता ना हो) रूप मे इसी स्थल पर प्रकट हुई। समस्त सृष्टि की दुर्दशा देख जगदम्बा का ह्रदय पसीज गया और उनकी आंखों से आंसुओं की धारा प्रवाहित होने लगी। माँ के शरीर पर सौं नैत्र प्रकट हुए। शत नैना देवी की कृपा से संसार मे महान वृष्टि हुई और नदी- तालाब जल से भर गये। देवताओं ने उस समय माँ की शताक्षी देवी नाम से आराधना की। शताक्षी देवी ने एक दिव्य सौम्य स्वरूप धारण किया। चतुर्भुजी माँ कमलासन पर विराजमान थी। अपने हाथों मे कमल, बाण, शाक- फल और एक तेजस्वी धनुष धारण किये हुए थी। भगवती परमेश्वरी ने अपने शरीर से अनेकों शाक प्रकट किये। जिनको खाकर संसार की क्षुधा शांत हुई। माता ने पहाड़ पर दृष्टि डाली तो सर्वप्रथम सराल नामक कंदमूल की उत्पत्ति हुई । इसी दिव्य रूप में माँ शाकम्भरी देवी के नाम से पूजित हुई। तत्पश्चात् वह दुर्गमासुर  को रिझाने के लिये सुंदर रूप धारण कर  शिवालिक पहाड़ी पर आसन लगाकर बैठ गयीं। जब असुरों ने पहाड़ी पर बैठी जगदम्बा को देखा तो उनकों पकडने के विचार से आये। स्वयं दुर्गमासुर भी आया तब देवी ने पृथ्वी और स्वर्ग के बाहर एक घेरा बना दिया और स्वयं उसके बाहर खडी हो गयी। दुर्गमासुर के साथ देवी का घोर युद्ध हुआ अंत मे दुर्गमासुर मारा गया। इसी स्थल पर मां जगदम्बा ने दुर्गमासुर तथा अन्य दैत्यों  का संहार किया व भक्त भूरेदेव(भैरव का एक रूप) को अमरत्व का आशीर्वाद दिया।माँ की असीम अनुकम्पा से वर्तमान में भी सर्वप्रथम उपासक भूरेदेव के दर्शन करते हैं तत्पश्चात पथरीले रास्ते से गुजरते हुये मां शाकम्भरी देवी के दर्शन हेतु जाते हैं। जिस स्थल पर माता ने दुर्गमासुर नामक राक्षस का वध किया था वहाँ अब वीरखेत का मैदान है। जहाँ पर माता सुंदर रूप बनाकर पहाड़ी की शिखा पर बैठ गयी थी वहाँ पर माँ शाकम्भरी देवी का भवन है। जिस स्थान पर माँ ने भूरा देव को अमरत्व का वरदान दिया था वहाँ पर बाबा भुरादेव का मंदिर है। प्राकृतिक सौंदर्य व हरी- भरी घाटी से परिपूर्ण यह क्षेत्र उपासक का मन मोह लेता है। देवीपुराण के अनुसार शताक्षी, शाकम्भरी व दुर्गा एक ही देवी के नाम हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "इतिहास मे शाकम्भरी पीठ का महत्व", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "माँ शाकम्भरी पीठ का महत्व इतिहास मे भी कम नही है। आचार्य विष्णुगुप्त चाणक्य और चंद्रगुप्त ने काफी समय यहाँ बिताया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "आचार्य सत्यकेतु विद्यालंकार की पुस्तक आचार्य विष्णुगुप्त चाणक्य मे भी इसका उल्लेख है। चंद्रगुप्त के समय मे माँ शाकम्भरी पीठ स्रुघ्न देश का सबसे बड़ा तीर्थ स्थल था। माँ शाकम्भरी के दर्शन के लिए प्रतिवर्ष लाखों श्रद्धालुओं की भीड़ सिद्धपीठ मे पहुँचती थी। उस समय शाकम्भरी देवी जाने का एकमात्र रास्ता वृहदहट्ट (वर्तमान बेहट) ही था। यहाँ से आगे का रास्ता घने जंगलों से होकर गुजरता था। वृहदहट्ट से श्रद्धालु टोली बनाकर शक्तिपीठ मे जाते थे।पूरे भारत मे माँ शाकम्भरी देवी का प्राकाट्य स्थल और प्राचीन शक्तिपीठ यही है साम्भर की शाकम्भरी देवी का मंदिर चौहानों ने बनवाया था जोकि माँ शाकम्भरी को अपनी कुलदेवी मानते थे और सकराय मे भी पिछले कुछ दशकों मे ब्रह्माणी और रूद्राणी को शाकम्भरी कहा जाने लगा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "शक्तिपीठ शाकुम्भरी देवी सहारनपुर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "माँ श्री शाकंभरी भगवती का अति पावन प्राचीन सिद्ध शक्तिपीठ शिवालिक पर्वतमाला के जंगलों में एक बरसाती नदी के किनारे है। जिसका वर्णन स्कंद पुराण,मार्कंडेय पुराण,भागवत आदि पुराणों मे मिलता है। माँ का यही शक्तिपीठ देवी का नित्य स्थान है। कहा जाता है कि माता यहाँ स्वयंभू स्वरूप मे प्रकट हुई थी। जनश्रुतियों के अनुसार जगदंबा के इस धाम के प्रथम दर्शन एक गडरिये(चरवाहे) ने किये थे। जिसकी समाधि आज भी मंदिर परिसर मे बनी हुई है। माँ के दर्शन से पुर्व यहाँ देवी के अनन्य भक्त बाबा भूरादेव के दर्शन करने का विधान है। वर्तमान मे माँ शाकुम्भरी देवी के दरबार मे अनेकों विशिष्ट जन मत्था टेकने आते हैं। अमित शाह ने अपनी परिवर्तन यात्रा की शुरुआत यहीं से की थी और माँ शाकम्भरी देवी के आशीर्वाद से जनसभा को सम्बोधित किया था। पूर्व लोकसभा चुनावों के दौरान उत्तर प्रदेश के मुख्यमंत्री योगी आदित्यनाथ जी ने भी माता के दरबार मे माथा टेका था उनकी माँ शाकुम्भरी मे विशेष श्रद्धा को दर्शाया था। सपा के अमर सिंह ने भी माता के दरबार मे दर्शन किये। इनके अलावा प्रदेश भाजपा अध्यक्ष स्वतंत्र देव, युपी के डिप्टी सीएम केशव प्रसाद मौर्य, केबिनेट मंत्री सूर्य प्रताप शाही, कांग्रेस की महासचिव श्रीमती प्रियंका गांधी वाड्रा, स्थानीय सांसद राघव लखनपाल शर्मा, श्रीमती सुषमा स्वराज, राजनाथ सिंह,अखिलेश यादव, स्थानीय विधायक नरेंद्र बंसल, हरियाणा के केबिनेट मंत्री श्री कंवरपाल गुर्जर सहित अनेकों गणमान्य व्यक्ति माता के दरबार मे शीश झुका चुके हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "शाकम्भरी देवी माँ के वैसे तो अनेक धाम है। लेकिन सहारनपुर की जंगली पहाडियों मे विराजमान सिद्ध भवन की छटा ही कुछ निराली है। यह स्थान समुद्रतल से लगभग 448 मीटर की ऊंचाई पर स्थित है पहाड़ी की तलहटी मे माँ का मंदिर है। पंद्रह-सौलह सीढियाँ चढने के पश्चात माँ के अद्भुत स्वरूप के दर्शन होते हैं। संगमरमर के चबुतरे पर जिस पर चांदी मढी हुई है माता अपने चारों स्वरूपों और बाल गणेश के साथ विराजमान है। माता के चारों रूप सुंदर पोशाकों सोने व चांदी के आभुषणो से अलंकृत है। माँ के दायीं और भीमा एवं भ्रामरी देवी तथा बायीं और शताक्षी देवी प्रतिष्ठित है। देश मे ये एकमात्र ऐसा मंदिर है जहाँ दुर्गा के चार रूपो के दर्शन एक साथ होते है। माँ के दर्शन से पुर्व भुरा देव बाबा के दर्शन करने होते है। जिन्होंने देवासुर संग्राम में शामिल होकर अपने प्राणों का बलिदान दे दिया था। माता जगदंबा ने प्रसन्न होकर भुरादेव को यह वरदान दिया था कि जो भी प्राणी मेरे दर्शनार्थ आएगा वह प्रथम भुरादेव के ही दर्शन करेगा।अर्थात बगैर भुरादेव के दर्शन माता को अपनी पुजा स्वीकार नहीं होती। माँ श्री शाकम्भरी देवी जी साक्षात लक्ष्मी स्वरूपा है। शाकम्भरी देवी जी भगवान विष्णु के ही आग्रह करने पर शिवालिक की दिव्य पहाडियों पर स्वयंभू स्वरूप मे प्रकट हुई थी। माता शाकम्भरी के स्वरूप का विस्तृत वर्णन दुर्गा सप्तशती के मुर्ति रहस्य अध्याय मे मिलता है। कहा जाता है कि महाशक्ति ने आयोनिजा स्वरूप मे प्रकट हो शताक्षी अवतार धारण किया। देवी शताक्षी रचना का प्रतीक है। शताक्षी माँ ने ही शाकों द्वारा सबकी बुभुक्षा को शांत किया और श्री शाकम्भरी देवी कहलाई जोकि पालन का प्रतीक है। शाकम्भरी देवी ने ही दुर्गमासुर दानव का संहार करके जगत को शांति प्रदान की और दुर्गा कहलाई जोकि संहार का प्रतीक है। अतः जगदंबा शाकम्भरी देवी जी ही अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से परमशक्ति परमेश्वरी महामाया है। माँ का शक्तिपीठ अति प्राचीन है। माता के बुलाने पर भक्तजन चुंबकीय शक्ति की तरह दरबार की और खींचें चले आते है। माता के भवन की परिक्रमा मे काल भैरव,ज्वाला देवी,काली माता,शिवजी,गणेश भगवान, हनुमान जी नैना चरवाहा आदि के लघु मंदिर बने हुए है। जगत को तारने वाली और शरणागत का परित्राण करने वाली महाशक्ति जगत माता चंडिका साक्षात माँ शाकम्भरी ही है। माँ अंबा भगवती भवानी भुवनेश्वरी भंडारे भरने वाली है।माँ सर्वव्यापी और सर्वविदित है पुरातन काल मे माँ शाकम्भरी देवी ही हिमालय की पर्वत शृंखलाओं मे प्रकट हुई थी अतः माँ का सर्वाधिक प्राचीनतम तीर्थ यही है और सतयुग मे देवी सती का शीश भी यहाँ गिरा जो इसकी प्राचीनता की पुष्टि करता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "माँ शाकम्भरी चौहान सहित अनेक राजपूतो, कश्यपों, ब्राह्मणों, वैश्यों और अनेकों जातियों की कुलदेवी है तथा हरियाणा, पश्चिमी उत्तर प्रदेश, उत्तराखंड,दक्षिणी हिमाचल प्रदेश, पंजाब क्षेत्र में भक्तिभाव से कुलदेवी के रूप मे पूजी जाती है। 6वीं से 8वीं शताब्दी के काल मे अनेकों राजपूत अपने राज्य का विस्तार करते हुए राजस्थान पहुंच गए वहाँ जाकर भी उन्होंने अपनी कुलदेवी माँ शाकम्भरी के भव्य मंदिर बनवाये जिनमे साम्भर स्थित शाकम्भरी माता, सकराय माता प्रमुख है और आशाएं पूरी करने वाली माँ शाकम्भरी आशापुरा माता नाम से भी विख्यात हुई। माँ आदिशक्ति जगतजननी जगदंबिका योगमाया शाकम्भरी जंगल मे मंगल करने वाली भगवती है। माँ के सिद्ध शक्तिपीठ का उल्लेख महाभारत के वन पर्व मे इस प्रकार है \" राजन उस पवित्र देवी स्थान की यात्रा करे जो तीनों लोको मे शाकम्भरी के नाम से विख्यात है \"। यहाँ पर यह वर्णन शिवालिक पर्वत पर विराजमान शाकम्भरी देवी का ही है क्योंकि इस वर्णन मे शाकेश्वर महादेव का भी उल्लेख है जो शाकम्भरी देवी मंदिर के पीछे पहाड़ी की गोद मे है। लेकिन वर्तमान मे उन लोगों की कमी नही है जो इस मंदिर की प्राचीनता को लेकर संदेह करते है। अगर मंदिर की प्राचीनता के बारे मे पता करना है तो महाभारत के वनपर्व और स्कंद पुराण के केदारखंड का अध्ययन नितांत आवश्यक है क्योंकि केवल अनुमान लगाने से कुछ हासिल नही हो सकता। पांडवों द्वारा स्थापित पांच शिवमंदिर भी यहाँ है यथा बडकेश्वर महादेव, शाकेश्वर महादेव, इन्दरेश्वर महादेव, कमलेश्वर महादेव और वटुकेश्वर महादेव।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "दुर्गा  मां शक्ति हिन्दुओं की प्रमुख देवी हैं जिन्हें देवी, शक्ति और पार्वती,जग्दम्बा और आदि नामों से भी जाना जाता हैं ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "मंदिर की भौगोलिक स्थिति", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "माता का मंदिर  चारों और से पहाडियों से घिरा हुआ है जिनकी ऊंचाई 2000 से 3000 फीट तक है। इस क्षेत्र मे बेर, बेलपत्र, सराल, तुरड, महव्वा,आंवला,तेंदू, कढाई, शीशम, खैर, सराल, आम, जामुन, डैक,अमलतास, पलाश,नीम, सांगवान, साल आदि के पेड़ अत्यधिक पाये जाते है। जहाँ पर ऊंचाई ज्यादा है वहाँ पर चीड़ के पेड़ भी है इसके अतिरिक्त शिवालिक की ये पहाडियां आयुर्वेद औषधियों से परिपूर्ण है। इस क्षेत्र मे बंदर, काले मुंह वाले लंगूर, हाथी, हिरन, बाघ, जंगली बकरे, मुर्गे, तोते, सेह, बलाई, लोमडे, गुलदार, माहें, तेंदुए, घोरल, बार्किंग डीयर, चीतल, अजगर, किंग कोबरा, मॉनिटर छिपकली आदि वन्य जीव निवास करते हैं। शिवालिक वन प्रभाग 33229 हेक्टेयर में फैला है। यहां वर्तमान में 7303 वन्य जीव है। जिनमें 45 तेंदुए, 22 हाथी, 186 काकड़, 39 फिशिंग कैट, 356 सांभर, 210 घुरल, 96 लोमड़ी, 121 सियार, 99 जंगली बिल्ली, 101 बिज्जू, 172 सेही, 176 गोह, 1869 बंदर, 1164 लंगूर, चार बारहसिंघा, 612 बन रोज, 527 मोर आदि वन्य जीव है। शाकम्भरी देवी सिद्धपीठ के उत्तर की और सात किमी दूर सहंस्रा ठाकुर धाम है जोकि प्राकृतिक आभा से परिपूर्ण है। सहंस्रा ठाकुर के पास ही प्राचीन गौतम ऋषि की गुफा, सुर्यकुंड आदि पवित्र स्थान है। शाकम्भरी देवी मंदिर के पास ही माता छिन्नमस्ता देवी और मनसा देवी का संयुक्त मंदिर है। माता छिन्नमस्ता का मंदिर चार शिव मंदिरों के बीच मे है पूर्व मे कमलेश्वर महादेव,पश्चिम मे शाकेश्वर महादेव, उत्तर मे वटुकेश्वर महादेव और दक्षिण मे इन्दरेश्वर महादेव के मंदिर है। माता शाकम्भरी देवी के मंदिर से एक फर्लांग आगे पहाडियों के बीच प्राचीन रक्तदंतिका देवी का मंदिर है जिसका जीर्णोद्धार 1968 के लगभग मे हुआ था। रक्तदंतिका मंदिर से कुछ आगे महाकाली की प्राचीन गुफा भी है। माता शाकंभरी देवी मंदिर के बारे में मान्यता है कि नवरात्र की चतुर्दशी पर यहां शेर भी शीश नवाने के लिये आता था। जब माता का शेर यहां शीश नवाने के लिए आता था तब सभी भक्त रास्ता छोड़ देते थे और शेर शीश नवाकर चुपचाप चला जाता था। आज आसपास आबादी होने की वजह से शेर तो नही आता लेकिन शेर के आने के आने के प्रमाण जरूर मिलते हैं। इस मंदिर के बारे में ऐसी भी धारणा है कि इस मंदिर परिक्षेत्र में तेल से कोई भी खाद्य पदार्थ नहीं बनाया जाता था अगर कोई भूलवश भी तेल से खाद्य पदार्थ बनाने की कोशिश भी करता था तो उसकी दुकान में आग लग जाती थी इसलिए यहां पर सभी भोजन सामग्री घी से बनाई जाती थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "आस - पास के प्राचीन तीर्थ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "इस पावन सिद्धपीठ के लगभग 100 किलोमीटर दायरे के अंदर काफी और प्राचीन तीर्थ भी हैं जिनका वर्णन वेदों और पुराणों में किया गया है। माता शाकंभरी देवी मंदिर से 90 किलोमीटर दूर पूर्व की ओर हरिद्वार तीर्थ है जो कि उत्तराखंड राज्य मे है। सिद्धपीठ से 78 किलोमीटर दूर दक्षिण की ओर देवबंद नामक स्थान पर प्राचीन माता त्रिपुरा बाला सुंदरी का मंदिर है। इस पंचकोसी सिद्धपीठ से लगभग 81 किलोमीटर दूर पश्चिम की ओर श्री आदिबद्री तीर्थ और माता मंत्रा देवी और सरस्वती नदी का उद्गम स्थल है जो कि हरियाणा के यमुनानगर जिले में आता है। सिद्धपीठ से लगभग 35 किलोमीटर दूर पश्चिम की ओर यमुनानगर जिले में ही कालेश्वर महादेव का प्राचीन मठ है। शाकंभरी देवी से लगभग 99 किलोमीटर दूर त्रिलोकपुर मंदिर है जहां माता बाला सुंदरी का भव्य मंदिर है जोकि हिमाचल राज्य के जिला सिरमौर में पड़ता है। वर्तमान में माता शाकुंभरी देवी की गणना उत्तर भारत की प्रसिद्ध नौ देवी स्थलों मे की जाती है अगर उत्तर भारत की नौ देवियों के नाम आए तो बिना माता शाकंभरी की यात्रा के नौ देवियों की यात्रा संपूर्ण नहीं मानी जाती। नौ देवियों के नाम इस प्रकार हैं माता वैष्णो देवी कटरा,मां चामुंडा देवी, मां वज्रेश्वरी देवी कांगड़ा,मां ज्वाला देवी,मां चिंतपूर्णी देवी,मां नैना देवी,मां मनसा देवी पंचकूला ,मां कालिका देवी,मां शाकम्भरी देवी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "माँ शाकम्भरी देवी के भवन से लगभग एक किमी पहले बाबा भूरादेव का मंदिर है। भूरादेव के प्रथम दर्शन कर यात्री आगे प्रस्थान करते हैं। आगे का मार्ग पथरीला है जो एक खोल से होकर जाता है। वर्षा ऋतु मे खोल मे पानी भी आ जाता है। तब यात्रा स्थगित कर देनी चाहिए क्योंकि पानी का बहाव अधिक होता है। थोड़ा आगे चलने पर माँ शाकम्भरी देवी प्रवेश द्वार आता है। कुछ और आगे चलने पर माता का भवन दिखाई देने लगता है। माता के मंदिर मे प्रवेश करने से पहले श्रध्दालु पंक्ति मे लग जाते हैं और सीढिया चढकर माता के भवन मे पहुंच जाते हैं। माता के गर्भगृह मे माता शाकम्भरी देवी दाहिने भीमा, भ्रामरी और बाल गणेश तथा बायें और शताक्षी देवी की प्रतिमा विराजमान है। ये प्रतिमाएँ काफी प्राचीन है। लेकिन माता शाकम्भरी देवी की प्रतिमा अधिक प्राचीन है बाकी प्रतिमाओं को आदिगुरु शंकराचार्य जी ने स्थापित किया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "मंदिर की परिक्रमा मे कई देवी-देवताओ के लघु मंदिर बने हुए हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "शाकम्भरी देवी के अन्य मंदिर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "माता शाकम्भरी देवी के मुख्य तीन मंदिर है। माता का दुसरा प्रमुख मंदिर राजस्थान के सकराय गाँव मे अरावली की पर्वतमालाओं की शांत मालकेतु घाटी मे है। यहाँ पर माता के दर्शन ब्रह्माणी और रुद्राणी के रूप मे होते है। माता का यह मंदिर सीकर जिले मे स्थित है। उदयपुरवाटी से यह लगभग १६ किमी की दूरी पर स्थित है। कस्बे के शाकम्भरी गेट से १५ किलोमीटर दूर अरावली की पहाडिय़ों के बीच सकरायपीठ माता शाकंभरी का प्राचीन मंदिर स्थित है। मां शाकंभरी के मंदिर की स्थापना सैकड़ों वर्ष पूर्व में हुई थी। माता के मंदिर में ब्रह्माणी व रूद्राणी के रूप में दो प्रतिमाएं विराजमान हैं।सिद्धपीठ होने से माता की ख्याति आज पूरे भारत में फैली हुई है। मंदिर के पुजारियों के अनुसार माता शाकंभरी के प्राचीन दो मंदिर है। पहला प्राचीन मंदिर यहां सकराय में तो दूसरा उत्तर प्रदेश के सहारनपुर मे है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "माँ का यह पावन धाम अरावली की सुंदर पहाडियों की शांत मालकेतू घाटी मे है। प्रतिदिन सुबह साढ़े पांच बजे और शाम को पौने सात बजे माता की आरती होती है। नवरात्र में माता के दरबार में जगह जगह शतचंडी अनुष्ठानों का आयोजन होता है। जगदंबा के दरबार मे अब तक पूर्व राष्ट्रपति प्रतिभा सिंह पाटिल, पूर्व उप राष्ट्रपति भैरूसिंह शेखावत, मुख्यमंत्री वसुंधरा राजे, हिमाचल प्रदेश के मुख्यमंत्री वीरभद्र सिंह, सपा के अमरसिंह पहुंच चुके है। इनके अलावा फिल्म स्टार मनोज कुमार, अजय देवगन, काजोल, तनिशा सहित सैंकड़ों अति विशिष्टजन नवरात्र में मां शाकम्भरी के दरबार में दर्शन कर चुके है क्योंकि माँ की लीला अति विचित्र है। मैय्या के चमत्कारो को सुन हर कोई सकराय दौड़ा जाता है। मां शाकंभरी के जाने के लिए एकमात्र मार्ग उदयपुरवाटी से होकर गुजरता है। इसके अलावा जयपुर रोड से गौरिया के रास्ते से होते हुए भी मां शाकंभरी के दरबार में श्रद्धालु पहुंचते हैं लेकिन पहाडिय़ों के मध्य निकले इस रास्ते मे काफी खतरनाक मोड़ है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "कहा जाता है कि यहाँ माँ शाकम्भरी अर्थात ब्रह्माणी को सात्विक और रूद्राणी को तामसिक भोजन परोसा जाता था। भोग के समय देवी की मूर्तियों के बीच पर्दा लगाया जाता था। एक दिन भूलवश माँ ब्रह्माणी अर्थात शाकम्भरी के भोग के थाल से रूद्राणी अर्थात काली का भोग थाल छू गया। तब माँ की मूर्ति का मुख तिरछी और हो गया। अतः इस मंदिर से तामसिक भोग की प्रथा बंद हुई और दोनों माताओं को सात्विक भोग दिया जाने लगा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "माँ शाकम्भरी के भक्त सकराय धाम की यात्रा कर अपनी जीवन यात्रा धन्य बनाये", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "माता का यह स्थान जयपुर जिले मे साम्भर कस्बे के पास साम्भर झील मे एक छोटी सी पहाड़ी पर है। चिलचिलाती धूप और रेगिस्तान की तपती रेत के बीच यह आध्यात्मिक स्थान है। माता का यह मंदिर पृथ्वीराज चौहान के समय बनाया गया था। उससे पहले यहाँ जंगल होता था और घाटी देवी की बनी कहलाती थी। राजस्थान की राजधानी जयपुर से करीब 100 किलोमीटर दूर सांभर कस्बे में स्थित मां शाकंभरी मंदिर का निर्माण सातवीं- आठवीं शताब्दी मे हुआ था। शाकंभरी को दुर्गा का अवतार माना जाता है। मंदिर में भादवा सुदी अष्टमी को मुख्य पर्व आयोजित होता है। दोनों ही नवरात्रों में माता के दर्शन करने के लिए दूर-दूर से भक्त आते हैं। दंत कथाओं और स्थानीय लोगों के मुताबिक मां शाकंभरी की कृपा से यहां चांदी की भूमि उत्पन्न हुई। चांदी के साथ ही यहां इस बात को लेकर झगड़े शुरू हो गए। जब समस्या ने विकट रूप ले लिा तो मां ने यहां बहुमूल्य सम्पदा और बेशकीमती चांदी को नमक में बदल दिया। इस तरह से सांभर झील की उत्पत्ति हुई। वर्तमान में करीब 90 वर्गमील में यहां नमक की झील है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "इसके शाकम्भरी देवी के अन्य प्रसिद्ध मंदिर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "शाकम्भरी देवी त्रियुगीनारायण उत्तराखण्ड", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "शाकम्भरी मंदिर नागेवाडा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "शाकम्भरी मंदिर हरिद्वार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "शाकम्भरी मंदिर कुरालसी उत्तर प्रदेश", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "शाकम्भरी मंदिर शाहबाद मारकंडा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "शाकम्भरी मंदिर कांधला", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "माँ बनशंकरी देवी का मंदिर भारत के कर्नाटक राज्य के बागलकोट जिले में बादामी के पास स्थित एक हिंदू मंदिर है। मंदिर को बनशंकरी या वनशंकरी कहा जाता है क्योंकि यह तिलकारण्य वन में स्थित है। मंदिर की देवी को शाकुम्भरी  भी कहा जाता है, जो देवी आदिशक्ति का स्वरूप है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "शाकम्भरी देवी का स्वरूप", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "माता शाकम्भरी देवी के स्वरूप का विस्तृत वर्णन श्री दुर्गा सप्तशती के अंत में मूर्ति रहस्य में मिलता है। इसके अनुसार शाकंभरी देवी नीलवर्णा है । नील कमल के समान उनके नेत्र हैं। गंभीर नाभि है। त्रिवल्ली से विभूषित सूक्ष्म उदर वाली है । यह माता कमल पर विराजमान हैं। उनके एक हाथ में कमल है जिन पर  भंवरे गूंज रहे हैं ये परमेश्वरी अत्यंत तेजस्वी धनुष को धारण करती हैं। ये ही देवी शाकम्भरी है शताक्षी तथा दुर्गा नाम से भी यही कही जाती है। ये ही विशोका, दुष्टदमनी ,सती,चंडी,मां गौरी ,कालिका तथा विपत्तियों का विनाश करने वाली पार्वती है। जो मनुष्य शाकम्भरी का ध्यान जब पूजा स्तुति और नमस्कार करता है ।वह शीघ्र ही अन्न पान,फल और अमृत रूपी अक्षय फल पाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "मंदिर मे चारों प्रतिमाओं का रहस्य", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "माता शाकम्भरी देवी जी के मंदिर मे माता शाकम्भरी के साथ भीमा देवी, भ्रामरी देवी और शताक्षी देवी के श्री विग्रह विराजमान है ये देवियाँ कौन है? इन सभी माताओं का वर्णन दुर्गा सप्तशती के मूर्ति रहस्य और ग्यारहवें अध्याय मे भी मिलता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "माता शताक्षी देवी  माता शताक्षी देवी स्वयं शाकम्भरी देवी ही है। दुर्गमासुर के अत्याचारों से संतप्त जब पृथ्वी पर पानी का अभाव हो गया था तब आयोनिजा भगवती ने अपने शरीर पर सौ नेत्र प्रकट कर संसार मे वृष्टि की अत: माँ का एक नाम शताक्षी हुआ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "माता भीमा देवी माँ भीमा देवी का स्वरूप माँ ने उस समय धारण किया जब हिमालय और शिवालिक क्षेत्र मे राक्षसों का साम्राज्य हो गया था। वे दानव ऋषि मुनियों की तपस्या मे विघ्न डालते थे अत: माँ जगदम्बा ने भीम भयंकर रूप धारण कर दानवों का संहार किया और भीमा देवी के नाम से जगत मे विख्यात हुई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "माता भ्रामरी देवी  अरूण नामक राक्षस के अत्याचारों से जब देव पत्नियों का भी सतीत्व खतरे मे पड गया। तब महादेवी शक्ति ने उसके वरदान के अनुसार भ्रमरों का रूप धारण किया और उसका वध कर दिया। इसी रूप मे देवी को भ्रामरी कहा जाने लगा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "माँ शाकुम्भरी देवी के मंदिर को पंचकोसी सिद्धपीठ कहते हैं। देवताओं के आग्रह पर माँ ने पंचकोसी सिद्धपीठ मे आसन लगाया था। माँ की महिमा का वर्णन शाकम्भरी चालीसा मे इस प्रकार है-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "पांचकोस की खोल तुम्हारी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "तेरी लीला अति विस्तारी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "पंचकोसी सिद्धपीठ की महिमा श्रीदेवी भागवत् मे शाकम्भरी,शताक्षी महात्म्य मे मिलती है उसके अनुसार देवता माँ शाकम्भरी को पंचकोसी मे विराजित रहने वाली कह रहे हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "शाकम्भरी देवी की महिमा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "जय जय शाकंभरी माता ब्रह्मा विष्णु शिव दाता", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "हम सब उतारे तेरी आरती", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "री मैया हम सब उतारे तेरी आरती", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "संकट मोचनी जय शाकंभरी तेरा नाम सुना है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "री मैया राजा ऋषियों पर जाता मेधा ऋषि भजे सुमाता", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "हम सब उतारे तेरी आरती", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "मांग सिंदूर विराजत मैया टीका शुभ सजे है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "सुंदर रूप भवन में लागे घंटा खूब बजे है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "री मैया जहां भूमंडल जाता जय जय शाकंभरी माता", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "हम सब उतारे तेरी आरती", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "क्रोधित होकर चली मात जब शुंभ निशुंभ को मारा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "महिषासुर की बांह पकड़ कर धरती पर दे मारा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "मैया मारकंडे विजय बताता पुष्पा ब्रह्मा बरसाता", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "हम सब उतारे तेरी आरती", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "चौसठ योगिनी मंगल गाने भैरव नाच दिखावे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "भीमा भ्रामरी और शताक्षी तांडव नाच सिखावें", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "री मैया रत्नों का हार मंगाता दुर्गे तेरी भेंट चढ़ाता", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "हम सब उतारे तेरी आरती", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "कोई भक्त कहीं ब्रह्माणी कोई कहे रुद्राणी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "तीन लोक से सुना री मैया कहते कमला रानी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "री मैया मां से बच्चे का नाता ना ही कपूत निभाता", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "हम सब उतारे तेरी आरती", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "सुंदर चोले भक्त पहनावे गले मे सोरण माला", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "शाकंभरी कोई दुर्गे कहता कोई कहता ज्वाला री", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "मैया दुर्गे में आज मानता तेरा ही पुत्र कहाता", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "हम सब उतारे तेरी आरती", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "शाकंभरी मैया की आरती जो भी प्रेम से गावें", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "सुख संतति मिलती उसको नाना फल भी पावे", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "री मैया जो जो तेरी सेवा करता लक्ष्मी से पूरा भरता", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "हम सब उतारे तेरी आरती", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "सुंदर भवन माँ तेरा विराजे शिवालिक की घाटी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "बसी सहारनपुर मे मैय्या धन्य कर दई माटी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "री मैय्या जंगल मे मंगल करती सबके भंडारे भरती", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "हम सब उतारें तेरी आरती", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "नीलभवन तेरे मात भवानी सेवा करते तेरी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "मैहर सागडी उपर करदे अब क्यों लाई देरी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "री मैय्या भवनों मे आप विराजें द्वारे पर नौबत बाजे", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "हम सब उतारे तेरी आरती", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "शाकुंभरी देवी का प्रसिद्ध मंदिर उत्तर प्रदेश राज्य के जिला सहारनपुर में पड़ता है। इसके लिए सबसे पहले सहारनपुर पहुंचना होता है। दिल्ली से  सहारनपुर लगभग 182 किलोमीटर दूर पड़ता है और पंजाब की ओर से आने वाले श्रद्धालुओं के लिए अंबाला वाया यमुना नगर मार्ग अत्यधिक सुगम है  । चंडीगढ़ से पंचकूला होते हुए नेशनल हाईवे 73 द्वारा सीधे सहारनपुर पहुंचा जा सकता है । सहारनपुर के निकटतम हवाई अड्डा देहरादून चंडीगढ़ और दिल्ली है जो लगभग 50 से 150 किलोमीटर तक के दायरे में हैं। हिमाचल प्रदेश से आने वाले श्रद्धालुओं के लिए सहारनपुर आना जरूरी नहीं है।  पौंटा साहिब से हथिनी कुंड बैराज होते हुए बेहट पहुंचा जा सकता है। बेहट से शाकंभरी देवी का मंदिर 16 किमी दूर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "श्री शाकम्भरी देवी संपूर्ण यात्रा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "माता शाकम्भरी देवी सिद्धपीठ के मंदिरों की सूची इस प्रकार है-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "(1)शाकम्भरी देवी द्वार जो सिद्धपीठ से दो किमी पहले है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "(2)माता बगलामुखी मंदिर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "बगलामुखी माता का मंदिर शाकम्भरी देवी रोड पर माता के मंदिर से लगभग ढाई किलो मीटर पहले है जहाँ पीताम्बरा देवी के दर्शन होते हैं", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "यह मंदिर शाकम्भरी मुख्य मार्ग के पास ही है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "(4)पंचमुखी हनुमान मंदिरमंदिर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "पंचमुखी हनुमान जी का मंदिर माता शाकम्भरी देवी मंदिर से दो किलोमीटर पहले शाकम्भरी खोल के पास है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "(5)बडकेश्वर महादेव मंदिर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "श्री बडकेश्वर महादेव का मंदिर भुरादेव मंदिर से पहले वन चौंकी से पश्चिम की और बडकला गाँव मे है मंदिर मे स्वयंभू महादेव विराजमान है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "बाबा भुरादेव जी का मंदिर माता श्री शाकम्भरी देवी मंदिर से लगभग एक किमी पहले है यहाँ प्रथम दर्शन किये जाते हैं", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "(7)इन्दरेश्वर महादेव मंदिर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "श्री इंद्रेश्वर महादेव जी का मंदिर भुरादेव मंदिर के पीछे पहाड़ी पर जंगलों मे है माता शाकम्भरी देवी के बाहरी द्वार से इस मंदिर तक जाने के लिए कच्चा मार्ग है यहाँ महादेव के अतिरिक्त माँ काली, जाहरवीर गोगाजी की भी प्रतिमायें है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "(8)मनसा/ छिन्नमस्ता मंदिर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "माता छिन्नमस्ता देवी/मनसा देवी मंदिर माँ शाकम्भरी भवन से कुछ पहले पहाड़ी पर स्थित है जहाँ माँ छिन्नमस्ता देवी और साथ मे मनसा देवी के भी दर्शन किये जाते हैं मंदिर की परिक्रमा मे भैरव, माँ काली, माँ दुर्गा, माँ संतोषी, चण्डी देवी और नागदेवी के भी लघु मंदिर है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "(9)कमलेश्वर महादेव मंदिर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "कमलेश्वर महादेव का मंदिर शंकराचार्य आश्रम के बराबर मे माँ छिन्नमस्ता देवी मंदिर के सामने स्थित है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "(10)शाकेश्वर महादेव मंदिर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "शाकेश्वर महादेव जी माँ शाकम्भरी देवी मंदिर के पीछे की पहाड़ी की गोद मे है मेला कोतवाली से इनके मंदिर के लिए रास्ता जाता है यह मंदिर घने जंगलों मे स्थित है और रास्ता भी पैदल मार्ग का है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "मंदिर परिसर मे ही पानी का एक अद्भुत कुंआ है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "(11)शंकराचार्य आश्रम", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "छिन्नमस्ता देवी मंदिर के सामने स्थित है जिसकी स्थापना आदि शंकराचार्य जी के आगमन के फलस्वरूप करवाई गयी थी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "(12)शाकम्भरी संस्कृत माध्यमिक विद्यालय", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "शंकराचार्य आश्रम के पास स्थित है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "(13)श्री शाकम्भरी देवी भवन मंदिर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "माँ श्री शाकम्भरी देवी जी का मुख्य भवन है जिसमें माँ शाकम्भरी देवी, भीमा, भ्रामरी, शताक्षी और गणेश सहित प्रकट है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "शाकम्भरी देवी भवन के सामने स्थित सुंदर मैदान को बीरखेत का मैदान कहते हैं जिसमें देवी ने दुर्गमासुर सहित अनेकों दानवों का वध किया था", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "(15)वटुकेश्वर महादेव मंदिर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "शाकम्भरी देवी मंदिर के पास ही दद्दा आश्रम के बराबर मे स्थित है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "(16)रक्तदंतिका मंदिर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "महागौरी माँ रक्तदंतिका का मंदिर माँ शाकम्भरी देवी मंदिर से लगभग एक किमी आगे है| खोल मार्ग से होते हुए यहाँ पहुंचा जा सकता है प्राकृतिक परिवेश से परिपूर्ण यह एकांत, शांत और आध्यात्मिक स्थान", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "माँ रक्तदंतिका मंदिर से कुछ आगे माँ महाकाली की यह गुफा है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "(19)सहंस्रा ठाकुर धाम", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "सहंश्रा ठाकुर जी का यह मंदिर भुरादेव मंदिर से लगभग पांच छह किमी दूर है भुरादेव मंदिर से कुछ पहले एक रास्ता सहंश्रा खोल मे जाता है सहंश्रा खोल मे नदी के रास्ते अंदर जाने पर पहाड़ की चढाई शुरू हो जाती है लगभग 1500 फीट की ऊंचाई पर यह मंदिर है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "(21)गौतम ऋषि की गुफा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "माता शाकुंभरी देवी का मंदिर शिवालिक की पर्वत मालाओं में बना हुआ है। यह स्थान प्राचीन सिद्ध शक्तिपीठ है। प्राचीन सिद्ध शक्तिपीठ होने के कारण भी यह उपेक्षित रहा । सरकार यहां कोई भी विकास कार्य नहीं करवा सकती। जनमानस को वर्षा ऋतु के दौरान बरसाती नदी से निकलकर मंदिर जाना होता है। मंदिर तक पहुंचने के लिए 1 किलोमीटर तक कोई सड़क नहीं है बल्कि नदी के बीच से गुजर कर जाना होता है। बरसात के दिनों में जब नदी में भयंकर बाढ़ आती है तो काफी श्रद्धालु बह जाते हैं। जिससे जानमाल का काफी नुकसान होता है। शारदीय नवरात्र के दौरान यहां एक बहुत बड़ा मेला लगता है। वैसे यहां पर साल में तीन बड़े मेले लगते हैं। जिनमें शारदीय नवरात्र मेला मुख्य माना जाता है। इस मेले में देश के विभिन्न भागों से करोड़ों श्रद्धालु श्रद्धा की जोत मन में जगा कर माता के दरबार में हाजिरी देने आते हैं। प्रमुख प्रधान शक्तिपीठ होने के बाद भी यहां पर जिला प्रशासन द्वारा बनाई गई तो तमाम व्यवस्थाएं धरी की धरी रह जाती है। शारदीय नवरात्र के दौरान नदी में बाढ़ आ जाती है और पूरा मेला तहस-नहस हो जाता है। इस शक्तिपीठ में मूलभूत सुविधाएं श्रद्धालुओं को मिलनी चाहिए ताकि शक्तिपीठ की गरिमा बनी रहे और अचानक आई बाढ़ से निपटा जा सके। यहां चढ़ावे के रूप में इतनी राशि चढ़ती है कि सरकार को अपनी ओर से एक रुपया भी खर्च करने की जरूरत नहीं पड़ेगी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "पुराणों मे शाकम्भरी पीठ का उल्लेख", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "माँ शाकम्भरी पीठ का वर्णन स्कंद पुराण, भागवत् पुराण, शिव पुराण, मारकंडेय पुराण, कनक धारा स्तोत्र, देवी पुराण, महाभारत आदि ग्रंथों मे मिलता है। महाभारत के वनपर्व के अनुसार,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "ततो गच्छेत राजेन्द्र देव्या स्थानं सुदुर्लभं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "शाकम्भरीति विख्याता त्रिषुलोकेशु विश्रुता।।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "दिव्यवर्ष सहस्त्र शाकेन किल सुव्रता", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "आहार सा कृतवती मासि मासि नराधिप", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "ऋषियों अभ्यागतास्तत्र देव्या भक्त्यातपोधना:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "आतिथ्य च कृतम तेषाम् शाकेन किल भारत[[File:]]", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "https://books.google.com/books?id=qzUqk7TWF4wC", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6be8ccd0", "title": "शाकम्भरी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6be8ccd0.json"}}
{"text": "द्योकली, डीडीहाट तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के पिथोरागढ जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80a7ac8b", "title": "द्योकली, डीडीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80a7ac8b.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80a7ac8b", "title": "द्योकली, डीडीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80a7ac8b.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80a7ac8b", "title": "द्योकली, डीडीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80a7ac8b.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_80a7ac8b", "title": "द्योकली, डीडीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_80a7ac8b.json"}}
{"text": "फिज़ा 2000 में बनी हिन्दी भाषा की फिल्म है जिसे खालिद मोहम्मद द्वारा लिखित और निर्देशित की गई है। फिल्म में करिश्मा कपूर, ऋतिक रोशन और जया बच्चन हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a48b4493", "title": "फिज़ा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a48b4493.json"}}
{"text": "यह फिल्म फिज़ा (करिश्मा कपूर) नाम की लड़की की है, जिसका भाई अमान (ऋतिक रोशन) 1993 के बंबई के दंगे के दौरान गायब हो गया। फिज़ा और उसकी मां निषात्बी (जया बच्चन) उम्मीद करते हैं कि एक दिन वह वापस आएगा। हालांकि गायब होने के छह साल बाद फिज़ा अनिश्चितता की जिंदगी से तंग आ गई है। वह अपने भाई की तलाश में जाने का संकल्प करती है। अपनी मां निशात्बी की उत्साही आशा और अपने दृढ़ संकल्प से प्रेरित, फिज़ा अपने भाई को खोजने के लिए जो कुछ भी कर सकती है करती है। वह कानून, मीडिया, यहां तक ​​कि राजनेताओं का भी उपयोग करने का फैसला करती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a48b4493", "title": "फिज़ा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a48b4493.json"}}
{"text": "जब वह उसे मिलता है, तो वह दहशत में आकर देखती है कि वह एक आतंकवादी समूह में शामिल हो गया है। वह उसे घर ल्लने के लिए मजबूर करती है, और अंततः वह अपनी मां के साथ एकजुट हो जाता है। हालांकि उसकी निष्ठा और विचार उसे मुराद खान (मनोज वाजपेयी) के नेतृत्व में आतंकवादी नेटवर्क पर लौटना चाहते हैं। फिज़ा को छेड़ रहे दो पुरुषों के साथ एक टकराव में अमान अपनी बहन, मां और पुलिस के सामने आतंकवादी नेटवर्क के साथ अपनी भागीदारी का खुलासा करता है। उसकी मां दुख और निराशा से अंततः आत्महत्या कर लेती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a48b4493", "title": "फिज़ा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a48b4493.json"}}
{"text": "अनिरुद्ध (बिक्रम सालुजा) की मदद से फिज़ा अपने भाई को खोजने की एक बार और कोशिश करती है। अमान को दो शक्तिशाली राजनेताओं को मारने के मिशन पर भेजा गया है। जब वह उन्हें मारने में सफल होता है, तो उसका खुद का आतंकवादी समूह उसे मारने की कोशिश करता है। वह भाग जाता है और फिज़ा उसका पीछा करती है। वे एक दूसरे से सामना करते हैं और पुलिस के नजदीक आते हुए देखने पर वह उसे अपने को मारने के लिए कहता है। उसे एक सम्मानजनक अंत देने के आखिरी उपाय के रूप में, फिज़ा अपने भाई को मार देती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a48b4493", "title": "फिज़ा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a48b4493.json"}}
{"text": "ऋतिक रोशन - अमन इकरामुल्लाह", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a48b4493", "title": "फिज़ा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a48b4493.json"}}
{"text": "करिश्मा कपूर - फिज़ा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a48b4493", "title": "फिज़ा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a48b4493.json"}}
{"text": "जया बच्चन - निशात बी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a48b4493", "title": "फिज़ा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a48b4493.json"}}
{"text": "ईशा कोपिकर - गीतांजली", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a48b4493", "title": "फिज़ा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a48b4493.json"}}
{"text": "मनोज बाजपेयी - मुराद खान", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a48b4493", "title": "फिज़ा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a48b4493.json"}}
{"text": "सुष्मिता सेन - \"महबूब मेरे\" गीत में", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a48b4493", "title": "फिज़ा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a48b4493.json"}}
{"text": "फ़िल्म में आठ गाने हैं जिसमें 6 को अनु मलिक ने संगीत प्रदान किया है। 1 को ए आर रहमान द्वारा संगीत दिया गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a48b4493", "title": "फिज़ा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a48b4493.json"}}
{"text": "फ़िज़ा  इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a48b4493", "title": "फिज़ा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a48b4493.json"}}
{"text": "सुराडी-पैडु०४, पौडी तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के पौड़ी जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_427f6886", "title": "सुराडी-पैडु०४, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AA,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_427f6886.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_427f6886", "title": "सुराडी-पैडु०४, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AA,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_427f6886.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_427f6886", "title": "सुराडी-पैडु०४, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AA,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_427f6886.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_427f6886", "title": "सुराडी-पैडु०४, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AA,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_427f6886.json"}}
{"text": "शिव पुराण सभी पुराणों में सर्वाधिक महत्त्वपूर्ण व सबसे ज्यादा पढ़ी जाने वाली पुराणों में से एक है। भगवान शिव के विविध रूपों, अवतारों, ज्योतिर्लिंगों, भक्तों और भक्ति का विशद् वर्णन किया गया है। इसमें शिव के कल्याणकारी स्वरूप का तात्त्विक विवेचन, रहस्य, महिमा और उपासना का विस्तृत वर्णन है। । शिव पुराण में शिव को पंचदेवों में प्रधान अनादि सिद्ध परमेश्वर के रूप में स्वीकार किया गया है। शिव-महिमा, लीला-कथाओं के अतिरिक्त इसमें पूजा-पद्धति, अनेक ज्ञानप्रद आख्यान और शिक्षाप्रद कथाओं का सुन्दर संयोजन है। इसमें भगवान शिव के भव्यतम व्यक्तित्व का गुणगान किया गया है। शिव- जो स्वयंभू हैं, शाश्वत हैं, सर्वोच्च सत्ता है, विश्व चेतना हैं और ब्रह्माण्डीय अस्तित्व के आधार हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_689c6cfe", "title": "शिव पुराण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_689c6cfe.json"}}
{"text": "'शिव पुराण' का सम्बन्ध शैव मत से है। इस पुराण में प्रमुख रूप से शिव-भक्ति और शिव-महिमा का प्रचार-प्रसार किया गया है। प्रायः सभी पुराणों में शिव को त्याग, तपस्या, वात्सल्य तथा करुणा की मूर्ति बताया गया है। कहा गया है कि शिव सहज ही प्रसन्न हो जाने वाले एवं मनोवांछित फल देने वाले हैं। किन्तु 'शिव पुराण' में शिव के जीवन चरित्र पर प्रकाश डालते हुए उनके रहन-सहन, विवाह और उनके पुत्रों की उत्पत्ति के विषय में विशेष रूप से बताया गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_689c6cfe", "title": "शिव पुराण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_689c6cfe.json"}}
{"text": "इस पुराण में २४,००० श्लोक है तथा इसके क्रमश: ६ खण्ड है-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_689c6cfe", "title": "शिव पुराण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_689c6cfe.json"}}
{"text": "‘शिवपुराण’ एक प्रमुख तथा सुप्रसिद्ध पुराण है, जिसमें परात्मपर परब्रह्म परमेश्वर के ‘शिव’ (कल्याणकारी) स्वरूप का तात्त्विक विवेचन, रहस्य, महिमा एवं उपासना का सुविस्तृत वर्णन है। भगवान शिवमात्र पौराणिक देवता ही नहीं, अपितु वे पंचदेवों में प्रधान, अनादि सिद्ध परमेश्वर हैं एवं निगमागम आदि सभी शास्त्रों में महिमामण्डित महादेव हैं। वेदों ने इस परमतत्त्व को अव्यक्त, अजन्मा, सबका कारण, विश्वपंच का स्रष्टा, पालक एवं संहारक कहकर उनका गुणगान किया है। श्रुतियों ने सदा शिव को स्वयम्भू, शान्त, प्रपंचातीत, परात्पर, परमतत्त्व, ईश्वरों के भी परम महेश्वर कहकर स्तुति की है। ‘शिव’ का अर्थ ही है- ‘कल्याणस्वरूप’ और ‘कल्याणप्रदाता’। परमब्रह्म के इस कल्याण रूप की उपासना उटच्च कोटि के सिद्धों, आत्मकल्याणकामी साधकों एवं सर्वसाधारण आस्तिक जनों-सभी के लिये परम मंगलमय, परम कल्याणकारी, सर्वसिद्धिदायक और सर्वश्रेयस्कर है। शास्त्रों में उल्लेख मिलता है कि देव, दनुज, ऋषि, महर्षि, योगीन्द्र, मुनीन्द्र, सिद्ध, गन्धर्व ही नहीं, अपितु ब्रह्मा-विष्णु तक इन महादेव की उपासना करते हैं। इस पुराण के अनुसार यह पुराण परम उत्तम शास्त्र है। इसे इस भूतल पर भगवान शिव का वाङ्मय स्वरूप समझना चाहिये और सब प्रकार से इसका सेवन करना चाहिये। इसका पठन और श्रवण सर्वसाधनरूप है। इससे शिव भक्ति पाकर श्रेष्ठतम स्थिति में पहुँचा हुआ मनुष्य शीघ्र ही शिवपद को प्राप्त कर लेता है। इसलिये सम्पूर्ण यत्न करके मनुष्यों ने इस पुराण को पढ़ने की इच्छा की है- अथवा इसके अध्ययन को अभीष्ट साधन माना है। इसी तरह इसका प्रेमपूर्वक श्रवण भी सम्पूर्ण मनोवंछित फलों के देनेवाला है। भगवान शिव के इस पुराण को सुनने से मनुष्य सब पापों से मुक्त हो जाता है तथा इस जीवन में बड़े-बड़े उत्कृष्ट भोगों का उपभोग करके अन्त में शिवलोक को प्राप्त कर लेता है। यह शिवपुराण नामक ग्रन्थ चौबीस हजार श्लोकों से युक्त है। सात संहिताओं से युक्त यह दिव्य शिवपुराण परब्रह्म परमात्मा के समान विराजमान है और सबसे उत्कृष्ट गति प्रदान करने वाला है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_689c6cfe", "title": "शिव पुराण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_689c6cfe.json"}}
{"text": "वेद-पुराण - यहाँ चारों वेद एवं दस से अधिक पुराण हिन्दी अर्थ सहित उपलब्ध हैं। पुराणों को यहाँ सुना भी जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_689c6cfe", "title": "शिव पुराण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_689c6cfe.json"}}
{"text": "महर्षि प्रबंधन विश्वविद्यालय Archived 2008-04-08 at the वेबैक मशीन-यहाँ सम्पूर्ण वैदिक साहित्य संस्कृत में उपलब्ध है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_689c6cfe", "title": "शिव पुराण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_689c6cfe.json"}}
{"text": "ज्ञानामृतम् Archived 2010-09-28 at the वेबैक मशीन - वेद, अरण्यक, उपनिषद् आदि पर सम्यक जानकारी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_689c6cfe", "title": "शिव पुराण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_689c6cfe.json"}}
{"text": "वेद एवं वेदांग - आर्य समाज, जामनगर के जालघर पर सभी वेद एवं उनके भाष्य दिये हुए हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_689c6cfe", "title": "शिव पुराण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_689c6cfe.json"}}
{"text": "शिव पुराण कथा Archived 2023-06-06 at the वेबैक मशीन - भारत के 18 पुराणों में से एक है शिव पुराण। जिसमे शिव के जीवन चरित्र पर प्रकाश डालते हुए शिव महिमा के बारे में बताया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_689c6cfe", "title": "शिव पुराण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_689c6cfe.json"}}
{"text": "कैथी बनकट में भारत के बिहार राज्य के अन्तर्गत मगध मण्डल के औरंगाबाद जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e1b572bb", "title": "कैथी बनकट", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e1b572bb.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e1b572bb", "title": "कैथी बनकट", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e1b572bb.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e1b572bb", "title": "कैथी बनकट", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e1b572bb.json"}}
{"text": "साम्यवाद, कार्ल मार्क्स और फ्रेडरिक एंगेल्स द्वारा प्रतिपादित तथा साम्यवादी घोषणापत्र में वर्णित समाजवाद की चरम परिणति है। साम्यवाद, सामाजिक-राजनीतिक दर्शन के अंतर्गत एक ऐसी विचारधारा के रूप में वर्णित है, जिसमें संरचनात्मक स्तर पर एक समतामूलक वर्गविहीन समाज की स्थापना की जाएगी। ऐतिहासिक और आर्थिक वर्चस्व के निजी प्रतिमान ध्वस्त कर उत्पादन के साधनों पर समूचे समाज का स्वामित्व होगा। अधिकार  में आत्मार्पित सामुदायिक सामंजस्य स्थापित होगा। स्वतंत्रता और समानता के सामाजिक राजनीतिक आदर्श एक दूसरे के पूरक सिद्ध होंगे। न्याय से कोई वंचित नहीं होगा और मानवता एक मात्र जाति होगी। श्रम की संस्कृति सर्वश्रेष्ठ और तकनीक का स्तर सर्वोच्च होगा। साम्यवाद सिद्धांततः अराजकता का पोषक हैं जहाँ राज्य की आवश्यकता समाप्त हो जाती है। मूलतः यह विचार समाजवाद की उन्नत अवस्था को अभिव्यक्त करता है। जहाँ समाजवाद में कर्तव्य और अधिकार के वितरण को 'हरेक से अपनी क्षमतानुसार, हरेक को कार्यानुसार' के सूत्र से नियमित किया जाता है, वहीं साम्यवाद में 'हरेक से क्षमतानुसार, हरेक को आवश्यकतानुसार' सिद्धांत का लागू किया जाता है। साम्यवाद निजी संपत्ति का पूर्ण प्रतिषेध करता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93ac1912", "title": "साम्यवाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93ac1912.json"}}
{"text": "प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध, समाजवादी आंदोलन के लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण घटना थी। जहाँ एक ओर तो इसके आरंभ होते ही समाजवादी आंदोलन और उनका अंतरराष्ट्रीय संगठन प्राय: छिन्न-भिन्न हो गया वहीं दूसरी ओर इसके बीच रूस में बोल्शेविक क्रांति (अक्टूबर-नंवबर 1917) हुई और संसार में प्रथम सफल समाजवादी राज्य की नींव पड़ी जिसका संसार के समाजवादी आंदोलनों पर गहरा असर पड़ा। प्रथम महायुद्ध के पूर्व समाजवादी दलों का मत था कि पूंजीवादी व्यवस्था ही युद्धों के लिए उत्तरदायी है और यदि विश्वयुद्ध आरंभ हुआ तो प्रत्येक समाजवादी दल का कर्तव्य होना चाहिए कि वह अपनी पूँजीवादी सरकार की युद्धनीति का विरोध करे और गृहयुद्ध द्वारा समाजवाद की स्थापना के लिए प्रयत्नशील हो। परंतु ज्यों ही युद्ध आरंभ हुआ, रूस और इटली के समाजवादी दलों को छोड़कर शेष सब दलों के बहुमत ने अपनी सरकारों की नीति का समर्थन किया। समाजवादियों के केवल एक नगण्य अल्पमत ने ही युद्ध का विरोध किया और आगे चलकर इनमें से कुछ व्लादिमीर लेनिन और उसके साम्यवादी अंतरराष्ट्रीय संगठन के समर्थक बने। परंतु विभिन्न देशों के समाजवादी आंदोलनों की परस्पर विरोधी युद्धनीति के कारण उनका ऐक्य खत्म हो गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93ac1912", "title": "साम्यवाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93ac1912.json"}}
{"text": "बोल्शेविक दल रूस के कई समाजवादी दलों में से एक था। 1917 की विशेष परिस्थितियों में इसको सफलता प्राप्त हुई। रूसी समाजवाद की पार्श्वभूमि अन्य यूरोपीय समाजवादों की स्थिति से भिन्न थी। रूसी साम्राज्य यूरोप के अग्रणी देशों से उद्योग धंधों में पिछड़ा हुआ था, अत: यहाँ मजदूर वर्ग बहुसंख्यक और अधिक प्रभावशाली न हो सका। यहाँ लोकतंत्रात्मक शासन और व्यक्तिगत स्वाधीनताओं का भी अभाव था। रूसी बुद्धिजीवी और मध्यमवर्ग इनके लिए इच्छुक था पर जारशाही दमननीति के कारण इनकी प्राप्ति का संवैधानिक मार्ग अवरुद्धप्राय था। इन परिस्थितियों से प्रभावित वहाँ के प्रथम समाजवादी रूस के ग्रामीण कम्यून (समुदाय) को अपने विचारों का आधार मानते थे तथा क्रांतिकारी मार्ग द्वारा जारशाही का नाश लोकतंत्रवाद की सफलता के लिए प्रथम सोपान समझते थे। उन विचारकों में हर्जेन (Herzen), लावरोव (Lavrov), चर्नीशेव्सकी (Chernishevrzky) और बाकुनिन (Bakunin) मुख्य हैं। इनसे प्रभावित होकर अनेक बुद्धिजीवी क्रांति की ओर अग्रसर हुए। इस प्रकार नरोदनिक (Narodnik) जन आंदोलन की नींव पड़ी तथा नारोदन्या वोल्या (Narodnya Volya, जनेच्छा) संगठन बना। सन् 1901 में इसका नाम सामाजिक क्रांतिकारी पार्टी (Social Revolutionary Party) रखा गया। सन् 1917 की बोल्शेविक क्रांति के समय तक यह रूस का सबसे बड़ा समाजवादी दल था, परंतु इसका प्रभावक्षेत्र अधिकांशत: ग्रामीण जनता थी। इसके वाम पक्ष ने बोल्शेविक क्रांति का समर्थन किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93ac1912", "title": "साम्यवाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93ac1912.json"}}
{"text": "दूसरी समाजवादी विचारधारा, जिसमें बोल्शेविक दल भी सम्मिलित था, रूसी सामाजिक जनवादी मजदूर पार्टी (Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, R. S. D. L. P.) के नाम से प्रसिद्ध है। इसका प्रभाव मुख्यत: नागरिक मजदूर वर्ग में था। रूस में उद्योग कम थे, परंतु बड़े पैमाने के थे और अपेक्षया अधिक मजदूरों को नौकर रखते थे। अत: इन मजदूरों में राजनीतिक चेतना और संगठन अधिक था। लोकतंत्र के अभाव में मजदूरों का संघर्ष करना कठिन था, इसलिए मजदूर वर्ग क्रांतिकारी प्रभाव में आ गया और जर्मनी जैसी परिस्थितियों के कारण यहाँ के अधिकांश मजदूर नेता भी मार्क्सवादी तथा जर्मनी के सामाजिक लोकतंत्रवादी दल से प्रभावित हुए। सन् 1890 के लगभग एक्सलरोड (Axelrod) और प्लेखानोव (Plekhanov) ने पीटर्सवर्ग (बाद में लेनिनग्राड) में प्रथम मजदूर समूह स्थापित किए जो आगे चलकर 1898 में रूसी सामाजिक लोकतंत्रवादी मजदूर पार्टी के आधार बने।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93ac1912", "title": "साम्यवाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93ac1912.json"}}
{"text": "रूसी सामाजिक लोकतंत्रवादी मजदूर पार्टी के नेता कट्टर मार्क्सवादी थे, अत: उन्होंने पुनरावृत्तिवाद को अस्वीकार किया और मार्क्सवाद को विकसित कर रूसी परिस्थितियों में लागू किया। मजदूरों की रहन सहन के स्तर में उन्नति हुई थी, इस सत्य को न मानना कठिन था, परंतु प्लेखानोव ने सिद्ध किया कि नई मशीनों के प्रयोग और मजदूरी में अपेक्षया वृद्धि न होने के कारण पूँजीवादी शोषण की दर बढ़ती जा रही है। बुखारिन (Bukharim) का तर्क था कि साम्राज्यवादी देश उपनिवेशों के शोषण द्वारा अपने श्रमजीवी वर्ग को संतुष्ट रख पाते हैं। ट्राटस्की आदि ने कहा कि पूँजीवादी का संकट सर्वव्यापी हो गया है और इस स्थिति में यह संभव है कि क्रांति पश्चिम यूरोप के अग्रणी देशों में न होकर अपेक्षाकृत पिछड़े देशों में, जहाँ सम्राज्यवादी कड़ी सबसे कमजोर है, वहाँ हो। कुछ विचारकों ने सर्वप्रथम समाजवादी क्रांति का स्थान रूस को बतलाया। ट्राटस्की और लेनिन का मत था कि समाजवादी क्रांति उसी समय सफल हो सकती है जब वह कई देशों में एक साथ फैले, स्थायी क्रांति के बिना केवल एक देश में समाजवाद की स्थापना कठिन है। बाद में लेनिन और स्टालिन ने इस सिद्धांत में संशोधन कर एकदेशीय समाजवाद के आधार पर सोवियत सत्ता का निर्माण किया। निकोलाई लेनिन ने उपर्युक्त विचारों का समन्वय करके बोल्शेविक दल का संगठन और अक्टूबर (नवंबर) क्रांति का नेतृत्व किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93ac1912", "title": "साम्यवाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93ac1912.json"}}
{"text": "सन् 1903 की लंदन कांफ्रेंस में रूसी सामाजिक लोकतंत्रवादी मजदूर दल ने अपने समाजवादी आदर्श को स्पष्ट किया, परंतु इसी वर्ग दल के अंदर दो विचारधाराएँ सामने आईं और कालांतर में उन्होंने दो दलों का रूप धारण किया। इस कांफ्रेंस में उत्पादन के साधनों के राष्ट्रीयकरण, जमींदारी उन्मूलन, उपनिवेशों का आत्मनिर्माण का अधिकार, ध्येय की प्राप्ति का क्रांतिकारी मार्ग और क्रांति के बाद सर्वहारा की तानाशाही-इस नीति को स्वीकार किया गया, परंतु दल के संगठन के संबंध में नेताओं में मतभेद हो गया। प्रश्न था कि दल की सदस्यता केवल कार्यकर्ताओं तक सीमित हो अथवा आदर्शों को स्वीकार करनेवाला प्रत्येक व्यक्ति उसका अधिकारी हो और क्या केंद्रीय समिति को दल की शाखाओं के भंग करने और उनके स्थान में नई शाखाओं की नियुक्ति करने का अधिकार हो? लेनिन एक फौजी अनुशासनवाले सुव्यवस्थित दल के पक्ष में था और कांफ्रेंस में उसका बहुमत था, अत: इस धारा का नाम बोल्शेविक (बहुमत) पड़ा और दूसरी धारा मेन्शेविक (अल्पमत) कहलाई। आगे चलकर इन दलों के बीच और भी मतभेद उपस्थित हुए। मेंशेविक दल पहले जारशाही का अंत का पूँजीवादी लोकतंत्रात्मक क्रांति करना चाहता था और इस क्रांति में वह पूँजीवादी दलों के वाम पक्ष से सहयोग करना चाहता था, परंतु 1905 की क्रांति के बाद लेनिन उसके साथी इस निष्कर्ष पर पहुंचे कि समाजवादी क्रांति के भय के कारण पूंजीवाद प्रतिक्रियावादी हो गया है, अत: वह पूँजीवादी लोकतंत्रात्मक क्रांति का नेतृत्व करने में भी असमर्थ है। इसलिए इस क्रांति का नेतृत्व भी केवल सर्वहारा वर्ग ही कर सकता है और इस क्रांति को सर्वहारा क्रांति के साथ मिलाकर जारशाही के बाद एकदम समाजवाद की स्थापना संभव है। क्रांति में किसानों का सहयोग प्राप्त करने के लिए लेनिन सामंतवादी जमीन को किसानों में बाँटने के पक्ष में था, मेंशेविक उसका तुरंत समाजीकरण करना चाहते थे। बोल्शेविक दल ने प्रथम महायुद्ध का विरोध किया और समाजवाद की स्थापना के लिए गृहयुद्ध का नारा दिया। युद्ध से त्रस्त जनता और विशेषकर रूसी सैनिकों ने इस नीति का स्वागत किया, परंतु मेंशेविकों ने युद्ध का विरोध नहीं किया और फरवरी मार्च (1917) की क्रांति के बाद उन्होंने सरकार में शामिल होकर युद्ध जारी रखा। सन् 1917 की अक्टूबर क्रांति में लेनिन के विचारों और बोलशेविक संगठन की विजय हुई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93ac1912", "title": "साम्यवाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93ac1912.json"}}
{"text": "सन् 1871 की पेरिस कम्यून के बाद सन् 1917 में प्रथम स्थायी समाजवादी राज्य-सोवियत समाजवादी गणराज्य संघ की स्थापना हुई। इस राज्य में उत्पादन के साधनों-उद्योग धंधे, व्यापार, विनिमय, भूमि आदि-का राष्ट्रीयकरण किया गया और शोषक वर्ग की आर्थिक तथा राजनीतिक शक्ति का अंत कर दिया गया। देश के अंदर, आरंभ में किसान, मजदूर और सैनिकों के प्रतिनिधियों की मिलीजुली सोवियतों के हाथ में शासन था, परंतु सन् 1936 के संविधान के अनुसार एक द्विसदनात्मक संसद् की स्थापना हुई। इसके ऊपरी सदन का चुनाव सोवियत देश के विभिन्न गणराज्यों द्वारा होता है तथा निम्न सदन के सदस्य क्षेत्रीय निर्वाचन क्षेत्रों द्वारा चुने जाते हैं। परंतु सोवियत देश एकदलीय राज्य हैं, वहाँ राजकीय शक्ति साम्यवादी दल के हाथ में है। किसी दूसरे दल को राजनीति में भाग लेने का अधिकार नहीं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93ac1912", "title": "साम्यवाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93ac1912.json"}}
{"text": "अक्टूबर क्रांति के बाद बोल्शेविक दल ने अपना नाम साम्यवादी दल रखा और सन् 1919 में उसने एक दूसरा साम्यवादी घोषणापत्र (प्रथम घोषणापत्र माक्र्स और एंगिल्स ने सन् 1847-48 में लिखा था) प्रकाशित किया जिसके आधार पर एक नए अंतरराष्ट्रीय आंदोलन-साम्यवादी अंतरराष्ट्रीय-की स्थापना हुई और उसकी सहायता से विभिन्न देशों में साम्यवाद का प्रचार आरंभ हुआ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93ac1912", "title": "साम्यवाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93ac1912.json"}}
{"text": "लेनिन के विचारों को साम्यवाद की संज्ञा दी जाती है, परंतु लेनिन के बाद जोसेफ स्टालिन (Joseph Stalin) माओत्सेतुंग (Mao Tse tung) निकीता ख्रिश्चोव (Nikita Khrushchov) तथा विभिन्न देशों के साम्यवादी नेताओं ने इन विचारों की व्याख्या और उनका विकास किया है। ये सभी विचार साम्यवाद की कोटि में आते हैं। स्टालिन के विचारों में उसका उपनिवेशों को आत्मनिर्णय का अधिकार, नियोजित अर्थव्यवस्था अर्थात् पंचवर्षीय आदि योजनाएँ तथा सामूहिक और राजकीय स्वामित्व में खेती मुख्य हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93ac1912", "title": "साम्यवाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93ac1912.json"}}
{"text": "समाजवाद (साम्यवाद) का प्रसार और कठिनाइयाँ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93ac1912", "title": "साम्यवाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93ac1912.json"}}
{"text": "द्वितीय महायुद्ध के बीच और उसके बाद सोवियत सेनाओं की सफलता तथा अन्य अंतरराष्ट्रीय परिस्थितियों के कारण संसार में समाजवाद (साम्यवाद सहित) का प्रभाव बढ़ा। युद्ध का अंत होने तक न केवल पूर्वी यूरोप सोवियत प्रभावक्षेत्र बन गया, वरन् सन् 1948 ई. तक इनमें से अधिकांश देशों में साम्यवादी राज्य स्थापित हो गए। एशिया में भी चीन जैसे विशाल देश में साम्यवाद सफल हुआ और सोवियत तथा जनवादी चीनी गणराज्य के प्रभाव में उत्तरी कोरिया और उत्तरी वियतनाम के शासन साम्यवादी प्रभाव में आ गए। साम्यवाद का असर सभी देशों में बढ़ा। फ्रांस, इटली और हिंदएशिया जैसे देशों में शक्तिशाली साम्यवादी दल हैं। परंतु साम्यवाद के प्रसार ने उस आंदोलन के सामने कई सैद्धांतिक और व्यावहारिक कठिनाइयाँ उपस्थित की हैं-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93ac1912", "title": "साम्यवाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93ac1912.json"}}
{"text": "(१) मार्क्सवाद लेनिनवाद की धारणा थी कि साम्यवादी स्थापना क्रांति द्वारा ही संभव है परंतु यूगोस्लाविया और अल्बानिया को छोड़ कर शेष पूर्वीय यूरोप में युद्धकाल में साम्यवादी दलों का अस्तित्व नहीं के बराबर था और बाद में भी चेकोस्लोवाकिया को छोड़ कदाचित् किसी भी देश में इनका बहुमत नहीं था। पूर्वी यूरोप और उत्तरी कोरिया में से अधिकांश देशों में साम्यवादी शासनों की स्थापना क्रांति द्वारा नहीं, सोवियत प्रभाव द्वारा हुई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93ac1912", "title": "साम्यवाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93ac1912.json"}}
{"text": "(२) दूसरी समस्या साम्यवादी आंदोलन के नेतृत्व और साम्यवादी देशों के पारस्परिक संबंधों की थी। साम्यवादी विचारकों का साम्यवाद की विश्वव्यापकता में विश्वास है। जब तक साम्यवाद केवल एक देश तक सीमित था, साम्यवादी आंदोलन साधारणत: सोवियत नेतृत्व को स्वीकार करता रहा। उस समय भी माओ जैसे विचारकों का स्टालिन से मतभेद था परंतु अधिकांशत: साम्यवादी दल और नेता साम्यवादी अंतरराष्ट्रीय के अनन्य भक्त थे। द्वितीय महायुद्ध के बाद यह एकता संभव न हो सकी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93ac1912", "title": "साम्यवाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93ac1912.json"}}
{"text": "साम्यवादी यूगोस्लाविया का शासक जोसिप ब्रोजोविट टीटो (Josip Brozovich Tito, 1892) और उसके अन्य साम्यवादी साथी सोवियत नेतृत्व को चुनौती देने में प्रथम थे। यूगोस्लाविया बहुत कुछ अपने प्रयत्नों से स्वतंत्र हुआ था अत: उसके अंदर स्वाभिमान की भावना थी। वह पूर्व यूरोप के अन्य साम्यवादी देशों की भाँति सोवियत प्रभाव से घिरा हुआ भी न था। यूगोस्लाव पक्ष का कहना था कि सोवियत सरकार उनकी औद्योगिक उन्नति में बाधक है तथा उनकी स्वतंत्रता को सीमित करती है। उनके ये लांछन बाद में सत्य सिद्ध हुए परंतु उस समय टीटोवाद को पुनरावृत्तिवाद, ट्राटस्कीवाद अथवा साम्राज्यवाद का पिट्ठू कहा गया। सिद्धांत के स्तर पर टीटोवाद ने राष्ट्रीय साम्यवाद्, शक्ति के विकेंद्रीकरण, किसानों द्वारा भूमि का निजी स्वामित्व, राज्य और नौकरशाही के स्थान में उद्योगों पर मजदूरों का नियंत्रण तथा साम्यवादी दल और देश के अंदर अपेक्षाकृत अधिक स्वाधीनता पर जोर दिया। टीटो के इन विचारों का प्रभाव पूर्वी यूरोप के अन्य साम्यवादी देशों पर भी पड़ा है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93ac1912", "title": "साम्यवाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93ac1912.json"}}
{"text": "साम्यवादी देशों के बीच समानता की माँग को स्वीकार करके ख्रुश्चोव ने टीटोवाद को अंशत: स्वीकार किया, परंतु साथ ही उसने लेनिन स्टालिनवाद में भी कई महत्वपूर्ण संशोधन किए हैं। लेनिन का विचार था कि जब तक साम्राज्यवाद का अंत नहीं होता संसार में युद्ध होते रहेंगे, परंतु ख्रुश्चोव के अनुसार इस समय प्रगति की शक्तियाँ इतनी मजबूत हैं कि विश्वयुद्ध को रोका जा सकता है और पूँजीवादी तथा समाजवादी व्यवस्थाओं के बीच शांतिमय सहअस्तित्व संभव है। वह यह भी कहता है कि इन परिस्थितियों में समाजवाद की स्थापना का केवल क्रांतिकारी मार्ग ही नहीं है, वरन् विभिन्न देशों में अलग अलग साम्यवादी दलों द्वारा विकासवादी और शांतिमय तरीकों से भी उसकी स्थापना संभव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93ac1912", "title": "साम्यवाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93ac1912.json"}}
{"text": "विश्व के अन्य देशों में साम्यवाद", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93ac1912", "title": "साम्यवाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93ac1912.json"}}
{"text": "विश्व के अन्य देशों में साम्यवादी विचारधारा पर उपर्युक्त विचार परिवर्तन का गहरा प्रभाव पड़ा है। टीटो के विद्रोह के बाद पूर्व यूरोप के अन्य साम्यवादी देशों ने भी सोवियत प्रभाव से स्वतंत्र होने का प्रयत्न किया है। रूसी साम्यवादी ख्रुश्चेव के संशोधनों को अस्वीकार करते हैं और सोवियत तथा चीन के बीच सैद्धांतिक ही नहीं सैन्य संघर्ष भी विकट रूप धारण करता जा रहा है। संसार के लगभग सभी साम्यवादी दल सोवियत और चीनी विचारधाराओं के आधार पर विभक्त होते जा रहे हैं कुछ विचारक राष्ट्रीय साम्यवादी दलों की सैद्धांतिक और संगठनात्मक स्वतंत्रता पर भी जोर देते हैं। इस प्रकार साम्यवादी विचारों और आंदोलन की एकता और अंतरराष्ट्रीयता का ह्रास हो रहा है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93ac1912", "title": "साम्यवाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93ac1912.json"}}
{"text": "प्रथम महायुद्ध के बाद साम्यवाद की ही नहीं लोकतंत्रात्मक समाजवाद की भी प्रगति हुई है। दो महायुद्धों के बीच ब्रिटेन में अल्पकाल के लिए दो बार मजदूर सरकारें बनीं। प्रथम महायुद्ध के बाद जर्मनी और आस्ट्रिया में समाजवादी शासन स्थापित हुए; फ्रांस और स्पेन आदि देशों में समाजवादी दलों की शक्ति बढ़ी। परंतु शीघ्र ही इनकी प्रतिक्रिया भी आरंभ हुई। सन् 1922 में बेनिटो मुसोलिनी ने इटली में फासिस्ट शासन स्थापित किया। फासिज्म मजदूर और समाजवादी आंदोलनों का शत्रु और युद्ध और साम्राज्यवाद का समर्थक है। वह पूँजीवादी व्यवस्था का अंत नहीं करता। नात्सीवाद के मूल सिद्धांत फासिज्म से मिलते जुलते हैं। इस विचारधारा का प्रचारक एडोल्फ हिटलर था। सन् 1929 के आर्थिक संकट के बाद सन् 1932 में जर्मनी में नात्सी शासन स्थापित हो गया और बाद में इस विचारधारा का प्रभाव स्पेन, आस्ट्रिया, चेकोस्लोवाकिया, पोलैंड और फ्रांस आदि देशों में फैल गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93ac1912", "title": "साम्यवाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93ac1912.json"}}
{"text": "द्वितीय महायुद्ध के बीच फासीवादी विचारों का ह्रास तथा समाजवादी विचारों और आंदोलनों की प्रगति हुई है। पूर्वी यूरोप के साम्यवादी शासनों के अतिरिक्त पश्चिमी यूरोप में कुछ काल के लिए कई देशों में समाजवादी और साम्यवादी दलों के सहयोग से सम्मिलित शासन बने। यूरोप के कुछ अन्य देशों जैसे (ब्रिटेन, स्वीडन, नार्वें, फिनलैंड) तथा आस्ट्रेलिया और न्यूजीलैंड आदि देशों में समय समय पर समाजवादी सरकारें बनती रही हैं। इस काल में एशिया, अफ्रीका और लातीनी अमरीका के देशों में भी समाजवादी शासन स्थापित हो चुके हैं। इनमें चीन, बर्मा, सिंगापुर, घाना और क्यूबा मुख्य हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93ac1912", "title": "साम्यवाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93ac1912.json"}}
{"text": "तथतभरणबणभतबचखदणबदम तझड", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93ac1912", "title": "साम्यवाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93ac1912.json"}}
{"text": "समाजवाद के आधुनिक रूप", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93ac1912", "title": "साम्यवाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93ac1912.json"}}
{"text": "\"ब्रुसेल्स में साम्यवाद और फ़ासीवाद की तुलना को रूस ने बेहयाई बताया\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93ac1912", "title": "साम्यवाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93ac1912.json"}}
{"text": "इशिता राज शर्मा (जन्म 8 फरवरी 1 99 0) एक भारतीय फिल्म अभिनेत्री और मॉडल हैं,  और प्यार का पंचनामा २ (२०१५ ) ,सोनू के टीटू की स्वीटी, प्यार का पंचनामा अपने काम के लिए जाने जाते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8cda3eed", "title": "इशिता राज शर्मा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8cda3eed.json"}}
{"text": "शर्मा ने प्यार का पंचनामा(2011) में अभिनय किया, जिसे वाइड फ्रेम पिक्चर्स द्वारा उत्पादित किया गया जिसमें उन्होंने चारू नाम की तीन लड़कियों में से एक खेला। फिल्म लीड में नवागंतुकों के साथ एक स्लीपर हिट बन गई। अब युवाओं के बीच एक पंथ की स्थिति हासिल हुई है। शर्मा ने 2015 में मेरथिया गैंगस्टर में भी काम किया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8cda3eed", "title": "इशिता राज शर्मा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8cda3eed.json"}}
{"text": "शर्मा लव रंजन के प्यार का पनचनामा 2 में थे, जिसमें उन्हें ओमकर कपूर के साथ जोड़ा गया था। 2018 में, उन्होंने सोनू के टीटू की स्वीटी में शामिल किया, जिसने भारत में 100 करोड़ से अधिक कमाए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8cda3eed", "title": "इशिता राज शर्मा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8cda3eed.json"}}
{"text": "इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर इशिता राज शर्मा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8cda3eed", "title": "इशिता राज शर्मा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8cda3eed.json"}}
{"text": "फ़ेसबुक पर इशिता राज शर्मा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8cda3eed", "title": "इशिता राज शर्मा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8cda3eed.json"}}
{"text": "ट्विटर पर इशिता राज शर्मा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8cda3eed", "title": "इशिता राज शर्मा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8cda3eed.json"}}
{"text": "Kaun Nachdi (Video) | Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety | Guru Randhawa | Neeti Mohan", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8cda3eed", "title": "इशिता राज शर्मा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8cda3eed.json"}}
{"text": "सरदार सुखदेव सिंह ढिंडसा भारत के वरिष्ठ सदन राज्यसभा के सदस्य हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bacbebc4", "title": "सरदार सुखदेव सिंह ढिंडसा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bacbebc4.json"}}
{"text": "2019 में इन्हें पद्म भूषण पुरस्कार मिला है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bacbebc4", "title": "सरदार सुखदेव सिंह ढिंडसा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bacbebc4.json"}}
{"text": "बिलपाहाड़ी (Bilpahari) भारत के पश्चिम बंगाल राज्य के पश्चिम बर्धमान ज़िले में स्थित एक शहर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ba2e8be4", "title": "बिलपाहाड़ी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ba2e8be4.json"}}
{"text": "पश्चिम बर्धमान ज़िला", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ba2e8be4", "title": "बिलपाहाड़ी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ba2e8be4.json"}}
{"text": "दरमोली भारतीय राज्य उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के अल्मोड़ा जिले की सल्ट तहसील का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_49485931", "title": "दरमोली, सल्ट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_49485931.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_49485931", "title": "दरमोली, सल्ट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_49485931.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_49485931", "title": "दरमोली, सल्ट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_49485931.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_49485931", "title": "दरमोली, सल्ट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_49485931.json"}}
{"text": "लीनी रात्री ओक्टीला (जन्म 6 मई 1991) एक इंडोनेशियाई पैरा बैडमिंटन खिलाड़ी हैं। उन्होंने खेल के तीनों रूपों (महिला एकल, महिला युगल और मिश्रित युगल) को विश्व स्तर पर सर्वोच्च स्तर पर खेला।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bb21b141", "title": "लीनी रात्री ओक्टीला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bb21b141.json"}}
{"text": "2021 में, उन्होंने खलीमतुस सादियाह के साथ 2020 ग्रीष्मकालीन पैरालिंपिक की महिला युगल SL3-SU5 स्पर्धा में इंडोनेशिया का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हुए पहला पैरा-बैडमिंटन स्वर्ण पदक जीता। ओक्टिला ने महिला एकल स्पर्धा में भी रजत पदक जीता।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bb21b141", "title": "लीनी रात्री ओक्टीला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bb21b141.json"}}
{"text": "शुरुआत में, ओकटिला ने 8 साल की उम्र से ही एक सामान्य एथलीट के रूप में बैडमिंटन खेला और 1999 से राष्ट्रीय प्रतियोगिताओं में भाग लिया। हालाँकि, 2011 में ओकटिला का मोटरबाइक एक्सीडेंट हो गया, जिससे उसका बायाँ पैर सिकुड़ गया, उसका बायाँ पैर उसके दाएँ पैर से 7 सेमी छोटा था। इसलिए, उसने विकलांगता वर्ग में जाने का फैसला किया। ओकटिला 2013 में इंडोनेशियाई राष्ट्रीय पैरालंपिक समिति (एनपीसी) में शामिल हुईं। पैरालंपिक राष्ट्रीय टीम के साथ मिलकर ओकटिला अपनी सीमाओं के बावजूद उत्कृष्टता हासिल करने के लिए प्रेरित हो रही हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bb21b141", "title": "लीनी रात्री ओक्टीला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bb21b141.json"}}
{"text": "लीनी रात्री ओक्टीला at the अन्तरराष्ट्रीय पैरालम्पिक समिति  (प्रोफ़ाइल और फ़ोटो)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bb21b141", "title": "लीनी रात्री ओक्टीला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bb21b141.json"}}
{"text": "लीनी रात्री ओक्टीला at the अन्तरराष्ट्रीय पैरालम्पिक समिति  (परिणाम)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bb21b141", "title": "लीनी रात्री ओक्टीला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bb21b141.json"}}
{"text": "पेरिस 2024 ग्रीष्मकालीन पैरालिंपिक में Leani Ratri Oktila (alternate link, alternate link 2)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bb21b141", "title": "लीनी रात्री ओक्टीला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bb21b141.json"}}
{"text": "इंस्टाग्राम पर लीनी रात्री ओक्टीला", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bb21b141", "title": "लीनी रात्री ओक्टीला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bb21b141.json"}}
{"text": "इत्तिवा भारत के केरल राज्य के कोल्लम में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6ea97ba3", "title": "इत्तिवा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6ea97ba3.json"}}
{"text": "2001 की भारत की जनगणना के अनुसार, इत्तिवा की जनसंख्या 16635 थी जिसमें 7832 पुरुष और 8803 महिलाएं थीं.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6ea97ba3", "title": "इत्तिवा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6ea97ba3.json"}}
{"text": "उबन्टू (Ubuntu) लिनक्स से निकला हुआ प्रचालन तंत्र है। यह सबसे पहले २००४ के अक्टूबर में आया था। यह डेबियन लिनक्स पर आधारित था और आज इसपर आधारित और भी लिनक्स प्रशाख (Distribution) हैं जैसे लिनक्स मिंट। यह हर वर्ष दो संस्करण निकालती है - अप्रैल (जैसे १४.०४, वर्ष २०१४ के ४थे महीने में) और अक्टूबर (*.१०)। इसके कामकाज का संचालन कैनोनिकल करती है जो इसी के तरह के और प्रचालन तंत्र बनाती है जैसे - कुबुंटू इत्यादि।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_46c2b1b5", "title": "उबण्टू", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%82", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_46c2b1b5.json"}}
{"text": "उबुन्टू की विकासयात्रा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_46c2b1b5", "title": "उबण्टू", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%82", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_46c2b1b5.json"}}
{"text": "कर्ज़ 2002 में बनी हिन्दी भाषा की नाट्य एक्शन फिल्म है। इसका निर्देशन हैरी बवेजा ने किया और मुख्य भूमिकाओं में सनी देओल, सुनील शेट्टी और शिल्पा शेट्टी हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_59e08566", "title": "कर्ज़ (2002 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_(2002_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_59e08566.json"}}
{"text": "सावित्री देवी (किरन खेर) अपने पति के साथ हंसी-खुशी जीवन बिताते रहती है। उसे ठाकुर (आशुतोष राना) के काले कारनामों का पता चलता है और वो उसके अपराधों को सभी के सामने लाने की कोशिश करते रहती है। ठाकुर को जब इस बारे में पता चलता है तो वो उसके साथ बलात्कार करता है, जिससे वो गर्भवती हो जाती है। वो गर्भपात करना चाहते रहती है, लेकिन उसमें अड़चन आ जाती है, जिससे उसे बच्चे को जन्म देना ही पड़ता है। वो उसे अपने पास तो रखती है, लेकिन उससे प्यार नहीं करती है। वो अपने छोटे बेटे, राजा को ही प्यार करती है। वो जल्द ही शहर छोड़ कर चले जाती है और उस बच्चे कोई कोई और गोद ले लेता है। पुलिस के रिकॉर्ड के अनुसार योगराज मर चुका है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_59e08566", "title": "कर्ज़ (2002 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_(2002_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_59e08566.json"}}
{"text": "वो बच्चा बड़ा हो कर पुलिस इंस्पेक्टर सूरज (सनी देओल) बन जाता है। उसकी मुलाक़ात उसके छोटे भाई, राजा (सुनील शेट्टी) से होती है। कई सारे गलतफहमियों के बाद वे दोनों दोस्त बन जाते हैं। राजा अपनी माँ, सावित्री को अपने नए दोस्त से मिलाता है और उसकी माँ उसका स्वागत करती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_59e08566", "title": "कर्ज़ (2002 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_(2002_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_59e08566.json"}}
{"text": "सूरज को सपना से प्यार होता है, पर उसे पता चलता है कि राजा को भी सपना से प्यार है। इस कारण वो अपने प्यार को भूल जाने का फैसला करता है। सावित्री एक दिन राजनेता, युवराज से मिलती है और उसे एक अपराधी, ठाकुर बोलने लगती है। युवराज अपने आप को ठाकुर या उससे जुड़ा होने से साफ साफ इंकार कर देता है। सूरज को ये देख कर हैरानी होती है कि सावित्री उस पर आरोप क्यों लगा रही है। वो इस बारे में आगे जाँच पड़ताल करता है, जिससे उसे उसकी जन्म देने वाली माँ, और पिता का पता चलता है। उसे ये भी पता चलता है कि उसकी माँ उसे क्यों ठुकरा दिया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_59e08566", "title": "कर्ज़ (2002 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_(2002_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_59e08566.json"}}
{"text": "सनी देओल — सूरज सिंह", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_59e08566", "title": "कर्ज़ (2002 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_(2002_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_59e08566.json"}}
{"text": "सुनील शेट्टी — राजा चौहान", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_59e08566", "title": "कर्ज़ (2002 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_(2002_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_59e08566.json"}}
{"text": "शिल्पा शेट्टी — सपना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_59e08566", "title": "कर्ज़ (2002 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_(2002_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_59e08566.json"}}
{"text": "आशुतोष राना — राजपाल ठाकुर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_59e08566", "title": "कर्ज़ (2002 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_(2002_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_59e08566.json"}}
{"text": "किरन खेर — सावित्री देवी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_59e08566", "title": "कर्ज़ (2002 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_(2002_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_59e08566.json"}}
{"text": "सयाजी शिंदे — हिम्मत भाई", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_59e08566", "title": "कर्ज़ (2002 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_(2002_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_59e08566.json"}}
{"text": "हिमानी शिवपुरी — जुगनू की पत्नी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_59e08566", "title": "कर्ज़ (2002 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_(2002_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_59e08566.json"}}
{"text": "शहबाज़ ख़ान — इंस्पेक्टर ख़ान", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_59e08566", "title": "कर्ज़ (2002 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_(2002_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_59e08566.json"}}
{"text": "विश्वजीत प्रधान — गोगी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_59e08566", "title": "कर्ज़ (2002 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_(2002_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_59e08566.json"}}
{"text": "दीपक शिर्के — माधव सिंह", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_59e08566", "title": "कर्ज़ (2002 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_(2002_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_59e08566.json"}}
{"text": "राजीव वर्मा — बलवंत सिंह", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_59e08566", "title": "कर्ज़ (2002 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_(2002_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_59e08566.json"}}
{"text": "शम्मी — बलवंत की माँ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_59e08566", "title": "कर्ज़ (2002 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_(2002_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_59e08566.json"}}
{"text": "सभी गीत समीर द्वारा लिखित; सारा संगीत संजीव-दर्शन द्वारा रचित।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_59e08566", "title": "कर्ज़ (2002 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_(2002_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_59e08566.json"}}
{"text": "कर्ज़  इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_59e08566", "title": "कर्ज़ (2002 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_(2002_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_59e08566.json"}}
{"text": "दनारा भारतीय राज्य बिहार के पटना जिले के बिक्रम प्रखण्ड का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ff97dbbf", "title": "दनारा गाँव, बिक्रम (पटना)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ff97dbbf.json"}}
{"text": "ज़कारिया औरंगाबाद में भारत के बिहार राज्य के अन्तर्गत मगध मण्डल के औरंगाबाद जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c2d646aa", "title": "ज़कारिया, औरंगाबाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c2d646aa.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c2d646aa", "title": "ज़कारिया, औरंगाबाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c2d646aa.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c2d646aa", "title": "ज़कारिया, औरंगाबाद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c2d646aa.json"}}
{"text": "रीसस बंदर (अंग्रेज़ी: rhesus monkey) जिसे रीसस मकाक भी कहा जाता है। यह पूर्वजगत बंदर की एक प्रजाति है। इसकी छह से नौ मान्यता प्राप्त उप-प्रजातियाँ हैं। यह दक्षिण, मध्य और दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया का मूल निवासी है और इसकी भौगोलिक सीमा सबसे व्यापक है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_668ccc48", "title": "रीसस बंदर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_668ccc48.json"}}
{"text": "यह प्रजाति दिनचर, वृक्षचर और स्थलचर है। यह मुख्य तौर पर शाकाहारी है और मुख्य रूप से फल, बीज, जड़ें, कलियाँ, छाल और अनाज खाते हैं। शहरों में रहने वाले रीसस मकाक मानव भोजन और कचरा भी खाते हैं। उन्हें कई जगह पीड़क जंतु घोषित किया गया है। यह झुंड में रहने वाला होता है, जिसके दल में 20 से 200 व्यक्ति होते हैं। सामाजिक समूह मातृवंशीय होते हैं जहाँ मादा का पद उसकी माँ के पद से तय होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_668ccc48", "title": "रीसस बंदर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_668ccc48.json"}}
{"text": "रीसस मकाक कई तरह के चेहरे के भाव, स्वर, शरीर की मुद्राएँ और हाव-भाव से संवाद करता है। चेहरे के भावों का उपयोग आक्रामकता को शांत करने, प्रभुत्व स्थापित करने और अन्य बंदरों को धमकाने के लिए किया जाता है। यह अपना अधिकांश दिन भोजन करने और आराम करने में बिताता है; बाकी समय यात्रा, सजने-संवरने और खेलने में व्यतीत होता है। इसके अपेक्षाकृत आसान रखरखाव, व्यापक उपलब्धता और शारीरिक रूप से मनुष्यों के करीब होने के कारण, इसका उपयोग मानव और पशु स्वास्थ्य से संबंधित विषयों पर चिकित्सा और जैविक अनुसंधान में बड़े पैमाने पर किया जाता है। इसने रेबीज़, चेचक और पोलियो के लिए टीके और एचआईवी/एड्स के इलाज के लिए एण्टीवायरल दवा सहित कई वैज्ञानिक सफलताओं को सुगम बनाया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_668ccc48", "title": "रीसस बंदर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_668ccc48.json"}}
{"text": "गढ़ी (Garhi) भारत के राजस्थान राज्य के बांसवाड़ा ज़िले में स्थित एक नगर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4b190173", "title": "गढ़ी, बांसवाड़ा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4b190173.json"}}
{"text": "सिमल्या लगा भण्डालू, पौडी तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के पौड़ी जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7218ee01", "title": "सिमल्या लगा भण्डालू, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7218ee01.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7218ee01", "title": "सिमल्या लगा भण्डालू, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7218ee01.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7218ee01", "title": "सिमल्या लगा भण्डालू, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7218ee01.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7218ee01", "title": "सिमल्या लगा भण्डालू, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7218ee01.json"}}
{"text": "कोलीढेक, लोहाघाट तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के चम्पावत जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_552089a9", "title": "कोलीढेक, लोहाघाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95,_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_552089a9.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_552089a9", "title": "कोलीढेक, लोहाघाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95,_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_552089a9.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_552089a9", "title": "कोलीढेक, लोहाघाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95,_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_552089a9.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_552089a9", "title": "कोलीढेक, लोहाघाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95,_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_552089a9.json"}}
{"text": "भारत में मतदान के लिए सन १९९८ के चुनावों से इलेक्ट्रानिक मतदान यन्त्रों (Electronic Voting Machines / EVM\") का उपयोग किया जा रहा है। EVM में अधिकतम ३८४० वोट डाले जा सकते हैं। एवं ६४ उम्मीदवारों कि सूची हो सकती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a870277a", "title": "भारत में इलेक्ट्रानिक मतदान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a870277a.json"}}
{"text": "मगर जाति नेपाल की एक भोट-बर्मेली जनजाति है।  ये लोग नेपाल की जनसंख्या का ७.१३% हैं ओर नेपालके सबसे बहुसंख्यक जनजाति हैं ।  ये मंगोलियाई भाषा-परिवार से हैं और गोरखा सैनिक के पक्षधर हैं।  धौलागिरी अञ्चल से राप्ती अञ्चल और काली गण्डकी तक इनका सबसे ज्यादा जनसंख्या है। ये नेपालभर फैले हुए हैं और सिक्किम, उत्तराखण्ड, अासाम, मिजाेरम, तेजपुर, मणिपुर, त्रिपुरा अाैर पश्चिम बंगालकी कालेपाेङ्ग, दार्जिलिङ, मिरिक भारतीय प्रान्तों में भी पाए जाते हैं ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0818c433", "title": "मगर जाति", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0818c433.json"}}
{"text": "चमडोली पूर्णिया भारतीय राज्य उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के अल्मोड़ा जिले की रानीखेत तहसील का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c9c08193", "title": "चमडोली पूर्णिया, रानीखेत तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c9c08193.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c9c08193", "title": "चमडोली पूर्णिया, रानीखेत तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c9c08193.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c9c08193", "title": "चमडोली पूर्णिया, रानीखेत तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c9c08193.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c9c08193", "title": "चमडोली पूर्णिया, रानीखेत तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c9c08193.json"}}
{"text": "2023 पुरुष क्रिकेट विश्व कप क्रिकेट विश्व कप का 13तम संस्करण था, जो पुरुषों की राष्ट्रीय टीमों द्वारा प्रतिस्पर्धित और अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय क्रिकेट परिषद् (आईसीसी) द्वारा आयोजित एक चतुर्वर्षीय एकदिवसीय अंतर्राष्ट्रीय (ओडीआई) क्रिकेट टूर्नमेंट था। टूर्नमेंट में दश राष्ट्रीय टीमों ने भाग लिया, जिसका आतिथेय भारत था। यह 5 अक्टूबर को शुरू हुआ और 19 नवम्बर 2023 को समाप्त हुआ, जिसमें ऑस्ट्रेलिया ने टूर्नमेंट जीता।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ec410482", "title": "२०२३ क्रिकेट विश्व कप", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ec410482.json"}}
{"text": "यह प्रथम पुरुष क्रिकेट विश्व कप था जिसकी आतिथ्य पूर्णतः भारत ने की थी। यह टूर्नमेंट देश भर केदश नगरों में, दश भिन्न स्टेडियमों में हुआ। प्रथम सेमीफ़ाइनल में भारत ने न्यूज़ीलैंड को हराया और द्वितीय सेमीफ़ाइनल में औस्ट्रेलिया ने दक्षिण अफ़्रीका को हराया। 19 नवम्बर को नरेन्द्र मोदी स्टेडियम में भारत और औस्ट्रेलिया के मध्य फाइनल हुआ और ऑस्ट्रेलिया ने छठा जीता", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ec410482", "title": "२०२३ क्रिकेट विश्व कप", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ec410482.json"}}
{"text": "टूर्नामेंट की अन्तिम अंक तालिका में शीर्ष आठ टीमों ने २०२५ आईसीसी चैंपियंस ट्रॉफी, अगले आईसीसी एकदिवसीय टूर्नमेंट हेतु योग्य हुआ। विराट कोहली टूर्नमेंट के श्रेष्ठ क्रीड़क रहे और सर्वाधिक रन भी बनाए; मोहम्मद शमी सर्वाधिक विकेट लेने वाले गेंदबाज रहे। मैचों में कुल 1,250,307 दर्शकों ने भाग लिया, जो अब तक किसी भी क्रिकेट विश्व कप में सर्वाधिक संख्या है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ec410482", "title": "२०२३ क्रिकेट विश्व कप", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ec410482.json"}}
{"text": "पिछले संस्करण की तरह, टूर्नामेंट में दस टीमें] होंगी।  योग्यता का मुख्य मार्ग २०२०-२२ आईसीसी क्रिकेट विश्व कप सुपर लीग टूर्नामेंट होगा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ec410482", "title": "२०२३ क्रिकेट विश्व कप", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ec410482.json"}}
{"text": "विश्व कप के लिए, सुपर लीग के तेरह प्रतियोगियों में से शीर्ष सात देश और मेजबान (भारत) अर्हता होंगे।  शेष पांच टीमें, पांच एसोसिएट देशों के साथ, 2022 क्रिकेट विश्व कप क्वालीफायर में खेलेंगी, जिसमें से दो टीमें फाइनल टूर्नामेंट के लिए अर्हता होंगी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ec410482", "title": "२०२३ क्रिकेट विश्व कप", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ec410482.json"}}
{"text": "अंतर्राष्ट्रीय क्रिकेट परिषद ने घोषणा की कि विजेता की ट्रॉफी आयोजन शुरू होने से 100 दिन पहले दुनिया का दौरा करेगी। प्रत्येक स्थान पर ट्रॉफी की तस्वीरें ली गईं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ec410482", "title": "२०२३ क्रिकेट विश्व कप", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ec410482.json"}}
{"text": "टूर्नामेंट से पहले, यह बताया गया कि एक उद्घाटन समारोह 4 अक्टूबर 2023 को अहमदाबाद के नरेंद्र मोदी स्टेडियम में होगा, जो उसी स्थान पर उद्घाटन मैच से एक दिन पहले होगा। आयोजकों ने उद्घाटन समारोह रद्द कर दिया, और इसकी जगह दस टीमों के कप्तानों की मौजूदगी वाली एक प्रेस कॉन्फ्रेंस आयोजित की।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ec410482", "title": "२०२३ क्रिकेट विश्व कप", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ec410482.json"}}
{"text": "ICC ने आधिकारिक तौर पर 19 अगस्त को विश्व कप के शुभंकर की घोषणा की; घोषणा के बाद, गुड़गांव में दो अंडर-19 विश्व कप विजेता कप्तानों, शैफाली वर्मा और यश ढुल के साथ एक कार्यक्रम आयोजित किया गया। शुभंकर \"क्रिक्टोवर्स\" नामक काल्पनिक क्रिकेट यूटोपिया से क्रमशः \"टोंक\" और \"ब्लेज़\" नामक नर और मादा जोड़ी हैं। वे लैंगिक समानता के सिद्धांत को मूर्त रूप देते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ec410482", "title": "२०२३ क्रिकेट विश्व कप", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ec410482.json"}}
{"text": "2023 क्रिकेट विश्व कप का आधिकारिक थीम गीत \"दिल जश्न बोले\" (अनुवाद: दिल कहता है जश्न मनाएं) 20 सितंबर को जारी किया गया था। गाने की रचना प्रीतम ने की थी जबकि गीत श्लोक लाल और सावेरी वर्मा ने लिखे थे। इस गाने को प्रीतम, नकाश अजीज, श्रीराम चंद्रा, अमित मिश्रा, जोनिता गांधी, अकासा सिंह और एस. पी. चरण ने गाया था। साथ में संगीत वीडियो में अभिनेता रणवीर सिंह, कई भारतीय इंस्टाग्राम रील निर्माता और यूट्यूबर्स शामिल थे। हालाँकि, इस गाने को आलोचना और बुरी समीक्षाओं का सामना करना पड़ा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ec410482", "title": "२०२३ क्रिकेट विश्व कप", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ec410482.json"}}
{"text": "यह टूर्नामेंट भारत भर के दस अलग-अलग शहरों में स्थित दस अलग-अलग स्टेडियमों में हो रहा है। पहला और दूसरा सेमीफाइनल क्रमशः मुंबई के वानखेड़े स्टेडियम और कोलकाता के ईडन गार्डन्स में होगा, जबकि फाइनल अहमदाबाद के नरेंद्र मोदी स्टेडियम में होगा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ec410482", "title": "२०२३ क्रिकेट विश्व कप", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ec410482.json"}}
{"text": "बीसीसीआई ने स्टेडियमों के नवीनीकरण और नवीकरण के लिए धन मुहैया कराया है। हिमाचल प्रदेश क्रिकेट एसोसिएशन स्टेडियम को एक नई घास की सतह, जल निकासी प्रणाली, बैठने की जगह और आतिथ्य बक्से प्राप्त हुए। वानखेड़े स्टेडियम में आउटफील्ड, फ्लडलाइट, कॉर्पोरेट बॉक्स और शौचालयों का उन्नयन किया गया था। एम. ए. चिदम्बरम स्टेडियम में नई फ्लड लाइटें लगाई गईं और दो विकेट फिर से गिराए गए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ec410482", "title": "२०२३ क्रिकेट विश्व कप", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ec410482.json"}}
{"text": "इस विश्व कप के शरद ऋतु कार्यक्रम के साथ, ICC ने पिच की स्थिति पर ओस और बारिश सहित नमी के प्रभाव को कम करने के लिए प्रोटोकॉल स्थापित किए, ताकि वे दूसरे स्थान पर बल्लेबाजी करने वाली टीम को लाभ न दें (जैसा कि 2021 पुरुषों में अक्सर हुआ था) टी20 वर्ल्ड कप). इनमें एक विशिष्ट गीला करने वाले एजेंट का उपयोग करना और स्पिन गेंदबाजी की तुलना में सीम गेंदबाजी को प्रोत्साहित करने के लिए पिच पर अधिक घास के साथ न्यूनतम 70 मीटर (77 गज) की सीमा निर्धारित करना शामिल है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ec410482", "title": "२०२३ क्रिकेट विश्व कप", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ec410482.json"}}
{"text": "सभी टीमों को 28 सितंबर से पहले अपने 15 खिलाड़ियों की टीम को अंतिम रूप देने के लिए कहा गया था, इस तिथि के बाद किसी भी प्रतिस्थापन के लिए आईसीसी से अनुमोदन की आवश्यकता होगी। 26 सितंबर 2023 तक सभी टीमों की घोषणा कर दी गई। टूर्नामेंट के सबसे उम्रदराज़ खिलाड़ी डच खिलाड़ी वेस्ले बर्रेसी थे, जो 39 वर्ष के थे, जबकि सबसे कम उम्र के अफ़ग़ान स्पिनर नूर अहमद थे, जो 18 वर्ष के थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ec410482", "title": "२०२३ क्रिकेट विश्व कप", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ec410482.json"}}
{"text": "2023 क्रिकेट विश्व कप के लिए मैच अधिकारियों का चयन आईसीसी के अंपायर चयन पैनल द्वारा किया गया था, जिसकी अध्यक्षता अंपायर और रेफरी के लिए आईसीसी के वरिष्ठ प्रबंधक सीन इज़ी ने की थी। पैनल ने टूर्नामेंट में अंपायरिंग के लिए 12 अंपायरों का चयन किया: ऑस्ट्रेलिया से तीन, इंग्लैंड से चार, एशिया से चार (बांग्लादेश, भारत, पाकिस्तान और श्रीलंका से एक-एक), न्यूजीलैंड और दक्षिण अफ्रीका से दो-दो और वेस्ट इंडीज से एक . इसने आयोजन के लिए चार मैच रेफरी का भी चयन किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ec410482", "title": "२०२३ क्रिकेट विश्व कप", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ec410482.json"}}
{"text": "ICC ने 27 जून 2023 को फिक्सचर विवरण जारी किया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ec410482", "title": "२०२३ क्रिकेट विश्व कप", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ec410482.json"}}
{"text": "आईसीसी ने कहा है कि यदि पाकिस्तान सेमीफाइनल के लिए अर्हता प्राप्त करता है, तो वे कोलकाता के ईडन गार्डन में खेलेंगे, और यदि भारत सेमीफाइनल के लिए अर्हता प्राप्त करता है, तो वे मुंबई के वानखेड़े स्टेडियम में खेलेंगे, जब तक कि भारत का प्रतिद्वंद्वी पाकिस्तान न हो, इस मामले में मैच कोलकाता के ईडन गार्डन में आयोजित किया जाएगा। सभी नॉकआउट खेलों में एक आरक्षित दिन होगा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ec410482", "title": "२०२३ क्रिकेट विश्व कप", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ec410482.json"}}
{"text": "स्टार स्पोर्ट्स, 2023 क्रिकेट विश्व कप का आधिकारिक प्रसारणकर्ता है। वे पूरे कार्यक्रम को भारत में प्रसारित करने वाले हैं। टेरेस्ट्रियल नेटवर्क पर, डीडी स्पोर्ट्स केवल भारत से जुड़े खेल, सेमीफ़ाइनल और फ़ाइनल प्रसारित करेगा। आईसीसी वनडे क्रिकेट वर्ल्ड कप को भारत में टीवी व ओटीटी प्लेटफार्म पर दिखाने के अधिकार स्टार स्पोर्ट्स नेटवर्क के पास हैं, जिसके हिसाब से वर्ल्ड कप के मैच टीवी पर स्टार स्पोर्ट्स के अलग अलग चैनल पर बहुत सी भाषाओं में दिखाए जायेंगे, वही इसके अलावा यदि आप अपने मोबाइल या फिर किसी अन्य डिवाइस के माध्यम से वेबसाइट पर देखना चाहते है तो आप ये सभी मैच डिस्नी हॉटस्टार की वेबसाइट पर व डिस्नी हॉटस्टार के ऐप को डाउनलोड करके भी देख सकते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ec410482", "title": "२०२३ क्रिकेट विश्व कप", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A9_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ec410482.json"}}
{"text": "दिगतोली, पिथौरागढ (सदर) तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के पिथोरागढ जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a29e5801", "title": "दिगतोली, पिथौरागढ (सदर) तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0)_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a29e5801.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a29e5801", "title": "दिगतोली, पिथौरागढ (सदर) तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0)_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a29e5801.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a29e5801", "title": "दिगतोली, पिथौरागढ (सदर) तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0)_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a29e5801.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a29e5801", "title": "दिगतोली, पिथौरागढ (सदर) तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0)_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a29e5801.json"}}
{"text": "मानेसर (Manesar) भारत के हरियाणा राज्य के गुरुग्राम ज़िले में स्थित एक नगर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "मानेसर एक तेजी से उभरता औद्योगिक शहर है, साथ ही यह दिल्ली के राष्ट्रीय राजधानी क्षेत्र एनसीआर (NCR) का एक हिस्सा भी है। यह एक सुशुप्त गाँव से भारत के एक सर्वाधिक तेजी से उभरते टाउनशिप में परिवर्तित हो चुका है। यह एनसीआर (NCR) से एक शीघ्र जुड़नेवाला क्षेत्र है। कुछ विकासकों ने मानेसर के साथ एक नया उपनाम जोड़कर इसे 'नया गुड़गांव' का नाम दिया है। राजनीतिक संवेदनशीलता के केन्द्र - दिल्ली से इसकी निकटता के कारण सरकार ने यहाँ राष्ट्रीय महत्त्व के कुछ संस्थानों जैसे राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा गार्ड (और इसका प्रशिक्षण केंद्र), राष्ट्रीय बम डेटा केंद्र और राष्ट्रीय मस्तिष्क अनुसंधान केंद्र के मुख्यालयों की स्थापना की स्थापना की है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "आसपास के स्थानों से 100,000 से अधिक लोग काम करने के लिए मानेसर जाते हैं। गुड़गांव-मानेसर मास्टर प्लान के अनुमान के अनुसार 2021 तक यहाँ की जनसंख्या 37,00,000 हो जाएगी. यहाँ कई कारखाने, कार्यालय, होटल और शैक्षणिक संस्थान मौजूद हैं। इस क्षेत्र के आस-पास कई दर्शनीय खेल परिसर स्थित हैं, जिनमें कई गुड़गांव से जुड़े हुए हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "मानेसर का नाम हिंदू पौराणिक कथाओं में उल्लेखित है। संस्कृत से अनुवाद किए जाने पर मानेसर का अर्थ \"मस्तिष्क के देवता की भूमि\" या भगवान शिव की भूमि होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "मूल मानेसर गाँव दिल्ली-जयपुर राजमार्ग (एनएच-48 (NH-48)) पर स्थित तकरीबन 1000 घरों वाला एक सुशुप्त गाँव था, लेकिन नब्बे के दशक के उत्तरार्द्ध से यह एक तेजी से उन्नति करने वाले शहर में बदल गया है जहाँ कई विश्वस्तरीय-ब्रांडों ने अपनी फैक्ट्रियाँ स्थापित की हैं। इसकी उन्नति में फैक्ट्रियों को दिल्ली से बाहर करने के सरकार के कदम के साथ-साथ गुड़गांव शहर (15 मिनट की दूरी पर स्थित) के तीव्र विकास और दिल्ली के इंदिरा गांधी अंतरराष्ट्रीय हवाई अड्डे से निकटता (तकरीबन 40 मिनट की दूरी) से काफी मदद मिली है। मूल मानेसर गाँव में विभिन्न समुदायों के लोग रहते हैं लेकिन यहाँ के 80% निवासी यादव हैं (जो अपने सर्वाधिक प्रसिद्ध पूर्वज भगवान कृष्ण के लिए कहीं अधिक लोकप्रिय हैं) और इनका मुख्य पेशा खेती है। हालांकि आज यह दुनिया भर से आए लोगों से भर गया है और आधुनिक भारत में जिस किसी भी पेशे के बारे में आप सोच सकते हैं, वह यहाँ मौजूद है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "मानेसर राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग 48 पर स्थित है और इस मार्ग पर स्थानीय बसों की सेवा उपलब्ध है। निकटतम रेलवे स्टेशन गुड़गांव स्टेशन है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "हरियाणा मेट्रो रेल निगम", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "हरियाणा अपनी मेट्रो रेल सेवा का विस्तार हरियाणा में पड़ने वाले राष्ट्रीय राजधानी क्षेत्र (एनसीआर) (NCR) के इलाकों में करने के लिए स्वयं का मेट्रो निगम स्थापित करने जा रही है, साथ ही यह मेट्रो रेल को मानेसर शहर तक बढ़ाने की योजना भी बना रही है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "मानेसर तक प्रस्तावित दिल्ली मेट्रो लिंक", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "आईटी (IT) और आईटीईएस (ITeS) क्षेत्र से निरंतर बढ़ती माँग ने गुड़गांव जिले में आईएमटी (IMT), मानेसर के सेक्टर 8 को एक उभरते हुए \"अगली पीढ़ी के आईटी-आईटीईएस (IT-ITeS) गंतव्य\" के रूप में तब्दील कर दिया है। बुनियादी ढाँचे में महत्वपूर्ण सुधार का कार्य मानेसर में प्रगति पर है। दिल्ली - जयपुर एक्सप्रेस मार्ग ने दिल्ली से मानेसर तक के सफ़र का समय 90 मिनट से घटाकर 30 मिनट कर दिया है। सार्वजनिक परिवहन में आगे सुधार के लिए, दिल्ली मेट्रो का विस्तार मानेसर तक करने की योजनाएं बनायी गयी हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "कुंडली-मानेसर-पलवल एक्सप्रेस मार्ग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "135.6 किलोमीटर लंबे दिल्ली पश्चिमी परिधीय एक्सप्रेस मार्ग, जिसे कुंडली-मानेसर-पलवल एक्सप्रेस मार्ग के रूप में भी जाना जाता है, के निर्माण का कार्य अत्यंत तीव्र गति से चल रहा है। कुंडली-मानेसर-पलवल (KMP) एक्सप्रेस मार्ग के जून 2009 तक चालू हो जाने की योजना बनाई गयी थी लेकिन यह 2010 से पहले तैयार नहीं हो सकता है। इसके कारण दिल्ली को रात के भारी ट्रैफिक की भीड़ से राहत मिल जाएगी. एक्सप्रेस मार्ग रात्रि वाहनों के लिए एक बाईपास के रूप में कार्य करेगा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "हरियाणा में 135-किमी लंबे कुंडली-मानेसर-पलवल (KMP) एक्सप्रेस मार्ग, जिसे पश्चिमी परिधीय एक्सप्रेस मार्ग के रूप में भी जाना जाता है, इसे प्रत्येक 45 किलोमीटर के तीन संकुलों में विभाजित किया गया है। कुंडली, मानेसर और पलवल में तीन प्रमुख कैम्प स्थापित किये गए हैं, जो जसौरी खेरी, बादली और ताओरू में मौजूद तीन सहायक कैम्पों द्वारा समर्थित हैं। चार फ्लाईओवर उन स्थानों पर प्रस्तावित किये गए हैं जहाँ एक्सप्रेस मार्ग, एनएच-1 (NH-1), एनएच-10 (NH-10), एनएच-48 (NH-48) और एनएच-57 (NH-57) नामक राष्ट्रीय राजमार्गों को पार करेंगे। राज्य के राजमार्गों की क्रॉसिंग और जिले के प्रमुख सड़कों पर सोलह ओवरपास (उपरिगामी मार्ग) और अंडरपास (भूमिगत मार्ग); गाँव की सडकों की क्रॉसिंग पर सात ओवरपास, नौ अंडरपास और 27 अंडरपास; और 33 कृषि वाहनों के अंडरपास, 31 पशुओं के क्रॉसिंग वाले मार्ग, 61 पैदल यात्री क्रॉसिंग मार्ग, चार रेलवे ओवरब्रिज, 18 बड़े और छोटे पुल, 292 स्थानों पर मल-जल निकासी मार्ग (क्रॉस ड्रेनेज वर्क्स) (कलवर्ट) और दो ट्रक पार्किंग एवं बसों के चार जमावडों का भी निर्माण किया जाएगा.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "रियल एस्टेट में हाल के निष्कर्षों के अनुसार, मानेसर भारत के सर्वोत्तम भविष्योन्मुखी निवेश स्थानों में शामिल है। हालांकि, मानेसर में आवासीय संपत्ति अभी तक निर्माणाधीन अवस्था में है, मानेसर की व्यावसायिक संपत्ति में अत्याधुनिक ऑफिस योग्य स्थान उपलब्ध हैं। आईएमटी (IMT) मानेसर में सेक्टर 1 को एचएसआईआईडीसी (HSIIDC) द्वारा आवासीय क्षेत्र के रूप में विकसित किया गया है जहाँ 550 से अधिक व्यक्तिगत आवासीय भूखंड और 50 सामूहिक आवासीय भूखंड उपलब्ध हैं, जिन्हें 2006 में आईएमटी (IMT) मानेसर के व्यावसायिक संस्थानों में कार्यरत कर्मचारियों के सामूहिक आवासीय समितियों के लिए आवंटित किया गया था। इसके अलावा कई सबसे अग्रणी विश्वस्तरीय ब्रांड जैसे टोयोटा, मित्सुबिशी, होंडा, सुजुकी और इसी तरह के अन्य ब्रांड पहले से ही यहाँ मौजूद हैं, जो मानेसर के रियल एस्टेट में भारी निवेश कर रहे हैं। साथ ही जयपुर तक के लिए एक एक्सप्रेस मार्ग का प्रस्ताव मानेसर रियल एस्टेट के महत्त्व को बढाने वाला एक अन्य आकर्षक पहलू है। भारत के अधिकाँश शीर्ष स्तरीय बिल्डरों जैसे रिलायंस, डीएलएफ, यूनिटेक, रहेजा, वाटिका आदि ने इस खंड पर अभूतपूर्व टाउनशिप विकसित करने के लिए पहले से ही अपना स्थान सुरक्षित कर लिया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "मानेसर ग्रामीण इलाके में स्थित एक साधारण से गाँव से पूरी तरह बदलकर एक भव्य औद्योगिक और वाणिज्यिक व्यापार केंद्र बन गया है। विशेषकर आईएमटी (IMT) मानेसर औद्योगिक क्षेत्र के विकास के बाद, मानेसर में हुए व्यावसायीकरण ने विकास का आदर्श उदाहरण प्रस्तुत किया है। मानेसर रियल एस्टेट की क्षमता को स्वीकार करते हुए कई बड़ी कंपनियाँ और उद्योग अपनी योजनाओं को अमल में लाने के लिए यहाँ अपना ध्यान केंद्रित कर रही हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "मानेसर अभी भी रूपांतरण की अवस्था में है और वह दिन दूर नहीं जब यह एक अच्छी तरह विकसित शहर में बदल जाएगा जहाँ सभी बुनियादी सुविधाओं के साथ-साथ कहीं अधिक जटिल और आधुनिकतम चीजें हाथ की दूरी में मौजूद होंगी. रियल एस्टेट में हाल के निष्कर्षों के अनुसार, मानेसर का नाम भारत के शीर्षस्थ संभावित निवेश स्थानों की सूची में अंकित है। मारुति सुजुकी मानेसर में लाखों डॉलर के निवेश से अपना एक प्रमुख आर एंड डी केंद्र स्थापित करने की योजना बना रही है, जो 2010 में पूरा हो जाने के लिए प्रस्तावित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "मानेसर की लोकप्रियता के कारणों को खोजना मुश्किल नहीं है। \"यह मुख्य जयपुर-दिल्ली राजमार्ग पर अहीरवाल पट्टी पर स्थित है और दिल्ली से बहुत अच्छी तरह जुड़ा हुआ है। अंतरराष्ट्रीय हवाई अड्डा यहाँ से सिर्फ 32 किलोमीटर दूर है, जबकि कनॉट प्लेस की दूरी 45 किमी है। यहाँ से कनॉट प्लेस तक पहुँचने में करीब डेढ़ घंटे का समय लगता है।\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "\"लोकेशन के अलावा, मानेसर की अन्य आकर्षक विशेषता यह है कि इसके पास सबसे अच्छा बुनियादी ढांचा मौजूद है और इस संदर्भ में यह अन्य औद्योगिक टाउनशिप से कहीं आगे हैं। कोइ भी निवेशक जो इस स्थान को देखने के लिए आता है, वह यहाँ मौजूद व्यवस्थाओं को देखकर अत्यंत प्रभावित हो जाता है। अन्य राज्य निगमों के विपरीत, जो बुनियादी ढांचे के विकास का कार्य अपने ही स्वयं के सरकारी निकायों को देती है, हमने यहाँ हर चीज के लिए विश्वस्तरीय निविदाएं जारी की हैं। उद्योग से जुड़े सर्वश्रेष्ठ नाम इनके लिए बोली लगाते हैं और इसके परिणाम स्वरुप आज हमारे पास विश्वस्तरीय बुनियादी ढांचा मौजूद है।\" सेक्टर-1 में तकरीबन 250 एकड़ (1.0 kमी2) की जमीन उपलब्ध है, जो राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग-8 के बांयी और स्थित है जबकि गुड़गांव से जयपुर की ओर जाते हुए क्षेत्र को औद्योगिक आवास के लिए चिह्नित किया गया है, जो प्रबंधकीय आवास और गैर-प्रबंधकीय आवास, दोनों प्रकार की आवश्यकताओं के लिए उपयुक्त है। गैर-प्रबंधकीय आवास को सामूहिक आवास के मानदंडों के अनुसार विकसित करने की योजना है। इस परिसर में आवासीय सुविधाओं के साथ सुविधाजनक शॉपिंग, विद्यालय और स्वास्थ्य सुविधाओं सहित अन्य आवश्यक सामाजिक बुनियादी सुविधाएं मौजूद हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "मानेसर वास्तव में एक शहर बनने की स्थिति में है। जब से एचएसआईडीसी (HSIDC) ने जून, 1997 में इस परियोजना को हाथ में लिया है, यह काम अत्यंत तीव्र रफ़्तार से आगे बढ़ रहा है। हर तरह का बुनियादी ढांचा यहाँ मौजूद और सक्रिय है साथ ही अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तर पर ख्याति प्राप्त कंपनियों जैसे होंडा स्कूटर्स एंड मोटरसाइकिल्स, ड़ेंसो, नॉरकूल, मित्सुबिशी इलेक्ट्रिकल्स, वीडियोकॉन, मोटोरोला, जॉनसन मैथे (इंडिया) प्राइवेट लिमिटेड, बक्स्टर इंडिया और भारत के प्रतिष्ठित ऑटोमोबाइल रिसर्च एसोसिएशन ने पहले से ही अपनी गतिविधियाँ यहाँ शुरू कर दी हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "अच्छी तरह से व्यवस्थित सड़कें (न्यूनतम चौड़ाई: 15 मीटर), सीवरेज उपचार और निपटान संयंत्र, अत्याधुनिक बिजली घर और जल आपूर्ति प्रणालियों के साथ-साथ प्रोडक्शन हाउस की सुन्दर इमारतें और प्राकृतिक दृश्यों से परिपूर्ण उद्यान न केवल आँखों को सुकून देते हैं बल्कि एक ऐसी सुनियोजित व्यवस्था का प्रतिबिम्ब हैं जो अरावली की लगभग बंजर पहाड़ियों वाली बस्ती के एक टाउनशिप में तब्दील होने की दास्तान सुनाते हैं। वास्तव में, पहली छोटी सी पहाड़ी जिसपर मैदानी क्षेत्र के विस्तार के अंत में ऊँचाई पर एक प्राचीन मंदिर स्थित है एक मनोरम दृश्य प्रस्तुत करता है। \"मानेसर को जितना हरा-भरा बनाया जा सकता है, हम उसके लिए एक व्यापक प्रयास कर रहे हैं। विभिन्न किस्मों के 40 से अधिक पौधों को यहाँ वृक्षारोपण के लिए चुन लिया गया है और वृक्षारोपण का अधिकाँश कार्य पूर्ण होने की स्थिति में हैं। यह वास्तव में एक हरा-भरा औद्योगिक क्षेत्र हो जाएगा,\" यह कहना है एचएसआईडीसी (HSIDC) के महाप्रबंधक का, \"इसके अलावा\", वे कहते हैं, \"हमने राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग के दोनों तरफ 50-मीटर-विस्तार वाली एक हरित पट्टी छोड़ी है और यह इस औद्योगिक शहर के फेफड़ों के रूप में कार्य करेगा। एचएसआईडीसी (HSIDC) ने मानेसर में औद्योगिक मॉडल टाउनशिप स्थापित करने के लिए 1,736 एकड़ (7.03 kमी2) जमीन का अधिग्रहण कर लिया है। इस जमीन पर कब्जा प्राप्त कर लेने के बाद, एचएसआईडीसी (HSIDC) ने सेक्टर-3 में एमयूएल (MUL), गुड़गांव एवं अन्य वेंडरों को 110 एकड़ (0.45 kमी2) जमीन आवंटित कर दी है। वेंडर अपनी औद्योगिक इकाइयों का निर्माण शुरू करने की प्रक्रिया में हैं। एचएसआईडीसी (HSIDC) ने इन आवंटित भूखंडों पर आवश्यक भौतिकीय बुनियादी ढांचे के विकास का काम एक सीमित पैमाने पर पहले से ही शुरू कर दिया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "लक्ष्य किए गए व्यापक स्तर के सेगमेंट की आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करने के लिए तककरीबन 1,750 एकड़ (7.1 kमी2) जमीन को पूरी तरह विकसित कर लिया गया है और स्थलों का आवंटन भी पूरा हो गया है। विभिन्न औद्योगिक क्षेत्रों जैसे कि उच्चस्तरीय तकनीकी इकाइयों, उच्चस्तरीय परिशुद्धता इकाइयों और गैर-प्रदूषणकारी इकाइयों पर विशेष रूप से ध्यान केंद्रित कर अलग-अलग जोन बनाए गए हैं। प्रत्येक जोन को विशिष्ट आश्रित किरायेदारों के आस-पास तैयार किया गया है- जिनमें से कुछ पहले से ही मानेसर के आसपास के क्षेत्र में मौजूद हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, उन इकाइयों को प्राथमिकता दी गयी है जो गुड़गांव की सबसे बड़ी फैक्ट्री, मारुति उद्योग के लिए सहायक आपूर्तिकर्ता हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "मिश्रित भूखंड में प्रत्येक जोन के अन्दर छोटे और बड़े आकार के भूखंड हैं और इन्हें इनकी मातृ इकाइयों, सहायक इकाइयों और उप-सहायक इकाइयों के लिए डिजाइन किया गया है। इसके लिए एक क्लस्टर-योजना निर्माण के दृष्टिकोण को अपनाया गया है। इसके अलावा, लघु-सूचीबद्ध उद्योग, जिनमें ऑटो और ऑटो कम्पोनेंट्स, उच्चस्तरीय परिशुद्धता उद्योग, वस्त्र, फार्मास्यूटिकल्स, सॉफ्टवेयर और सफेद वस्तु शामिल हैं, आईएमटी (IMT) के लिए महत्त्वपूर्ण सेगमेंट हैं और इनके लिए आधारभूत आंतरिक बुनियादी सुविधाएं अनुकूलित की गयी हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "एक औद्योगिक टाउनशिप के रूप में अपनी प्राथमिक कार्यप्रणाली के बावजूद, आईएमटी (IMT) शहर की समस्त सुविधाएं प्रदान करने की प्रक्रिया में है। एक नौ-कोर्स के एक गोल्फ कोर्स के साथ क्लब हाउस पूरा होने की स्थिति में है। कंपनी के शीर्ष प्रबंधकीय अधिकारियों को शीघ्र स्थानांतरण की सुविधा प्रदान करने के लिए इसके निकट एक हेलिपैड तैयार किया जाएगा. इसके अतिरिक्त कर्मचारियों के लिए अन्य मनोरंजक सुविधाएं पूरा होने की प्रक्रिया में हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "मानेसर का एक अन्य विशिष्ट पहलू है प्रबंधकीय और गैर-प्रबंधकीय कर्मचारियों के लिए आवासीय परिसरों का एक साथ विकास. एचएसआईडीसी (HSIDC) ने राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग के आस-पास 250 एकड़ (1.0 kमी2) अधिगृहित किया है और इसे यहाँ कर्मचारियों के क्वार्टर निर्माण के लिए विभिन्न इकाइयों को आवंटित किया है। राजमार्ग पर भीड़ को कम करने के लिए आवासीय परिसर को एक ओवरब्रिज के माध्यम से औद्योगिक क्षेत्र से जोड़ा जाएगा. आवासीय परिसर में एक छोटे शहर की सभी बुनियादी सुविधाएं मौजूद होंगी.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "कुंडली-मानेसर-पलवल या दिल्ली पश्चिमी परिधीय एक्सप्रेस मार्ग का निर्माण कार्य तीव्र गति से चल रहा है। इस एक्सप्रेस मार्ग की लंबाई 135.6 किलोमीटर है और आशा की जाती है कि यह जून 2009 तक चालू हो जाएगा. इस एक्सप्रेस मार्ग को प्रत्येक 45 किलोमीटर के तीन संकुलों में विभाजित किया गया है। यह आश्चर्य की बात नहीं है कि क्यों जापान, फ्रांस और ब्रिटेन के निवेशकों ने पहले से ही मानेसर में लगभग 450 औद्योगिक इकाइयाँ स्थापित कर ली हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "गुड़गांव-मानेसर योजना के अंतर्गत आवासीय क्षेत्रों में बोर्डिंग हाउस, सामाजिक, सामुदायिक, मनोरंजक और धार्मिक भवन, शैक्षणिक भवन, स्वास्थ्य संस्थान, सिनेमा, वाणिज्यिक और व्यावसायिक कार्यालय, खुदरा दुकानें और रेस्तराएं, स्थानीय सेवा उद्योग, पेट्रोल/सीएनजी स्टेशन, बस स्टॉप, टैक्सियां, स्कूटर और रिक्शा स्टैंड, नर्सरी और ग्रीन हाउस, होटल, साइबर और आईटी पार्क और \"आवासीय उपयोग में सहायक कोई भी अन्य आवश्यकता\" के विकास की संभावनाएं शामिल हैं। यह राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग आठ पर गुड़गांव (मिलेनियम सिटी) से लेकर जयपुर तक अहीर वाल पट्टी में स्थित है। तीव्र आर्थिक विकास के शुरू होने से पहले मानेसर भारतीय सेना को समर्पित अपने अनेकों सैनिकों के लिए प्रसिद्ध था। अब तक लगभग हर परिवार ने अपने एक बेटे को भारतीय सेना में भेजा है। मानेसर और इसके आस-पास रहने वाले लोग आमतौर पर लंबे और मजबूत डील-डौल के होते हैं जो इन्हें उत्कृष्ट सैनिक बनाते हैं। मानेसर के पास एक बड़ा सैनिक स्कूल भी है। मानेसर और इसके आसपास के ग्रामीणों को आज भी अपने विस्तृत खेतों में काम करते देखा जा सकता है। ये लोग बहुत ही दोस्ताना आचरण रखते हैं लेकिन केवल कुछ ही लोग अंग्रेजी बोलते हैं। हालांकि मानेसर में सार्वजनिक स्कूलों और कॉलेजों के बढ़ने से नई पीढ़ी सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी में सक्रिय रूप से दाखिला ले रही है और ये अंग्रेजी बोलते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "मानेसर में कार्यरत औद्योगिक इकाइयों में से कुछ हैं:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "अल्काटेल-ल्यूसेंट इंडिया लिमिटेड", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "होंडा मोटरसाइकिल एंड स्कूटर्स इंडिया.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "एनएचके (NHK) नैपिनो ऑटो.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "सैमसंग टेलीकम्युनिकेशंस.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "मित्सुबिशी इलेक्ट्रिकल्स.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "इंदिरा गांधी अंतरराष्ट्रीय हवाई अड्डा, नई दिल्ली तक ड्राइव करने में तकरीबन 20-25 मिनट का समय लगता है। 5 सितारा होटल, गोल्फ कोर्स, व्यावसायिक सम्मेलन की सुविधाएं, सुपर स्पेशियलिटी अस्पताल, हैलीपैड और कई अन्य सुविधाएं शीघ्र ही यहाँ उपलब्ध होने जा रही है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "औद्योगिक मॉडल टाउनशिप (आईएमटी) एक 1,750-एकड़ (7.1 kमी2) अत्याधुनिक एकीकृत औद्योगिक पार्क है जिसकी योजना शुरुआत में केंद्र, हरियाणा सरकार और एक जापानी कंपनी के एक संयुक्त उद्यम के रूप में बनी थी। लेकिन अंततः 1997 में इसे एचएसआईडीसी (HSIDC) द्वारा विशिष्ट रूप से एक औद्योगिक क्षेत्र के रूप में विकसित करने के लिए हासिल कर लिया गया। आईएमटी (IMT) रणनीतिक तौर पर राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग 8 के साथ दिल्ली और जयपुर को जोड़ते हुए गुड़गांव से केवल 23 किलोमीटर दूर स्थित है। यह देश में अपनी तरह का एक विशेष स्थान है और ऐसी ऐसी सेवाएं और सुविधाएं प्रदान करने के लिए प्राप्त किया गया था जो प्रदेश को औद्योगिक प्रतिस्पर्धा के एक वैश्विक मानचित्र पर स्थापित कर दे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "मानेसर को चार चरणों में विकसित किया गया है। एचएसआईडीसी (HSIDC) ने पहले चरण में 1,750 एकड़ (7.1 kमी2) भूमि विकसित की है, जबकि दूसरे चरण (180 एकड़) और चौथे चरण (650 एकड़) का कार्य प्रगति पर है। एचएसआईडीसी (HSIDC) ने तीसरे चरण (600 एकड़) का कार्य मारुति उद्योग लिमिटेड को उनकी विस्तार परियोजना के लिए आवंटित किया है। मानेसर एक एकीकृत और स्वतंत्र औद्योगिक शहर है जहाँ क्षेत्र के औद्योगिकीकरण को सुनिश्चित करने के लिए समस्त आधारभूत बुनियादी ढांचे मौजूद हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "सुविधाओं में हाई-टेक दूरसंचार प्रणाली, 220KV सबस्टेशन, जल आपूर्ति, सीवरेज निपटान, हैलीपैड, शौपिंग आर्केड, स्वास्थ्य केन्द्र, स्कूल, चौड़ी मेटालिक सड़कें, गोल्फ कोर्स और क्लब शामिल हैं। इंदिरा गांधी अंतरराष्ट्रीय (IGI) हवाई अड्डे से 32 किमी और कनॉट प्लेस से 45 किमी दूर मानेसर, गुड़गांव और दिल्ली में अच्छी तरह से जुड़ा हुआ है। मानेसर उद्यमियों और यहाँ काम करने वाले कर्मचारियों, दोनों के लिए एक स्वाभाविक विकल्प है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "औद्योगिक इकाइयों में हजारों लोगों को रोजगार मिलाने के कारण, यहाँ आवासीय परियोजनाओं के लिए खरीदारों की कमी नहीं है। इंदिरा गांधी अंतर्राष्ट्रीय हवाई अड्डा, नई दिल्ली तक ड्राइव करने में यहाँ से तकरीबन 20-25 मिनट का समय लगता है। 5 सितारा होटल, गोल्फ कोर्स, व्यावसायिक सम्मेलन की सुविधाएं, सुपर स्पेशियलिटी अस्पताल, हैलीपैड और कई अन्य चीजें जल्द ही यहाँ उपलब्ध हो जाएंगी.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "अधिकारियों द्वारा गुड़गांव के अंदर सड़कों की हालत की निगरानी के लिए राइट्स (RITES) को अपने सलाहकार के रूप में हायर किया है, जिससे सड़कों की गुणवत्ता में सिर्फ सुधार की उम्मीद की जाती है। यह सुनिश्चित करने के लिए कि सड़कें बनाते समय आवश्यक मानकों का पालन किया गया है या नहीं, राइट्स (RITES) गुणवत्ता नियंत्रण परीक्षण का कार्य पूरा करेगी। गुणवत्ता नियंत्रण परीक्षणों पर साफ-सुथरे होकर निकल आने के बाद ही ठेकेदारों को पैसे जारी किए जाएंगे. अभी तक उनके अपने इंजीनियरों और तकनीकी स्टाफ ने जाँच कर ली है और इन्हें भुगतानों की मंजूरी दे दी है। तीसरे पक्ष (राइट्स) (RITES) से हरी झंडी मिलने का कार्य अभी प्रगति पर है, इसीलिए सड़कों की हालत में सिर्फ सुधार हो सकता है। विश्व की प्रमुख मापन कंपनी और दूरसंचार प्रौद्योगिकी, इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स, जीव विज्ञान और रासायनिक विश्लेषण के क्षेत्र की अग्रणी कंपनी एगिलेंट टेक्नोलॉजीज इंक ने मानेसर में अपना नया कैंपस खोलकर देश में अपनी उपस्थिति को मजबूती प्रदान की है। एगिलेंट ने इस सुविधा में 40 मिलियन डॉलर का निवेश किया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "मानेसर में 250 बिस्तरों वाले एक मल्टी-स्पेशियलिटी अस्पताल का निर्माण किया जा रहा है। यह सामान्य आबादी को सभी प्रकार की ओपीडी (OPD) और आपातकालीन सेवाएं, जीवन रक्षक, चिकित्सीय और उपचारात्मक द्वितीयक देखभाल की सुविधाएं प्रदान करेगा और तृतीयक देखभाल की सुविधा को जरूरत के अनुसार जोड़ा जाएगा. शुरुआत में दिल्ली का रॉकलैंड अस्पताल तृतीयक देखभाल के लिए अपने विशेषज्ञ बैकअप की सेवा प्रदान करेगा। चूंकि यह सुविधा एनएच-8 (NH-8) से सटी हुई है, यहाँ की मुख्य विशेषताओं में क्रिटिकल केयर और ट्रॉमा शामिल होंगी.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "यह अस्पताल 2010 तक चालू हो जाएगा. तत्काल प्रभाव के साथ, समूह ने मुख्य अस्पताल के स्थान पर एक क्लिनिक तैयार किया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "दिल्ली मुम्बई औद्योगिक गलियारा परियोजना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "दिल्ली मुम्बई औद्योगिक गलियारा परियोजना भारत सरकार की एक राज्य-प्रायोजित औद्योगिक विकास परियोजना है। यह एक महत्वाकांक्षी परियोजना है जिसका लक्ष्य भारत के छह राज्यों में फैले एक औद्योगिक जोन को विकसित करना है। इस परियोजना में बुनियादी सुविधा और उद्योग का व्यापक विस्तार होगा - जिसमें औद्योगिक क्लस्टर और रेल, सड़क, बंदरगाह, हवाई संपर्क शामिल हैं - जो इन राज्यों में गलियारे के मार्ग के साथ स्थित होगा। भारत और जापान द्वारा एक परियोजना विकास कोष की स्थापना के समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर करने से महत्वाकांक्षी दिल्ली मुम्बई औद्योगिक गलियारा (डीएमआईसी) (DMIC) को काफी बढ़ावा मिला है। इस कोष का शुरुआती आकार 1,000 करोड़ रुपये (लगभग 212 मिलियन डॉलर) होगा। जापानी और भारतीय सरकार, दोनों बराबर का योगदान करेगी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "इस गलियारे में 200 वर्ग किलोमीटर के प्रत्येक छः व्यापक निवेश क्षेत्र होंगे और सात राज्यों से होकर गुजरेंगे, जिनमें शामिल हैं दिल्ली, पश्चिमी उत्तर प्रदेश, दक्षिणी हरियाणा, पूर्वी राजस्थान, पूर्वी गुजरात, पश्चिमी महाराष्ट्र और मानेसर-बावल ऐसा ही एक निवेश क्षेत्र है जिसे महत्वाकांक्षी दिल्ली-मुंबई औद्योगिक गलियारे के पहले चरण में विकसित करने के लिए चुना गया है। हरियाणा के क्षेत्र का 60 प्रतिशत से अधिक हिस्सा इस महत्वाकांक्षी डीएमआईसी (DMIC) परियोजना के परियोजना क्षेत्र के अंतर्गत आता है, जो दिल्ली-मुंबई डेडिकेटिड फ्रेट कॉरीडोर के संरेखण के दोनों किनारों पर 150 किलोमीटर तक फैला हुआ है। इससे संपूर्ण एनएच-8 (NH-8), एनएच-2 (NH-2), एनएच-1 (NH-1) और एनएच-10 (NH-10) पर सार्वजनिक-निजी प्रयासों के माध्यम से औद्योगिक, शहरी और सहायक बुनियादी ढांचे के विकास के लिए अवसरों के भंडार खुल जाएंगे, इस गलियारे के साथ सात निवेश क्षेत्रों और 13 औद्योगिक क्षेत्रों की योजना बनाई गई है और मानेसर-बावल ऐसा ही एक निवेश क्षेत्र है जो पहले चरण में विकास के लिए चयनित क्षेत्रों में से एक है। विकास का केंद्र बावल एक व्यापक औद्योगिक केंद्र के रूप में उभरकर सामने आया है और बड़ी संख्या में बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों ने अपने उत्पादन आधार के रूप में बावल को चुना है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "पिछले तीन वर्षों के दौरान, एचएसआईआईडीसी (HSIIDC) ने प्रतिष्ठित श्रेणी के अंतर्गत माध्यम और बड़े पैमाने की परियोजनाओं के लिए तकरीबन 1.18 बिलियन अमेरिकी डॉलर की पूँजी निवेश के साथ बावल में 78 औद्योगिक भूखंड आवंटित किए हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "सरकारी पॉलिटेक्निक मानेसर (गुड़गांव) छात्रों को कैरियर उन्मुख शिक्षा प्रदान कर रही है जिससे कि उन्हें अपेक्षित, योग्यता और प्रशिक्षण से परिपूर्ण किया जा सके। इससे उन्हें या तो एक लाभकारी रोजगार लेने में मदद मिलेगी या वे अपना स्वयं का उद्यम शुरू करेंगे और आत्मनिर्भर बन सकेंगे। यह संस्थान शहर के केंद्र में स्थित है। इसके पास अपने यहाँ उपलब्ध पाठ्यक्रमों की जरूरतों को पूरा करने के लिए पर्याप्त बुनियादी सुविधाओं के साथ-साथ एक संपूर्ण पुस्तकालय और कंप्यूटर लैब मौजूद है। संस्थान वर्तमान में विभिन्न प्रकार के डिप्लोमा कार्यक्रम और विभिन्न अवधि के हॉबी कोर्स चल रहा है। ये पाठ्यक्रम भारत सरकार से प्रमाणन / मान्यता प्राप्त हैं। कुछ और पाठ्यक्रमों की मान्यता / प्रमाणन प्राप्त करने के प्रयास जारी हैं। अब तक की उपलब्धियाँ, हमारी प्रबंधन समिति के एक प्रेरणादायक और सुयोग्य नेतृत्व के कारण संभव हुई हैं, जिनमें उच्च स्तरीय सुशिक्षित सफल पेशेवर और उद्यमी शामिल शामिल हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "विश्वस्तरीय विद्यालय और विश्वविद्यालय", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "बाल भारती पब्लिक स्कूल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "एडामास इंटरनेशनल स्कूल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "स्टारेक्स इंटरनेशनल स्कूल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "मानेसर हरियाणा राज्य के गुड़गांव जिले में स्थित है और यह राष्ट्रीय राजधानी क्षेत्र का एक हिस्सा है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "गर्मियों में, यहाँ के तापमान में 18 से 45 डिग्री सेल्सियस और सर्दियों में 4 से 33 डिग्री सेल्सियस तक की भिन्नता होती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "इस स्थान में बोली जाने वाली आधिकारिक भाषाएं हैं अंगरेजी, हिंदी और हरियाणवी मानेसर में कई शैक्षणिक संस्थान, होटल, कार्यालय और फैक्ट्रियाँ मौजूद हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "हेरिटेज विलेज-मानेसर एक लक्जरी पाँच सितारा होटल है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2753a6e7", "title": "मानेसर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2753a6e7.json"}}
{"text": "गुम्मनूरु (कर्नूलु) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के कर्नूलु जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4e667aa2", "title": "गुम्मनूरु (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4e667aa2.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4e667aa2", "title": "गुम्मनूरु (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4e667aa2.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4e667aa2", "title": "गुम्मनूरु (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4e667aa2.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर गुम्मनूरु (कर्नूलु)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4e667aa2", "title": "गुम्मनूरु (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4e667aa2.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4e667aa2", "title": "गुम्मनूरु (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4e667aa2.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4e667aa2", "title": "गुम्मनूरु (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4e667aa2.json"}}
{"text": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर ज्योर्तिलिंग मन्दिर महाराष्ट्र-प्रांत के नासिक जिले में त्रयंबक गांव में हैं। यहां के निकटवर्ती ब्रह्म गिरि नामक पर्वत से गोदावरी नदी का उद्गम है। इन्हीं पुण्यतोया गोदावरी के उद्गम-स्थान के समीप स्थित त्रयम्बकेश्वर-भगवान की भी बड़ी महिमा हैं गौतम ऋषि तथा गोदावरी के प्रार्थनानुसार भगवान शिव इस स्थान में वास करने की कृपा की और त्र्यम्बकेश्वर नाम से विख्यात हुए। मंदिर के अंदर एक छोटे से गढ्ढे में तीन छोटे-छोटे लिंग है, ब्रह्मा, विष्णु और शिव- इन तीनों देवों के प्रतीक माने जाते हैं। शिवपुराण के अनुसार ब्रह्मगिरि पर्वत के ऊपर जाने के लिये चौड़ी-चौड़ी सात सौ सीढ़ियाँ बनी हुई हैं। इन सीढ़ियों पर चढ़ने के बाद 'रामकुण्ड' और 'लष्मणकुण्ड' मिलते हैं और शिखर के ऊपर पहुँचने पर गोमुख से निकलती हुई भगवती गोदावरी के दर्शन होते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fda1704a", "title": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fda1704a.json"}}
{"text": "त्र्यंबकेश्‍वर ज्योर्तिलिंग में ब्रह्मा, विष्‍णु और महेश तीनों ही विराजित हैं यही इस ज्‍योतिर्लिंग की सबसे बड़ी विशेषता है। अन्‍य सभी ज्‍योतिर्लिंगों में केवल भगवान शिव ही विराजित हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fda1704a", "title": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fda1704a.json"}}
{"text": "गोदावरी नदी के किनारे स्थित त्र्यंबकेश्‍वर मंदिर काले पत्‍थरों से बना है। मंदिर का स्‍थापत्‍य अद्भुत है। इस मंदिर के पंचक्रोशी में कालसर्प शांति, त्रिपिंडी विधि और नारायण नागबलि की पूजा संपन्‍न होती है। जिन्‍हें भक्‍तजन अलग-अलग मनोकामनाएं पुरी होने के लिए करवाते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fda1704a", "title": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fda1704a.json"}}
{"text": "इस प्राचीन मंदिर का पुनर्निर्माण तीसरे पेशवा बालाजी अर्थात नाना साहब पेशवा ने करवाया था। इस मंदिर का जीर्णोद्धार 1755 में शुरू हुआ था और 31 साल के लंबे समय के बाद 1786 में जाकर पूरा हुआ। कहा जाता है कि इस भव्य मंदिर के निर्माण में करीब 16 लाख रुपए खर्च किए गए थे, जो उस समय काफी बड़ी रकम मानी जाती थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fda1704a", "title": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fda1704a.json"}}
{"text": "गाँव के अंदर कुछ दूर पैदल चलने के बाद मंदिर का मुख्य द्वार नजर आने लगता है। त्र्यंबकेश्वर मंदिर की भव्य इमारत सिंधु-आर्य शैली का उत्कृष्ट नमूना है। मंदिर के अंदर गर्भगृह में प्रवेश करने के बाद शिवलिंग की केवल आर्घा दिखाई देती है, लिंग नहीं। गौर से देखने पर अर्घा के अंदर एक-एक इंच के तीन लिंग दिखाई देते हैं। इन लिंगों को त्रिदेव- ब्रह्मा-विष्णु और महेश का अवतार माना जाता है। भोर के समय होने वाली पूजा के बाद इस अर्घा पर चाँदी का पंचमुखी मुकुट चढ़ा दिया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fda1704a", "title": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fda1704a.json"}}
{"text": "त्र्यंबकेश्वर मंदिर और गाँव ब्रह्मगिरि नामक पहाड़ी की तलहटी में स्थित है। इस गिरि को शिव का साक्षात रूप माना जाता है। इसी पर्वत पर पवित्र गोदावरी नदी का उद्गमस्थल है। कहा जाता है-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fda1704a", "title": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fda1704a.json"}}
{"text": "प्राचीनकाल में त्र्यंबक गौतम ऋषि की तपोभूमि थी। अपने ऊपर लगे गोहत्या के पाप से मुक्ति पाने के लिए गौतम ऋषि ने कठोर तप कर शिव से गंगा को यहाँ अवतरित करने का वरदान माँगा। फलस्वरूप दक्षिण की गंगा अर्थात गोदावरी नदी का उद्गम हुआ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fda1704a", "title": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fda1704a.json"}}
{"text": "गोदावरी के उद्गम के साथ ही गौतम ऋषि के अनुनय-विनय के उपरांत शिवजी ने इस मंदिर में विराजमान होना स्वीकार कर लिया। तीन नेत्रों वाले शिवशंभु के यहाँ विराजमान होने के कारण इस जगह को त्र्यंबक (तीन नेत्रों वाले) कहा जाने लगा। उज्जैन और ओंकारेश्वर की ही तरह त्र्यंबकेश्वर महाराज को इस गाँव का राजा माना जाता है, इसलिए हर सोमवार को त्र्यंबकेश्वर के राजा अपनी प्रजा का हाल जानने के लिए नगर भ्रमण के लिए निकलते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fda1704a", "title": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fda1704a.json"}}
{"text": "इस ज्योतिर्लिंग की स्थापना के विषय में शिवपुराण में यह कथा वर्णित है-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fda1704a", "title": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fda1704a.json"}}
{"text": "एक बार महर्षि गौतम के तपोवन में रहने वाले ब्राह्मणों की पत्नियाँ किसी बात पर उनकी पत्नी अहिल्या से नाराज हो गईं। उन्होंने अपने पतियों को ऋषि गौतम का अपमान करने के लिए प्रेरित किया। उन ब्राह्मणों ने इसके निमित्त भगवान्‌ श्रीगणेशजी की आराधना की।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fda1704a", "title": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fda1704a.json"}}
{"text": "उनकी आराधना से प्रसन्न हो गणेशजी ने प्रकट होकर उनसे वर माँगने को कहा उन ब्राह्मणों ने कहा- 'प्रभो! यदि आप हम पर प्रसन्न हैं तो किसी प्रकार ऋषि गौतम को इस आश्रम से बाहर निकाल दें।' उनकी यह बात सुनकर गणेशजी ने उन्हें ऐसा वर न माँगने के लिए समझाया। किंतु वे अपने आग्रह पर अटल रहे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fda1704a", "title": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fda1704a.json"}}
{"text": "अंततः गणेशजी को विवश होकर उनकी बात माननी पड़ी। अपने भक्तों का मन रखने के लिए वे एक दुर्बल गाय का रूप धारण करके ऋषि गौतम के खेत में जाकर रहने लगे। गाय को फसल चरते देखकर ऋषि बड़ी नरमी के साथ हाथ में तृण लेकर उसे हाँकने के लिए लपके। उन तृणों का स्पर्श होते ही वह गाय वहीं मरकर गिर पड़ी। अब तो बड़ा हाहाकार मचा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fda1704a", "title": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fda1704a.json"}}
{"text": "सारे ब्राह्मण एकत्र हो गो-हत्यारा कहकर ऋषि गौतम की भर्त्सना करने लगे। ऋषि गौतम इस घटना से बहुत आश्चर्यचकित और दुःखी थे। अब उन सारे ब्राह्मणों ने कहा कि तुम्हें यह आश्रम छोड़कर अन्यत्र कहीं दूर चले जाना चाहिए। गो-हत्यारे के निकट रहने से हमें भी पाप लगेगा। विवश होकर ऋषि गौतम अपनी पत्नी अहिल्या के साथ वहाँ से एक कोस दूर जाकर रहने लगे। किंतु उन ब्राह्मणों ने वहाँ भी उनका रहना दूभर कर दिया। वे कहने लगे- 'गो-हत्या के कारण तुम्हें अब वेद-पाठ और यज्ञादि के कार्य करने का कोई अधिकार नहीं रह गया।' अत्यंत अनुनय भाव से ऋषि गौतम ने उन ब्राह्मणों से प्रार्थना की कि आप लोग मेरे प्रायश्चित और उद्धार का कोई उपाय बताएँ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fda1704a", "title": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fda1704a.json"}}
{"text": "तब उन्होंने कहा- 'गौतम! तुम अपने पाप को सर्वत्र सबको बताते हुए तीन बार पूरी पृथ्वी की परिक्रमा करो। फिर लौटकर यहाँ एक महीने तक व्रत करो। इसके बाद 'ब्रह्मगिरी' की 101 परिक्रमा करने के बाद तुम्हारी शुद्धि होगी अथवा यहाँ गंगाजी को लाकर उनके जल से स्नान करके एक करोड़ पार्थिव शिवलिंगों से शिवजी की आराधना करो। इसके बाद पुनः गंगाजी में स्नान करके इस ब्रह्मगीरि की 11 बार परिक्रमा करो। फिर सौ घड़ों के पवित्र जल से पार्थिव शिवलिंगों को स्नान कराने से तुम्हारा उद्धार होगा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fda1704a", "title": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fda1704a.json"}}
{"text": "ब्राह्मणों के कथनानुसार महर्षि गौतम वे सारे कार्य पूरे करके पत्नी के साथ पूर्णतः तल्लीन होकर भगवान शिव की आराधना करने लगे। इससे प्रसन्न हो भगवान शिव ने प्रकट होकर उनसे वर माँगने को कहा। महर्षि गौतम ने उनसे कहा- 'भगवान्‌ मैं यही चाहता हूँ कि आप मुझे गो-हत्या के पाप से मुक्त कर दें।' भगवान्‌ शिव ने कहा- 'गौतम ! तुम सर्वथा निष्पाप हो। गो-हत्या का अपराध तुम पर छल पूर्वक लगाया गया था। छल पूर्वक ऐसा करवाने वाले तुम्हारे आश्रम के ब्राह्मणों को मैं दण्ड देना चाहता हूँ।'", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fda1704a", "title": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fda1704a.json"}}
{"text": "इस पर महर्षि गौतम ने कहा कि प्रभु! उन्हीं के निमित्त से तो मुझे आपका दर्शन प्राप्त हुआ है। अब उन्हें मेरा परमहित समझकर उन पर आप क्रोध न करें।' बहुत से ऋषियों, मुनियों और देव गणों ने वहाँ एकत्र हो गौतम की बात का अनुमोदन करते हुए भगवान्‌ शिव से सदा वहाँ निवास करने की प्रार्थना की। वे उनकी बात मानकर वहाँ त्र्यम्बक ज्योतिर्लिंग के नाम से स्थित हो गए। गौतमजी द्वारा लाई गई गंगाजी भी वहाँ पास में गोदावरी नाम से प्रवाहित होने लगीं। यह ज्योतिर्लिंग समस्त पुण्यों को प्रदान करने वाला है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fda1704a", "title": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fda1704a.json"}}
{"text": "इस भ्रमण के समय त्र्यंबकेश्वर महाराज के पंचमुखी सोने के मुखौटे को पालकी में बैठाकर गाँव में घुमाया जाता है। फिर कुशावर्त तीर्थ स्थित घाट पर स्नान कराया जाता है। इसके बाद मुखौटे को वापस मंदिर में लाकर हीरेजड़ित स्वर्ण मुकुट पहनाया जाता है। यह पूरा दृश्य त्र्यंबक महाराज के राज्याभिषेक-सा महसूस होता है। इस यात्रा को देखना बेहद अलौकिक अनुभव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fda1704a", "title": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fda1704a.json"}}
{"text": "‘कुशावर्त तीर्थ की जन्मकथा काफी रोचक है। कहते हैं ब्रह्मगिरि पर्वत से गोदावरी नदी बार-बार लुप्त हो जाती थी। गोदावरी के पलायन को रोकने के लिए गौतम ऋषि ने एक कुशा की मदद लेकर गोदावरी को बंधन में बाँध दिया। उसके बाद से ही इस कुंड में हमेशा लबालब पानी रहता है। इस कुंड को ही कुशावर्त तीर्थ के नाम से जाना जाता है। कुंभ स्नान के समय शैव अखाड़े इसी कुंड में शाही स्नान करते हैं।’- दंत कथा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fda1704a", "title": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fda1704a.json"}}
{"text": "शिवरात्रि और सावन सोमवार के दिन त्र्यंबकेश्वर मंदिर में भक्तों का ताँता लगा रहता है। भक्त भोर के समय स्नान करके अपने आराध्य के दर्शन करते हैं। यहाँ कालसर्प योग और नारायण नागबलि नामक खास पूजा-अर्चना भी होती है, जिसके कारण यहाँ साल भर लोग आते रहते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fda1704a", "title": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fda1704a.json"}}
{"text": "त्र्यंबकेश्वर गाँव नासिक से काफी नजदीक है। नासिक पूरे देश से रेल, सड़क और वायु मार्ग से जुड़ा हुआ है। आप नासिक पहुँचकर वहाँ से त्र्यंबक के लिए बस, ऑटो या टैक्सी ले सकते हैं। टैक्सी या ऑटो लेते समय मोल-भाव का ध्यान रखें।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fda1704a", "title": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fda1704a.json"}}
{"text": "यहां पर पूजाओं का ब्यौरा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fda1704a", "title": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fda1704a.json"}}
{"text": "त्र्यंबकेश्‍वर मंदिर और निकटवर्ती अन्य तीर्थों के चित्र", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fda1704a", "title": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fda1704a.json"}}
{"text": "त्र्यंबकेश्‍वर और वहां तक की सड़क मार्ग के अनेकों चित्र", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fda1704a", "title": "त्र्यम्बकेश्वर मन्दिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fda1704a.json"}}
{"text": "उन्नाव ज़िला भारत के उत्तर प्रदेश राज्य का एक ज़िला है। ज़िले का मुख्यालय उन्नाव है। यह ज़िला लखनऊ मंडल का हिस्सा है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d4486c3a", "title": "उन्नाव जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d4486c3a.json"}}
{"text": "उन्नाव ज़िले के कुछ प्रसिद्ध लोग इस प्रकार हैं:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d4486c3a", "title": "उन्नाव जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d4486c3a.json"}}
{"text": "सूर्यकान्त त्रिपाठी 'निराला'", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d4486c3a", "title": "उन्नाव जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d4486c3a.json"}}
{"text": "द्वारिकाप्रसाद मिश्र", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d4486c3a", "title": "उन्नाव जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d4486c3a.json"}}
{"text": "विश्वम्भर दयालु त्रिपाठी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d4486c3a", "title": "उन्नाव जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d4486c3a.json"}}
{"text": "पं.गया प्रसाद शुक्ल “सनेही”", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d4486c3a", "title": "उन्नाव जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d4486c3a.json"}}
{"text": "बीघापुर  किसान निधि परियोजना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d4486c3a", "title": "उन्नाव जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d4486c3a.json"}}
{"text": "उन्नाव जिले में ६ तहसील हैं: उन्नाव, बांगरमऊ, हसनगंज, सफीपुर, पुरवा और पाटन(बीघापुर)।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d4486c3a", "title": "उन्नाव जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d4486c3a.json"}}
{"text": "उन्नाव लोक सभा सीट से वर्तमान सांसद साक्षी महाराज हैं। उन्नाव लोक सभा क्षेत्र में १९ लाख मतदाता हैं। जिले में ६ विधानसभा क्षेत्र हैं: उन्नाव, पुरवा, भगवन्तनगर, मोहान, सफीपुर और बांगरमऊ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d4486c3a", "title": "उन्नाव जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d4486c3a.json"}}
{"text": "२०११ की जनगणना के अनुसार उन्नाव जिले की जनसँख्या ३,११०,५९५ है जो कि इसे भारत के नगरों में ११२वा स्थान देता है। जिले का घनत्व ६८२ है। जनसँख्या वृद्धि दर २००१-२०११ के दौरान १५.१९% है। लिंगानुपात ९०१ स्त्री प्रति १००० पुरुष है। साक्षरता ६८.२९% है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d4486c3a", "title": "उन्नाव जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d4486c3a.json"}}
{"text": "अवधी, बैसवारी और हिन्दी यहाँ की प्रमुख भाषाएँ हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d4486c3a", "title": "उन्नाव जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d4486c3a.json"}}
{"text": "उन्नाव स्वर्ण खजाने की घटना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d4486c3a", "title": "उन्नाव जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d4486c3a.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तर प्रदेश के जिले", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d4486c3a", "title": "उन्नाव जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d4486c3a.json"}}
{"text": "[[सोहरामऊ लखनऊ उन्नाव की सीमा का आखिरी गाँव है । ग्रामपंचायत - सोहरामऊ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d4486c3a", "title": "उन्नाव जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d4486c3a.json"}}
{"text": "डाकघर - सोहरामऊ , थाना - सोहरामऊ ]", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d4486c3a", "title": "उन्नाव जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d4486c3a.json"}}
{"text": "ताऊपो ज्वालामुखीय क्षेत्र (Taupo Volcanic Zone) न्यू ज़ीलैंड के उत्तर द्वीप में स्थित एक बहुत ही सक्रीय ज्वालामुखीय क्षेत्र है। इसका नाम ताऊपो झील पर पड़ा है जो यहाँ के सबसे बड़े ज्वालामुख-कुण्ड में स्थित एक झील है। यह ज्वालामुखीय क्षेत्र V का आकार रखता है और हर वर्ष ८ मिलिमीटर अधिक बढ़ जाता है। इसमें रुआपेहू (Ruapehu), नंगारेहोई (Ngauruhoe) और व्हाकारी (Whakaari) जैसे कई प्रसिद्ध ज्वालामुखी खड़े हुए हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1a28695a", "title": "ताऊपो ज्वालामुखीय क्षेत्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1a28695a.json"}}
{"text": "छिमोली-घुड०२, पौडी तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के पौड़ी जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_98412a11", "title": "छिमोली-घुड०२, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_98412a11.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_98412a11", "title": "छिमोली-घुड०२, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_98412a11.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_98412a11", "title": "छिमोली-घुड०२, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_98412a11.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_98412a11", "title": "छिमोली-घुड०२, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_98412a11.json"}}
{"text": "सरधना (Sardhana) भारत के उत्तर प्रदेश राज्य के मेरठ ज़िले में स्थित एक नगर है। यह मेरठ जिले का एक तहसील मुख्यालय है ये दिल्ली के 85 किमी उत्तर-पूर्व में और मेरठ शहर से 18 किमी दूर स्थित है। मेरठ करनाल राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग से 5 किमी और राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग 58 से 12 किमी दूर स्थित है सरधना कपड़ा बाजार व गिरिजाघर के लिये प्रसिद्ध है। मेरठ से 18 किलोमीटर दूरी पर 'सरधना शहर' भी ऐतिहासिक और प्राचीन धरोहर का गवाह है। सरधना के ऐतिहासिक चर्च पर नवम्बर के दूसरे सप्ताह में महोत्सव होता है जिसमें प्रतिवर्ष लाखों श्रद्धालु आते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fc21996c", "title": "सरधना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fc21996c.json"}}
{"text": "13 वीं शताब्दी में सरधना के 'राजा सरकट' द्वारा यह स्थल स्थापित किया गया। यहाँ रोमन कैथोलिक चर्च का निर्माण 1822 ई. में कराया गया। इसका डिजाइन तब इटली के वास्तुविद एंथानी रेगलेनी द्वारा बनाया गया। चर्च के निर्माण में संगमरमर व अन्य कीमती पत्थरों का इस्तेमाल किया गया। इसी जनपद में मेरठ महानगर से 23 किलोमीटर दूरी पर 'परीक्षितगढ़' कस्बे को अर्जुन के पौत्र, वीर अभिमन्यु के पुत्र राजा परीक्षित की राजधानी होने का गौरव प्राप्त है। यहां के रोमन कैथोलिक चर्च की एक विशेषता यह भी है की ये चर्च ऊपर सेटेलाइट से देखने पर एक क्रॉस के आकार का दिखता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fc21996c", "title": "सरधना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fc21996c.json"}}
{"text": "यहाँ बेगम समरू महल, रोमन कैथोलिक चर्च, बेगम समरू के कब्रिस्तान,जामा मस्जिद,दस से ज्यादा दिगम्बर श्वेताम्बर जैन मंदिर,आर्य मंदिर,हिन्दू मन्दिर,गंग नहर,वीर अब्दुल हमीद पार्क,ए.पी.जे.अब्दुल कलाम पार्क, स्विमिंग पूल, आदि दर्शनीय स्थल स्थित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fc21996c", "title": "सरधना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fc21996c.json"}}
{"text": "मुज्जफरनगर में हुए दंगों में आरोपी स्थानीय विधायक संगीत सोम की गिरफ्तारी के विरोध में २९ सितम्बर २०१३ को महापंचायत का आयोजन किया गया। शासन द्वारा इस पर पहले से ही रोक लगा दी गई थी। इसमें शामिल होने आये लोगो पुलिस ने जबरन लाठियाँ बरसाई। इससे उत्तेजित भीड़ ने कमिश्नर, डीआईजी, डीएम और एसएसपी के वाहन फूँक डाले।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fc21996c", "title": "सरधना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fc21996c.json"}}
{"text": "स्ट्रेप्टोमाइसीस (Streptomyces) ऐक्टीनोबैक्टीरिया का सबसे विस्तृत जीववैज्ञानिक वंश है, और इसमें 500 से अधिक बैक्टीरिया जातियाँ सम्मिलित हैं, जिन्हें सामूहिक रूप से स्ट्रेप्टोमाइसीट (streptomycetes) कहा जाता है। अन्य ऐक्टीनोबैक्टीरिया की तरह स्ट्रेप्टोमाइसीट भी ग्राम-धनात्मक होते हैं, और इनके जीनोम में गुआनिन-साइटोसिन की मात्रा अधिक पाई जाती है। स्ट्रेप्टोमाइसीट मिट्टी और अपघटित होते वनस्पतियों में बहुत मिलते हैं। अपने प्रजनन और फैलाव के लिए यह बीजाणु (स्पोर) बनाते हैं, जिनमें जियोस्मिन (geosmin) नामक रसायन की मौजूदगी के कारण एक स्पष्ट \"मिट्टी-जैसी\" गंध आती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5f700463", "title": "स्ट्रेप्टोमाइसीस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5f700463.json"}}
{"text": "स्ट्रेप्टोमाइसीट चिकित्साशास्त्र और औषधशास्त्र में बहुत महत्वपूर्ण हैं। बैक्टीरिया संक्रमण (इनफ़ेक्शन) के उपचार में प्रयोग होने वाले प्राकृतिक स्रोतों से उपलब्ध दो-तिहाई प्रतिजैविक (ऐंटीबायोटिक) स्ट्रेप्टोमाइसीट द्वारा निर्मित होते हैं, जिसमें नियोमाइसिन, सिपेमाइसिन, ग्रिपेमाइसिन, बोट्रोमाइसिन और क्लोरम्फ़ेनिकोल शामिल हैं। प्रसिद्ध स्ट्रेप्टोमाइसिन नामक प्रतिजैविक दवाई स्ट्रेप्टोमाइसीट द्वारा ही बनाई जाती थी और इसका नाम इसी बैक्टीरिया पर रखा गया था, हालाँकि अब इसे कम प्रयोग किया जाता है। अधिकांश स्ट्रेप्टोमाइसीट रोगजनक नहीं हैं, हालाँकि कुछ जातियाँ मानवों में रोग का कारण होती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5f700463", "title": "स्ट्रेप्टोमाइसीस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5f700463.json"}}
{"text": "ग्राम-धनात्मक बैक्टीरिया", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5f700463", "title": "स्ट्रेप्टोमाइसीस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5f700463.json"}}
{"text": "प्रतिजैविक (ऐंटीबायोटिक)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5f700463", "title": "स्ट्रेप्टोमाइसीस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5f700463.json"}}
{"text": "असढिया अतरी, गया, बिहार स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7a4a0a6d", "title": "असढिया गाँव, अतरी (गया)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7a4a0a6d.json"}}
{"text": "रेंरिया में भारत के बिहार राज्य के अन्तर्गत मगध मण्डल के औरंगाबाद जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_20a53eed", "title": "रेंरिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_20a53eed.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_20a53eed", "title": "रेंरिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_20a53eed.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_20a53eed", "title": "रेंरिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_20a53eed.json"}}
{"text": "कुरमैन अमास, गया, बिहार स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a5444af9", "title": "कुरमैन गाँव, अमास (गया)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a5444af9.json"}}
{"text": "महबूबा 1976 की हिन्दी फिल्म है। यह फिल्म शक्ति सामंत द्वारा निर्देशित है। फिल्म में राजेश खन्ना, हेमामालिनी और प्रेम चोपड़ा हैं। कहानी पुनर्जन्म विषय पर आधारित है। संगीत राहुल देव बर्मन द्वारा रचित है। इस फिल्म को मुख्य जोड़ी द्वारा शानदार अभिनय और लता मंगेशकर और किशोर कुमार द्वारा गाए गीत \"मेरे नैना सावन भादों\" और \"परबत के पीछे\" के लिए जाना जाता है। कथानक गुलशन नन्दा के उपन्यास पर आधारित है और उन्होंने पटकथा भी स्वयं लिखी थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_36dc7376", "title": "महबूबा (1976 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_(1976_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_36dc7376.json"}}
{"text": "गायक सूरज (राजेश खन्ना) को उसकी मंगेतर ने वीणा भेंट किया। इसके बाद, वह अक्सर रात में एक गाना सुनता है। एक दिन, स्टेज शो के लिए जाते समय, वह एक अज्ञात स्थान पर भारी बारिश में फंस जाता है। वह एक छोटे होटल में रहने के लिए जाता है, जहाँ उसकी मुलाकात रत्ना नाम की एक महिला से होती है। रात के दौरान, वह देखता है कि रत्ना वही गाना गाती है जो वह अक्सर रात में सुनता है। वह एक महल की ओर जाती है। वह उसका पीछा करता है। वह रत्ना को बाहर बुलाने की कोशिश करता है, लेकिन महल का रखवाला बताता है कि रत्ना की मृत्यु हुए सौ साल से अधिक हो गए हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_36dc7376", "title": "महबूबा (1976 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_(1976_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_36dc7376.json"}}
{"text": "बाद में, रत्ना के एक चित्र से उसे उनका पिछला जीवन याद आ जाता है। पिछले जन्म में वह शाही दरबार का मुख्य गायक, प्रकाश था। उसे रत्ना (हेमामालिनी) से प्यार था, जो एक खूबसूरत और प्रतिभाशाली दरबारी थी। उन्हें प्यार हो जाता है, लेकिन दोनों को शादी करने में समस्या थी क्योंकि प्रकाश की बचपन में ही जमुना से शादी तय थी और रत्ना शादी नहीं कर सकती थी क्योंकि वह एक शाही तवायफ बनने वाली थी। आखिरकार, उन्होंने भागने का फैसला किया, लेकिन वे मारे गए और उन्होंने एक दूसरे से वादा किया कि वे फिर से मिलेंगे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_36dc7376", "title": "महबूबा (1976 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_(1976_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_36dc7376.json"}}
{"text": "सूरज, होश में आने के बाद, अकेला और भ्रमित महसूस करता है। इसके तुरंत बाद, वह झुमरी से मिलता है जो बिल्कुल रत्ना की तरह दिखती है। जल्द ही वह झुमरी को अपने पिछले जीवन और प्रकाश के लिए उसकए प्यार को याद करवाता है। यह रीटा मल्होत्रा ​​(आशा सचदेव), सूरज की मंगेतर और अप्पा (प्रेम चोपड़ा), जो झुमरी से शादी करना चाहता है; दोनों को क्रोधित करता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_36dc7376", "title": "महबूबा (1976 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_(1976_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_36dc7376.json"}}
{"text": "राजेश खन्ना ― प्रकाश / सूरज", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_36dc7376", "title": "महबूबा (1976 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_(1976_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_36dc7376.json"}}
{"text": "हेमामालिनी ― रत्ना / झुमरी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_36dc7376", "title": "महबूबा (1976 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_(1976_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_36dc7376.json"}}
{"text": "प्रेम चोपड़ा ― अप्पा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_36dc7376", "title": "महबूबा (1976 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_(1976_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_36dc7376.json"}}
{"text": "आशा सचदेव\t― रीटा मल्होत्रा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_36dc7376", "title": "महबूबा (1976 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_(1976_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_36dc7376.json"}}
{"text": "सुजीत कुमार ― डा. विनोद", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_36dc7376", "title": "महबूबा (1976 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_(1976_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_36dc7376.json"}}
{"text": "मनमोहन कृष्णा ― बंदे अली ख़ान", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_36dc7376", "title": "महबूबा (1976 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_(1976_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_36dc7376.json"}}
{"text": "नज़ीर हुसैन ― गुरुजी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_36dc7376", "title": "महबूबा (1976 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_(1976_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_36dc7376.json"}}
{"text": "लीला मिश्रा ― झुमरी की माँ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_36dc7376", "title": "महबूबा (1976 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_(1976_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_36dc7376.json"}}
{"text": "हरींद्रनाथ चट्टोपाध्याय ― रीटा के पिता", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_36dc7376", "title": "महबूबा (1976 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_(1976_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_36dc7376.json"}}
{"text": "सभी गीत आनंद बख्शी द्वारा लिखित; सारा संगीत आर॰ डी॰ बर्मन द्वारा रचित।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_36dc7376", "title": "महबूबा (1976 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_(1976_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_36dc7376.json"}}
{"text": "महबूबा  इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_36dc7376", "title": "महबूबा (1976 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_(1976_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_36dc7376.json"}}
{"text": "लोदिया बिहार लखीसराय, लखीसराय, बिहार स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bf4e2f51", "title": "लोदिया बिहार गाँव, लखीसराय (लखीसराय)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF_(%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bf4e2f51.json"}}
{"text": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय (संथाली: ᱨᱟᱺᱪᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ) भारत के झारखण्ड राज्य में राँची जिले में एक सार्वजनिक राज्य विश्वविद्यालय है। यह राँची जिले के राँची शहर में स्थित है। इसकी स्थापना 1960 में बिहार विधानसभा के एक अधिनियम द्वारा की गई थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय की स्थापना से पहले, वर्तमान झारखण्ड के सभी डिग्री कॉलेजों (संथाल परगना को छोड़कर) पटना विश्वविद्यालय से संबद्ध थे। राँची विश्वविद्यालय की स्थापना 12 जुलाई 1960 को एक शिक्षण सह संबद्धता विश्वविद्यालय के रूप में की गई थी। जब पहली बार राँची विश्वविद्यालय की स्थापना हुई, तो वर्तमान झारखण्ड के सभी डिग्री कॉलेज इसके अधिकार क्षेत्र में आ गए। बिष्णुदेव नारायण सिंह को इस विश्वविद्यालय का पहला कुलपति नियुक्त किया गया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "1992 में, राँची विश्वविद्यालय को विभाजित करके विनोबा भावे विश्वविद्यालय बनाया गया, जिसके अधिकार क्षेत्र को लगभग आधा कर दिया गया। 2009 में, विश्वविद्यालय को दो और विश्वविद्यालय बनाने के लिए विभाजित किया गया - जनवरी 2009 में नीलाम्बर पीताम्बर विश्वविद्यालय, मेदिनीनगर और अगस्त 2009 में कोल्हान विश्वविद्यालय, चाईबासा। 2019 में इसे डॉ. श्यामा प्रसाद मुखर्जी विश्वविद्यालय, राँची में विभाजित कर दिया गया। वर्तमान में, राँची विश्वविद्यालय का अधिकार क्षेत्र केवल झारखण्ड के पांच जिलों- राँची, गुमला, खूंटी, सिमडेगा और लोहरदगा के कॉलेजों पर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "भारत के अधिकांश राज्य विश्वविद्यालयों की तरह, विश्वविद्यालय के कुलाधिपति राज्य के राज्यपाल होते हैं - 15 नवंबर 2000 को झारखण्ड की स्थापना तक बिहार के राज्यपाल और तब से झारखण्ड के राज्यपाल। विश्वविद्यालय का मुख्य कार्यकारी कुलपति होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "रांची विश्वविद्यालय के विभिन्न विभागों को तीन संकायों में संगठित किया गया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "इस संकाय में गणित, भौतिकी, रसायन विज्ञान, भूविज्ञान, वनस्पति विज्ञान और प्राणीशास्त्र विभाग शामिल हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "इस संकाय में बंगाली, अंग्रेजी, हिंदी, संस्कृत, जनजातीय और क्षेत्रीय भाषा, उर्दू और दर्शनशास्त्र विभाग शामिल हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "सामाजिक विज्ञान और वाणिज्य संकाय", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "इस संकाय में इतिहास, भूगोल, मानव विज्ञान, राजनीति विज्ञान, अर्थशास्त्र, गृह विज्ञान, मनोविज्ञान, समाजशास्त्र और वाणिज्य विभाग शामिल हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय एक संबद्ध विश्वविद्यालय है और इसका अधिकार क्षेत्र झारखण्ड के पांच जिलों: राँची जिला, गुमला जिला, खूंटी जिला, सिमडेगा जिला और लोहरदगा जिला के उच्च शिक्षण संस्थानों पर है। इस विश्वविद्यालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र में 15 घटक कॉलेज और 29 संबद्ध कॉलेज हैं। इन कॉलेजों में मेडिकल कॉलेज, नर्सिंग कॉलेज, इंजीनियरिंग कॉलेज, लॉ कॉलेज, प्रबंधन संस्थान, मनोचिकित्सा संस्थान आदि शामिल हैं। मारवाड़ी कॉलेज की ऑटोनोमी का दर्जा 2021 में और रांची वीमेंस कॉलेज की ऑटोनोमी का दर्जा 2022 में समाप्त हो गया था. जिसके बाद इन दोनों कॉलेजों के एकेडमिक संचालन का जिम्मा रांची विवि के हाथों में आ गया था.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "पारंपरिक एवं दूरस्थ शिक्षा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "विश्वविद्यालय और उसके संबद्ध कॉलेज और संस्थान चिकित्सा, नर्सिंग, इंजीनियरिंग, उदार कला आदि जैसे विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में स्नातक और स्नातकोत्तर पाठ्यक्रम प्रदान करते हैं। राँची विश्वविद्यालय आम तौर पर अपने परिसर में उदार कला में स्नातकोत्तर पाठ्यक्रम प्रदान करता है; जबकि व्यावसायिक और उदार स्नातक डिग्री पाठ्यक्रम संबद्ध कॉलेजों और संस्थानों के माध्यम से पेश किए जाते हैं। व्यावसायिक स्नातकोत्तर पाठ्यक्रम (जैसे एम.टेक., एमडी, एमएस) भी संबद्ध संस्थानों के माध्यम से पेश किए जाते हैं। स्नातक उदार कला डिग्री पाठ्यक्रमों में प्रवेश मुख्य रूप से उच्च माध्यमिक (10+2) परीक्षा के परिणाम पर आधारित होता है। हालाँकि, चिकित्सा और इंजीनियरिंग जैसे व्यावसायिक विषयों के स्नातक पाठ्यक्रमों में प्रवेश के लिए, राष्ट्रीय एजेंसियों द्वारा आयोजित प्रवेश परीक्षा (नीट यूजी या जेईई) देनी होगी। स्नातकोत्तर पाठ्यक्रमों में प्रवेश स्नातक डिग्री परिणामों और विश्वविद्यालय या राष्ट्रीय एजेंसी द्वारा आयोजित प्रवेश परीक्षा के प्रदर्शन पर आधारित होता है। अनुसंधान-स्तरीय कार्यक्रमों के लिए इच्छुक उम्मीदवारों को एक प्रवेश परीक्षा देनी होगी और उसके बाद साक्षात्कार देना होगा। राँची विश्वविद्यालय का एक निदेशालय भी हैदूरस्थ शिक्षा में स्नातकोत्तर अध्ययन संचालित करने के लिए दूरस्थ शिक्षा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय में एक केंद्रीय पुस्तकालय है जिसमें 1,00,000 से अधिक पुस्तकों का संग्रह है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय संग्रहालय", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय के मानवविज्ञान विभाग में एक संग्रहालय है जो मध्य भारतीय राज्यों और अंडमान और निकोबार द्वीप समूह के नृवंशविज्ञान संग्रह सहित विभिन्न प्रकार के प्रदर्शन प्रदर्शित करता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "रैंकिंग और मान्यताएँ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय को यूजीसी अधिनियम की धारा 12बी के तहत मान्यता प्राप्त है। 2017 में, राष्ट्रीय मूल्यांकन एवं प्रत्यायन परिषद (एनएएसी) ने राँची विश्वविद्यालय को 'बी+' ग्रेड से सम्मानित किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "प्रमुख अंगीभूत कालेज", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "जमशेदपुर को-आपरेटिव कालेज", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "जमशेदपुर महिला महाविद्यालय", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "जेवियर प्रबंधन संस्थान। एक्स एल आर आई", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "ग्रैजुएट कालेज फार वीमेन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "जमशेदपुर वर्कस कालेज", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "अब्दुल बारी मेमोरियल कालेज", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "लाल बहादुर शास्त्री मेमोरियल कालेज", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "श्यामाप्रसाद मुखर्जी कालेज", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "सेंट जेवियर्स कालेज, राँची", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "राँची महिला महाविद्यालय", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "अंगीभूत संस्थानों की सूची", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "अब्दुल बारी स्मारक महाविद्यालय, जमशेदपुर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "बी एन कॉलेज डाल्टेनगंज", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "बीडीएसटी महिला महाविद्यालय, घाटशिला", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "छोटानागपुर विधि महाविद्यालय, जैन मंदिर रोड, रांची", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "गोसनर महाविद्यालय, क्लब रोडा, रांची", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "Graduate School & College for Womens, जमशेदपुर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "जमशेदपुर कोआपरेटिव महाविद्यालय, जमशेदपुर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "जवाहरलाल नेहरू महाविद्यालय, चक्रधरपुर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "जमशेदपुर महिला महाविद्यालय, जमशेदपुर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "जेकेएस महाविद्यालय, जमशेदपुर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "केओ महाविद्यालय, रातू रोड, राँची", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "करीम सिटी महाविद्यालय, जमशेदपुर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "कर्पूरी ठाकुर महाविद्यालय, रांची", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "लोहिया महाविद्यालय, रांची", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "लालबहादुर शास्त्री महाविद्यालय, जमशेदपुर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "महात्मा गांधी चिकित्सा महाविद्यालय, जमशेदपुर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "महेन्द्र प्रसाद महिला महाविद्यालय, घाटशिला", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "मौलाना आजाद महाविद्यालय, जैन मंदिर रोड, रांची", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "निर्मला महाविद्यालय, डोरंडा, राँची", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "पीवीई स्मारक महाविद्यालय, चैनपुर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "राजेन्द्र चिकित्सा महाविद्यालय, रांची", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "राममनोहर लोहिया महाविद्यालय, रांची", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "बीएनजे महाविद्यालय, सिसाई", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "राष्ट्रीय प्रौधोगिकी संस्थान, जमशेदपुर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "एस के बागे महाविद्यालय, कोलबीरा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "एस एन सिन्हा प्रबंधन संस्थान, ध्रुर्वा, रांची", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "एस पी महाविद्यालय, गढवा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "श्यामाप्रसाद मुखर्जी महाविद्यालय, जमशेदपुर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "संजय गांधी महाविद्यालय, रांची", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "सिल्ली महाविद्यालय, सिल्ली", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "संत अगस्तीन महाविद्यालय, मनोहरपुर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "संत जोसफ महाविद्यालय तोरपा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "संत पाल महाविद्यालय, बहू बाजारा, रांची", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "संत जेवियर महाविद्यालय, पुरुलिया रोड [[राँची]", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "ताना भगत महाविद्यालय, घाघरा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "वर्कर्स कालेज, जमशेदपुर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "[[वाई एस महाविद्यालय], रांची", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "शिवा कालेज आफे एड्यूकेशन, झारखंड", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "मास्टर इंस्टीट्यूट ऑफ मैनेजमेंट ऐंड टेक्नालाजी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "उल्लेखनीय पूर्व छात्र", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "बाबूलाल मरांडी, राजनीतिज्ञ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "करिया मुंडा, राजनीतिज्ञ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "राधा चरण गुप्त, गणितज्ञ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "दिगंबर हांसदा, साहित्यकार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "नरेन्द्र कोहली, साहित्यकार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "लुईस मरांडी, राजनितिज्ञ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "दिनेश उरांव, राजनितिज्ञ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "नीरा यादव, राजनितिज्ञ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "रांची विश्वविद्यालय का आधिकारिक जालस्थल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8eef854a", "title": "राँची विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8eef854a.json"}}
{"text": "जाख नौला भारतीय राज्य उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के अल्मोड़ा जिले की जैंती तहसील का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0faf3b7d", "title": "जाख नौला, जैंती तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0faf3b7d.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0faf3b7d", "title": "जाख नौला, जैंती तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0faf3b7d.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0faf3b7d", "title": "जाख नौला, जैंती तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0faf3b7d.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0faf3b7d", "title": "जाख नौला, जैंती तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0faf3b7d.json"}}
{"text": "कोपेला (Kopela) भारत के महाराष्ट्र राज्य के गढ़चिरौली ज़िले में स्थित एक गाँव है। राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग ६३ यहाँ से गुज़रता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f0746bad", "title": "कोपेला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f0746bad.json"}}
{"text": "तल्लीसेठी (दरियामद), बेतालघाट तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के नैनीताल जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27e32305", "title": "तल्लीसेठी (दरियामद ), बेतालघाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_),_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27e32305.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27e32305", "title": "तल्लीसेठी (दरियामद ), बेतालघाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_),_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27e32305.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27e32305", "title": "तल्लीसेठी (दरियामद ), बेतालघाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_),_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27e32305.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27e32305", "title": "तल्लीसेठी (दरियामद ), बेतालघाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_),_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27e32305.json"}}
{"text": "मंजुल (जन्म : १९७१) भारत के एक राजनैतिक कार्टूनकार हैं। वे वर्तमान में मुंबई से प्रकाशित होने वाले अंगरेजी दैनिक डीएनए में मुख्य कार्टूनिस्ट हैं और इंडिया टुडे, इकोमोमिक टाईम्स, द इंडियन एक्सप्रेस, आउटलुक और तहलका जैसे समाचार पत्र और पत्रिकाओं के लिए काम कर चुके हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4977837f", "title": "मंजुल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4977837f.json"}}
{"text": "उन्होने १९८९ में कार्टून बनाने का कार्य शुरू किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4977837f", "title": "मंजुल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4977837f.json"}}
{"text": "मालकोट-मवालस्यूं-२, चौबटाखाल तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के पौड़ी जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dbf28b5c", "title": "मालकोट-मवालस्यूं-२, चौबटाखाल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82-%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dbf28b5c.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dbf28b5c", "title": "मालकोट-मवालस्यूं-२, चौबटाखाल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82-%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dbf28b5c.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dbf28b5c", "title": "मालकोट-मवालस्यूं-२, चौबटाखाल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82-%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dbf28b5c.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_dbf28b5c", "title": "मालकोट-मवालस्यूं-२, चौबटाखाल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82-%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_dbf28b5c.json"}}
{"text": "आचार्य विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री (२ मई १९२९ - १७ अप्रैल, २००५) हिन्दी साहित्यकार, शिक्षविद तथा राजनेता थे। अपने जीवन के अन्तिम खण्ड में वे उत्तर प्रदेश एवं हिमाचल प्रदेश के राज्यपाल भी रहे। आपने भारत भर के विश्वविद्यालयों एवं साहित्यिक संस्थानों की व्याख्यानमालाओं में सक्रिय भाग लिया। काव्य पाठन, भ्रमण, शिक्षा साहित्य तथा दर्शन आदि के क्षेत्रों में भी उनकी विशेष रूचि थी। केवल भारत ही नहीं, तो सम्पूर्ण विश्व में हिन्दी के श्रेष्ठ विद्वान के नाते वे प्रसिद्ध थे। अपने भाषण में उचित समय और उचित स्थान पर प्रसिद्ध कवियों की कविताओं के अंश उद्धृत करने की उनमें अद्भुत क्षमता थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3133db15", "title": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3133db15.json"}}
{"text": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री का जन्म 2 मई 1929 को कोलकाता में पंडित गांगेय नरोत्तम शास्त्री तथा रूपेश्वरी देवी के घर में हुआ। मूलतः इनका परिवार जम्मू का था। इन्होंने बी. ए., एम.ए., तथा एल.एल.बी. कलकत्ता विश्वविद्यालय से प्राप्त की। इन्होंने 1952 में एम.ए. हिन्दी में प्रथम श्रेणी में प्रथम स्थान प्राप्त किया था। इनका विवाह 26 जनवरी, 1953 को श्रीमती इन्दिरा देवी से हुआ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3133db15", "title": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3133db15.json"}}
{"text": "उनकी शिक्षा कोलकाता के सारस्वत विद्यालय, प्रेसीडेन्सी काॅलेज और फिर कोलकाता विश्वविद्यालय में हुई। उन्होंने अपने छात्रजीवन की सभी परीक्षाएँ सदा प्रथम श्रेणी में उत्तीर्ण कीं। 1944 में वे राष्ट्रीय स्वयंसेवक संघ के सम्पर्क में आये, तो फिर सदा के लिए उससे जुड़ गये।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3133db15", "title": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3133db15.json"}}
{"text": "26 जनवरी, 1953 को उनका विवाह इन्दिरा देवी से हुआ। इसी वर्ष वे कोलकाता विश्वविद्यालय में हिन्दी के प्राध्यापक नियुक्त हुए। क्रमश उन्नति करते हुए आचार्य एवं विभागाध्यक्ष बने। आचार्य के पद से कलकत्ता विश्वविद्यालय से 31 मई, 1994 को अवकाश ग्रहण किया। ये 1944 में राष्ट्रीय स्वयं सेवक संघ से सम्बद्ध हुये। अखिल भारतीय विद्यार्थी परिषद (कलकत्ता शाखा), श्री बड़ा बाज़ार कुमार सभा, पुस्तकालय, अनामिका और भारतीय जनता पार्टी (पश्चिमी बंगाल) के अध्यक्ष रहे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3133db15", "title": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3133db15.json"}}
{"text": "1971 में बांग्लादेश के मुक्ति संग्राम के समय धर्मयुग के सम्पादक धर्मवीर भारती के साथ आचार्य जी ने मोर्चे पर जाकर समाचार संकलित किये। बाद में वे धर्मयुग में प्रकाशित भी हुए, जिन्हें देश-विदेश में अत्यधिक प्रशंसा मिली। उनकी अन्य सभी पुस्तकें भी हिन्दी साहित्य की अमूल्य निधि हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3133db15", "title": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3133db15.json"}}
{"text": "1977 में वे विधायक निर्वाचित हुए। आगे चलकर भारतीय जनता पार्टी ने उन्हें राज्यसभा में भेजा। वहाँ अपनी विद्वत्ता तथा भाषण शैली से वे अत्यधिक लोकप्रिय हुए। हिन्दी, हिन्दू, हिन्दुस्थान के प्रति अनुराग उनकी जीवनचर्या में सदा प्रकट होता था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3133db15", "title": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3133db15.json"}}
{"text": "विष्णुकांत शास्त्री बंगीय हिन्दी परिषद के उपाध्यक्ष, भारतीय जनता पार्टी के राष्ट्रीय उपाध्यक्ष, श्यामा प्रसाद मुखर्जी स्मारक समिति के महामंत्री, भारतीय भाषा परिषद के मंत्री और भारत भवन भोपाल के ट्रस्टी भी रहे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3133db15", "title": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3133db15.json"}}
{"text": "सीनेट, कलकत्ता विश्वविद्यालय, कार्यकारी समिति, भारतीय हिन्दी परिषद, हिन्दी अध्ययन बोर्ड इलाहाबाद विश्वविद्यालय, कार्यकारी समिति, कलकत्ता विश्वविद्यालय, बांग्लादेश सहायक समिति, हिन्दी सलाहकार समिति गृह मंत्रालय एवं सूचना प्रसारण मंत्रालय (1977-1979) के सदस्य रहे। भारत सरकार के मानव संसाधन विकास मंत्रालय की समिति तथा परामर्ष समिति (1992-1998), संसदीय राजभाषा समिति (1994-1998) के सदस्य रहे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3133db15", "title": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3133db15.json"}}
{"text": "अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी के नेतृत्व में राष्ट्रीय जनतान्त्रिक गठबन्धन की सरकार बनने पर उन्हें पहले हिमाचल प्रदेश और फिर उत्तर प्रदेश का राज्यपाल बनाया गया। उत्तर प्रदेश के राजभवन में पूरी तरह अंग्रेजी छायी थी। शास्त्री जी ने कमरों के नाम बदलकर नीलकुसुम, अमलतास, तृप्ति, प्रज्ञा, अन्नपूर्णा जैसे शुद्ध साहित्यिक तथा भारतीयता की सुगन्ध से परिपूर्ण नाम रखे। जब केन्द्र में कंग्रेस की सरकार आयी, तो उन्हें राज्यपाल पद से हटा दिया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3133db15", "title": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3133db15.json"}}
{"text": "श्री रामनवमी (18 अपै्रल) को वे पटना में गीता पर व्याख्यान देने जा रहे थे; पर 17 अपै्रल 2005 को रेल में ही हुए भीषण हृदयाघात से उनका देहान्त हो गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3133db15", "title": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3133db15.json"}}
{"text": "वर्ष 1977 में जनता पार्टी के टिकट पर पश्चिम बंगाल विधान सभा के सदस्य निर्वाचित।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3133db15", "title": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3133db15.json"}}
{"text": "वर्ष 1982 से 1986 तक पश्चिम बंगाल भाजपा के अध्यक्ष रहे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3133db15", "title": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3133db15.json"}}
{"text": "वर्ष 1988 से 1993 तक भाजपा के राष्ट्रीय उपाध्यक्ष रहे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3133db15", "title": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3133db15.json"}}
{"text": "वर्ष 1992 से 1998 तक राज्य सभा में सांसद रहे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3133db15", "title": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3133db15.json"}}
{"text": "वर्ष 1980 से 1999 तक भारतीय जनता पार्टी की राष्ट्रीय कार्यकारिणी समिति के सदस्य रहे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3133db15", "title": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3133db15.json"}}
{"text": "02 12-1999 से 23-11-2000 तक हिमाचल प्रदेश के राज्यपाल के पद पर रहे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3133db15", "title": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3133db15.json"}}
{"text": "24-11-2000 से 02 07-2004 तक उत्तर प्रदेश के राज्यपाल के पद पर रहे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3133db15", "title": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3133db15.json"}}
{"text": "आचार्य विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री का साहित्यिक योगदान विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में रहा है। हिन्दी आलोचना के क्षेत्र में उनका महत्वपूर्ण योगदान है।   तुलसीदास तथा हिन्दी के भक्तिकालीन काव्य में उनकी विशेष रुचि थी। उन्होंने काव्य, निबन्ध, आलोचना, संस्मरण, यात्रा वृत्तान्त आदि विविध क्षेत्रों में प्रचुर साहित्य की रचना की।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3133db15", "title": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3133db15.json"}}
{"text": "‘कवि निराला की वेदना तथा निबन्ध’, ‘कुछ चंदन की कुछ कपूर की’, ‘चिन्तन मुद्रा’, ‘अनुचिंतन’ (साहित्य समीक्षा), ‘तुलसी के हियहेरि’ (तुलसी केन्द्रित निबंध), ‘‘बांग्लादेश के सन्दर्भ में (रिपोताॅज), स्मरण को पाथेय बनने दो’, ‘सुधियां उस चंदन के वनकी’ (यात्रा वृतान्त व संस्मरण), भक्ति और शरणागत’ (विवेचन), ‘ज्ञान और कर्म’ (चिन्तन-दर्शन), ‘अनन्त पथ के यात्री’- धर्मवीर भारती (संस्मरण)।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3133db15", "title": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3133db15.json"}}
{"text": "‘उपकालिदासय’ (बांग्ला से हिन्दी), ‘संकल्प-संत्रास-संकल्प’ (बांग्लादेश की संग्रामी कविताओं का काव्यानुवाद), महात्मा गांधी का समाज दर्शन (अंग्रेजी से हिन्दी)।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3133db15", "title": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3133db15.json"}}
{"text": "‘दर्शन और आज का हिन्दी रंगमंच’, ‘बालमुकंद गुप्त: एक मूल्यांकन’, बांग्लादेश: संस्कृति और साहित्य, ‘तुलसीदासः आज के संदर्भ में’, कलकत्ता 1993’, ‘अमर आग है’ (अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी की चुनी हुई कविताओं का संकलन)। ‘रस वृन्दावन’ धर्मिक मासिक पत्रिका के प्रधान सम्पादक (1979-1984)।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3133db15", "title": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3133db15.json"}}
{"text": "24 नवम्बर 2000 से 2 जुलाई 2004 छत्रपति शाहू जी महाराज विश्वविद्यालय, कानपुर द्वारा मानद उपाधि, डी.लिट. तथा बनारस हिन्दू विश्वविद्यालय द्वारा डी. लिट्. की मानद उपाधि से सम्मानित किया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3133db15", "title": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3133db15.json"}}
{"text": "आचार्य रामचन्द्र शुक्ल पुरस्कार (उत्तर प्रदेश हिन्दी संस्थान)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3133db15", "title": "विष्णुकान्त शास्त्री", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3133db15.json"}}
{"text": "शेखपुरा भारतीय राज्य बिहार के पटना जिले के पुनपुन प्रखण्ड का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_32d9b0ec", "title": "शेखपुरा गाँव, पुनपुन (पटना)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_32d9b0ec.json"}}
{"text": "मानव कंकाल शरीर की आन्तरिक संरचना होती है। यह जन्म के समय नवजात शिशु में 300 हड्डियां होती है ,बाल्यावस्था में हड्डियों की संख्या 270 हो जाती है और किशोरावस्था व प्रौढ़ावस्था में कुछ हड्डियों के संगलित होने(अस्थिकरण)के कारण 206 तक सीमित हो जाती है। हड्डियों के अध्ययन को ऑस्टियोलॉजी कहा जाता है। तंत्रिका में हड्डियों का द्रव्यमान 30 वर्ष की आयु के लगभग अपने अधिकतम घनत्व पर पहुँचती है। मानव कंकाल को अक्षीय कंकाल और उपांगी कंकाल में विभाजित किया जाता है। अक्षीय कंकाल मेरूदण्ड, पसली पिंजर और खोपड़ी से मिलकर बना होता है। उपांगी कंकाल अक्षीय कंकाल से जुड़ा हुआ होता है तथा अंस मेखला, श्रोणि मेखला और अत: पाद एवं ऊपरी पाद की हड्डियों से मिलकर बना होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1a958220", "title": "मानव कंकाल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1a958220.json"}}
{"text": "मानव कंकाल निम्नलिखित छः कार्य करता है: उपजीवन, गति, रक्षण, रुधिर कणिकाओं का निर्माण, आयनों का भंडारण और अंत: स्रावी विनियमन।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1a958220", "title": "मानव कंकाल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1a958220.json"}}
{"text": "मानव कंकाल अन्य प्रजातियों के समान लैंगिक द्विरूपता नहीं रखता लेकिन मस्तिष्क, दंत विन्यास, लम्बी हड्डियों और श्रोणियों में आकीरिकी के अनुसार अल्प अन्तर होता है। सामान्यतः महिला कंकाल के अवयवों उसी तरह के पुरुषों की की तुलना में कुछ मात्रा में छोटे और कम मजबूत होते हैं। अन्य प्राणियों से भिन्न, मानव पुरुष का लिंग स्तंभास्थि रहित होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1a958220", "title": "मानव कंकाल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1a958220.json"}}
{"text": "मंज्रि, भैंसा मण्डल में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के अदिलाबादु जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_20b26b60", "title": "मंज्रि, भैंसा मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_20b26b60.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_20b26b60", "title": "मंज्रि, भैंसा मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_20b26b60.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_20b26b60", "title": "मंज्रि, भैंसा मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_20b26b60.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर मंज्रि, भैंसा मण्डल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_20b26b60", "title": "मंज्रि, भैंसा मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_20b26b60.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_20b26b60", "title": "मंज्रि, भैंसा मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_20b26b60.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_20b26b60", "title": "मंज्रि, भैंसा मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_20b26b60.json"}}
{"text": "नगला सबल उर्फ गोंडा इगलास, अलीगढ़, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_db6c9e13", "title": "नगला सबल उर्फ गोंडा गाँव, इगलास (अलीगढ़)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_db6c9e13.json"}}
{"text": "सस्पोल (Suspol) भारत के लद्दाख़ प्रदेश के लेह ज़िले में स्थित एक गाँव है। यह ज़िले में तहसील का दर्जा रखता है। यहाँ प्रसिद्ध सस्पोल गुफाएँ हैं, जिनमें 15वीं शताब्दी की धार्मिक चित्रकारी मिलती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a2479c1f", "title": "सस्पोल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a2479c1f.json"}}
{"text": "सुमरी, कपकोट तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के बागेश्वर जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b93bcab0", "title": "सुमरी, कपकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b93bcab0.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b93bcab0", "title": "सुमरी, कपकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b93bcab0.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b93bcab0", "title": "सुमरी, कपकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b93bcab0.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b93bcab0", "title": "सुमरी, कपकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b93bcab0.json"}}
{"text": "गंगासागर (सागर द्वीप या गंगा-सागर-संगम भी कहते हैं) बंगाल की खाड़ी के कॉण्टीनेण्टल शैल्फ में कोलकाता से १५० कि॰मी॰ (८०मील) दक्षिण में एक द्वीप है। यह भारत के अधिकार क्षेत्र में आता है और पश्चिम बंगाल सरकार के प्रशासनिक नियंत्रण में है। इस द्वीप का कुल क्षेत्रफल ३०० वर्ग कि॰मी॰ है। इसमें ४३ गांव हैं, जिनकी जनसंख्या १,६०,००० है। यहीं गंगा नदी का सागर से संगम माना जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ba310be5", "title": "गंगासागर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ba310be5.json"}}
{"text": "इस द्वीप में ही रॉयल बंगाल टाइगर का प्राकृतिक आवास है। यहां मैन्ग्रोव की दलदल, जलमार्ग तथा छोटी छोटी नदियां, नहरें हीं। इस द्वीप पर ही प्रसिद्ध हिन्दू तीर्थ है। प्रत्येक वर्ष मकर संक्रांति के अवसर पर लाखों हिन्दू श्रद्धालुओं का तांता लगता है, जो गंगा नदी के सागर से संगम पर नदी में स्नान करने के इच्छुक होते हैं। यहाँ एक मंदिर भी है जो कपिल मुनि के प्राचीन आश्रम स्थल पर बना है। ये लोग कपिल मुनि के मंदिर में पूजा अर्चना भी करते हैं। पुराणों के अनुसार कपिल मुनि के श्राप के कारण ही राजा सगर के ६० हज़ार पुत्रों की इसी स्थान पर तत्काल मृत्यु हो गई थी। उनके मोक्ष के लिए राजा सगर के वंश के राजा भगीरथ गंगा को पृथ्वी पर लाए थे और गंगा यहीं सागर से मिली थीं। कहा जाता है कि एक बार गंगा सागर में डुबकी लगाने पर 10 अश्वमेध यज्ञ और एक हज़ार गाय दान करने के समान फल मिलता है। जहां गंगा-सागर का मेला लगता है, वहां से कुछ दूरी उत्तर वामनखल स्थान में एक प्राचीन मंदिर है। उसके पास चंदनपीड़िवन में एक जीर्ण मंदिर है और बुड़बुड़ीर तट पर विशालाक्षी का मंदिर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ba310be5", "title": "गंगासागर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ba310be5.json"}}
{"text": "कोलकाता पोर्ट ट्रस्ट का यहां एक पायलट स्टेशन तथा एक प्रकाशदीप भी है। पश्चिम बंगाल सरकार सागर द्वीप में एक गहरे पानी के बंदरगाह निर्माण की योजना बना रही है। गंगासागर तीर्थ एवं मेला महाकुंभ के बाद मनुष्यों का दूसरा सबसे बड़ा मेला है। यह मेला वर्ष में एक बार लगता है।  यह द्वीप के दक्षिणतम छोर पर गंगा डेल्टा में गंगा के बंगाल की खाड़ी में पूर्ण विलय (संगम) के बिंदु पर लगता है। बहुत पहले इस ही स्थानपर गंगा जी की धारा सागर में मिलती थी, किंतु अब इसका मुहाना पीछे हट गया है। अब इस द्वीप के पास गंगा की एक बहुत छोटी सी धारा सागर से मिलती है। यह मेला पांच दिन चलता है। इसमें स्नान मुहूर्त तीन ही दिनों का होता है। यहां गंगाजी का कोई मंदिर नहीं है, बस एक मील का स्थान निश्चित है, जिसे मेले की तिथि से कुछ दिन पूर्व ही संवारा जाता है। यहां स्थित कपिल मुनि का मंदिर सागर बहा ले गया, जिसकी मूर्ति अब कोलकाता में रहती है और मेले से कुछ सप्ताह पूर्व पुरोहितों को पूजा अर्चना हेतु मिलती है। अब यहां एक अस्थायी मंदिर ही बना है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ba310be5", "title": "गंगासागर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ba310be5.json"}}
{"text": "इस स्थान पर कुछ भाग चार वर्षों में एक बार ही बाहर आता है, शेष तीन वर्ष जलमग्न रहता है। इस कारण ही कह जाता है:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ba310be5", "title": "गंगासागर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ba310be5.json"}}
{"text": "बाकी तीरथ चार बार, गंगा-सागर एक बार॥", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ba310be5", "title": "गंगासागर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ba310be5.json"}}
{"text": "वर्ष २००७ में मकर संक्रांति के अवसर पर लगभग ३ लाख लोगों ने यहां स्नान किया। यह संख्या अगले वर्ष घटकर २ लाख रह गई। ऐसा कुंभ मेले के कारण हुआ। शेष वर्ष पर्यन्त ५० हजार तीर्थयात्रियों ने स्नान किए। २००८ में पांच लाख श्रद्धालुओं ने सागर द्वीप में स्नान किया। यहां आने वाले श्रद्धालुओं से १० भारतीय रुपए कर लिया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ba310be5", "title": "गंगासागर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ba310be5.json"}}
{"text": "प्रायः यात्री कोलकाता से नाव से गंगा सागर जाते हैं। कोलकाता से ३८ मील दक्षिण में डायमंड हार्बर स्टेशन है। वहां से नावें और जहाज भी गंगा सागर जाते हैं। कोलकता से गंगासागरद्वीप लगभग ९० मील दक्षिण में है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ba310be5", "title": "गंगासागर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ba310be5.json"}}
{"text": "गंगासागर मेले के चित्र २००७", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ba310be5", "title": "गंगासागर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ba310be5.json"}}
{"text": "गंगासागर के चित्र २००८", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ba310be5", "title": "गंगासागर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ba310be5.json"}}
{"text": "गंगासागर का अर्थ पुस्तक.ऑर्ग पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ba310be5", "title": "गंगासागर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ba310be5.json"}}
{"text": "विजय सिंघल एवं अतुल भारदाज. गंगा की यात्रा गोमुख से गंगासागर तक. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |chapterurl= (help); Missing |author1= (help); Unknown parameter |origdate= ignored (|orig-year= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |origmonth= ignored (help)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ba310be5", "title": "गंगासागर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ba310be5.json"}}
{"text": "गंगासागर पर कार्यक्रम  वीडियो देखें आजतक पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ba310be5", "title": "गंगासागर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ba310be5.json"}}
{"text": "विश्व परमाणु संघ  एक अंतरराष्ट्रीय संगठन है जो परमाणु ऊर्जा को बढ़ावा देता है और उन कंपनियों का समर्थन करता है जिनमें वैश्विक परमाणु उद्योग शामिल है।  इसके सदस्य परमाणु ईंधन चक्र के सभी हिस्सों से आते हैं, जिसमें यूरेनियम खनन, यूरेनियम रूपांतरण, यूरेनियम संवर्धन, परमाणु ईंधन निर्माण, संयंत्र निर्माण,परिवहन, और प्रयुक्त परमाणु ईंधन के साथ-साथ बिजली उत्पादन भी शामिल है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_047361b5", "title": "विश्व परमाणु संघ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_047361b5.json"}}
{"text": "विश्व परमाणु संघ के सदस्य मिलकर विश्व की 70% परमाणु शक्ति के साथ-साथ विश्व यूरेनियम के विशाल बहुमत, रूपांतरण और संवर्धन उत्पादन के लिए जिम्मेदार हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_047361b5", "title": "विश्व परमाणु संघ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_047361b5.json"}}
{"text": "संघ का कहना है कि इसका उद्देश्य अपने सदस्यों के लिए दोहरी भूमिका निभाना है: तकनीकी, वाणिज्यिक और नीतिगत मामलों पर उनकी बातचीत को सुगम बनाना और परमाणु प्रौद्योगिकी की व्यापक सार्वजनिक समझ को बढ़ावा देना। इसमें लगभग 30 कर्मचारियों का सचिवालय है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_047361b5", "title": "विश्व परमाणु संघ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_047361b5.json"}}
{"text": "संघ की स्थापना 2001 में यूरेनियम संस्थान के आधार पर की गई थी, जिसकी स्थापना स्वयं 1975 में हुई थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_047361b5", "title": "विश्व परमाणु संघ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_047361b5.json"}}
{"text": "विश्व परमाणु संघ की आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_047361b5", "title": "विश्व परमाणु संघ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_047361b5.json"}}
{"text": "World Nuclear Association Symposium", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_047361b5", "title": "विश्व परमाणु संघ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_047361b5.json"}}
{"text": "विश्व परमाणु ईंधन चक्र", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_047361b5", "title": "विश्व परमाणु संघ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_047361b5.json"}}
{"text": "वार्षिक रिपोर्ट Archived 2022-04-14 at the वेबैक मशीन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_047361b5", "title": "विश्व परमाणु संघ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_047361b5.json"}}
{"text": "जैतपुर (Jaitpur) भारत के उत्तर प्रदेश के बुन्देलखण्ड राज्य के महोबा ज़िले में स्थित एक नगर है। यह जैतपुर रियायत की राजधानी था। यह बेलासागर नामक झील के समीप बसा हुआ है। ये कस्वा बुंदेलखंड केशरी महाराजा क्षत्रसाल के प्रथम पुत्र जगतराज का क्षेत्र रहा महाराज क्षत्रसाल ने इस कस्वे को अपनी राजधानी के रूप में चुना क्षत्रसाल ने अपनी सभी राजनैतिक गतिविधियां जैतपुर से शुरू की और बड़े बड़े युद्ध जीते जो कभी भी हरे नहीं है आज भी महाराजा क्षत्रसाल की गढ़ी अर्थात महल बना हुआ है जो कस्वे में ड्योढ़ी के नाम से जाना जाता है जैतपुर इतिहासिक तौर पर बहुत समृद्व कस्वा रहा है जैतपुर नरेश जगतराज के समय में एक विशाल तालाब का निर्माण किया गया जिसका क्षेत्रफल 2700 वर्ग हेक्टेयर है जिसे महाराज ब्रम्हबेल ने खुदवाया था जो आज बेलसागर के नाम से जाना जाता है इसी कारण जैतपुर को बेलाताल भी कहा जाता है यहां पर राधाकृष्ण जी का प्राचीन मंदिर है जो बेलाताल की शोभा में चार चांद लगाता है जो वर्तमान में धौंसा मंदिर के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हैं", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3de13fe7", "title": "जैतपुर, महोबा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3de13fe7.json"}}
{"text": "श्रद्धा दास भारतीय अभिनेत्री हैं जो तेलुगू, तमिल, बंगाली और हिन्दी फ़िल्मों में कार्य करती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e588fc2a", "title": "श्रद्धा दास", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e588fc2a.json"}}
{"text": "श्रद्धा दास का जन्म बुधवार, 4 मार्च 1987 को मुंबई , महाराष्ट्र में बंगाली माता-पिता के घर हुआ था। उनके पिता, सुनील दास, एक व्यवसायी हैं, जो पुरुलिया से हैं और उनकी माँ, सपना दास, एक डॉक्टर हैं। वह एक बौद्ध हैं । उनका पालन-पोषण मुंबई में हुआ, जहां उन्होंने अपनी पढ़ाई पूरी की। श्रद्धा ने रुइया कॉलेज और मुंबई विश्वविद्यालय से एसआईईएस कॉलेज ऑफ कॉमर्स एंड इकोनॉमिक्स से पत्रकारिता में बैचलर ऑफ मास मीडिया की डिग्री के साथ स्नातक की उपाधि प्राप्त की।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e588fc2a", "title": "श्रद्धा दास", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e588fc2a.json"}}
{"text": "गोम्मटगिरि मैसूर से २० km की दूरी पर स्थित एक शहर है।. गोम्मटगिरि कर्नाटक राज्य की मैसूर ज़िले के हुंसुर तालुक के बिलिकेरे में स्थित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_18281ba4", "title": "गोम्मटगिरि", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_18281ba4.json"}}
{"text": "गोम्मटगिरि एक प्रख्यात जैन तीर्थ है। यहाँ भगवान बाहुबली की ७०० वर्ष प्राचीन मूर्ति है। यह मूर्ति जिसे गोम्मटेशवर भी कहा जाता है, ५० मीटर ऊँची पहाड़ी के ऊपर स्थित है। पहाड़ी को श्रवण गुड्डा के नाम से जाना जाता है। गोम्मटेश्वर मूर्ति विजयनगर काल की ग्रेनाइट से बनी रचना है। स्थानीय लोगों के अनुसार यह पूरा क्षेत्र २ शताब्दी के बाद से जैन अनुयायियों के लिए एक प्रमुख केन्द्र रहा है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_18281ba4", "title": "गोम्मटगिरि", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_18281ba4.json"}}
{"text": "गोम्मटगिरि में स्थित २० फीट ऊँची प्रतिमा श्रवण बेलगोला की गोम्मटेश्वर मूर्ति से काफ़ी मिलती है, बस आकार में छोटी है।  इतिहासकारों इस प्रतिमा को प्रारंभिक विजयनगर काल का बताते हैं।.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_18281ba4", "title": "गोम्मटगिरि", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_18281ba4.json"}}
{"text": "गोम्मटगिरि पर स्थित प्रतिमा के क्षतिग्रस्त होने के कारण मौजूद है। स्थानीय क्षेत्र में हो रहे उत्खनन और विस्फोट से प्रतिमा में दरार देखी जा सकती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_18281ba4", "title": "गोम्मटगिरि", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_18281ba4.json"}}
{"text": "मार्कस विनीसियस कार्वाल्हो लोप्स डी'अल्मेडा (जन्म 30 जनवरी 1998, रियो डी जनेरियो) एक ब्राज़ीलियाई एथलीट हैं जो रिकर्व तीरंदाजी में प्रतिस्पर्धा करते हैं। फरवरी 2023 में, वह अपनी श्रेणी, रिकर्व धनुष, में विश्व तीरंदाजी रैंकिंग में शीर्ष पर रहने वाले पहले ब्राज़ीलियाई बन गए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c08bc1ea", "title": "मार्कस डी'अल्मेडा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%27%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c08bc1ea.json"}}
{"text": "डी'अल्मेडा ने पहली बार 2013 में अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तर पर प्रतिस्पर्धा की, और 2014 में दक्षिण अमेरिकी खेलों में तीन स्वर्ण पदक जीते (जहाँ उन्होंने 1440 राउंड के सभी दक्षिण अमेरिकी रिकॉर्ड तोड़ दिए) और 2014 तीरंदाजी विश्व कप के फाइनल में दूसरे सर्वोच्च क्वालीफायर के रूप में क्वालीफाई किया, जहाँ उन्होंने रजत पदक जीता, फाइनल में ब्रैडी एलिसन से शूट-ऑफ में हार गए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c08bc1ea", "title": "मार्कस डी'अल्मेडा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%27%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c08bc1ea.json"}}
{"text": "किशोरावस्था में ही खेल के शीर्ष स्तर तक पहुंचने के कारण उन्हें \"तीरंदाजी का नेमार\" उपनाम दिया गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c08bc1ea", "title": "मार्कस डी'अल्मेडा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%27%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c08bc1ea.json"}}
{"text": "उन्होंने नानजिंग, चीन में 2014 ग्रीष्मकालीन युवा ओलंपिक में व्यक्तिगत प्रतियोगिता में रजत पदक जीता, जहां वे ब्राजील के ध्वजवाहक थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c08bc1ea", "title": "मार्कस डी'अल्मेडा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%27%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c08bc1ea.json"}}
{"text": "2019 पैन अमेरिकन खेलों में, उन्होंने रजत पदक जीता, केवल 6x4 के कड़े स्कोर के कारण 2013 विश्व तीरंदाजी चैंपियनशिप में कांस्य पदक विजेता, कनाडाई क्रिस्पिन डुएनास से हार गए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c08bc1ea", "title": "मार्कस डी'अल्मेडा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%27%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c08bc1ea.json"}}
{"text": "ओलंपिक खेलों में टोक्यो 2020, डचमैन शेफ वैन डेन बर्ग को हराकर और 16 के दौर में आगे बढ़कर, उन्होंने ओलंपिक में तीरंदाजी के इतिहास में एक ब्राजीलियाई तीरंदाज का सर्वश्रेष्ठ परिणाम प्राप्त किया। उन्हें इटली के माउरो नेस्पोली ने राउंड ऑफ़ 16 में बाहर कर दिया, जिन्होंने इस प्रतियोगिता में ओलंपिक रजत पदक जीता था। नेस्पोली ने सभी तीर लक्ष्य के सबसे मध्य भाग में मारे (हमेशा 9 या 10 अंक प्राप्त करते हुए)।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c08bc1ea", "title": "मार्कस डी'अल्मेडा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%27%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c08bc1ea.json"}}
{"text": "सितंबर 2021 में उन्होंने विश्व तीरंदाजी चैंपियनशिप में ब्राज़ील के इतिहास का पहला पदक जीता। उन्होंने रजत पदक जीता, एक ऐसी प्रतियोगिता में जिसमें टोक्यो ओलंपिक के सभी पदक विजेता शामिल थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c08bc1ea", "title": "मार्कस डी'अल्मेडा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%27%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c08bc1ea.json"}}
{"text": "जून 2022 में, वह पेरिस में विश्व कप में खिताब जीतने के बाद विश्व रैंकिंग में चौथे स्थान पर पहुंच गए, जहां उन्होंने तीन ओलंपिक चैंपियनों को हराया, जिनमें से दो दक्षिण कोरियाई थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c08bc1ea", "title": "मार्कस डी'अल्मेडा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%27%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c08bc1ea.json"}}
{"text": "फरवरी 2023 में, वह अपनी श्रेणी, रिकर्व धनुष में विश्व तीरंदाजी रैंकिंग में शीर्ष पर रहने वाले पहले ब्राजीलियाई बन गए। मई में, उन्होंने शंघाई में दूसरे चरण में जीत के साथ तीरंदाजी विश्व कप के एक चरण में अपना दूसरा खिताब जीता। अगस्त में, बर्लिन में 2023 विश्व तीरंदाजी चैंपियनशिप में, डी'अल्मेडा ने इंडोनेशिया के आरिफ द्वी पंगेस्टू को 6-4 से हराकर कांस्य के साथ अपना दूसरा विश्व चैंपियनशिप पदक जीता। दो हफ्ते बाद, उन्होंने पेरिस में 2023 तीरंदाजी विश्व कप के चौथे चरण में कांस्य पदक जीता और 10 सितंबर को, उन्होंने हरमोसिलो, मेक्सिको में अंतिम विश्व कप चरण में एक और स्वर्ण पदक जीता, जिसमें उन्होंने फाइनल में दक्षिण कोरियाई ली वू-सियोक को 6-4 से हराया,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c08bc1ea", "title": "मार्कस डी'अल्मेडा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%27%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c08bc1ea.json"}}
{"text": "डी'अल्मेडा को विश्व तीरंदाजी महासंघ द्वारा 2023 में दुनिया का सर्वश्रेष्ठ तीरंदाज चुना गया। उन्होंने 2023 में देश के सर्वश्रेष्ठ एथलीट के लिए ब्राज़ीलियन ओलंपिक समिति पुरस्कार भी जीता।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c08bc1ea", "title": "मार्कस डी'अल्मेडा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%27%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c08bc1ea.json"}}
{"text": "जून 2024 में, ओलंपिक से 1 महीने पहले, उन्होंने विश्व कप चरण जो कि अंताल्या, तुर्की में हुआ में रजत पदक प्राप्त किया, जिसमें वे \"टाईब्रेकर तीर\" में दक्षिण कोरियाई तीन बार के विश्व चैंपियन किम वू-जिन से फाइनल हार गए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c08bc1ea", "title": "मार्कस डी'अल्मेडा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%27%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c08bc1ea.json"}}
{"text": "पेरिस में हुए 2024 ओलंपिक खेलों में, उन्हें रैंकिंग चरण में समस्याएँ हुईं और वे केवल 17वें स्थान पर ही क्वालीफाई कर पाए। इसके कारण दुनिया के नंबर एक तीरंदाज़ मार्कस और दुनिया के दूसरे नंबर के दक्षिण कोरियाई किम वू-जिन के बीच 16वें राउंड में एक \"जल्दी फ़ाइनल\" हुआ। किम वू-जिन लगभग पूरी तरह से सफल रहे, उन्होंने अपने लगभग सभी तीर निशाने के बीच में लगाए, मार्कस को 7-1 से हराया और बाद में प्रतियोगिता के स्वर्ण पदक विजेता बने।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c08bc1ea", "title": "मार्कस डी'अल्मेडा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%27%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c08bc1ea.json"}}
{"text": "पेरिस 2024 ग्रीष्मकालीन ओलंपिक में मार्कस डी'अल्मेडा  (संग्रहीत, वैकल्पिक लिंक)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c08bc1ea", "title": "मार्कस डी'अल्मेडा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%27%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c08bc1ea.json"}}
{"text": "इंस्टाग्राम पर मार्कस डी'अल्मेडा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c08bc1ea", "title": "मार्कस डी'अल्मेडा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%27%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c08bc1ea.json"}}
{"text": "लिद्दर घाटी भारत के जम्मू और कश्मीर राज्य में लिद्दर नदी द्वारा निर्मित एक हिमालय उप-घाटी है जो कश्मीर घाटी का उत्तरी-पूर्वी भाग है। लिद्दर घाटी में प्रवेश का मार्ग अनंतनाग शहर से सात किलोमीटर उत्तर-पूर्व में स्थित है तथा यह श्रीनगर, जो जम्मू कश्मीर की ग्रीष्म कालीन राजधानी है, के ६२ किलोमीटर दक्षिण-पूर्व में स्थित है। यह एक ४० किलोमीटर लंबी गॉर्ज घाटी है जिसकी औसत चौड़ाई ३ किलोमीटर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78cadd4e", "title": "लिद्दर घाटी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78cadd4e.json"}}
{"text": "लिद्दर घाटी अनंतनाग जिला के पहलगाम तहसील में अवस्थित है। इसकी पश्चिमी सीमा मुख्य  कश्मीर घाटी के के साथ है और उत्तरी सीमा सिंद घाटी के लगती है और कुल ४० किलोमीटर की लंबाई कवर करती है। इसकी अधिकतम चौड़ाई पांच किमी है। लिद्दर बेसिन, दक्षिण और दक्षिण-पूर्व में पीर पंजाल रेंज, उत्तर में सिंध घाटी और पूर्वोत्तर के द्वारा जांस्कर श्रेणी द्वारा परिसीमित है।  लिद्दर जल निकासी बेसिन का कुल  क्षेत्र  १,१३४ किमी2 है। यह घाटी लिद्दर नदी द्वारा निर्मित है जो अंग्रेजी के वाई (Y) अक्षर के आकार में बनाई गयी है क्योंकि पहलगाम के ऊपर नदी दो धाराओं, पूरबी लिद्दर और पच्छिमी लिद्दर के के रूप में बहती है। इन दो धाराओं में से पूर्वी लिद्दर नदी ऊपर की ओर चन्दनवारी से होकर गुजरती है और इसका स्रोत शेषनाग झील और शीशराम ग्लेशियर है। पश्चिम लिद्दर नदी कोल होई ग्लेशियर से निकलती है और अपने रास्ते में कई हरे शंकुधारी जंगलों और अल्पाइन घास की उपत्यकाओं से गुजरती है। लिद्दर घाटी अन्य ज़िलों के लिये स्वच्छ जलापूर्ति का स्रोत है और साथ ही कृषि हेतु सिंचाई का साधन भी।  लिद्दर नदी अपने मार्ग में कई उल्लेखनीय प्राकृतिक स्थलों और पर्यटन स्थलों, उदाहरणार्थ, अरु, पहलगाम, बेताब घाटी, और अकद से होकर गुजरती है। इस घाटी में अवस्थित मुख्य कस्बों में मंडलान, लारिपोरा, फ्रास्लन, अशमुकाम और सीर हमदान हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78cadd4e", "title": "लिद्दर घाटी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78cadd4e.json"}}
{"text": "लिद्दर घाटी का निर्माण, लिद्दर और इसकी सहायक जलधाराओं द्वारा, लाखों साल से अधिक की कालावधि के अपरदन द्वारा हिमालय पर्वत के इस क्षेत्र को काट कर किया गया है। आज, नदी द्वारा अनंतनाग के निचले इलाकों में रेत की चादर का निक्षेप हो रहा है। क्रमिक कटाव प्रक्रियाओं ने आसपास के जंगलों वाले इलाके को काट कर बहाया है और कई स्थलों पर गहरे खड्ड (गॉर्ज) का निर्माण किया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78cadd4e", "title": "लिद्दर घाटी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78cadd4e.json"}}
{"text": "लिद्दर घाटी में ग्लेशियर जलापूर्ति वाली कई जलधारायें है और लिद्दर की सहायिकायें विभिन्न प्रकार की ट्राउट प्रजाति की मछलियों का आवास हैं। यह नदी घाटी, हिमालयी काला भालू का प्राकृतिक पर्यावास है। इसके साथ ही  इस इलाके में हिमालयी भूरे भालू, कस्तूरी मृग, हिम तेंदुए और हंगुल भी अरु और लिद्दरवत क्षेत्रों में, दाचिगम नेशनल पार्क के करीब हैं, लक्षित किये गये हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_78cadd4e", "title": "लिद्दर घाटी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_78cadd4e.json"}}
{"text": "गोपबंधु दास (१८७७-१९२८) ओड़िशा के एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, स्वतंत्रतता संग्राम सेनानी एवं साहित्यकार थे। उन्हें उत्कळ मणि के नाम से जाना जाता है। ओड़िशा में राष्ट्रीयता एवं स्वाधीनता संग्राम की बात चलाने पर लोग गोपबंधु दास का नाम सर्वप्रथम लेते हैं। ओड़िशा वासी उनको \"दरिद्रर सखा\" (दरिद्र के सखा) रूप से स्मरण करते हैं। ओड़िशा के पुण्यक्षेत्र पुरी में जगन्नाथ मंदिर के सिंहद्वार के उत्तरी पार्श्व में चौक के सामने उनकी एक संगमर्मर की मूर्ति स्थापित है। उत्कल के विभिन्न अंचलों को संघटित कर पूर्णांग ओड़िशा बनाने के लिये उन्हांने प्राणपण से चेष्टा की। उत्कल के विशिष्ट दैनिक पत्र \"समाज\" के ये संस्थापक थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c76d46ab", "title": "गोपबंधु दास", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c76d46ab.json"}}
{"text": "गोपबंधु दास का जन्म सन् 1877 ई. में पुरी जिले के सत्यवादी थाना के अंतर्गत \"सुआंडो\" नामक एक क्षुद्र पल्ली (गाँव) में हुआ था। जून, सन् 1928 ई. में केवल 53 वर्ष की अवस्था में उनका देहांत हुआ। यद्यपि जीविका अर्जन के लिये उन्होंने वकालत की, तथापि शिक्षक के जीवन को वे सदा आदर्श जीवन मानते थे। कुछ दिनों तक उन्होंने शिक्षण कार्य किया भी था। अंग्रेजी शासन में पराधीन रहकर भी उन्होंने स्वाधीन शिक्षापद्धति अपनाई थी। बंगाल के शांतिनिकेतन की तरह उड़ीसा के सत्यवादी नामक स्थान में खुले आकाश के नीचे एक वनविद्यालय खोला था और वहाँ बकुलवन में छात्रों को स्वाधीन ढंग से शिक्षा दिया करते थे। उन्हीं की प्रेरणा से उड़ीसा के विशिष्ट जननेता और कवि स्वर्गीय गोदावरीश मिश्र और उत्कल विधानसभा के वाचस्पति (प्रमुख) पंडित नीलकंठ दास ने इस वनविद्यालय में शिक्षक रूप से कार्य किया था। सत्यवादी वन विद्यालय के पाँच प्रतिष्ठापक गोपबंधु, नीलकंठ, गोदावरीश, आचार्य हरिहर व कृपासिन्धु दास  आधुनिक ओड़िशा के “पंच सखा” कहलाते हैं ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c76d46ab", "title": "गोपबंधु दास", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c76d46ab.json"}}
{"text": "बचपन से ही गोपबन्धु में कवित्व का लक्षण स्पष्ट भाव से देखा गया था। स्कूल में पढ़ते समय ही ये सुन्दर कविताएँ लिखा करते थे। सरल और मर्मस्पर्शी भाषा में कविता लिखने की शैली उनसे ही आम्रभ हुई। ओड़िया साहित्य में वे एक नए युग के स्रष्टा हुए, उसी युग का नाम \"सत्यवादी युग\" है। सरलता और राष्ट्रीयता इस युग की विशेषताएँ हैं। \"अवकाश चिंता\", \"बंदीर आत्मकथा\" और \"धर्मपद\" प्रभृति पुस्तकों में से प्रत्येक ग्रंथ एक एक उज्वल मणि है। \"बंदीर आत्मकथा\" जिस भाषा और शैली में लिखी गई है, ओड़िया भाषी उसे पढ़ते ही राष्ट्रीयता के भाव से अनुप्राणित हो उठते हैं। \"धर्मपद\" पुस्तक में \"कोणार्क\" मंदिर के निर्माण पर लिखे गए वर्णन को पढ़कर ओड़िया लोग विशेष गौरव का अनुभव करते हैं। यद्यपि ये सब छोटी छोटी पुस्तकें हैं, तथापि इनका प्रभाव अनेक बृहत् काव्यों से भी अधिक है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c76d46ab", "title": "गोपबंधु दास", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c76d46ab.json"}}
{"text": "पुण्यतिथि पर याद किये गए गोपबंधु दास", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c76d46ab", "title": "गोपबंधु दास", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c76d46ab.json"}}
{"text": "Gopabandhu in Orissa Review * September - October - 2006 e-magazine published by Govt. of Orissa", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c76d46ab", "title": "गोपबंधु दास", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c76d46ab.json"}}
{"text": "Online version of 'The Samaja' Originally Founded by Utkalamani Gopabandhu Das in the year 1919", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c76d46ab", "title": "गोपबंधु दास", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c76d46ab.json"}}
{"text": "अमूर्त बीजगणित (abstract algebra) बीजीय संरचनाओं (algebraic structures) का अध्ययन है। इसे आधुनिक बीजगणित भी कहते हैं। 'बीजीय संरचनाओं' के अन्तर्गत समूह (groups), वलय (rings), क्षेत्र (fields), प्रान्त ( domain), मॉड्युल्स (modules), सदिश समिष्ट (vector spaces), लैटिस (lattices) और बीजावली (algebras) आते हैं। इसका 'अमूर्त बीजगणित' या 'अब्स्ट्रैक्ट अल्जब्रा' नाम २०वीं शताब्दी के आरम्भिक काल में दिया गया जिससे इसे 'सामान्य बीजगणित' या आरम्भिक बीजगणित से इसे अलग किया जा सके।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c7777d0d", "title": "अमूर्त बीजगणित", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c7777d0d.json"}}
{"text": "१८०० ई. से पहले गणित का सरोकार मुख्यतः दो सामान्य समझ-बूझ की संकल्पनाओं, संख्या और आकृति से था। १९वीं शताब्दी के आरम्भ में दो नए विचारों ने गणित के क्षेत्र को एकदम विस्तृत कर दिया : पहला यह कि गणित का व्यवहार केवल संख्याओं और आकृतियों के लिए ही नहीं, वरन् किन्हीं भी वस्तुओं के लिए किया जा सकता है। दूसरे विचार के अनुसार अमूर्त्तीकरण की प्रक्रिया को और आगे बढ़ाकर, गणित को केवल तर्कयुक्त विधान माना जाने लगा, जिसका किसी वस्तुविशेष से कोई सरोकार न था। पहला विचार वैज्ञानिकों को उपयोगी लगा और दूसरा शुद्ध गणितजज्ञ को, जिसके लिए गणित केवल सुन्दर प्रतिरूपों का अध्ययन मात्र रह गया। इन दो दृष्टिकोणों में कोई वास्तविक विरोधाभास नहीं, क्योंकि प्रायः सुन्दर प्रतिरूप भौतिक प्रकृति में ठीक बैठते हैं और वैज्ञानिक द्वारा प्रकृति में पाए गए गणितीय प्रतिरूप प्राय: सुन्दर होते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c7777d0d", "title": "अमूर्त बीजगणित", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c7777d0d.json"}}
{"text": "विस्तार की विभिन्न मात्राओं का सार-संक्षेप (abstraction) करके गणितज्ञों ने विभिन्न बीजीय संरचनाओं को परिभाषित किया है जो गणित के कई क्षेत्रों में उपयोग की जाती हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, अध्ययन किए गए लगभग सभी सिस्टम या प्रणालियाँ समुच्चय (set) हैं, जिनमें समुच्चय सिद्धांत (set theory) के प्रमेय (theorems) लागू होते हैं। जिन समुच्चयों पर एक निश्चित द्विचर सऺक्रिया (binary operation) परिभाषित किया गया है, वे मैग्मा (Magma) बनाते हैं, जिस पर मैग्मा से संबंधित, साथ ही सेट से संबंधित अवधारणाएँ भी लागू होती हैं। हम बीजीय संरचना पर अतिरिक्त बाधाओं (additional constraints) को जोड़ सकते हैं, जैसे कि : सहचारिता (associativity) (अर्धवृत्त /अर्धसमूह (semigroup) बनाने के लिए), तत्समक अवयव (identity element) (मोनोएड (Monoid) बनाने के लिए), और व्युत्क्रम / प्रतिलोम अवयव (inverse element) (समूह (group) बनाने के लिए); और अन्य अधिक जटिल संरचनाएँ। अतिरिक्त संरचना के साथ, अधिक प्रमेय साबित हो सकते हैं, लेकिन सामान्यता (generality) कम हो जाती है। बीजगणितीय वस्तुओं की \"पदानुक्रम\" (सामान्यता के संदर्भ में) संबंधित सिद्धांतों की एक पदानुक्रम बनाता है : उदाहरण के लिए, वलय (बीजगणितीय वस्तुएँ जिनमें दो द्विचर सऺक्रियाऍऺ  कुछ निश्चित अभिगृहीतोऺ (axioms) के साथ होती हैं) का अध्ययन करते समय समूह सिद्धांत के प्रमेयों का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है क्योंकि एक वलय भी अपनी दो मेऺ से एक द्विचर सऺक्रिया के आधार पर एक समूह ही होती है। सामान्य तौर पर सामान्यता की मात्रा और सिद्धांत की समृद्धि के बीच एक संतुलन होता है: अधिक सामान्य संरचनाओं में आमतौर पर कम गैर-तुच्छ प्रमेय (non-trivial theorems) और कम अनुप्रयोग होते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c7777d0d", "title": "अमूर्त बीजगणित", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c7777d0d.json"}}
{"text": "एक द्विचर सऺक्रिया वाली बीजीय संरचनाओं के उदाहरण हैं:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c7777d0d", "title": "अमूर्त बीजगणित", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c7777d0d.json"}}
{"text": "क्वासीसमूह (Quasigroup)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c7777d0d", "title": "अमूर्त बीजगणित", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c7777d0d.json"}}
{"text": "अर्धसमूह (सेमीग्रुप)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c7777d0d", "title": "अमूर्त बीजगणित", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c7777d0d.json"}}
{"text": "आबेली समूह या क्रमविनिमेय समूह (Abelian Group)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c7777d0d", "title": "अमूर्त बीजगणित", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c7777d0d.json"}}
{"text": "अनेक द्विचर सऺक्रिया वाली बीजीय संरचनाओं के उदाहरण हैं:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c7777d0d", "title": "अमूर्त बीजगणित", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c7777d0d.json"}}
{"text": "एक क्षेत्र पर बीजावली (Algebra over a field)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c7777d0d", "title": "अमूर्त बीजगणित", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c7777d0d.json"}}
{"text": "सहचारी बीजावली (Associative algebra)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c7777d0d", "title": "अमूर्त बीजगणित", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c7777d0d.json"}}
{"text": "लाई बीजावली (Lie algebra)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c7777d0d", "title": "अमूर्त बीजगणित", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c7777d0d.json"}}
{"text": "बूलीय बीजावली (Boolean algebra)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c7777d0d", "title": "अमूर्त बीजगणित", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c7777d0d.json"}}
{"text": "कला पहर में भारत के बिहार राज्य के अन्तर्गत मगध मण्डल के औरंगाबाद जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_379af239", "title": "कला पहर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_379af239.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_379af239", "title": "कला पहर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_379af239.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_379af239", "title": "कला पहर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_379af239.json"}}
{"text": "नौगॉव, गरुङ तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के बागेश्वर जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8db41aac", "title": "नौगॉव, गरुङ तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8db41aac.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8db41aac", "title": "नौगॉव, गरुङ तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8db41aac.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8db41aac", "title": "नौगॉव, गरुङ तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8db41aac.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8db41aac", "title": "नौगॉव, गरुङ तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8db41aac.json"}}
{"text": "ज़िला कुलगाम भारत के केंद्र शासित प्रदेश जम्मू व कश्मीर राज्य का एक ज़िला है। ज़िले का मुख्यालय कुलगाम शहर है। कुलगाम जम्मू कश्मीर के बीच में स्थित एक ज़िला है जो की रियासी ज़िला, अनंतनाग ज़िला, और पूंछ ज़िला के सीमाओं से घिरा हुआ है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e813f1e0", "title": "कुलगाम ज़िला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e813f1e0.json"}}
{"text": "ज़िले में सात तहसीलें हैं:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e813f1e0", "title": "कुलगाम ज़िला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e813f1e0.json"}}
{"text": "मोहनागाँव, धारी तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के नैनीताल जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2832e300", "title": "मोहनागाँव, धारी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2832e300.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2832e300", "title": "मोहनागाँव, धारी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2832e300.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2832e300", "title": "मोहनागाँव, धारी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2832e300.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2832e300", "title": "मोहनागाँव, धारी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2832e300.json"}}
{"text": "मनीष तिवारी एक भारतीय राजनेता हैं, जो केन्द्रीय राज्य मंत्री, सूचना एवं प्रसारण मंत्री और लुधियाना से संसद सदस्य थे। वह योग्यता के वकील हैं और उन्होंने भारत के सुप्रीम कोर्ट के साथ-साथ दिल्ली उच्च न्यायालय में भी अभ्यास किया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6e1c79b0", "title": "मनीष तिवारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6e1c79b0.json"}}
{"text": "गोविन्द सखाराम सरदेसाई (17 मई 1865 - 1959) का मराठों के अर्वाचीन इतिहासकारों में अग्रगण्य स्थान है। उन्हें साहित्य एवं शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में सन १९५७ में पद्मभूषण से सम्मानित किया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_811bc9f1", "title": "गोविंद सखाराम सरदेसाई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_811bc9f1.json"}}
{"text": "गोविन्द सखाराम सरदेसाई का जन्म 17 मई 1865 को कोंकण, तत्कालीन महाराष्ट्र, के गोविल ग्राम में हुआ। वह कर्हाड ब्राह्मण थे और इनके पितामह ने छत्रपति शिवाजी, पेशवा, प्रतिनिधि इत्यादि की सेवा की। बाद में आर्थिक स्थिति गिर जाने के कारण पिता सखाराम महादेव ने खेती की। गोविन्द सखाराम का बाल्यकाल काफी कठिनाई से बीता। शिक्षा, रत्नगिरि, फर्ग्युसन कालेज पूना और एलफिंस्टन कालेज बंबई, में प्राप्त की। 1888 में बी. ए. की डिग्री प्राप्त करने के बाद बड़ौदा रियासत के महकमा खास में उनकी नियुक्ति हो गई और अगले 37 वर्ष तक बड़ौदा राज्य की सेवा में रहे तथा जागीरदारों के लड़कों और महाराजकुमार को शिक्षा देने का कार्य भी करते रहे। 1892 और 1911 के बीच वे सर सयाजीराव गायकवाड़ के साथ कई बार यूरोप गए। गोविंद सखाराम को पारिवारिक सुख न मिल सका। उनके दोनों प्रतिभाशाली पुत्र युवावस्था में ही तपेदिक के शिकार हो गए। 1925 में उन्होंने राज्य से मनमुटाव के कारण एक छोटी पेंशन पर अवकाश ग्रहण किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_811bc9f1", "title": "गोविंद सखाराम सरदेसाई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_811bc9f1.json"}}
{"text": "उन्हें बाल्यकाल से ही इतिहास की ओर रुचि थी। उन्होंने विविध विषयों पर पुस्तकें लिखी और मराठी में अनुवाद किया। 1899 में \"मुसलमानी रियासत\" प्रकाशित की (संशोधित संस्कण 1927-28)। तीन वर्ष बाद \"मराठी रियासत\" का प्रथम खंड छपा। यह रचना 9 खंडों में अगले तीस वर्षों में पूरी हुई और इसी बीच विविध खंडों के कई संशोधित खंड भी प्रकाशित हुए। यदुनाथ सरकार से उनका संपर्क 1904 में प्रारंभ हुआ और एक आजीवन मैत्री में परिणत हो गया। यदुनाथ सरकार से ऐतिहासिक विषयों पर उनका पत्रव्यवहार 1958 में दो जिल्दों में प्रकाशित हुआ (Life and Letters of Sir Jadunath Sarkar, ed. H. R. Gupta)। अवकाश ग्रहण करने के बाद उनका सबसे महत्वपूर्ण कार्य पेशवा दफ्तर के अभिलेखों का 45 जिल्दों में बंबई सरकार के तत्वावधान में प्रकाशन था (पेशवे दफ्तर निवडक कागदपत्र, Selections from the Peshwa Daftar ; 1930-1934)। मराठी इतिहास के लिए और 18वीं शती के इतिहास के लिए यह ग्रंथ बहुमूल्य है, यद्यपि पैसों की तंगी, सरकार जल्दबाजी इत्यादि के कारण संपादकीय दृष्टि से इसमें बहुत सी त्रुटियाँ हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_811bc9f1", "title": "गोविंद सखाराम सरदेसाई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_811bc9f1.json"}}
{"text": "सरदेसाई के अन्य प्रकाशनों में निम्नलिखित महत्वपूर्ण हैं -", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_811bc9f1", "title": "गोविंद सखाराम सरदेसाई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_811bc9f1.json"}}
{"text": "'सरदेसाई घराण्यां चा इतिहास' (रजि. 1925 1929);", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_811bc9f1", "title": "गोविंद सखाराम सरदेसाई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_811bc9f1.json"}}
{"text": "'मेन करेंट्स ऑव मराठा हिस्टरी' (1925, संशोधित 2 रा संस्करण 1948);", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_811bc9f1", "title": "गोविंद सखाराम सरदेसाई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_811bc9f1.json"}}
{"text": "'हैंडबुक टु द रेकार्ड्स इन द एलिएनेशन ऑफिस पूना' (Handbook to the Records in Alienation Office Poona);", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_811bc9f1", "title": "गोविंद सखाराम सरदेसाई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_811bc9f1.json"}}
{"text": "'ऐतिहासिक पत्रव्यवहार' (1933);", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_811bc9f1", "title": "गोविंद सखाराम सरदेसाई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_811bc9f1.json"}}
{"text": "'श्याकांतचीं पत्रे' (1934);", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_811bc9f1", "title": "गोविंद सखाराम सरदेसाई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_811bc9f1.json"}}
{"text": "'शाहजी, शिवाजी, संभाजी, राजाराम की जीवनियाँ' (1935-1936);", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_811bc9f1", "title": "गोविंद सखाराम सरदेसाई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_811bc9f1.json"}}
{"text": "'पूना अफेयर्स' (संपादित, मैलेट, पामर, क्लोज तथा एलफिंस्टन की एंबेसियाँ 1926, 1940, 1950, 1958) (Poona Affairs : Embassies of Mallet, Palmer, close and Elphinstone)।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_811bc9f1", "title": "गोविंद सखाराम सरदेसाई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_811bc9f1.json"}}
{"text": "मराठा इतिहास के अपने लंबे अध्ययन का निचोड़ सरदेसाई ने अपनी पुस्तक 'न्यू हिस्टरी ऑव द मराठाज़' (New History of the Marathas, हिंदी में- मराठों का नवीन इतिहास, 1961-1964) में छापा। यह ग्रंथ मराठा इतिहास की पुरानी और नवीन अध्ययनपद्धति के बीच की कड़ी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_811bc9f1", "title": "गोविंद सखाराम सरदेसाई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_811bc9f1.json"}}
{"text": "मृत्यु पूना के पास अपने निवासस्थान कमशेट में हुई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_811bc9f1", "title": "गोविंद सखाराम सरदेसाई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_811bc9f1.json"}}
{"text": "विश्वनाथ काशिनाथ राजवाडे", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_811bc9f1", "title": "गोविंद सखाराम सरदेसाई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_811bc9f1.json"}}
{"text": "मराठों का नवीन इतिहास, भाग-3 (pdf)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_811bc9f1", "title": "गोविंद सखाराम सरदेसाई", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_811bc9f1.json"}}
{"text": "पृथ्वी पर जीवों का किस प्रकार आविर्भाव हुआ और किस प्रकार उनका विकास हुआ, इसके विषय में हमेशा से बड़ा हो वाद विवाद रहा है। नए प्रकार के जीव की उत्पत्ति के विषय में चार्ल्स डार्विन ने 1859 ईo में 'प्राकृतिक वरण' (Natural Selection) का सिद्धांत प्रतिपादित किया और 1859 ईo में एक पुस्तक 'जीवजाति का उद्भव', (आन द ओरिजिन ऑफ स्पेसीज), प्रकाशित की।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "प्राकृतिक वरण के सिद्धांत की पुष्टि के लिये उन्होंने \"जीवन-संघर्ष (Struggle for Existence) \" का एक सहायक सिद्धांत उपस्थित किया। जीवन संघर्ष जीवविज्ञान में प्रयुक्त होनेवाली एक उक्ति है, जिसका तात्पर्य है अपने अस्तित्व के लिये जीवों का परस्पर संघर्ष। इसके अनुसार जीवों में जनन बहुत ही द्रुत गति और गुणोत्तर अनुपात में होता है, किंतु जीव जितनी संख्या में उत्पन्न होते हैं, उतनी संख्या में जीने नहीं पाते, क्योंकि जिस गति से उनकी संख्या में वृद्धि होती है उसी अनुपात में वासस्थान और भोजन में वृद्धि नहीं होती, वरन्‌ स्थान और भोजन सीमित रहते हैं। अतएव वासस्थान और भोजन के लिये जीवों में अनवरत संघर्ष चलता रहता है। इस संघर्ष में बहुसंख्या में जीव मर जाते हैं और केवल कुछ ही जीवित रह पाते हैं। इस प्रकार प्रकृति में विभिन्न जीवों की संख्या में एक संतुलन बना रहता है। उदाहरण के लिये हाथी जैसा मंद गति से जनन करनेवाला प्राणी भी यदि बिना किसी बाधा के गुणोत्तर अनुपात में जनन करने के लिये स्वतंत्र कर दिया जाय तो चार्ल्स डार्विन ने हिसाब लगाकर दिखाया कि एक जोड़ा हाथी, जिसकी आयु 100 वर्ष तक हो और 30 वर्ष की आयु प्राप्त करने पर जनन प्रारंभ करे तथा अपने संपूर्ण जीवन काल में केवल छ: बच्चे दे और ये बच्चे भी माँ बाप की भाँति जनन करने लगें तथा यही क्रम बना रहे तो 750 वर्षों में सब हाथियों की संख्या एक करोड़ नब्बे लाख हो जाएगी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "इसी भाँति यदि एक जोड़ा खरगोश एक जनन में छ: बच्चे जने तथा एक साल में चार बार बच्चे दे और ये बच्चे भी छ: महीने की अवस्था में जनन करने लगें तो इस क्रम से थोड़े ही समय में खरगोशों की बहुत बड़ी संख्या हो जाएगी। हक्सले (Huxley) गणना द्वारा इस निष्कर्ष पर पहुंचे कि यदि एक हरी मक्खी (Greenfly) की सभी संतानें जीवित रहने पाएँ और सभी जनन करें तो केवल एक ग्रीष्म ऋतु के अंत में चीन की संपूर्ण जनसंख्या से भी ये बढ़ जाएँगी। इसी भाँति एक जोड़ा घरेलू मक्खी से यदि ग्रीष्म ऋतु में छ: पीढ़ियाँ उत्पन्न हों और प्रत्येक पीढ़ी के उत्पन्न होने में तीन सप्ताह का समय लगे तथा प्रत्येक 2,00,000 मक्खियों के लिये एक घनफुट स्थान को आवश्यकता हो, तो उनकी छ: पीढ़ियों में उत्पन्न संतानों के लिये 1। 4 करोड़ घन फुट स्थान की आवश्यकता होगी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "एक सिंघी मछली एक ऋतु में छ: करोड़ अंडे देने की क्षमता रखती है। यदि ऐसी सिंघी के एक जनन के सभी अंडों से संतान उत्पन्न हो और वे सभी जीवित रहें तथा सभी को जनन करने का अवसर प्राप्त हो तो इस प्रकार पाँच पीढ़ियों में उनकी संख्या 66,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 हो जाएगी। इनके छिलके के ढेर का द्रव्यमान पृथ्वी के द्रव्यमान का आठ गुना होगा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "पैरामीशियम (Paramecium) 48 घंटे में तीन बार विभाजन करता है। यदि इसकी सब संतानें पाँच वर्ष तक जीवित रहे तो उनके जीवद्रव्य का आयतन पृथ्वी के आयतन का लगभग दस हजार गुना हो जाएगा। 9,000 पीढ़ियों के पश्चात्‌ तो यह भूमंडल में न समा सकेगा तथा रिक्त स्थान में प्रकाश की गति से फैलता चला जाएगा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "केवल ऊपर निर्दिष्ट वर्गों से ही नहीं वरन्‌ प्राय: सभी वर्गों के जीवों में जनन बहुत तेजी से निरंतर होता रहता है। अत: जीवों की इस बढ़ती हुई संख्या पर किसी प्रकार का नियंत्रण होना बहुत ही आवश्यक है, अन्यथा किसी एक ही वर्ग का जीव इतनी संख्या में हो जाएगा कि अन्य वर्ग के जीव के लिये पृथ्वी पर स्थान ही नहीं मिलेगा। परंतु ऐसा होने नहीं पाता। प्राकृतिक वरण का इस वृद्धि पर बहुत बड़ा नियंत्रण रहता है। क्योंकि जीवों की संख्या में जिस गति से वृद्धि होती है उसी अनुपात में भोजन और स्थान में वृद्धि नहीं होती और दोनों सीमित रहते हैं, अतएव भोजन और स्थान के लिये जीवों में परस्पर स्पर्धा और संघर्ष चलता रहता है। इस संघर्ष में वे ही जीव सफल होते हैं जिनमें अन्य जीवों से विशेषता और भिन्नता होती है। उदाहरणार्थ, वनस्पतियों में अंकुर निकलने के पश्चात्‌ खाद्य पदार्थ, धूप और प्रकाश के लिये परस्पर स्पर्धा प्रारंभ हो जाती है और एक दूसरे को पीछे छोड़ आकाश की ओर बढ़ने की चेष्टा में लगते हैं। जो पौधे आगे नहीं बढ़ पाते वे पड़ोसी पौधे की छाया में आ जाते हैं और उनकी वृद्धि कम हो जाती है। वे पौधे जो इस प्रतियोगिता में सफल होते हैं जीवित रहते हैं तथा अन्य मर जाते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "इस प्रकार का संघर्ष केवल एक ही वर्ग अथवा जाति के जीवों में नहीं वरन्‌ एक वर्ग का दूसरे वर्ग या जाति के साथ भी, चलता रहता है। वस्तुत: जीवनसंघर्ष तीन प्रकार के हैं:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "क. अंतर्जातीय संघर्ष (Intra-specific struggle)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "ख. अंतराजातीय संघर्ष (Inter-specific struggle)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "ग. पर्यावरण संघर्ष (Environmental struggle)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "यह प्राय: एक ही जाति या वर्ग के जीवों में चलता है, जैसे मनुष्य का मनुष्य से, कुत्ते का कुत्ते के साथ संघर्ष अंतर्जातीय संघर्ष है। अंतराजातीय संघर्ष की अपेक्षा अंतर्जातीय संघर्ष बहुत ही तीव्र होता है। एक जाति के सभी सदस्यों की आवश्यकताएँ समान होती हैं। अतएव उनमें से प्रत्येक को आवश्यकता की पूर्ति के लिये हर कदम पर संघर्ष करना पड़ता है। अंतर्राष्ट्रीय युद्ध की धमकियाँ, अथवा युद्ध का छिड़ना, भी जीवन संघर्ष ही तो है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "यह प्राय: दो अथवा दो से अधिक भिन्न-भिन्न वर्गों और जातियों के जीवों में चलता है। नेवले और साँप के बीच, साँप और मेढक के बीच, कुत्ते और बिल्ली के बीच अथवा बिल्ली और चूहे के बीच के संघर्ष इसके उदाहरण हैं। इसमें एक जीव तो अपने शत्रुओं से हमेशा अपनी रक्षा की चेष्टा में रहता है और दूसरा सर्वदा अपने शिकार की टोह में लगा रहता है। अत: यह संघर्ष शिकार और शिकारी का आपस का संघर्ष कहा जा सकता है। शिकारी और शिकार में लुकाछिपी का खेल बराबर चलता रहता है। एक बचने के प्रयास में रहता है तो दूसरा उसकी खोज में रहता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "जीवों को उपर्युक्त दोनों प्रकार के संघर्षों के अतिरिक्त पर्यावरण संघर्ष का भी सामना करना पड़ता है। यह संघर्ष उनके अपने प्राकृतिक वातावरण और परिस्थितियों के साथ होता है। जीवों को दैविक और भौतिक शक्तियों, जैसे व्याधि, आर्द्रता, शुष्कता, गर्मी, सर्दी, आंधी, तूफान, भूकंप, ज्वालामुखी का उद्गार, बिजली की चमक, बाढ़, प्रचंड धूप, लू इत्यादि का भी सामना करना पड़ता है। इस प्रकार के संघर्षों में वही जीव जीवित रह पाता है, जो अपने प्रतिद्धंद्धी से जरा बीस पड़ता है, जिसमें किसी प्रकार की विशेषता होती है और जो संघर्ष में सफल हो बच निकलने में सक्षम होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "जिस प्रकार एक कुशल माली बगीचे से, अथवा एक चतुर किसान अपने खेत से कमजोर अथवा हानिकारक पौधों को निकाल फेंकता है, उसी प्रकार प्रकृति उपर्युक्त जीवनसंघर्ष द्वारा दर्बुल और अक्षम जीव को अपनी वाटिका से उखाड़ फेंकती है, योग्य और होनहार जीवों को ही विकसित होने का अवसर प्रदान करती है तथा उनकी संख्याओं में संतुलन बनाए रहती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "जीवों में परस्पर संघर्ष के परिणाम स्वरूप उनकी रचना में विशेषता अथवा भिन्नता उत्पन्न होती है तथा यह विशेषता उनकी संतान में चली जाती है। इस प्रकार पीढ़ी दर पीढ़ी उन्नत विशेषताएँ उत्पन्न होकर ऐसी जाति तैयार करती हैं, जो आदि जीवों से भिन्न प्रतीत होने लगती है और एक नई जीवजाति के रूप में स्थापित हो जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "प्रभाव और प्रतिक्रिया", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "इस पुस्तक की पूरे विश्व में चर्चा और प्रतिक्रिया हुई। प्रारंभिक प्रतिक्रिया के ज्यादातर प्रतिकूल ही थी लेकिन बाद में डार्विन के कार्य को गंभीरता से लिया जाने लगा तथा उनका नाम एक सम्मानित नाम बन गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "डार्विन, सीo आरo : दि ओरिजिन ऑव स्पीसीज़, 1875 ईo;", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "लल रिचार्ड स्वान: ऑर्गैनिक इवोल्यूशन, 1952 ईo", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "Table of contents, bibliography of On the Origin of Species – links to text and images of all six British editions of The Origin of Species, the 6th edition with additions and corrections (final text), the first American edition, and translations into Danish, Dutch, French, German, Polish, Russian and Spanish.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "Online Variorum, showing every change between the six British editions.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "The Origin of Species: An Outline, A short, accessible outline of the book.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "Origin of Species, full text with embedded audio.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "Victorian Science Texts", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "Darwin Correspondence Project Home Page, University Library, Cambridge.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "PDF scans at Archive.org", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b9d057c9", "title": "जीवजाति का उद्भव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b9d057c9.json"}}
{"text": "भैंस्वाडा-गुराड०-२, सतपुली तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के पौड़ी जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_82279ab9", "title": "भैंस्वाडा-गुराड०-२, सतपुली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_82279ab9.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_82279ab9", "title": "भैंस्वाडा-गुराड०-२, सतपुली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_82279ab9.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_82279ab9", "title": "भैंस्वाडा-गुराड०-२, सतपुली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_82279ab9.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_82279ab9", "title": "भैंस्वाडा-गुराड०-२, सतपुली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_82279ab9.json"}}
{"text": "शुभी आहूजा दवे एक भारतीय टेलीविजन और फिल्म अभिनेत्री हैं, जिन्हें यारो का टशन में संजू और बड़ी देवरानी (2015) में मनीषा के रूप में उनकी भूमिकाओं के लिए जाना जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_49229694", "title": "शुभी आहूजा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_49229694.json"}}
{"text": "शुरुआती ज़िंदगी और पेशा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_49229694", "title": "शुभी आहूजा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_49229694.json"}}
{"text": "आहूजा का जन्म कोटा, राजस्थान में हुआ था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_49229694", "title": "शुभी आहूजा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_49229694.json"}}
{"text": "2011 में, उन्होंने शंखदीप द्वारा निर्देशित बॉलीवुड रोमांटिक ड्रामा आशिकी.इन के साथ बड़े पर्दे पर अपनी शुरुआत की।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_49229694", "title": "शुभी आहूजा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_49229694.json"}}
{"text": "24 नवंबर 2015 को, शुभी ने एक भारतीय टेलीविजन अभिनेता अनिरुद्ध दवे से शादी की। दंपति का एक बेटा है।  उन्होंने ज़ी टीवी के बंधन (2014) और सोनी सब के यारों का टशन (2017) में साथ काम किया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_49229694", "title": "शुभी आहूजा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_49229694.json"}}
{"text": "इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर शुभी आहूजा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_49229694", "title": "शुभी आहूजा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_49229694.json"}}
{"text": "Shubhi Ahuja at Bollywood Hungama", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_49229694", "title": "शुभी आहूजा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_49229694.json"}}
{"text": "इंस्टाग्राम पर शुभी आहूजा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_49229694", "title": "शुभी आहूजा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_49229694.json"}}
{"text": "चिन्नतुंबलं (कर्नूलु) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के कर्नूलु जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1a7c5b2c", "title": "चिन्नतुंबलं (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1a7c5b2c.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1a7c5b2c", "title": "चिन्नतुंबलं (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1a7c5b2c.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1a7c5b2c", "title": "चिन्नतुंबलं (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1a7c5b2c.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर चिन्नतुंबलं (कर्नूलु)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1a7c5b2c", "title": "चिन्नतुंबलं (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1a7c5b2c.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1a7c5b2c", "title": "चिन्नतुंबलं (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1a7c5b2c.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1a7c5b2c", "title": "चिन्नतुंबलं (कर्नूलु)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1a7c5b2c.json"}}
{"text": "देव आनन्द (जन्म; धरमदेव पिशोरीमल आनंद  २६ सितंबर १९२३ - ३ दिसम्बर २०११) हिन्दी फ़िल्मों के एक प्रसिद्ध अभिनेता, लेखक, फिल्म निर्माता, फिल्म निर्देशक थे। आनंद को भारतीय सिनेमा के इतिहास में सबसे महान और सबसे सफल अभिनेताओं में से एक माना जाता है। छह दशक से अधिक लंबे करियर में उन्होंने 100 से अधिक फिल्मों में काम किया। आनंद चार फ़िल्मफ़ेयर पुरस्कारों के प्राप्तकर्ता हैं, जिनमें दो सर्वश्रेष्ठ अभिनेता के लिए शामिल हैं। भारत सरकार ने उन्हें 2001 में भारत के तीसरे सर्वोच्च नागरिक सम्मान पद्म भूषण और 2002 में दादा साहब फाल्के पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6d1695ff", "title": "देव आनन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6d1695ff.json"}}
{"text": "धर्मदेव आनंद, जो की देव आनन्द के नाम से प्रसिद्ध थे, का जन्म २६ सितम्बर १९२३ में गुरदास पुर (जो अब नारोवाल जिला, पाकिस्तान में है) में हुआ और उनका निधन ३ दिसम्बर २०११ रात १० बजे को लंदन में हृदयघात से हुआ। वे भारतीय सिनेमा के बहुत ही सफल कलाकार, निर्देशक और फ़िल्म निर्माता थे। उनके पिता किशोरीमल आनंद पेशे से वकील थे। उन्होंने गवर्नमेंट कॉलेज लाहौर से अंग्रेजी साहित्य में स्नातक की डिग्री प्राप्त की। देव आनंद के भाई, चेतन आनंद और विजय आनंद भी भारतीय सिनेमा में सफल निर्देशक थे। उनकी बहन शील कांता कपूर प्रसिद्ध फ़िल्म निर्देशक शेखर कपूर की माँ है। भारतीय सरकार ने देव आनंद को भारतीय सिनेमा के योगदान के लिए २००१ में पद्म भूषण और २००२ में दादासाहेब फाल्के पुरस्कारों से सम्मानित किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6d1695ff", "title": "देव आनन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6d1695ff.json"}}
{"text": "देव आनंद काम की तलाश में मुंबई आये और उन्होंने मिलट्री सेंसर ऑफिस में १६० रुपये प्रति माह के वेतन पर काम की शुरुआत की! शीघ्र ही उन्हें प्रभात टाकीज़ की एक फ़िल्म हम एक हैं में काम करने का मौका मिला! और पूना में शूटिंग के वक़्त उनकी दोस्ती अपने ज़माने के सुपर स्टार गुरु दत्त से हो गयी! कुछ समय बाद अशोक कुमार के द्वारा उन्हें एक फ़िल्म में बड़ा ब्रेक मिला! उन्हें बॉम्बे टाकीज़ प्रोडक्शन की फ़िल्म ज़िद्दी में मुख्य भूमिका प्राप्त हुई और इस फ़िल्म में उनकी सहकारा थीं कामिनी कौशल, ये फ़िल्म १९४८ में रिलीज़ हुई और सफल भी हुई! १९४९ में देव आनंद ने अपनी एक फ़िल्म कम्पनी बनाई, जिसका नाम नवकेतन रखा गया, इस तरह अब वो फ़िल्म निर्माता बन गए! देव आनंद साहब ने अपने मित्र गुरुदत्त को निर्देशक के रूप में चयन किया और एक फ़िल्म का निर्माण किया, जिसका नाम था बाज़ी, ये फ़िल्म १९५१ में प्रदर्शित हुई और काफी सफ़ल हुई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6d1695ff", "title": "देव आनन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6d1695ff.json"}}
{"text": "इसके बाद देव साहब नें कुछ भूमिकाएं निभाई जो कुछ नकरात्मक शेड लिए थीं! जब राज कपूर की आवारा पर्दर्शित हुई, तभी देव आनंद की राही और आंधियां भी प्रदर्शित हुईं! इसके बाद आई टेक्सी ड्राईवर, जो हिट साबित हुई! इस फ़िल्म में इनके साथ थीं कल्पना कार्तिक, जिन्होंने देव साहब के साथ विवाह किया और १९५६ में इन्हें एक पुत्र हुआ, जिसका नाम सुनील आनंद रखा गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6d1695ff", "title": "देव आनन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6d1695ff.json"}}
{"text": "इसके बाद उनकी कुछ फ़िल्में आयीं जैसे, मुनीम जी, सी आई डी और पेइंग गेस्ट, उसके बाद तो हर नौजवान उनके स्टाइल का दीवाना हो गया और उनका स्टाइल अपनाने की कोशिश करता।१९५५ में उन्होंने उस ज़माने के एक और सुपर स्टार दिलीप कुमार के साथ काम किया और फ़िल्म का नाम था इंसानियत. १९५८ में उनको फ़िल्म काला पानी के लिए बेहतरीन कलाकार के पुरस्कार से नवाज़ा गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6d1695ff", "title": "देव आनन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6d1695ff.json"}}
{"text": "इसके बाद उनके जीवन में सुरैय्या आईं, जिनके साथ उन्होंने ६ फ़िल्मो में काम किया! एक बार देव आनंद ने शूटिंग के दौरान सुरैया को पानी में डूबने से बचाया तब से वो उन्हें प्यार करने लगीं, लेकिन सुरैया की दादी धार्मिक कारणों से इनके रिश्ते के खिलाफ थीं। सुरैय्या आजीवन कुंवारी ही रहीं।  देव आनंद ने अभी कुछ ही समय पहले स्वीकार किया, की वो उनसे प्यार करते थे, यदि उनकी शादी सुरैया के साथ हो गयी होती तो उनका जीवन शायद कुछ और ही होता।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6d1695ff", "title": "देव आनन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6d1695ff.json"}}
{"text": "१९६५ में उनकी पहली रंगीन फ़िल्म प्रदर्शित हुई, जिसका नाम था गाइड, ये एक मशहूर लेखक आर के नारायण के उपन्यास आधारित थी, जिसका निर्माण उनके छोटे भाई विजय आनंद ने किया था, इस फ़िल्म में देव आनंद के साथ थीं वहीदा रहमान! ये फ़िल्म देव साहब ही बेहतरीन फ़िल्मों में से एक है, जिसके बारे में कहा जाता है की अब दुबारा गाइड कभी नहीं बन सकती, ऐसी फ़िल्म सिर्फ एक बार ही बनती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6d1695ff", "title": "देव आनन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6d1695ff.json"}}
{"text": "उसके बाद उन्होंने विजय आनंद के साथ मिल कर एक और फ़िल्म का निर्माण किया, जिसका नाम था ज्वेल थीफ, इसमें उनके साथ थीं, वैजयंती माला, तनूजा, अंजू महिन्द्रू और हेलेन! इसके बाद उनकी अगली फ़िल्म थी जॉनी मेरा नाम, जो उस समय सफलतम फ़िल्मों में से एक थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6d1695ff", "title": "देव आनन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6d1695ff.json"}}
{"text": "१९७० में बतौर निर्देशक उनकी पहली फ़िल्म आई प्रेम पुजारी, जो सफल नहीं हुई, लेकिन अगले ही वर्ष उनके द्वारा निर्देशित फ़िल्म हरे राम हरे कृष्णा ने सफलता का स्वाद चखा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6d1695ff", "title": "देव आनन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6d1695ff.json"}}
{"text": "इस फ़िल्म में उनकी खोज ज़ीनत अमान ने \"जेनिस\" नाम की लड़की का किरदार निभाया, जो माता पिता के तनाव से तंग आ कर हिप्पियों के समूह में शामिल हो जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6d1695ff", "title": "देव आनन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6d1695ff.json"}}
{"text": "इसी वर्ष उनकी एक और फ़िल्म तेरे मेरे सपने प्रदर्शित  हुई, जिसमें उनके साथ थीं मुमताज़, ये फ़िल्म ए.जे क्रोनिन के उपन्यास The Citadel पर आधारित थी, इस फ़िल्म को उनके भाई विजय आनंद द्वारा निर्देशित किया गया था। ज़ीनत अमान के बाद उनकी नयी खोज थी टीना मुनीम, जिनके साथ उन्होंने १९७८ में फ़िल्म देस परदेस का निर्माण किया, ये भी उनकी एक सफल फ़िल्म थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6d1695ff", "title": "देव आनन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6d1695ff.json"}}
{"text": "१९७७ में उन्होंने एक राजनितिक दल नेशनल पार्टी ऑफ़ इंडिया का निर्माण किया, जो की तत्कालीन प्रधान मंत्री श्रीमती इंदिरा गाँधी के खिलाफ था ! लेकिन ये राजनितिक दल ज्यादा समय तक नहीं रहा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6d1695ff", "title": "देव आनन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6d1695ff.json"}}
{"text": "देव आनंद की फ़िल्में उनके संगीत के कारण भी प्रसिद्ध है, उनकी फ़िल्मों का संगीत आज भी लोगों को मंत्र मुग्ध करता है! उन्होंने जिन संगीतकारों, लेखकों और गायकों के साथ काम किया उनमे से कुछ इस प्रकार हैं, शंकर-जयकिशन, ओ पी नैयर, कल्याण जी- आनंद जी, सचिन देव बर्मन, राहुल देव बर्मन, लेखक: हसरत जयपुरी, मज़रूह सुल्तानपुरी, नीरज, शैलेन्द्र, आनंद बख्शी, गायक: मोह्हमद रफ़ी, महेंद्र कपूर, किशोर कुमार, मुकेश आदि।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6d1695ff", "title": "देव आनन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6d1695ff.json"}}
{"text": "सितम्बर २००७ में उनकी आत्मकथा रोमांसिंग विद लाइफ उनके जन्म दिवस के अवसर पर प्रदर्शित की गयी, जहाँ भारत के तात्कालिक प्रधान मंत्री श्री मनमोहन सिंह जी भी उपस्थित थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6d1695ff", "title": "देव आनन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6d1695ff.json"}}
{"text": "2010 - किशोर कुमार सम्मान - अभिनय के क्षेत्र में", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6d1695ff", "title": "देव आनन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6d1695ff.json"}}
{"text": "1967 - फ़िल्मफ़ेयर सर्वश्रेष्ठ अभिनेता पुरस्कार - गाइड", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6d1695ff", "title": "देव आनन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6d1695ff.json"}}
{"text": "1959 - फ़िल्मफ़ेयर सर्वश्रेष्ठ अभिनेता पुरस्कार - काला पानी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6d1695ff", "title": "देव आनन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6d1695ff.json"}}
{"text": "देव आनंद  को सन २००१ में भारत सरकार ने कला क्षेत्र में पद्म भूषण से सम्मानित किया था। ये महाराष्ट्र से हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6d1695ff", "title": "देव आनन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6d1695ff.json"}}
{"text": "इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर देव आनन्द", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6d1695ff", "title": "देव आनन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6d1695ff.json"}}
{"text": "देव आनन्द at Find a Grave", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6d1695ff", "title": "देव आनन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6d1695ff.json"}}
{"text": "द टेलीग्राफ़ – देव आनन्द की जीवनी और मृत्युलेख", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6d1695ff", "title": "देव आनन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6d1695ff.json"}}
{"text": "मध्य आंचलिक परिषद में एक आंचलिक परिषद। इस परिषद मे बिहार, दिल्ली, मध्य प्रदेश, उत्तर प्रदेश, और उत्तराखण्ड शामिल है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d548a6c", "title": "मध्य आंचलिक परिषद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d548a6c.json"}}
{"text": "पूर्वोत्तर आंचलिक परिषद", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d548a6c", "title": "मध्य आंचलिक परिषद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d548a6c.json"}}
{"text": "पश्चिमी आंचलिक परिषद", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d548a6c", "title": "मध्य आंचलिक परिषद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d548a6c.json"}}
{"text": "दक्षिणी आंचलिक परिषद", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5d548a6c", "title": "मध्य आंचलिक परिषद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5d548a6c.json"}}
{"text": "नाथुपुर भारतीय राज्य बिहार के पटना जिले के फतुहा प्रखण्ड का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4dab1305", "title": "नाथुपुर गाँव, फतुहा (पटना)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4dab1305.json"}}
{"text": "लक्षद्वीप सागर (Lakshadweep Sea) उत्तरी हिन्द महासागर का एक भाग है और इसकी सीमायें भारत (लक्षद्वीप सहित), मालदीव और श्रीलंका से मिलती हैं। इस हल्के गर्म पानी के समुद्र का तापमान वर्ष भर कमोबेश एक समान रहता है और यह क्षेत्र समुद्री जीवन से भरपूर है, जिसमे सिर्फ मन्नार की खाड़ी ही 3600 से अधिक प्रजातियों का घर है। मंगलूरु, कन्नूर, कोड़िकोड, पोन्नानी, कोच्चि, आलाप्पुड़ा, कोल्लम, तिरुवनन्तपुरम, तूतुकुड़ी, कोलम्बो और माले इस से तटस्थ कुछ मुख्य नगर हैं। भारत की मुख्यभूमि के दक्षिणी बिन्दु पर स्थित कन्याकुमारी भी इस सागर से तटस्थ है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c24953f3", "title": "लक्षद्वीप सागर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c24953f3.json"}}
{"text": "कमरपुर सुलतानगंज, भागलपुर, बिहार स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_77b63e97", "title": "कमरपुर गाँव, सुलतानगंज (भागलपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_77b63e97.json"}}
{"text": "सुपारी (areca nut), 'अरेका कटेचु' (Areca catechu) नामक पौधे के फल का बीज है जो दक्षिणी एशिया, दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया तथा अफ्रीका के अनेक भागों में पैदा होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c2421163", "title": "सुपारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c2421163.json"}}
{"text": "फैंटेसी कथा लेखक सेर्गेय लुक्यानेन्का का जन्म १९६८ में हुआ। उन्होंने अल्मा-अता मेडिकल इंस्टीट्यूट में डॉक्टरी की पढ़ाई की और फिर मानसिक रोग चिकित्सा का विशेष प्रशिक्षण प्राप्त किया। वे अल्मा-अता से प्रकाशित होने वाली फैंटेसी पत्रिका 'लोक' के सहायक संपादक रहे। सेर्गेय लुक्यानेन्का की पहली फैंटेसी कथा 'नरुशेनिए' (अतिक्रमण) १९८७ में अल्मा-अता की 'ज़ार्या' (प्रभात) पत्रिका में प्रकाशित हुई। पहली पुस्तक 'आतम्नी सोन' (एटमी सपना) १९९२ में प्रकाशित हुई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b4eaefb2", "title": "सेर्गेय वसील्येविच लुक्यनेंको", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b4eaefb2.json"}}
{"text": "१९९३ से सेर्गेय लुक्यानेन्का ने लेखन को अपना मुख्य पेशा बना लिया। सेर्गेय लुक्यानेन्का के अनुसार उनकी प्रमुख रचनाएँ हैं- 'एटमी सपना', 'पतझर के आगंतुक', 'ठंडे तट' और 'स्पेक्ट्रम' (विविधता)। 'नचनोय दज़ोर' (रात के प्रहरी)- सेर्गेय लुक्यानेन्का का बेहद चर्चित और लोकप्रिय उपन्यास रहा। फिर इन्होंने 'दिन के प्रहरी' उपन्यास में उसी विषय को आगे बढ़ाया। लुक्यानेन्का की रचनाओं पर रूस में बहुत से सीरियल बने हैं। लेखन की अपनी शैली को सेर्गेय लुक्यानेन्का 'क्रूर कार्रवाइयों की फैंटेसी' या 'रास्ते की फैंटेसी' कहते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b4eaefb2", "title": "सेर्गेय वसील्येविच लुक्यनेंको", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b4eaefb2.json"}}
{"text": "सेर्गेय लुक्यानेन्का की रचनाएँ विश्व की २० से अधिक भाषाओं में अनुदित हो चुकी हैं। इनकी पच्चीस लाख किताबें प्रतिवर्ष बिकती हैं। इनकी रचनाओं का अनुवाद सबसे पहले भारत में किया गया था। तब १९९१ में 'स्पुतानिक कवेस्ट' पत्रिका ने इनकी कहानी 'वन में छिपा नीच दुश्मन' प्रकाशित की थी। सेर्गेय लुक्यानेन्का को बहुत से साहित्यिक पुरस्कार मिल चुके हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b4eaefb2", "title": "सेर्गेय वसील्येविच लुक्यनेंको", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b4eaefb2.json"}}
{"text": "लौध बटूलिया भारतीय राज्य उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के अल्मोड़ा जिले की सोमेश्वर तहसील का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d464f541", "title": "लौध बटूलिया, सोमेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d464f541.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d464f541", "title": "लौध बटूलिया, सोमेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d464f541.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d464f541", "title": "लौध बटूलिया, सोमेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d464f541.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d464f541", "title": "लौध बटूलिया, सोमेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d464f541.json"}}
{"text": "मुकाबला 1993 की टी. रामा राव द्वारा निर्देशित हिन्दी भाषा की फिल्म है। गोविन्दा, करिश्मा कपूर, आदित्य पंचोली और परेश रावल मुख्य अभिनेता है। अन्य कलाकारों में शक्ति कपूर, असरानी, अरुणा ईरानी और फरहा शामिल हैं। यह 1992 की तेलुगू फिल्म पुलिस ब्रदर्स की रीमेक है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d9c0aa6e", "title": "मुकाबला (1993 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_(1993_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d9c0aa6e.json"}}
{"text": "सूरज (गोविन्दा) और दीपक (आदित्य पंचोली) अपने विधुर पिता के साथ एक गांव में एक गरीब जीवनशैली जीते हैं। उनके पिता ने हमेशा उन्हें ईमानदार होना सिखाया है। दोनों शहर चले जाते हैं और पुलिस बल में रोजगार पाते हैं। सूरज एक हवलदार और दीपक एक यातायात कांस्टेबल है। सूरज ईमानदारी से और परिश्रमपूर्वक अपना काम करता है और अक्सर इंस्पेक्टर वाघमारे द्वारा उसे डाँटा जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d9c0aa6e", "title": "मुकाबला (1993 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_(1993_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d9c0aa6e.json"}}
{"text": "फिर सूरज और दीपक के बीच मतभेद उठते हैं जब बाद में दीपक आरोपी नरेंद्र खन्ना के पक्ष में गवाही देने के लिए आता है, जिसे सूरज ने एक आदमी की हत्या के लिए गिरफ्तार किया था। चीजें उबाल लेती हैं जब सोनी के पति की दिनदहाड़े में क्रूरता से हत्या कर दी जाती है। जब शैतान चौकी और काला चौकी दोनों के अधिकारी जाँच करने से इनकार करते हैं और न ही इस हत्याकांड को पंजीकृत करते हैं, तो वह मामलों को अपने हाथों में लेने का फैसला करती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d9c0aa6e", "title": "मुकाबला (1993 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_(1993_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d9c0aa6e.json"}}
{"text": "आदित्य पंचोली - दीपक", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d9c0aa6e", "title": "मुकाबला (1993 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_(1993_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d9c0aa6e.json"}}
{"text": "करिश्मा कपूर - करिश्मा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d9c0aa6e", "title": "मुकाबला (1993 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_(1993_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d9c0aa6e.json"}}
{"text": "असरानी - सोनी का पति", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d9c0aa6e", "title": "मुकाबला (1993 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_(1993_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d9c0aa6e.json"}}
{"text": "परेश रावल - मंत्री जगनाथ \"जग्गू\" मिश्रा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d9c0aa6e", "title": "मुकाबला (1993 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_(1993_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d9c0aa6e.json"}}
{"text": "शक्ति कपूर - खन्ना साहब", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d9c0aa6e", "title": "मुकाबला (1993 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_(1993_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d9c0aa6e.json"}}
{"text": "अरुण गोविल - सत्यप्रकाश", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d9c0aa6e", "title": "मुकाबला (1993 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_(1993_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d9c0aa6e.json"}}
{"text": "सभी दिलीप सेन–समीर सेन द्वारा संगीतबद्ध।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d9c0aa6e", "title": "मुकाबला (1993 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_(1993_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d9c0aa6e.json"}}
{"text": "मुकाबला  इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d9c0aa6e", "title": "मुकाबला (1993 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_(1993_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d9c0aa6e.json"}}
{"text": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल : मुस्लिम विश्वासों के अनुसार इस्लाम में कई पवित्र स्थल व क्षेत्र हैं, जिन्हें धर्म के लिए पवित्र माना जाता है। मक्का, मदीना और यरूशलेम, यह तीनों शहर इस्लाम में तीन सबसे पवित्र स्थल हैं, सभी संप्रदायों में सर्वसम्मति हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "ऐसे स्थल जिनका उल्लेख क़ुरआन में किया गया है या जिन्हें संदर्भित किया जाता है, जिन्हें इस्लाम के लिए पवित्र माना जाता है।  मक्का  और मदीना  इस्लाम के दो सबसे पवित्र शहर हैं, जो सभी संप्रदायों में सर्वसम्मति से हैं।  इस्लामी परंपरा में, मक्का में काबा को सबसे पवित्र स्थान माना जाता है, इसके बाद मदीना में पैगंबर के मस्जिद के बाद। इसके अतिरिक्त, हेब्रोन के पुराने शहर में अल-अक्सा मस्जिद और हेब्रोन में इब्राहीम (इब्राहिमी मस्जिद) की अभयारण्य भी काफी महत्वपूर्ण है,  सुन्नी इस्लाम में तीसरी और चौथी सबसे पवित्र साइटें हैं,  और शिया परंपरा में सबसे पवित्र स्थलों में से एक।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "हेजाज़ अरब प्रायद्वीप का क्षेत्र है जहां मक्का और मदीना स्थित हैं। इस प्रकार मुहम्मद से था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "मक्का में मस्जिद अल-हरम", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "मक्का  इस्लाम में सबसे पवित्र शहर माना जाता है, क्योंकि यह काबा ('क्यूब') और अल-मस्जिद अल-इराम (पवित्र मस्जिद) का घर है। केवल इस मुसलमानों को इस जगह में प्रवेश करने की इजाजत है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "मक्का क्षेत्र, जिसमें माउंट अराफह,  मीना और मुजदालिफा शामिल हैं, हज ('तीर्थयात्रा') के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है। इस्लाम के पांच स्तंभों में से एक के रूप में,  सक्षम होने वाले हर वयस्क मुस्लिम को अपने जीवनकाल में कम से कम एक बार हज करना चाहिए।  हज दुनिया की सबसे बड़ी वार्षिक मुस्लिम सभाओं में से एक है, हुसैन इब्न अली की मस्जिदों और इराक के करबाला में उनके आधे भाई अब्बास के लिए तीर्थयात्रा के लिए दूसरा, 2012 में 3 मिलियन तक पहुंचने के साथ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "मदीना में मस्जिद-ए-नबवी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "यह भी देखें: मदीना में मुहम्मद", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "पैगंबर का मस्जिद मदीना में स्थित है, जो शहर को मक्का के बाद इस्लाम में दूसरी सबसे पवित्र जगह बना रहा है। मदीना मुहम्मद का अंतिम स्थान है, और जहां उनकी कब्र स्थित है।  पैगंबर के मस्जिद के अलावा, शहर में क्यूबा  और मस्जिद ए क़िबलतैन क़िबलायत (\"दो क़िबलों वाली मस्जिद\") है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "यह भी देखें: लेवेंट और मशरिक़", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "ग्रेटर सीरिया (अरबी : ٱلشام, अनुवाद। अश-शाम)  एक ऐसा क्षेत्र है जो उत्तर में सीरिया से दक्षिण में फिलिस्तीन के क्षेत्र तक फैला हुआ है।  इसमें यरूशलेम और हेब्रोन के नगर शामिल हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "मुख्यधारा सुन्नी और शिया परंपराओं के अनुसार, अल-मस्जिद अल-अक़सा (\"सबसे दूरदराज का स्थान- प्रोस्टेशन \")  यरूशलेम में स्थित है। मस्जिद पूरे मुस्लिम समुदाय द्वारा सम्मान में आयोजित किया जाता है, इसकी इतिहास के कारण पूजा के एक स्थान के रूप में जो कई बाइबिल के भविष्यवक्ताओं, जो इब्राहीम (जो मक्का के अभयारण्य से भी जुड़ा हुआ है) के जीवन से जुड़ा हुआ है,  डेविड, सुलैमान, एलियाह और यीशु के साथ-साथ अपनी विशेष स्थिति के लिए। इसमें 144,000 मीटर 2 (1,550,000 वर्ग फीट) आकार (यरूशलेम के पुराने शहर के पूरे क्षेत्र का लगभग छठा हिस्सा शामिल है), और 500,000 पूजा करने वालों के क्षेत्र में समायोजित करने की क्षमता शामिल है।  मुस्लिम मुका में काबा से पहले, मुस्लिम मुहम्मद के जीवनकाल में प्रार्थना की पहली दिशा थी, और मुहम्मद को चमत्कारिक स्टीड द्वारा लिया गया माना जाता है, यह बुरक है, अल-अक्सा मस्जिद का दौरा करने के लिए, जहां उसने प्रार्थना की, और उसके बाद 620 सीई में एक रात में स्वर्ग में ले जाया गया जिसे अल-इस्रा 'वाल-मियाज (\"द नाइट-जर्नी एंड द एसेन्शन\") कहा जाता है। कुरान में वर्णित मस्जिद को इस कविता के प्रकाशन के समय, साथ ही मुस्लिम की लंबी परंपरा के समय, 7 वीं शताब्दी अरब के लोगों द्वारा यरूशलेम में मंदिर पर्वत पर यहूदी मंदिर का अवशेष माना गया है। इस्लामिक बौद्धिक इतिहास के चौदह सदियों में विद्वान। कुरान में यरूशलेम की भूमि का उल्लेख कई अवसरों पर \"धन्य\" या \"पवित्र\" है।  नीचे सूरह अल-माइदा(5), अल-इस्रा '(17),  अल-अंबिया  और सबा (34):  से कुरान के संदर्भ हैं", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "\"हे मेरे लोगों! पवित्र भूमि को जो अल्लाह ने तुम्हें सौंपा है, उसे दर्ज करें, और अनजाने में वापस न आएं, तब तुम अपने ही विनाश के लिए उखाड़ फेंकोगे।\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "- कुरान, सूरह 5 (अल-माइदा), आयत 21।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "\"महिमा हो वह (अल्लाह) अल-मस्जिदिल-आराम से अल-मस्जिदिल-अकाना तक रात में एक यात्रा के लिए अपने दास (मुहम्मद) को किसने लिया, जिनकी परिसर हमने आशीर्वाद दिया, ताकि हम उसे हमारे कुछ संकेत दिखा सकें वास्तव में वह सभी सुनवाई, सब-देख रहा है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "यदि आपने अच्छा किया, तो आपने अपने लिए अच्छा किया; यदि तुमने बुरा किया, (तुमने यह किया) अपने आप के खिलाफ। तो जब चेतावनियों में से दूसरा उत्तीर्ण हो गया, (हमने आपके दुश्मनों को अपने चेहरों को डिफिगर करने के लिए अनुमति दी), और मस्जिद में प्रवेश करने के लिए पहले प्रवेश किया था, और अपनी शक्ति में गिरने वाले सभी विनाश के साथ यात्रा करने के लिए। \"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "- कुरान, सूरह 17 (अल-इस्रा'), आयत 1 - 7।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "\"लेकिन हमने उसे ( इब्राहीम ) और लूत दिया , और उन्हें उस देश में निर्देशित किया जिसे हमने दुनिया के लिए आशीर्वाद दिया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "और सुलैमान के लिए, हमने उस देश को हिंसक (बेकार) हवा प्रवाह (तंग) के अधीन किया, जिस देश को हमने आशीर्वाद दिया था: क्योंकि हम सभी चीजों को जानते हैं। \"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "- कुरान, सूरह 21 (अल-अंबिया), आयत 71 - 81।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "\"उनके बीच (सबाइन्स) और कुरा (टाउनशिप) जिन्हें हमने आशीर्वाद दिया था, हमने प्रमुख पदों में टाउनशिप रखे थे, और उनके बीच हमने उचित अनुपात में यात्रा के चरणों को नियुक्त किया था:\" रात में और दिन तक सुरक्षित रहें। \"\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "- कुरान, सूरह 34 (सबा), आयत 18।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "यह एक आदीथ में निर्दिष्ट है कि अल-मस्जिद अल-अक्सा वास्तव में यरूशलेम में स्थित है:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "\"उसने अल्लाह के प्रेरित को यह कहते हुए सुना,\" जब कुरैश के लोग मुझ पर विश्वास नहीं करते थे (यानी मेरी रात की यात्रा की कहानी), मैं अल-हिज्र में खड़ा हुआ और अल्लाह ने मेरे सामने यरूशलेम को प्रदर्शित किया, और मैंने इसका वर्णन करना शुरू कर दिया जब मैं इसे देख रहा था। \"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "- साहिह अल बुखारी : खंड 5, पुस्तक 58, संख्या 226.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "और इब्न अब्बास ने कहा:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "\"और भविष्यवक्ताओं वहां रहते थे। यरूशलेम में एक भी इंच नहीं है जहां एक पैगंबर ने प्रार्थना नहीं की है या एक परी खड़ा नहीं है।\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "- तिर्मिज़ी में।[उद्धरण चाहिए]", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "हेब्रोन दक्षिणी वेस्ट बैंक में स्थित एक फिलिस्तीनी शहर है, जो यरूशलेम के दक्षिण में 30 किमी (1 9 मील) दक्षिण में स्थित है। मुसलमान इसे अब्राहम के साथ अपने सहयोग के लिए पूजा करते हैं - इसमें इब्राहीम के अभयारण्य के भीतर बाइबिल के कुलपति और मातृभाषा की पारंपरिक दफन स्थल शामिल है, जिसे इब्राहिमी मस्जिद भी कहा जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "यह भी देखें: बाइबिल के माउंट सिनाई, हारून और मूसा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "सिनाई प्रायद्वीप हारून और मूसा से जुड़ा हुआ है, जिन्हें भविष्यवक्ताओं के रूप में भी जाना जाता है।  विशेष रूप से, कुरान में माउंट सिनाई के कई संदर्भ मौजूद हैं,  जहां इसे तूर सीना कहा जाता है,  तूर सिनीन, और अउरूर अल-जबल (दोनों अर्थ \"माउंट\")।  आसन्न वाउद (तुवा की घाटी) के लिए, इसे मुक्दादास   (पवित्र),  माना जाता है और इसका एक हिस्सा अल-बुक्का अल कहा जाता है -मुबरकाह (\"धन्य स्थान\")।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "सूफ़ी इस्लाम में पवित्र स्थल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "सबसे बड़ी मस्जिदों की सूची", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "अल क़ुद्स फ़िल क़ुरआन (अरबी भाषा में)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_75ed1167", "title": "इस्लाम के पवित्र स्थल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_75ed1167.json"}}
{"text": "करहरा में भारत के बिहार राज्य के अन्तर्गत पुर्णिया मण्डल के अररिया जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_aee83476", "title": "करहरा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_aee83476.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_aee83476", "title": "करहरा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_aee83476.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_aee83476", "title": "करहरा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_aee83476.json"}}
{"text": "दिआलगाम (Dialgam) भारत के जम्मू और कश्मीर राज्य के अनन्तनाग ज़िले की अनन्तनाग तहसील में स्थित एक बस्ती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_087def25", "title": "दिआलगाम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_087def25.json"}}
{"text": "केन्दुझर (Kendujhar) या केओनझर (Keonjhar) भारत के ओड़िशा राज्य के केन्दुझर ज़िले में स्थित एक नगर है। यह ज़िले का मुख्यालय भी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2cb0d1d", "title": "केन्दुझर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2cb0d1d.json"}}
{"text": "ओडिशा राज्य में शामिल होने से पहले केन्दुझर एक स्वतंत्र रजवाडा था। ओडिशा राज्य की तमाम विविधताएं इस जिले में देखी जा सकती हैं। प्राकृतिक संसाधनों से समृद्ध यह हरा-भरा जिला 8337 वर्ग किलोमीटर के क्षेत्रफल में फैला हुआ है। यहां के विष्णु और जगन्नाथ मंदिर यहां आने वाले पर्यटकों के आकर्षण के केन्द्र में होते हैं। नगर के बाहरी हिस्सों में सिद्ध जगन्नाथ, सिद्ध काली और पंचवटी जैसे दर्शनीय स्थल हैं। विश्व की सबसे प्राचीनतम चट्टान भी यहां देखी जा सकती है। इस चट्टान को 38000 मिलियन साल पुराना माना जाता है। इन चट्टानों में गुप्त काल के अभिलेखों की पर्यटकों के अलावा इतिहास में रूचि रखने वालों को भी आकर्षित करते हैं। घटगाँ, मुर्गामहादेव, गोनासिका और सीताबिंज आदि यहां के लोकप्रिय पर्यटक स्थल हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2cb0d1d", "title": "केन्दुझर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2cb0d1d.json"}}
{"text": "सालंदी नदी पर बना यह बांध भद्रक से 20 किलोमीटर की राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग 20 पर स्थित है। बांध में मगरमच्छों को उनकी प्राकृतिक अवस्था में देखा जा सकता है। हदगढ़ अभयारण्य और उसके आसपास की सुंदरता बांध को पिकनिक के लिए एक आदर्श जगह बनाती है। केंदुझर यहां से 115 किलोमीटर और आनंदपुर 35 किलोमीटर दूर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2cb0d1d", "title": "केन्दुझर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2cb0d1d.json"}}
{"text": "घने जंगलों से घिरी यह पहाड़ियां आनंदपुर के निकट स्थित हैं। इन पहाड़ियों को हाथियों का स्थायी निवास स्थल माना जाता है। निकट ही एक पहाड़ी के शिखर पर स्थित चक्रतीर्थ जैन तीर्थस्थल दूर-दराज से लोगों को आकर्षित करता है। यहां से आसपास के क्षेत्र के मनोरम दृश्यों को निहारा जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2cb0d1d", "title": "केन्दुझर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2cb0d1d.json"}}
{"text": "छाते के आकार ही यह गुफा केंदुझर के सीताबिंज में स्थित है। यह पत्थर की गुफाएं आकर्षक भित्तिचित्रों के लिए प्रसिद्ध है। घुड़सवारों और सैनिकों के साथ हाथी की सवारी में जाते राजा का चित्र बेहद सजीव जान पड़ता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2cb0d1d", "title": "केन्दुझर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2cb0d1d.json"}}
{"text": "यह लोकप्रिय जैन तीर्थस्थल केंदुझर से 85 किलोमीटर की दूरी पर है। बउला पहाड़ियों के निकट हरे-भरे और मनोरम वातावरण में स्थित चक्रतीर्थ में भगवान ऋषभ की आकर्षक प्रतिमा देखी जा सकती है। प्रतिमा कमलासन तल पर विराजमान है। एक शानदार झरना और कुछ गुफाएं चक्रतीर्थ के आसपास देखी जा सकती हैं। गढ़चंडी और पोडासिंगिडी निकटवर्ती दर्शनीय स्थल हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2cb0d1d", "title": "केन्दुझर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2cb0d1d.json"}}
{"text": "केंदुझर से 45 किलोमीटर दूर स्थित गोनासिका ब्रह्मेश्वर महादेव मंदिर के लिए प्रसिद्ध है। यह पवित्र स्थल अनेक सुंदर घाटियों और सुंदर वनों से और भी खूबसूरत हो जाता है। इस स्थान को बैतरणी नदी का स्रोत भी कहा जाता है। अपने स्रोत से कुछ दूरी पर ही नदी भूमिगत हो जाती है जिस कारण इसे पातालगंगा भी कहा जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2cb0d1d", "title": "केन्दुझर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2cb0d1d.json"}}
{"text": "यह मंदिर शैव भक्तों के बीच काफी प्रसिद्ध है। देओगांव में कुशेई नदी के किनारे स्थित इस मंदिर का निर्माण 9वीं शताब्दी में हुआ था। भगवान शिव को समर्पित इस मंदिर में उनकी आकर्षक प्रतिमा विराजमान है। साथ ही देवी पार्वती, कार्तिकेय, भैरव और गणेश की मूर्तियां भी देखी जा सकती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2cb0d1d", "title": "केन्दुझर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2cb0d1d.json"}}
{"text": "चंपुआ के निकट स्थित यह मंदिर केंदुझर से 70 किलोमीटर की दूरी पर है। इसके निकट ही एक बारहमासी झरना है। श्रद्धालुओं का इस मंदिर में हमेशा आना-जाना लगा रहता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2cb0d1d", "title": "केन्दुझर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2cb0d1d.json"}}
{"text": "केंदुझर जिले का यह औद्योगिक नगर लोहे और मैंगनीज धातुओं से समृद्ध है। कलिंग आयरन वर्क्‍स खनिज आधारित गतिविधियों का प्रमुख केन्द्र है। बडबिल राउरकेला से 135 किलोमीटर दक्षिण पूर्व में है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2cb0d1d", "title": "केन्दुझर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2cb0d1d.json"}}
{"text": "यह अभयारण्य हदगढ़ कुंड और सालंदी बांध के निकट स्थित है। अभयारण्य में अनेक वन्यजीवों को विचरण करते देखा जा सकता है। टाईगर, तेंदुए, फिशिंग कैट, हेना, हाथी, लंगूर पेंगोलिन अदि पशुओं के अलावा पक्षियों और सरीसृपों की विविध प्रजातियां यहां पाई जाती हैं। अभयारण्य केंदुझर से 135 किलोमीटर की दूरी पर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2cb0d1d", "title": "केन्दुझर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2cb0d1d.json"}}
{"text": "भुवनेश्वर में यहां का नजदीकी एयरपोर्ट है जो देश के अनेक बड़े शहरों से नियमित फ्लाइटों द्वारा जुड़ा हुआ है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2cb0d1d", "title": "केन्दुझर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2cb0d1d.json"}}
{"text": "हावड़ा-चेन्नई रूट पर स्थित जाजपुर-केंदुझर रेलवे स्टेशन यहां का करीबी रेलवे स्टेशन है। यह रेलवे स्टेशन केंदुझर को देश और राज्य के अनेक हिस्सों से जोड़ता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2cb0d1d", "title": "केन्दुझर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2cb0d1d.json"}}
{"text": "राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग 20 और राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग 49 इसे ओडिशा और अन्य राज्यों से जोड़ते हैं। राज्य परिवहन की नियमित बसें अनेक पड़ोसी शहरों से यहां के लिए चलती रहती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2cb0d1d", "title": "केन्दुझर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2cb0d1d.json"}}
{"text": "तिरोसी, जोशीमठ तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के चमोली जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3fe5c817", "title": "तिरोसी, जोशीमठ तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3fe5c817.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3fe5c817", "title": "तिरोसी, जोशीमठ तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3fe5c817.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3fe5c817", "title": "तिरोसी, जोशीमठ तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3fe5c817.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3fe5c817", "title": "तिरोसी, जोशीमठ तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3fe5c817.json"}}
{"text": "स्यात N.Z.A., नैनीताल तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के नैनीताल जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e54a2d1a", "title": "स्यात N.Z.A., नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e54a2d1a.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e54a2d1a", "title": "स्यात N.Z.A., नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e54a2d1a.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e54a2d1a", "title": "स्यात N.Z.A., नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e54a2d1a.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e54a2d1a", "title": "स्यात N.Z.A., नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e54a2d1a.json"}}
{"text": "श्यामपट्ट, जिसे चॉकपट्ट भी कहते हैं, का प्रयोग लिखने के लिए एक सतह के रूप में किया जाता है। इस पर चॉक (कैल्शियम सल्फेट) या खड़िया की सहायता से लिखा जाता है। यह लिखने के लिए बार बार प्रयोग में आने वाला माध्यम है क्योंकि इस पर लिखी सामग्री मिटायी जा सकती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fc76151c", "title": "श्यामपट्ट", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fc76151c.json"}}
{"text": "श्यामपट्ट का उपयोग विद्यालयों (स्कूल) और महाविद्यालयों में शिक्षणकार्य में मदद करने के लिए किया जाता है। श्यामपट्ट का उपयोग धीरे -धीरे कम होता जा रहा है क्योंकि लोग श्यामपट्ट के स्थान पर श्वेतपट्ट प्रयोग मे लाने लगे हैं। कुछ लोगों को लिखने मे प्रयुक्त चॉक की धूल से एलर्जी होती है और इस धूल के गिरने पर साफ करना भी कठिन होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fc76151c", "title": "श्यामपट्ट", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fc76151c.json"}}
{"text": "श्यामपट्ट पर लिखने मे प्रयोग आने वाली चॉक मे वास्तव में चॉक (पत्थर) बिल्कुल भी नहीं होता है और इसका निर्माण कारखानों में किया जाता है। स्कूल के शिक्षक शिक्षण कार्य मे इन चॉकपट्टों का उपयोग करते हैं। श्यामपट्ट का रंग काला या हरा हो सकता है काले रंग के चॉक को श्यामपट्ट और हरे रंग के चॉकपट्ट को हरितपट कहा जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fc76151c", "title": "श्यामपट्ट", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fc76151c.json"}}
{"text": "इसके अलावा विद्यालयों में रोल अप बोर्ड का भी इस्तेमाल किया जाता है। जिसे हिंदी में लपेटपट्ट भी कहते है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fc76151c", "title": "श्यामपट्ट", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fc76151c.json"}}
{"text": "केल्ट्स (/kɛlts/ KELTS) या केल्टिक लोग (/ˈkɛltɪk/ KEL-tik) यूरोप और आनातोलिया में रहने वाले इंडो-यूरोपीय लोगों का एक समूह थे जिन्हें उनकी केल्टिक भाषाओं के प्रयोग और अन्य सांस्कृतिक समानताओं के कारण पहचाना जाता था। प्रमुख केल्टिक समूहों में गॉल, आइबेरिया के सेल्टिबेरियन और गैलेसी, ब्रिटेन और आयरलैंड के ब्रिटन, पिक्ट्स और गेल तथा बोई और गैलाटियन शामिल थे। सेल्टिक दुनिया में जातीयता, भाषा और संस्कृति के अंतर्संबंध अस्पष्ट और विवादित हैं। उदाहरण के लिए ब्रिटेन और आयरलैंड के लौह युग के लोगों को किस तरह से सेल्ट्स कहा जाना चाहिए इस पर विवाद है। वर्तमान विद्वानों के अनुसार केल्ट शब्द का तात्पर्य मुख्यतः किसी एक जातीय समूह से नहीं बल्कि केल्टिक भाषा बोलने वालों से है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ce3a8a9f", "title": "केल्ट", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ce3a8a9f.json"}}
{"text": "द्वीपीय केल्टिक संस्कृति में विविधता आई और मध्ययुगीन तथा आधुनिक काल में गेल (आयरिश, स्कॉट्स और मैनक्स) तथा सेल्टिक ब्रिटान (वेल्श, कोर्निश और ब्रेटन) की संस्कृति विकसित हुई। ब्रिटेन, आयरलैंड और गलिशिया जैसे अन्य यूरोपीय क्षेत्रों में रोमांटिक केल्टिक पुनरुत्थान के एक भाग के रूप में एक आधुनिक केल्टिक पहचान का निर्माण किया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ce3a8a9f", "title": "केल्ट", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ce3a8a9f.json"}}
{"text": "केल्टिक भाषाएँ इंडो-यूरोपीय भाषाओं की एक शाखा हैं। जब 400 ईसा पूर्व के आसपास सकेल्ट्स का पहली बार लिखित अभिलेखों में उल्लेख मिलता है तब तक वे कई भाषा समूहों में विभाजित हो चुके थे तथा पश्चिमी मुख्य भूमि यूरोप, इबेरिया प्रायद्वीप, आयरलैंड और ब्रिटेन के अधिकांश हिस्सों में फैले", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ce3a8a9f", "title": "केल्ट", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ce3a8a9f.json"}}
{"text": "हुए थे। ये भाषाएं सेल्टिबेरियन, गोइडेलिक और ब्रिटोनिक शाखाओं में विकसित हुईं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ce3a8a9f", "title": "केल्ट", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ce3a8a9f.json"}}
{"text": "धोड़प (अंग्रेज़ी: Dhodap/मराठी: धोड़प), महाराष्ट्र के नासिक ज़िले के कालवां तहसील में स्थित एक पहाड़ी दुर्ग है। यह दुर्ग ४८२९ फिट (१४७२ मीटर) में फैला हुआ है। यह सह्याद्री पहाड़ का दूसरा सबसे बड़ा दुर्ग है जबकि पहला सेल्हर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_23854424", "title": "धोड़प", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AA", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_23854424.json"}}
{"text": "पैनामिंट श्रेणी (Panamint Range) संयुक्त राज्य अमरीका के दक्षिणी कैलिफॉनिया राज्य के मध्य-पूर्वी भाग में डेथ 'वैली' के पश्चिमी सिरे पर इनया काउंटी के पूर्वी एवं दक्षिणी भाग में १४० मील लंबी एक पर्वतमाला है। इस पर्वतमाला की ऊँचाई ६,००० से ११,००० फुट तक है तथा यह मरुस्थली भाग में फैली हुई है। इस पर्वतमाला की सर्वोच्च चोटी टेलिस्कोप चोटी है जिसकी सागर तल से ऊचाई ११,०४५ फुट है। इसके पश्चिमी सिरे पर पैनामिंट की अनुपजाऊ घाटी है। यह संयुक्त राज्य के सबसे गर्म एवं सूखे भागों में से एक है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ccd0fb41", "title": "पैनामिंट श्रेणी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ccd0fb41.json"}}
{"text": "सुलतानपुर  भारतीय राज्य उत्तर प्रदेश के प्रयागराज जिले के फूलपुर प्रखण्ड में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_596eb082", "title": "सुलतानपुर गाँव, फूलपुर (इलाहाबाद)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_596eb082.json"}}
{"text": "पमस्यारी, डीडीहाट तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के पिथोरागढ जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c5091adc", "title": "पमस्यारी, डीडीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c5091adc.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c5091adc", "title": "पमस्यारी, डीडीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c5091adc.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c5091adc", "title": "पमस्यारी, डीडीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c5091adc.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c5091adc", "title": "पमस्यारी, डीडीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c5091adc.json"}}
{"text": "मैक्सिम गोर्की (रूसी भाषा में उच्चारण :  'मक्सीम गोर्की') (२८ मार्च १८६८ - १८ जून १९३६) रूस/सोवियत संघ के प्रसिद्ध लेखक तथा राजनीतिक कार्यकर्ता थे। उनका असली नाम \"अलिक्सेय मक्सीमविच पेश्कोव\" (रूसी भाषा में - Алексе́й Макси́мович Пе́шков or Пешко́в) था। उन्होने \"समाजवादी यथार्थवाद\" (socialist realism) नामक साहित्यिक परिभाषा की स्थापना की थी। सन् १९०६ से लेकर १९१३ तक और फिर १९२१ से १९२९ तक वे रूस से बाहर (अधिकतर, इटली के कैप्री (Capri) में) रहे। सोवियत संघ वापस आने के बाद उन्होने उस समय की सांस्कृतिक नीतियों को स्वीकार किया किन्तु उन्हें देश से बाहर जाने की आज़ादी नहीं थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "मैक्सिम गोर्की का जन्म निझ्नी नोवगरद नगर में हुआ। गोर्की के पिता बढ़ई थे। 11 वर्ष की आयु से ही गोर्की काम पर लग गए । 1884 में गोर्की का मार्क्सवादियों से परिचय हुआ। 1888 में गोर्की पहली बार गिरफ्तार किए गए । 1891 में गोर्की देशभ्रमण करने के लिए निकले। 1892 में गोर्की की पहली कहानी \"मकर छुद्रा\" प्रकाशित हुई। गोर्की की प्रारंभिक कृतियों में रोमांसवाद और यथार्थवाद का मेल दिखाई देता है। \"बाज़ के बारे में गीत\" (1895), \"झंझा-तरंगिका के बारे में गीत\" (1895) और \"बुढ़िया इजरगिल\" (1901) नामक कृतियों में क्रांतिकारी भावनाएँ प्रकट हुई थीं। दो उपन्यासों, \"फ़ोमा गार्दियेफ़\" (1899) और \" वे तीन\" (1901) में गोर्की ने शहर के अमीर और गरीब लोगों के जीवन का वर्णन किया है। 1899-1900 में गोर्की का परिचय चेख़फ़ और लेव तलस्तोय से हुआ। उसी समय से गोर्की क्रान्तिकारी आंदोलन में भाग लेने लगे। 1901 में उन्हें फिर गिरफ्तार कर लिया गया और उन्हें कालेपानी की सज़ा हुई। 1902 में विज्ञान अकादमी ने गोर्की को सामान्य सदस्य की उपाधि दी परन्तु रूस के ज़ार ने इसे रद्द कर दिया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "गोर्की ने अनेक नाटक भी लिखे, जैसे \"सूर्य के बच्चे\" (1905), \"बर्बर\" (1905), \"तलछट\" (1902) आदि, जो बुर्जुआ विचारधारा के विरुद्ध थे। गोर्की के सहयोग से \"नया जीवन\" बोल्शेविक समाचारपत्र का प्रकाशन हो रहा था। 1905 में गोर्की पहली बार लेनिन से मिले। 1906 में गोर्की विदेश गए, वहीं इन्होंने \"अमरीका में\" नामक एक कृति लिखी, जिसमें अमरीकी बुर्जुआ संस्कृति के पतन का व्यंगात्मक चित्र दिया गया था। नाटक \"शत्रु\" (1906) और \"मां\" उपन्यास में (1906) गोर्की ने बुर्जुआ लोगों और मजदूरों के संघर्ष का वर्णन किया है। विश्वसाहित्य में पहली बार इस विषय में कुछ लिखा गया था। इन रचनाओं में गोर्की ने पहली बार क्रांतिकारी मज़दूर का चित्रण किया था। लेनिन ने इन कृतियों की प्रशंसा की। 1905 की क्रांति के पराजय के बाद गोर्की ने एक लघु उपन्यास - \"पापों की स्वीकृति\" (\"इस्पावेद\") लिखा, जिसमें कई अध्यात्मवादी भूलें थीं, जिनके लिए लेनिन ने इसकी सख्त आलोचना की। \"आखिरी लोग\" और \"गैर-ज़रूरी आदमी की ज़िन्दगी\" (1911) में सामाजिक कुरीतियों की आलोचना है। \"मौजी आदमी\" नाटक में (1910) बुर्जुआ बुद्धिजीवियों का व्यंगात्मक वर्णन है। इन वर्षों में गोर्की ने बोल्शेविक समाचारपत्रों \"ज़्विज़्दा\" और \"प्रवदा\" के लिये अनेक लेख लिखे। 1911-13 में गोर्की ने \"इटली की कहानियाँ\" लिखीं जिनमें आजादी, मनुष्य, जनता और परिश्रम की प्रशंसा की गई थी। 1912-16 में \"रूस में\" कहानी-संग्रह प्रकाशित हुआ था जिसमें तत्कालीन रूसी मेहनतकशों की मुश्किल ज़िन्दगी प्रतिबिम्बित होती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "\"मेरा बचपन\" (1912-13), \"जनता  के बीच\" (1914) और \"मेरे विश्वविद्यालय\" (1923) उपन्यासों में गोर्की ने अपनी आत्मकथा लिखी है। 1917 की अक्टूबर क्रांति के बाद गोर्की बड़े पैमाने पर सामाजिक कार्य कर रहे थे। इन्होंने \"विश्वसाहित्य\" प्रकाशनगृह की स्थापना की। 1921 में बीमारी के कारण गोर्की इलाज के लिये विदेश गए। 1924 से वे इटली में रहे। \"अर्तमोनफ़ के कारखाने\" उपन्यास में (1925) गोर्की ने रूसी पूँजीपतियों और मज़दूरों की तीन पीढ़ियों की कहानी प्रस्तुत की। 1931 में गोर्की स्वदेश लौट आए। इन्होंने अनेक पत्रिकाओं और पुस्तकों का संपादन किया। \"सच्चे मनुष्यों की जीवनी\" और \"कवि का पुस्तकालय\" नामक पुस्तकमालाओं को इन्होंने प्रोत्साहन दिया। \"येगोर बुलिचेव आदि\" (1932) और \"दोस्तिगायेफ़ आदि\" (1933) नाटकों में गोर्की ने रूसी पूँजीपतियों के विनाश के अनिवार्य कारणों का वर्णन किया। गोर्की की अंतिम कृति- \"क्लिम समगीन की जीवनी\" (1925-1936) अपूर्ण है। इसमें 1880-1917 के रूस के वातावरण का विस्तारपूर्ण चित्रण किया गया है। गोर्की सोवियत लेखकसंघ के अध्यक्ष थे। गोर्की की समाधि मास्को के क्रेमलिन के समीप है। मास्को में गोर्की संग्रहालय की स्थापना की गई थी। निझ्नी नावगरद नगर को \"गोर्की\" नाम दिया गया था। गोर्की की कृतियों से सोवियत संघ और सारे संसार के प्रगतिशील साहित्य पर गहरा प्रभाव पड़ा। गोर्की की अनेक कृतियाँ भारतीय भाषाओं में अनूदित हुई हैं। महान हिंदी लेखक प्रेमचंद गोर्की के गहरे प्रशंसक थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "असमर्थ युग के समर्थ लेखक के रूप में मैक्सिम गोर्की को जितना सम्मान, कीर्ति और प्रसिद्धि मिली, उतनी शायद ही किसी अन्य लेखक को अपने जीवन में मिली होगी। वे क्रांतिदृष्टा और युगदृष्टा साहित्यकार थे। जन्म के समय अपनी पहली चीख़ के बारे में स्वयं गोर्की ने लिखा है- 'मुझे पूरा यकीन है कि वह घृणा और विरोध की चीख़ रही होगी।'", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "इस पहली चीख़ की घटना १८६८ ई. की 28 मार्च की 2 बजे रात की है लेकिन घृणा और विरोध की यह चीख़ आज इतने वर्ष बाद भी सुनाई दे रही है। यह आज का कड़वा सच है और मैक्सिम गोर्की शब्दों का अर्थ भी है -- बेहद कड़वा। निझ्नी नोवगरद ही नहीं विश्व का प्रत्येक नगर उनकी उस चीख से अवगत हो गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "अल्योशा यानी अलिक्सेय मक्सिमाविच पेशकोफ यानी मैक्सिम गोर्की पीड़ा और संघर्ष की विरासत लेकर पैदा हुए। उनके बढई पिता लकड़ी के संदूक बनाया करते थे और माँ ने अपने माता-पिता की इच्छा के प्रतिकूल विवाह किया था, किंतु मैक्सिम गोर्की सात वर्ष की आयु में अनाथ हो गए। उनकी 'शैलकश' और अन्य कृतियों में वोल्गा का जो संजीव चित्रण है, उसका कारण यही है कि माँ की ममता की लहरों से वंचित गोर्की वोल्गा की लहरों पर ही बचपन से संरक्षण प्राप्त करते रहे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "साम्यवाद एवं आदर्शोन्मुख यथार्थभाव के प्रस्तोता मैक्सिम गोर्की त्याग, साहस एवं सृजन क्षमता के जीवंत प्रतीक थे। उनकी दृढ़ मान्यता थी कि व्यक्ति को उसकी उत्पादन क्षमता के अनुसार जीविकोपार्जन के लिए श्रम का अवसर दिया जाना चाहिए एवं उसकी पारिवारिक समस्त आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति के लिए वेतन या वस्तुएँ मिलना चाहिए। कालांतर में यही तथ्य समाजवाद का सिद्धांत बन गया। गोर्की का विश्वास वर्गहीन समाज में था एवं इस उद्देश्य- पूर्ति के लिए वे रक्त-क्रांति को भी जायज़ समझते थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "उनकी रचनाओं में व्यक्त यथार्थवादी संदेश केवल रूस तक ही सीमित नहीं रहे। उनके सृजनकाल में ही उनकी कृतियाँ विश्वभर में लोकप्रिय होना प्रारंभ हो गईं। भारत वर्ष में तो 1932 से ही उनकी रचनाओं ने स्वतंत्रता संग्राम में अपनी निजी  भूमिका संपादित की। उनकी रचनाओं के कथानक के साथ-साथ वह शाश्वत युगबोध भी है, जो इन दिनों भारत की राजनीतिक एवं साहित्यिक परिस्थिति में प्रभावशील एवं प्रगतिशील युगांतर उपस्थित करने में सहायक सिद्ध हुआ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "उनका क्रांतिकारी उपन्यास 'माँ' (जिसे ब्रिटिश भारत में पढ़ना अपराध था), यथार्थवादी आंदोलन का सजीव घोषणा-पत्र है। माँ का नायक है पावेल व्लासेफ़, जो एक साधारण और दरिद्र मिल मजदूर है। पात्र के चरित्र में सबलताएँ और दुर्बलताएँ, अच्छाइयाँ और बुराई, कमजोरियाँ सभी कुछ हैं। यही कारण है कि पावेल व्लासेफ़ का चरित्र हमें बहुत गहरे तक छू जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "गोर्की ने अपने जीवन चरित्र के माध्यम से तत्कालीन संघर्षों एवं कठिनाइयों का समर्थ छवि का अंकन किया है। ’मेरा बचपन’ इस तथ्य का ज्वलंत उदाहरण है। अपने अंतिम वृहद उपन्यास 'द लाइफ ऑफ क्लीम समगीन' में लेखक ने पूँजीवाद, उसके उत्थान और पतन का लेखा प्रस्तुत किया है और इस प्रणाली के विकास का नाम दिया है, जिसके कारण रूस का प्रथम समाजवादी राज्य स्थापित हुआ। लेखक ने इस उपन्यास को 1927 में प्रारंभ किया और 1936 में समाप्त किया। गोर्की ने अपने देश और विश्व की जनता को फासिज्म की असलियत से परिचित कराया था, इसलिए ट्राटस्की बुखारिन के फासिस्ट गुट ने एक हत्यारे डॉक्टर लेविल की सहायता से 18 जून 1936 को उन्हें जहर देकर मार डाला। गोर्की आज हमारे बीच नहीं हैं किंतु उनके आदर्श हमारे बीच जीवित हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "मानववाद के सजीव प्रतिमान, क्रांतिदृष्टा, कथाकार और युगदृष्टा विचारक के रूप में मक्सीम गोर्की आने वाली कई पीढ़ियों तक स्मरण किए जाते रहेंगे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "रूसी लेखक मैक्सिम गोर्कीने रूसीकरण के खिलाफ आवाज़ उठाई और 1922 में \"रूसी किसानों पर\" (रूसी: О русском крестьянстве) नामक एक बड़ा लेख लिखा, जिस पर सोवियत संघ में प्रतिबंध लगा दिया गया और यह रूस में कभी प्रकाशित नहीं हुआ। इस आंशिक रूप से जीवनीपरक रचना में, मैक्सिम गोर्की ने 20वीं सदी की पहली तिमाही में रूसी लोगों के जीवन का वर्णन किया ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "1.htm क्रांतिदृष्टा मैक्सिम गोर्की", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "मैक्सिम गोर्की की लोकप्रिय कहानियाँ (गूगल पुस्तक)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "Maxim Gorky Internet Archive at Marxists.org", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "\"Anton Chekhov: Fragments of Recollections\" by Maxim Gorky", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "Some works of Maxim Gorky in the original Russian", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "The Song of the Stormy Petrel in original Russian", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "The Song of the Storm-Finch translated into English by Alice Stone Blackwell", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "Informative review of Gorky's short fiction", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "Text of Gorky Essay on Coney Island Archived 2008-05-07 at the वेबैक मशीन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "Marxist Tributes to Maxim Gorky Archived 2008-04-08 at the वेबैक मशीन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "Maxim the Bitter Archived 2007-09-28 at the वेबैक मशीन Life experiences influencing the work of Maxim Gorky", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "A collection of images of the Maxim Gorkiy Archived 2007-09-27 at the वेबैक मशीन A collection of images of the Maxim Gorkiy", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0240b39d", "title": "मैक्सिम गोर्की", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0240b39d.json"}}
{"text": "रजौरा बरौनी, बेगूसराय, बिहार स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a2bf4d54", "title": "रजौरा गाँव, बरौनी (बेगूसराय)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a2bf4d54.json"}}
{"text": "पीनाज़ मसानी एक भारतीय ग़ज़ल गायिका है इन्होंने वर्ष 1981 में अपना गायन प्रारंभ किया था तथा इनके 20 से अधिक एल्बम बनाए हैं", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9b525a1a", "title": "पीनाज़ मसानी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9b525a1a.json"}}
{"text": "इन्होंने कई पुरस्कार भी जीते हैं जिनमें से एक उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार द्वारा सन 1996 में इन्हें शहजादी तरन्नुम उपनाम दिया गया एवं वर्ष 2002 में संगीत में उल्लेखनीय सहयोग हेतु वर्ष 2002 में कलाकार अवार्ड दिया गया .", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9b525a1a", "title": "पीनाज़ मसानी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9b525a1a.json"}}
{"text": "सिडेनहैम महाविद्यालय से स्नातक होने के पश्चात उन्होंने बॉलीवुड में पार्श्व गायिका के रूप में कार्य प्रारंभ किया एवं 50 से अधिक हिंदी फिल्मों के लिए 10 से भी अधिक भाषाओं में गाना गाया", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9b525a1a", "title": "पीनाज़ मसानी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9b525a1a.json"}}
{"text": "इंडियन काउंसिल फॉर कल्चरल रिलेशंस के माध्यम से उन्होंने विदेशों में जैसे जर्मनी ,साउथ अफ्रीका, नाइजीरिया घाना, वियतनाम आदि में अपने कार्यक्रमों की प्रस्तुति दी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9b525a1a", "title": "पीनाज़ मसानी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9b525a1a.json"}}
{"text": "26 जनवरी सन 2009 को इन्हें भारत का पद्मश्री सम्मान मिला", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9b525a1a", "title": "पीनाज़ मसानी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9b525a1a.json"}}
{"text": "पिनाज़ मसानी का जीवन उद्देश्य - द ट्रिब्यून", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9b525a1a", "title": "पीनाज़ मसानी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9b525a1a.json"}}
{"text": "पीनाज़ मसानी की अधिकारी वेबसाईट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9b525a1a", "title": "पीनाज़ मसानी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9b525a1a.json"}}
{"text": "साँचा:India-singer-stub", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9b525a1a", "title": "पीनाज़ मसानी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9b525a1a.json"}}
{"text": "वेलायुतमपालयम (Velayuthampalayam) भारत के तमिल नाडु राज्य के करूर ज़िले में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ae1a5045", "title": "वेलायुतमपालयम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ae1a5045.json"}}
{"text": "डसीलाखेत, गंगोलीहाट तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के पिथोरागढ जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_90dedfba", "title": "डसीलाखेत, गंगोलीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_90dedfba.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_90dedfba", "title": "डसीलाखेत, गंगोलीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_90dedfba.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_90dedfba", "title": "डसीलाखेत, गंगोलीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_90dedfba.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_90dedfba", "title": "डसीलाखेत, गंगोलीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_90dedfba.json"}}
{"text": "बहादुरगंज कस्बा भारत के राज्य उत्तर प्रदेश में स्थित एक छोटा सा नगर (कस्बा) है। यह कस्बा विकास खंड रामपुर मथुरा तहसील महमूदाबाद जिला सीतापुर के अंतर्गत आता है। यहाँ से रोजाना उत्तर प्रदेश परिवाहन निगम की बसें लखनऊ के कैसरबाग बस स्टैंड को जाती हैं। इस कस्बे में दो मस्जिदें हैं एक बड़ी मर्कज़ मस्जिद है। और एक बस स्टैंड के पास में स्थित छोटी मस्जिद है।  बहादुरगंज सीतापुर जिले में रामपुर मथुरा ब्लॉक में एक छोटा सा गाँव / गाँव है।  यह गढ़चप्पा पंचायत के अंतर्गत आता है।  यह लखनऊ मंडल का छोटा-सा कस्बा है।  यह जिला मुख्यालय के सीतापुर से पूर्व की ओर 82 कि. मी. की दूरी पर स्थित है।  रामपुर से 7 कि.मी.  राज्य की राजधानी लखनऊ से 74 कि.मी. उत्तर में स्थित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fc6660db", "title": "बहादुरगंज", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fc6660db.json"}}
{"text": "बहादुरगंज उत्तर प्रदेश के सीतापुर जिले में स्थित एक छोटा कस्बा है। इसके भौगोलिक निर्देशांक 27°18′41″ उत्तर 81°19′51″ पूर्व हैं।\"GeoHack - बहादुरगंज\". अभिगमन तिथि: 2025-12-29. यह लखनऊ से लगभग 74 किमी उत्तर में और सीतापुर शहर से पूर्व दिशा में 82 किमी की दूरी पर स्थित है। रामपुर मथुरा से यह मात्र 7 किमी दूर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fc6660db", "title": "बहादुरगंज", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fc6660db.json"}}
{"text": "यह कस्बा अवध क्षेत्र के मैदानी भाग में बसा है, जहाँ मुख्य रूप से उपजाऊ दोमट और भूर मिट्टी पाई जाती है। सीतापुर जिले की जलवायु आर्द्र उपोष्णकटिबंधीय (humid subtropical) है, जिसमें गर्मियाँ गर्म और नम (अधिकतम तापमान 43°C तक) तथा सर्दियाँ ठंडी (न्यूनतम 6°C तक) होती हैं। मानसून में अच्छी वर्षा होती है, जो कृषि के लिए लाभकारी है। आसपास के क्षेत्र में खेती मुख्य व्यवसाय है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fc6660db", "title": "बहादुरगंज", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fc6660db.json"}}
{"text": "उमरी गणेशपुर (4 किमी), रायसेनपुर (4 किमी), टिकैठा (5 किमी), सुरजनपुर (7 किमी), सुरजनपुर (7 किमी) बहादुरगंज के पास के गाँव हैं।  बहादुरगंज उत्तर की ओर रामपुर मथुरा ब्लॉक, दक्षिण की ओर सूरतगंज और फतेहपुर ब्लॉक , पूर्व की ओर फखरपुर और जरवल ब्लॉक, पश्चिम की ओर महमूदाबाद ब्लॉक से घिरा हुआ है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fc6660db", "title": "बहादुरगंज", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fc6660db.json"}}
{"text": "बहराइच, जैदपुर, लहरपुर, लखनऊ, और बाराबंकी बहादुरगंज के नजदीकी शहर हैं। लालपुर करौता 8 किलोमीटर दूर है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fc6660db", "title": "बहादुरगंज", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fc6660db.json"}}
{"text": "बहादुरगंज कस्बे में एक इस्लामिया मदरसा (मदरसा‌‌ अरबिया मम्बाउल उलूम) और एक हिन्दी मीडियम सरकारी स्कूल भी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fc6660db", "title": "बहादुरगंज", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fc6660db.json"}}
{"text": "इन्गुनी में भारत के बिहार राज्य के अन्तर्गत मगध मण्डल के औरंगाबाद जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_90ced62d", "title": "इन्गुनी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_90ced62d.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_90ced62d", "title": "इन्गुनी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_90ced62d.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_90ced62d", "title": "इन्गुनी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_90ced62d.json"}}
{"text": "हंसी तो फंसी विनिल मैथ्यू द्वारा निर्देशित तथा करण जौहर एवं अनुराग कश्यप द्वारा निर्मित हिन्दी फ़िल्म है। फ़िल्म सिद्धार्थ मल्होत्रा और परिणीति चोपड़ा अभिनीत है। फ़िल्म ७ फ़रवरी २०१४ को अन्य बॉलीवुड फ़िल्मों हार्टलेस, या रबा और बबलू हैप्पी है के साथ जारी की गई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_864e064b", "title": "हंसी तो फंसी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_864e064b.json"}}
{"text": "निखिल (सिद्धार्थ मल्होत्रा) एक मस्तमौला व्यापारी है जो एक सिद्धांतवादी पुलिस अफ़सर एसबी भारद्वाज (शरत सक्सेना) का बेटा है। वो करिश्मा (अदा शर्मा) से प्यार करता है और दोनों शादी करने का फ़ैसला कर लेते हैं। निखिल एक ऐसा लड़का है जिसका विश्वास है कि जब एक लड़की से वादा किया जाता है तो उसके बाद इधर-उधर नहीं भटकना चाहिए। करिश्मा निखिल को विवाह से पहले ५ करोड़ रुपये इकट्ठा करने को कहती है। विवाह ७ दिन बाद है और इसी समय में निखिल करिश्मा की छोटी बहन मीता (परिणीति चोपड़ा) से मिलता है। मीता, कई साल पहले अपनी आगे की शिक्षा के खर्चे पूरे करने के लिए घर से गहने चुराकर भाग जाती है। करिश्मा, निखिल से मीता का ध्यान रखने को कहती है ताकि उसके परिवार वालों को मीता की मौजूदगी का पता ना चल सके। निखिल पाता है कि मीता ड्रग्स की बुरी लत का शिकार हो चुकी है और वो उसे इससे बाहर निकालने की ठान लेता है। इस बीच निखिल और मीता एक दूसरे के क़रीब आ जाते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_864e064b", "title": "हंसी तो फंसी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_864e064b.json"}}
{"text": "सिद्धार्थ मल्होत्रा - निखिल भारद्वाज", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_864e064b", "title": "हंसी तो फंसी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_864e064b.json"}}
{"text": "परिणीति चोपड़ा - मीता", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_864e064b", "title": "हंसी तो फंसी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_864e064b.json"}}
{"text": "करण जौहर - विशेष उपस्थिति", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_864e064b", "title": "हंसी तो फंसी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_864e064b.json"}}
{"text": "बॉबी डार्लिंग - गाने ड्रामा क्वीन में", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_864e064b", "title": "हंसी तो फंसी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_864e064b.json"}}
{"text": "फ़िल्म का संगीत विशाल-शेखर ने दिया है जिसे कुमार और अमिताभ भट्टाचार्य ने संगीतबद्ध किया है। एक गीत ड्रामा क्वीन को विशाल डडलानी और श्रेया घोषाल ने लॉन्च किया है। गीत ज़ेहनसीब, जिसे चिनमयी श्रीपदा और शेखर रवजियानी ने गाया है, २ जनवरी २०१४ को जारी किया गया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_864e064b", "title": "हंसी तो फंसी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_864e064b.json"}}
{"text": "बॉक्स ऑफ़िस इण्डिया के अनुसार, हंसी तो फंसी ने देश के बड़े सिनेमाघरों में यथोचित प्रदर्शन किया है। मेरे ख्याल से", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_864e064b", "title": "हंसी तो फंसी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_864e064b.json"}}
{"text": "हंसी तो फंसी  इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_864e064b", "title": "हंसी तो फंसी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_864e064b.json"}}
{"text": "बीबीसी हिन्दी पर फ़िल्म समीक्षा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_864e064b", "title": "हंसी तो फंसी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_864e064b.json"}}
{"text": "पृथ्वी साव या पृथ्वी शॉ (जन्म 9 नवंबर 1999) भारतीय क्रिकेट खिलाड़ी और भारतीय अंडर-१९ क्रिकेट टीम के  कप्तान हैं जो मुंबई में मध्य आय समूह (एमआईजी) क्रिकेट क्लब के लिए खेलते हैं और रिजवी स्प्रिंगफील्ड हाई स्कूल के कप्तान भी हैं। नवंबर 2013 में उन्होंने 1901 के बाद किसी भी संगठित रूप से किसी भी बल्लेबाज के ओर से एलीट डिवीजन मैच में 546 रन बनाये थे, लेकिन बाद में इनका रिकॉर्ड प्रणव धनवाड़े ने तोड़ दिया हैं। इन्होंने अपनी कप्तानी में भारतीय अंडर-१९ क्रिकेट टीम को २०१७-१८ अंडर-१९ क्रिकेट विश्व कप जिताया है। पृथ्वी साव को वेस्टइंडीज के खिलाफ दो टेस्ट मैचों की सीरीज में मौका दिया गया और पहले ही मैच की पहली पारी में ९९ गेंदों पर अपना शतक पूरा किया और भारतीय टीम के १५वें ऐसे बल्लेबाज बने जिन्होंने पदार्पण टेस्ट में शतक बनाया। इन्होंने १३४ रनों की पारी खेली और मैन ऑफ़ द मैच का पुरस्कार भी प्राप्त किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_51153b78", "title": "पृथ्वी साव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_51153b78.json"}}
{"text": "ये एक दाएं हाथ के बल्लेबाज और दाएं हाथ के ही ऑफ स्पिन गेंदबाज हैं, जिनकी क्षमता एक ऑलराउंडर की भी मान सकते हैं। इनकी सचिन तेंदुलकर के साथ लगातार तुलना की जाती रही है। साव को अब पूर्व रूप से अंतर्राष्ट्रीय क्रिकेट के लिए पूरा दर्जा दिया गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_51153b78", "title": "पृथ्वी साव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_51153b78.json"}}
{"text": "साव ने एसजी के साथ ३६ लाख रुपये का सौदा अर्जित किया है, जो कि सुनील गावस्कर , राहुल द्रविड़ और वीरेंद्र सहवाग जैसे दिग्गजों ने भी समर्थन किया है। इनकी कप्तानी में भारतीय अंडर-१९ क्रिकेट टीम ने २०१८ अंडर-१९ क्रिकेट विश्व कप जीता है और साथ ही ये सबसे कम उम्र के विश्व कप जीताने वाले कप्तान भी बन गए है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_51153b78", "title": "पृथ्वी साव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_51153b78.json"}}
{"text": "पृथ्वी शॉ डेब्यू टेस्ट में शतक लगाने वाले भारत के सबसे युवा बल्लेबाज हैं | पृथ्वी ने 99 गेंदों में अपना पहला टेस्ट शतक लगाया है | इसके अलावा पृथ्वी डेब्यू मैच में सबसे तेज शतक जड़ने वाले तीसरे बल्लेबाज बन गए हैं | इसके अलावा पृथ्वी शॉ न्यूजीलैंड की धरती पर टेस्ट मैचों में अर्धशतक जड़ने वाले भारत के दूसरे सबसे युवा खिलाड़ी भी बन गए हैं |", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_51153b78", "title": "पृथ्वी साव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_51153b78.json"}}
{"text": "घरेलू क्रिकेट कैरियर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_51153b78", "title": "पृथ्वी साव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_51153b78.json"}}
{"text": "घरेलू क्रिकेट में इन्होंने प्रथम श्रेणी क्रिकेट में मुंबई के लिए इन्होंने पहली बार कोई मैच साल २०१७ में १ से ५ जनवरी को राजकोट में खेला था जिसमें इनके सामने तमिलनाडु की टीम थी। इस मुकाबले में उन्होंने पहली पारी में 4 रन बनाये तो दूसरी पारी में १२० रनों की पारी खेली थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_51153b78", "title": "पृथ्वी साव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_51153b78.json"}}
{"text": "शॉ ने लिस्ट ए क्रिकेट की शुरुआत भी उसी साल विजय हजारे ट्रॉफी में २५ फरवरी को गुजरात के खिलाफ की थी लेकिन पहले मैच में इन्होंने महज १० रन ही बनाए थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_51153b78", "title": "पृथ्वी साव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_51153b78.json"}}
{"text": "इन्होंने अपने लिस्ट ए क्रिकेट में लेस्टरशायर के खिलाफ मैच में अच्छी बल्लेबाजी करते हुए अपना पहला शतक बनाया। इस मैच में भारत 'ए' टीम ने जहाँ ४५८ रन बनाये तो पृथ्वी शॉ ने १३२ रनों की पारी खेली।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_51153b78", "title": "पृथ्वी साव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_51153b78.json"}}
{"text": "2021 में पृथ्वी शॉ ने एक नया कीर्तिमान बनाया था, वह विजय हजारे ट्रॉफी में 800 रन बनाने वाले पहले क्रिकेटर बन गए हैं | शॉ ने 21 साल की उम्र में ये कारनामा किया हैं | पृथ्वी शॉ ने टूर्नामेंट में 165.40 की औसत से 827 रन बनाए. उनका स्ट्राइक रेट 138.29 का रहा |", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_51153b78", "title": "पृथ्वी साव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_51153b78.json"}}
{"text": "पृथ्वी साव को २०१८ इंडियन प्रीमियर लीग की नीलामी में दिल्ली डेयरडेविल्स फ्रेंचाइजी ने १ करोड़ २० लाख में खरीदा था और इन्होंने अपने दूसरे ही मैच में संयुक्त रूप से सबसे कम १८ साल १६९ दिनों की आयु में आईपीएल में अर्धशतक बनाया है। इससे पहले इतनी ही आयु में संजु सैमसन ने अर्धशतक बनाया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_51153b78", "title": "पृथ्वी साव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_51153b78.json"}}
{"text": "2022 आईपीएल सीजन के लिए दिल्ली कैपिटल्स ने पृथ्वी शॉ को मेगा ऑक्शन से पहले 7.50 करोड़ रुपये देकर रिटेन किया हैं | आईपीएल 2022 की बात करें तो पृथ्वी शॉ ने 10 मैच में 283 रन बनाए हैं, इस दौरान पृथ्वी का बल्लेबाजी औसत 30 के करीब का रहा है |Bihar ka gaurav", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_51153b78", "title": "पृथ्वी साव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_51153b78.json"}}
{"text": "अरावली पर्वत शृंखला के अंतिम छोर पर उत्तर-पश्चिमी हिस्से में एक सुप्त ज्वालामुखी है, जिसे धोसी पहाड़ी के नाम से जाना जाता है। यह उत्तरी अक्षांश 28*03'39.47\" और पूर्वी देशान्तर 76*01'52.63\" पर स्थित इकलौती पहाड़ी है, जो कई महत्वपूर्ण और रहस्यमयी कारणों से चर्चित रहती है। इस पहाड़ी का उल्लेख विभिन्न धार्मिक पुस्तकों में भी मिलता है जैसे महाभारत, पुराण आदि।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_73b59126", "title": "धोसी पहाड़ी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_73b59126.json"}}
{"text": "धोसी पहाड़ी भारत में स्थित है, यह दक्षिण हरियाणा एवं उत्तरी राजस्थान की सीमाओं पर स्थित है। पहाड़ी का हरियाणा वाला भाग महेंद्रगढ़ जिले में स्थित है एवं सिंघाणा मार्ग पर नारनौल से ५ किमी दूरी पर है और राजस्थान वाला भाग झुन्झुनू में स्थित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_73b59126", "title": "धोसी पहाड़ी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_73b59126.json"}}
{"text": "इसकी समुंदर तल से उचाई 740 मीटर हैं", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_73b59126", "title": "धोसी पहाड़ी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_73b59126.json"}}
{"text": "यहा पर महर्षि चाणमप्रस जी की तपों भूमि है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_73b59126", "title": "धोसी पहाड़ी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_73b59126.json"}}
{"text": "य्ह् दक्षिण हरियाणा की सबसे उची पहाड़ी है जिसकी अनुमानित उचाई समुन्दर तल् से 740 मीटर है  ओर यह एक प्रियटक स्थाल है जो थाना गाव के पास है इसके एक तरफ हरयाणा ओर दूसरी तरफ राजस्थान है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_73b59126", "title": "धोसी पहाड़ी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_73b59126.json"}}
{"text": "महाभारत महाकाव्य के अनुसार इस पहाड़ी की उत्पत्ति त्रेता युग में हुई थी। लगभग 5100 वर्ष पूर्व पांडव भी अपने अज्ञातवास के दौरान यहां आए थे। विश्व के सबसे पुराने धर्म यानी सनातन धर्म के शुरूआती विकास से लेकर आयुर्वेद की महत्वपूर्ण खोज च्यवनप्राश का नाता धोसी पहाड़ी से है। एक सुप्त ज्वालामुखी की संरचना होते हुए भी भूगर्भशास्त्री इसे ज्वालामुखीय संरचना मानने से इंकार करते हैं। भूगर्भशास्त्रियों का कहना है कि पिछले 2 मिलियन सालों में अरावली पर्वत शृंखला में कोई ज्वालामुखी विस्फोट नहीं हुआ, इसलिए इसे ज्वालामुखी संरचना मानना सही नहीं है। पहाड़ी की तलहटी में धुंसरा गांव मौजूद है। इतिहास के जानकारों के अनुसार धुंसरा वैश्य और ब्राह्मण हैं, जो कि च्यवन और भृगु ऋषि के वंशज हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_73b59126", "title": "धोसी पहाड़ी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_73b59126.json"}}
{"text": "पनाई मल्ली, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के चमोली जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a17ddcf4", "title": "पनाई मल्ली, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a17ddcf4.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a17ddcf4", "title": "पनाई मल्ली, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a17ddcf4.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a17ddcf4", "title": "पनाई मल्ली, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a17ddcf4.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a17ddcf4", "title": "पनाई मल्ली, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a17ddcf4.json"}}
{"text": "सिधवनहल्ली निजलिंगप्पा (10 दिसंबर 1902 - 8 अगस्त 2000) एक वरिष्ठ कांग्रेसी राजनेता और 1956 और 1958 के बीच कर्नाटक (तत्कालीन मैसूर राज्य) के मुख्यमंत्री थे और 1962 से 1968 के बीच एक बार फिर कर्नाटक के मुख्यमंत्री रहे। उन्होंने भारतीय स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई थी। साथ ही कर्नाटक एकीकरण आंदोलन में भी उनकी भूमिका महत्वपूर्ण थी ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5f6d5a3e", "title": "एस निजलिंगप्पा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5f6d5a3e.json"}}
{"text": "निजलिंगप्पा का जन्म बेल्लारी जिले के एक गाँव में हुआ था। उस समय यह तत्कालीन मद्रास प्रेसिडेंसीऑफ़ ब्रिटिश इंडिया (वर्तमान भारतीय राज्य कर्नाटक) का हिस्सा था। उनके पिता एक छोटे व्यापारी और माता गृहिणी थी तथा ये लोग भगवान शिव के भक्त थे। पांच साल की होने पर निजलिंगप्पा ने अपने पिता को खो दिया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5f6d5a3e", "title": "एस निजलिंगप्पा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5f6d5a3e.json"}}
{"text": "एक साक्षात्कार में, निजलिंगप्पा ने याद किया कि उनके \"पिता के पूर्वज समृद्ध थे\" पर \"उन्होंने जुआ खेलने, शराब पीने और नारीकरण पर अपने धन को नष्ट कर दिया।\" उन्होंने कहा कि उनके \"नाना ने उनके माता-पिता की मदद की, लेकिन उनका परिवार अभी भी बहुत गरीब था।\" वे डावनागेरे में पले बढ़े और 1919 में चित्रदुर्ग में माध्यमिक विद्यालय में शामिल हुए। इस समय के दौरान, वह एनी बेसेंट के राजनीतिक लेखन से प्रभावित थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5f6d5a3e", "title": "एस निजलिंगप्पा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5f6d5a3e.json"}}
{"text": "उन्होंने सेंट्रल कॉलेज, बेंगलुरु से कला में स्नातक किया, इस दौरान 1924 में राव बहादुर धर्मप्रभा गुब्बी थोट्डप्पा हॉस्टल (1921-1924) में रहे, और लॉ कॉलेज, पूना से 1926 में लॉ की उपाधि प्राप्त की। एक बच्चे के रूप में वीरप्पा मास्टर नामक एक पुराने शिक्षक द्वारा उन्हें एक पारंपरिक शिक्षा दी गई थी। इस प्रकार, भारतीय स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन के अन्य नेताओं की तरह, उनके पास भी पारंपरिक और आधुनिक शिक्षा का एक अनूठा मिश्रण था। बसवेश्वर का जीवन और शंकराचार्य और शंकराचार्य के दर्शन, साथ ही साथ भारतीय स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन और महात्मा गांधी की शिक्षाओं का उनके दिमाग पर अत्यधिक प्रभाव पड़ा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5f6d5a3e", "title": "एस निजलिंगप्पा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5f6d5a3e.json"}}
{"text": "निजलिंगप्पा ने एक दर्शक के रूप में 1936 के कांग्रेस अधिवेशन में भाग लिया। वहां वे डॉ एन.एस. हार्डिकर के संपर्क में आए,इसके बाद उन्होंने संगठन में सक्रिय रुचि लेना शुरू किया। उन्होंने एक ऐसे स्वयंसेवक के रूप में कार्य किया, जो कि प्रदेश कांग्रेस कमेटी का अध्यक्ष और अंततः 1968 में अखिल भारतीय कांग्रेस कमेटी का अध्यक्ष बना।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5f6d5a3e", "title": "एस निजलिंगप्पा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5f6d5a3e.json"}}
{"text": "वह मैसूर कांग्रेस के अध्यक्ष बने और 1946 से 1950 तक ऐतिहासिक संविधान सभा के सदस्य भी रहे। बाद में, उन्हें 1952 में चितलदुर्ग निर्वाचन क्षेत्र (अब चित्रदुर्ग) से पहली लोकसभा के सदस्य के रूप में चुना गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5f6d5a3e", "title": "एस निजलिंगप्पा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5f6d5a3e.json"}}
{"text": "कर्नाटक के एकीकरण की दिशा में निजलिंगप्पा द्वारा प्रदान की गई सेवाएं बहुत बड़ी थीं, और उसी की मान्यता में, उन्हें एकीकृत कर्नाटक राज्य के पहले मुख्यमंत्री के रूप में चुना गया था और फिर दूसरी बार, उन्हें उसी जिम्मेदार पद के लिए चुना गया और अप्रैल 1968 तक वह इस पद पर बने रहे। उन्हें \"आधुनिक कर्नाटक का निर्माता\" कहा जा सकता है। आज राज्य के पास कृषि, सिंचाई, औद्योगिक और परिवहन परियोजनाओं के विकास के लिए बहुत कुछ है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5f6d5a3e", "title": "एस निजलिंगप्पा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5f6d5a3e.json"}}
{"text": "जब वह कांग्रेस अध्यक्ष बने उस समय 1967 के चुनावो में देश के कई हिस्सों में लोगों ने काग्रेस पर अविश्वास व्यक्त किया था । उन्होंने 1968 और 1969 में क्रमश: हैदराबाद और फरीदाबाद में दो कांग्रेस सत्रों की अध्यक्षता की। उनके अथक प्रयासों के कारण, कांग्रेस पार्टी फिर से सक्रिय हो गई। हालांकि, पार्टी के विभिन्न गुटों के बीच गुटबाजी बढ़ गई और आखिरकार 1969 में पार्टी का ऐतिहासिक विभाजन हो गया। वह अविभाजित भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस के अंतिम अध्यक्ष थे । काग्रेस पार्टी के दो हिस्से बने पहला था काग्रेस (सत्तारूढ़) जो  इंदिरा गांधी की तरफ था तथा दूसरा हिस्सा था कांग्रेस (संगठन) जिसमे निजालिंगप्पा, नीलम संजीवा रेड्डी, के कामराज, मोरारजी देसाई और अन्य वरिष्ठ नेता थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5f6d5a3e", "title": "एस निजलिंगप्पा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5f6d5a3e.json"}}
{"text": "कांग्रेस के विभाजन के बाद, निजलिंगप्पा धीरे-धीरे राजनीति से सेवानिवृत्त हो गए। सक्रिय राजनीति छोड़ने के बाद, उन्होंने सरदार वल्लभभाई पटेल सोसाइटी के अध्यक्ष के रूप में कार्य किया। उनकी सेवानिवृत्ति के बाद भी उन्हें व्यापक रूप से सम्मान दिया गया था और उन्हें उनकी सादगी और अखंडता के लिए जाना जाता था।  ९ अगस्त २००० को चित्रदुर्ग में 97 वर्ष की आयु में उनके निवास पर उनकी मृत्यु हो गई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5f6d5a3e", "title": "एस निजलिंगप्पा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5f6d5a3e.json"}}
{"text": "उन्हें भारत के तिब्बती समुदाय में बहुत याद किया जाता है क्योंकि कर्नाटक के मुख्यमंत्री के रूप में, उन्होंने तिब्बतीयो के पुनर्वास के उद्देश्य के लिए तिब्बती शरणार्थियों को जमीन दी। कर्नाटक में आज सबसे बड़ी तिब्बती बस्तियाँ हैं और निर्वासन में सबसे बड़ी आबादी है। बाइलाकुप्पे (बैंगलोर से छह घंटे), मुंदगोड (हुबली से दो घंटे), कोल्लेगल और गुरुपुरा (बायलाकुप्पे के पास) कर्नाटक की चार तिब्बती बस्तियाँ हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5f6d5a3e", "title": "एस निजलिंगप्पा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5f6d5a3e.json"}}
{"text": "1967 मे शिग्गओं विधानसभा क्षेत्र से विधायक बने।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5f6d5a3e", "title": "एस निजलिंगप्पा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5f6d5a3e.json"}}
{"text": "सिबारा के पास चित्रदुर्ग के बाहरी इलाके में NH-4 के पास बने निजलिंगप्पा के स्मारक का उद्घाटन तिब्बती आध्यात्मिक नेता दलाई लामा ने 29 जनवरी 2011 को किया था।  इस बीच, कर्नाटक के मुख्यमंत्री बीएस येदियुरप्पा ने घोषणा की कि वे चीनी अनुसंधान का नाम निजलिंगप्पा के नाम पर रखेंगे जो बेलगाम में है ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5f6d5a3e", "title": "एस निजलिंगप्पा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5f6d5a3e.json"}}
{"text": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150423044411/http://indiansaga.com/history/postindependence/split_congress.html", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5f6d5a3e", "title": "एस निजलिंगप्पा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5f6d5a3e.json"}}
{"text": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190203201932/https://www.inc.in/en/leadership/past-party-president/s-nijalingappa", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5f6d5a3e", "title": "एस निजलिंगप्पा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5f6d5a3e.json"}}
{"text": "दूसरा आदमी 1977 में बनी हिन्दी भाषा की फिल्म है। यह यश चोपड़ा द्वारा निर्मित और रमेश तलवार द्वारा निर्देशित है। फिल्म में ऋषि कपूर, नीतू सिंह, राखी, शशि कपूर, देवेन वर्मा और परीक्षत साहनी हैं। फिल्म का संगीत राजेश रोशन का है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_faea8a68", "title": "दूसरा आदमी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_faea8a68.json"}}
{"text": "निशा (राखी), विज्ञापन उद्योग में निपुण है। वह अपने प्रेमी, शशि सहगल (शशि कपूर) की दुखद मौत के बाद वैरागी बन जाती है। वहीं करण सक्सेना (ऋषि कपूर) ने अपने सफल पिता की छाया से बाहर आने और एक विज्ञापन एजेंसी स्थापित करने का फैसला किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_faea8a68", "title": "दूसरा आदमी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_faea8a68.json"}}
{"text": "वर्षों बाद, करण अपनी विज्ञापन एजेंसी के साथ उसको रोजगार प्रदान करता है और वह स्वीकार करती है। निशा एक अतीत लिये रहस्यमय वृद्ध महिला है और करण उसके खोए हुए प्यार की निरंतर याद दिलाता है। उसे पता चलता है कि हाल ही में टिम्सी (नीतू सिंह) से शादी करने वाला करण उसे शशि की याद दिलाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_faea8a68", "title": "दूसरा आदमी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_faea8a68.json"}}
{"text": "ऋषि कपूर — करण सक्सेना उर्फ कन्नू", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_faea8a68", "title": "दूसरा आदमी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_faea8a68.json"}}
{"text": "देवेन वर्मा — टिम्सी के अंकल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_faea8a68", "title": "दूसरा आदमी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_faea8a68.json"}}
{"text": "परीक्षत साहनी — भीष्म", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_faea8a68", "title": "दूसरा आदमी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_faea8a68.json"}}
{"text": "सत्येन्द्र कपूर — राम प्रसाद सक्सेना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_faea8a68", "title": "दूसरा आदमी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_faea8a68.json"}}
{"text": "गीता सिद्धार्थ — श्रीमती सक्सेना", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_faea8a68", "title": "दूसरा आदमी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_faea8a68.json"}}
{"text": "युनुस परवेज़ — हवलदार नाइक", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_faea8a68", "title": "दूसरा आदमी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_faea8a68.json"}}
{"text": "जगदीश राज — पुलिस इंस्पेक्टर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_faea8a68", "title": "दूसरा आदमी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_faea8a68.json"}}
{"text": "सभी गीत मजरुह सुल्तानपुरी द्वारा लिखित; सारा संगीत राजेश रोशन द्वारा रचित।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_faea8a68", "title": "दूसरा आदमी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_faea8a68.json"}}
{"text": "दूसरा आदमी  इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_faea8a68", "title": "दूसरा आदमी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_faea8a68.json"}}
{"text": "गराली, गंगोलीहाट तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के पिथोरागढ जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_caf694de", "title": "गराली, गंगोलीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_caf694de.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_caf694de", "title": "गराली, गंगोलीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_caf694de.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_caf694de", "title": "गराली, गंगोलीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_caf694de.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_caf694de", "title": "गराली, गंगोलीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_caf694de.json"}}
{"text": "टंगाइल जिला (बंगाली: টাঙ্গাইল জেলা) बांग्लादेश के केंद्रीय अंचल के ढाका विभाग का एक प्रशासनिक अंचल है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4a0e8772", "title": "टंगाइल जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4a0e8772.json"}}
{"text": "ईडाकोट भारतीय राज्य उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के अल्मोड़ा जिले की भिकियासैण तहसील का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_50488783", "title": "ईडाकोट, भिकियासैण तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_50488783.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_50488783", "title": "ईडाकोट, भिकियासैण तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_50488783.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_50488783", "title": "ईडाकोट, भिकियासैण तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_50488783.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_50488783", "title": "ईडाकोट, भिकियासैण तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_50488783.json"}}
{"text": "कोंडपल्ली (Kondapalli) भारत के आन्ध्र प्रदेश राज्य के कृष्णा ज़िले में स्थित एक गाँव है। राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग 30 यहाँ से गुज़रता है। कोंडपल्ली अपने लकड़ी के तराशे गए खिलौनों के लिए प्रसिद्ध है। यह विजयवाड़ा के समीप स्थित है और उसका उपनगर बनता जा रहा है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_18b732d1", "title": "कोंडपल्ली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_18b732d1.json"}}
{"text": "न्योरिया हुसैनपुर (Nyoria Husainpur) भारत के उत्तर प्रदेश राज्य के पीलीभीत ज़िले में स्थित एक नगर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b635b787", "title": "न्योरिया हुसैनपुर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b635b787.json"}}
{"text": "स्वर्गीय हाजी रियाज अहमद इस नगर के", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b635b787", "title": "न्योरिया हुसैनपुर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b635b787.json"}}
{"text": "गौहर में जन्मे और बढ़़े नेेेेता हुए विधायक", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b635b787", "title": "न्योरिया हुसैनपुर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b635b787.json"}}
{"text": "से लेकर राज्यमंत्री तक के सफर तय किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b635b787", "title": "न्योरिया हुसैनपुर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b635b787.json"}}
{"text": "सेंगोल स्वर्ण परत वाला एक राजदंड है जिसे 28 मई 2023 को भारत के नए संसद भवन में प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी ने स्थापित किया। इसका इतिहास चोल साम्राज्य से जुड़ा है। नए राजा के राजतिलक के समय सेंगोल भेंट किया जाता था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_494c51ea", "title": "सेंगोल (राजदंड)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_494c51ea.json"}}
{"text": "1947 में धार्मिक मठ - अधीनम के प्रतिनिधि ने सैंगोल भारत गणराज्य के पहले प्रधानमंत्री जवाहरलाल नेहरू को सौंपा था।  लेकिन भारत में लोकतांत्रिक शासन होने के कारण इसे इलाहाबाद संग्रहालय में रख दिया और किसी सरकार ने इसका इस्तेमाल नहीं किया। सेंगोल मुख्यतः चांदी से बना है जिसके ऊपर सोने का पानी चढ़ा है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_494c51ea", "title": "सेंगोल (राजदंड)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_494c51ea.json"}}
{"text": "'सेंगोल' तमिल शब्द 'सेम्मई' (नीतिपरायणता) व 'कोल' (छड़ी) से मिलकर बना है। ‘सेंगोल’ शब्द संस्कृत के ‘संकु’ (शंख) से भी आया हो सकता है। सनातन धर्म में शंख पवित्रता का प्रतीक है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_494c51ea", "title": "सेंगोल (राजदंड)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_494c51ea.json"}}
{"text": "तमिलनाडु के तंजावुर में स्थित तमिल विश्वविद्यालय में पुरातत्त्व के प्रोफेसर एस राजावेलु के अनुसार तमिल में सेंगोल का अर्थ 'न्याय' है। तमिल राजाओं के पास ये सेंगोल होते थे जिसे अच्छे शासन का प्रतीक माना जाता था। शिलप्पदिकारम् और मणिमेखलै, दो महाकाव्य हैं जिनमें सेंगोल के महत्त्व पर प्रकाश डाला गया है। विश्वप्रसिद्ध तिरुक्कुरल में भी सेंगोल का उल्लेख है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_494c51ea", "title": "सेंगोल (राजदंड)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_494c51ea.json"}}
{"text": "बनावट व प्रतीकात्मकता", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_494c51ea", "title": "सेंगोल (राजदंड)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_494c51ea.json"}}
{"text": "सेंगोल सोने की परत चढ़ा हुआ राजदंड है, जिसकी लंबाई लगभग 5 फीट (1.5 मीटर) है इसका मुख्य हिस्सा चांदी से बना है। सेंगोल को बनाने में 800 ग्राम सोने का प्रयोग किया गया था। इसे जटिल डिजाइनों से सजाया गया है और शीर्ष पर नंदी की नक्काशी की गई है। नंदी हिंदू धर्म में एक पवित्र पशु और शिव का वाहन है। इसे धर्म के प्रतीक के रूप में देखा जाता है, जिसे पुराणों में एक बैल के रूप में व्यक्त किया गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_494c51ea", "title": "सेंगोल (राजदंड)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_494c51ea.json"}}
{"text": "नंदी की प्रतिमा इसका शैव परंपरा से जुड़ाव दर्शाती है। हिंदू व शैव परंपरा में नंदी समर्पण का प्रतीक है। यह समर्पण राजा और प्रजा दोनों के राज्य के प्रति समर्पित होने का वचन है। दूसरा, शिव मंदिरों में नंदी हमेशा शिव के सामने स्थिर मुद्रा में बैठे दिखते हैं। हिंदू मिथकों में ब्रह्मांड की परिकल्पना शिवलिंग से की जाती रही है। इस तरह नंदी की स्थिरता शासन के प्रति अडिग होने का प्रतीक है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_494c51ea", "title": "सेंगोल (राजदंड)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_494c51ea.json"}}
{"text": "इसके अतिरिक्त नंदी के नीचे वाले भाग में देवी लक्ष्मी व उनके आस-पास हरियाली के तौर पर फूल-पत्तियां, बेल-बूटे उकेरे गए हैं, जो कि राज्य की संपन्नता को दर्शाती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_494c51ea", "title": "सेंगोल (राजदंड)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_494c51ea.json"}}
{"text": "प्राचीन काल में भारत में जब राजा का राज्याभिषेक होता था, तो विधिपूर्वक राज्याभिषेक हो जाने के बाद राजा राजदण्ड लेकर राजसिंहासन पर बैठता था। राजसिंहासन पर बैठने के बाद वह कहता था कि अब मैं राजा बन गया हूँ  अदण्ड्योऽस्मि, अदण्ड्योस्मि, अदण्ड्योऽ (मैं अदण्ड्य हूँ, मैं अदण्ड्य हूँ); अर्थात मुझे कोई दण्ड नहीं दे सकता। तो पुरानी विधि ऐसी थी कि उनके पास एक संन्यासी खड़ा रहता था, लँगोटी पहने हुए। उसके हाथ में एक छोटा, पतला सा पलाश का डण्डा रहता था। वह उससे राजा पर तीन बार प्रहार करते हुए उसे कहता था कि 'राजा ! यह अदण्ड्योऽस्मि अदण्ड्योऽस्मि गलत है। दण्ड्योऽसि दण्ड्योऽसि दण्ड्योऽसि अर्थात तुझे भी दण्डित किया जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_494c51ea", "title": "सेंगोल (राजदंड)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_494c51ea.json"}}
{"text": "चोल काल के दौरान ऐसे ही राजदंड का प्रयोग सत्ता हस्तान्तरण को दर्शाने के लिए किया जाता था। उस समय पुराना राजा नए राजा को इसे सौंपता था।राजदंड सौंपने के दौरान 7वीं शताब्दी के तमिल संत संबंध स्वामी द्वारा रचित एक विशेष गीत का गायन भी किया जाता था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_494c51ea", "title": "सेंगोल (राजदंड)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_494c51ea.json"}}
{"text": "कुछ इतिहासकार मौर्य, गुप्त वंश और विजयनगर साम्राज्य में भी सेंगोल को प्रयोग किए जाने की बात कहते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_494c51ea", "title": "सेंगोल (राजदंड)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_494c51ea.json"}}
{"text": "ऐसा कहा जाता है कि वायसराय लॉर्ड माउंटबेटन ने पंडित जवाहरलाल नेहरू से एक सवाल किया था: \"ब्रिटिश से भारतीय हाथों में सत्ता के हस्तांतरण के प्रतीक के रूप में किस समारोह का पालन किया जाना चाहिए?\" इस प्रश्न ने नेहरू को वयोवृद्ध स्वतंत्रता सेनानी सी राजगोपालाचारी (राजाजी) से परामर्श करने के लिए प्रेरित किया। राजाजी ने चोल कालीन समारोह का प्रस्ताव दिया जहां एक राजा से दूसरे राजा को सत्ता का हस्तांतरण उच्च पुरोहितों की उपस्थिति में पवित्रता और आशीर्वाद के साथ पूरा किया जाता था। राजाजी ने तमिलनाडु के तंजावुर जिले में शैव संप्रदाय के धार्मिक मठ - तिरुवावटुतुरै आतीनम् से संपर्क किया। तिरुवावटुतुरै आतीनम् 500 वर्ष से अधिक पुराना है और पूरे तमिलनाडु में 50 मठों को संचालित करता है। अधीनम के नेता ने तुरंत पांच फीट लंबाई के 'सेंगोल' को तैयार करने के लिए चेन्नई में सुनार वुम्मिदी बंगारू चेट्टी को नियुक्त किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_494c51ea", "title": "सेंगोल (राजदंड)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_494c51ea.json"}}
{"text": "वुम्मिदी बंगारू चेट्टी ने सेंगोल तैयार करके अधीनम के प्रतिनिधि को दे दिया। अधीनम के नेता ने वह सैंगोल पहले लॉर्ड माउंटबेटन को दे दिया। फिर उनसे वापस लेकर 15 अगस्त की तारीख 1947 के शुरू होने से ठीक 15 मिनट पहले स्वतंत्र भारत के प्रथम प्रधानमंत्री जवाहरलाल नेहरू को दे दिया। लोकप्रिय पुस्तक \"फ्रीडम एट मिडनाइट\" में, लेखकों ने उल्लेख किया है कि स्वतंत्रता दिवस की पूर्व संध्या पर, दो हिंदू संन्यासी एक प्राचीन परंपरा का पालन करते हुए प्रधानमंत्री नेहरू को स्वर्ण राजदंड, 'सेंगोल' सौंपने आए थे, जिसमें हिंदू संतों ने भारत के राजा अपनी शक्ति के प्रतीकों के साथ.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_494c51ea", "title": "सेंगोल (राजदंड)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_494c51ea.json"}}
{"text": "28 मई, 2023 को, नई संसद के उद्घाटन की शुरुआत में,  अधीनम पुजारियों ने एक पारंपरिक पूजा की जिसमें प्रधान मंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी ने भाग लिया, और मोदी सम्मान के प्रतीक के रूप में पवित्र सेंगोल के सामने झुके। तब अधीनम पुजारियों के एक समूह ने सेंगोल को पीएम मोदी को प्रस्तुत किया।.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_494c51ea", "title": "सेंगोल (राजदंड)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_494c51ea.json"}}
{"text": "प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी ने इसी सेंगोल को नए संसद भवन में लोकसभा के अध्यक्ष के आसन के ठीक निकट स्थापित कर दिया। कुछ विश्लेषकों का मानना है कि सेनगोल भारत की सभ्यतागत परंपरा की पुनः खोज का प्रतीक बन गया है|", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_494c51ea", "title": "सेंगोल (राजदंड)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_494c51ea.json"}}
{"text": "तिरुवावटुतुरै आतीनम्", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_494c51ea", "title": "सेंगोल (राजदंड)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_494c51ea.json"}}
{"text": "सेंगोल का मूल महाभारत में Archived 2023-06-16 at the वेबैक मशीन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_494c51ea", "title": "सेंगोल (राजदंड)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_494c51ea.json"}}
{"text": "बिलाड़ा  जोधपुर जिले की एक तहसील है।  इसमें 40 ग्राम पंचायत गांव शामिल हैं। बिलाड़ा तहसील दो नगर पालिकाओं में विभाजित है जो बिलारा नगरपालिका  और पीपड शहर नगरपालिका है। बिलाड़ा तहसील जोधपुर से 70 किमी दूर स्थित है और यह पाली जिले से सटी हुई है। यह क्षेत्र मुख्य रूप से मारवाड़ के नाम से जाना जाता है। बिलाड़ा तहसील में अधिकांश लोग खेती बाड़ी एवम निजी आमदनी करते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_70a00b82", "title": "बिलाड़ा तहसील में गांवों की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_70a00b82.json"}}
{"text": "बिलाड़ा नगर पालिका में गाँव", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_70a00b82", "title": "बिलाड़ा तहसील में गांवों की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_70a00b82.json"}}
{"text": "बिलाड़ा नगरपालिका के अंतर्गत 40 ग्राम पंचायत  हैं। पिन कोड इंडिया टीवी न्यूज द्वारा प्रदान किए गए हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_70a00b82", "title": "बिलाड़ा तहसील में गांवों की सूची", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_70a00b82.json"}}
{"text": "74 अक्षांश उत्तर (74th parallel north) पृथ्वी की भूमध्यरेखा के उत्तर में 74 अक्षांश पर स्थित अक्षांश वृत्त है। यह काल्पनिक रेखा आर्कटिक महासागर व अटलांटिक महासागर और उत्तर अमेरिका, यूरोप व एशिया के भूमीय क्षेत्रों से निकलती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_907d042e", "title": "74 अक्षांश उत्तर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/74_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_907d042e.json"}}
{"text": "अन्दा भारतीय राज्य बिहार के पटना जिले के फुलवारीशरीफ़ प्रखण्ड का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4800d5f1", "title": "अन्दा गाँव, फुलवारीशरीफ़ (पटना)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4800d5f1.json"}}
{"text": "पापायपल्लॆ (कडप) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के कडप जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a470b5c3", "title": "पापायपल्लॆ (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a470b5c3.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a470b5c3", "title": "पापायपल्लॆ (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a470b5c3.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a470b5c3", "title": "पापायपल्लॆ (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a470b5c3.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर पापायपल्लॆ (कडप)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a470b5c3", "title": "पापायपल्लॆ (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a470b5c3.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a470b5c3", "title": "पापायपल्लॆ (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a470b5c3.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a470b5c3", "title": "पापायपल्लॆ (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a470b5c3.json"}}
{"text": "चौरासी मंदिर (Chaurasi Temple) हिमाचल प्रदेश के चम्बा ज़िले के भरमौर शहर के बीच स्थित एक हिन्दू धार्मिक स्थल है। यह लगभग 1400 वर्ष पुराना है। इसमें एक केन्द्र की परिमिति पर शिवलिंग पर आधारित चौरासी मंदिर बने हुए हैं जिनके कारण इसका नाम पड़ा। इनके बीच पारम्परिक उत्तर भारतीय शिखर वास्तुशैली में बना मणिमहेश मंदिर है। चौरासी मंदिर भरमौर का एक महत्वपूर्ण धार्मिक और सांस्कृतिक केन्द्र है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3665724d", "title": "चौरासी मंदिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3665724d.json"}}
{"text": "माना जाता है कि भरमौर के राजा सहिल वर्मन ने मंदिर का निर्मान 84 सिद्धकों के नाम पर करवाया था। यह योगीजन कुरुक्षेत्र से आए थे और मणिमहेश झील व मणिमहेश कैलाश पर्वत के दर्शन के लिए जा रहे थे। रास्ते में वे भरमौर में रुके और वहाँ साधना करी। उन्होंने निःसंतान राजा को दस पुत्रों और एक पुत्रि का वरदान दिया। आस्था है कि मणिमहेश झील का तीर्थ इस मंदिर के दर्शन करे बिना पूरा नहीं होता। यह मंदिर शिव और शक्ति को समर्पित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3665724d", "title": "चौरासी मंदिर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3665724d.json"}}
{"text": "तेजापूर, इंद्रवेल्लि मण्डल में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के अदिलाबादु जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1487fe26", "title": "तेजापूर, इंद्रवेल्लि मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1487fe26.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1487fe26", "title": "तेजापूर, इंद्रवेल्लि मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1487fe26.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1487fe26", "title": "तेजापूर, इंद्रवेल्लि मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1487fe26.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर तेजापूर, इंद्रवेल्लि मण्डल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1487fe26", "title": "तेजापूर, इंद्रवेल्लि मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1487fe26.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1487fe26", "title": "तेजापूर, इंद्रवेल्लि मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1487fe26.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1487fe26", "title": "तेजापूर, इंद्रवेल्लि मण्डल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1487fe26.json"}}
{"text": "दुमर्त्हू में भारत के बिहार राज्य के अन्तर्गत मगध मण्डल के औरंगाबाद जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0c15b6cf", "title": "दुमर्त्हू", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0c15b6cf.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0c15b6cf", "title": "दुमर्त्हू", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0c15b6cf.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0c15b6cf", "title": "दुमर्त्हू", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0c15b6cf.json"}}
{"text": "चित्रकला की बूंदी शैली (17वी -19वी शताब्द्दी) चित्रकला की एक शैली है। भारतीय राज्य राजस्थान में उत्पन्न राजपूत शैली के विकसित अंतर्गत हाड़ौती शैली की उपशैली है। यह सूक्ष्मचित्रकला (मिनियेचर पेंटिंग) के अंतर्गत आती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_712fccc3", "title": "बूंदी शैली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_712fccc3.json"}}
{"text": "बूंदी और कोटा की जुडवा रियासतें सामूहिक रूप मे जानी जाती थी।दो भाइयों के बीच पुराने बूंदी राज्य के बंटवारे से बनी इन जुड़वा रियासतें का अति निकटस्थ संबंधित इतिहास और कलात्मक परंपरा थी ।18वी सदी में बूंदी ओर कोटा के राजा कृष्ण के भक्त थे । बूंदी शैली में स्थानीय वन्सपति के चित्र विस्तृत रूप से प्रस्तुत किए गए है इनमे तीखी नाक के साथ मानवीय चेहरा गोल है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_712fccc3", "title": "बूंदी शैली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_712fccc3.json"}}
{"text": "लिखित मनीष ताम्बड़ नीम का खेड़ा बूंदी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_712fccc3", "title": "बूंदी शैली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_712fccc3.json"}}
{"text": "A Study of Bundi Painting, गूगल पुस्तक पर।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_712fccc3", "title": "बूंदी शैली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_712fccc3.json"}}
{"text": "Bundi-painting, ब्रिटैनिका एनसाइक्लोपीडिया पर।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_712fccc3", "title": "बूंदी शैली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_712fccc3.json"}}
{"text": "बगौर N.Z.A., धारी तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के नैनीताल जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_db866c84", "title": "बगौर N.Z.A., धारी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_db866c84.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_db866c84", "title": "बगौर N.Z.A., धारी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_db866c84.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_db866c84", "title": "बगौर N.Z.A., धारी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_db866c84.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_db866c84", "title": "बगौर N.Z.A., धारी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_db866c84.json"}}
{"text": "मुहुरी नदी (Muhuri River), जिसे छोटी फेनी नदी (Little Feni River) भी कहा जाता है, भारत के त्रिपुरा राज्य और बांग्लादेश में बहने वाली एक नदी है। यह त्रिपुरा की लुशाई पहाड़ियों में उत्पन्न होती है, फिर बांग्लादेश में प्रवेश करती है, जहाँ यह फेनी नदी में विलय हो जाती है, जिसके तुरंत बाद फेनी नदी बंगाल की खाड़ी में बह जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c629586e", "title": "मुहुरी नदी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c629586e.json"}}
{"text": "मुहुरी नदी त्रिपुरा के लुशाई पहाड़ियों से आती है और पश्चिम में बांग्लादेश में बहती है जो यह फेनी जिले के परशुराम उपजीला में प्रवेश करती है। बांग्लादेश में, नदी बंगाल की खाड़ी में बहने से पहले फेनी और चटगांव जिलों के बीच से गुजरती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c629586e", "title": "मुहुरी नदी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c629586e.json"}}
{"text": "भारत-बांग्लादेश सीमा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c629586e", "title": "मुहुरी नदी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c629586e.json"}}
{"text": "मुहुरी त्रिपुरा-नोहाली क्षेत्र में भारत और बांग्लादेश के बीच की सीमा के रूप में कार्य करता है। हालांकि, नदी के अक्सर बदलते पाठ्यक्रम ने दोनों देशों को सीमा रेखा का आंकलन करने से रोका, जिसमें भारत ने बांग्लादेश के साथ 1974 समझौते पर जोर दिया था, जो कि सीमा के समय मुहुरी नदी के दौरान मध्य-धारा के साथ \"सीमा के लिए\" बांग्लादेश ने 18 9 3 के मानचित्र पर जोर दिया जिसके परिणामस्वरूप यह भारत से अतिरिक्त 44℅ एकड़ प्राप्त करेगा और बांग्लादेश 56℅ एकड़ नदी का प्राप्त करेगा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c629586e", "title": "मुहुरी नदी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c629586e.json"}}
{"text": "मुहुरिखार नदी द्वीप, नदी पर 140 एकड़ द्वीप और चावल की खेती के लिए महत्वपूर्ण, दोनों देशों के बीच तनाव का स्रोत था क्योंकि दोनों ने इसका दावा किया और इसके परिणामस्वरूप बांग्लादेश और भारत की सीमा सुरक्षा एजेंसियों के बीच कई अवसरों पर झड़प हुई। 2011 में प्रधान मंत्री मनमोहन सिंह की बांग्लादेश की यात्रा के दौरान, दोनों देश उनके बीच भूमि सीमा की सीमा पर सहमत हुए। दोनों पक्ष मुहुरी के साथ सीमा के सीमांकन पर सहमत हुए और इस क्षेत्र में 'शून्य रेखा' के साथ बाड़ लगाने के लिए अपनी सीमाओं के भीतर नदी के किनारे तटबंध बनाने के लिए भी सहमत हुए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c629586e", "title": "मुहुरी नदी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c629586e.json"}}
{"text": "भारत सरकार ने नदी के क्षरण से बेलोनिया शहर की रक्षा के लिए 1975 से पहले नदी पर एक अभेद्य स्पिर(इसका मतलब है कि पानी के बहाव को कम करना) बनाया।  1986 में बांग्लादेश द्वारा सिंचाई सुविधाओं को प्रदान करने और बंगाल की खाड़ी से नदी में नमकीन पानी के प्रवाह की जांच करने के लिए पूरा किया गया था। मुहुरी फाइन में बंदरगाह पर निकलकर जलाशयों में निकलती है जहां से सिंचाई नहरों के माध्यम से पानी निकाला जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c629586e", "title": "मुहुरी नदी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c629586e.json"}}
{"text": "मुहुरी का त्रिपुरा में 839 किमी 2 का कुल बेसिन क्षेत्र है जो राज्य के कुल भौगोलिक क्षेत्र का 8% है। इसका वार्षिक प्रवाह 76,247,000 क्यूबिक मीटर पानी है जो त्रिपुरा की कुल नदी प्रवाह का 9.6% है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c629586e", "title": "मुहुरी नदी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c629586e.json"}}
{"text": "मानिकपुर हलसी, लखीसराय, बिहार स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ea9bdd88", "title": "मानिकपुर गाँव, हलसी (लखीसराय)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ea9bdd88.json"}}
{"text": "मासिओ (पुर्तगाली: Maceió) ब्राज़ील के अलागोआस राज्य की राजधानी है। इसकी जनसंख्या 957.916 लोग थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0b6d05f5", "title": "मासिओ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0b6d05f5.json"}}
{"text": "बेवर्ली हिल्स (अंग्रेज़ी: Beverly Hills) लोस एंजलिस काउंटी, कैलिफोर्निया, अमेरिका में स्थित एक शहर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1a0ce09b", "title": "बेवर्ली हिल्स", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1a0ce09b.json"}}
{"text": "आदिनाड (Adinad) भारत के केरल राज्य के कोल्लम ज़िले में स्थित एक नगर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4fa17f1a", "title": "आदिनाड", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4fa17f1a.json"}}
{"text": "वत्सल सेठ (जन्म 5 अगस्त 1980) महाराष्ट्र से बॉलीवुड अभिनेता हैं। उनका जन्म मुम्बई में हुआ, उन्होंने उत्पल शंघवी स्कूल से पढ़ाई आरम्भ की और गणित में स्नातक मिठीबाई कॉलेज, मुम्बई से पूर्ण की।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9a9fcee2", "title": "वत्सल शेठ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9a9fcee2.json"}}
{"text": "इनका जन्म 5 अगस्त 1980 को मुंबई में रहने वाले गुजराती परिवार में हुआ था। ये दो भाइयों में से बड़े भाई हैं। इन्होंने अपनी पढ़ाई उत्पल शंघवी स्कूल से अपनी पढ़ाई पूरी की।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9a9fcee2", "title": "वत्सल शेठ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9a9fcee2.json"}}
{"text": "इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर वत्सल शेठ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9a9fcee2", "title": "वत्सल शेठ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9a9fcee2.json"}}
{"text": "मग़रिब (अरबी: المغرب) उत्तर अफ़्रीका का पश्चिमी भूखण्ड है, जिसमें पाँच देश शामिल हैं: मोरक्को, अल्जीरिया, तूनीशीया, लीबिया और मौरितानिया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b87ee9a1", "title": "मग़रेब", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b87ee9a1.json"}}
{"text": "इसके अतिरिक्त पश्चिमी सहारा के विवादित क्षेत्र (ज्यादातर मोरक्को द्वारा नियंत्रित) और मेलिला और सेउता के शहर (दोनों मोरक्को द्वारा दावा किए गए स्पेनैंड द्वारा नियंत्रित) शामिल हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b87ee9a1", "title": "मग़रेब", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b87ee9a1.json"}}
{"text": "\"मग़रिब\" शब्द का अर्थ अरबी में भी वही है जो हिन्दी में है (\"पश्चिमी\") और मग़रिब का क्षेत्र उत्तर अफ़्रीका में 7वी सदी के अरबी आक्रमण के बाद सब से पश्चिमी क़ब्ज़ा होने वाला इलाक़ा था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b87ee9a1", "title": "मग़रेब", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b87ee9a1.json"}}
{"text": "बकरोडा-कंड०I, पौडी तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के पौड़ी जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ec76a845", "title": "बकरोडा-कंड०I, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%A6I,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ec76a845.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ec76a845", "title": "बकरोडा-कंड०I, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%A6I,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ec76a845.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ec76a845", "title": "बकरोडा-कंड०I, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%A6I,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ec76a845.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ec76a845", "title": "बकरोडा-कंड०I, पौडी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%A6I,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ec76a845.json"}}
{"text": "बटेला भारतीय राज्य उत्तर प्रदेश के कन्नौज जिले के छिबरामऊ प्रखण्ड में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a84d17d2", "title": "बटेला गाँव, छिबरामऊ (कन्नौज)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%8A_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%9C)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a84d17d2.json"}}
{"text": "कुम्मॆत्त (अनंतपुर) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के अनंतपुर जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9f54059", "title": "कुम्मॆत्त (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9f54059.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9f54059", "title": "कुम्मॆत्त (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9f54059.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9f54059", "title": "कुम्मॆत्त (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9f54059.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर कुम्मॆत्त (अनंतपुर)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9f54059", "title": "कुम्मॆत्त (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9f54059.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9f54059", "title": "कुम्मॆत्त (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9f54059.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9f54059", "title": "कुम्मॆत्त (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9f54059.json"}}
{"text": "बलौदा बाज़ार-भाटापारा ज़िला (Baloda Bazar-bhatapara district) भारत के छत्तीसगढ़ राज्य का एक ज़िला है। इसका मुख्यालय बलौदा बाज़ार है, और ज़िला रायपुर मण्डल का एक भाग है। बलौदा बाज़ार भाटापारा ज़िला पहले रायपुर ज़िले का भाग हुआ करता था, और सन् 2012 में इसे रायपुर मण्डल से अलग कर के एक नया ज़िला बना दिया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06ce8eea", "title": "बलौदा बाज़ार जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06ce8eea.json"}}
{"text": "बलौदा बाज़ार ज़िले में आने वाली तहसीलो के नाम इस प्रकार हैं:7", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06ce8eea", "title": "बलौदा बाज़ार जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06ce8eea.json"}}
{"text": "सन् 2021 में सारंगढ़-बिलाईगढ़ ज़िले के गठन से पहले बिलाईगढ़ भी ज़िले की एक तहसील हुआ करता  था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06ce8eea", "title": "बलौदा बाज़ार जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06ce8eea.json"}}
{"text": "बलौदा बाजार नगर की भौगोलिक स्थिति 21.300 54' से 31.450 14' उत्तरी अक्षांश तथा 42.020 17' से 82.290 07' पूर्वी देशांतर के मध्य समुद्र तल से 270मी. की ऊँचाई पर सिथत है। रायपुर संभाग में सिथत बलौदा बाजार जिले की सीमा बेमेतरा, मुंगेली, बिलासपुर, जाजगीर, रायगढ़, महासमुंद, व रायपुर जिले को स्पर्श करती है। बलौदा बाजार का नामकरण के संबंध में प्रचलित किवदंती अनुसार पूर्व में यहाँ गुजरात, हरियाणा, महाराष्ट्र, उड़ीसा, बरार आदि प्रांतों के व्यापारी बैल, भैंसा (बोदा) का क्रय विक्रय करने नगर प्रमुख बाजार जिसे भैंसा पसरा के नाम से जाना जाता है  जहां बरसों से बेल भैंसा का बहुत बड़ा बाजार लगा करता है। यही  भैंसा पसरा के बाजार में एकत्र होते थे। जिसके फल स्वरूप इसका नाम पहले बैलबोदा बाजार था  तथा कालांतर में इसे सुधार कर बलौदा बाजार के रूप में प्रचलित हुआ जो अब बलौदा बाजार के नाम से प्रख्यात हैं। और जिसे बलौदा बाजार के नाम से जाना जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06ce8eea", "title": "बलौदा बाज़ार जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06ce8eea.json"}}
{"text": "ब्रिटिश राज के दौरान 1854 से 1864 तक बलौदा बाजार व तरेंगा (भाटापारा) रायपुर जिले का अंग था। पश्चात 1864 में इन इलाकों को बिलासपुर जिले में शामिल कर लिया गया। प्रशासनिक दृषिटकोण से उत्पन्न हो रही दिक्कतों के पश्चात दूरदर्शिता पूर्वक अंग्रेज अधिकारियों के द्वारा 1903 में सिमगा स्थित तहसील मुख्यालय को बलौदा बाजार में स्थानांतरित कर इसे जिला का दर्जा दिया गया। उस वक्त से ही विकासखंड सिमगा, भाटापारा, बलौदा बाजार, पलारी, कसडोल व बिलाईगढ़ इसके अन्र्तगत शामिल थे। जिन्हें 1982 में पृथक तहसील का दर्जा दिया गया। प्रशासनिक दृषिटकोण से अंग्रेजों द्वारा बलौदा बाजार से 2 किमी दूर सिथत ग्राम परसाभदेर (मिशन) में विश्राम गृह, चर्च, अस्पताल व निवास निर्मित कराया गया। 1920 में सेनीटेशन एक्ट लागू कर बलौदा बाजार में पंचायत का गठन किया गया। स्वतंत्रता पश्चात 1949 में स्थानीय शासन अधिनियम के तहत बलौदा बाजार को ग्राम पंचायत बनाया गया। पश्चात 1955 में ग्राम पंचायत हेतु आम चुनाव कराये गये। जिनमें से 11 कांग्रेस के तथा 4 प्रजा सोसिलस्ट पार्टी के सदस्य चुनकर आये। क्षेत्रीय व्यवस्था संचालन हेतु गठित लोकल बोर्ड स्वतंत्रता पश्चात 1947 में जनपद सभा के रूप में परिवर्तित हो गया। 1952 में भाटापारा-सीतापुर द्विसदस्यीय विधानसभा में बाजीराव बिहारी व चक्रपाणी शुक्ल, 1957 में बलौदा बाजार द्विसदस्यीय विधानसभा में नैनदास तथा बृजलाल वर्मा विजयी हुए। पश्चात 1962 में मनोहर दास, 1963 के उपचुनाव व 1967 के चुनाव में बृजलाल वर्मा, 1972 में दौलत राम वर्मा, 1977 में वंशराज तिवारी, 1980 में गणेश शंकर वाजपेयी, 1985 में नरेन्द्र मिश्रा, 1990 में सत्यनारायण केशरवानी, 1993 में करूणा शुक्ला, 1998 व 2003 में गणेश शंकर वाजपेयी तथा 2008 में श्रीमती लक्ष्मी बघेल विधायक पद पर सुशोभित हुई। 1952 के प्रथम आम चुनाव में रायपुर, बिलासपुर, दुर्ग को शामिल कर द्विसदस्यीय लोकसभा सीट से भूपेन्द्रनाथ मिश्र व आगमदास विजयी हुए। पश्चात 1957 में द्विसदस्यीय बलौदा बाजार लोकसभा सीट पर विधाचरण शुक्ल व मिनीमाता को निर्वाचित घोषित किया गया। पश्चात रायपुर लोकसभा अंतर्गत शामिल कर लिया गया। 1973 में बलौदा बाजार को नगर पालिका का दर्जा दिया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06ce8eea", "title": "बलौदा बाज़ार जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06ce8eea.json"}}
{"text": "जिले में यातायात का प्रमुख साधन सड़क मार्ग है। जिले की भाटापारा तहसील में रेल सुविधा उपलब्ध है। राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग सिमगा तहसील में सिमगा से लिमतरा तक गुजरता है। जबकि राज्यमार्ग क्रमांक 9 (रायपुर से कोरबा) का 79.4 कि.मी. भाग इस जिले से गुजरता है। वहीं राज्य मार्ग क्रमांक 10 (कोटा से बलौदा बाजार) का 42 कि.मी., राज्य मार्ग क्रमांक 13 (पामगढ़ से सोहेला उडि़सा सीमा) का 42 कि.मी., राज्य मार्ग क्रमांक 14 (पिथौरा से कसडोल) का 46 कि.मी., राज्य मार्ग क्रमांक 16 (झिलमीली से पदमपुर सरायपाली) का 9.2 कि.मी. व राज्य क्रमांक 20 (तिल्दा से मगरलोड) का 15.3 कि.मी. भाग बलौदा बाजार जिले से गुजरता है। जिला मार्गों में लवन-खरतोरा 40.6 कि.मी., बलौदा बाजार-रिसदा-हथबंध 48.6 कि.मी., भाटापारा-निपनिया 47.6 कि.मी., भाटापारा-जरौद-सुहेला 28.8 कि.मी. के अलावा कुछ प्रमुख मार्ग बड़े ग्रामों से जुडे़ हुये हैं। आवागमन के दृषिटकोंण से बलौदा बाजार जिले से रायपुर मार्ग पर प्रतिदिन 90 बसें (टाईमिंग), भाटापारा मार्ग पर 30, गिधौरी-बिलाईगढ़ -भटगांव-सरसीवां-सारंगढ़ मार्ग पर 60, सिमगा-सुहेला मार्ग पर 10, बिलासपुर मार्ग पर 15, बसना, पिथौरा मार्ग पर 2-2, आरंग मार्ग पर 5 व कोरबा मार्ग पर 1 बस संचालित होती है। इसके अलावा रायपुर-झारसुगडा व्हाया बलौदा बाजार रेलमार्ग को 12वी योजना में शामिल किया गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06ce8eea", "title": "बलौदा बाज़ार जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06ce8eea.json"}}
{"text": "बलौदा बाजार जिले की छ: तहसीलों के अंतर्गत कृषि का कुल रकबा 269888 हेक्टेअर है। जिले में धान की फसल प्रमुखता से बाई जाती है। जिले के 970 गांव की 10 लाख से ज्यादा आबादी में से अधिकांशत: लोग कृषि पर ही आश्रित है। समर्थन मूल्य पर 86 सहकारी समितियों के माध्यम से धान क्रय किया जाता है। जिले में 4 कृषि उपज मंडिया भी है, जिनमें भाटापारा सिथत मंडी वर्ष भर फसल क्रय विक्रय के लिए प्रसिद्ध है। सिंचाई हेतु जिले में अनेक नदी, नाले सिथत है, जिनमें महानदी, शिवनाथ, जोंक प्रमुख नदियां है। सहायक नदियों में बालमदेयी है वहीं जमुनिया व खोरसी नाला भी प्रमुख है। बि्रटिश काल में सिंचाई सुविधा को विकसीत करने हेतु 1935-36 में लगभग 200 कि.मी. नहरों का जाल बिछाया गया। बलौदा बाजार शाखा नहर व लवन शाखा नहर के माध्यम से गंगरेल बांध का पानी आज भी खेतों मेें पहुंचाया जाता है। शासन द्वारा औसत वर्षा में कमी के चलते बलौदा बाजार को वृषिटछाया क्षेत्र घोषित किया गया है। केवल पलारी तहसील ही सिंचीत क्षेत्र है शेष तहसीलों में सिंचीत क्षेत्र का रकबा कम है। कसडोल क्षेत्र में विशालकाय बलारडेम के अलावा जल संसाधन विभाग द्वारा नदियाें में एनिकेट व कुछ अन्य छोटे बांध भी निर्मित कराये गये हैं। भाटापारा नहर का निर्माणकार्य विगत कई वर्षो सें जारी है, जिसके पूर्ण होने से जिले का भाटापारा तहसील भी सिंचाई सुविधा से परिपूर्ण हो जावेगा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06ce8eea", "title": "बलौदा बाज़ार जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06ce8eea.json"}}
{"text": "जिले की कसडोल तहसील वनाच्छादित है। जिसमें जिले का 875.27 हेक्टेअर वन क्षेत्र है। जहां वनस्पतियों एवं पशु-पक्षियों की विभिन्न प्रजातियां बड़ी संख्या में पाई जाती है। कसडोल तहसील के अंतर्गत ही बारनवापारा अभ्यारण सिथत है, जहां पर्यटन विभाग द्वारा मोटल का निर्माण कराने के अलावा जंगल सफारी की व्यवस्था भी की गई है। इसके अलावा सोनबरसा, खैरवारडीह (बलौदा बाजार), धमनी, धाराशिव (पलारी), कचलोन (सिमगा), सुमा (भाटापारा) के सुरक्षित वन है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06ce8eea", "title": "बलौदा बाज़ार जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06ce8eea.json"}}
{"text": "बलौदा बाजार जिले में चुना-पत्थर ही प्रमुख खनिज है। सिमगा तथा बलौदा बाजार तहसील में यह खनिज पाया जाता है। इसके कारण यहां सिमेन्ट संयंत्रों की बहुतायत है, जिनमें ग्राम हिरमी व रावन में अल्ट्राटेक, ग्राम रवान में अम्बुजा, ग्राम सोनाडीह में लाफार्ज जैसे अन्तरराष्ट्रीय संयंत्र स्थापित है। इसके अलावा ग्राम रिसदा में इमामी तथा भूरूवाडीह में श्री सिमेन्ट संयंत्र प्रस्तावित है। कसडोल तहसील सिथत सोनाखान के बघमरा गांव में स्वर्ण चूर्ण पाये जाने की पुषिट भी हुई है, किंतु उत्पादन लागत अधिक होने के चलते इस दिशा में आपेक्षित प्रगति नहीं हुई। बिलाईगढ़, कसडोल तहसील तथा सिमगा में बुनकरों द्वारा हथकरघा से साडि़यों व अन्य वस्त्रों का निर्माण भी किया जाता है। बलौदा बाजार, भाटापारा में अनेक राईस मिल, दाल मिल, पोहा मिल संचालित है। यहां का चावल विदेशों में भी निर्यात किया जाता है साथ ही पावर प्लांट, पीतल कारखाना व अन्य लघु व मध्यम उधोग भी संचालित है। जिला निर्माण पश्चात औधोगिक पार्क की स्थापना से नए उधोग की संभावना बलवती हुई है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06ce8eea", "title": "बलौदा बाज़ार जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06ce8eea.json"}}
{"text": "पर्यटन, संस्कृति एवं भाषा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06ce8eea", "title": "बलौदा बाज़ार जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06ce8eea.json"}}
{"text": "पर्यटन की दृषिट से बलौदा बाजार जिला अत्यन्त समृद्ध है। कसडोल में बारनवापारा अभ्यारण्य, तुरतुरिया (बालिमकी आश्रम), गिरौधपुरी में सतनाम पंथ के प्रर्वतक गुरू घासीदास की जन्म भूमि तथा यहां पर कुतुबमिनार से ऊंचा जैतखम्भ, स्वतंत्रता संग्राम सेनानी वीर नारायण सिंह की जन्म भूमि, सोनाखान, पलारी के बालसमुंद तालाब के किनारे सिद्धेश्वर महादेव मंदिर, लवन के चंगोरी पैसर में शिवनाथ, महानदी व लीलागर नदी का संगम, सिमगा के सोमनाथ में शिवनाथ व खारून नहीं का संगंम प्रमुख स्थल है। जिले की मूल भाषा हिन्दी व छत्तीसगढ़ी है तथा प्राचिन परम्पराओं व संस्कृति का दर्शन यहां के सुआ, राऊत नांचा, कर्मा, पंथी, गौरा-गौरी पूजन आदि में दृषिटगोचर होता है। कसडोल में बारनवापारा अभ्यारण्य, तुरतुरिया (बालिमकी आश्रम), गिरौधपुरी में सतनाम पंथ के प्रर्वतक गुरू घासीदास की जन्म भूमि तथा यहां पर कुतुबमिनार से ऊंचा जैतखम्भ, स्वतंत्रता संग्राम सेनानी वीर नारायण सिंह की जन्म भूमि, सोनाखान, पलारी के बालसमुंद तालाब के किनारे सिद्धेश्वर महादेव मंदिर, लवन के चंगोरी पैसर में शिवनाथ, महानदी व लीलागर नदी का संगम, सिमगा के सोमनाथ में शिवनाथ व खारून नहीं का संगंम प्रमुख स्थल है। जिले की मूल भाषा हिन्दी व छत्तीसगढ़ी है तथा प्राचिन परम्पराओं व संस्कृति का दर्शन यहां के सुआ, राऊत नांचा, कर्मा, पंथी, गौरा-गौरी पूजन आदि में दृषिटगोचर होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06ce8eea", "title": "बलौदा बाज़ार जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06ce8eea.json"}}
{"text": "नारायणपुर शिव मन्दिर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06ce8eea", "title": "बलौदा बाज़ार जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06ce8eea.json"}}
{"text": "नारायणपुर के इस प्राचीन शिव मंदिर के 10वीं-11वीं शताब्दी में निर्मित होने का अनुमान लगाया जाता है क्योंकि खरौद में पाए गए शिलालेख (1181 ई.) के अनुसार हैहयवंशीय राजाओं ने यहां पर एक भव्य उद्यान का निर्माण कराया था। मंदिर का निर्माण रात के समय किया गया ग्राम नारायणपुर एवं आसपास के बड़े बुजुर्गों के अनुसार इस मंदिर का निर्माण रात्रि के समय किया गया तथा निर्माण कार्य लगभग 6 महीने तक लगातार चला. इस मंदिर के निर्माणकर्ता प्रधान शिल्पी का नाम ग्रामीण नारायण बताते हैं जो जनजाति समुदाय का था तथा उसी के नाम इस गांव का नामकरण भी किया गया। किसी भी हिन्दू देवालय एवं मंदिर की पूर्णता तभी मानी जाती है जब उसके कंगूरे पर कलश स्थापित हो जाए, परंतु इस मामले में नारायणपुर का प्राचीन शिव मंदिर अलग है। क्योंकि इस मंदिर के कंगूरे में आज तक कलश स्थापित नहीं हो पाया है। इस संबंध में किवदंति के अनुसार प्रधान शिल्पी नारायण रात्रि के समय पूर्णत: निर्वस्त्र होकर मंदिर निर्माण का कार्य करते थे तथा उसके लिए उनकी पत्नी भोजन लेकर निर्माण स्थल पर आती थी। मंदिर का शिखर निर्माण अंतिम आ गया था तभी एक दिन किसी कारणवश उनकी पत्नी के स्थान पर उसकी बहन भोजन लेकर आ गई जिसे देखकर पूर्णत: नग्न अवस्था में नारायण का सिर शर्म से झूक गया और उसने मंदिर के कंगूरे से नीचे कूदकर अपना प्राणोत्सर्ग कर दिया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06ce8eea", "title": "बलौदा बाज़ार जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06ce8eea.json"}}
{"text": "गांव में प्रचलित किंवदंति के अनुसार मंदिर के प्रधान शिल्पी नारायण एवं उसकी बहन के किस्से सुनने के बाद इस प्राचीन मंदिर में पूजन दर्शन हेतु भाई-बहन एक साथ नहीं जाते. भाई-बहन का एक साथ नहीं जाने का प्रमुख कारण दीवारों पर उकेरी गई मैथुन मूर्तियों को भी माना जाता है। आदिवासी समाज का लगता है 3 दिनी मेला ऐतिहासिक-पुरातात्विक एवं धार्मिक महत्व के इस गांव में शिल्पकार नारायण को अपने पूर्वज मानने वाले कंवर (पैकरा) आदिवासी समाज द्वारा यहां पर प्रतिवर्ष चैत्र शुक्ल त्रयोदशी से पूर्णिमा तक तीन दिवसीय मेला लगता है जिसमें बलौदाबाजार, रायपुर, महासमुंद, बिलासपुर, जांजगीर-चांपा एवं रायगढ़ जिले के कंवर समाज के लोग आते हैं। इस मेले में करमा, ददरिया, सुआ नृत्य सहित आदिवासी संस्कृति से जुड़े नृत्य कार्यक्रम आयोजित किए जाते हैं। मेले में शिक्षा, चिकित्सा या अन्य गतिविधियों में सर्वोकृष्ट कार्य करने वालों को समाज द्वारा सम्मानित किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06ce8eea", "title": "बलौदा बाज़ार जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06ce8eea.json"}}
{"text": "जिले के सभी छ: तहसीलों में व्यवहार न्यायालय कार्यरत है जहां द्वितीय श्रेणी न्यायधीश हैं वहीं बिलाईगढ़ के भटगांव तहसील में भी व्यवहार न्यायालय स्थापित है तथा पलारी तहसील में प्रस्तावित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06ce8eea", "title": "बलौदा बाज़ार जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06ce8eea.json"}}
{"text": "बिलाईगढ़, कसडोल, लवन, पलारी, बलौदा बाजार, भाटापारा, सिमगा, भटगांव में महाविधालय एवं बलौदा बाजार, कसडोल, हथबंध, भटगांव में आईटीआई संचालित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06ce8eea", "title": "बलौदा बाज़ार जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06ce8eea.json"}}
{"text": "जिले में पुलिस प्रशासन के सेटप में 3 पुलिस अनुविभाग बलौदा बाजार, भाटापारा, बिलाईगढ़ है, जिसके अंतर्गत 12 थाने व 10 चौकियां शामिल है। जिला अन्तर्गत 3 राजस्व अनुविभाग भाटापारा, बलौदा बाजार, बिलाईगढ़ है तथा 6 तहसीलों के अलावा 5 उप तहसील भी शामिल है। बलौदा बाजार एवं भाटापारा नगर पालिका है जबकि सिमगा, भटगांव, बिलाईगढ़, कसडोल, टुण्ड्रा, लवन, पलारी नगर पांचायत हैं। चिकित्सा की दृषिट से सभी तहसीलों में सामुदायिक स्वास्थ्य केन्द्र है तथा प्रमुख स्थानों पर प्राथमिक स्वास्थ्य केन्द्र सिथत है। आज से असितत्व में आने वाला बलौदा बाजार जिला को सड़क एवं परिवहन सुविधा, कृषि व सिंचाई सुविधा, शिक्षा, उधोग धंधे व पर्यटन के मामले में नवगठित अन्य जिलों की अपेक्षा अग्रणी कहा जाना अतिश्योकित नहीं होगा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06ce8eea", "title": "बलौदा बाज़ार जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06ce8eea.json"}}
{"text": "अन्य महत्वपूर्ण जानकारियां", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06ce8eea", "title": "बलौदा बाज़ार जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06ce8eea.json"}}
{"text": "1860 में पुलिस थाने की स्थापना, 1914 में अनुविभागिय अधिकारी राजस्व, िंचाई व मुंसीफ न्यायालय की स्थापना, 1919 में व्यवहार न्यायालय की स्थापना, 1920 में कोआपरेटिव बैंक की स्थापना, 1928 में दशहरा मैदान में अंग्रेजों द्वारा आफिसर्स क्लब का निर्माण, 26 नवम्बर 1933 में कृषि उपज मंडी प्रांगण में महात्मा गांधी का आगमन, पूर्व वायुसेना अध्यक्ष श्री अनिल यशवंत टिपनिस का 1940 में बलौदा बाजार में जन्म, 1940-41 में प्राथमिक बालक शाला की स्थापना, 1946 में किसान राईसमिल की स्थापना, 1952 में शासकीय (लाल) औषधालय का शुभारंभ तात्कालीन स्वास्थ्य मंत्री रानी पदमावति द्वारा,1953 में शासकीय बहुउद्वेशीय उ.मा.शाला, 1956 में नगर का विधुतीयकरण, 1958 में बालविहार शाला भवन का शिलान्यास तात्कालीन कृषि एवं उधोग मंत्री तखतमल जैन द्वारा किया गया। कालान्तर में यहां शासकीय कन्याशाला व औधोगिक प्रशिक्षण संस्थान प्रारम्भ हुआ। 1962-63 में महाविधालय की स्थापना जो बाद में दाऊ कल्याण सिंह महाविध़ालय के नाम से संचालित हो रहा है। 1 मार्च 1964 से कृषि उपज मंडी समिति प्रारम्भ, 21 फरवरी 1991 को उपजेल का लोकार्पण, 30 नवम्बर 1991 से जिला सत्र न्यायालय का शुभारंभ, 31 अगस्त 1998 से अतिरिक्त पुलिस अधीक्षक व अतिरिक्त जिलाधीश की पदस्थापना की गई। प्रथम जिलाधीश श्री राजेश सुकुमार टोप्पो, प्रथम पुलिस अधीक्षक श्री ए.एम. जूरी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06ce8eea", "title": "बलौदा बाज़ार जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06ce8eea.json"}}
{"text": "ग़ज़वा ए ज़ि अम्र (अंग्रेज़ी:Raid on Dhu Amarr) घाटफान पर छापे के रूप में भी जाना जाता है, इस्लामिक कैलेंडर के वर्ष एएच 3, मार्च 624 में ग़ज़वा ए सवीक के ठीक बाद हुआ। इस अभियान का आदेश मुहम्मद द्वारा दिया गया था जब उन्हें खुफिया सूचना मिली थी कि मदीना के बाहरी इलाके में बनू मुहरिब और बनू तलबाह जनजातियां हमला करने की योजना बना रही हैं। इसलिए, मुहम्मद सल्लल्लाहु अलैहि वसल्लम ने 450 आदमियों के साथ एक पूर्व-खाली धावा अभियान शुरू किया ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b8f1251d", "title": "ग़ज़वा ए ज़ी अम्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b8f1251d.json"}}
{"text": "जब दुश्मनों ने मुहम्मद के आसन्न आगमन के बारे में सुना, तो वे तेजी से भाग गए। मुसलमानों ने जब्बार नामी व्यक्ति को भी पकड़ लिया जो बाद में इस्लाम में परिवर्तित हो गया और उनके मार्गदर्शक के रूप में काम किया। इस घटना का उल्लेख इब्न हिशाम की मुहम्मद की जीवनी और अन्य ऐतिहासिक स्रोतों में मिलता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b8f1251d", "title": "ग़ज़वा ए ज़ी अम्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b8f1251d.json"}}
{"text": "अरबी शब्द ग़ज़वा  इस्लाम के पैग़ंबर के उन अभियानों को कहते हैं जिन मुहिम या लड़ाईयों में उन्होंने शरीक होकर नेतृत्व किया,इसका बहुवचन है गज़वात, जिन मुहिम में किसी सहाबा को ज़िम्मेदार बनाकर भेजा और स्वयं नेतृत्व करते रहे उन अभियानों को सरियाह(सरिय्या) या सिरया कहते हैं, इसका बहुवचन सराया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b8f1251d", "title": "ग़ज़वा ए ज़ी अम्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b8f1251d.json"}}
{"text": "सरिय्या हमज़ा इब्न अब्दुल मुत्तलिब", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b8f1251d", "title": "ग़ज़वा ए ज़ी अम्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b8f1251d.json"}}
{"text": "मुहम्मद की सैन्य उपलब्धियाँ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b8f1251d", "title": "ग़ज़वा ए ज़ी अम्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b8f1251d.json"}}
{"text": "मुहम्मद के अभियानों की सूची", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b8f1251d", "title": "ग़ज़वा ए ज़ी अम्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b8f1251d.json"}}
{"text": "गुलामी पर इस्लाम के विचार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b8f1251d", "title": "ग़ज़वा ए ज़ी अम्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b8f1251d.json"}}
{"text": "अर्रहीकुल मख़तूम (सीरत नबवी ), पैगंबर की जीवनी (प्रतियोगिता में प्रथम पुरस्कार से सम्मानित पुस्तक), हिंदी (Pdf)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b8f1251d", "title": "ग़ज़वा ए ज़ी अम्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b8f1251d.json"}}
{"text": "Ghazwat Un Nabi By Professor Noor Bakhsh (Urdu Pdf", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b8f1251d", "title": "ग़ज़वा ए ज़ी अम्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b8f1251d.json"}}
{"text": "बार पीसनी में भारत के बिहार राज्य के अन्तर्गत मगध मण्डल के औरंगाबाद जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3bd44b26", "title": "बार पीसनी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3bd44b26.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3bd44b26", "title": "बार पीसनी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3bd44b26.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3bd44b26", "title": "बार पीसनी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3bd44b26.json"}}
{"text": "द मैण्डलोरियन्  (अँग्रेजी: The Mandalorian  ; मैण्डलोरियन् (Mandalorian) का अर्थ है मैण्डलोर  ग्रह का‌ वासी अर्थात्  मैण्डलोरी  या  मैण्डलोरवासी ) एक अमेरिकी अन्तरिक्ष पश्चिमी टीवी शृङ्खला है जो डिज्नी+ के लिए जॉन फेवर्यू द्वारा बनायी गयी है। यह स्टार वार्स की पहली लाइव-एक्शन सीरीज है, जो  रिटर्न् ऑफ़् द जेडाइ (1983)  की घटनाओं के पाँच साल बाद आरम्भ होती है, और इसमें  पेद्रो पास्कल् को मुख्य भूमिका  में दिखाया गया है, जो एक अकेला उठायी-धरा शिकारी (Bounty Hunter) है। जो दिव्य शक्ति-संवेदनशील बच्चा  ग्रोगू  की रक्षा के लिए भाग-दौड़ करता रहता है। तीसरे भाग का आरम्भ करते हुए, केटी सैकहॉफ़ ने दूसरे भाग में मैण्डलोरियन्  बो-कटान् क्रीज़्  के पात्र को निभाया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bb394381", "title": "द मैण्डलोरियन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bb394381.json"}}
{"text": "इसकी कहानी  रिटर्न ऑफ द जेडाइ (1983)  की घटनाओं और  आकाशगङ्गीय साम्राज्य  (Galactic Empire) के पतन के पाँच साल बाद प्रारम्भ होती है। यह कहानी  डिन् जारिन्  के ऊपर है जो कि एक मैण्डलोरियन् है। जो आकाशगंगा की बाहरी किनारों में एक अकेला मैण्डलोरियन्  उठायी-धरा शिकारी है। वह बच्चे ग्रोगू को पुनः प्राप्त करने के लिए साम्राज्य-सेना के बचे-खुचे लोगों द्वारा काम पर रखा जाता है, किन्तु वह शिशु को साम्राज्य को सौंपने के बजाय उसे लेर भाग जाया है और उसकी रक्षा के के लिए सारे जतन करता है। ग्रोगू को उसके जैसे लोगों से मिलाने की खोजबीन में  मोफ़ गिडियन्  उसका पीछा करता है, जो ग्रोगू की दिव्य शक्ति का उपयोग करना चाहता है। इसके बाद दोनों मैण्डलोर ग्रह की यात्रा करते हैं ताकि डिन् जारिन्  जीवन जल में नहाकर अपने उस पाप का प्रायश्चित कर सके जो उसने हेलमेट को उतारकर किया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bb394381", "title": "द मैण्डलोरियन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bb394381.json"}}
{"text": "== भाग - 1 के कथांश/कड़ियाँ (Episodes) ==", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bb394381", "title": "द मैण्डलोरियन्", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bb394381.json"}}
{"text": "कुंजलपुर अतरौली, अलीगढ़, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_527b1b71", "title": "कुंजलपुर गाँव, अतरौली (अलीगढ़)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_527b1b71.json"}}
{"text": "खुरैठा भारतीय राज्य बिहार के पटना जिले के बिक्रम प्रखण्ड का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ea7e35dc", "title": "खुरैठा गाँव, बिक्रम (पटना)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ea7e35dc.json"}}
{"text": "प्रक्षेपवक्र (अंग्रेज़ी: Trajectory) या उड़ान पथ किसी गतिशील द्रव्यमानयुक्त वस्तु द्वारा दिक् में समय के फलन के रूप में अनुसरित मार्ग होता है। शास्त्रीय यांत्रिकी में, प्रक्षेपवक्र को हैमिल्टनी यांत्रिकी द्वारा विहित निर्देशांकों के माध्यम से परिभाषित किया जाता है; अतः किसी पूर्ण प्रक्षेपवक्र को स्थिति और संवेग द्वारा सहअवस्था में परिभाषित किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9599720", "title": "प्रक्षेपवक्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9599720.json"}}
{"text": "यह द्रव्यमान प्रक्षेप्य (जैसे गोला) या उपग्रह हो सकता है। उदाहरणार्थ, यह कक्षा भी हो सकती है—अर्थात किसी ग्रह, क्षुद्रग्रह या धूमकेतु द्वारा केंद्रीय द्रव्यमान के परितः अनुसरित पथ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9599720", "title": "प्रक्षेपवक्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9599720.json"}}
{"text": "नियंत्रण सिद्धांत में, प्रक्षेपवक्र किसी गतिकीय तन्त्र की अवस्थाओं का समय-क्रमित समुच्चय होता है। विविक्त गणित में, प्रक्षेपवक्र मानों का एक अनुक्रम", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9599720", "title": "प्रक्षेपवक्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9599720.json"}}
{"text": "{\\displaystyle (f^{k}(x))_{k\\in \\mathbb {N} }}", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9599720", "title": "प्रक्षेपवक्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9599720.json"}}
{"text": "होता है, जिसकी गणना किसी प्रतिचित्रण", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9599720", "title": "प्रक्षेपवक्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9599720.json"}}
{"text": "को उसके प्रांत के अवयव", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9599720", "title": "प्रक्षेपवक्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9599720.json"}}
{"text": "पर पुनरावर्ती रूप से आरोपित करके की जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9599720", "title": "प्रक्षेपवक्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9599720.json"}}
{"text": "प्रक्षेप्य गति पर एक अंतःक्रियात्मक अनुकरण", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9599720", "title": "प्रक्षेपवक्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9599720.json"}}
{"text": "प्रक्षेप्य प्रयोगशाला, जावास्क्रिप्ट प्रक्षेपवक्र सिम्युलेटर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9599720", "title": "प्रक्षेपवक्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9599720.json"}}
{"text": "प्रक्षेपवक्र, विज्ञान की दुनिया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9599720", "title": "प्रक्षेपवक्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9599720.json"}}
{"text": "जावा प्रक्षेप्य-गति अनुकरण, प्रथम क्रम वायु प्रतिरोध के साथ। Archived 3 जुलाई 2012 at the वेबैक मशीन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9599720", "title": "प्रक्षेपवक्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9599720.json"}}
{"text": "जावा प्रक्षेप्य-गति अनुकरण लक्ष्यीकरण समाधान, सुरक्षा का परवलय। Archived 2012-02-19 at the वेबैक मशीन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9599720", "title": "प्रक्षेपवक्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9599720.json"}}
{"text": "तेजपुर गभाना, अलीगढ़, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6c96752d", "title": "तेजपुर गाँव, गभाना (अलीगढ़)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6c96752d.json"}}
{"text": "धारचूला (Dharchula) भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के पिथौरागढ़ ज़िले में स्थित एक नगर है। यह इसी नाम की तहसील का मुख्यालय भी है। धारचूला की प्रमुख भाषाएँ हिन्दी, नेपाली, कुमाऊँनी, और रङ्ग ल्व (रंग भाषा) हैं। यह नेपाल की सीमा से सटा हुआ, काली नदी (शारदा नदी) के किनारे बसा हुआ है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_651c527a", "title": "धारचूला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_651c527a.json"}}
{"text": "छीपाबड़ौद (Chhipabarod) भारत के राजस्थान राज्य के बाराँ ज़िले में स्थित एक नगर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_219d6443", "title": "छीपाबड़ौद", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_219d6443.json"}}
{"text": "सेम, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के चमोली जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1b0c3909", "title": "सेम, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1b0c3909.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1b0c3909", "title": "सेम, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1b0c3909.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1b0c3909", "title": "सेम, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1b0c3909.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1b0c3909", "title": "सेम, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1b0c3909.json"}}
{"text": "मुलनापुर हंडिया, इलाहाबाद, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a16bd6e6", "title": "मुलनापुर गाँव, हंडिया (इलाहाबाद)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a16bd6e6.json"}}
{"text": "रामपुर नैकिन (Rampur Naikin) भारत के मध्य प्रदेश राज्य के सीधी ज़िले में स्थित एक नगर है। यह इसी नाम की तहसील का मुख्यालय भी है।रामपुर नैकिन तहसील के उत्तर दिशा में रीवा जिला,उत्तर-पूर्व दिशा में चुुुरहट तहसील, पूूर्व मेें सीधी ज़िले का शेेष हिस्सा , दक्षणी दिशा में मझौली तहसील,दक्षणी-पश्चमी दिशा में शहडोल जिला तथा पश्चमी दिशा में मैैैैहर जिले की सीमा लगती है।                              रामपुर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_356f6584", "title": "रामपुर नैकिन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_356f6584.json"}}
{"text": "नैकिन के बीचों- बीच सोन नदी प्रवाहित होती है बनास और मढ़ावल नदियाँ सोन नदी की सहाँयक नदी हैं। रामपुर नैकिन  अंंतर्गत सोन नदी के  तट पर चेदि शासकों के दौर का निर्माण कराया गया  शिव जी का  प्राचीन चंद्रेहश्वर मंदिर है जो अब भारत सरकार के संरक्षण में पुरातत्व के देख -रेख में है। नगर परिषद रामपुर नैकिन अब बड़े शहरीकरण की ओर अग्रसर हो रहा है, रामपुर नैकिन में शेसन कोर्ट, सिविल अस्पताल,तहसील मुख्यालय, शांपिग कांमप्लेक्स, जिम, पुलिस स्टेशन, बस अड्डा, रेलवे स्टेशन, स्टेडियम, महाविद्यालय, विद्यालय,होटल,रेस्टोरेंट आदि हैं। रामपुर नैकिन के पश्चिम में लगभग 15किलो मीटर की दूरी पर छुहिया घाटी के नजदीक मध्य प्रदेश राजमार्ग क्रमांक 09 के निकट आदित्य बिड़ला ग्रुप (पूर्व में जय प्रकाश एशोसिएशन) का सीमेंट प्लांट है जो स्थानीय मजदूरों के रोजगार का एक साधन है। रामपुर नैकिन मध्य प्रदेश राजमार्ग क्रमांक 52 तथा मध्य प्रदेश राजमार्ग क्रमांक 09 से जुड़ा हुआ है। रामपुर नैकिन के नागरिकों की आय का मुख्य स्त्रोत कृषि है, यहाँ की मुख्य फँसल चावल, गेहूँ, चना, मसूर, सरसों, अलसी, अरहर, तिली, उड़द, मूँग, सोयाबीन हैं तथा सब्जियों में मुख्यतः आलू, टमाटर, प्याज, गाजर, भिंडी, कद्दू, लौकी, सेम, करेला, काँदा, रुइया(अरबी)बरबटी आदि हैं, फलों की बात करें तो आम, अमरूद, जामुन, बेल, कैइथा, कटहल, मुख्य फल हैं। साथ ही दुग्ध उत्पादन की ओर भी रामपुर नैकिन तेजी से बढ़ रहा है। रामपुर नैकिन में सूती वस्त्र का हथकरघा उद्योग, बांस से बने टोकरी ,तथा मिट्टी के बर्तन का भी बड़ा बाजार है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_356f6584", "title": "रामपुर नैकिन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_356f6584.json"}}
{"text": "रामपुर नैकिन के भँवरसेन(सोन नदी का तट) में कादम्बरी के रचयिता बााँणभट्ट का जन्म", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_356f6584", "title": "रामपुर नैकिन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_356f6584.json"}}
{"text": "स्थान माना जाता है जहाँ आज -कल 14जनवरी मकर संक्रांति के दिन बहुत बड़ा मेला लगता है। रामपुर नैकिन में सबसे ज्यादा सनातन धर्म को मानने वाले लोग रहते हैं। रामपुर नैकिन में बोली जाने वाली भाषा हिन्दी है तथा स्थानीय बोली बघेली है।रामपुर नैकिन में अंतिम शासक रीवा  के बघेल राजा थे। रामपुर नैकिन, रीवा के निकट होने के कारण जिला मुख्यालय (सीधी) से भी ज्यादा तेजी से विकास कर रहा है। रामपुर नैकिन में चंद्रेह का शिव मंदिर, दुरासिन की बूढ़ी माता मंदिर, कपुरी के प्रसिद्ध बजरंग बली मंदिर, पनमसा मंदिर, लोहरौहाँ नाथ मंदिर जैसे अनेक दार्शनिक स्थल भी हैं जहाँ पूरे साल  अलग -अलग समय पर लोंगो का सैलाब उमड़ता रहता है। रामपुर नैकिन और रीवा के बीचों-बीच मध्य प्रदेश की सबसे लंबी रेलवे सुरंग है यह सुरंग रीवा -सिंगरौली रेल लाइन के अंतर्गत आती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_356f6584", "title": "रामपुर नैकिन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_356f6584.json"}}
{"text": "फुलौत (Phulaut) भारत के बिहार राज्य के मधेपुरा ज़िले में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e72119e3", "title": "फुलौत", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e72119e3.json"}}
{"text": "हरीश शंकर एक भारतीय फ़िल्म निर्देशक और लेखक हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_88e8d9b2", "title": "हरीश शंकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_88e8d9b2.json"}}
{"text": "गब्बर सिंह (2012 फ़िल्म)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_88e8d9b2", "title": "हरीश शंकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_88e8d9b2.json"}}
{"text": "इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर हरीश शंकर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_88e8d9b2", "title": "हरीश शंकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_88e8d9b2.json"}}
{"text": "राजा़डुमरी १ बेगूसराय, बेगूसराय, बिहार स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a6010751", "title": "राजा़डुमरी १ गाँव, बेगूसराय (बेगूसराय)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A5%A7_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF_(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a6010751.json"}}
{"text": "आखन विश्वविद्यालय (RWTH Aachen University) जर्मनी के आखन कस्बे में स्थित एक अनुसंधान विश्वविद्यालय है। इसके १०१ प्रोग्रामों में कोई ३३००० विद्याथी शिक्षा ले रहे हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bc0c0eb3", "title": "आखन विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bc0c0eb3.json"}}
{"text": "आखन: टेक्नीकल एजुकेशन का मक्का", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bc0c0eb3", "title": "आखन विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bc0c0eb3.json"}}
{"text": "RWTH Aachen (English version)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bc0c0eb3", "title": "आखन विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bc0c0eb3.json"}}
{"text": "University Hospital (English version)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bc0c0eb3", "title": "आखन विश्वविद्यालय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bc0c0eb3.json"}}
{"text": "हरनौत (Harnaut) भारत के बिहार राज्य के नालंदा ज़िले में स्थित एक नगर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_753e5f10", "title": "हरनौत", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_753e5f10.json"}}
{"text": "सलाम नमस्ते 2005 में बनी हिन्दी भाषा की फिल्म है। यह सिद्धार्थ आनन्द द्वारा लिखित और निर्देशित है। इसका निर्माण यश राज फ़िल्म्स के तहत आदित्य चोपड़ा और यश चोपड़ा ने किया है। इसमें सैफ़ अली ख़ान और प्रीति जिंटा मुख्य भूमिकाओं में हैं। साथ ही अरशद वारसी, तानिया ज़ेटा और जुगल हंसराज जैसे सहायक कलाकार भी हैं। यह फ़िल्म 9 सितंबर 2005 को जारी हुई थी। यह पूरी तरह से ऑस्ट्रेलिया में फिल्माई गई पहली भारतीय फ़िल्म थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ea677230", "title": "सलाम नमस्ते", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ea677230.json"}}
{"text": "निखिल \"निक\" अरोरा (सैफ़ अली ख़ान) और अम्बर \"एम्बी\" मल्होत्रा (प्रीति ज़िंटा) दो भारतीय हैं।  वह ऑस्ट्रेलिया के मेलबर्न में रहने के लिए भारत छोड़ चुके हैं। निक को मूल रूप से आर्किटेक्ट बनने के लिए विदेश भेजा गया था, लेकिन उसका असली जुनून खाना बनाना है। पढ़ाई पूरी होने के बाद, वह एक रेस्तरां खोल लेता है। जिसे वह मुख्य बावर्ची के रूप में संभालता है। वहीं बैंगलोर में अपने घर पर रहते हुए, अम्बर ने एक दर्जन से अधिक विवाह प्रस्तावों को अस्वीकार कर दिया था। उसने पढ़ाई के लिए विदेश भेजे जाने वाले कार्यक्रम में भाग लेते हुए ऑस्ट्रेलिया की यात्रा की थी। फिर उसने वहीं रहने और सर्जन बनने का फैसला किया। यह सुनने के बाद उसके माता-पिता ने उसका त्याग कर दिया। अपनी शिक्षा का खर्च उठाने के लिए, वह स्थानीय रेडियो स्टेशन, 'सलाम नमस्ते' पर आर.जे. के रूप में काम करती है। कई असुखद मुलाकातों के बाद एक शादी में दोनों फिर मिलते हैं। वहां निक का सबसे अच्छे दोस्त रंजन \"रॉन\" (अरशद वारसी) को अम्बर की सबसे अच्छी दोस्त कैथी (तानिया ज़ेटा) से प्यार हो जाता है। निक को अम्बर के साथ जुड़ाव महसूस होता है। रॉन और कैथी जल्दबाजी में शादी कर लेते हैं। फिर निक ने सलाम नमस्ते पर साक्षात्कार दिया, जहां उसने कहा कि वह अम्बर से प्यार करता है। उन दोनों को फिर प्यार हो गया और उन्होंने साथ रहने का फैसला किया। हालाँकि उन्होंने एक-दूसरे के बीच दूरी बनाए रखने की योजना बनाई थी, लेकिन अंत में वे प्यार करने लगे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ea677230", "title": "सलाम नमस्ते", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ea677230.json"}}
{"text": "बाद में, अम्बर को पता चलता है कि वह गर्भवती है। वे गर्भावस्था को समाप्त करने का फैसला करते हैं लेकिन वह ऐसा नहीं कर पाती। दोनों बहस करते हैं और उनका रिश्ता टूट जाता है। अगले पाँच महीनों में, वह अलग-थलग ही रहते हैं। एक बहस के दौरान, बच्चा पहली बार लात मारता है और निक को एहसास होता है कि वह अब भी अम्बर से प्यार करता है। निक को पता चलता है कि अम्बर के गर्भ में जुड़वाँ बच्चे हैं। घर जाते समय, निक को एहसास होता है कि उसने पूरी गर्भावस्था के दौरान अम्बर को अकेला छोड़ दिया था। वह उसके और उनके बच्चों के प्रति प्रतिबद्ध होने का फैसला करता है और सगाई की अंगूठी खरीदने जाता है। दुकान पर, वह अम्बर को उसके दोस्त जिग्नेश के साथ अंगूठियां पहनते हुए देखता है। उसको लगता है कि वह जिग्नेश से शादी कर रही है। बाद में निक को पता चलता है कि अम्बर जिग्नेश की प्रेमिका टीना के लिए अंगूठियां पहन रही थी। वह कई समर्पित सलाम नमस्ते श्रोताओं की मदद से अम्बर की खोज करता है। वह उसे ढूंढ लेता है और माफी मांगता है। अस्पताल में, रॉन कैथी के साथ होता है जो भी बच्चे को जन्म दे रही है। उनकी मुलाकात प्रसूति रोग विशेषज्ञ डॉ. विजय (अभिषेक बच्चन) से होती है, जो एक हास्यास्पद और अक्षम डॉक्टर निकलता है। हालाँकि वह बच्चों को जन्म देने का प्रबंधन कर पाता है। फिल्म निक और अम्बर के जुड़वां बच्चों के स्वागत के साथ समाप्त होती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ea677230", "title": "सलाम नमस्ते", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ea677230.json"}}
{"text": "सैफ़ अली ख़ान — निखिल \"निक\" अरोड़ा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ea677230", "title": "सलाम नमस्ते", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ea677230.json"}}
{"text": "प्रीति ज़िंटा — अम्बर \"एम्बी\" मल्होत्रा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ea677230", "title": "सलाम नमस्ते", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ea677230.json"}}
{"text": "अरशद वारसी — रंजन \"रॉन\" माथुर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ea677230", "title": "सलाम नमस्ते", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ea677230.json"}}
{"text": "तानिया ज़ेटा — कैथी माथुर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ea677230", "title": "सलाम नमस्ते", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ea677230.json"}}
{"text": "जुगल हंसराज — जिग्नेश \"जैरी\" पंड्या", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ea677230", "title": "सलाम नमस्ते", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ea677230.json"}}
{"text": "जावेद जाफरी — जग्गू यादव", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ea677230", "title": "सलाम नमस्ते", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ea677230.json"}}
{"text": "सिद्धार्थ आनन्द — कैमियो", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ea677230", "title": "सलाम नमस्ते", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ea677230.json"}}
{"text": "अभिषेक बच्चन — डॉक्टर (कैमियो)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ea677230", "title": "सलाम नमस्ते", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ea677230.json"}}
{"text": "कविता कपूर — डॉ रीमा देसाई", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ea677230", "title": "सलाम नमस्ते", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ea677230.json"}}
{"text": "सभी गीत जयदीप साहनी द्वारा लिखित; सारा संगीत विशाल-शेखर द्वारा रचित।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ea677230", "title": "सलाम नमस्ते", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ea677230.json"}}
{"text": "सलाम नमस्ते  इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ea677230", "title": "सलाम नमस्ते", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ea677230.json"}}
{"text": "अजय-अतुल एक भारतीय संगीतकार जोड़ी है जिसमें भाई अजय गोगावले और अतुल गोगावले शामिल हैं। उन्होंने 2008 में मराठी फिल्म जोगवा में संगीत के योगदान के लिए भारत सरकार की ओर से 56वें ​​राष्ट्रीय फिल्म पुरस्कारों में सर्वश्रेष्ठ संगीत निर्देशन का पुरस्कार जीता। इस जोड़ी ने 2015 की फोर्ब्स इंडिया सेलिब्रिटी 100 सूची में 82 की स्थिति और 2019 में 22 वें स्थान पर अपनी शुरुआत की। उन्होंने कई हिट हिंदी फिल्मों के लिए संगीत तैयार किया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6b0d9761", "title": "अजय-अतुल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6b0d9761.json"}}
{"text": "अजय और अतुल गोगावले का जन्म पुणे के आलन्दी में राजस्व विभाग के अधिकारी अशोक गोगावले के घर हुआ था।  दोनों का पालन-पोषण पश्चिम महाराष्ट्र के कई गाँवों में हुआ, जिनमें राजगुरुनगर, जुन्नार, शिरूर, मंचर और घोडेगाँव शामिल हैं, क्योंकि उनके पिता की स्थानांतरणीय नौकरी थी।  भाइयों में बड़े अतुल का जन्म 11 सितंबर 1974 को और भाइयों में छोटे अजय का जन्म 21 अगस्त 1976 को हुआ था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6b0d9761", "title": "अजय-अतुल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6b0d9761.json"}}
{"text": "बचपन में, वे शिक्षाविदों के प्रति अधिक आकर्षित नहीं थे।  लेकिन संगीत में उनकी रुचि तब विकसित हुई जब वे स्कूल में ही थे।  इस समय के आसपास, उन्होंने संगीत के साथ प्रयोग करना शुरू कर दिया।  एक एनसीसी प्रतियोगिता में, अजय ने एक मौजूदा रचना को अलग तरह से निभाया, और उन्होंने अपने प्रयोग के लिए पुरस्कार जीता।  इस उदाहरण ने उन्हें अपनी संगीत क्षमता का पता लगाने के लिए प्रेरित किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6b0d9761", "title": "अजय-अतुल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6b0d9761.json"}}
{"text": "उनकी संगीत पृष्ठभूमि नहीं थी।  हालाँकि उन्हें संगीत के लिए सीधे उनके परिवार का समर्थन नहीं मिला, लेकिन उन्हें कभी भी किसी भी सहायता से वंचित नहीं किया गया।  चूंकि उनका परिवार उनके संगीत प्रयासों के लिए उपकरणों का खर्च नहीं उठा सकता था, इसलिए उन्होंने अपने स्कूल, मंदिरों, स्थानीय बैंड आदि के माध्यम से अपना संगीत उद्यम शुरू किया। प्रत्यक्ष प्रशिक्षण न मिलने के बावजूद, उन्होंने इन उपक्रमों से बहुत कुछ सीखा।  वे हारमोनियम, मृदंगम, ढोल आदि जैसे उपकरणों के मालिक लोगों से मित्रता करते थे, क्योंकि वे उन्हें अपने दम पर नहीं खरीद सकते थे। बाद में, कॉलेज में रहते हुए, उन्होंने स्थानीय बैंड के साथ अरेंजर्स के रूप में काम करना शुरू कर दिया।  उनके पिता ने उनकी मां के आग्रह पर उनके लिए एक कीबोर्ड खरीदा।  यह उनके सबसे बड़े उपहारों में से एक साबित हुआ।  उनके पिता ने कहा, \"आपको बचपन में कोई खिलौना नहीं दिया गया है, अब यह आपका खिलौना है।\"  इससे उन्हें प्रेरणा मिली और उन्होंने प्रयोग करना शुरू कर दिया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6b0d9761", "title": "अजय-अतुल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6b0d9761.json"}}
{"text": "संगीतकार के रूप में करियर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6b0d9761", "title": "अजय-अतुल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6b0d9761.json"}}
{"text": "अनाड़ी 1959 में बनी हिन्दी भाषा की फिल्म है जिसका निर्देशन ऋषिकेश मुखर्जी ने किया। इसमें राज कपूर, नूतन, ललिता पवार और मोतीलाल हैं। संगीत शंकर जयकिशन का है और गीत शैलेन्द्र के साथ-साथ हसरत जयपुरी के थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_df6a1821", "title": "अनाड़ी (1959 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_(1959_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_df6a1821.json"}}
{"text": "राज कुमार एक ईमानदार, खूबसूरत और समझदार लड़का है, जो एक पेंटर के रूप में अकेले काम करता है। उसकी कमाई इतनी भी नहीं होती है कि वो घर का किराया भी दे सके। एक दिन उसे रास्ते में पैसों से भरा हुआ किसी का बटुवा दिखता है, वो उसके मालिक, रामनाथ को उसे वापस कर देता है। रामनाथ उसकी ईमानदारी देख कर खुश हो जाता है और अपने कार्यालय में उसे क्लर्क की नौकरी दे देता है। उसकी मुलाक़ात रामनाथ के घर काम करने वाली आशा से होती है और दोनों एक दूसरे को प्यार करने लगते हैं। पर ये सब कुछ तब खत्म हो जाता है, जब उसे पता चलता है कि वो असल में आशा नहीं, बल्कि रामनाथ की भांजी, आरती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_df6a1821", "title": "अनाड़ी (1959 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_(1959_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_df6a1821.json"}}
{"text": "अचानक राज की मकान मालकिन की रामनाथ के कंपनी की दवाई खाने के बाद मौत हो जाती है। पुलिस को पता चलता है कि उसकी मौत जहर की वजह से हुई है। सारा शक राज के ऊपर जाता है और पुलिस उसे पूछताछ के लिए गिरफ्तार कर लेती है। अंत में रामनाथ सारी सच्चाई बता देता है और राज बच जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_df6a1821", "title": "अनाड़ी (1959 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_(1959_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_df6a1821.json"}}
{"text": "ललिता पवार - श्रीमती एल॰ डी'सा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_df6a1821", "title": "अनाड़ी (1959 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_(1959_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_df6a1821.json"}}
{"text": "मोतीलाल - सेठ रामनाथ सोहनलाल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_df6a1821", "title": "अनाड़ी (1959 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_(1959_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_df6a1821.json"}}
{"text": "नाना पालसिकर -  पुजारी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_df6a1821", "title": "अनाड़ी (1959 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_(1959_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_df6a1821.json"}}
{"text": "सभी शंकर जयकिशन द्वारा संगीतबद्ध।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_df6a1821", "title": "अनाड़ी (1959 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_(1959_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_df6a1821.json"}}
{"text": "अनाड़ी  इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_df6a1821", "title": "अनाड़ी (1959 फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_(1959_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_df6a1821.json"}}
{"text": "कारेज़ (फ़ारसी: کاریز, karez), कारीज़ या क़नात (अरबी: قناة‎, qanat) शुष्क या अर्ध-शुष्क और गरम इलाक़ों में नियमित रूप से लगातार पानी उपलब्ध कराने की एक व्यवस्था है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2e8c8521", "title": "कारेज़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2e8c8521.json"}}
{"text": "कारेज़ बनाने के लिये पहले अधिक ऊँचाई वाले क्षेत्र में ज़मीन के नीचे पानी का स्रोत ढूंढा जाता है और फिर ज़मीन के नीचे ही नाला निकालकर उस पानी को दूर तक किसी निचले क्षेत्र में ले जाया जाता है और वहाँ जल के बाहर निकलने का एक मुख होता है। इस मुख से पानी गुरुत्वाकर्षण के प्रभाव से स्वयं ही उँचे जलाशय से निचले क्षेत्र की तरफ़ बहकर निकलता रहता है। नाला धरती ने नीचे होने के कारण शुष्कता और गरमी के बावजूद भी पानी वाष्पीकरण (इवैपोरेशन) से खोया नहीं जाता, जबकि यदि नाला ज़मीन से ऊपर होता तो बहुत-सा भाप बनकर ग़ायब हो जाता। नाला बनाने के लिये और उसकी देखरेख के लिये हर थोड़ी दूरी पर नाले से धरती की सतह तक एक खोल बनाया जाता है, जो वाष्पीकरण से बचने के लिये अक्सर ऊपर से ढका जाता है। ईरान में अधिकतर कारेज़ ५ किमी से कम दूरी के भूमिगत नाले रखते हैं लेकिन केरमान के पास का एक कारेज़ ७० किमी लम्बा है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2e8c8521", "title": "कारेज़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2e8c8521.json"}}
{"text": "कारेज़ तकनीक सबसे पहले ईरान में १००० ईसापूर्व के आसपास खोजी गई थी और वहाँ से अन्य क्षेत्रों में फैल गई। ध्यान दें कि कारेज़ तभी पानी का बन्दोबस्त कर सकती है जब भूमिगत जलाशय उस स्थान से अधिक ऊँचाई पर हो जहाँ पानी सिन्चाई व अन्य प्रयोगों के लिये पहुँचाना है। इसलिये यह भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप के उत्तरी मैदानी इलाक़ों में कम दिखते है। सर्द या ग़ैर-शुष्क क्षेत्रों में पानी वाष्पीकरण से कम खोया जाता है, इसलिये हिमालय क्षेत्र में नहर-नाले ज़मीन से ऊपर ही बनाए जाते हैं और कारेज़ बनाने के लिये मेहनत करने की आवश्यकता नहीं होती। लेकिन दक्षिण भारत में कर्नाटक जैसे इलाक़ों में और पश्चिमोत्तरी भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप में बलोचिस्तान जैसे क्षेत्रों में कारेज़ मिलते हैं। इसके अलावा उत्तर अफ़्रीका में कारेज़ बहुत प्रचलित हैं, जहाँ वे 'क़नात' के नाम से जाने जाते हैं। यह मध्य एशिया में कज़ाख़स्तान और शिंजियांग जैसे क्षेत्रों में भी बहुत मिलते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2e8c8521", "title": "कारेज़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2e8c8521.json"}}
{"text": "मोहम्मद राशिद मोहम्मद इकबाल कमाल[1] (जन्म 1 जनवरी 1975), जिन्हें कमाल राशिद खान ( लुक्खा )के नाम से जाना जाता है और अक्सर के.आर.के या कमाल आर. खान के नाम से जाना जाता है, हिंदी और भोजपुरी सिनेमा में एक भारतीय अभिनेता, निर्माता और लेखक हैं। उन्होंने उन अधिकांश फिल्मों का निर्माण या लेखन किया है जिनमें उन्होंने अभिनय किया है, विशेष रूप से विवादास्पद देशद्रोही (2008), जो मुख्य अभिनेता के रूप में उनकी एकमात्र फिल्म थी।राम मंदिर पर या हिन्दू  धर्म  के मामले मे बीच मे कूद पडना एक तरह से इनके अन्दर भरी नफरत को दर्शाता है वैसे इसे कुुुंठित कौम कहने मे अतिशयोक्ति नही ) में उनकी सहायक भूमिका और 2009 में रियलिटी शो बिग बॉस में भाग लेने के लिए जाना जाता है। [[2]][[3]] वह म्यूजिक वीडियो में भी नजर आ चुके हैं.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_525e12b5", "title": "कमाल रशीद खान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_525e12b5.json"}}
{"text": "खान को भारतीय फिल्म हस्तियों की विवादास्पद आलोचनाओं के लिए भी जाना जाता है।[[4]]", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_525e12b5", "title": "कमाल रशीद खान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_525e12b5.json"}}
{"text": "खान का जन्म 1975 में भारत के उत्तर प्रदेश के सहारनपुर जिले के एक कस्बे देवबंद में एक मुस्लिम परिवार में हुआ था।[[5]] वह दो बच्चों के पिता हैं, एक बेटा और एक बेटी। [[6]]एक व्यवसायी, उन्होंने 2000 के दशक के दौरान भारतीय फिल्म उद्योग में कदम रखा।[[7]]", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_525e12b5", "title": "कमाल रशीद खान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_525e12b5.json"}}
{"text": "उन्होंने फिल्मों के लिए एक निर्माता और लेखक के रूप में शुरुआत की और सहायक भूमिकाओं में भी दिखाई दिए, इनमें पार्थो घोष द्वारा निर्देशित हिंदी रोमांस-ड्रामा सितम (शाब्दिक 'टायरनी'; 2005), भोजपुरी फिल्में तू हमार होउ (शामिल हैं)। 'यू आर माइन'; 2006) निर्देशक जयप्रकाश शॉ, मुन्ना पांडे बेरोजगार (अर्थात् 'मुन्ना पांडे बेरोजगार'; 2007) निर्देशक मनीष जैन; क्रमशः रोमांस और कॉमेडी फिल्में।[[8]] [[9]]", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_525e12b5", "title": "कमाल रशीद खान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_525e12b5.json"}}
{"text": "वह 2009 में रियलिटी शो बिग बॉस के तीसरे सीज़न, बिग ब्रदर के भारतीय संस्करण में भी दिखाई दिए; बाद में वह 2015 में स्टैंड-अप कॉमेडी शो, कॉमेडी नाइट्स बचाओ में दिखाई दिए। [10] फिल्मों और टेलीविजन के अलावा, उन्होंने जावेद अली द्वारा गाए गए \"तुम मेरी हो\" (2019) सहित संगीत वीडियो में भी अभिनय किया है, जिसका उन्होंने निर्माण भी किया और गीत भी लिखे। [11] [12]", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_525e12b5", "title": "कमाल रशीद खान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_525e12b5.json"}}
{"text": "तब से वह एक YouTuber के पेशे में स्थानांतरित हो गए हैं, फिल्म समीक्षाएँ और बॉक्स ऑफिस विश्लेषण पोस्ट कर रहे हैं। ये वीडियो, जो अक्सर भारतीय मशहूर हस्तियों को निशाना बनाते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_525e12b5", "title": "कमाल रशीद खान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_525e12b5.json"}}
{"text": "=== फ़ीचर फ़िल्में ===", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_525e12b5", "title": "कमाल रशीद खान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_525e12b5.json"}}
{"text": "सकरबासा छेरिया-बरियारपुर, बेगूसराय, बिहार स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0ecc8547", "title": "सकरबासा गाँव, छेरिया-बरियारपुर (बेगूसराय)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0ecc8547.json"}}
{"text": "अक्रा : घाना का सबसे बड़ा शहर एवं राजधानी है। यह वहां का प्रशासनिक एवं आर्थिक केन्द्र है। यह अफ़्रीका महादेश के सबसे आधुनिक शहरों में से एक है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a3bc255c", "title": "अक्रा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a3bc255c.json"}}
{"text": "इस शहर की जनसंख्या २०१२ जनगणना के अनुसार २.२७ मिलियन है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a3bc255c", "title": "अक्रा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a3bc255c.json"}}
{"text": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक (अथवा लोकमान्य तिलक, मूल नाम केशव गंगाधर तिलक), बुधवार 23 जुलाई 1856 - शनीवार, 1 अगस्त 1920), एक भारतीय राष्ट्रवादी, शिक्षक, समाज सुधारक, वकील और एक स्वतन्त्रता सेनानी थे। भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम के आरम्भिक काल में उन्होंने भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता के लिये नये विचार रखे और अनेक प्रयत्न किये। अंग्रेज उन्हें \"भारतीय अशान्ति के पिता\" कहते थे। उन्हें, \"लोकमान्य\" का आदरणीय पदवी भी प्राप्त हुई, जिसका अर्थ है \"लोगों द्वारा स्वीकृत\" (उनके नायक के रूप में)। ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "लोकमान्य  तिलक स्वराज के सबसे पहले और मजबूत अधिवक्ताओं में से एक थे। वे भारतीय अन्तःकरण में एक प्रबल आमूल परिवर्तनवादी थे। उनका मराठी भाषा में दिया गया नारा \"स्वराज्य हा माझा जन्मसिद्ध हक्क आहे आणि तो मी मिळवणारच\" (स्वराज मेरा जन्मसिद्ध अधिकार है और मैं उसे लेकर ही रहूँगा) बहुत प्रसिद्ध हुआ। उन्होंने बिपिन चन्द्र पाल, लाला लाजपत राय, अरविन्द घोष और वी० ओ० चिदम्बरम पिल्लै आदि भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस के कई नेताओं के साथ भारत के स्वराज के लिये निकट सहयोग किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "लोकमान्य तिलक का जन्म 23 जुलाई 1856 को ब्रिटिश भारत में वर्तमान महाराष्ट्र स्थित रत्नागिरी जिले के एक गाँव चिखली में हुआ था। ये आधुनिक कालेज शिक्षा पाने वाली पहली भारतीय पीढ़ी के लोगों में से एक थे। इन्होंने कुछ समय तक स्कूल और कालेजों में गणित पढ़ाया। अंग्रेजी शिक्षा के ये घोर आलोचक थे और मानते थे कि यह भारतीय सभ्यता के प्रति अनादर सिखाती है। इन्होंने दक्षिण शिक्षा सोसायटी की स्थापना की ताकि भारत में शिक्षा का स्तर सुधरे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "लोकमान्य तिलक ने इंग्लिश मेमराठा व मराठी में केसरी नाम से दो दैनिक समाचार पत्र शुरू किये जो जनता में बहुत लोकप्रिय हुए। लोकमान्य तिलक ने अंग्रेजी शासन की क्रूरता और भारतीय संस्कृति के प्रति हीन भावना की बहुत आलोचना की। उन्होंने माँग की कि ब्रिटिश सरकार तुरन्त भारतीयों को पूर्ण स्वराज दे। केसरी में छपने वाले उनके लेखों की वजह से उन्हें कई बार जेल भेजा गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "लोकमान्य तिलक भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस में शामिल हुए लेकिन जल्द ही वे कांग्रेस के नरमपंथी रवैये के विरुद्ध बोलने लगे। 1907 में कांग्रेस गरम दल और नरम दल में विभाजित हो गयी। गरम दल में लोकमान्य तिलक के साथ लाला लाजपत राय और श्री बिपिन चन्द्र पाल शामिल थे। इन तीनों को लाल-बाल-पाल के नाम से जाना जाने लगा। 1908 में लोकमान्य तिलक ने क्रान्तिकारी प्रफुल्ल चाकी और क्रान्तिकारी खुदीराम बोस के बम हमले का समर्थन किया जिसकी वजह से उन्हें बर्मा (अब म्यांमार) स्थित मांडले की जेल भेज दिया गया। जेल से छूटकर वे फिर कांग्रेस में शामिल हो गये और 1916 में एनी बेसेंट जी और मुहम्मद अली जिन्ना के समकालीन होम रूल लीग की स्थापना की।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "लोकमान्य तिलक भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस से 1890 में जुड़े। हालांकि, उसकी मध्य अभिवृत्ति, खासकर जो स्वराज्य हेतु लड़ाई के प्रति थी, वे उसके ख़िलाफ़ थे। वे अपने समय के सबसे प्रख्यात आमूल परिवर्तनवादियों में से एक थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "अल्पायु में विवाह करने के व्यक्तिगत रूप से विरोधी होने के बावजूद, लोकमान्य तिलक 1891 एज ऑफ़ कंसेन्ट विधेयक के खिलाफ थे, क्योंकि वे उसे हिन्दू धर्म में अतिक्रमण और एक खतरनाक उदाहरण के रूप में देख रहे थे। इस अधिनियम ने लड़की के विवाह करने की न्यूनतम आयु को 10 से बढ़ाकर 12 वर्ष कर दिया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "लोकमान्य तिलक ने अपने पत्र केसरी में \"देश का दुर्भाग्य\" नामक शीर्षक से लेख लिखा जिसमें ब्रिटिश सरकार की नीतियों का विरोध किया। उनको भारतीय दंड संहिता की धारा 124-ए के अन्तर्गत राजद्रोह के अभियोग में 27 जुलाई 1897 को गिरफ्तार कर लिया गया। उन्हें 6 वर्ष के कठोर कारावास के अंतर्गत माण्डले (बर्मा) जेल में बन्द कर दिया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "भारतीय दंड संहिता में धारा 124-ए  ब्रिटिश सरकार ने 1870 में जोड़ा था जिसके अंतर्गत \"भारत में विधि द्वारा स्थापित ब्रिटिश सरकार के प्रति विरोध की भावना भड़काने वाले व्यक्ति को 3 साल की कैद से लेकर आजीवन देश निकाला तक की सजा दिए जाने का प्रावधान था।\" 1898 में ब्रिटिश सरकार ने धारा 124-ए में संशोधन किया और दंड संहिता में नई धारा 153-ए जोड़ी जिसके अंतर्गत \"अगर कोई व्यक्ति सरकार की मानहानि करता है यह विभिन्न वर्गों में नफरत फैलाता है या अंग्रेजों के विरुद्ध घृणा का प्रचार करता है तो यह भी अपराध होगा।\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "ब्रिटिश सरकार ने लोकमान्य तिलक को ६ वर्ष के कारावास की सजा सुनाई, इस दौरान कारावास में लोकमान्य तिलक ने कुछ किताबो की मांग की लेकिन ब्रिटिश सरकार ने उन्हे ऐसे किसी पत्र को लिखने पर रोक लगवा दी थी जिसमे राजनैतिक गतिविधियां हो। लोकमान्य तिलक ने कारावास में एक किताब भी लिखी, कारावास पूर्ण होने के कुछ समय पूर्व ही बाल गंगाधर तिलक की पत्नी का स्वर्गवास हो गया। इस ढुखद खबर की जानकारी उन्हे जेल में एक पत्र से प्राप्त हुई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "आल इण्डिया होम रूल लीग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक ने अप्रैल 1916 में एनी बेसेंट की मदद से होम रुल लीग की स्थापना की। होम रूल आन्दोलन के दौरान  बाल गंगाधर तिलक को काफी प्रसिद्धि मिली, जिस कारण उन्हें “लोकमान्य” की उपाधि मिली थी। इस आन्दोलन का मुख्य उद्देश्य भारत में स्वराज स्थापित करना था। इसमें चार या पांच लोगों की टुकड़ियां बनाई जाती थी जो पूरे भारत में बड़े-बड़े राजनेताओं और वकीलों से मिलकर 'होम रूल लीग' का मतलब समझाया करते थे। एनी बेसेंट, जो आयरलैंड से भारत आई हुई थीं, उन्होंने वहां पर होमरूल लीग जैसा प्रयोग देखा था, उसी तरह का प्रयोग उन्होंने भारत में करने का सोचा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "सामाजिक योगदान और विरासत", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "लोकमान्य तिलक ने सबसे पहले ब्रिटिश राज के दौरान 'पूर्ण स्वराज' की मांग उठाई। उन्होंने जनजागृति का कार्यक्रम पूरा करने के लिए महाराष्ट्र में गणेश उत्सव तथा शिवाजी उत्सव सप्ताह भर मनाना प्रारंभ किया। इन त्योहारों के माध्यम से जनता में देशप्रेम और अंग्रेजों के अन्यायों के विरुद्ध संघर्ष का साहस भरा गया। नागरी प्रचारिणी सभा के वार्षिक सम्मेलन में भाषण करते हुए उन्होने पूरे भारत के लिए समान लिपि के रूप में देवनागरी की वकालत की और कहा कि समान लिपि की समस्या ऐतिहासिक आधार पर नहीं सुलझायी जा सकती। उन्होने तर्कपूर्ण ढंग से दलील दी कि रोमन लिपि भारतीय भाषाओं के लिए सर्वथा अनुपयुक्त है। १९०५ में नागरी प्रचारिणी सभा में उन्होने कहा था, \"देवनागरी को समस्त भारतीय भाषाओं के लिए स्वीकार किया जाना चाहिए।\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "सन 1919 ई. में कांग्रेस की अमृतसर बैठक में हिस्सा लेने के लिये स्वदेश लौटने के समय तक लोकमान्य तिलक इतने नरम हो गये थे कि उन्होंने मॉन्टेग्यू-चेम्सफ़ोर्ड सुधारों के द्वारा स्थापित लेजिस्लेटिव कौंसिल (विधायी परिषद) के चुनाव के बहिष्कार की गान्धी जी की नीति का विरोध ही नहीं किया। इसके बजाय लोकमान्य तिलक ने क्षेत्रीय सरकारों में कुछ हद तक भारतीयों की भागीदारी की शुरुआत करने वाले सुधारों को लागू करने के लिये प्रतिनिधियों को यह सलाह अवश्य दी कि वे उनके प्रत्युत्तरपूर्ण सहयोग की नीति का पालन करें। लेकिन नये सुधारों को निर्णायक दिशा देने से पहले ही १ अगस्त,१९२० ई. को बम्बई में उनकी मृत्यु हो गयी। मरणोपरान्त श्रद्धाञ्जलि देते हुए गान्धी जी ने उन्हें आधुनिक भारत का निर्माता कहा और जवाहरलाल नेहरू ने भारतीय क्रान्ति का जनक बतलाया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "लोकमान्य तिलक ने यूँ तो अनेक पुस्तकें लिखीं किन्तु श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता की व्याख्या को लेकर मांडले जेल में लिखी गयी गीता-रहस्य सर्वोत्कृष्ट है जिसका कई भाषाओं में अनुवाद हुआ है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "उनकी लिखी हुई सभी पुस्तकों का विवरण इस प्रकार है-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "'द ओरिओन' (The Orion)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "द आर्कटिक होम ऑफ द वेदाज (The Arctic Home in the Vedas, (1903))", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता रहस्य (माण्डले जेल में)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "The Hindu philosophy of life, ethics and religion (१८८७ में प्रकाशित).", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "Vedic Chronology & Vedang Jyotish (वेदों का काल और वेदांग ज्योतिष)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "टिळक पंचांग पद्धती (इसका कुछ स्थानों पर उपयोग होता है, विशेषतः कोकण, पश्चिम महाराष्ट्र आदि)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "श्यामजी कृष्ण वर्मा एवं अन्य को लिखे लोकमान्य तिलक के पत्र (एम. डी. विद्वांस यांनी संपादित)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "Selected documents of Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, 1880-1920, (रवीन्द्र कुमार द्वारा संपादित)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "उनकी समस्त पुस्तकें मराठी अँग्रेजी और हिन्दी में लोकमान्य तिलक मन्दिर, नारायण पैठ, पुणे से सर्वप्रथम प्रकाशित हुईं। बाद में उन्हें अन्य प्रकाशकों ने भी छापा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "लोकमान्य तिलक पर चले उस ऐतिहासिक मुकदमें का आँखों देखा हाल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "विश्व पुस्तक सूची में लेखक: बालगंगाधर तिलक", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "Remembering Tilak Maharaj by Jyotsna Kamat", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "Full & authentic report of the Tilak trial (1908) being the only authorised verbatim account of the whole proceedings with introduction and character sketch of Bal Gangadhar Tikak: Together with press opinion, 1908, Narsinha Chintaman Kelkar", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "कांग्रेस का सूरत विभाजन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1d3b347f", "title": "बाल गंगाधर तिलक", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1d3b347f.json"}}
{"text": "कासरपल (Kasarpal) भारत के गोवा राज्य के उत्तर गोवा ज़िले की बिचोलिम तालुका में स्थित एक बस्ती है। प्रशासनिक रूप से यह लातम्बरसेम पंचायत के अधीन है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1c0b84cb", "title": "कासरपल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1c0b84cb.json"}}
{"text": "इस ग्राम का मूल नाम पल्लिका है जो वर्ष 1436 के एक ताम्र-पत्र शिलालेख पर अंकित है जो गोवा पुरातत्व विभाग के अधिकार में है। इस स्थान को कासरपल के नाम से भी जाना जाता था क्योंकि यहा के मूल निवासी ताम्रकार थे। इस गाँव को बाद में किसी नागदेव नामक ब्राह्मण ने शेटियों को उपहार-स्वरूप दे दिया था। कासरपल 800 वर्ष पुराने काल्किदेवी मन्दिर का स्थल भी है। इसके अतिरिक्त यहाँ शिवजी और भूमिका देवी के मन्दिर भी हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1c0b84cb", "title": "कासरपल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1c0b84cb.json"}}
{"text": "दुष्यंत सिंह (जन्म 11 सितम्बर 1973) भारत की सोहलवी लोक सभा के निर्वाचित सदस्य हैं। वो भारतीय जनता पार्टी (भाजपा) नामक राजनैतिक दल के सदस्य के रूप में राजस्थान से झालावाड़-बारां लोकसभा क्षेत्र का नेतृत्व करते हैं। इससे पहले वो पंद्रहवीं लोक सभा के सदस्य भी रह चुके हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d860b0f", "title": "दुष्यंत सिंह", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d860b0f.json"}}
{"text": "दुष्यंत सिंह का जन्म 11 सितम्बर 1973 को मुम्बई, महाराष्ट्र में हुआ। उनकी माँ राजस्थान की पूर्व मुख्यमंत्री वसुन्धरा राजे हैं और उनके पिता का नाम हेमन्त सिंह है। उन्होंने अपनी स्कूली शिक्षा दून विद्यालय से पूर्ण की। उसके बाद वो सेंट स्टीफेंस कॉलेज, दिल्ली; जॉनसन और वेल्स विश्वविद्यालय, प्रोविडेंस, आरआई और IHTTI स्कूल ऑफ़ मैनेजमेंट, नौकटेल, स्विट्ज़रलैंड गये। उनकी पत्नी का नाम निहारिका राजे है और उनके एक पुत्र और पुत्री है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d860b0f", "title": "दुष्यंत सिंह", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d860b0f.json"}}
{"text": "इनका सम्बन्ध धौलपुर के राज घराने से है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d860b0f", "title": "दुष्यंत सिंह", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d860b0f.json"}}
{"text": "जातडी, गंगोलीहाट तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के पिथोरागढ जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e6e04073", "title": "जातडी, गंगोलीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e6e04073.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e6e04073", "title": "जातडी, गंगोलीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e6e04073.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e6e04073", "title": "जातडी, गंगोलीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e6e04073.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e6e04073", "title": "जातडी, गंगोलीहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e6e04073.json"}}
{"text": "गुनिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के अनंतपुर जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_46bc9e58", "title": "गुनिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_46bc9e58.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_46bc9e58", "title": "गुनिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_46bc9e58.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_46bc9e58", "title": "गुनिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_46bc9e58.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर गुनिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_46bc9e58", "title": "गुनिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_46bc9e58.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_46bc9e58", "title": "गुनिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_46bc9e58.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_46bc9e58", "title": "गुनिपल्लॆ (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%86_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_46bc9e58.json"}}
{"text": "मुदुनूरु (कृष्णा) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के कृष्णा जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_36cb53e2", "title": "मुदुनूरु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_36cb53e2.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_36cb53e2", "title": "मुदुनूरु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_36cb53e2.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_36cb53e2", "title": "मुदुनूरु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_36cb53e2.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर मुदुनूरु (कृष्णा)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_36cb53e2", "title": "मुदुनूरु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_36cb53e2.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_36cb53e2", "title": "मुदुनूरु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_36cb53e2.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_36cb53e2", "title": "मुदुनूरु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_36cb53e2.json"}}
{"text": "मैथुन या यौनता जीव विज्ञान में आनुवांशिक लक्षणों के संयोजन और मिश्रण की एक प्रक्रिया है जो किसी जीव के नर या मादा (जीव का लिंग) होना निर्धारित करती है। मैथुन में विशेष कोशिकाओं (गैमीट) के मिलने से जिस नये जीव का निर्माण होता है, उसमें माता-पिता दोनों के लक्षण होते हैं। गैमीट रूप व आकार में बराबर हो सकते हैं परन्तु मनुष्यों में नर गैमीट (शुक्राणु) छोटा होता है जबकि मादा गैमीट (अण्डाणु) बड़ा होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b341aeae", "title": "मैथुन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b341aeae.json"}}
{"text": "जीव का लिंग इस पर निर्भर करता है कि वह कौन सा गैमीट उत्पन्न करता है। नर गैमट पैदा करने वाला नर तथा मादा गैमीट पैदा करने वाला मादा कहलाता है। कई जीव एक साथ दोनों पैदा करते हैं जैसे कुछ मछलियाँ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b341aeae", "title": "मैथुन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b341aeae.json"}}
{"text": "कामशास्त्र के अनुसार यद्यपि मैथुन का मुख्य उद्देश्य पुनरुत्पति है, तथापि मनुष्यों तथा वानरों में यह बहुधा यौन सुख प्राप्त करने तथा प्रेम जताने हेतु भी किया जाता है। मैथुन मनुष्य की मूल आवश्यकता है। साधारण भाषा में मैथुन एक से अधिक काम-क्रियाओं को सम्बोधित करने के लिये भी प्रयोग किया जाता है। योनि मैथुन, हस्तमैथुन, मुख मैथुन, गुदा मैथुन आदि अन्य काम-कलाएँ इसके अन्तर्गत आती हैं। अंग्रेज़ वैज्ञानिकों का मानना है कि पुनरुत्पति के लिये दो लिंगों के बीच मैथुन का विकास जीवधारियों में बहुत पहले से ही जीवाणुओं के दुष्प्रभाव से बचने के लिये हुआ था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b341aeae", "title": "मैथुन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b341aeae.json"}}
{"text": "प्रेम जताने की क्रिया अक्सर मैथुन से पहले निभायी जाती है। इसके पश्चात् पुरुष के लिंग में उठाव व कठोरता उत्पन्न होती है और स्त्री की योनि में सहज चिकनाहट। मैथुन करने के लिए पुरुष अपने तने हुए लिंग को स्त्री की योनि में प्रविष्ट करता है। इसके पश्चात् दोनो साझेदार अपने कूल्हों को आगे-पीछे कर लिंग को योनि में घर्षण प्रदान करते हैं। इस क्रिया में लिंग किसी भी समय योनि से पूर्णरूप से बाहर नहीं आता। इस क्रिया में दोनों ही साझेदारों को यौनिक आनन्द प्राप्त होता है। यह क्रिया तब तक जारी रहती है जब तक पुरुष और स्त्री दोनों ही एक अत्यधिक आनन्द की स्थिति कामोन्माद नहीं प्राप्त कर लेते। कामोन्माद की स्थिति में पुरुष और स्त्री दोनों ही स्खलन महसूस करते हैं। पुरुष शुक्राणुओं का स्खलन अपने लिंग से वीर्य के रूप में करता है, जबकि स्त्री की योनि से तरल पदार्थों का रज के रूप में स्खलन होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b341aeae", "title": "मैथुन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b341aeae.json"}}
{"text": "एक लिंगानुपात जनसंख्या में पुरुषों से महिलाओं का अनुपात है। जैसा कि फिशर के सिद्धांत द्वारा समझाया गया है, विकासवादी कारणों से यह आम तौर पर उन प्रजातियों में लगभग 1:1 है जो यौन प्रजनन करते हैं।  हालाँकि, कई प्रजातियाँ समय-समय पर या स्थायी रूप से समान लिंग अनुपात से विचलित हो जाती हैं। उदाहरणों में पार्थेनोजेनिक प्रजातियां, समय-समय पर संभोग करने वाले जीव जैसे कि एफिड्स, कुछ यूसोशल ततैया, मधुमक्खियां, चींटियां और दीमक शामिल हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b341aeae", "title": "मैथुन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b341aeae.json"}}
{"text": "मानव लिंगानुपात मानवविज्ञानी और जनसांख्यिकी के लिए विशेष रुचि का विषय है। मानव समाजों में, जन्म के समय लिंग अनुपात जन्म के समय माँ की उम्र और लिंग-चयनात्मक गर्भपात और शिशुहत्या जैसे कारकों से काफी कम हो सकता है। कीटनाशकों और अन्य पर्यावरणीय प्रदूषकों के संपर्क में आना भी एक महत्वपूर्ण योगदान कारक हो सकता है। 2014 तक, जन्म के समय वैश्विक लिंगानुपात 100 लड़कियों पर 107 लड़कों (प्रति 934 लड़कियों पर 1,000 लड़के) होने का अनुमान है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b341aeae", "title": "मैथुन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b341aeae.json"}}
{"text": "वृहद् वात्स्यायन कामसूत्र (गूगल पुस्तक)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b341aeae", "title": "मैथुन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b341aeae.json"}}
{"text": "हिन्दी सेक्सी वीडियो Archived 2023-05-28 at the वेबैक मशीन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b341aeae", "title": "मैथुन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b341aeae.json"}}
{"text": "बिशौल भारत के बिहार राज्य के मधुबनी जिले में स्थित एक ग्रामीण क्षेत्र (गांव) है। यह गांव अपनी सांस्कृतिक विरासत, पारंपरिक जीवनशैली और स्थानीय भाषा मैथिली के लिए जाना जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "बिशौल गांव भारत के पूर्वी राज्य बिहार के उत्तर-पूर्वी भाग में स्थित है। यह गांव मधुबनी जिला के अंतर्गत आता है, जो मिथिला क्षेत्र का एक महत्वपूर्ण सांस्कृतिक और ऐतिहासिक जिला है। बिशौल गांव की स्थिति भारत-नेपाल सीमा के समीप है, जिससे यह क्षेत्र दोनों देशों के सामाजिक और सांस्कृतिक आदान-प्रदान में योगदान देता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "बिशौल मधुबनी जिला मुख्यालय से लगभग 35 किलोमीटर उत्तर-पूर्व की ओर स्थित है। यह गांव भूगोल की दृष्टि से समतल मैदानों में आता है, जो गंगा के उपजाऊ मैदानों का हिस्सा है। यहाँ की मिट्टी प्रायः जलोढ़ (alluvial) होती है, जो कृषि के लिए अत्यंत उपयुक्त मानी जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "गांव के चारों ओर अन्य ग्रामीण बस्तियाँ स्थित हैं जैसे:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "यह गांव मुख्यतः वर्षा पर आधारित कृषि प्रणाली को अपनाता है। यहाँ का जलवायु उष्णकटिबंधीय मानसूनी (Tropical Monsoon) प्रकार का है, जिसमें गर्मी के मौसम में अधिकतम तापमान लगभग 40°C तक पहुँच सकता है, जबकि सर्दी में तापमान 8-10°C तक गिरता है। औसत वार्षिक वर्षा 1000 से 1200 मिमी के बीच होती है, जो मुख्यतः जून से सितंबर के बीच होती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "गांव में कई छोटे जल स्रोत भी हैं जैसे स्थानीय तालाब, कुएँ और नहरें, जो सिंचाई के लिए उपयोग में लाए जाते हैं। बिशौल की भौगोलिक स्थिति इसे कृषि, जल संरक्षण और ग्रामीण जीवन की दृष्टि से एक महत्वपूर्ण स्थान बनाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "बिशौल गांव की कुल जनसंख्या 2011 की जनगणना के अनुसार लगभग 8172 थी, जिसमें पुरुषों और महिलाओं की संख्या लगभग समान थी। हालांकि, हाल के वर्षों में जनसंख्या में वृद्धि देखी गई है और 2021 तक यह संख्या बढ़कर लगभग 12717 तक पहुँचने का अनुमान है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "गांव में कुल परिवारों की संख्या लगभग 2110 है। यहाँ की जनसंख्या घनत्व मध्यम है और अधिकांश निवासी कृषि, पशुपालन और दिहाड़ी मजदूरी में संलग्न हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "गांव में विभिन्न जातीय और सामाजिक समुदायों का सह-अस्तित्व है, जिसमें यादव, ब्राह्मण, पासवान, मुस्लिम और अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग शामिल हैं। सभी समुदायों के लोग सामाजिक समरसता और सहयोग के साथ रहते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "गांव में बच्चों (0–6 वर्ष की आयु वर्ग) की संख्या कुल जनसंख्या का लगभग 15% है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "बिशौल गांव बिहार के मिथिला क्षेत्र में स्थित है, और यहां की भाषा और संस्कृति पर प्राचीन मिथिला संस्कृति की गहरी छाप देखी जाती है। इस क्षेत्र की प्रमुख भाषा मैथिली  है, जो लोगों की दैनिक बातचीत, पारिवारिक संवाद, लोकगीतों, लोककथाओं और धार्मिक अनुष्ठानों में प्रयुक्त होती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "मैथिली भाषा के अतिरिक्त, हिन्दी भी व्यापक रूप से पढ़ी, लिखी और समझी जाती है, विशेषकर शैक्षणिक संस्थानों और सरकारी कार्यों में। कुछ लोग उर्दू भाषा  ,अंग्रेज़ी भाषा भी प्रयोग करते हैं, खासकर पढ़े-लिखे युवाओं के बीच।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "गांव में पारंपरिक मिथिला संस्कृति जीवंत रूप में विद्यमान है। यहाँ के लोग पारंपरिक परिधान पहनते हैं, जैसे महिलाएँ साड़ी और पुरुष धोती-कुर्ता पहनते हैं। त्यौहारों, विवाहों और धार्मिक अनुष्ठानों में पारंपरिक गीत-संगीत, नृत्य और मधुबनी चित्रकला की झलक साफ देखी जा सकती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "गांव में विभिन्न धार्मिक और सांस्कृतिक त्यौहार पूरे उत्साह और श्रद्धा से मनाए जाते हैं। इन त्यौहारों में प्रमुख हैं:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "छठ पूजा – सूर्य देव की उपासना का सबसे महत्वपूर्ण पर्व।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "होली – रंगों का त्योहार, जिसमें गांव भर में उल्लास छा जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "दीपावली – रोशनी का पर्व, जिसमें घरों की सफाई और सजावट की जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "दुर्गा पूजा, वसन्त पञ्चमी, काली पूजा और राम नवमी जैसे पर्व भी श्रद्धा और भव्यता से मनाए जाते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "गांव की सांस्कृतिक पहचान में लोकगीत और लोकनृत्य महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं। खासकर विवाह, उपनयन संस्कार, छठ पूजा, और अन्य उत्सवों पर महिलाएं पारंपरिक मैथिली लोकगीत गाती हैं। साथ ही यहां की महिलाएं पारंपरिक  (दीवारों औरमधुबनी चित्रकला कागज़ पर की गई रंगीन चित्रकारी) की पारंगत होती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "गांव में सामूहिक जीवन की झलक दिखाई देती है। लोग एक-दूसरे के सुख-दुख में भागीदार होते हैं। सामूहिक भोज, ग्रामीण पंचायत, कथा-कीर्तन जैसे आयोजन गांव की सामाजिक जीवनशैली का हिस्सा हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "हाल के वर्षों में गांव के युवाओं में आधुनिक शिक्षा और तकनीक के प्रति रुचि बढ़ी है, जिससे परंपरा और आधुनिकता का समन्वय देखने को मिलता है। युवा सोशल मीडिया, इंटरनेट और मोबाइल के माध्यम से भी सांस्कृतिक जागरूकता को बढ़ा रहे हैं, साथ ही अपने पारंपरिक मूल्यों से जुड़े रहने का प्रयास कर रहे हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "बिशौल गांव में शिक्षा को लेकर लगातार जागरूकता बढ़ रही है। गांव में प्राथमिक एवं मध्य विद्यालयों की सुविधा उपलब्ध है, जहाँ बच्चों को सरकारी योजनाओं के अंतर्गत मुफ्त शिक्षा, पोषाहार (मिड-डे मील) और पुस्तकें प्रदान की जाती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "गांव में निम्नलिखित शैक्षणिक संस्थान कार्यरत हैं:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "प्राथमिक विद्यालय, बिशौल – कक्षा 1 से 5 तक की शिक्षा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "मध्य विद्यालय, बिशौल – कक्षा 6 से 8 तक की शिक्षा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "विद्यालयों में योग्य शिक्षक कार्यरत हैं, हालांकि संसाधनों की कभी-कभी कमी महसूस की जाती है। कई छात्र उच्च शिक्षा के लिए नजदीकी कस्बों जैसे मधुबनी, और दरभंगा, पटना जाते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "गांव में फिलहाल कोई डिग्री कॉलेज नहीं है, लेकिन समीपवर्ती क्षेत्रों में सरकारी और निजी कॉलेजों की उपस्थिति से गांव के युवाओं को उच्च शिक्षा प्राप्त करने का अवसर मिल रहा है। अनेक छात्र ललित नारायण मिथिला विश्वविद्यालय, दरभंगा से स्नातक और स्नातकोत्तर की पढ़ाई कर रहे हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "बिशौल की औसत साक्षरता दर लगभग 60-65% के आस-पास है। पुरुषों में यह दर अपेक्षाकृत अधिक है, लेकिन बालिकाओं और महिलाओं की साक्षरता दर में भी हाल के वर्षों में निरंतर सुधार हो रहा है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "गांव तक सड़क मार्ग द्वारा आसानी से पहुँचा जा सकता है। पास का निकटतम रेलवे स्टेशन मधुबनी या दरभंगा हो सकता है। स्थानीय यातायात में साइकिल, मोटरसाइकिल और ऑटो रिक्शा प्रमुख हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "बिशौल की अर्थव्यवस्था मुख्य रूप से कृषि पर आधारित है। यहां के किसान धान, गेहूं, मक्का, और सब्जियाँ उगाते हैं। पशुपालन भी एक सहायक व्यवसाय के रूप में किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "यह गांव पारंपरिक मैथिली संस्कृति का जीवंत उदाहरण है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "ग्रामीण हस्तशिल्प, मधुबनी चित्रकला और स्थानीय कारीगरी का भी प्रभाव देखने को मिलता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "भारत की जनगणना 2011 – बिहार राज्य की जिला जनगणना पुस्तिका", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "बिशौल गांव, हरलाखी ब्लॉक, मधुबनी, बिहार – VillageInfo पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "गूगल मैप्स पर बिशौल गांव का स्थान", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "ग्रामीण विकास विभाग, बिहार सरकार – पंचायत प्रोफाइल (आधिकारिक वेबसाइट)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "मधुबनी जिला प्रशासन – आधिकारिक वेबसाइट Archived 2018-12-25 at the वेबैक मशीन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "मधुबनी जिला आधिकारिक वेबसाइट Archived 2021-05-14 at the वेबैक मशीन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार पर हिंदी विकिपीडिया लेख", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisaul", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0e7ea028", "title": "बिशौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0e7ea028.json"}}
{"text": "हरिहरपुर उपरहर हंडिया, इलाहाबाद, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_10bcafb1", "title": "हरिहरपुर उपरहर गाँव, हंडिया (इलाहाबाद)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_10bcafb1.json"}}
{"text": "धुबरी लोक सभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र भारत के असम राज्य का एक लोक सभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c4d25626", "title": "धुबरी लोक सभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c4d25626.json"}}
{"text": "धुबरी लोकसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र निम्नलिखित विधानसभा क्षेत्रों से बना है:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c4d25626", "title": "धुबरी लोक सभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c4d25626.json"}}
{"text": "भारतीय निर्वाचन आयोग के जालस्थलपर धुबरी लोक सभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्रमें १९७७ से राजनैतिक दलोंके चुनाव परिणामोंका ब्यौरा  (अंग्रेजी भाषा में)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c4d25626", "title": "धुबरी लोक सभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c4d25626.json"}}
{"text": "बीरसिंगारपुर अतरौली, अलीगढ़, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5b852c8a", "title": "बीरसिंगारपुर गाँव, अतरौली (अलीगढ़)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5b852c8a.json"}}
{"text": "पेनिसिलिन के आविष्कारक", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a33d734c", "title": "अलेक्ज़ांडर फ्लेमिङ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a33d734c.json"}}
{"text": "अलेक्जेंडर फ्लेमिंग (Sir Alexander Fleming (6 अगस्त 1881 – 11 मार्च 1955)), स्कॉटलैण्ड के जीववैज्ञानिक एवं औषधिनिर्माता (pharmacologist) थे। उनकी प्रसिद्धि पेनिसिलिन के आविष्कारक के रूप में है (१९२८)। उन्होने जीवाणुविज्ञान (बैक्टिरिओलॉजी), रोग-प्रतिरक्षा-विज्ञान ९immunology) एवं रसचिकित्सा (केमोथिरैपी) आदि विषयों के ऊपर अनेक शोधपत्र प्रकाशित किये। उन्होने सन् १९२३ में लिसोजाइम (lysozyme) नामक एंजाइम की खोज भी की। पेनिसिलिन के आविष्कार के लिये उन्हें सन् १९४५ में संयुक्त रूप से चिकित्सा का नोबेल सम्मान दिया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a33d734c", "title": "अलेक्ज़ांडर फ्लेमिङ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a33d734c.json"}}
{"text": "कोई भी बीमारी नहीं होती है लाइलाज", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a33d734c", "title": "अलेक्ज़ांडर फ्लेमिङ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a33d734c.json"}}
{"text": "अलेक्जेंडर फ्लेमिंग की जीवनी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a33d734c", "title": "अलेक्ज़ांडर फ्लेमिङ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a33d734c.json"}}
{"text": "2019–20 कोरोनावायरस महामारी चीन से 30 जनवरी 2020 को भारत में फैलने की पुष्टि हुई थी। भारतीय आयुर्विज्ञान अनुसंधान परिषद और स्वास्थ्य एवं परिवार कल्याण मन्त्रालय ने 10 अप्रैल 2026 तक इस वायरस से भारत में   मामलों की पुष्टि की है जिसमें   लोगों की मृत्यु हुई है। भारत में वर्तमान में एशिया में सबसे अधिक पुष्ट मामले हैं। भारत में COVID-19 संक्रमण के 2.67 करोड़ मामले, दुनिया में (संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के बाद) दूसरे सबसे अधिक पुष्ट मौत के मामले हैं और COVID-19 मौतों - 307,231 के साथ, तीसरी सबसे बड़ी संख्या (संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका और ब्राजील के बाद) हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "इस प्रकोप को एक दर्जन से अधिक राज्यों और केंद्र शासित प्रदेशों में महामारी घोषित किया गया है, जहां महामारी रोग अधिनियम, 1897 के प्रावधानों को लागू किया गया है, और शैक्षणिक संस्थानों और कई वाणिज्यिक संस्थानों को बंद कर दिया गया है। साथ भारत ने सभी पर्यटक वीजा को भी निलंबित कर दिया है, क्योंकि अधिकांश पुष्ट मामले अन्य देशों से लौटे लोगों में पाये गए है। सरकार ने देश भर के 75 जिलों में लॉकडाउन जारी किया था, जहां 31 मार्च तक कोविड-19 मामलों की पुष्टि की गई थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "16 नवंबर 2021 को, भारत ने 287 दिनों में कोरोना वायरस के मामलों की सबसे कम संख्या दर्ज की। भारत में सिर्फ 8865 नए मामले सामने आए। पिछले 525 दिनों में सबसे कम सक्रिय मामलों की संख्या 1,30,793 हो गई है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "30 जनवरी को, भारत के केरल राज्य में कोविड-19 का पहला मामला दर्ज किया गया था, 3 फरवरी तक बढ़कर संख्या तीन हो गयी; सभी छात्र चीन के वूहान से लौटे थे। इसके बाद मार्च के महीने में संक्रमित मामलों की संख्या बढ़ गयी जिसमें से ज्यादातर लोग विदेश से लौटे थे। 12 मार्च को, एक 76 वर्षीय व्यक्ति जो सऊदी अरब से लौटा था जिसकी मृत्यु हुई और यह देश में कोरोना वायरस से होने वाली पहली मृत्यु थी। 15 मार्च को पुष्ट मामलों की संख्या 100 हुई जबकि, 28 मार्च को 1,000, 2 अप्रैल को 2,000 और 4 अप्रैल को 3,000 से अधिक लोग संक्रमित हुए। 1 अप्रैल को मरने वालों की संख्या 50 और 5 अप्रैल को 100 पार कर गई। वहीं 6 अप्रैल को कुल संक्रमित मामले 4000 पार कर गए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "7 मार्च को, इटली और जर्मनी की यात्रा करके वापस लौटे एक सिख उपदेशक जो बाद में आनंदपुर साहिब में एक सिख उत्सव में भाग लिया था, से सत्ताईस लोगों में पॉज़िटिव कोरोना वायरस पाया गया। यह उत्सव 10-12 मार्च को आयोजित किया गया था, और उसमें तकरीबन रोजाना 10,000 लोगों ने भाग लिया। इसके बाद पंजाब के 20 गांवों में 40,000 से अधिक लोग महामारी के प्रसार को रोकने के लिए संगरोध (quarantine) में रखे गए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "31 मार्च को, तबलीग़ी जमात धार्मिक मण्डली जिसे दिल्ली में रखी गयी थी, जिससे देश भर में बड़ी संख्या में मामलों में बढ़ोतरी हुई। इसमें लगभग 9,000 से अधिक मिशनरियों ने भाग लिया, जिनमें से अधिकांश भारत के विभिन्न राज्यों से हैं, और 40 अन्य देशों के 960 लोग थे। 4 अप्रैल तक, 1,023 पुष्ट मामले 17 भारतीय राज्यों और केंद्र शासित प्रदेशों में दर्ज किए गए जो इस घटना से जुड़े थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "12 अप्रैल 2020 को भारत भर में कोरोना वायरस के संक्रमित लोगों की संख्या 8,447 पहुंची जिसमें 273 लोगों की जान जा चुकी है और 766 लोग ठीक हुए है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "टीकाकरण कार्यक्रम 16 जनवरी, 2021 से शुरू हुआ। फरवरी 2021 तक, दैनिक मामले 9,000 प्रति दिन तक गिर गए थे। फरवरी 2021 में प्रकाशित एक बेहतर सिमुलेशन मॉडल पर एक पेपर में, सुपरमॉडल के लेखकों ने भारतीय आबादी की प्रतिरक्षा को 60% के करीब होने का अनुमान लगाया, और दावा किया कि भारत एकमात्र प्रमुख अर्थव्यवस्था हो सकती है जिसने सफलतापूर्वक एक झुंड प्रतिरक्षा रणनीति को लागू किया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "9 अप्रैल को, भारत ने 1 मिलियन सक्रिय मामलों को पार कर लिया।  हरिद्वार कुंभ मेले को सुपरस्प्रेडर के रूप में वर्णित किया गया था, अकेले 10 से 14 अप्रैल के बीच कम से कम 1,700 सकारात्मक मामलों और 5-14 अप्रैल के बीच हिंदू द्रष्टाओं के बीच 68 मामलों से जुड़ा हुआ था। आम तौर पर चार महीने की अवधि में, महामारी के कारण त्योहार को एक महीने के लिए छोटा कर दिया गया था। अप्रैल के अंत तक, भारत ने 2.5 मिलियन सक्रिय मामले पारित किए और हर दिन 300,000 नए मामले और 2,000 मौतें हो रही थीं। कुछ विश्लेषकों ने आशंका जताई कि यह एक अंडरकाउंट था; महामारी विज्ञानी भ्रामर मुखर्जी ने अनुमान लगाया है कि भारत में महामारी की वास्तविक मृत्यु आधिकारिक योग से दो से पांच गुना अधिक हो सकती है। 26 अप्रैल को, भारत में एक दिन में 350,000 नए मामले और 2,800 से अधिक मौतें हुईं। माना जाता है कि नए संस्करण के कारण वृद्धि हुई है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "25 अप्रैल को, पीएम CARES फंड ने घोषणा की कि वह सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य सुविधाओं पर दबाव स्विंग सोखना का उपयोग कर 551 ऑक्सीजन संयंत्र स्थापित करने के लिए धन आवंटित करेगा। अन्य देशों ने घोषणा की कि वे भारत को आपातकालीन सहायता प्रदान करेंगे, जिसमें यूरोपीय संघ के सदस्य देश शामिल हैं - जो कि ईयू नागरिक सुरक्षा तंत्र के माध्यम से ऑक्सीजन की आपूर्ति, दवाइयां और वेंटिलेटर भेज रहे हैं। 16 वर्षों में यह पहली बार था जब भारत ने चीन सहित विदेशी देशों से उपहार, दान और सहायता स्वीकार करना शुरू किया। यह 2004 के हिंद महासागर में आए भूकंप और सूनामी के बाद था, तब पीएम मनमोहन सिंह ने किसी भी विदेशी सहायता को स्वीकार नहीं किया था। 2013 में उत्तराखंड में आई बाढ़ के बाद, २००५ कश्मीर भूकम्प और 2014 में कश्मीर में आई बाढ़ के बाद भारत ने विदेशी मदद से इनकार कर दिया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "स्पूतनिक वी वैक्सीन की पहली खेप, 1,50,000 खुराक लेकर 1 मई 2021 को हैदराबाद पहुंची, जिस दिन भारत सरकार ने 18-44 वर्ष के आयु वर्ग के नागरिकों के लिए टीकाकरण शुरू किया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "22 नवंबर को पिछले 24 घंटों में भारत में 8,488 नए मामले सामने आए, जो 538 दिनों में सबसे कम आंकड़ा था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "सरकार की प्रतिक्रियाएँ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "19 मार्च को, 30 मिनट के लाइव टेलीकास्ट के दौरान, भारतीय प्रधान मंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी ने सभी नागरिकों को 22 मार्च को सुबह 7 से 9 बजे तक 'जनता कर्फ्यू' करने के लिए कहा। इस कर्फ्यू के दौरान उन्होंने सभी को घर में रहने के लिए कहा था। उन्होंने लोगों से स्वास्थ्य प्रणाली पर बोझ को कम करने के लिए नियमित जांच और वैकल्पिक सर्जरी से बचने के लिए भी कहा। उन्होंने एक COVID-19 आर्थिक प्रतिक्रिया कार्य बल के गठन की घोषणा की। प्रकोप के दौरान विभिन्न क्षेत्रों द्वारा किए जा रहे कार्यों की सराहना के लिए उन्होंने लोगों से शाम 5 बजे अपने दरवाजे, खिड़कियों या बालकनियों के सामने इकट्ठा होने और पांच मिनट के लिए उनकी सराहना करने का आग्रह किया। राज्य और स्थानीय अधिकारियों से कहा गया कि वे लोगों को सायरन बजाने के लिए कहें। 24 मार्च को, मोदी ने 21 दिनों की अवधि के लिए उस दिन की मध्यरात्रि से देशव्यापी लॉकडाउन की घोषणा की। उन्होंने स्वास्थ्य सेवा क्षेत्र के लिए ₹15,000 करोड़ (US$2.19 अरब) की सहायता की भी घोषणा की। इस धन का उपयोग परीक्षण सुविधाओं, पीपीई, आईसीयू, वेंटिलेटर और प्रशिक्षण चिकित्सा कर्मचारियों के विकास के लिए किया जाएगा। 3 अप्रैल को, प्रधान मंत्री मोदी ने संबोधित करते हुए कहा कि 5 अप्रैल को पूरे देश में सभी नौ मिनट के लिए रोशनी बंद करें और मोमबत्ती, दीया या मोबाइल की फ्लैश लाइट जलाएँ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "13 मार्च को, मोदी ने प्रस्ताव दिया कि सार्क राष्ट्र संयुक्त रूप से महामारी से लड़ेंगे। इस विचार पर नेपाल, मालदीव, श्रीलंका, भूटान, बांग्लादेश और अफगानिस्तान के नेताओं ने स्वागत किया। 15 मार्च को, सार्क नेताओं की एक वीडियो सम्मेलन के बाद, उन्होंने सार्क देशों के लिए कोविड-19 आपातकालीन निधि के रूप में वर्गीकृत धन का ₹74 करोड़ (US$10.8 मिलियन) आवंटित किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "11 मार्च 2020 को, भारत के कैबिनेट सचिव, राजीव गौबा ने घोषणा की कि सभी राज्यों और केंद्र शासित प्रदेशों को महामारी रोग अधिनियम, 1897 की धारा 2 के प्रावधानों को लागू करना चाहिए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "14 मार्च को केंद्र सरकार ने आपदा प्रबंधन अधिनियम, 2005 के तहत महामारी को \"अधिसूचित आपदा\" घोषित किया, जिससे राज्यों को वायरस से लड़ने के लिए राज्य आपदा प्रतिक्रिया कोष से धन का एक बड़ा हिस्सा खर्च करने को मिला।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "30 जनवरी में भारत सरकार ने अपने नागरिकों के लिए विशेष रूप से वूहान के लिए एक यात्रा सलाहकार जारी किया, जहां लगभग 500 भारतीय चिकित्सा छात्र अध्ययन कर रहे है।  सरकार ने सात प्रमुख अंतरराष्ट्रीय हवाई अड्डों पर चीन से आने वाले यात्रियों की थर्मल स्क्रीनिंग करने का फैसला लिया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "मध्य मार्च की शुरुआत में सरकार ने देश में महामारी के इस बदतर स्थिति से निपटने के लिए योजना तैयार की जिसमें देश भर में अतिरिक्त संगरोध और उपचार सुविधाओं की स्थापना के लिए एक साथ काम करने वाले सात मंत्रालय शामिल हैं। गृह, रक्षा, रेलवे, श्रम, अल्पसंख्यक मामलों, विमानन और पर्यटन सहित राज्यों और बीस मंत्रालयों को नियोजन योजना के बारे में सूचित किया गया है। भगदड़ जैसी स्थिति से बचने की योजना भी बनाई गई है। कपड़ा मंत्रालय को सुरक्षा और चिकित्सा सामग्री की उपलब्धता सुनिश्चित करने का काम सौंपा गया है। फार्मास्यूटिकल्स विभाग को आवश्यक दवाओं की उपलब्धता सुनिश्चित करने का काम सौंपा गया है। उपभोक्ता मामले, खाद्य और सार्वजनिक वितरण मंत्रालय को आवश्यक वस्तुओं की उपलब्धता सुनिश्चित करने के लिए कहा गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "15 मार्च को, भारतीय जनता पार्टी ने राजस्थान में कोरोनोवायरस के बारे में जागरूकता बढ़ाने के लिए एक सार्वजनिक अभियान चलाया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "सीताराम पोसवाल, भारतीय जनता पार्टी (BJP) से जुड़े एक गतिशील सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता और युवा नेता हैं, जो विशेष रूप से राजस्थान के पिछड़े इलाकों में टीकाकरण अभियान चलाने और COVID-19 सुरक्षा उपायों के प्रति जागरूकता फैलाने के लिए अपनी प्रतिबद्धता के लिए प्रसिद्ध हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "भारतीय अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन (ISRO) ने केरल के तिरुवनंतपुरम में बायो-मीट्रिक फिंगरप्रिंट स्कैनिंग, विकलांग प्रवेश टर्नस्टाइल और सीमित आंतरिक बैठकों को निलंबित कर दिया है और चिकित्सा निगरानी को आगे बढ़ाते हुए न्यूनतम यात्राएं की है। हालांकि, मिशन कार्यक्रम प्रभावित नहीं होने दिये।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "17 मार्च को, भारत सरकार ने सभी भारतीय राज्यों को 31 मार्च तक कार्यान्वयन के लिए एक निवारक रणनीति के रूप में सामाजिक दूरगामी उपाय करने के लिए एक सलाह देने का आग्रह किया। एक सरकारी निर्देश जारी किया गया जिसमें सभी अर्धसैनिक बलों (सीएपीएफ) को युद्ध मोड में लाने के लिए कहा गया था; सभी गैर-आवश्यक अवकाश रद्द कर दिए गए हैं। साथ ही एक कोविड-19 आर्थिक प्रतिक्रिया कार्य बल भी बनाया गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "27 मार्च को, तमिलनाडु सरकार ने कोरोनोवायरस की वर्तमान स्थिति को देखते हुए 1508 लैब तकनीशियनों, 500 डॉक्टरों और 1000 नर्सों को तत्काल प्रभाव से नियुक्ति आदेश जारी किए हैं। इसके साथ ही राज्य में 200 नई एम्बुलेंस बढ़ाने के भी आदेश दिए गए हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "असम सरकार ने गुवाहाटी के सरसजाई स्टेडियम और नेहरू स्टेडियम में अलगाव (isolation) की सुविधा शुरू की।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "कोरोना वायरस की इस महामारी से निपटने के लिए भारत की केंद्र सरकार और राज्य सरकारों ने क्रमशः राष्ट्रीय और राजकीय हेल्पलाइन सेवाएँ लागू की हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "22 मार्च 2020 को, भारत सरकार ने देश के 22 राज्यों और केंद्र शासित प्रदेशों के 82 जिलों को पूरी तरह से बंद करने का निर्णय लिया, जहां 31 मार्च 2020 तक पुष्टि होने की खबर है। 23 मार्च 2020 को दिल्ली में कम से कम 31 मार्च 2020 तक लॉकडाउन करने का निर्णय लिया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "24 मार्च 2020 को, प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी ने कोरोना वायरस से निपटने के लिए पूरे भारत में 21 दिनों के लिए आधी रात से लॉकडाउन करने का आदेश दिया, मतलब 14 अप्रैल 2020 तक सभी लोगों को घर से न निकलने को कहा है। हालांकि लॉकडाउन होने के बाद भी जरूरी चीजों के लिए दुकानें और मेडिकल स्टोर खुलें रहेंगे। 14 अप्रैल 2020 सुबह 10 बजे प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी ने देश को संबोधित करते हुए लॉकडाउन की अवधि आगे बढ़ाकर 3 मई 2020 करने का फैसला लिया और कहा कि अगले एक हफ्ते नियम और सख्त होंगे। साथ ही मोदी ने कहा कि जहां नए मामले सामने नहीं आएंगे वहाँ कुछ छूट दी जाएगी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "मार्च के प्रारंभ में दिल्ली के निजामुद्दीन मरकज मस्जिद में होने वाला तबलीगी जमात नामक मजहबी जनसमूह कोरोनवायरस के एक तिव्र-प्रसारक घटना के रूप में सामने आया, जिसके बाद 900 से अधिक मामलों की पुष्टी हुई तथा देश भर में इस घटना से जुड़े कम से कम 10 लोगों की मौत हो गई। 9,000 से अधिक मजहबी-प्रचारकों ने जनसमूह में भाग लिया, जिनमें से अधिकांश भारत के विभिन्न राज्यों से थे, तथा 40 अन्य देशों से 960 लोग उपस्थित थे। 4 अप्रैल तक, 17 राज्यों में 1,023 मामले तबलीगी जमात महामारी विस्फिट-केन्द्र (हॉटस्पॉट) से जुड़े हैं, जो भारत में पुष्टि किए गए सभी मामलों के 30% का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हैं। तबलीगी जमात के सदस्यों और देश भर में उनके संपर्कों सहित कुल 22,000 लोगों को क्वारंटाइन (संगरोध) में रखा गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "13 मार्च को दिल्ली सरकार द्वारा सार्वजनिक समारोहों पर प्रतिबंध लगाने के बावजूद इस जनसभा को आयोजित करने के लिए तबलीगी जमात को मुस्लिम समुदाय द्वारा व्यापक आलोचना का सामना करना पड़ा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "कोरोनावायरस रोग 2019 (COVID-19) के प्रारंभिक प्रकोप के बाद, कई अफ़वाहें (गलत सूचना और दुस्सूचना) फैली हैं, जिनका सम्बंध अक्सर रोग की उत्पत्ति, विदेशी षड्यन्त्रों, रोग-उपचार रोकथाम, और रोग के अन्य पहलुओं से होता है। ऑनलाइन सोशल मीडिया, पाठ संदेश (text message), और कुछ चीनी, और रूसी और ईरानी सरकारी मीडिया एजेंसियों द्वारा गलत सूचना फैलाई गई है। कुछ गलत सूचना और दुष्प्रचार में यह दावा किया गया कि वायरस एक जैव हथियार है जिसका टीका पेटेंट हो चुका है, या यह एक जनसंख्या नियंत्रण योजना है, या एक का जासूसी आपरेशन का परिणाम है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "कोरोना महामारी के उपरान्त लगाये गए लॉकडाउन के कारण देश की आर्थिक स्थिति कमजोर हो गई एवं करोड़ो लोगों का रोज़गार चला गया। कई अंतर्राष्ट्रीय एजेंसियों ने भारत की अर्थव्यवस्था की सिकुड़ने का अनुमान लगाया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "भारत में स्पैनिश फ़्लू महामारी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "कोरोनावायरस से संक्रमित देशों की जानकारी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "[[श्रेणी:2020 में भारत में शिक्षा में असर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "COVID-19 के बाद पहला पेडियाट्रिक मामला Archived 2023-12-29 at the वेबैक मशीन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_097f94e7", "title": "2020 भारत में कोरोनावायरस महामारी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_097f94e7.json"}}
{"text": "पोयाली (Poali) भारत के पश्चिम बंगाल राज्य के दक्षिण २४ परगना ज़िले के बज बज-2 ब्लॉक में स्थित एक नगर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1ccf50c1", "title": "पोयाली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1ccf50c1.json"}}
{"text": "दक्षिण २४ परगना ज़िला", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1ccf50c1", "title": "पोयाली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1ccf50c1.json"}}
{"text": "जयापुरं (अनंतपुर) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के अनंतपुर जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b799670d", "title": "जयापुरं (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b799670d.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b799670d", "title": "जयापुरं (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b799670d.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b799670d", "title": "जयापुरं (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b799670d.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर जयापुरं (अनंतपुर)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b799670d", "title": "जयापुरं (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b799670d.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b799670d", "title": "जयापुरं (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b799670d.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b799670d", "title": "जयापुरं (अनंतपुर)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b799670d.json"}}
{"text": "हनु मान  प्रशांत वर्मा द्वारा लिखित और निर्देशित एक भारतीय तेलुगु भाषा की सुपरहीरो फ़िल्म है। प्राइमशो एंटरटेनमेंट द्वारा निर्मित इस फिल्म में तेजा सज्जा, अमृता अय्यर, वरलक्ष्मी सरथकुमार, राज दीपक शेट्टी और विनय राय मुख्य भूमिकाओं में हैं।फिल्म काल्पनिक गांव अंजनाद्री में सेट है।  यह प्रशांत वर्मा सिनेमैटिक यूनिवर्स (पीवीसीयू) की पहली फिल्म होगी, जिसके बाद अधीरा आएगी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1b6da81", "title": "हनु मान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1b6da81.json"}}
{"text": "अंजनाद्री गांव का रहने वाला हनुमंथु अपनी बहन अंजम्मा के साथ रहता है और उसकी एक प्रेमिका मीनाक्षी है। जब मीनाक्षी ग्राम प्रधान गजपति के खिलाफ विद्रोह करती है, तो गजपति मीनाक्षी पर हमला करता है, और हनुमंथु भी मुसीबत में पड़ जाता है। इस समय के दौरान, हनुमंतु को बहुमूल्य पत्थर, मणि मिलता है, उसे महाशक्तियाँ प्राप्त होती हैं, और वह इन शक्तियों का उपयोग अपने गाँव को बुरी ताकतों से बचाने के लिए करता है। माइकल, एक सुपरहीरो-जुनूनी व्यक्ति, मणि के बारे में सीखता है और लोगों का दुरुपयोग करने के लिए इसे अपने पास रखना चाहता है। क्या हनुमंतु माइकल के इरादों को रोक सकता है और मणि की रक्षा कर सकता है?", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1b6da81", "title": "हनु मान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1b6da81.json"}}
{"text": "हनुमंथु के रूप में तेजा सज्जा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1b6da81", "title": "हनु मान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1b6da81.json"}}
{"text": "मीनाक्षी के रूप में अमृता अय्यर , dheeraj की प्रेमिका", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1b6da81", "title": "हनु मान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1b6da81.json"}}
{"text": "हनुमंथु की बड़ी बहन अंजम्मा के रूप में वरलक्ष्मी सरथकुमार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1b6da81", "title": "हनु मान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1b6da81.json"}}
{"text": "माइकल के रूप में विनय राय", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1b6da81", "title": "हनु मान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1b6da81.json"}}
{"text": "ग्राम प्रधान गजपति के रूप में राज दीपक शेट्टी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1b6da81", "title": "हनु मान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1b6da81.json"}}
{"text": "माइकल के सहायक सिरी वेनेला के रूप में वेनेला किशोर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1b6da81", "title": "हनु मान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1b6da81.json"}}
{"text": "समुथिरकानी , लंका के राजा, बुजुर्ग ऋषि/ विभीषण के रूप में", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1b6da81", "title": "हनु मान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1b6da81.json"}}
{"text": "कासी, हनुमंथु के दोस्त के रूप में गेटअप श्रीनु", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1b6da81", "title": "हनु मान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1b6da81.json"}}
{"text": "दुकानदार के रूप में सत्या", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1b6da81", "title": "हनु मान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1b6da81.json"}}
{"text": "मीनाक्षी की दोस्त के रूप में रोहिणी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1b6da81", "title": "हनु मान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1b6da81.json"}}
{"text": "राकेश मास्टर (कैमियो)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1b6da81", "title": "हनु मान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1b6da81.json"}}
{"text": "कोटि, एक बंदर के रूप में रवि तेजा (वॉयस-ओवर)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1b6da81", "title": "हनु मान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1b6da81.json"}}
{"text": "आधिकारिक उत्पादन वेबसाइट Archived 2022-11-22 at the वेबैक मशीन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1b6da81", "title": "हनु मान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1b6da81.json"}}
{"text": "HanuMan  इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1b6da81", "title": "हनु मान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1b6da81.json"}}
{"text": "नथुवाखान, नैनीताल तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के नैनीताल जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8fff2362", "title": "नथुवाखान, नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8fff2362.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8fff2362", "title": "नथुवाखान, नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8fff2362.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8fff2362", "title": "नथुवाखान, नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8fff2362.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8fff2362", "title": "नथुवाखान, नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8fff2362.json"}}
{"text": "कामा भारतीय राज्य उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के अल्मोड़ा जिले की द्वाराहाट तहसील का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_04c89ca2", "title": "कामा, द्वाराहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_04c89ca2.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_04c89ca2", "title": "कामा, द्वाराहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_04c89ca2.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_04c89ca2", "title": "कामा, द्वाराहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_04c89ca2.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_04c89ca2", "title": "कामा, द्वाराहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_04c89ca2.json"}}
{"text": "महमद षष्ठ (उस्मानी तुर्कीयाई: محمد السادس मेहमेत-इअ सासिस, وحيد الدين वहीदुद्दीन, तुर्कीयाई: Vahideddin या Altıncı Mehmet छठवें महमद) उस्मानी साम्राज्य के 36वें और आख़िरी शासक थे जो अपने भाई महमद पंचम के बाद 1918 से 1922 तक तख़्त पर नशीन रहे। उन्हें 4 जुलाई 1918 को साम्राज्य के संस्थापक उस्मान प्रथम की तलवार से नवाज़ कर 36वें सुल्तान की ज़िम्मेदारियाँ दी गई थीं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ae08bc48", "title": "महमद षष्ठ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ae08bc48.json"}}
{"text": "उनका जन्म को दोल्माबाहचा महल, क़ुस्तुंतुनिया में हुआ था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ae08bc48", "title": "महमद षष्ठ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ae08bc48.json"}}
{"text": "उनके दौर का सबसे अहम और बड़ा वाक़िया पहला विश्व युद्ध था जो साम्राज्य के लिए विनाशकारी साबित हुआ। युद्ध में पराजित होने के नतीजे में बर्तानवी सेनाओं ने बग़दाद और फ़िलिस्तीन पर क़ब्ज़ा कर लिया और साम्राज्य का अधिकांश हिस्सा मित्रदेश बलों के अधीन आ गया। अप्रैल 1920 की सैनरेमो कॉन्फ़्रैंस के नतीजे में शाम पर फ़्रांस और फ़िलिस्तीन और मेसोपोटामिया पर बर्तानिया का अधिकार स्वीकार कर लिया गया। 10 अगस्त 1920 को सुल्तान के प्रतिनिधियों ने समझौते पर दस्तख़त किए जिसके नतीजे में अनातोलिया और इज़्मिर उस्मानी साम्राज्य के क़ब्ज़े से निकल गए और तुर्की का हल्का असर ज़्यादा सिकुड़ गया जबकि समझौते के नतीजे में उन्हें हिजाज़ में आज़ाद राज्य को भी स्वीकार करना पड़ा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ae08bc48", "title": "महमद षष्ठ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ae08bc48.json"}}
{"text": "तुर्क राष्ट्रवादी सुल्तान द्वारा समजौते को स्वीकार करने के फ़ैसले पर सख़्त नाराज़ थे और उन्होंने 23 अप्रैल 1920 को आंकारा में मुस्तफ़ा कमाल अतातुर्क की भव्य तुर्क राष्ट्रीय सभा (तुर्कीयाई: türkiye büyük millet meclisi, तुर्किये बयोक मिल्लत मेजलिसी) का ऐलान किया गया। सुल्तान महमद षष्ठ को तख़्त से उतार दिया गया और आर्ज़ी संविधान प्रख्यापित किया गया। राष्ट्रवादियों ने स्वतंत्रता संग्राम में कामयाब होने के बाद नवंबर 1922 को औपचारिक रूप से उस्मानी साम्राज्य की समाप्ति का ऐलान किया और सुल्तान को नापसंदीदा शख़्सियत क़रार देते हुए मुल्क से निर्वासित कर दिया गया जो 17 नवंबर को बज़रीया बर्तानवी समुद्री जहाज़ माल्टा रवाना हो गए और बाद में उन्होंने अपनी बाक़ी की ज़िंदगी इटली में गुज़ारी। 19 नवंबर 1922 को उनके क़रीबी अब्दुल मजीद आफ़ंदी (अब्दुल मजीद द्वितीय) को नया ख़लीफ़ा चुना गया जो 1924 में ख़िलाफ़त की समाप्ति तक ये ज़िम्मेदारी निभाते रहे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ae08bc48", "title": "महमद षष्ठ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ae08bc48.json"}}
{"text": "महमद षष्ठ की मौत 16 मई 1926 को सैनरेमो, इटली में हुई और उन्हें दमिश्क़ की सुल्तान सलीम प्रथम मस्जिद में दफ़नाया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ae08bc48", "title": "महमद षष्ठ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ae08bc48.json"}}
{"text": "ऐण्डीज (स्पेनी और अंग्रेज़ी: Andes) दुनिया की सबसे लम्बी पर्वत शृंखला है जो दक्षिण अमेरिका के पश्चिमी तट पर स्थित है। कुल मिलाकर यह पर्वतमाला ७,००० किमी तक चलती है और लगभग २०० किमी की औसत चौड़ाई रखती है। इस पर्वतमाला की औसत ऊँचाई ४,००० मीटर (१३,००० फ़ुट) है। ऐन्डीज़ दक्षिण अमेरिका के सात देशों - कोलम्बिया,अर्जेन्टीना, चिली, बोलिविया, पेरू, ईक्वाडोर और वेनेज़ुएला - से गुज़रती है, लेकिन चिली में इसका विस्तार सबसे अधिक है। यह पर्वत शृंखला नवीन मोडदार होने के साथ इसका संबंध अभिसारी प्लेट सीमांत होने के कारण यह भूकंप व ज्वालामुखी से प्रभावित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_18e54f68", "title": "ऐन्डीज़ पर्वत शृंखला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_18e54f68.json"}}
{"text": "ऐन्डीज़ पर्वतों में कई उपश्रंखलाएँ शामिल हैं, जिनके बीच में निचले इलाक़े स्थित हैं। इस क्षेत्र में कई ऊँचे पठार भी मौजूद हैं और यहाँ के कई मुख्य शहर - जैसे कि कीतो, बोगोता, आरेकीपा, मेदेयीन, ला पास, सूक्रे और मेरिदा - इन्हीं पठारों पर स्थित हैं। आल्टिप्लानो का पठार नामक पठार तिब्बत के पठार के बाद विश्व का दूसरा सबसे ऊँचा पठार है। टिटिकाका झील जैसी कई पर्वतीय झीलें भी ऐन्डीज़ श्रंखला में स्थित हैं। इतिहास में ऐन्डीज़ में इंका जैसी कई मूल अमेरिकी संस्कृतियाँ भी पनपी थीं। चिली और अर्जेन्टीना की अंतरराष्ट्रीय सरहद पर खड़ा (जिसका शिखर अर्जेन्टीना की तरफ़ है) ६,९६०.८ मीटर (२२,८३७ फ़ुट) ऊँचा अकोंकागुआ पर्वत (Aconcagua) इस श्रंखला का सबसे बुलन्द पहाड़ है और यह एशिया से बाहर विश्व का सबसे ऊँचा पर्वत है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_18e54f68", "title": "ऐन्डीज़ पर्वत शृंखला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_18e54f68.json"}}
{"text": "जलपुरा भारतीय राज्य बिहार के पटना जिले के पालीगंज प्रखण्ड का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5211a0ea", "title": "जलपुरा गाँव, पालीगंज (पटना)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5211a0ea.json"}}
{"text": "तपनीपाल, पाटी तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के चम्पावत जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9cdba8c2", "title": "तपनीपाल, पाटी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9cdba8c2.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9cdba8c2", "title": "तपनीपाल, पाटी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9cdba8c2.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9cdba8c2", "title": "तपनीपाल, पाटी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9cdba8c2.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9cdba8c2", "title": "तपनीपाल, पाटी तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9cdba8c2.json"}}
{"text": "नैकाणा भारतीय राज्य उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के अल्मोड़ा जिले की सोमेश्वर तहसील का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93235251", "title": "नैकाणा, सोमेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93235251.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93235251", "title": "नैकाणा, सोमेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93235251.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93235251", "title": "नैकाणा, सोमेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93235251.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93235251", "title": "नैकाणा, सोमेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93235251.json"}}
{"text": "गॊसवीडु (कृष्णा) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के कृष्णा जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0350445", "title": "गॊसवीडु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0350445.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0350445", "title": "गॊसवीडु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0350445.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0350445", "title": "गॊसवीडु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0350445.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर गॊसवीडु (कृष्णा)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0350445", "title": "गॊसवीडु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0350445.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0350445", "title": "गॊसवीडु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0350445.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0350445", "title": "गॊसवीडु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0350445.json"}}
{"text": "सरोडा लगा जोग्याणा, यमकेश्वर तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के पौड़ी जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b7c42f01", "title": "सरोडा लगा जोग्याणा, यमकेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b7c42f01.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b7c42f01", "title": "सरोडा लगा जोग्याणा, यमकेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b7c42f01.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b7c42f01", "title": "सरोडा लगा जोग्याणा, यमकेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b7c42f01.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b7c42f01", "title": "सरोडा लगा जोग्याणा, यमकेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b7c42f01.json"}}
{"text": "मजोर्डा (Majorda) भारत के गोवा राज्य के दक्षिण गोवा ज़िले में स्थित एक गाँव है। यह मडगाँव के समीप स्थित है और अरब सागर से तटस्थ है। मजोर्डा बालूतट (बीच) पर्यटकों में बहुत लोकप्रिय है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9a2496e2", "title": "मजोर्डा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9a2496e2.json"}}
{"text": "पुराना डांग भारतीय राज्य उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के अल्मोड़ा जिले की चौखुटिया तहसील का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3d534e74", "title": "पुराना डांग, चौखुटिया तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97,_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3d534e74.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3d534e74", "title": "पुराना डांग, चौखुटिया तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97,_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3d534e74.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3d534e74", "title": "पुराना डांग, चौखुटिया तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97,_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3d534e74.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3d534e74", "title": "पुराना डांग, चौखुटिया तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97,_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3d534e74.json"}}
{"text": "तिरुनावाय केरल के तिरूर मलप्पुरम में स्थित एक कस्बा एवं हिन्दुओं का तीर्थ है। यह भरतप्पुझा (पोन्नानी/नीला या पेरा नदी) नदी के उत्तरी तट पर स्थित है। तिरुनावाय, केरल के प्रमुख हिंदू तीर्थों में से एक है।  यहाँ तिरुनावाय मंदिर (नवमुकुंद/ विष्णु मंदिर) और शिव तथा ब्रह्मा के मंदिर (चेरुतिरुनावाय ब्रह्मा मंदिर और शिव मंदिर/तिरुनावाय महादेव मंदिर) स्थित हैं। तिरुनावाय केरल में कर्कटक वावु पर बलि तर्पण के लिए सबसे प्रमुख स्थानों में से एक है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1b5cbf4e", "title": "तिरुनावाय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1b5cbf4e.json"}}
{"text": "हुसंगा कायमगंज, फर्रुखाबाद, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f5e59ceb", "title": "हुसंगा गाँव, कायमगंज (फर्रुखाबाद)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C_(%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f5e59ceb.json"}}
{"text": "उरी हमला 18 सितम्बर 2016 को जम्मू और कश्मीर के उरी सेक्टर में एलओसी के पास स्थित भारतीय सेना के स्थानीय मुख्यालय पर हुआ, एक आतंकी हमला है जिसमें 16 जवान शहीद हो गए। सैन्य बलों की कार्यवाही में सभी चार आतंकी मारे गए। यह भारतीय सेना पर किया गया, लगभग 20 सालों में सबसे बड़ा हमला है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "उरी हमले में सीमा पार बैठे आतंकियों का हाथ बताया गया है। इनकी योजना के तहत ही सेना के कैंप पर फिदायीन हमला किया गया। हमलावरों के द्वारा निहत्थे और सोते हुए जवानों पर ताबड़तोड़ फायरिंग की गयी ताकि ज्यादा से ज्यादा जवानों को मारा जा सके।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "अमेरिका ने उड़ी हमले को \"आतंकवादी\" हमला करार दिया। उड़ी हमले का बदला भारत ने सर्जिकल स्ट्राइक से लिया, जिस पर एक फिल्म बनी है, उड़ी: द सर्जिकल स्ट्राइक, यह एक ऐसी फिल्म है जिससे देशहित के लिए राष्ट्रवादी विचारधारा का विकास होगा और हम भारतीयों में राष्ट्रीयता पनपेगी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "यह हमला 18 सितम्बर 2016 को सुबह साढ़े 5 बजे (आईएसटी) उरी सेक्टर के पास स्थित आर्मी हेडक्वार्टर पर हुआ। आतंकियों की पहली योजना थी कि निहत्थे और सोते हुए जवानों पर ताबड़तोड़ फायरिंग कर ज्यादा से ज्यादा जवानों को मारा जाए। इसके बाद बटालियन हेडक्वार्ट्स के प्रशासनिक ब्लॉक में मेडिकल एड युनिट में घुसकर वहां खूनखराबा किया जाये और इसके बाद अंत में ऑफिसर्स मेस में घुसकर खुद को उड़ा लेना। हालांकि पैरा स्पेशल फोर्सेज़ को प्रशासनिक ब्लॉक में उतारे जाने के फैसले की वजह से आतंकी अपने इन नापाक मंसूबों में कामयाब नहीं हो पाए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "स्पेशल फोर्सेज़ ने आतंकवादियों को प्रशासनिक ब्लॉक में ही सीमित कर दिया और तेज़ी से किए ऑपरेशन में खत्म कर दिया। कुछ ही घंटों के अंदर ही चारों आतंकियों को मार गिराया गया। पर इससे पहले ही निहत्थे सैनिकों पर गोलीबारी से काफी नुकसान हो चुका था। आतंकवादियों ने बटालियन हेडक्वार्टर के फ्यूल डिपो में ढेरों ग्रेनेड फेंककर आग लगा दी थी। इससे लगभग सौ मीटर के दायरे में भीषण आग लग गई, जिसमें अधिकतर सैनिकों की जान चली गई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "राष्ट्रपति प्रणव मुखर्जी ने ट्वीट कर कहा कि भारत इस तरह के हमलों से डरने वाला नहीं है। इन्होंने दो टूक शब्दों में कहा, \"हम आतंकवादियों और उन्हें शह देने वालों के नापाक इरादों को नाकाम कर देंगे।\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी ने ट्वीट कर कहा, \"हम उड़ी में हुए कायराना हमले की कड़ी आलोचना करते हैं। मैं राष्ट्र को भरोसा देता हूं कि इस कायरतापूर्ण हमले के पीछे जो भी लोग हैं उन्हें सज़ा ज़रूर मिलेगी।\" एक और ट्वीट में मोदी ने कहा, \"हम उड़ी में शहीद होने वालों को सलाम करते हैं। राष्ट्र के प्रति उनकी सेवा को हमेशा याद रखा जाएगा। मेरी संवेदनाएं प्रभावित परिवारों के साथ हैं। मैंने हालात का जायज़ा लेने के लिए गृहमंत्री और रक्षामंत्री से बात की है। रक्षामंत्री हालात पर नज़र रखने के लिए कश्मीर जा रहे हैं।\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "गृहमंत्री राजनाथ सिंह ने ट्वीट कर कहा है कि वे उड़ी में सेना के कैंप पर हुए आतकंवादी हमले में 17 जवानों के \"शहीद होने\" से काफ़ी दुखी हैं। उन्होंने ज़ख़्मी हुए लोगों के जल्दी स्वस्थ होने की कामना भी की।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "सैन्य अभियान महानिदेशक (डीजीएमओ) लेफ्टिनेंट जनरल रणबीर सिंह ने एक प्रेस कॉन्फ्रेन्स में कहा- 'भारतीय सेना ने नियंत्रण रेखा पर और आंतरिक क्षेत्र दोनों ही जगह आतंकी स्थिति से निपटते समय अत्यधिक संयम बरता है। हालांकि आवश्यकता पड़ने पर हम इस तरह की हिंसात्मक और आक्रामक कार्यवाही का जवाब देने के लिए पूरी क्षमता रखते हैं। हम इस तरह की किसी भी शत्रुतापूर्ण कार्यवाही का सही समय और स्थान पर जवाब देने का अपना अधिकार सुरक्षित रखते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस के अधिकारिक अकाउंट से ट्वीट किया गया, \"उरी में हुए कायरतापूर्ण आतंकवादी हमले में भारतीय सैनिकों की शहादत पर कांग्रेस अध्यक्ष सोनिया गांधी ने गहरे दुःख और शोक का इज़हार किया है। सोनिया गांधी ने इसे हमारी राष्ट्रीय चेतना पर हमला कहा है।\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "भारत में अमरीकी राजदूत रिचर्ड वर्मा ने अपने आधिकारिक ट्विटर हैंडल पर ट्वीट किया, \"हम इस आतंकवादी हमले की कड़ी निंदा करते हैं। हमारी संवेदनाएं मारे गए वीर सैनिकों के रिश्तेदारों के साथ हैं।\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "19 सितंबर को संयुक्त राष्ट्र के महासचिव बान की मून के प्रवक्ता ने बयान जारी करके इन हमलों की कड़ी निंदा की और मारे गए सैनिकों के परिवारों औेर भारत सरकार से सहानुभूति जताई। उन्होंने घायलों के शीघ्र स्वस्थ होने की कामना की तथा विश्वास जताया कि अपराधियों को उचित दंड दिया जाएगा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "चीन के प्रवक्ता ने कहा, \"चीन हर तरह के आतंकवाद का विरोध करता है और उसकी कड़े शब्दों में निंदा करता है। हम कश्मीर में बढ़ते तनाव को लेकर चिंतित हैं।\" उन्होंने कहा, \"हमें उम्मीद है कि संबंधित पक्ष अपने मतभेद दूर करने के लिए बातचीत और विचार विमर्श करेंगे तथा आतंकवाद से निपटने के लिए सहयोग बढ़ाएंगे।\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "रूस ने हमले की कड़ी निंदा करते हुए शहीदों के परिवार के प्रति संवेदना जाहिर की है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "फ्रांस ने अपने बयान में कहा कि वह भारत के रुख का मजबूती से समर्थन करता है। भारत आंतकवाद का शिकार रहा है और आतंकवाद के खिलाफ लड़ाई में वह भारत के साथ खड़ा है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "भारत सरकार ने इस आतंकी हमले को बहुत गंभीरता से लिया। गृहमंत्री ने इस हमले की वजह से रूस और अमेरिका के प्रस्तावित दौरे को टाल दिया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "भारतीय गृह मंत्रालय की रिपोर्ट के अनुसार उरी में ढेर किए गए चारों आतंकी जैश-ए-मोहम्मद के थे, जिन्हें पाकिस्तानी सेना ने पीओके के सवाई नाला कैंप में प्रशिक्षण दिया। उरी हमले के लिए आतंकी 2-2 के ग्रुप में आए थे और 36 घंटे पहले ही उन्होंने घुसपैठ की थी। इन 4 आतंकियों को पिछले महीने सवाई नाला कैंप में ट्रेनिंग दी गई थी। हाफिज सईद और सलाउद्दीन ने मिलकर उरी हमले की साजिश रची थी। संयुक्त ट्रेनिंग के बाद हमले के लिए अलग-अलग टीम बनाई गईं। इसके अलावा सुरक्षा एजेंसियों ने बताया कि उनके पास 42 आतंकी कैंपों के खिलाफ पुख्ता सबूत हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "पहले हुए कई हमलों (पठानकोट आदि) की तरह इस हमले में भी आतंकवादियों के पाकिस्तान से संबंध होने के प्रमाण मिले, जिसके कारण भारत भर में पाकिस्तान के प्रति रोष प्रकट हुआ और भारत सरकार ने कई अप्रत्याशित कदम उठाए जिनसे भारत-पाकिस्तान संबंध प्रभावित हुए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "भारत सरकार ने कूटनीतिक स्तर पर विश्वभर में पाकिस्तान को अलग थलग करने की मुहिम छेड़ दी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "संयुक्त राष्ट्र में भारत की विदेश मंत्री ने आतंक का पोषण करने वाले देशों की निंदा की। पाकिस्तान को स्पष्ट शब्दों में कहा कि कश्मीर छीनने का सपना पूरा नहीं होगा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी के बयान 'खून और पानी साथ-साथ नहीं बह सकते' के साथ ही भारत ने सिंधु जल संधि की समीक्षा शुरु कर दी। पाकिस्तान ने इसे युद्ध की कार्यवाही बताया, और भारत के खिलाफ परमाणु हथियारों के उपयोग की धमकी दी। संधि रद्द होने के डर से पाकिस्तान ने विश्व बैंक का दरवाज़ा खटखटाया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "भारत ने नवंबर 2016 में इस्लामाबाद में होने वाले दक्षेस शिखर सम्मेलन का बहिष्कार करने की घोषणा की। बांग्लादेश, अफगानिस्तान व भूटान ने भी भारत का समर्थन करते हुए बहिष्कार की घोषणा की।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "भारत ने पाकिस्तान को दिए गए मोस्ट फेवर्ड नेशन के दर्जे पार पुनर्विचार की घोषणा की।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "29 सितंबर 2016 को भारत के डीजीएमओ ने प्रेस कांफ्रेंस में बताया कि भारतीय सेना ने आतंकियों के ठिकानों पर सर्जिकल हमले किए। ये हमले पीओके में किये गए, आतंकवादियों के 7 ट्रेनिंग कैम्पों पर यह सर्जिकल हमला किया गया जिसमें कम से कम 38 आतंकवादियों को मार गिराया गया, 2 पाक सैनिकों के मारे जाने की भी खबर मिली।हालात पर पीएम मोदी की नज़र थी व गृहमंत्री राजनाथ सिंह, रक्षा मंत्री मनोहर पर्रिकर व सेना के तीनों प्रमुखों से पीएम जुड़े हुए थे। इस आपरेशन की जानकारी अमेरिका, रूस व ब्रिटेन को अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय प्रोटोकोल के तहत दे दी गई थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_649dee5a", "title": "2016 उड़ी हमला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_649dee5a.json"}}
{"text": "वेल्स के राजकुमार जॉर्ज (जॉर्ज अलेक्जेंडर लुइस; जन्म 22 जुलाई 2013) ब्रिटिश शाही परिवार के सदस्य हैं। वह विलियम, वेल्स के राजकुमार और कैथरीन, वेल्स की राजकुमारी की सबसे बड़ी संतान हैं। जॉर्ज यूनाइटेड किंगडम के राजा चार्ल्स तृतीय के सबसे बड़े पोते भी हैं और अपने पिता के बाद ब्रिटिश सिंहासन के उत्तराधिकारी की पंक्ति में दूसरे स्थान पर हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_aa4b03db", "title": "वेल्स के राजकुमार जॉर्ज", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_aa4b03db.json"}}
{"text": "राजकुमार विलियम अपनी पत्नी की गर्भावस्था के अंतिम दौर में दो सप्ताह के अवकाश पर थे, जो रक्षा मंत्रालय द्वारा सेना के कर्मचारियों को प्रदान किया जाता है। 22 जुलाई 2013 की सुबह डचेस को शुरुआती प्रसव वेदना के साथ सेंट मैरी अस्पताल में भर्ती किया गया। राजकुमार जॉर्ज का जन्म ब्रिटिश समय के अनुसार शाम चार बजकर 24 मिनट (समन्वित सार्वत्रिक समय अनुसार तीन बजकर चौबीस मिनट) पर हुआ और जन्म के समय उनका वजन आठ पाउण्ड छह औंस (तीन किलो 628 ग्राम) था। डचेज़ ने बच्चे को अस्पताल के प्राइवेट लिंडो विंग में जन्म दिया तब उनके पति उनके साथ ही थे। इसी स्थान पर डायना ने क्रमशः 1982 और 1984 में अपने बेटों राजकुमार विलियम और राजकुमार हैरी को जन्म दिया था। नवजात बच्चे ने महारानी के पूर्व प्रसूतिशास्री मार्कस सेटचेल की देखरेख में जन्म लिया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_aa4b03db", "title": "वेल्स के राजकुमार जॉर्ज", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_aa4b03db.json"}}
{"text": "राजकुमार का पूरा नाम और शैली है: हिज़ रॉयल हायनेस प्रिंस जॉर्ज ऑफ़ वेल्स। ये 16 राष्ट्रमंडल क्षेत्रों के सिंहासनों के उत्तराधिकारियों की पंक्ति में दूसरे स्थान पर हैं। राजगद्दी के वारिसों की सूची में जॉर्ज अपने पिता के पश्चात आते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_aa4b03db", "title": "वेल्स के राजकुमार जॉर्ज", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_aa4b03db.json"}}
{"text": "महाराजा जॉर्ज पंचम द्वारा 1917 में और महरानी एलिजाबेथ द्वितीय द्वारा 2012 में जारी किए गए पत्र पेटेंट के अंतर्गत जॉर्ज ब्रिटिश राजकुमार हैं और अपने नाम के आगे सम्मान बोधक शब्द रॉयल हायनेस शैली के हकदार हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_aa4b03db", "title": "वेल्स के राजकुमार जॉर्ज", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_aa4b03db.json"}}
{"text": "परसारी, जोशीमठ तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के चमोली जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fbc83b11", "title": "परसारी, जोशीमठ तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fbc83b11.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fbc83b11", "title": "परसारी, जोशीमठ तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fbc83b11.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fbc83b11", "title": "परसारी, जोशीमठ तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fbc83b11.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fbc83b11", "title": "परसारी, जोशीमठ तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fbc83b11.json"}}
{"text": "बलक़ान प्रान्त (तुर्कमेनी: Balkan welaýaty, अंग्रेज़ी: Balkan Province, फ़ारसी: ur) तुर्कमेनिस्तान की एक विलायत (यानि प्रान्त) है। यह उस देश के सुदूर पश्चिम में स्थित है और इसकी सरहदें ईरान, उज़बेकिस्तान, कज़ाख़स्तान और कैस्पियन सागर से लगती हैं। इस प्रान्त का क्षेत्रफल १,३९,२७० किमी२ है और सन् २००५ की जनगणना में इसकी आबादी ५,५३,५०० अनुमानित की गई थी। बलक़ान प्रान्त की राजधानी बलक़ानाबात (Балканабат) शहर है, जिसे पहले नेबित दाग़ (Nebit Dag) बुलाया जाता था। बलक़ान प्रांत की आबादी का घनत्व तुर्कमेनिस्तान के सभी प्रान्तों में सबसे कम है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6a9b5403", "title": "बलक़ान प्रान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6a9b5403.json"}}
{"text": "बलक़ान प्रांत में प्राकृतिक गैस और पेट्रोल के खनिज हैं। यहाँ से तुर्कमेनिस्तान का ९४% गैस उत्पादन और १२% पेट्रोल-सम्बन्धी उत्पादन आता है। यह प्रांत तुर्कमेनिस्तान की १८% बिजली भी पैदा करता है। यहाँ का वातावरण बहुत शुष्क है जिस कारणवश यहाँ कृषि प्रैदावर बहुत कम है। तुर्कमेनिस्तान की उपजाऊ ज़मीन का केवल ४.५% बलक़ान प्रांत में है। कैस्पियन सागर में स्थित ओगुरजा अदा द्वीप भी प्रशासनिक रूप से इसी प्रांत का हिस्सा है, जहाँ कभी समुद्री डाकू छुपते थे और और फिर बाद में कोढ़ियों का हस्पताल था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6a9b5403", "title": "बलक़ान प्रान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6a9b5403.json"}}
{"text": "तुर्कमेनिस्तान के प्रान्त", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6a9b5403", "title": "बलक़ान प्रान्त", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6a9b5403.json"}}
{"text": "सिरसी भारतीय राज्य बिहार के पटना जिले के बख़्तियारपुर प्रखण्ड का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7d02dff6", "title": "सिरसी गाँव, बख़्तियारपुर (पटना)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7d02dff6.json"}}
{"text": "मोज़िला फ़ायरफ़ॉक्स (संक्षेप में फ़ायरफ़ॉक्स) मोज़िला फ़ाउण्डेशन और उसकी सहायक, मोज़िला निगम, द्वारा विण्डोज,मैक ओएस , लिनक्स और एण्ड्रॉयड के लिए विकसित किया गया एक स्वतंत्र और खुला स्रोत वेब ब्राउज़र है। मोज़िला कॉर्पोरेशन एक मुक्त स्रोत सॉफ़्टवेयर समुदाय है जो फ़ायरफ़ॉक्स को प्रबन्धित करती है।यह वेब पेजों को प्रदर्शित करने के लिए गीको प्रतिपादन  इंजन का उपयोग करता है, जो वर्तमान और प्रत्याशित वेब मानकों को लागू करता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_afec4809", "title": "मोज़िला फ़ायरफ़ॉक्स", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_afec4809.json"}}
{"text": "सितंबर 2022 तक, स्टेटकाउंटर के अनुसार, डेस्कटॉप वेब ब्राउज़र के रूप में इसका 7.4% उपयोग शेयर है, जो इसे गूगल  क्रोम (67%), माइक्रोसॉफ्ट एड्ज (11%), और एप्पल सफारी (8.8) के बाद चौथा सबसे लोकप्रिय डेस्कटॉप वेब ब्राउज़र बनाता है। %)। सभी प्लेटफार्मों में यह 3.2% की उपयोग हिस्सेदारी के साथ फिर से चौथे स्थान पर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_afec4809", "title": "मोज़िला फ़ायरफ़ॉक्स", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_afec4809.json"}}
{"text": "एस्प्लेनेड (Esplanade), मध्य कोलकाता में स्थित एक क्षेत्र है। अंग्रेजी भाषा में एस्प्लेनेड किसी जल निकाय के साथ स्थित एक खुला क्षेत्र है लेकिन अपने नाम के विपरीत यह क्षेत्र सचमुच में एक \"एस्पलेनेड\" नहीं है क्योंकि यह क्षेत्र पानी के पास स्थित नहीं है। हालाँकि हुगली नदी इस क्षेत्र से कुछ दूरी से बहती है। एस्प्लेनेड शहर के दिल में स्थित है और कोलकाता शहर के व्यस्त इलाकों में से एक है। यहाँ कोलकाता मेट्रो का एक स्टेशन भी स्थित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2dec6620", "title": "एस्प्लेनेड, कोलकाता", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2dec6620.json"}}
{"text": "कोलकाता का  मैदान, जो पहले जंगल था, उसके उत्तरी भाग को अंग्रेजों ने 'एस्प्लेनेड' नाम दिया गया था। पुराने समय में इसका विस्तार  धर्मतला (अब लेनिन सरानी) से लेकर हुगली नदी के चाँदपाल घाट तक था। वारेन हेस्टिंग्स के दिनों में, अंग्रेजों के लिए यह सैर करने और पार्टी करने की पसंदीदा जगह थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2dec6620", "title": "एस्प्लेनेड, कोलकाता", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2dec6620.json"}}
{"text": "इस क्षेत्र की पहली तस्वीरें डेनियल और  विलियम बैली ने अठारहवीं शताब्दी के अंत में बनाई थीं। पुराने गवर्नमेंट हाउस और काउंसिल हाउस उनकी प्रत्येक तस्वीर की विशिष्ट विषयवस्तु थे। उनके एक चित्र में उपस्थित लोगों की भीड़ के साथ दो हाथियों को भी देखा जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2dec6620", "title": "एस्प्लेनेड, कोलकाता", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2dec6620.json"}}
{"text": "1867 में दो ब्रिटिश छायाकारों सैमुअल बॉर्न और चार्ल्स शेफर्ड ने यहाँ पर बॉर्न एंड शेफर्ड फोटोग्राफिक स्टूडियो की स्थापना की थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2dec6620", "title": "एस्प्लेनेड, कोलकाता", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2dec6620.json"}}
{"text": "प्लासी की लड़ाई में ब्रिटिश की जीत और 1758 में नए फोर्ट विलियम के निर्माण के बाद से भारत में ब्रिटिश सत्ता की स्थिति मजबूत हो गयी। कालिकाता के यूरोपीय निवासी भी धीरे-धीरे अपने पुराने तंग इलाकों को छोड़ कर  मैदान के आसपास चले आए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2dec6620", "title": "एस्प्लेनेड, कोलकाता", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2dec6620.json"}}
{"text": "कोलकाता का पहला दर्ज किया गया फुटबॉल मैच अप्रैल 1858 में 'कलकत्ता क्लब ऑफ सिविलियंस' और 'जेंटलमेन ऑफ बैरकपुर' के बीच एस्प्लेनेड में ही खेला गया था। इससे पहले भी मैच हुए थे लेकिन उन का कोई दस्तावेज उपलब्ध नहीं है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2dec6620", "title": "एस्प्लेनेड, कोलकाता", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2dec6620.json"}}
{"text": "रॉबर्ट कॉख सूक्ष्मजैविकी के क्षेत्र में युगपुरूष माने जाते हैं। इन्होंने हैजा, ऐन्थ्रेक्स तथा क्षय रोगों पर गहन अध्ययन किया और अंततः यह सिद्ध कर दिया कि कई रोग सूक्ष्मजीवों के कारण होते हैं। इसके लिए सन 1905 में उन्हें नोबेल पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया। कोच ने रोगों एवं उनके कारक जीवों का पता लगाने के लिए कुछ परिकल्पनाएं की थी जो आज भी इस्तेमाल होती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c1b47310", "title": "रॉबर्ट कॉख", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%96", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c1b47310.json"}}
{"text": "दस दिसम्बर, २०१७ के दिन गूगल के डूडल पर जर्मन वैज्ञानिक डॉ. रॉबर्ट कॉख को जगह दी गई थी। उनके जन्म दिन सम्मान में उनका डूडल बनाया गया है.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c1b47310", "title": "रॉबर्ट कॉख", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%96", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c1b47310.json"}}
{"text": "काण्डी-उ०व०-२, यमकेश्वर तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के पौड़ी जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_896b96b2", "title": "काण्डी-उ०व०-२, यमकेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%89%E0%A5%A6%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_896b96b2.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_896b96b2", "title": "काण्डी-उ०व०-२, यमकेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%89%E0%A5%A6%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_896b96b2.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_896b96b2", "title": "काण्डी-उ०व०-२, यमकेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%89%E0%A5%A6%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_896b96b2.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_896b96b2", "title": "काण्डी-उ०व०-२, यमकेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%89%E0%A5%A6%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_896b96b2.json"}}
{"text": "यारियां (२०१४ फ़िल्म) एक भारतीय बॉलीवुड फ़िल्म है। जिसका निर्देशन दिव्या खोसला कुमार ने किया है। इसमें हिमांश कोहली निकोल फ़ारिया और रकुल प्रीत सिंह मुख्य किरदार निभा रहे हैं। इस फ़िल्म में इन सभी कलाकारों के साथ-साथ इसके निर्देशक की भी यह पहली फ़िल्म है। इस फ़िल्म के निर्माता भूषण कुमार और कृशन कुमार हैं। यह फ़िल्म 10 जनवरी 2014 को 1200 सिनेमाघरों में प्रदर्शित हुई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1591650f", "title": "यारियां (२०१४ फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1591650f.json"}}
{"text": "और ये भी पढ़ें:- Fukrey 3 Movie review Archived 2024-02-28 at the वेबैक मशीन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1591650f", "title": "यारियां (२०१४ फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1591650f.json"}}
{"text": "यह कहानी 5 मित्रों की हैं, जो एक ही महाविद्यालय में पढ़ते हैं। यह कहानी तब शुरू होती है, जब वह एक प्रतियोगिता में भाग लेते है। इसमें पाँच चरण होते हैं। पहला चरण गाना गाने का होता है। लेकिन इसमें उनके बनाए गए गाने को दूसरे प्रतियोगी चुरा लेते हैं। यह जानकर उन पाँच दोस्तों को क्रोध आता है। लेकिन वह अब गाने के लिए गाना क्या गायें? यह सोचते हैं और एक गाना गा देते हैं। लेकिन वह इस चरण में विफल हो जाते हैं। दूसरे चरण में चेस प्रतियोगिता होती है। चिकित्सालय में उनके दोस्त देबू अपने चोटों से उभर नहीं पाता और उसकी मृत्यु हो जाती है। उसके जाने के कारण वह सभी दोस्त दुःखी हो जाते है और तीसरे चरण की प्रतियोगिता हार जाते है। इसके पश्चात चौथा चरण दोनों ही बराबर रहते है। इसके पश्चात उन्हे पाँचवाँ और अंतिम चरण का प्रतियोगिता होता है। इसमें वे जीत जाते हैं और कहानी समाप्त हो जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1591650f", "title": "यारियां (२०१४ फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1591650f.json"}}
{"text": "हिमांश कोहली (लक्ष्य)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1591650f", "title": "यारियां (२०१४ फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1591650f.json"}}
{"text": "रकुल प्रीत सिंह (सलोनी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1591650f", "title": "यारियां (२०१४ फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1591650f.json"}}
{"text": "निकोल फ़ारिया (जिया)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1591650f", "title": "यारियां (२०१४ फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1591650f.json"}}
{"text": "श्रेयस पोरुस परदीवाला (परदी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1591650f", "title": "यारियां (२०१४ फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1591650f.json"}}
{"text": "इवेलिन शर्मा (जन्नेत)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1591650f", "title": "यारियां (२०१४ फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1591650f.json"}}
{"text": "स्मिता जयकर (लक्ष्य की माँ)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1591650f", "title": "यारियां (२०१४ फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1591650f.json"}}
{"text": "गुलशन ग्रोवर (महाविद्यालय का प्राचार्य)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1591650f", "title": "यारियां (२०१४ फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1591650f.json"}}
{"text": "हेमंत पांडे (सलोनी के पिता)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1591650f", "title": "यारियां (२०१४ फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1591650f.json"}}
{"text": "मनीष कुमार (जेनी का मित्र)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1591650f", "title": "यारियां (२०१४ फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1591650f.json"}}
{"text": "यो यो हनी सिंह (बेटबेल्ली)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1591650f", "title": "यारियां (२०१४ फ़िल्म)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1591650f.json"}}
{"text": "श्रीपुर ता उतराँव हंडिया, इलाहाबाद, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a68fb241", "title": "श्रीपुर ता उतराँव गाँव, हंडिया (इलाहाबाद)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a68fb241.json"}}
{"text": "भाग्पुरैनी में भारत के बिहार राज्य के अन्तर्गत पुर्णिया मण्डल के अररिया जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0eca18c8", "title": "भाग्पुरैनी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0eca18c8.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0eca18c8", "title": "भाग्पुरैनी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0eca18c8.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0eca18c8", "title": "भाग्पुरैनी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0eca18c8.json"}}
{"text": "किसी तरल (द्रव या गैस) में उपस्थित कणों का जमीन पर आकर बैठ जाना अवसादन (सेडिमेन्टेशन) या तलछटीकरण कहलाता हैं। अवसादन, तरल में निलम्बित कणों पर लगने वाले गुरुत्व बल या अपकेन्द्री बल के कारण होता है। भूविज्ञान में अवसादन को प्रायः अपरदन की विपरीत क्रिया माना जाता है। अपरदन एवं तलछट एक मिला जुला कार्य होता है । वास्तविकता में यह भी एक चट्टानों एवं वातावरण परिवर्तनों के कारण चट्टानों के क्षय या  को मिट्टी का कटवा अपरदन के कारण मिट्टी के कन छोटे-छोटे कणों बन जाते हैं। वातावरण में परिवर्तनों के कारण भी होता है ।यह परिवर्तन  वर्षा आदि के कारण चट्टाने मिट्टी पेड़ पौधे अपने मूल आधार  में परिवर्तन  होने लगता है  वास्तविकता में इसका उपयोग वैज्ञानिक परीक्षणों के द्वारा इसमें उपस्थित रसायनों का प्रयोग करके इन सभी पदार्थो का  दैनिक जीवन में उपयोग चल रहा है  अवसाधन से मिले पदार्थ में पीएच मान अलग-अलग पदार्थ में भिन्न प्रकार से  पाए जाते हैं इन पदार्थों का उपयोग उसे स्थान में उसमें उपस्थित पीएच मान के आधार पर किया जाता है आज वर्तमान में हमारे पृथ्वी पर बहुलता से उपयोग किया जा रहा हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_bf3e3a5c", "title": "अवसादन", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_bf3e3a5c.json"}}
{"text": "अचार बनाना, जिसे ब्राइनिंग या डिब्बाबंदी के नाम से भी जाना जाता है, लैक्टिक एसिड बनाने के लिए, या खाद्य पदार्थ को किसी अम्लीय घोल, सामान्यतः सिरका (एसेटिक एसिड) में मसाले लगाकर संग्रहीत करने के लिए लवण (नमक और पानी का घोल) में वातनिरपेक्ष किण्वन द्वारा खाद्य पदार्थ संरक्षित करने की एक प्रक्रिया है। इस प्रक्रिया के बाद तैयार होने वाले खद्य पदार्थ को अचार कहा जाता है। इस प्रक्रिया से खाद्य पदार्थ का स्वाद नमकीन या खट्टा हो जाता है। दक्षिण एशिया में, खाद्य तेलों का उपयोग सिरका के साथ अचार बनाने के माध्यम के रूप में किया जाता है। अगर आप चाहो तो अचार का बजनेस भी शुरू कर सकते हो।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "एक और ख़ास विशेषता यह है कि इसका pH, 4.6 से कम होता है, जो अधिकांश बैक्टीरिया को मारने के लिए पर्याप्त है। अचार बनाकर विकारी खाद्य पदार्थों को भी महीनों तक संरक्षित किया जा सकता है। सुक्ष्मजीवीरोधी जड़ी बूटियों और मसालें, जैसे सरसों के बीज, लहसुन दालचीनी या लौंग अक्सर लिलाए जाते हैं। अगर खाद्य पदार्थ में पर्याप्त नमी हो, तो अचार बनाने का लवण केवल सूखा नमक मिलाकर बनाया जा सकता है। उदाहरण के लिए, गोभी और कोरियाई किमची अतिरिक्त पानी से सब्जियों को बाहर निकालकर उनमें नमक लगाकर बनाया जाता है। लैक्टिक एसिड बैक्टीरिया से, कमरे के तापमान पर प्राकृतिक किण्वन आवश्यक अम्लता का निर्माण करता है। अन्य अचार सिरका में सब्जियों को रखकर बनाए जाते हैं। डिब्बाबंदी प्रक्रिया के विपरीत, अचार बनाने (जिसमें किण्वन शामिल है) के लिए सील किए जाने से पहले खाद्य पदार्थ को को पूरी तरह से रोगाणुहीन करने की आवश्यकता नहीं होती है। घोल की अम्लता या लवणता, किण्वन का तापमान और ऑक्सीजन का बहिष्करण जिस पर सूक्ष्मजीव हावी होते हैं, उत्पाद के स्वाद को निर्धारित करती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "जब दोनों नमक एकाग्रता और तापमान कम होते हैं, तब लियोकोंस्टोक मेसेंट्रोइड्स हावी होते हैं, जो अम्ल, अल्कोहल और एरोम यैगिकों का मिश्रण बनाते हैं। उच्च तापमान में लैक्टोबैसिलस प्लैंटरम हावी होते हैं, जो मुख्य रूप से लैक्टिक एसिड बनाते हैं। कई अचार लियोकोंस्टोक से शुरू करके अधिक अम्लता होने पर लैक्टोबैसिलस में बदल जाते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "अचार शुरू में बदलते मौसम में उपयोग और लंबी यात्राओं, विशेषकर समुद्री यात्रा में खाद्य पदार्थ को संरक्षित रखने के लिए बनाया जाता था। भाप इंजन के आने से पहले नमकीन पोर्क और नमकीन गोमांस नाविकों के लिए आम अनिर्मित भोजन हुआ करते थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "यद्यपि इस प्रक्रिया का आविष्कार खाद्य पदार्थों के संरक्षण के लिए किया गया था, लेकिन लोग अचार इसके स्वाद का आनंद लेने के लिए भी खाते हैं। बैक्टीरिया द्वारा निर्मित बी विटामिन की उपस्थिति के कारण अचार खाद्य पदार्थों के पोषण को भी बढ़ाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "अचार शब्द की उत्पत्ति डच शब्द pekel से हुई है, जिसका अर्थ लवण है।डच भाषा अमेरिका और कनाडा में, लाक्षणिक रूप से उपयोग किए जाने के अतिरिक्त, अकेले अचार शब्द अधिकांशतः खीरे के अचार (अन्य अचारों को \"प्याज का अचार\", \"गोभी का अचार\" आदि के रूप में वर्णित किया जाता है) का संकेत देता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "दुनिया भर में अचार की लोकप्रियता", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "मुख्य लेख: चीनी अचार, मिश्रित अचार, भारतीय अचार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "भारत में अचार (पिकल) के विभिन्न प्रकार उपलब्ध हैं, (हिन्दी और पंजाबी में अचार, कन्नड़ में उपिन्नकाई, मराठी में लोनचा, तमिल में ओरुकई, तेलुगु में ओरगया (ఊరగాయ) के रूप में जाने जाते हैं), ये मुख्य रूप से आम, नींबू, भारतीय गूज बेरी (आंवला), लाल मिर्च, सब्जियां, अदरक, लहसुन और चकोतरा से बनाए जाते हैं। इन फलों / सब्जियों में आम तौर पर कुछ अन्य सामग्रियां जैसे नमक, मसाले, वनस्पति तेल मिलाए जाते हैं और कुछ समय के लिए खुला रखा जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "पाकिस्तान में, अचार (पिकल) को स्थानीय रूप से अचार (उर्दू में) के रूप में जाना जाता है और यह कई स्वादों में उपलब्ध है। पारंपरिक मिश्रित हैदराबादी अचार सर्वाधिक लोकप्रिय है, जो अत्यधिक स्वादिष्ट होता है और इसे फलों (खासकर आम) और सब्जियों को संकलित करके एवं चयनित मसाले मिलाकर बनाया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "इंडोनेशियाई अचार, एसर, विशेष रूप से खीरा, गाजर, बर्डस आई मिर्च और मिर्ची से बनाया जाता है, जिसे सिरका, चीनी और नमक डालकर स्वादिष्ट बनाया जाता है। पपीता और अनानास जैसे फलों का भी अचार बनाया जाता है। फिलीपींस में, अचारा, जिसे हरे पपीते, गाजर और शलजम, साथ ही लहसुन और सिरका के लओ6ग से बनाया जाता है। वियतनाम में, सब्जी के अचार को काई कुआ (खत्ती सब्जियां\" कहा जाता है। श्रीलंका में, अचारू पारंपरिक रूप से गाजर, प्याज और मूंगफली से बनाया जाता है। सरसों पाउडर, काली मिर्च, कुचल अदरक, लहसुन और सिरका के साथ मिश्रित, इन मदों एक मिट्टी के बर्तन में रखा जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "चीन सब्जियों के विविध प्रकार के अचारों के लिए प्रसिद्ध है, जिसमें मूली, बाइकाई (चीनी पत्तागोभी, विशेष रूप से सुआन काई, ला बाइ काई, पाओ काई, और तियंजिन संरक्षित सब्जियां), जा काई, काली मिर्च और खीरा, साथ ही और भी बहुत कुछ शामिल हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "जापानी सुकेमोनो (खाद्य अचार) में तकुन (डाइकोन), उमेबोशी (उमे बेर), गरी और बेनी शोगा  (अदरक), टर्निप, खीरा और चीनी पत्तागोभी होते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "कोरिया स्टेपल किमची आमतौर पर चीने पत्तागोभी और मूली से बने होते हैं, लेकिन इसे है और गोभी आमतौर पर बनाया से मसालेदार चीनी, लेकिन यह भी प्याज हरी बनाया वजह से उपजी है, लहसुन, chives और अन्य सब्जियों के एक मेजबान. जंगाजी/0} सब्जियों के अचार एक उदाहरण है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "रोमानिया में, अचार चुकंदर, खीरा, हरे टमाटर (गोगोनेले), गाजर, पत्तागोभी, बेल काली मिर्च, तरबूज, मशरूम, शलजम, अजवाइन और फूलगोभी से बनाए जाते हैं। मांस, जैसे कि सुअर का मांस भी नमक और चरबी के साथ संरक्षित किया जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "ग्रीस में, अचार, जिसे τουρσι कहा जाता है, गाजर, अजवाइन, टमाटर, गोभी और काली मिर्च का बनाया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "अल्बानिया, बुल्गारिया, सर्बिया और मैसेडोनिया में, मिश्रित अचार, जिसे तुरशीi के रूप में जाना जाता है, लोकप्रिय ऐपेटाइज़र बनाते है6, जिन्हें राकिया के साथ खाया जाता है। हरे टमाटर, खीरे, गाजर, बेल काली मिर्च, काली मिर्च, बैंगन और गोभी के अचार भी लोकप्रिय हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "पोलैंड में, परंपरागत अचार खीरे और गोभी के होते हैं, लेकिन अन्य फल और सब्जियों के अचार, जिनमें बेर, कद्दू, मशरूम शामिल है6, भी आम हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "रूस में, अचार वाले आइटमों में बीट, मशरूम, टमाटर, गोभी, खीरे, जंगली लहसुन, लहसुन, बैंगन (जिसमें विशेष रूप से कद्दूकस करके गाजर भरा जाता है), कस्टर्ड स्क्वैश और तरबूज शामिल हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "स्कैंडिनिविया में मछली रोलमोप्स और सामन के अचार लोकप्रिय हैं। कई पारंपरिक व्यजंनो के लिए छौंक के रूप में खीरे और बीट के अचार महत्त्वपूर्ण होते हैं। स्कैंडिनेवियाई व्यंजनों में केपर्स के अचार भी आम है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "तुर्की में, अचार, जिसे तुर्सु कहते हैं, सब्जियों, जड़ों और फल जैसे कालीमिर्च, खीरा, अर्मेनियाई खीरा, पत्तागोभी, टमाटर, बैंगन (ऑबर्गाइन), गाजर, शलजम, चुकंदर, हरे बादाम, छोटे और तरबूज और हरे बेर के बनाए जाते हैं। मसालों के मिश्रण से अचार के स्वाद में निखार आता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "ब्रिटेन में, प्याज के अचार और अंडे के अचार पब और मछली और चिप के दुकानों में अक्सर बेचे जाते हैं। चुकंदर, अखरोट और खीरा के अचार और मसालें जैसे कि ब्रैंस्टन अचार और पिकालिली विशेष रूप से सुअर के मांस और ठंडे मांस, सैंडविच य प्लॉगमैन के दोपहर के भोजन में सहायक भोजन के रूप में खाए जाते हैं। ब्रिटेन के अन्य लोकप्रिय अचार मसेल्स, कॉकल्स, लाल गोभी, आम की चटनी, गोभी और जैतून के अचार हैं", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "यूक्रेन में, गार्डन प्रोड्यूस आम तौर पर खाया जाने वाला अचार है, जिसे नमक, सोआ, किशमिश के पत्तों और लहसुन से बनाया जाता है और ठंडे और अंधकारमय स्थान में संग्रहीत किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "इटली में, सब्जियों का अचार, गियार्डिनीरा में, प्याज, गाजर, अजवाइन और गोभी होते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "ईरान, इसराइल और सभी अरब देशों में, अचार (फारसी में तोर्सी, अरबी में मखालेल, और हिब्रू फ़ारसी भाषामें हामुतिज़्म) आमतौर पर बनाया से शलजम, काली मिर्च, गाजर, हरे जैतून, खीरे, चुकंदर, गोभी, नींबू और फूलगोभी का बनाया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका और कनाडा में, खीरे का अचार (अधिकांशतः संयुक्त राज्य अमेरीका और कनाडा में \"अचार\" के रूप में जाना जाता है), जैतून का अचार सबसे अधिक लोकप्रिय हैं, यद्यपि अन्य देशों के लोकप्रिय अचार (जैसे टमाटर का अचार जो कि न्यू योर्क शहर की देन है) भी उपलब्ध हैं। गियार्डेनीयरा, कालीमिर्च, अजवाइन और जैतून का मिश्रण, शिकागो और इतालवी-अमेरिकी आबादी वाले बड़े शहरों में सर्वाधिक लोकप्रिय है और अक्सर इतालवी गोमांस सैंडविच के साथ इसका सेवन किया जाता है। मिशिगन के अपर पेनिनशुला में अंडे का अचार आम है। दक्षिणी अमेरिका में, गहरे तले अचार और सुअर के पैर, मुर्गी के अंडे, बटेर के अंडे क अचार और सॉसेज के अचार की तरह भिंडी और तरबूज के छिलका का अचार लोकप्रिय हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "मेक्सिको में, काली मिर्च, विशेषकर अलोपीनो और सेर्रानो, प्याज, गाजर और जड़ी बूटियों से बना अचार आम है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "अचार बनाने की प्रक्रिया", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "रासयनिक अचार बनाने के लिए जार और ढक्कन को जीवाणुहीन बनाने के लिए सबसे पहले उबाला जाता है। अचार बनाने के लिए फल या सब्जी में लवण और/या सिरका मिलाकर जार में रखा जाता है और साथ ही मसाले भी मिलाए जाते हैं और इसके बाद वांछित स्वाद प्राप्त होने तक उसे किण्वित किया जाता है। वाणिज्यिक अचार में, सोडियम बेन्ज़ोनेट या EDTA जैसे संरक्षक भी मिलाए जाते हैं ताकि उसे लंबे समय तक रखा जा सके। किण्वन अचार में, खाद्य पदार्थ स्वयं ही संरक्षण एजेंट बनाते हैं, विशेष रूप से एक ऐसी प्रक्रिया के माध्यम से जो लैक्टिक एसिड बनाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "अन्य घरेलु खाद्य संरक्षण विधियां", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "खमीरीकृत फल और सब्जियां. एक वैश्विक परिप्रेक्ष्य. फ़ूड एंड एग्रीकल्चर ऑर्गेनाइज़ेशन ऑफ़ द यूनाइटेड नेशन्स", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "घरेलु खाद्य संरक्षण का राष्ट्रीय केन्द्र: मैं कैसे ..अचार बनाऊं", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "बारहमासी पौधे से अचार बनाने का वीडियो", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "साँचा:Cooking techniques", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "साँचा:Food preparation", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_27a668a1", "title": "अचार बनाना", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_27a668a1.json"}}
{"text": "अंकिता लोखंडे भारतीय टेलीविजन अभिनेत्री है। 2009 से 2014 तक वो पवित्र रिश्ता नामक धारावाहिक में मुख्य किरदार अर्चना को निभाई हैं। इसी कार्यक्रम के लिए वह सबसे ज्यादा ज्ञात हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_16bb4be6", "title": "अंकिता लोखंडे", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_16bb4be6.json"}}
{"text": "प्रारंभिक और व्यक्तिगत जीवन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_16bb4be6", "title": "अंकिता लोखंडे", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_16bb4be6.json"}}
{"text": "लोखंडे का जन्म इंदौर में 19 दिसंबर 1984 को शशिकांत (एक बैंकर) और वंदना पंडिस (एक शिक्षक) के रूप में हुआ था और उनके दो छोटे भाई हैं जिनका नाम है सूरज और ज्योति। [7] अपने कॉलेज में राज्य स्तरीय बैडमिंटन खिलाड़ी के रूप में स्नातक होने के बाद, उन्होंने अभिनय के अपने जुनून को आगे बढ़ाने के लिए 2005 में मुंबई का रुख किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_16bb4be6", "title": "अंकिता लोखंडे", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_16bb4be6.json"}}
{"text": "लोखंडे ने सुशांत सिंह राजपूत के साथ पवित्र रिश्ता में अभिनय किया, जहाँ वे 2010 में एक दूसरे को डेट करने लगे  हालांकि, वे 2016 में टूट गए और अलग हो गए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_16bb4be6", "title": "अंकिता लोखंडे", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_16bb4be6.json"}}
{"text": "2019 में, उसने अपने प्रेमी विकी जैन के साथ अपने रिश्ते की घोषणा की, जो एक व्यवसायी था। 11 जून 2020 को उनकी सगाई हुई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_16bb4be6", "title": "अंकिता लोखंडे", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_16bb4be6.json"}}
{"text": "2009–14 पवित्र रिश्ता - अर्चना मानव देशमुख / अंकिता नरेन के रूप में", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_16bb4be6", "title": "अंकिता लोखंडे", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_16bb4be6.json"}}
{"text": "2010-11 झलक दिखला जा 4", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_16bb4be6", "title": "अंकिता लोखंडे", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_16bb4be6.json"}}
{"text": "2011 कॉमेडी सर्कस- प्रतिभागी के रूप में", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_16bb4be6", "title": "अंकिता लोखंडे", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_16bb4be6.json"}}
{"text": "2013 एक थी नायिका - प्रज्ञा के रूप में", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_16bb4be6", "title": "अंकिता लोखंडे", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_16bb4be6.json"}}
{"text": "भारतीय टेलीविजन अभिनेत्रियों की सूची", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_16bb4be6", "title": "अंकिता लोखंडे", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_16bb4be6.json"}}
{"text": "इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर अंकिता लोखंडे", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_16bb4be6", "title": "अंकिता लोखंडे", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_16bb4be6.json"}}
{"text": "नलनी N.Z.A., नैनीताल तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के नैनीताल जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1c6773d", "title": "नलनी N.Z.A., नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1c6773d.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1c6773d", "title": "नलनी N.Z.A., नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1c6773d.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1c6773d", "title": "नलनी N.Z.A., नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1c6773d.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1c6773d", "title": "नलनी N.Z.A., नैनीताल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_N.Z.A.,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1c6773d.json"}}
{"text": "कॆ.बॊम्मेपल्लि (कडप) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के कडप जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9809e798", "title": "कॆ.बॊम्मेपल्लि (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%86.%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9809e798.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9809e798", "title": "कॆ.बॊम्मेपल्लि (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%86.%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9809e798.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9809e798", "title": "कॆ.बॊम्मेपल्लि (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%86.%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9809e798.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर कॆ.बॊम्मेपल्लि (कडप)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9809e798", "title": "कॆ.बॊम्मेपल्लि (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%86.%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9809e798.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9809e798", "title": "कॆ.बॊम्मेपल्लि (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%86.%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9809e798.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9809e798", "title": "कॆ.बॊम्मेपल्लि (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%86.%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9809e798.json"}}
{"text": "दुंगाभूल, पिथौरागढ (सदर) तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के पिथोरागढ जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ebfbe26f", "title": "दुंगाभूल, पिथौरागढ (सदर) तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0)_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ebfbe26f.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ebfbe26f", "title": "दुंगाभूल, पिथौरागढ (सदर) तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0)_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ebfbe26f.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ebfbe26f", "title": "दुंगाभूल, पिथौरागढ (सदर) तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0)_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ebfbe26f.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_ebfbe26f", "title": "दुंगाभूल, पिथौरागढ (सदर) तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0)_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_ebfbe26f.json"}}
{"text": "भूपेन्द्र यादव भारत के  Loksabha के सदस्य हैं।  वे भारतीय जनता पार्टी के राजनेता हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_fff609fe", "title": "भूपेन्द्र यादव", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B5", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_fff609fe.json"}}
{"text": "आणागांव, कनालीछीना तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के पिथोरागढ जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_084af960", "title": "आणागांव, कनालीछीना तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_084af960.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_084af960", "title": "आणागांव, कनालीछीना तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_084af960.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_084af960", "title": "आणागांव, कनालीछीना तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_084af960.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_084af960", "title": "आणागांव, कनालीछीना तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_084af960.json"}}
{"text": "खेरा सत्तू खैर, अलीगढ़, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_99f03742", "title": "खेरा सत्तू गाँव, खैर (अलीगढ़)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_99f03742.json"}}
{"text": "द्रौपदी माला जिसे फ़ॉक्स टेल आर्चिड भी कहॉ जाता है एक प्रकार का आर्चिड है। यह भारत के असम प्रान्त का राजकीय पुष्प भी है। इस पुष्प को महाराष्ट्र प्रान्त मे गजरा के नाम से जाना जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6d6a971d", "title": "द्रौपदी माला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6d6a971d.json"}}
{"text": "दक्षिण अमेरिका (स्पेनी: América del Sur; पुर्तगाली: América do Sul) उत्तर अमेरिका के दक्षिण पूर्व में स्थित पश्चिमी गोलार्द्ध का एक महाद्वीप है। दक्षिणी अमेरिका उत्तर में १३० उत्तरी अक्षांश (गैलिनस अन्तरीप) से दक्षिण में ५६० दक्षिणी अक्षांश (हार्न अन्तरीप) तक एवं पूर्व में ३५० पश्चिमी देशान्तर (रेशिको अन्तरीप) से पश्चिम में ८१० पश्चिमी देशान्तर (पारिना अन्तरीप) तक विस्तृत है। इसके उत्तर में कैरीबियन सागर तथा पनामा नहर, पूर्व तथा उत्तर-पूर्व में अन्ध महासागर, पश्चिम में प्रशान्त महासागर तथा दक्षिण में अण्टार्कटिक महासागर स्थित हैं। भूमध्य रेखा इस महाद्वीप के उत्तरी भाग से एवं मकर रेखा मध्य से गुजरती है जिसके कारण इसका अधिकांश भाग उष्ण कटिबन्ध में पड़ता है। दक्षिणी अमेरिका की उत्तर से दक्षिण लम्बाई लगभग ७,२०० किलोमीटर तथा पश्चिम से पूर्व चौड़ाई ५,१२० किलोमीटर है। विश्व का यह चौथा बड़ा महाद्वीप है, जो आकार में भारत से लगभग ६ गुना बड़ा है। पनामा नहर इसे पनामा भूडमरुमध्य पर उत्तरी अमरीका महाद्वीप से अलग करती है। किंतु पनामा देश उत्तरी अमरीका में आता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "३२,००० किलोमीटर लम्बे समुद्रतट वाले इस महाद्वीप का समुद्री किनारा सीधा एवं सपाट है, तट पर द्वीप, प्रायद्वीप तथा खाड़ियाँ कम हैं जिससे अच्छे बन्दरगाहों का अभाव है। खनिज तथा प्राकृतिक सम्पदा में धनी यह महाद्वीप गर्म एवं नम जलवायु, पर्वतों, पठारों घने जंगलों तथा मरुस्थलों की उपस्थिति के कारण विकसित नहीं हो सका है। यहाँ विश्व की सबसे लम्बी पर्वत-श्रेणी एण्डीज पर्वतमाला एवं सबसे ऊँची टीटीकाका झील हैं। भूमध्यरेखा के समीप पेरू देश में चिम्बोरेजो तथा कोटोपैक्सी नामक विश्व के सबसे ऊँचे ज्वालामुखी पर्वत हैं जो लगभग ६,०९६ मीटर ऊँचे हैं। अमेजन, ओरीनिको, रियो डि ला प्लाटा यहाँ की प्रमुख नदियाँ हैं। दक्षिण अमेरिका की अन्य नदियाँ ब्राज़ील की साओ फ्रांसिस्को, कोलम्बिया की मैगडालेना तथा अर्जेण्टाइना की रायो कोलोरेडो हैं। इस महाद्वीप में ब्राज़ील, अर्जेंटीना, चिली, उरुग्वे, पैराग्वे, बोलिविया, पेरू, ईक्वाडोर, कोलोंबिया, वेनेज़ुएला, गुयाना (ब्रिटिश , फ्रेंच), सूरीनाम(इसे पहले डच गुयाना के नाम से जाना जाता था ) और फ़ाकलैंड द्वीप-समूह आदि देश हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "दक्षिण अमेरिका का इतिहास और संस्कृति विश्व की प्राचीनतम संस्कृतियों में से हैं। पेरू की केन्द्रीय पहाड़ियों में लाखों वर्षों पूर्व मानव जीवन की शुरुआत हुई। यहाँ की सर्वप्रमुख सभ्यता इंका की सभ्यता थी जिसका अधिकारक्षेत्र पेरू, ईक्वाडोर, बोलीविया तथा अर्जेंटीना और चिली के उत्तरी भागों में फैला हुआ था। पेरू की राजधानी लीमा के समीपवर्ती क्षेत्रों में इंका सभ्यता की हजारों ममियाँ प्राप्त हुई हैं। पंद्रहवी शताब्दी के अन्त में यह चरमोत्कर्ष पर थी। इंका सभ्यता में शासक को इंका कहा जाता था एवं उसका सदैव आदर किया जाता था। यह सभ्यता अपनी उत्तम यातायात, संचार एवं डाक व्यवस्था के लिए जानी जाती है। माचू पिच्चू प्रमुख नगर था जिसके सुंदर पुरातात्विक अवशेष आज भी देखे जा सकते हैं। यूरोपीय समुद्र अभियानों में दक्षिणी अमेरिका की स्थिति की खोज सोलहवीं सदी के प्रारम्भ में हुई। इसके तट की विस्तृत खोज भी अमेरिगो वेस्पूची ने कुछ समय पश्चात् की, किन्तु अधिकांश आन्तरिक अगम्य भागों में दक्षिणी यूरोपवासियों का विस्तार अठारहवीं सदी में ही हुआ। यहाँ पर राज्यों एवं उनकी सीमाओं का निर्माण तथा सुचारु व्यवस्थाएँ उन्नीसवीं सदी की हैं। दक्षिण अमेरिका में अधिकांश देशवासी प्रारम्भ से ही स्पेन व पुर्तगाल से आकर बसे। फिर भी यहाँ बसने वालों को अपने पितृ देश की गुलामी सोलहवीं से उन्नीसवीं सदी तक कमोवेश भुगतनी पड़ी। यूरोपीय प्रभाव के कारण इसे लैटिन अमेरिका या लातीनी अमेरिका भी कहा गया। वर्तमान में दक्षिणी अमेरिका में मुख्य भूमि पर १३ देश एवं फाकलैण्ड द्वीप समूह है। इसके अतिरिक्त मध्य अमेरिका में ८ देश हैं एवं लेटिन अमेरिका में इन सबके साथ-साथ मेक्सिको एवं क्यूबा भी सम्मिलित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "१४९४ में उस समय की दो महान समुद्री शक्तियों, पुर्तगाल और स्पेन ने तोर्देसिलास की संधि पर हस्ताक्षर कर इस बात पर सहमति जताई कि, यूरोप से बाहर ढूंढी जाने वाली सारी जमीन पर उन दोनों देशों का विशेष द्वयाधिकार होगा। संधि के पालन के लिए उत्तर-दक्षिण मध्याह्न ३७० लीग, केप वर्दे द्वीप समूह के पश्चिम से एक काल्पनिक रेखा का निर्धारण किया गया जो मोटे तौर पर ४६° ३७' पश्चिम थी। संधि के अनुसार यह निश्चित किया गया कि इस रेखा के पश्चिम में पायी जाने वाली समस्त भूमि स्पेन के हिस्से मे जायेगी और पूर्व की सभी जमीन पुर्तगाल की होगी। उस समय देशांतर रेखाओं का सटीक और निश्चित मापन असंभव था, इस कारण इस संधि का अक्षरक्ष: पालन नहीं हो सका जिसके परिणामस्वरूप मध्याह्न के पश्चिम मे होने के बावजूद ब्राजील में पुर्तगाली विस्तार हो गया। १५३० के दशक के शुरुआत में, दक्षिण अमेरिका के लोगों और प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का विदेशी विजेताओं द्वारा बार बार शोषण किया गया, पहले स्पेन और बाद में पुर्तगाल द्वारा। निर्दयतापूर्वक इन पर विदेशी भाषा और धर्म लादे गए और बंधक मजदूर बनाए गए। इन दोनों प्रतिस्पर्धी औपनिवेशिक देशों ने इस महाद्वीप के संसाधनों को उनका अपना होने का दावा किया और इस महाद्वीप को उपनिवेशों में बाँट दिया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "लंबे चले स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के बाद १८०४ और १८२६ के बीच दक्षिण अमेरिका के सभी स्पैनिश उपनिवेश, स्वतंत्र हो गये। पुर्तगाली उपनिवेश ब्राजील में, डोम पेड्रो प्रथम (पुर्तगाल का डोम पेड्रो चतुर्थ भी कहते हैं), जो पुर्तगाली नरेश डोम जोआयो षष्टम का पुत्र था, ने १८२२ में ब्राजील की स्वतंत्रता की घोषणा की और ब्राजील का पहला सम्राट बना। पुर्तगाल के राज परिवार ने इसे शांति से स्वीकार कर लिया। गुयाना इसके बहुत बाद १९६६ में यूनाइटेड किंगडम के नियन्त्रण और सूरीनाम १९७५ में डच नियन्त्रण से मुक्त हुआ जबकि फ्रेंच गयाना आज भी फ्रांस का एक हिस्सा बना हुआ है। कोलम्बिया इस समय तक आंतरिक संघर्ष से जूझ रहा है, जो १९६४ में मार्क्सवादी छापामारों के गठन के साथ शुरू हुआ था और अब कई वामपंथी विचारधारा रखने वाले अवैध सशस्त्र समूह और नशीली दवाओं का व्यापार करने वाले माफियाओं की निजी सेनायें इसमें शामिल हो गये हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "धरातलीय स्वरूप के अन्तर की दृष्टि से दक्षिण अमेरिका महाद्वीप विशेष महत्त्वपूर्ण है। पश्चिम की ओर तट के समानान्तर एण्डीज कार्डिलेरा पर्वत शृंखला उत्तर से दक्षिण की ओर फैली हुई है जो उत्तरी अमेरिका के राकी पर्वत का ही सिलसिला है। ७,२०० किलोमीटर लम्बी यह विश्व की सबसे लम्बी पर्वतमाला हिमालय के बाद सबसे ऊँची पर्वत शृंखला भी है। इसमें अनेक ऊँची-ऊँची पर्वत श्रेणियाँ, पठार, तथा ज्वालामुखी शिखर पाये जाते हैं। संसार का सबसे ऊँचा ज्वालामुखी पर्वत कोटोपैक्सी (५,९७० मीटर) इसी भाग में स्थित है। इस पर्वतमाला की सबसे ऊँची चोटी अकाकागुआ (६,९६९ मीटर) सदैव बर्फ से ढकी रहती है। एण्डीज की साधारणतः दो श्रेणियाँ हैं जिनके मध्य बोलविया एवं पेरू के पठार तथा विशाल मीठे जल की झील टिटिकाका है। इस महाद्वीप में मुख्य तीन पठारी भाग है, गायना का पठार, ब्राज़ील का पठार एवं पेटागोनिया का पठार। गायना का कटा-छटा पठारी भाग जो ओरीनीको एवं अमेजन नदी के मुहाने के बीच है, ९०० से १,८०० मीटर ऊँचा है एवं जल विभाजक का कार्य करता है। त्रिभुजाकार ब्राज़ील का पठार दक्षिण अमेरिका के मध्यवर्ती भाग में अटलांटिक महासागर के तट पर उत्तर-पूर्व में केपराग से प्रारम्भ होकर दक्षिण में रियो ग्रेडो डी सुल तक विस्तृत है। कठोर वलित चट्टाने से निर्मित होने के कारण अभी तक क्षय से बचा हुआ है। पेटागोनिया का पठार अर्जेन्टाइना में लिमये नदी से दक्षिणी अमेरिका के अन्तिम छोर तक फैला है। ३०० से ९०० मीटक ऊँचा यह पठार पश्चिम में एण्डीज पर्वतमाला से सीमित होकर पूर्व में वेदिकायुक्त ढालों के रूप में अटलांटिक महासागर तक विस्तृत है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "पश्चिमी पहाड़ तथा पूर्वी पठारों के मध्य उत्तर से दक्षिण पूरे महाद्वीप की लम्बाई में फैला हुआ एक विशाल मैदान है। इस मैदान का क्षेत्रफल पूरे दक्षिण अमेरिका के क्षेत्रफल का लगभग आधा है। इसके उत्तरी भाग को लानोज़ कहते हैं। ओरीनिको नदी द्वारा निर्मित लानोज़ वेनेज़ुएला एवं कोलंबिया में है। मैदान का मध्य भाग अमेज़न नदी का बेसिन है जिसे ब्राज़ीलवासी सेल्वाज कहते हैं। यह नदी प्रदेश उत्तर में गायना के पठार, पश्चिम में एण्डिज पर्वत एवं दक्षिण में ब्राजील के पठार से घिरा है। अमेज़न एवं इसकी सहायक २०० नदियों में सदा बाढ़ आने के कारण इस त्रिभुजाकार मैदान का बड़ा भाग दलदल बना रहता है जिससे यातायात का विकास नहीं हो पाता है। पराना, पराग्वे और युरुग्वे नदियों ने मिलकर पम्पास क्षेत्र की रचना की है जिसे लाप्लाटा का बेसिन भी कहते हैं। मध्य दक्षिण का यह उपजाऊ मैदान आर्थिक दृष्टि से अत्यन्त महत्त्वपूर्ण है। इसकी औसत ऊचाई १८५ मीटर से भी कम है एवं अर्जेंटीना, उरूग्वे, पराग्वे तथा कुछ अंशों में दक्षिण ब्राजील एवं दक्षिण बोलविया में फैला है। सबसे दक्षिण भाग में पैटागोनिया का मरुस्थल है। एण्डीज पर्वत माला तथा प्रशान्त महासागर के मध्य निम्न भूमि की अत्यन्त संकरी तटीय पट्टी पायी जाती है। लगभग १०० किलोमीटक चौड़ी यह पट्टी दक्षिणी अमेरिका के पश्चिमी तट के साथ-साथ उत्तर से दक्षिण तक फैली हुई है। पूर्वी तटीय प्रदेश अपेक्षाकृत अधिक चौड़ा है, इसकी चौड़ाई १५० से २०० किलोमीटर है। इसमें छोटी-छोटी तेज बहने वाली नदियाँ बहती हैं जो डेल्टा का निर्माण नहीं करती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "२१ वीं सदी के पहले दशक के दौरान, दक्षिण अमेरिका के देशों की सरकारों का झुकाव वामपंथ की तरफ हो गया जिसके चलते चिली, उरुग्वे, ब्राजील, अर्जेंटीना, ईक्वाडोर, बोलिविया, पैराग्वे और वेनेजुएला जैसे देशों मे हुए चुनावों मे साम्यवादी नेताओं को जीत मिली है। साम्यवाद की उपस्थिति के बावजूद दक्षिण का अधिकांश भाग आज भी मुक्त बाजार की नीतियों का अनुसरण करता है और इस नीति के कारण आज पूरे महाद्वीप का आर्थिक एकीकरण बड़ी तेजी से हो रहा है। हाल ही में, एक अन्तरसरकारी संस्था का गठन किया गया है जिसका उद्देश्य दो मौजूदा सीमा शुल्क संघों: मर्कोसुर और एंडियन समुदाय, का विलय कर दुनिया का तीसरा सबसे बड़ा व्यापार ब्लॉक बनाने का है। इस नये राजनीतिक संगठन को दक्षिण अमेरिकी राष्ट्र संघ के नाम से जाना जाता है और इसका उद्देशय लोगों की एक देश से दूसरे देश में मुक्त आवाजाही, आर्थिक विकास, एक आम रक्षा नीति और शुल्कों के उन्मूलन करना है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "भूमध्य रेखा दक्षिणी अमेरिकी के उत्तरी भाग से होकर गुजरती है एवं इस महाद्वीप की सबसे अधिक चौड़ाई उत्तर में ही है। अतः दक्षिणी अमेरिका का अधिकांश भाग उष्ण कटिबन्ध में पड़ता है इसलिए यहाँ की जलवायु मोटे तौर पर गर्म एवं नम है। इसका अधिकांश भाग दक्षिणी गोलार्ध में पड़ने की वजह से यहाँ के ऋतुओं का क्रम उत्तरी गोलार्ध के विपरीत होता है। यहाँ जनवरी में गर्मी की ऋतु तथा जुलाई में जाड़े की ऋतु होती है। महाद्वीप के पश्चिम में उत्तर से दक्षिण दिशा में एण्डीज पर्वत स्थित है जो एक जलवायु सम्बंधी बाधा का कार्य करती है। उष्ण कटिबन्ध में स्थित होने पर भी एण्डीज पर्वत तथा ब्राज़ील एवं गायना के पठारी भागों पर अधिक ऊँचाई के कारण तापक्रम कम तथा आनन्दायक रहता है। एण्डीज पर्वत व्यापारिक हवाओं को पश्चिम की ओर जाने से रोकता है जिससे इसके पूर्वी भाग में तो खूब वर्षा होती है परन्तु पश्चिमी तटीय सँकरी पट्टी में बहुत कम वर्षा होती है। इसके विपरीत दक्षिणी अमेरिका का दक्षिणी भाग पछुआ हवाओं की पेटी में स्थित है अतः पश्चिमी तटीय भाग में तो खूब वर्षा होती है परन्तु पूर्व की ओर जाने पर ये हवाएँ शुष्क हो जाती हैं जिससे एण्डीज पर्वत के पूर्वी भाग में बहुत कम वर्षा होती है। दक्षिणी भूमध्यरेखीय तथा ब्राज़ील की गर्म धाराओं के प्रभाव से दक्षिणी अमेरिका के उत्तरी भाग का तापक्रम ऊँचा रहता है। साथ ही इनके ऊपर से जाने वाली हवाएँ गर्म होकर अधिक जलवाष्प ग्रहण कर लेती हैं जिससे उनसे पर्याप्त वर्षा होती है। इसके विपरीत महाद्वीप के दक्षिणी भाग में पश्चिमी तट के समीप पीरू या हम्बोल्ट की ठण्डी धारा तथा पूर्वी तट के समीप फाकलैण्ड की ठण्डी धारा बहती है। इन धाराओं के प्रभाव से समीपवर्ती भाग की जलवायु ठण्डी एवं शुष्क रहती है। मकर रेखा के दक्षिण दक्षिणी अमेरिका की चौड़ाई अत्यन्त कम हो जाती है। अतः समुद्र की समीपता के कारण महाद्वीप के दक्षिणी भाग की जलवायु प्रायः सम रहती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "दक्षिण अमेरिका के अमेज़न नदी के बेसिन में वर्ष भर गर्म व नम भूमध्यरेखीय जलवायु पाई जाती है। सवाना तुल्य जलवायु अमेज़न बेसिन के उत्तर में ओरीनिको नदी के बेसिन तथा दक्षिण में ब्राजील के पठारी भाग पर पाई जाती है। इस भाग पर तापक्रम तो ऊँचा रहता है परन्तु वर्षा केवल गर्मी के कुछ ही महीनों में तथा कम मात्रा में होती है। पूर्वी ब्राज़ील में व्यापारिक हवाओं के प्रभाव से केवल गर्मी में वर्षा होती है और जाड़े में ऋतु शुष्क होती है। यहाँ गर्मी में अधिक गर्मी तथा जाड़े में साधारण जाड़ा पड़ता है। इस प्रकार यहाँ भारत की तरह उष्ण मानसून जलवायु पाई जाती है। दक्षिण पीरू तथा उत्तरी चिली के कुछ भागों में उष्ण मरुस्थलीय जलवायु पाई जाती है। इस मरुस्थल को अटाकामा मरुस्थल कहते हैं। यहाँ की जलवायु अत्यन्त विषम होती है तथा वर्षा नाममात्र को होती है। यहाँ कई वर्षों तक तो एक बूँद भी वर्षा नहीं होती है। अटाकामा मरुस्थल के दक्षिण मध्य चिली में भूमध्यसागरीय जलवायु पाई जाती है। इस भाग में केवल जाड़े में वर्षा होती है और गर्मी की ऋतु शुष्क होती है। गर्मी में साधारण गर्मी तथा जाड़े में साधारण जाड़ा पड़ता है। उत्तरी-पूर्वी अर्जेंटीना और पश्चिमी पराग्वे के मैदानी भाग में यान चाको एवं पम्पास प्रदेश में ग्रीष्म ऋतु में कुछ वर्षा हो जाती है तथा शीत ऋतु सूखी रहती है। यहाँ गर्मी में काफी गर्मी पड़ती है तथा जाड़े में तापक्रम काफी कम हो जाता है। इस प्रकार यहाँ प्रेयरी तुल्य जलवायु पाई जाती है। उत्तरी अमेरिका के प्रेयरी प्रदेश की तुलना में इस भाग की जलवायु कम विषम है। महाद्वीप के सुदूर दक्षिण अर्थात् दक्षिणी चिली में पछुआ हवाओं से वर्ष भर वर्षा होती है। यह भाग समशीतोष्ण कटिबन्ध में स्थित है। इस प्रकार की जलवायु सामान्यतया शीत शीतोष्ण कटिबन्ध में महाद्वीपों के पश्चिमी भाग में पाई जाती है। इस जलवायु को पश्चिमी यूरोप तुल्य जलवायु या ब्रिटिश तुल्य जलवायु भी कहते हैं। पंपास प्रदेश के दक्षिण तथा एण्डीज पर्वतमाला के पूर्वी भाग पर पैटागोनिया का शीतोष्ण मरुस्थलीय भाग है। एण्डीज पर्वतों के वृष्टिछाया प्रदेश में स्थित होने के कारण यहाँ की जलवायु अत्यन्त शुष्क है। एण्डीज के पर्वतीय भाग में ऊँचाई के कारण तापक्रम काफी कम रहता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "प्राकृतिक वनस्पति एवं वन्य जीव", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "प्राकृतिक वनस्पति जलवायु का अनुसरण करती है। दक्षिण अमेरिका में जलवायु की विभिन्नता के आधार पर विभिन्न प्रकार की प्राकृतिक वनस्पति पायी जाती है। अमेजन नदी के बेसिन में, जहाँ वर्ष भर उष्ण एवं नम जलवायु पाई जाती है अत्यन्त घने चौड़ी पत्ती वाले सदाबहार वन पाए जाते हैं। इन वनों का स्थानीय नाम सेल्वाज है। यहां वृक्ष इतने घने हैं कि सूर्य का प्रकाश भी छनकर नीचे नहीं पहुँच पाता है। वृक्ष किसी खास मौसम में अपनी पत्तियाँ नहीं गिराते हैं। इन वनों में रबड़, महोगनी, आबनूस, सिनकोना, रोजवुड, ताड़ आदि के वृक्ष पाए जाते हैं। गर्मी के कारण यहाँ की लकड़ियाँ काफी कड़ी होती हैं। इन वनों में वाल्सा नामक संसार की सबसे हल्की लकड़ी भी मिलती है। इन घने जंगलों में विभिन्न प्रकार के बन्दर, साँप, तथा अजगर जैसे सरीसृप, दरियाई घोड़े, दलदली हिरण आदि विभिन्न प्रकार के जंगली जानवर पाए जाते हैं। यहाँ एनाकोण्डा नामक १० मीटर लम्बा सर्प पाया जाता है जो घड़ियाल को भी मार कर खा जाता है। आर्मेडिलो एक विशाल चींटी-खोर जीव है। अमेजन बेसिन के उत्तर एवं दक्षिण में कम वर्षा होने के कारण उष्ण कटिबन्धीय घास के मैदान पाए जाते हैं जिन्हे उत्तर में वेनेज़ुएला देश के ओरीनिको नदी के बेसिन में लानोज तथा दक्षिण में ब्राज़ील देश में कम्पोस कहते हैं। वर्षा होते ही लम्बी घास उग आती है परन्तु सूखा पड़ने पर यह प्रदेश सूखकर भूरा और पीला हो जाता है। पूर्वी ब्राज़ील में जहाँ केवल गर्मी में वर्षा होती है, चौड़ी पत्ती वाले पतझड़ के वन पाए जाते हैं। शुष्क मौसम के शुरू होते ही ये वृक्ष अपने पत्ते गिरा देते हैं। यहाँ के वनों में मुख्य वृक्ष पिराना पाइन तथा सीसल हैं। दक्षिणी पीरू तथा उत्तरी चिली के अटाकामा के मरुस्थल में वर्षा न होने से केवल नागफनी तथा कँटीली झाड़ियाँ पाई जाती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "अटाकामा मरुस्थल के दक्षिण अर्थात् मध्य चिली में भूमध्यसागरीय वन पाए जाते हैं। गर्मी में वर्षा न होने पर भी यहाँ चौड़ी पत्ती वाले सदाबहार वृक्ष पाए जाते हैं क्योंकि गर्मी की शुष्कता से बचने के लिए यहाँ के वृक्षों ने कई उपाय कर लिए हैं जैसे इन वृक्षों की छालें मोटी, जड़े गहरी तथा पत्तियाँ मोटी होती हैं। इस प्रदेश के मुख्य वृक्ष ओक, अखरोट, चेस्टनट तथा अंजीर हैं। यहाँ जंगली जानवरों का अभाव है। मुख्यतः पालतू पशु पाए जाते हैं। उत्तरी अर्जेंटीना और पश्चिमी पराग्वे में जहाँ वर्षा कम होती है शीतोष्ण कटिबन्धीय घास के मैदान पाए जाते हैं। इन्हें उत्तरी भाग में ग्रान चाको तथा दक्षिणी भाग में पंपास कहते हैं। घासें छोटी-छोटी होती हैं। इन घास के मैदानों में पशुपालन का काम होता है। यहाँ रिया, ग्वानाको, जगुआर, हिरण तथा मारा नामक जानवर पाए जाते हैं। दक्षिण चिली में, जहाँ पश्चिमी यूरोप तुल्य जलवायु पाई जाती है, शीतोष्ण मिश्रित वन पाए जाते हैं। चीड़ और बीच इन वनों के मुख्य वृक्ष हैं। इन वनों में नुकीली पत्ती वाले सदाबहार तथा पतझड़ के वृक्षों के मिश्रित वन पाए जाते हैं। एण्डीज पर्वत के पूर्वी भाग में स्थित पैटागोनिया के मरुस्थल में मरुस्थलीय वनस्पति मिलती हैं। वनस्पति का प्रायः अभाव है। कहीं-कहीं कुछ घास के पौधे व झाड़ियाँ मिलती हैं। एण्डीज के उच्च पर्वतीय भागों में हिमपात होने के कारण नुकीली पत्ती वाले कोणधारी वन पाए जाते हैं। इनकी लकड़ियाँ मुलायम होती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "दक्षिण अमेरिका महाद्वीप के पश्चिमी तट पर एण्डीज पर्वतमाला उत्तर से दक्षिण को फैली है। यह पर्वतमाला जल विभाजक का कार्य करती है। इस महाद्वीप की सबसे प्रमुख नदी अमेजन विश्व की सबसे विशाल नदी है जिसमें दुनिया की किसी भी नदी की तुलना में अधिक जल प्रवाहित होता है। ६३०० किलोमीटर लम्बी यह नदी पेरु देश में एण्डीज पर्वत श्रृंखला से निकलकर ब्राज़ील देश में पश्चिम से पूर्व बहती हुई अन्ध महासागर में गिरती है। इसकी सहायक नदियाँ तपैजा, रियोनीग्रो, टोकिण्टिन्स मैरानन तथा मैडीरा है। विश्व की सबसे शक्तिशाली या तीव्रवाहिनी ओरीनिको नदी भी दक्षिण अमेरिका में ही बहती है। यह एण्डीज पर्वतमाला से निकलकर गायना के पठार का चक्कर काटती हुई २,४०० किलोमीटर की दूरी तय करके वेनेज़ुएला तथा कोलोंबिया देशों में बहती हुई अन्ध महासागर में गिरती है। इसकी सहायक नदियाँ मेटा, आपूर, ग्वावियार, कारा तथा कारोनी हैं। ओरीनिको नदी की एक सहायक नदी रियो गायना पर विश्व का सबसे ऊँचा जलप्रपात एन्जेल प्रपात (९७९ मीटर) है जो नियाग्रा जलप्रपात से भी १३ गुना ऊँचा है। ब्राज़ील के पठार के मध्यवर्ती भाग से पराना और उसकी सहायक पराग्वे निकलती है। उरुग्वे सेरा दो मार पर्वत से निकलती है। पिल्कोमायो तथा सलादो नदियाँ एण्डीज पर्वत से निकलकर क्रमशः पैराग्वे तथा पराना नदियों से मिल जाती हैं। अर्जेंटीना की उत्तरी सीमा पर पैराग्वे नदी पराना नदी में मिल जाती हैं। पराना, पैराग्वे एवं उरूग्वे नदियों की मिली हुई धारा को लाप्लाटा कहते हैं। लाप्लाटा के मैदान को उत्तरी भाग में ग्रान चाको तथा दक्षिण भाग में पंपास कहते हैं। दक्षिण अमेरिका की अन्य नदियाँ ब्राज़ील की साओ फ्रांसिस्को, कोलोंबिया की मैगडालेना तथा अर्जेंटीना की रायो कोलोरेडो हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "लैटिन अमेरिका की जनसंख्या का एक बड़ा भाग मेक्सिको, अर्जेंटीना व ब्राज़ील में रहता है। इन तीनों देशों की जनसंख्या कुल मिलाकर ३० करोड़ से अधिक है। इस महाद्वीप की आज भी अधिकतर जनसंख्या तटीय क्षेत्रों में पायी जाती है, जहाँ तट एवं तटीय सागर में विकसित यातायात अत्यन्त सुगम है और विदेशों से सम्पर्क आसानी से रखा जा सकता है। ऐसे क्षेत्र ब्राज़ील के साओ पाउलो और सेंटोस तक तथा पठारी व पूर्वी मेक्सिको, उत्तरी अर्जेंटीना और वेनेज़ुएला के तटीय भाग में हैं। मध्यवर्ती अक्षांशों में अर्जेंटीना और उरुग्वे से लाप्लाटा नदी के मैदान में कृषि और सुविधाओं के कारण जनसंख्या अधिक सघन मिलती है। उत्तरी-पूर्वी ब्राज़ील में उष्णार्द्र खेती के अन्तर्गत कहवा और कपास पैदा किए जाने से जनसंख्या अधिक सघन मिलती है। यहाँ पर सभी प्रकार की उष्ण, अर्धोष्ण व शीतोष्ण फसलें पैदा की जाती हैं। यहाँ पर जन-घनत्व २५ से १०० व्यक्ति के मध्य है। ६५ प्रतिशत आबादी तटीय नगरों में बसी है। इन क्षेत्रों के विपरीत, अमेजन के जंगली और दलदली भाग, एण्डीज की ऊँचाइयों, पैटागोनिया, चिली और पेरु के मरुस्थलीय तथा मध्य अमेरिका की मलेरिया कारक जलवायु, ग्रेनचाको के गर्म, दलदली और बाढ़ग्रस्त क्षेत्र तथा ब्राज़ील के गर्म घास के मैदान में जनसंख्या बहुत ही विरल मिलती है। यहाँ का घनत्व ५ व्यक्ति प्रति वर्ग किलोमीटर से भी कम है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "बोलिविया और पेरू जैसे दक्षिण अमेरिका देशों की कुल जनसंख्या का अधिकांश यहां के मूल निवासियों के वंशज जैसे क्वेशुआ और आयमारा से बना है। इसके अलावा अधिकतर अन्य पूर्व स्पेनी उपनिवेशों में भी इनका प्रतिशत, जनसंख्या के हिसाब से महत्वपूर्ण हैं। वेनेज़ुएला और कोलोंबिया की जनसंख्या का लगभग 25% श्वेत और यूरोपीय वंश के व्यक्तियों का है। जबकि यूरोपीय मूल के लोग अर्जेंटीना, उरुग्वे और चिली में बहुसंख्यक हैं। दक्षिण अमेरिका में बड़ी संख्या में अफ्रीकाई मूल के लोग भी निवास करते हैं। अफ्रीकाई मूल के लोग मुख्यतः गुयाना, ब्राज़ील, कोलोंबिया, वेनेज़ुएला, सूरीनाम, फ्रेंच गयाना और ईक्वाडोर में रहते हैं। मेस्टिज़ो (श्वेत और मूलनिवासियों की मिश्रित संतानें) पैराग्वे, वेनेज़ुएला, कोलंबिया और ईक्वाडोर का सबसे बड़ा जातीय समूह है। भारतीय मूल के लोगों के वंशज गुयाना और सूरीनाम के सबसे बड़े जातीय समूहों में से हैं। ब्राज़ील और उसके बाद पेरू में दक्षिण अमेरिका का सबसे बड़ा जापानी और चीनी समुदाय है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "ब्राज़ील दक्षिण अमेरिका का सबसे ज्यादा विविधतापूर्ण देश है, जिसमें श्वेतों, अश्वेतों और मुलाटुओं की एक बड़ी आबादी के साथ साथ मध्य पूर्वी और एशियाई समुदाय का भी एक बड़ा हिस्सा मौजूद है। अमेजन बेसिन एवं लैटिन अमेरिका के अन्य प्रदेशों के भोजन एकत्र करने वालों और पशुचारी समुदायों की जीवन-शैली, अर्थव्यवस्था, समाज, धर्म, आस्थाएं एवं सांस्कृतिक मूल्य अधिकांशतः जलवायु एवं प्राकृतिक वनस्पति द्वारा नियन्त्रित होती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "दक्षिण अमेरिका खनिज पदार्थों की दृष्टि से विपन्न महाद्वीप है, यानि खनिज पदार्थों की प्रचुरता यहाँ नहीं है। चिली, ब्राज़ील तथा अर्जेंटीना में लोहे की खानें हैं। ब्राज़ील विश्व में उच्च कोटि के लौह-अयस्क का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक है। पेरू और चिली ताँबे के सबसे बड़े उत्पादक हैं। बोलिविया, अर्जेंटीना, तथा वेनेज़ुएला में भी ताँबा मिलता है। मैंगनीज़ की खानें ब्राज़ील में हैं। संसार के टिन उत्पादन का पाँचवां भाग केवल बोलिविया से ही प्राप्त होता है। ब्राज़ील भी टिन के सबसे बड़े उत्पादकों में है। गुयाना तट पर ऐल्यूमिनियम मिलता है। चाँदी उत्पादक क्षेत्र चिली, पेरू तथा बोलिविया हैं। ब्राज़ील, पेरू, बोलिविया, वेनेज़ुएला, कोलोंबिया, चिली तथा ईक्वाडोर में सोने की खानें हैं। खनिज तेल वेनेज़ुएला, अर्जेंटीना, चिली, पेरू और कोलोंबिया में प्राप्त होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "दक्षिणी अमरीका के निवासियों की आजीविका का मुख्य साधन कृषि और पशुपालन है। कृषि महाद्वीप के केवल पाँच प्रतिशत भाग में होती है। महाद्वीप के दो बड़े देश ब्राज़ील और अर्जेटीना कृषि में अग्रणी है। कृषि योग्य भूमि के लगभग आधे भाग में खाद्यान्नों की उपज होती है एवं शेष आधे भाग में अन्य व्यापारिक एवं औद्योगिक कच्चे मालों का उत्पादन होता है। गेहूँ प्रमुख खाद्यान्न है जिसकी उपज का ६० प्रतिशत भाग निर्यात कर दिया जाता है। गेहूँ प्रमुखता से अर्जेंटीना, मध्यचिली, दक्षिण ब्राज़ील के रिओ ग्रैंडे दू सूल एवं उरग्वे में उगाई जाती है। कहवे की उपज इस महाद्वीप में सबसे अधिक होती है। साओ पाउलो सहित ब्राज़ील के सभी राज्यों में इसकी खेती होती है। इसके अतिरिक्त वेनेज़ुएला, कोलोंबिया, गुयाना, ईक्वाडोर तथा बोलिविया में भी कहवा पैदा होता है। गुयाना, ब्राज़ील, कोलोंबिया, पेरू, तथा ईक्वाडोर के मैदानी भाग में धान उत्पन्न होता है। ब्राज़ील, अर्जेंटीना, पेरू, कोलोंबिया, वेनेज़ुएला, बोलिविया तथा पैराग्वे में कपास की खेती होती है। इसके अतिरिक्त दक्षिणी अमरीका में मक्का, जई, तंबाकू, कोको, रबर तथा फलों की खेती भी की जाती है। प्लाटा क्षेत्र में मवेशियों का पालन अधिक होता है। अन्य मवशियों की तुलना में यहाँ की उष्ण कटिबंधीय जलवायु भेड़ों के लिये अधिक प्रतिकूल है, परन्तु पेरू के उच्च भागों में काफी संख्या में भेड़ें पाली जाती हैं। पेपांज़ और उरुग्वे के घास के मैदान में इनकी संख्या अधिक है। कृषि योग्य भूमि के विस्तार के साथ-साथ इनकी संख्या अब कम हो गई है। भेड़ों का मांस, ऊन एवं चमड़ा भी बाहर भेजा जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "थल गोलार्द्ध में दक्षिणी अमेरिका की स्थिति केन्द्र से बहुत दूर सीमावर्ती पेटी में है। अतः यूरोपियन देशों से प्रवास करके जाने वाले मनुष्यों ने जब तक अपना साथ ले जाई हुई यूरोपीय टैक्नोलॉजी को इन दूरस्थ देशों में नहीं पहुँचा दिया था, तब तक इस दक्षिणी क्षेत्र में आदिकालीन लोगों का निवास रहा था। उद्योग-धंधों की दृष्टि से दक्षिणी अमरीका अविकसित महाद्वीप है। यहाँ पर कृषि, पशुपालन, मांस को सुरक्षित रखने, मक्खन तथा पनीर (चीज़) बनाने और भेड़ों के पालने का उद्योग होता है। चीनी बनाना, आटा पीसना भी प्रमुख उद्योग है। यहाँ उद्योगों का आधार कोयला नहीं के बराबर पाया जाता है। खनिज पदार्थों के वर्तमान क्षेत्र रिक्त हो चुके हैं। खनिज भंडार महाद्वीप के पठारी और पर्वतीय क्षेत्र में हैं, जिनका विकास आवागमन एवं यातायात की कठिनाइयों के कारण नहीं हो पाया है। महाद्वीप का एक विस्तृत भाग सदाबहार वनों से ढका है। इन क्षेत्रों में बहनेवाली नदियाँ भी बड़ी और नौगम्य हैं। परन्तु श्रम की कमी तथा वनों की सघनता के कारण काष्ठ उद्योग अधिक विकसित नहीं है। इन वनों की लकड़ियाँ भी शीतोष्ण वनों की तुलना में अधिक कठोर होती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "दक्षिणी अमरीका में यातायात के प्रमुख साधन नदियाँ, सड़कें, वायुमार्ग और समुद्रीं मार्ग हैं। पर्वतीय और पठारी प्रदेशों के विस्तार के साथ-साथ विषुवत रेखीय घने जंगलों की दुर्गमता के कारण महाद्वीप का अधिकतर भाग यातायात के साधनों से विहीन है। महाद्वीप के आयात-निर्यात में समुद्री मार्गों का विशेष स्थान है। तटीय प्रदेशों के अन्तर्क्षेत्रीय व्यापार में इसका उपयोग होता है। रेलों का भी विकास हुआ है। इस महाद्वीप के लिये वर्तमान युग में वायुमार्ग का अधिक महत्व है। सेंटियागो से उत्तर पश्चिमी किनारे के प्रमुख नगर वायुमार्ग से जुड़े हुए हैं। अन्तर्देशीय संबंध की दृष्टि से यहाँ सड़कों का महत्व कम है। धरातल की विषमता के कारण सड़कों का विस्तार अधिक नहीं हो सका है, केवल मैदानी भागों में कुछ सड़कों का निर्माण हुआ है। दक्षिण अमरीका कहवा, कपास, गेहूँ, खाल तथा चमड़ा, सूखा दूध, मांस, तंबाकू, चाय, सोना, चाँदी, रबड़, चीनी, ताँबा, आदि का निर्यात करता है। मशीनें, कपड़े, लोहे और इस्पात के सामान, चावल, सूखे फल, आटा, ऊनी वस्त्र, तेल, कोयला, रसायन, तथा दवाओं का आयात करता है। इसके व्यापारिक संबंध संयुक्त राज्य अमरीका, ब्रिटेन, फ्रांस, इटली, जापान, बेल्जियम, कनाडा, नीदरलैंड आदि देशों से हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "साहित्य एवं संस्कृति", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "दक्षिण अमेरिका सांस्कृतिक रूप से समृद्ध है। यूरोप के साथ ऐतिहासिक संबन्ध होने के कारण दक्षिण अमेरिकी लोगों पर यूरोपीय संस्कृति, विशेष रूप से स्पेन तथा पुर्तगाल की संस्कृतियों की झलक देखी जा सकती है। दक्षिण अमेरिका पर संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका की संस्कृति का भी प्रभाव है। कोलम्बिया, बोलीविया और अमेज़न के कुछ हिस्से में उपनिवेश-पूर्व स्वदेशी संस्कृति का गहरा प्रभाव था। औपनिवेशिक युग के बाद हुए राज्यों के विभाजन का आधार सांस्कृतिक विभिन्नता ही थी। दक्षिण अमेरिकी देशों के संगीत में बहुत विविधता है। कोलोंबिया की कम्बिया, ब्राज़ील के साम्बा और बोस्सा नोवा तथा अर्जेंटीना एवं उरुग्वे के टैंगो प्रमुख पारंपरिक संगीत हैं। इसके अलावा न्यूवा कांसिओन नामक अव्यावसायिक लोकसंगीत आन्दोलन भी बहुत प्रसिद्ध है जो अर्जेण्टिना एवं चिली में शुरू होकर शेष लैटिन अमेरिका में बहुत तेजी से फैल गया। दुनिया भर में दक्षिण अमेरिकी संस्कृति विभिन्न रूपों में मौजूद है। उदाहरण के लिए रेडियन हस्तशिल्प जैसे हस्तशिल्प के रूप की यूरोप के विभिन्न बाजारों में काफी मांग है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "दक्षिण अमेरिका में काफी मह्त्त्वपूर्ण साहित्य रचा गया है। गेब्रियल गार्सिया मार्ख़ेस एवं पाब्लो नेरूदा जैसे लेखकों को लोकप्रिय स्वीकृति प्राप्त हुई है। खेल दक्षिण अमेरिकी संस्कृति का एक अभिन्न अंग है। फुटबॉल सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण खेल है, अन्य खेलों का भी खूब अभ्यास किया जाता है। महाद्वीप की सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण खेल प्रतियोगिता कोपा अमेरिका कप को उन्माद के स्तर पर खेला और देखा जाता है। प्रथम फीफा विश्व कप का आयोजन १९३० में उरूग्वे में ही हुआ था। बास्केटबाल, तैराकी और वॉलीबॉल अन्य लोकप्रिय खेल हैं। विभन्न देशों में किसी विशेष खेल को राष्ट्रीय खेल का दर्जा प्राप्त है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "उपनिवेशवाद का अन्त होते-होते अधिकतर लैटिन अमेरिकी देशों ने यूरोपीय भाषाओं को अपना लिया और उन्हें स्थानीय भाषाओं के साथ राष्ट्रीय भाषा का दर्जा दिया। स्पेनिश एवं पुर्तगाली भाषा दक्षिण अमेरिका में प्रमुखता से बोली जाती है। पुर्तगाली दक्षिण अमेरिका की सर्वाधिक बोली जाने वाली भाषा है। पुर्तगाली ब्राज़ील की आधिकारिक भाषा है जबकि स्पेनिश महाद्वीप के अधिकांश देशों की आधिकारिक भाषा है। डच सूरीनाम की आधिकारिक भाषा है तथा अंग्रेजी गुयाना की आधिकारिक भाषा है गुयाना में बारह अन्य भाषायें भी बोली जाती हैं जिनमें हिंदी और अरबी प्रमुख हैं। अंग्रेजी फ़ॉकलैंड द्वीप में भी बोली जाती है। फ्रांसीसी, फ्रेंच गयाना की आधिकारिक भाषा है। ईक्वाडोर में क्वेशुआ, पैराग्वे और बोलीविया में गुआरानी, पेरू, चिली एवं बोलीविया में आयमारा नामक स्थानीय भाषाएँ बोली जाती है। मापुदुंगुन चिली के कुछ क्षेत्रों और अर्जेंटीना के कुछ लोगों द्वारा बोली जाती है। क्वेशुआ, आयमारा और गुआरानी ऐसी तीन भाषायें हैं जिन्हें मुख्य भाषा स्पैनिश के साथ साथ राष्ट्रीय भाषा के रूप में मान्यता मिली है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "दक्षिण अमेरिका की अन्य भाषाओं में हिंदी और इंडोनेशियाई सूरीनाम में, इतालवी अर्जेंटीना, ब्राज़ील, उरुग्वे, वेनेज़ुएला चिली और जर्मन अर्जेंटीना, चिली, वेनेज़ुएला और पैराग्वे के कुछ इलाकों में बोली जाती है। ब्राज़ील के दक्षिणी राज्यों के कई क्षेत्रों में जर्मन भी बोली जाती है। वेल्श को बोलने और लिखने वाले अर्जेंटीना वासी पैटागोनिया के ऐतिहासिक शहर ट्रेल्यू और रॉसन में मिलते हैं। जापानी-वक्ताओं के छोटे समूह ब्राज़ील, बोलिविया, कोलोंबिया, पैराग्वे, पेरू और ईक्वाडोर में मिलते हैं। अरबी लेबनान, सीरिया फिलीस्तीनी मूल के लोगों द्वारा एवं ब्राज़ील, ईक्वाडोर, पेरू, चिली, अर्जेंटीना के अरब समुदायों के बीच बोली जाती है। इस महाद्वीप के अधिकांश देशों के उच्च और उच्च शिक्षित वर्ग नियमित रूप से अंग्रेजी, फ्रांसीसी, जर्मन, या इतालवी भाषाओं का अध्ययन करते हैं और इन भाषाओं मे पारंगत होते हैं। उन क्षेत्रों में जहां पर्यटन एक महत्वपूर्ण उद्योग है, अंग्रेजी तथा कुछ अन्य यूरोपीय भाषायें अक्सर बोली जाती हैं। ब्राज़ील से निकटता के कारण उत्तरी उरुग्वे के क्षेत्रों में पुर्तगाली बोली जाती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "दक्षिण अमेरिका के अधिकांश लोग रोमन कैथोलिक ईसाई हैं, इसके अलावा प्रोटेस्टेंट ईसाईयो की संख्या ब्राजील, चिली, ग्वाटेमाला और प्यूर्टो रीको में विशेष रूप से बढ़ रही है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "बोलिविया, ग्वाटेमाला, मेक्सिको और पेरू जैसे देशों के मूल निवासी आज भी अपने मूल सम्प्रदाय और अनुष्ठानों का पालन करते हैं। अफ्रीकी मूल के दक्षिण अमेरिकी नागरिक मुख्य रूप से क्यूबा, ब्राजील और हैती में अपने विभिन्न पुरातन पंथों जैसे कि सैंटेरियो, कैंडोम्बल, उम्बाण्डा, माकुम्बा और आदिवासी-वूडू आदि का पालन आज भी करते हैं। दुनिया में एलन कार्डेक के अध्यात्मवाद के सर्वाधिक अनुयायी ब्राज़ील में बसते है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "यहूदी, मोर्मोनिज्म, जेनोवा के गवाह, बौद्ध, इस्लाम, हिंदू, बहाई और शिंटो धर्म के मानने वाले भी दक्षिण अमेरिका में बसते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "हाल के वर्षों मे दक्षिण अमेरिका के अधिकतर देशों ने धर्मनिरपेक्षता को अपनाया है साथ ही नास्तिक लोगों की संख्या भी बड़े नगरों और अर्जेंटीना, ब्राजील, चिली, क्यूबा और मेक्सिको जैसे देशों में तेज़ी से बढ़ी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0d8b70bf", "title": "दक्षिण अमेरिका", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0d8b70bf.json"}}
{"text": "धारीवाल (Dhariwal) भारत के पंजाब राज्य के गुरदासपुर ज़िले में स्थित एक नगर है। यह अपने ऐतिहासिक ऊन के मिलों के लिए भारत-भर में प्रसिद्ध है। सन् 1880  के बाद से यहाँ के बने कम्बल और अन्य ऊन की चीज़ें पूरे देश में बिका करती थीं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6675966c", "title": "धारीवाल, भारत", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6675966c.json"}}
{"text": "अट्ठू, थराली तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के चमोली जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d679fb92", "title": "अट्ठू, थराली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%82,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d679fb92.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d679fb92", "title": "अट्ठू, थराली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%82,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d679fb92.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d679fb92", "title": "अट्ठू, थराली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%82,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d679fb92.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d679fb92", "title": "अट्ठू, थराली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%82,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d679fb92.json"}}
{"text": "काण्डे, बेरीनाग तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के पिथोरागढ जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7a0389d4", "title": "काण्डे, बेरीनाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7a0389d4.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7a0389d4", "title": "काण्डे, बेरीनाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7a0389d4.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7a0389d4", "title": "काण्डे, बेरीनाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7a0389d4.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7a0389d4", "title": "काण्डे, बेरीनाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7a0389d4.json"}}
{"text": "डोभी (Dobhi) भारत के बिहार राज्य के गया ज़िले में स्थित एक शहर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5b5c80c8", "title": "डोभी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5b5c80c8.json"}}
{"text": "वॆदुरुपावुलूरु (कृष्णा) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के कृष्णा जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_46965e8a", "title": "वॆदुरुपावुलूरु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_46965e8a.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_46965e8a", "title": "वॆदुरुपावुलूरु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_46965e8a.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_46965e8a", "title": "वॆदुरुपावुलूरु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_46965e8a.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर वॆदुरुपावुलूरु (कृष्णा)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_46965e8a", "title": "वॆदुरुपावुलूरु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_46965e8a.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_46965e8a", "title": "वॆदुरुपावुलूरु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_46965e8a.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_46965e8a", "title": "वॆदुरुपावुलूरु (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_46965e8a.json"}}
{"text": "राजेपुर भूड़ फर्रुखाबाद, फर्रुखाबाद, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e3c40ed2", "title": "राजेपुर भूड़ गाँव, फर्रुखाबाद (फर्रुखाबाद)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_(%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e3c40ed2.json"}}
{"text": "वेनर्न (स्वीडिश: Vänern [ɛːvɛːn)]), स्वीडन की सबसे बड़ी झील, यूरोपीय संघ की सबसे बड़ी झील और रूस में लादोगा और ओनेगा के बाद पूरी तरह से यूरोप में स्थित तीसरी सबसे बड़ी झील है। यह वास्टरगोटलैंड, दाल्सलैंड, और वेर्मलैंड के प्रांतों में देश के दक्षिण-पश्चिम में स्थित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4138428c", "title": "वेनर्न", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4138428c.json"}}
{"text": "वेनर्न झील 5,655 किमी2 (2,183 वर्ग मील) क्षेत्र में फैला हुआ है। इसकी सतह समुद्र तल से 44 मीटर (144 फीट) ऊपर है और यह औसतन 27 मीटर (89 फीट) गहरी है। झील की अधिकतम गहराई 106 मीटर (348 फीट) है। झील के जल स्तर को वर्गॉ पनबिजली स्टेशन द्वारा नियंत्रित किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4138428c", "title": "वेनर्न", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4138428c.json"}}
{"text": "भौगोलिक रूप से, यह कई स्वीडिश प्रांतों के बीच बंटे हुए गॉटलैंड और स्वेलैंड के स्वीडिश क्षेत्रों के बीच की सीमा पर स्थित है: पानी के पश्चिमी निकाय को डालबोस्जोन के रूप में जाना जाता है, जिसका मुख्य हिस्सा दाल्सलैंड से संबंधित है; पूर्वी निकाय को वर्मलैंड्सजोन के रूप में जाना जाता है, इसका उत्तरी भाग वेर्मलैंड और दक्षिणी दक्षिणी वास्टरगोटलैंड से संबंधित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4138428c", "title": "वेनर्न", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4138428c.json"}}
{"text": "इसकी मुख्य सहायक नदियाँ क्लराल्वेन है, जो उत्तरी तट पर कार्लस्टेड शहर के पास झील में मिलती है। अन्य सहायक नदियों में गुल्सस्पेन्ग्लवेन, बायलवेन और नोरसेलेन शामिल हैं। यह गोटा आल्व द्वारा दक्षिण-पश्चिम में निकलती है, जो गॉटा नहर जलमार्ग का हिस्सा बनाती है, जो स्वीडन के दक्षिण-पूर्व में वेट्टर्न झील से मिलती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4138428c", "title": "वेनर्न", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4138428c.json"}}
{"text": "झील के बीच में, ज्युरॉ द्वीपसमूह, ज्युरॉ के द्वीप को घेरे हुए है, और इसे ज्युरॉ राष्ट्रीय उद्यान के रूप में राष्ट्रीय उद्यान का दर्जा दिया गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4138428c", "title": "वेनर्न", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4138428c.json"}}
{"text": "किन्नेकुल रिज (पठार पर्वत), वेनर्न के दक्षिण-पूर्वी तट के पास एक लोकप्रिय पर्यटक आकर्षण है। झील के ऊपर (झील स्तर से लगभग 270 मीटर (890 फीट)) इसका सबसे अच्छा दृश्य है। पास में एक और पहाड़ हैलेबर्ग स्थित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4138428c", "title": "वेनर्न", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4138428c.json"}}
{"text": "पर्यावरण निगरानी अध्ययन सालाना आयोजित किए जाते हैं। 2002 की एक रिपोर्ट में, समग्र पानी की गुणवत्ता में कोई कमी नहीं देखी गई, लेकिन शैवाल की वृद्धि के कारण दृश्यता में मामूली कमी आई है। 1970 के दशक से 1990 के दशक के दौरान नाइट्रोजन का बढ़ता स्तर समस्याग्रस्त था, लेकिन अब इसे विनियमित किया जा रहा है और अब यह स्थिर स्तर पर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4138428c", "title": "वेनर्न", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4138428c.json"}}
{"text": "कुछ खण्डों में भी सुपोषण की समस्या है और शैवाल और पौधों के प्लवक के साथ अतिवृद्धि हो गई है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4138428c", "title": "वेनर्न", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4138428c.json"}}
{"text": "वेनर संग्रहालय मैं लिडकोपिंग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_4138428c", "title": "वेनर्न", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_4138428c.json"}}
{"text": "रावलगांव, बाराकोट तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के चम्पावत जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_968ec01b", "title": "रावलगांव, बाराकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_968ec01b.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_968ec01b", "title": "रावलगांव, बाराकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_968ec01b.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_968ec01b", "title": "रावलगांव, बाराकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_968ec01b.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_968ec01b", "title": "रावलगांव, बाराकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_968ec01b.json"}}
{"text": "रावलगांव, बाराकोट तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के बागेश्वर जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_968ec01b", "title": "रावलगांव, बाराकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_968ec01b.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_968ec01b", "title": "रावलगांव, बाराकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_968ec01b.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_968ec01b", "title": "रावलगांव, बाराकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_968ec01b.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_968ec01b", "title": "रावलगांव, बाराकोट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_968ec01b.json"}}
{"text": "सिंलगार, कांडा तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के बागेश्वर जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2a64d5c9", "title": "सिंलगार, कांडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2a64d5c9.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2a64d5c9", "title": "सिंलगार, कांडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2a64d5c9.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2a64d5c9", "title": "सिंलगार, कांडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2a64d5c9.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2a64d5c9", "title": "सिंलगार, कांडा तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2a64d5c9.json"}}
{"text": "प्रथम सिंह (जन्म 31 अगस्त 1992) एक भारतीय क्रिकेटर हैं जो अंबेडकर नगर के निवासी हैं। उन्होंने 26 फरवरी 2017 को विजय हजारे ट्रॉफी 2016-17 में रेलवे के लिए अपनी लिस्ट ए की शुरुआत की। उन्होंने 2017-18 में रणजी ट्रॉफी 2017 में रेलवे के लिए प्रथम श्रेणी में पदार्पण किया। उन्होंने 21 फरवरी 2019 को सैयद मुश्ताक अली ट्रॉफी 2018-19 में रेलवे के लिए ट्वेंटी 20 की शुरुआत की।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e5f23b1b", "title": "प्रथम सिंह", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e5f23b1b.json"}}
{"text": "पारथा, थराली तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के चमोली जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c0a5cf64", "title": "पारथा, थराली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c0a5cf64.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c0a5cf64", "title": "पारथा, थराली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c0a5cf64.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c0a5cf64", "title": "पारथा, थराली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c0a5cf64.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c0a5cf64", "title": "पारथा, थराली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c0a5cf64.json"}}
{"text": "बंधोली (Bandholi) भारत के मध्य प्रदेश राज्य के ग्वालियर ज़िले में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9a1e1176", "title": "बंधोली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9a1e1176.json"}}
{"text": "बहोरा फर्रुखाबाद, फर्रुखाबाद, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8403a723", "title": "बहोरा गाँव, फर्रुखाबाद (फर्रुखाबाद)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_(%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8403a723.json"}}
{"text": "अलीपुर (Alipur) भारत के पश्चिम बंगाल राज्य के मालदा ज़िले में स्थित एक शहर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c7adf520", "title": "अलीपुर, मालदा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c7adf520.json"}}
{"text": "मेलमिन्डा, थराली तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के चमोली जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1c0cde51", "title": "मेलमिन्डा, थराली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1c0cde51.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1c0cde51", "title": "मेलमिन्डा, थराली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1c0cde51.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1c0cde51", "title": "मेलमिन्डा, थराली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1c0cde51.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_1c0cde51", "title": "मेलमिन्डा, थराली तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_1c0cde51.json"}}
{"text": "बनपुरा अतरौली, अलीगढ़, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_62eb3fc0", "title": "बनपुरा गाँव, अतरौली (अलीगढ़)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_62eb3fc0.json"}}
{"text": "भेटीकामा भारतीय राज्य उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के अल्मोड़ा जिले की द्वाराहाट तहसील का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7f8a8302", "title": "भेटीकामा, द्वाराहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7f8a8302.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7f8a8302", "title": "भेटीकामा, द्वाराहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7f8a8302.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7f8a8302", "title": "भेटीकामा, द्वाराहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7f8a8302.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_7f8a8302", "title": "भेटीकामा, द्वाराहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_7f8a8302.json"}}
{"text": "ग्रैंड स्लैम एकल फाइनल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_72902018", "title": "जॉन मेकनरो", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_72902018.json"}}
{"text": "ए टी पी मास्टर्स सीरीज़ एकल फाइनल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_72902018", "title": "जॉन मेकनरो", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_72902018.json"}}
{"text": "ए टी पी मास्टर्स सीरीज़ युगल फाइनल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_72902018", "title": "जॉन मेकनरो", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_72902018.json"}}
{"text": "पाणीगैर, घाट तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के चमोली जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3cea1ed7", "title": "पाणीगैर, घाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3cea1ed7.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3cea1ed7", "title": "पाणीगैर, घाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3cea1ed7.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3cea1ed7", "title": "पाणीगैर, घाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3cea1ed7.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3cea1ed7", "title": "पाणीगैर, घाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3cea1ed7.json"}}
{"text": "डढरिया भारतीय राज्य उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के अल्मोड़ा जिले की सल्ट तहसील का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3de6c229", "title": "डढरिया, सल्ट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3de6c229.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3de6c229", "title": "डढरिया, सल्ट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3de6c229.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3de6c229", "title": "डढरिया, सल्ट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3de6c229.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_3de6c229", "title": "डढरिया, सल्ट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_3de6c229.json"}}
{"text": "मीरा पट्टी हंडिया, इलाहाबाद, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b7e61f4c", "title": "मीरा पट्टी गाँव, हंडिया (इलाहाबाद)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b7e61f4c.json"}}
{"text": "नवादा  बिहार राज्य में स्थित एक जिला है,नवादा जिला मगध का क्षेत्र हैं इस क्षेत्र के लोग मगही बोलते हैं जिसका इतिहास मगध साम्राज्य से जुड़ा है। इसका मुख्यालय नवादा शहर में है। प्राचीन काल में वनाच्छादित होने के कारण इसका प्रसंग पाडंवों के अज्ञातवास में भी हुआ है। आज भी नवादा के कई प्रखंड वन से घिरे हैं, जैसे रजौली, कौआकोल, गोविन्दपुर इत्यादि।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2058090d", "title": "नवादा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2058090d.json"}}
{"text": "नवादा शब्द \"नव\" और \"आबाद\" दो शब्द से बना है, अर्थात खुरी नदी के उत्तर में जो मानव बस्तियाँ बसी वह नव आबाद था, जिसे इंगित करने के लिए यह शब्द प्रयोग हुआ था। वर्तमान में नवादा जिला की सीमा दक्षिण में झारखंड के कोडरमा जिले से सटी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2058090d", "title": "नवादा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2058090d.json"}}
{"text": "पहले यह गया जिला के अधीन एक अनुमंडल था। २६ जनवरी १९७३ को यह नए जिले के रूप में अस्तित्व में आया। खुरी नदी और राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग ३१ को इस जिले की जीवन रेखा माना जाता है। यातायात की समस्या से निजात दिलाने के लिए चार किलोमीटर की बाइपास सड़क का निर्माण कुछ दशक पूर्व रा. रा. -31 के लिए किया गया। यह बाइपास दक्षिण में सदभावना चौक से आरम्भ हो कर उतर में केन्दुआ गाँव के समीप मुख्य सड़क से मिल जाता है। दो सड़को के मिलन बिन्दु तथा शहर से समीपता के कारण केन्दुआ गाँव तेजी से भविष्य के आर्थिक केन्द्र के रूप में उभर रहा है। नवादा विधि महाविधालय, उच्च विधालय, उत्क्रमित मध्य विधालय के कारण केन्दुआ गाँव की पहचान विद्या स्थली के रूप में भी है, जहाँ नामांकन के लिए जिला तथा प्रदेश के अन्य क्षेत्रों से युवक- युवतियाँ आते हैं।नवादा का अपसाढ गाँव मगध क्षेत्र का सबसे प्राचीन गाँव मे से एक है, वहाँ की वराह प्रतिमा ईसा पूर्व पहली सदी की बताई जाती है।प्राप्त ताम्र पत्रों से यह जानकारी मिलती है कि अश्वमेध यज्ञ के पश्चात् राजा पुष्यमित्र शुंग ने नरसिंह शरमन् नाम के ब्राह्मण को अग्रहार स्वरूप यह गाँव देकर यहाँ बसाया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2058090d", "title": "नवादा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2058090d.json"}}
{"text": "पटना के दक्षिण-पूर्व में 93 किलोमीटर की दूरी पर स्थित नवादा बिहार का एक खूबसूरत जिला है। प्रकृति की गोद में बसा नवादा जिला कई प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थलों के लिए जाना जाता है। ककोलत, प्रजातंत्र द्वार, बाबा की मजार व हनुमान मंदिर, सीतामढ़ी, नारद संग्रहालय, सेखोदेवरा और गुनियाजी तीर्थ आदि यहां के प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थलों में से है। इसका जिला मुख्यालय नवादा शहर है। ऐतिहासिक दृष्टि से भी यह स्थान काफी महत्वपूर्ण माना जाता है। प्राचीन समय में इस जगह पर कई शासकों ने लम्बे समय तक शासन किया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2058090d", "title": "नवादा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2058090d.json"}}
{"text": "नवादा में कई छोटे और बड़े प्रमुख गांव और मुहल्ले है जैसे- गोन्दापुर, इन्दिरा चौक, स्टेशन रोड, मेन रोड, पुरानी बाजार, गढ़ पर, न्यू एरिया, प्रसाद विगहा, इत्यादि।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2058090d", "title": "नवादा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2058090d.json"}}
{"text": "नवादा जिले का ब्रेकिंग न्यूज़", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2058090d", "title": "नवादा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2058090d.json"}}
{"text": "== बाहरी कड़ियाँ सिसवाँँ ==", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2058090d", "title": "नवादा जिला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2058090d.json"}}
{"text": "रजब तैयब इर्दोग़ान (तुर्कीयाई: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, रेजेप तायीप ऍर्दोआन) तुर्की के राष्ट्रपति हैं। इससे पहले वे तुर्की के प्रधानमंत्री थे। १९९४ से १९९८ तक इस्तांबुल के मेयर रहे। यह तुर्की के १२वें राष्ट्रपति हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "इनका जन्म 26 फरवरी 1954 तुर्की में हुआ था। 2014 के बाद से तुर्की के 12 वें और वर्तमान राष्ट्रपति हैं। उन्होंने 2003 से 2014 तक प्रधान मनृत्री के रूप में और 1994 से 1998 तक इस्तान्बुल के मेयर के रूप में कार्य किया। उन्होंने न्याय और विकास  की स्थापना की पार्टी (एकेपी) 2001 में, 2014 में राष्ट्रपति के पद के लिए चुनाव लड़ने से पहले 2002, 2007 और 2011 में आम चुनाव जीत के लिए अग्रणी थे। इस्लामवादी राजनीतिक पृष्ठभूमि से और एक आत्मनिर्भर रूढ़िवादी लोकतांत्रिक के रूप में, उन्होंने सामाजिक रूढ़िवादी को बढ़ावा दिया है और उनके प्रशासन में उदार आर्थिक नीतियां अपनाई गयी हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "इस्लामिस्ट वेलफेयर पार्टी से इस्तांबुल के मेयर के रूप में 1994 में चुने जाने से पहले उरदगान ने कासिम्पाशा के लिए फुटबॉल खेला। 1998 में भाषण के दौरान सरकार के धार्मिक दृष्टिकोण को बढ़ावा देने वाली एक कविता को पढ़ने के लिए उन्हें राजनीतिक दफ्तर से प्रतिबंधित कर दिया गया था, और उन्हें चार महीने तक कैद कर दिया गया था।  उरदगानने खुलेआम इस्लामवादी राजनीति को त्याग दिया और 2001 में मध्यम रूढ़िवादी पार्टी (एकेपी) की स्थापना की । 2002 में एकेपी की शानदार जीत के बाद, पार्टी के सह-संस्थापक अब्दुल्ला गुल प्रधान मंत्री बने, जब तक उनकी सरकार ने राजनीतिक कार्यालय से अरदगान के प्रतिबंध को रद्द कर दिया। मार्च 2003 में अरदगान सिएट में उप-चुनाव जीतने के बाद प्रधान मंत्री बने।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "यूरोपीय संघ में तुर्की की सदस्यता के लिए एर्डोगन की सरकार ने वार्ता की निगरानी की, 2001 में वित्तीय दुर्घटना के बाद आर्थिक सुधार, 2007 और 2010 में जनमत संग्रह के माध्यम से संविधान में बदल गया, एक नव-तुर्क विदेश नीति, और बुनियादी सुविधाओं में निवेश, सड़कों , हवाई अड्डों , और एक उच्च गति ट्रेन नेटवर्क ।  प्रचारक फेथुल्ला गुलेन की अगुवाई में सीमैट आंदोलन की मदद से, एर्डोगान स्लेजहैमर और एर्जेनेकॉन अदालत के मामलों के माध्यम से सेना की शक्ति को रोकने में सक्षम था। 2012 के उत्तरार्ध में, उनकी सरकार ने 1978 में चल रहे चल रहे पीकेके विद्रोह को समाप्त करने के लिए कुर्दिस्तान श्रमिक पार्टी (पीकेके) के साथ शांति वार्ता शुरू की। युद्धविराम 2015 में टूट गया, जिससे संघर्ष में नवीनीकरण हुआ । 2016 में, एर्डोगन और तुर्की राज्य संस्थानों के खिलाफ एक कूप डी'एटैट का असफल प्रयास किया गया था । इसके बाद purges और आपात स्थिति जारी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "एरडोगान की नीतियों के कथित सत्तावाद के खिलाफ व्यापक 2013 विरोध प्रदर्शन टूट गए; उन्होंने प्रदर्शनकारियों की आलोचना की और फिर उन्हें पुलिस द्वारा दबा दिया गया, जिसमें 22 लोगों की मौत हो गई, कई अन्य घायल हो गए और विदेशी सरकारों और मानवाधिकार संगठनों से अंतरराष्ट्रीय निंदा की। ईयू सदस्यता से संबंधित यह स्थगित बातचीत। गुलेन के साथ विभाजन के बाद, एर्डोगन ने न्यायिक सुधारों को व्यापक रूप से प्रक्षेपित किया, उन्होंने ग्लेन के सहानुभूतिकारियों को शुद्ध करने के लिए जोर दिया, लेकिन न्यायिक आजादी को धमकी देने के लिए उनकी आलोचना की गई। 2013 में 100 बिलियन अमरीकी डालर के भ्रष्टाचार के घोटाले से एर्डोगन के करीबी सहयोगियों की गिरफ्तारी हुई और उन्होंने एर्डोगान को भ्रमित कर दिया।  तब से उनकी सरकार ने कथित तौर पर विकिपीडिया, ट्विटर, फेसबुक और यूट्यूब तक कई अवसरों पर अवरुद्ध होने के कारण प्रेस और सोशल मीडिया पर कथित मानवाधिकार उल्लंघन और क्रैकडाउन के लिए आग लग गई है।  अदालत के आदेशों द्वारा निर्देशित करते समय एर्डोगान की सरकार ने प्रतिबंध हटा लिया,  लेकिन बाद में उन्हें फिर से उभारा।  पत्रकारों ने अपनी आधिकारिक प्रवृत्तियों की आलोचना की है; किसी अन्य देश की तुलना में एर्डोगन के तहत तुर्की में अधिक पत्रकारों को कैद किया गया है। राजनीतिक टिप्पणीकारों ने कहा है कि एर्डोगन ने अपनी कार्यकारी शक्तियों को विस्तारित करने के अपने प्रयासों को कम करने के प्रयासों के दौरान, \"तुर्की लोकतंत्र के पतन\" और \"तानाशाह के जन्म\" की राशि को कम करने के प्रयासों को छोड़ दिया है। Erdoğan समर्थकों का तर्क है कि तुर्की एक प्रमुखतावादी लोकतंत्र बना हुआ है , दावा करते हुए कि सरकार के विवादित अप्रैल 2017 के चुनाव वैध थे।  वह वर्तमान में 2018 के आम चुनाव में पुन: चयन चाहते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "व्यक्तिगत जीवन और शिक्षा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान का जन्म इस्तांबुल के कासिमपाषा पड़ोस में 1954 में हुआ था, जिसके बाद उनका परिवार रिज़े प्रांत चले गए थे। उनके माता-पिता अहमेट एर्डोगान और टेन्ज़िल एर्डोगान हैं।  2003 में एर्डोगान ने कहा, \"मैं एक जॉर्जियाई हूं, मेरा परिवार एक जॉर्जियाई परिवार है जो बटुमी से राइज में स्थानांतरित हो गया।\" लेकिन एनटीवी न्यूज़ नेटवर्क पर 2014 के टेलीविज़न साक्षात्कार में उन्होंने कहा, \"आप मेरे बारे में जो बातें कह चुके हैं उन पर विश्वास नहीं करेंगे। उन्होंने कहा है कि मैं जॉर्जियाई हूं ..। मुझे यह कहने के लिए क्षमा करें। .. यहां तक ​​कि बहुत ही बदसूरत चीजें, उन्होंने मुझे एक अर्मेनियाई भी कहा है, लेकिन मैं तुर्की हूं। \"  रजिस्ट्री रिकॉर्ड के आधार पर एक खाते में, उनकी वंशावली एक जातीय तुर्की परिवार को ट्रैक की गई थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "एर्डोगान ने अपने शुरुआती बचपन को राइज में बिताया, जहां उनके पिता अहमेट एर्डोगान (1905 - 1988) तुर्की तट रक्षक में एक कप्तान थे। एर्डोगान के एक भाई मुस्तफा (बी। 1958) और बहन वेसाइल (बी। 1965) थे। उनकी गर्मी की छुट्टियां ज्यादातर गुनीसु , राइज में बिताई जाती थीं, जहां उनका परिवार निकलता है। अपने पूरे जीवन में वह अक्सर इस आध्यात्मिक घर लौट आए, और 2015 में उन्होंने इस गांव के पास एक पहाड़ पर एक विशाल मस्जिद खोला। जब एर्डोगान 13 वर्ष का था तब परिवार इस्तांबुल लौट आया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "किशोरी के रूप में, उन्होंने अतिरिक्त पैसे कमाने के लिए शहर के राउघर जिलों की सड़कों पर नींबू पानी और तिल बन्स ( सिमिट ) बेचा। एक अवलोकन मुस्लिम परिवार में पैदा हुआ, एर्डोगन ने 1965 में कासिम्पासा पियाले प्राथमिक विद्यालय से स्नातक की उपाधि प्राप्त की, और 1973 में एक धार्मिक व्यावसायिक हाईस्कूल इमाम हैटिप स्कूल। उन्हें इयूप हाई स्कूल से हाईस्कूल डिप्लोमा मिला। बाद में उन्होंने अकसर स्कूल ऑफ इकोनॉमिक्स एंड कमर्शियल साइंसेज में बिजनेस एडमिनिस्ट्रेशन का अध्ययन किया, जिसे अब अर्थशास्त्र और प्रशासनिक विज्ञान के मार्मारा विश्वविद्यालय के संकाय के रूप में जाना जाता है। कई तुर्की स्रोत विवादों से उन्होंने स्नातक की उपाधि प्राप्त की।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "अपने युवाओं में, एर्डोगन ने स्थानीय क्लब में अर्ध-पेशेवर फुटबॉल खेला। फेनरबास्के चाहते थे कि वह क्लब में स्थानांतरित हो जाएं लेकिन उनके पिता ने इसे रोक दिया था। जिले में स्थानीय फुटबॉल क्लब का स्टेडियम जहां वह बड़ा हुआ, कसीम्पासा एसके का नाम उनके नाम पर रखा गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "एर्डोगन ने 4 जुलाई 1978 को एमीन गुलबरन (जन्म 1955, सिर्ट) से विवाह किया। उनके दो बेटे हैं; अहमेट बुरक और नेकमेटिन बिलाल , और दो बेटियां, एसा और सुमेये। उनके पिता, अहमेट एर्डोगान की मृत्यु 1988 में हुई थी और उनकी 88 वर्षीय मां, टेनज़ाइल एर्डोगान की मृत्यु 2011 में हुई थी। वह नक्षबंदी तारिकह के एक तुर्की सूक्ष्म समुदाय इस्केंडरपासा समुदाय के सदस्य हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "प्रारंभिक राजनीतिक करियर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "बिजनेस एडमिनिस्ट्रेशन का अध्ययन करते हुए और अर्ध-पेशेवर फुटबॉल खेलने के दौरान, एर्डोगन राष्ट्रीय तुर्की छात्र संघ, एक कम्युनिस्ट विरोधी कार्रवाई समूह में शामिल होने से राजनीति में लगे। 1974 में, उन्होंने नाटक मास्कोमिया में मुख्य भूमिका निभाई, निर्देशित किया और खेला, जिसने फ्रीमेसनरी, कम्युनिज्म और यहूदी धर्म को बुराई के रूप में प्रस्तुत किया।  1976 में, वह इस्लामवादी नेशनल साल्वेशन पार्टी (एमएसपी) की बेओग्लू युवा शाखा के प्रमुख बने,  और बाद में उन्हें पार्टी की इस्तांबुल युवा शाखा की अध्यक्षता में पदोन्नत किया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "1980 के सैन्य विद्रोह के बाद, एर्डोगान ने इस्लामवादी कल्याण पार्टी में अधिकांश नेकमेटिन अर्बाकान के अनुयायियों का पालन किया। वह 1984 में पार्टी की बेयोगुलू जिला कुर्सी बन गए, और 1985 में वह इस्तांबुल शहर की शाखा की अध्यक्ष बन गए। वह 1991 में संसद के लिए चुने गए थे, लेकिन उनकी सीट लेने से रोक दिया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "इस्तांबुल के मेयर (1994-98)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "27 मार्च 1994 के स्थानीय चुनावों में , एर्डोगन लोकप्रिय वोट के बहुलता (25.19%) के साथ इस्तांबुल के मेयर चुने गए थे। वह कार्यालय में व्यावहारिक था, इस्तांबुल में पानी की कमी , प्रदूषण और यातायात अराजकता सहित कई पुरानी समस्याओं का सामना करना पड़ा। सैकड़ों किलोमीटर की नई पाइपलाइनों के बिछाने के साथ पानी की कमी की समस्या हल हो गई थी। कचरा समस्या को अत्याधुनिक रीसाइक्लिंग सुविधाओं की स्थापना के साथ हल किया गया था। जबकि एर्डोगान कार्यालय में थे, प्राकृतिक गैस पर स्विच करने के लिए विकसित योजना के माध्यम से वायु प्रदूषण कम हो गया था। उन्होंने सार्वजनिक बसों को पर्यावरण के अनुकूल लोगों में बदल दिया। शहर के यातायात और परिवहन जाम को पचास पुलों, viaducts, और राजमार्गों से अधिक के साथ कम कर दिया गया था। उन्होंने यह सुनिश्चित करने के उपायों का उपयोग करके भ्रष्टाचार को रोकने के लिए सावधानी बरतनी कि नगर निगम के धन का उपयोग बुद्धिमानी से किया जाता था। उन्होंने इस्तांबुल मेट्रोपॉलिटन नगर पालिका के दो अरब डॉलर के कर्ज का एक बड़ा हिस्सा वापस भुगतान किया और शहर में चार बिलियन डॉलर का निवेश किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "इरडोगान ने इस्तांबुल सम्मेलन के दौरान महापौरों के पहले गोलमेज की शुरुआत की, जिसके कारण महापौरों का वैश्विक, संगठित आंदोलन हुआ। संयुक्त राष्ट्र के सात सदस्यीय अंतरराष्ट्रीय जूरी ने सर्वसम्मति से संयुक्त राष्ट्र-हैबीटैट पुरस्कार एर्डोगन से सम्मानित किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "1998 में, कट्टरपंथी कल्याण पार्टी को तुर्की के धर्मनिरपेक्षता को धमकी देने के आधार पर असंवैधानिक घोषित किया गया था और तुर्की संवैधानिक अदालत ने इसे बंद कर दिया था। एर्डोगन अपने पार्टी के सहयोगियों द्वारा आयोजित प्रदर्शनों में एक प्रमुख वक्ता बन गए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "प्रधान मंत्री (2003-14)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "2001 में, एर्डोगन ने न्याय और विकास पार्टी (एकेपी) की स्थापना की।  2002 के चुनाव पहले चुनाव थे जिनमें एर्डोगन ने पार्टी नेता के रूप में भाग लिया था। पहले संसद में चुने गए सभी दल संसद में फिर से प्रवेश करने के लिए पर्याप्त वोट जीतने में नाकाम रहे। एकेपी ने राष्ट्रीय वोट का 34.3% जीता और नई सरकार बनाई। सोमवार सुबह तुर्की के शेयर 7% से अधिक गुलाब। पिछली पीढ़ी के राजनेता, जैसे ईसीविट, बहसेली, यिलमाज़ और शिल्लर, इस्तीफा दे दिया। दूसरी सबसे बड़ी पार्टी, सीएचपी को 19.4% वोट मिले। एकेपी ने संसद में भारी जीत हासिल की, जिसमें लगभग दो तिहाई सीटों पर कब्जा कर लिया गया। अरदुगान प्रधान मंत्री नहीं बन सका क्योंकि वह अभी भी Siirt में अपने भाषण के लिए न्यायपालिका द्वारा राजनीति से प्रतिबंधित था। गुल इसके बजाय प्रधान मंत्री बने। दिसंबर 2002 में, सुप्रीम चुनाव बोर्ड ने मतदान अनियमितताओं के कारण Siirt से आम चुनाव परिणामों को रद्द कर दिया और 9 फरवरी 2003 के लिए एक नया चुनाव निर्धारित किया । इस समय तक, विपक्षी रिपब्लिकन पीपुल्स पार्टी द्वारा किए गए कानूनी परिवर्तन के कारण पार्टी नेता एर्डोगान संसद के लिए दौड़ने में सक्षम थे। एकेपी ने अनुसूचित चुनाव के लिए उम्मीदवार के रूप में एर्डो को उचित रूप से सूचीबद्ध किया, जिसे उन्होंने जीता, जब गुल ने पद सौंप दिया तो प्रधान मंत्री बन गए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "14 अप्रैल 2007 को, अनुमानित 300,000 लोगों ने 2007 के राष्ट्रपति चुनाव में एर्डोगन की संभावित उम्मीदवारी के विरोध में अंकारा में मार्च किया, डर दिया कि अगर राष्ट्रपति के रूप में चुने जाते हैं तो वह तुर्की राज्य की धर्मनिरपेक्ष प्रकृति को बदल देगा। 24 अप्रैल 2007 को एर्डोगान ने घोषणा की कि पार्टी ने अब्दुल्ला गुल को राष्ट्रपति चुनाव में एकेपी उम्मीदवार के रूप में नामांकित किया था। अगले कई हफ्तों में विरोध प्रदर्शन जारी रहा, जिसमें इस्तांबुल में 2 9 अप्रैल की रैली में एक मिलियन से ज्यादा लोग निकले, हजारों लोगों ने मनीसा और कानाकले में अलग-अलग विरोध प्रदर्शनों पर और 13 मई को इज़मिर में दस लाख।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "2007 के चुनावों का मंच उनकी सरकार और सीएचपी के बीच मतदाताओं की नजर में वैधता के लिए लड़ाई के लिए तैयार किया गया था। एर्डोगान ने कुछ महीनों पहले अपने पार्टी के आम चुनाव अभियान के हिस्से के रूप में दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण राष्ट्रपति चुनाव के दौरान हुई घटना का इस्तेमाल किया था। 22 जुलाई 2007 को, एकेपी ने 46.7% लोकप्रिय वोट हासिल करने के विरोध में एक महत्वपूर्ण जीत हासिल की। 22 जुलाई के चुनावों ने तुर्की के इतिहास गणराज्य में दूसरी बार चिन्हित किया, जिससे एक मौजूदा शासी दल ने लोकप्रिय समर्थन के अपने हिस्से को बढ़ाकर चुनाव जीता। 14 मार्च 2008 को, तुर्की के मुख्य अभियोजक ने देश के संवैधानिक न्यायालय से एर्डोगन की शासी पार्टी पर प्रतिबंध लगाने को कहा। [60] पार्टी ने राष्ट्रीय चुनावों में 46.7% वोट जीतने के एक साल बाद 30 जुलाई 2008 को प्रतिबंध से बच निकला, हालांकि न्यायाधीशों ने पार्टी के सार्वजनिक वित्त पोषण में 50% कटौती की। [61]", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "जून 2011 के चुनावों में, एर्डोगन की शासी पार्टी ने 327 सीटें (लोकप्रिय वोट का 4 9 .83%) जीता, तुर्की के इतिहास में एकमात्र प्रधान मंत्री एर्डोगन को लगातार तीन आम चुनाव जीतने के लिए, हर बार पिछले चुनाव की तुलना में अधिक वोट प्राप्त हुए। दूसरी पार्टी, रिपब्लिकन पीपुल्स पार्टी (सीएचपी) को 135 सीटें मिलीं (25.94%), राष्ट्रवादी एमएचपी को 53 सीटें मिलीं (13.01%), और निर्दलीय उम्मीदवारों को 35 सीटें (6.58%) मिलीं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "ट्विटर पर रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "पुस्तकालयों में रजब तैयब इरदुगान-रचित या संबंधित कृतियाँ (वर्ल्डकैट सूचीपत्र)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_87758f9f", "title": "रजब तैयब इरदुगान", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_87758f9f.json"}}
{"text": "नगला दयाल इगलास, अलीगढ़, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfdc7d0e", "title": "नगला दयाल गाँव, इगलास (अलीगढ़)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfdc7d0e.json"}}
{"text": "'किस्वह' या कस्वः (अरबी: كسوة الكعبة‎, kiswat Al-ka'bah) है कि कपड़े को शामिल किया गया काबा में मक्का, सऊदी अरब के शहर [[मक्का]] में स्थित काबा गृह पर उढ़ाया गया गिलाफ़ है. इस को हर वर्ष जू अल हज्जा, के दिन उढ़ाया जाता है, उस दिन जिस दिन हज यात्री अरफात के मैदान में जाते हैं. इस शब्द का अर्थ \"डिबिया पर ढंका गाया गिलाफ़\" है. इस शब्द का मूल हिब्रू का शब्द \"किसुई\" है.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06fce37e", "title": "किस्वह", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06fce37e.json"}}
{"text": "हर साल, पुराने किस्वा को हटा दिया जाता है, छोटे टुकड़ों में कट जाता है, और कुछ व्यक्तियों को दिया जाता है, विदेशी मुस्लिम गणमान्य व्यक्तियों और संगठनों का दौरा किया जाता है। उनमें से कुछ हज के स्मृति चिन्ह के रूप में अपना हिस्सा बेचते हैं पहले के दिनों में, उमर बिन अल-खत्ताब इसे टुकड़ों में काट दिया और उन तीर्थयात्रियों में वितरित किया, जो उन्हें मक्का की गर्मी से आश्रय के रूप में इस्तेमाल करते थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06fce37e", "title": "किस्वह", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06fce37e.json"}}
{"text": "किस्वह को बनाने में सऊदी रियाल की वर्तमान लागत 17,000,000 (~ 4,532,951.01 अमरीकी डालर) हो। इस का कपड़ा 658 मीटर  2 </ sup> है और 670 & nbsp; से बना है रेशम कढ़ाई में 15 & nbsp; किलो सोने के धागे शामिल हैं। इसमें कपड़े के 47 टुकड़े होते हैं और प्रत्येक टुकड़ा 14 मीटर लंबा और 101 & nbsp; सेमी चौड़ा है। किस्वा काबा के चारों ओर लपेटा हुआ है और इसे अपने तांबे के छल्ले के साथ तय किया गया है। कुरान की आयातों का छंद लिख कर तैयार की गई कढ़ाई है। लेकिन आज कल हस्तकला की जगह कंप्यूटर द्वारा सहायता प्राप्त करके इस का डिजाईन और कढाई एम्ब्रायडरी की जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06fce37e", "title": "किस्वह", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06fce37e.json"}}
{"text": "मुहम्मद के शासनकाल में किस्वह", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06fce37e", "title": "किस्वह", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06fce37e.json"}}
{"text": "एक ऐतिहासिक देखो कीस्वः", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_06fce37e", "title": "किस्वह", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_06fce37e.json"}}
{"text": "काने खलपाटी भारतीय राज्य उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के अल्मोड़ा जिले की सल्ट तहसील का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6f96bfca", "title": "काने खलपाटी, सल्ट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6f96bfca.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6f96bfca", "title": "काने खलपाटी, सल्ट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6f96bfca.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6f96bfca", "title": "काने खलपाटी, सल्ट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6f96bfca.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6f96bfca", "title": "काने खलपाटी, सल्ट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6f96bfca.json"}}
{"text": "कनखुल मल्ला, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के चमोली जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6223e0f", "title": "कनखुल मल्ला, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6223e0f.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6223e0f", "title": "कनखुल मल्ला, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6223e0f.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6223e0f", "title": "कनखुल मल्ला, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6223e0f.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d6223e0f", "title": "कनखुल मल्ला, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d6223e0f.json"}}
{"text": "लमडा, कनालीछीना तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत कुमाऊँ मण्डल के पिथोरागढ जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_be537ec9", "title": "लमडा, कनालीछीना तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_be537ec9.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_be537ec9", "title": "लमडा, कनालीछीना तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_be537ec9.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_be537ec9", "title": "लमडा, कनालीछीना तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_be537ec9.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_be537ec9", "title": "लमडा, कनालीछीना तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_be537ec9.json"}}
{"text": "शीकी खुर्द हंडिया, इलाहाबाद, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b6dbb89d", "title": "शीकी खुर्द गाँव, हंडिया (इलाहाबाद)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b6dbb89d.json"}}
{"text": "हरी के कलाँ (Hari Ke Kalan), जिसे हरीके कलाँ (Harike Kalan) भी लिखा जाता है और जिसका अन्य नाम बड़ी हरी (Bari Hari) भी है, भारत के पंजाब राज्य के श्री मुक्तसर साहिब ज़िले में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b10fb1e4", "title": "हरी के कलाँ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b10fb1e4.json"}}
{"text": "श्री मुक्तसर साहिब ज़िला", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b10fb1e4", "title": "हरी के कलाँ", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b10fb1e4.json"}}
{"text": "नाह अतरौली, अलीगढ़, उत्तर प्रदेश में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_58a851c8", "title": "नाह गाँव, अतरौली (अलीगढ़)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_58a851c8.json"}}
{"text": "मिस्र (अरबी: مصر), आधिकारिक नाम मिस्र अरब गणराज्य, पूर्वोत्तर अफ़्रीका और पश्चिमी एशिया में स्थित एक देश है। इसकी सीमाएँ उत्तर में भूमध्य सागर, पूर्वोत्तर में इसराइल एवं फ़िलिस्तीन, पूर्व में लाल सागर, दक्षिण में सूडान और पश्चिम में लीबिया से लगी हुई हैं। पूर्वोत्तर में अक़ाबा की खाड़ी मिस्र को जॉर्डन और सउदी अरब से अलग करती है। मिस्र की राजधानी एवं सांस्कृतिक केन्द्र क़ाहिरा है, और अलेक्ज़ेंड्रिया सबसे बड़ी शहर तथा एक महत्तवपूर्ण औद्योगिक एवं पर्यटन केन्द्र भी है। मिस्र की जनसंख्या 10.7 करोड़ है, जिस प्रकार यह अफ़्रीका का तीसरा सबसे आबाद तथा विश्व का 15वाँ सबसे आबाद देश है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "मिस्र का आधिकारिक नाम मिस्र ही है।  ये नाम प्राचीन अरबी में है  जिसमे कुरआन लिखी गई है।  स्थानीय निवासी आजकल इसको मस्र भी कह देते हैं। अंग्रेजी नाम इजिप्ट (Egypt) मध्य फ़्रांसिसी शब्द Egypte और लैटिन Aegyptus के  मार्ग से  मूलतः  प्राचीन युनानी ब्द एजिप्टोस (\"Αἴγυπτος\") से आया है।  मिस्र शब्द सामी भाषाओँ का है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "मिस्र, अफ़्रीका के मध्य पूर्व के सबसे अधिक जनसंख्या वाले देशों में से एक है। इसकी अनुमानित 7.90 करोड़ जनसंख्या का अधिकतर हिस्सा नील नदी के किनारे वाले हिस्से में रहता है। नील नदी का यह क्षेत्र लगभग 40000 वर्ग किलोमीटर (15000 वर्ग मील) का है और पूरे देश का सिर्फ इसी क्षेत्र में कृषि योग्य भूमि पायी जाती है। सहारा मरुस्थल के एक बड़े हिस्से में विरल जनसंख्या निवास करती है। मिस्र के लगभग आधे निवासी शहरों में वास करते हैं जिनमें नील नदी के मुहाने के क्षेत्र में बसे सघन जनसंख्या वाले शहर जैसे कि काहिरा, अलेक्जेंड्रिया आदि प्रमुख हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "मिस्र की मान्यता उसकी प्राचीन सभ्यता के लिए है। गीज़ा पिरामिड परिसर और महान स्फिंक्स जैसे प्रसिद्ध स्मारक यहीं स्थित है। मिस्र के प्राचीन खंडहर जैसे कि मेम्फिस, थेबिस, करनाक और राजाओं की घाटी जो लक्सर के बाहर स्थित हैं, पुरातात्विक अध्ययन का एक महत्वपूर्ण केंद्र हैं। यहां के शासक को फारो नाम से जाना जाता था। इस पदवी का प्रयोग ईसाई और इस्लाम काल के पूर्व काल में होता था। इसे फारोह भी लिखते हैं। फारो को मिस्र के देवता होरसका पुनर्जन्म माना जाता था। होरस द्यौ (आकाश) का देवता था और इसे सूर्य भी माना जाता था। मिस्र की कार्यशक्ति का लगभग 12% हिस्सा पर्यटन और लाल सागर रिवेरा में कार्यरत है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "मध्य पूर्व में, मिस्र की अर्थव्यवस्था सबसे अधिक विकसित और विविध अर्थव्यवस्थाओं में से एक है। पर्यटन, कृषि, उद्योग और सेवा जैसे क्षेत्रों का उत्पादन स्तर लगभग एक समान है। 2011 के शुरूआत में मिस्र उस क्रांति का गवाह बना, जिसके द्वारा मिस्र से होस्नी मुबारक नाम के तानाशाह के 30 साल के शासन का खात्मा हुआ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "मिस्र अफ्रीका के उत्तर-पूर्वी भाग में सिनाइ प्रायद्वीप सहित नील नदी की निचली घाटी में, जिसके दोनों और रेगिस्तान पड़ते हैं, एक वर्गाकार देश है। इसका समुद्र तट सपाट है। अरब की पहाड़ियाँ यहाँ की मुख्य पर्वतश्रेणी है। देश की अधिकतम ऊँचाई समुद्रतल से लगभग ८,६०० फुट तथा निम्नतम ऊँचाई लगभग १०० फुट तक है। संसार की सबसे लंबी नील नदी यहाँ बहती है तथा मुख्य खाड़ियाँ स्वेज और ऐबुकिर की खाड़ी हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "धरातल- प्राकृतिक लक्षण के विचार से नील नदी के चारों ओर मिस्र के आबाद हिस्से को दो भागों में बाँट सकते हैं : (क) निचला मिस्र, जो नील नदी के डेल्टा वाले भाग में पड़ता है। ये उत्तरी मिस्र भी कहलाता है, जो भूमध्य सागर से लेकर काहिरा तक विस्तृत है। (ख) उच्च मिस्र, जो दक्षिणी सीमा तक नील नदी की घाटी की पतली पट्टी में विस्तृत है। इस प्रकार मिस्र की ढालश् नील नदी के अनुरूप सामान्यत: दक्षिण से उत्तर की ओर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "मिस्र का भूपृष्ठ केवल नील नदी के आस पास अधिक चौरस है। नदी के पश्चिम की भूमि धीरे धीरे ऊँची होती गई है (लगभग १,००० फुट तक), जहाँ हवा के प्रभाव से निर्मित चिकनी चट्टानें तथा लिबिया की रेगिस्तानी बालू दृष्टिगोचर होती है। नदी के पूर्वी ओर अरब के रेगिस्तान का विस्तार पाया जाता है, जो और आगे चलकर लाल सागर के निकट लगभग ७,००० फुट ऊँची पहाड़ियों के रूप में परिणत हो जाता है। नदी के पश्चिमी ओर काहिरा के उत्तर में लगभग ५० मील दूर फायूम की उपजाऊ निम्नभूमि है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "मिस्र का अधिक भाग जलविहीन है। केवल नील नदी ही जल का स्रोत है। निचले मिस्र में नील से नहरें भी निकाली गई हैं जिनका उपयोग जलमार्गो के रूप में तथा खेतों की सिंचाई के लिये किया जाता है। विश्वविख्यात स्वेज नहर भूमध्य सागर तथा लाल सागर को उत्तर-पूर्वी मिस्र में सिनाइ प्रायद्वीप से होकर जोड़ती है। कहीं कहीं पर मरूद्यान भी दृष्टिगोचर होते हैं, जहाँ भूमिगत जल के प्रभाव के कारण अत्यधिक पौधे उग सकते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "मिस्र में शुष्क तथा गरम रेगिस्तानी जलवायु पाई जाती है। दिन में सूर्य की प्रखरता के कारण अत्यधिक गरमी तथा रात में बालू की शीतलता के कारण अत्यधिक ठंडक पड़ती है भूमध्यसागरीय तट को छोड़कर देश के अधिकांश भाग में वर्षा नहीं होती। भूमध्यसागरीय तट की औसत वार्षिक वर्षा आठ इंच के लगभग है। ऊपरी नील की ओर यह औसत केवल एक इंच के लगभग रह जाता है। मिस्र में दक्षिण की ओर से आने वाली हवाओं को खामसिन कहते हैं। इन हवाओं के साथ गरमी में बालू एवं धूल के भीषण तूफान आते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "यहाँ की ९०% जनसंख्या नील नदी के दोनों ओर एक पतली पट्टी में निवास करती है। नील के डेल्टों तथा घाटी में कहीं कहीं जनसंख्या का घनत्व १,५०० व्यक्ति प्रति वर्ग मील हो गया है। कुछ भ्रमणशील जातियाँ लिबिया के रेगिस्तान में एक मरूद्यान से दूसरे मरूद्यान में घूमती रहती हैं, परंतु मिस्र के रेगिस्तानों के बहुत से भाग बिल्कुल ही जनविहीन हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "कार्य और रहन सहन के आधार पर मिस्र के निवासियों को तीन समूहों में विभाजित कर सकते है:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "(क) फेलाहिन अथवा कृषक, इनकी संख्या कुल जनसंख्या का लगभग २/३ है जो अपने पूर्वजों की भाँति सैकड़ों वर्षो से खेती करते आ रहे हैं। इनकी आकृति इनके पूर्वजों की ही भाँति भिन्न-भिन्न है। ये अरबी भाषा बोलने तथा सामन्यत: मुस्लिम धर्म को मानने वाले होते हैं, यद्यपि कुछ लोग ईसाई धर्म को भी मानते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "(ख) बद्दू, इनका वर्ग बहुत छोटे पैमाने पर हैं। ये रेगिस्तान के अरबी भाषा बोलने वाले आदिवासी होते हैं। कुछ बद्दू नदी के किनारे अथवा हरे भरे मरूद्यानों में स्थायी खेमों में निवास करते हैं। कुछ लोग एक रेगिस्तान से दूसरे रेगिस्तान में अपनी भेड़ों तथा घोड़ों को लेकर भ्रमण किया करते हैं और छोटे मोटे भूभागों पर निवास करते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "(ग) व्यापारी तथा व्यवसायी, यह सबसे छोटा समूह है जो शहरों में निवास करता है। इसमें अधिकतर विदेशी खासकर यूनानी, तुर्की, इतालवीय, अंग्रेज तथा फ्रांसीसी सम्मिलित हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "कृषि - मिस्र के लोगों का मुख्य धंधा कृषि है। खेत अधिकतर नील नदी के निकट लगभग १२ मील की चौड़ाई में फैले हैं। कम वर्षा या वर्षारहित दिनों में नील की घाटी में कृषि सिंचाई पर निर्भर करती है। बाढ़ के समय नदी का पानी खेतों में फैल जाने के कारण साल में एक बार अपने आप सिंचाई हो जाती है और खेतों में बाढ़ द्वारा लाई हुई नई उपजाऊ मिट्टी भी बिछ जाती है। इसी समय शीघ्र फसलें रोपकर मिट्टी में नमी के विद्यमान रहने तक आवश्यक उत्पादन कर लिया जाता है। अब तो बाढ़ के जल को नियंत्रित एवं संचित करने के लिये आर-पार बड़े बड़े बाँध तथा फाटक बन गए हैं और आवश्यकतानुसार पानी को नहरों द्वारा खतों में पहुँचाकर दो या कभी तीन फसलें प्रति वर्ष उगा ली जाती हैं। मिस्र की मुख्य फसलों में लंबी रेशे वाली कपास, गेहूँ, धान, गन्ना, फलियाँ (बीन), प्याज, मसूर, शकरकंद, खजूर आदि हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "खनिज पदार्थ - मिस्र के पूर्वी पर्वतों से सोना, ऐस्वैन और ऐल बहारिया के निकट से लोहा, जस्ते की प्राचीन खानों के निकट सिनाइ प्रायद्वीप से मैंगनीज, नील डेल्टा के दलदल से नमक और पूर्वी तट के किनारे तेल के अतिरिक्त फॉस्फेट, जस्ता, फिटकरी, जिप्सम, बेरिल, ग्रेनाइट, सैडस्टोन तथा चूना पत्थर आदि प्राप्त जाते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "यातायात - नील नदी मिस्र के लिये एक बहुत बड़ा जलमार्ग है। रेलें मिस्र के आधुनिक शहरों को आपस में जोड़ती है सड़के देश के आबाद भागों में स्थित हैं। वायुयान देश के मुख्य शहरों को एक दूसरे के साथ तथा अफ्रीका, यूरोप, भारत एवं सुदूर पूर्व के नगरों को जोड़ते हैं। रेगिस्तानी बालू के क्षेत्रों में, जहाँ यात्रा का अन्य कोई साधन संभव नहीं है, वहाँ ऊटों द्वारा यातायात संभव होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "काहिरा, एलेग्जेंड्रेिया, अस्यूट, डैमिएटा, एल ऐलामेन, एल मंसूरा, पोर्ट सईद, स्वेज, मेंफिस, थीबीज, टॉन्टॉ आदि मिस्र के आधुनिक नगर हैं। काहिरा यहाँ की राजधानी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "मिस्र के इतिहास में विदेशी शक्तियों और आंतरिक राजाओं (फ़राओ) का अंश रहा है। ईसा के 4000 साल पहले से चला आ रहा साम्राज्य छठी सदी ईसा पूर्व में ईरानियों के आक्रमण के बाद ख़त्म हुआ। उसके बाद चौथी सदी ईसा पूर्व में सिकंदर के आक्रमण से ग्रीक यहाँ शासन करने लगे। इस काल में यूनानी संस्कृति का असर यहाँ पर पड़ा। यूनानियों पर रोमन कब्ज़े के बाद (ईसापूर्व सन् 30) यहाँ रोमन शासन स्थापित हुआ। इस काल में यहाँ कॉप्टिक भाषा का विकास हुआ। रोमन साम्राज्य चौथी सदी में टूटा तो पूर्वी भाग के बिज़ेंटाइन यहाँ के शासक बने। सातवीं सदी में फ़ारसियों के अल्पकालिक नियंत्रण के बाद मिस्र बिज़ेंटाइनों के हाथ तो लगा पर जल्द ही (सन् 639) मुस्लिम अरबों ने इस पर अपना अधिकार कर लिया। इसके बाद अरब साम्राज्य का ये अंग तेरहवीं सदी तक रहा और इस दौरान यहाँ इस्लाम का प्रचार हुआ। सन् 1250 में मामलुकों ने सीरिया तक फैले साम्राज्य में मिस्र को शामिल किया और ये मंगोल आक्रमण के समय भी बचा रहा। सोलहवीं सदी में उस्मानी तुर्कों (ऑटोमन) ने मिस्र पर अधिकार कर लिया। इसके बाद उन्नीसवीं सदी में यहाँ ब्रिटिश आए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "आधुनिक काल में मिस्री विद्या का अध्ययन नेपोलियन के मिस्री अभियान (१८९७ ई०) और शांपोल्यों (१७९०-१८३२ ई०) नामक फ्रेंच विद्वान् द्वारा रोजेटा प्रस्तर की सहायता से मिस्री चित्राक्षर लिपि के उद्वाचन से प्रारंभ होता है। मिस्र के अधिकांश स्मारक धरातल के ऊपर हैं, इसलिये इनपर उत्कीर्ण अभिलेखों का अध्ययन करने के लिये इनकी लिपि से परिचय मात्र की आवश्यकता थी। मिस्र इतिहास पर प्रकाश डालनेवाले प्राचीन लेखकों में हेरोडोटस तथा डायोडोरस प्रमुख हैं, परंतु उनके विवरण विशेष ज्ञानवर्धक नहीं हैं। सबसे महत्वपूर्ण प्राचीन रचना है तीसरी शती ई० पू० के मनेथो नामक मिस्री पुजारी की। आजकल उसकी कृति का जूलियस अफ्रीकेनस, यूसीबियस तथा जोसेफस प्रभृति परवर्ती लेखकों की रचनाओं में उद्वरणों के रूप में सुरक्षित लगभग आधा भाग ही प्राप्य है। इसमें मनेथो ने प्राचीन मिस्री राजाओं को सूचीबद्ध करके उन्हें तीस वंशों में विभाजित किया था। यह विभाजन अनेक दोषों के बावजूद अत्यंत उपयोगी और सत्य के काफी निकट सिद्ध हुआ है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "प्रागैतिहासिक युग में उत्तरी मिस्र में लीबियन और सेमेटिक जातियाँ निवास करती थीं। इनके अतिरिक्त एक तीसरी जाति और थी जिसके सदस्यों का सिर बड़ा, चेहरा गोल और नाक छोटी होती थी। यह जाति दक्षिणी मिस्र में प्रागैतिहासिक युग में अज्ञात थी, परंतु ऐतिहासिक युग में धीरे-धीरे वहाँ भी फैल गई थी। दक्षिणी मिस्र में निवास करने वाली जाति जिसका ज्ञान हमें उस युग की समाधियों से प्राप्त अवशेषों और मूर्तियों आदि से होता है छोटे सिर वाली थी। जैसा मिस्र की ट्यूबसम आकृति से स्पष्ट है, नील की उपरली घाटी में इसका प्रवेश निश्चित रूप से मिस्र के दक्षिण से हुआ होगा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "सांस्कृतिक विकास की दृष्टि से मिस्री इतिहास को कई भागों में विभाजित किया जाता है। प्रथम दो वंशों के शासनकाल में मिस्री सभ्यता से प्राग्वंशीय सभ्यता विशेष भिन्न नहीं थीं, इसलिये मिस्र सभ्यता के प्राचीनतम युग का अध्ययन करते समय प्रथम दो वंशों के शासनकाल को उसी में सम्मिलित कर लिया जाता है। तीसरे वंश की स्थापना से लेकर बीसवें वंश के पतन तक के सुदीर्घ युग में मिस्री सभ्यता के तीन काल माने गए हैं। 'प्राचीन राज्य युग' अथवा 'पिरेमिड युग' जिसमें तीसरे से छठे वंशों ने राज्य किया; 'मध्य राज्य युग' जिसमें ११वें और १२वें वंशों ने राजय किया; तथा 'साम्राज्य युग' जिसमें १८ वें से लेकर २० वें वंशों ने शासन किया। इन युगों के मध्यवर्ती युगों में और २० वें वंश के पतन के पश्चात् मिस्र प्राय: आंतरिक दौर्बल्य और विदेशी आक्रमणों का शिकार रहा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "प्राग्वंशीय मिस्र प्रारंभ में छोटे छोटे नगर राज्यों में विभाजित था। ये नगर ४००० ई० पू० के लगभग संयुक्त होकर दो राज्यों में एकीकृत हो गए:-उत्तरी अथवा नील के मुहाने का राज्य और दक्षिणी अथवा नील की घाटी का राज्य। नेखेब (आधुनिक अलकाब) दक्षिणी राज्य की राजधानी थी। इसके राजा लंबा श्वेत मुकुट धारण करते थे। उनका राजप्रासाद नेखेन और कोषागार 'श्वेत भवन' कहलाता था। उनका राजचिह्न लिली पौधे की शाख एवं संरक्षिका गृध्रदेवी नेखबत थी। उत्तरी राज्य की राजधानी बूटो, संरक्षिका इसी नाम की नागदेवी और उसका विशिष्ट रंग लाल थी। इसलिये उसके राजा लाल मुकुट धारण करते थे और उनके राजप्रासाद और कोषागार क्रमश: 'पे और रक्तभवन' कहलाते थे। उनके राजचिह्न पेपाइरस का गुच्छा और मधुमक्खी थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तरी और दक्षिणी राज्यों को संयुक्त करके राजनीतिक एकता और प्रथम वंश की स्थापना दक्षिणी मिस्र में एबाइडोस के समीप स्थित तेनी (यूनानी थिस अथवा थिनिस) नामक स्थान के निवासी मेना (यूनानी मेनिज) ने की थी। उसके बाद प्रथम दो वंशों के १८ नरेशों ने ४२० वर्ष (लगभग ३४००-२९८० ई० पू० तक) राज्य किया। तृतीय सहस्राब्दी ई० पू० के प्रारंभ में द्वितीय वंश के पतन और जोसेर के नेतृत्व में तृतीय वंश की स्थापना (२९८० ई० पू०) से मिस्र के इतिहास के पिरेमिड अथवा प्राचीन राज्य युग का प्रारंभ हुआ जो २४७५ ई० पू० में छठे वंश के पतन तक चला। जोसेर के शासनकाल में मेंफिस (मेन नो फेर) का प्रभुत्व दृढ़रूपेण स्थापित हुआ और उसके मंत्री इम्होतेप ने सक्कर के सीढ़ीदार पिरेमिड का निर्माण करके पाषाण वास्तुकला को जन्म दिया। जोसेर के एक उत्तराधिकारी नेफु ने विदेशी व्यापार को प्रोत्साहन दिया, उत्तरी नूबिया में विद्रोही जातियों को परास्त किया तथा पहले ढ़लवाँ पिरेमिड का निर्माण कराया। मिस्र के चौथे वंश के संस्थापक खूफू ने मिस्र का विशालतम पिरेमिड बनवाया तथा उसके पुत्र खेफे ने एक लघुतर पिरेमिड और संभवत: विशाल स्फिंकस भी बनवाया। पंचम वंश के संस्थापक यूसेरकाफ तथा उसके पुत्र सहुरे ने मिस्र की नौशक्ति में वृद्धि की तथा फिनीशिया और देवभूमि 'पुंट' पर सफल आक्रमण किए। परंतु इसके बावजूद उनके शासनकाल में रे के पुजारियों, सामंतों और सेनापतियों की महत्वाकांक्षाएँ बढ़ जाने के कारण फेराओ की शक्ति शनै: शनै: कम होती गई। राजपद की इस ्ह्रासोन्मुखी प्रतिष्ठा को बढ़ाने का महानीय कार्य किया छठे वंश के प्रथम दो फेराओ तेती द्वितीय और पेपी प्रथम ने। पेपी प्रथम के एक उत्तराधिकारी पेपी द्वितीय ने, जो राज्यारोहण के समय शिशु मात्र था, मनेथो के अनुसार ९४ वर्ष राज्य किया। विश्व इतिहास में उसके शासनकाल को दीर्घतम माना जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "२४७५ ई० पू० में छठे वंश के पतन के बाद लगभग तीन सौ वर्ष तक मिस्र में घोर अव्यवस्था रही और स्थानीय सामंत लगभग स्वतंत्र रूपेण शासन करने लगे। उनकी शक्ति तोड़ने में कुछ सफलता ग्यारहवें वंश (२१६०-२००० ई० पू०) के राजाओं ने प्राप्त की। लेकिन लगभग समस्त मिस्र के स्वामी होते हुए भी वे सामंतवादी व्यवस्था को बदलने में असमर्थ रहे। उनसे अधिक सफलता बारहवें वंश (२०००-१७८८ ई० पू०) के शासकों को मिली। इस वंश का संस्थापक एमेन म्हेत प्रथम था। इन दो वंशों के राजाओं का शासनकाल सांस्कृतिक प्रगति के लिये प्रसिद्ध है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "१७८८ ई० पू० में १२वें वंश के पतन के साथ सामंतों में सत्ता हड़पने के लिये पुन: संघर्ष प्रारंभ हो गया। इस अराजकता के कारण वे १७६५ ई० पू० में एशिया से आने वाले हिक्सोस नामक आक्रमणकारियों को नहीं रोक पाए। हिक्सोस सांस्कृतिक दृष्टि से मिस्रियों से बहुत पिछड़े थे। लेकिन वे अश्वों और रथों के प्रयोग से परिचित थे, इसलिये मिस्रियों को लगभग दो सौ वर्ष तक अपने अधीन रखने में सफल रहे (१३ वाँ-१७वाँ वंश)। उनको देश से खदेड़ने का महनीय कार्य किया अहमोस प्रथम ने। उसके द्वारा अठारहवें वंश की स्थापना से मिस्री इतिहास का 'साम्राज्य युग' प्रारंभ होता है। उसके एक उत्तराधिकारी थटमोस प्रथम ने अपनी सत्ता कार्शैमिश तक स्थापित की। उनकी पुत्री हतशेपशुत विश्व इतिहास की पहली पूर्ण सत्तासंपन्न शासिका थी। हतशेपशुत के उत्तराधिकारी थटमोस तृतीय को 'प्राचीन मिस्र का नेपोलियन' कहा जाता है। उसने पश्चिमी एशिया पर पंद्रह बार आक्रमण किए थे। उन्नीसवें वंश के शासकों में रेमेसिस द्वितीय सर्वाधिक प्रसिद्ध है। वह साहसी और बलवान् था। युद्धकला में भी उसकी उतनी ही रुचि थी जितनी प्रेमव्यापार में। फिलिस्तीन विजय के बाद उसने हित्तियों के विरुद्ध कादेशाँ की प्रसिद्ध लड़ाई लड़ी। १२६१ ई० पू० में उसने हित्तियों से इतिहासप्रसिद्ध संधि की। वह महान भवन निर्माता भी था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "बीसवें वंश के काल में फेराओ रेमेसिस तृतीय के शासन काल तक मिस्र का कुछ एशियाई प्रांतों पर नियंत्रण बना रहा। लेकिन उसके बाद स्थिति शीघ्रता से बिगड़ी और बारहवीं शती ई०पू० के मध्य तक मिस्र का एशियाई साम्राज्य अतीत की कहानी रह गया। इस वंश का पतन और २१ वें वंश की स्थापना १०९० ई० पू० में हुई। उसके बाद मिस्र एक शती तक दुर्बल परंतु, स्वतंत्र रहा। दसवीं शती के मध्य उसकी स्वतंत्रता का भी अंत हो गया और कई शती तक क्रमश: लीबियनों, इथियोपियनों असीरियनों का प्रभुत्व उसे मानना पड़ा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "६६३ ई० पू० में नील के मुहाने के पश्चिमी भाग में स्थित साइस स्थान के एक महत्वाकांक्षी शासक साम्तिक ने असीरियन सेनाओं को निकाल बाहर किया और कई शती बाद मिस्र में एक स्वतंत्र राज्य (२६ वाँ वंश) की स्थापना की। उसके उत्तराधिकारी ५२५ ई० पू० तक राज्य करते रहे। नीको द्वितीय के शासनकाल में तो उन्होंने एशिया पर भी आक्रमण किए। उनके शासनकाल को साइतयुग कहा जाता है। ५२५ ई० पू० में उनका पतन हो गया और मिस्र हखामशी साम्राज्य में मिला लिया गया। फारसी आधिपत्य के अंत (३३२ ई० पू०) के बाद मिस्र पर पहले यूनानियों (३३२-४८ ई० पू०) और तत्पश्चात् रोमनों ने शासन किया। ३० ई० पू० में इसे रोम साम्राज्य का एक प्रांत बना लिया गया। इस प्रकार मिस्र की पाँच सहस्र वर्ष पुरानी सभ्यता और पृथक राजनीतिक अस्तित्व का अंत हुआ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "== मिस्र का धर्म - इस्लाम", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "(चौथा राजवंश) और [[गीजा का म", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_cfb756dd", "title": "मिस्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_cfb756dd.json"}}
{"text": "गौरेला (Gaurela), जिसे पेण्ड्रा रोड (Pendra road) भी कहा जाता है, भारत के छत्तीसगढ़ राज्य के गौरेला-पेंड्रा-मरवाही ज़िले में स्थित एक नगर पंचायत है। यह ज़िले का मुख्यालय भी है.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_22720efa", "title": "गौरेला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_22720efa.json"}}
{"text": "गौरेला छत्तीसगढ़ के गौरेला पेंड्रा मरवाही जिले का एक नगर है और यह जिला मुख्यालय भी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_22720efa", "title": "गौरेला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_22720efa.json"}}
{"text": "गौरेला का टेलीफोन कोड 07751 वाहन पंजीकरण कोड सीजी 31है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_22720efa", "title": "गौरेला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_22720efa.json"}}
{"text": "रेलवे स्टेशन पेंड्रा रोड के नाम से भी जाना जाता है, गौरेला शहर का रेलवे स्टेशन दक्षिण पूर्व मध्य रेलवे के बिलासपुर - कटनी रेल मार्ग पर  है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_22720efa", "title": "गौरेला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_22720efa.json"}}
{"text": "गौरेला की  समुद्र तल से ऊंचाई 618.4 मीटर है, जो एसईसी रेलवे का सबसे ऊंचा स्टेशन है। यह पवित्र तीर्थ अमरकंटक और ज्वालेश्वर महादेव मंदिर के सबसे नजदीक है।  \"अमरकंटक\" यात्रा और दर्शन के लिए पेंड्रा रोड रेलवे स्टेशन उतरें। यहां के निकटतम हवाई अड्डे बिलासपुर (100 किमी) और रायपुर सी.जी. हैं।  (126 किमी)। साथ ही  गौरेला तक बिलासपुर, शहडोल और कटनी से सड़क मार्ग द्वारा भी आसानी से पहुंचा जा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_22720efa", "title": "गौरेला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_22720efa.json"}}
{"text": "अरपा, जोहिला, सोन, तिपान सहित अनेक नदियां इस क्षेत्र में हैं। साथ ही देश की प्रमुख और पवित्र नदी \"नर्मदा\" का उद्गम भी गौरेला से मात्र 26 किलोमीटर दूर स्थित \"अमरकंटक\" से होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_22720efa", "title": "गौरेला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_22720efa.json"}}
{"text": "\"अरपा नदी\" छत्तीसगढ़ की एक प्रमुख नदी है, सरकारी रिकॉर्ड और दृश्य भौतिक रूप के अनुसार अरपा नदी का उद्गम गौरेला ब्लॉक के खोडरी गांव से होता है।  लेकिन कुछ लोगों का मानना है कि अरपा का उद्गम पेंड्रा शहर के निकट ग्राम अमरपुर से हुआ है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_22720efa", "title": "गौरेला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_22720efa.json"}}
{"text": "यह शहर पवित्र और सुंदर तीर्थ अमरकंटक के लिए एक प्रमुख गंतव्य है,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_22720efa", "title": "गौरेला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_22720efa.json"}}
{"text": "यह एक शांत शीतल और आनंद लेने और रहवास के लिए  सुंदर स्थान  है और यह क्षेत्र में एक बढ़ता हुआ पर्यटन केंद्र है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_22720efa", "title": "गौरेला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_22720efa.json"}}
{"text": "गौरेला का मानसून सीज़न जुलाई, अगस्त और सितंबर में होता है।  हालाँकि यह नगर मैकल पर्वत श्रेणी की छांव में बसा है और इस क्षेत्र लगभग पूरे साल छिटपुट बारिश होती रहती है, फरवरी ही एकमात्र ऐसा महीना है जो सामान्यतः सूखा रहता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_22720efa", "title": "गौरेला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_22720efa.json"}}
{"text": "गौरेला-पेंड्रा-मरवाही ज़िला", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_22720efa", "title": "गौरेला", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_22720efa.json"}}
{"text": "सलैमपुर माफ़ी कोइल, अलीगढ़, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_50350243", "title": "सलैमपुर माफ़ी गाँव, कोइल (अलीगढ़)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_50350243.json"}}
{"text": "अरुणा आसफ़ अली (बंगाली: অরুণা আসফ আলী) (१६ जुलाई १९०९ – २९ जुलाई १९९६) भारतीय स्वतंत्रता सेनानी थीं। उनका जन्म का नाम अरुणा गांगुली था। उन्हे 1942 में भारत छोडो आंदोलन के दौरान, मुंबई के गोवालीया मैदान में कांग्रेस का झंडा फ्हराने के लिये हमेशा याद किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_546c2312", "title": "अरुणा आसफ़ अली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_546c2312.json"}}
{"text": "अरुणा जी का जन्म बंगाली परिवार में 16 जुलाई सन 1909 ई. को हरियाणा, तत्कालीन पंजाब के 'कालका' नामक स्थान में हुआ था। इनका परिवार जाति से ब्राह्मण था। इनका नाम 'अरुणा गांगुली' था। अरुणा जी ने स्कूली शिक्षा नैनीताल में प्राप्त की थी। नैनीताल में इनके पिता का होटल था। यह बहुत ही कुशाग्र बुद्धि और पढ़ाई लिखाई में बहुत चतुर थीं। बाल्यकाल से ही कक्षा में सर्वोच्च स्थान पाती थीं। बचपन में ही उन्होंने अपनी बुद्धिमत्ता और चतुरता की धाक जमा दी थी। लाहौर और नैनीताल से पढ़ाई पूरी करने के बाद वह शिक्षिका बन गई और कोलकाता के 'गोखले मेमोरियल कॉलेज' में अध्यापन कार्य करने लगीं।[1]", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_546c2312", "title": "अरुणा आसफ़ अली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_546c2312.json"}}
{"text": "अरुणा जी ने 1930, 1932 और 1941 के व्यक्तिगत सत्याग्रह के समय जेल की सज़ाएँ भोगीं। उनके ऊपर जयप्रकाश नारायण, डॉ॰ राम मनोहर लोहिया, अच्युत पटवर्धन जैसे समाजवादियों के विचारों का अधिक प्रभाव पड़ा। इसी कारण 1942 ई. के ‘भारत छोड़ो आन्दोलन’ में अरुणा आसफ अली जी ने अंग्रेज़ों की जेल में बन्द होने के बदले भूमिगत रहकर अपने अन्य साथियों के साथ आन्दोलन का नेतृत्व करना उचित समझा। गांधी जी आदि नेताओं की गिरफ्तारी के तुरन्त बाद मुम्बई में विरोध सभा आयोजित करके विदेशी सरकार को खुली चुनौती देने वाली वे प्रमुख महिला थीं। फिर गुप्त रूप से उन कांग्रेसजनों का पथ-प्रदर्शन किया, जो जेल से बाहर रह सके थे। मुम्बई, कोलकाता, दिल्ली आदि में घूम-घूमकर, पर पुलिस की पकड़ से बचकर लोगों में नव जागृति लाने का प्रयत्न किया। लेकिन 1942 से 1946 तक देश भर में सक्रिय रहकर भी वे पुलिस की पकड़ में नहीं आईं। 1946 में जब उनके नाम का वारंट रद्द हुआ, तभी वे प्रकट हुईं। सारी सम्पत्ति जब्त करने पर भी उन्होंने आत्मसमर्पण नहीं किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_546c2312", "title": "अरुणा आसफ़ अली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_546c2312.json"}}
{"text": "कांग्रेस कमेटी की निर्वाचित अध्यक्ष", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_546c2312", "title": "अरुणा आसफ़ अली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_546c2312.json"}}
{"text": "दो वर्ष के अंतराल के बाद सन् 1946 ई. में वह भूमिगत जीवन से बाहर आ गईं। भूमिगत जीवन से बाहर आने के बाद सन् 1947 ई. में श्रीमती अरुणा आसफ़ अली दिल्ली प्रदेश कांग्रेस कमेटी की अध्यक्षा निर्वाचित की गईं। दिल्ली में कांग्रेस संगठन को इन्होंने सुदृढ़ किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_546c2312", "title": "अरुणा आसफ़ अली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_546c2312.json"}}
{"text": "कांग्रेस से सोशलिस्ट पार्टी में", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_546c2312", "title": "अरुणा आसफ़ अली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_546c2312.json"}}
{"text": "सन 1948 ई. में श्रीमती अरुणा आसफ़ अली 'सोशलिस्ट पार्टी' में सम्मिलित हुयीं और दो साल बाद सन् 1950 ई. में उन्होंने अलग से ‘लेफ्ट स्पेशलिस्ट पार्टी’ बनाई और वे सक्रिय होकर 'मज़दूर-आंदोलन' में जी जान से जुट गईं। अंत में सन 1955 ई. में इस पार्टी का 'भारतीय कम्यनिस्ट पार्टी' में विलय हो गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_546c2312", "title": "अरुणा आसफ़ अली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_546c2312.json"}}
{"text": "श्रीमती अरुणा आसफ़ अली भाकपा की केंद्रीय समिति की सदस्या और ‘ऑल इंडिया ट्रेड यूनियन कांग्रेस’ की उपाध्यक्षा बनाई गई थीं। सन् 1958 ई. में उन्होंने 'मार्क्सवादी कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी' भी छोड़ दी। सन् 1964 ई. में पं. जवाहरलाल नेहरू के निधन के पश्चात वे पुनः 'कांग्रेस पार्टी' से जुड़ीं, किंतु अधिक सक्रिय नहीं रहीं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_546c2312", "title": "अरुणा आसफ़ अली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_546c2312.json"}}
{"text": "दिल्ली नगर निगम की प्रथम महापौर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_546c2312", "title": "अरुणा आसफ़ अली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_546c2312.json"}}
{"text": "श्रीमती अरुणा आसफ़ अली सन् 1958 ई. में 'दिल्ली नगर निगम' की प्रथम महापौर चुनी गईं। मेयर बनकर उन्होंने दिल्ली के विकास, सफाई, और स्वास्थ्य आदि के लिए बहुत अच्छा कार्य किया और नगर निगम की कार्य प्रणाली में भी उन्होंने यथेष्ट सुधार किए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_546c2312", "title": "अरुणा आसफ़ अली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_546c2312.json"}}
{"text": "श्रीमती अरुणा आसफ़ अली ‘इंडोसोवियत कल्चरल सोसाइटी’, ‘ऑल इंडिया पीस काउंसिल’, तथा ‘नेशनल फैडरेशन ऑफ इंडियन वूमैन’, आदि संस्थाओं के लिए उन्होंने बड़ी लगन, निष्ठा, ईमानदारी और सक्रियता से कार्य किया। दिल्ली से प्रकाशित वामपंथी अंग्रेज़ी दैनिक समाचार पत्र ‘पेट्रियट’ से वे जीवनपर्यंत कर्मठता से जुड़ी रहीं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_546c2312", "title": "अरुणा आसफ़ अली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_546c2312.json"}}
{"text": "1975ः शांति एवं सौहार्द के क्षेत्र में लेनिन प्राइज़ से सम्मानित किया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_546c2312", "title": "अरुणा आसफ़ अली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_546c2312.json"}}
{"text": "1991ः ज्ञान के लिए जवाहर लाल नेहरू सम्मान से सम्मानित किया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_546c2312", "title": "अरुणा आसफ़ अली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_546c2312.json"}}
{"text": "1992ः प्रतिष्ठित पद्मविभूषण से सम्मानित किया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_546c2312", "title": "अरुणा आसफ़ अली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_546c2312.json"}}
{"text": "1997ः भारत के सर्वोच्च नागरिक सम्मान भारत रत्न से सम्मानित किया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_546c2312", "title": "अरुणा आसफ़ अली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_546c2312.json"}}
{"text": "अरुणा आसफ अली : दिल्ली की पहली महापौर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_546c2312", "title": "अरुणा आसफ़ अली", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_546c2312.json"}}
{"text": "अभौदोपुरा किरौली, आगरा, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0477d25c", "title": "अभौदोपुरा गाँव, किरौली (आगरा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0477d25c.json"}}
{"text": "पुषादं (कृष्णा) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के कृष्णा जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9f437fb", "title": "पुषादं (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9f437fb.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9f437fb", "title": "पुषादं (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9f437fb.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9f437fb", "title": "पुषादं (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9f437fb.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर पुषादं (कृष्णा)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9f437fb", "title": "पुषादं (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9f437fb.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9f437fb", "title": "पुषादं (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9f437fb.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f9f437fb", "title": "पुषादं (कृष्णा)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f9f437fb.json"}}
{"text": "लॉक अप 1 भारतीय रियलिटी प्रतियोगिता टेलीविजन श्रृंखला, लॉक अप: बैड ऐस जेल अत्याचारी खेल का पहला सीजन है! .  कंगना रनौत द्वारा होस्ट किया गया, इसका प्रीमियर 27 फरवरी 2022 से ऑल्ट बालाजी और एमएक्स प्लेयर पर हुआ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2124d6e0", "title": "लॉक अप (सीजन 1)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2124d6e0.json"}}
{"text": "2 फरवरी, 2022 को एकता कपूर ने अपने सोशल मीडिया हैंडल पर इस शो को बताया।  कपूर ने शो को 'सबसे बड़ा' और 'सबसे निडर' रियलिटी शो कहा।3 फरवरी, 2022 को, एक प्रेस कॉन्फ्रेंस में कपूर ने शो के शीर्षक, लॉक अप: बदमाश जेल, अत्याचारी खेल!' और शो के होस्ट, कंगना रनौत का खुलासा किया।10 फरवरी, 2022 को, कपूर ने प्रीमियर की तारीख (27 फरवरी, 2022) और रनौत की विशेषता वाले शो के फर्स्ट लुक पोस्टर का अनावरण किया।11 फरवरी, 2022 को रनौत की विशेषता वाले शो का टीज़र जारी किया गया था। 16 फरवरी, 2022 को, रनौत की विशेषता वाले शो का ट्रेलर जारी किया गया था। शो के प्रीमियर से पहले पांच प्रतियोगियों का खुलासा हुआ;  कालानुक्रमिक क्रम में वे हैं:निशा रावल, मुनव्वर फारूकी, पूनम पांडे, बबीता फोगट, and करणवीर बोहरा.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2124d6e0", "title": "लॉक अप (सीजन 1)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2124d6e0.json"}}
{"text": "2 मार्च, 2022 को, यह बताया गया कि इस शो ने रिलीज़ होने के 48 घंटों के भीतर 15 मिलियन व्यूज बटोरे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2124d6e0", "title": "लॉक अप (सीजन 1)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2124d6e0.json"}}
{"text": "कैदियों को बुलाए गए सोलह प्रतियोगियों ने हर बुनियादी जरूरत को पूरा करने के लिए जेल में लड़ाई लड़ी और मेजबान (कंगना रनौत) और दर्शकों का दिल जीतने के लिए मुश्किल काम करके और अपने व्यक्तित्व का प्रदर्शन किया। लॉक अप के पहले सीज़न के लिए करन कुन्दरा जेलर के रूप में शामिल हुए। तेजस्वी प्रकाश ने सीज़न के समापन के लिए वार्डन के रूप में प्रवेश किया। 72 दिनों के बाद, सबसे अधिक वोट प्राप्त करने वाला प्रतियोगी स्वतंत्रता और लॉक अप: बदमाश जेल, अत्याचारी खेल! की उपाधि लेकर चला जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2124d6e0", "title": "लॉक अप (सीजन 1)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2124d6e0.json"}}
{"text": "मुनव्वर फारूकी - स्टैंड-अप कॉमेडियन, उन्हें जनवरी 2021 में इंदौर में एक महीने जेल में बिताना पड़ा, जब एक बीजेपी विधायक के बेटे ने उन पर अपने एक स्टैंड-अप शो में धार्मिक भावनाओं को आहत करने का आरोप लगाया।  कॉमेडियन की अभिव्यक्ति की स्वतंत्रता का सम्मान नहीं करने के लिए उनकी गिरफ्तारी की भारी आलोचना की गई थी।  बाद में नवंबर में, बेंगलुरु पुलिस ने हिंदू दक्षिणपंथी संगठनों के विरोध के बीच शहर में उनके स्टैंड-अप कॉमेडी शो की अनुमति देने से इनकार कर दिया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2124d6e0", "title": "लॉक अप (सीजन 1)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2124d6e0.json"}}
{"text": "चक्रपाणि - स्वामी चक्रपाणि महाराज के नाम से जाने जाने वाले, वह कोरोनोवायरस महामारी के शुरुआती दिनों में अपनी 'गोमूत्र पार्टी' के लिए चर्चा में थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2124d6e0", "title": "लॉक अप (सीजन 1)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2124d6e0.json"}}
{"text": "सायशा शिंदे - डिजाइनर सायशा शिंदे 2021 की शुरुआत में एक ट्रांसवुमन के रूप में सामने आईं। वह पहले स्वप्निल शिंदे थीं। पिछले एक साल में, उसने अक्सर अपने संघर्षों के बारे में विभिन्न सोशल मीडिया पोस्ट के साथ-साथ साक्षात्कारों में भी खुलकर बात की है। सायशा को चक्रपाणि के साथ जोड़ा गया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2124d6e0", "title": "लॉक अप (सीजन 1)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2124d6e0.json"}}
{"text": "पूनम पांडे - पूनम ने 2013 में नशा से डेब्यू किया था। 1 सितंबर 2020 को अपने लॉन्ग-टर्म बॉयफ्रेंड सैम बॉम्बे से शादी करने के तुरंत बाद, उसने उसके खिलाफ छेड़छाड़, धमकी और हमले का आरोप लगाते हुए उसके खिलाफ शिकायत दर्ज कराई। बाद में उसे पोर्न रैकेट मामले में गिरफ्तार किया गया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2124d6e0", "title": "लॉक अप (सीजन 1)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2124d6e0.json"}}
{"text": "बबीता फोगट - पहलवान। 2014 राष्ट्रमंडल खेलों में महिला फ्रीस्टाइल 55 किलोग्राम वर्ग में स्वर्ण पदक जीतने के बाद, वह पहली बार अपने अब के पति विवेक सुहाग के साथ डांस रियलिटी शो नच बलिए 9 में दिखाई दीं। उन्होंने 2019 में भारतीय जनता पार्टी में शामिल होकर राजनीति में प्रवेश किया। उनकी जोड़ी पूनम के साथ थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2124d6e0", "title": "लॉक अप (सीजन 1)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2124d6e0.json"}}
{"text": "सारा खान - अभिनेत्री। उन्होंने पहले बिग बॉस 4 में भाग लिया और शो में अली मर्चेंट से शादी की। हालांकि कुछ ही महीनों में उनका तलाक हो गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2124d6e0", "title": "लॉक अप (सीजन 1)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2124d6e0.json"}}
{"text": "सिद्धार्थ शर्मा - अभिनेता ने बिग एफ और स्प्लिट्सविला जैसे रियलिटी शो में अभिनय किया। वह एएलटी बालाजी की वेब सीरीज पंच बीट का भी हिस्सा थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2124d6e0", "title": "लॉक अप (सीजन 1)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2124d6e0.json"}}
{"text": "शिवम शर्मा - संघर्षरत अभिनेता; वह स्प्लिट्सविला एक्स3 में उपविजेता रहे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2124d6e0", "title": "लॉक अप (सीजन 1)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2124d6e0.json"}}
{"text": "अंजलि अरोड़ा - एक सोशल मीडिया इन्फ्लुएंसर, जिस पर गैर-प्रभावकारी सामग्री पोस्ट करने का आरोप है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2124d6e0", "title": "लॉक अप (सीजन 1)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2124d6e0.json"}}
{"text": "निशा रावल - निशा ने अपने तत्कालीन पति, अभिनेता करण मेहरा के खिलाफ शारीरिक उत्पीड़न और विवाहेतर संबंध का आरोप लगाते हुए पुलिस में शिकायत दर्ज कराई। करण ने आरोपों से इनकार किया और दावा किया कि उसने अपनी चोटों का मंचन किया क्योंकि उसने उसे गुजारा भत्ता देने से इनकार कर दिया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2124d6e0", "title": "लॉक अप (सीजन 1)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2124d6e0.json"}}
{"text": "तहसीन पूनावाला - वकील और कार्यकर्ता। इससे पहले उन्होंने सलमान खान के बिग बॉस 13 में हिस्सा लिया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2124d6e0", "title": "लॉक अप (सीजन 1)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2124d6e0.json"}}
{"text": "पायल रोहतगी - बिग बॉस की पूर्व प्रतियोगी ने कुछ फिल्मों और टीवी शो में काम किया। वह अक्सर अपने विवादित बयानों को लेकर चर्चा में रहती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2124d6e0", "title": "लॉक अप (सीजन 1)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2124d6e0.json"}}
{"text": "करणवीर बोहरा - करणवीर बोहरा कसौटी जिंदगी की से फेमस हुए। करणवीर बिग बॉस 12 के फाइनलिस्ट भी थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2124d6e0", "title": "लॉक अप (सीजन 1)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2124d6e0.json"}}
{"text": "इंगित करता है कि कैदी पूर्व चार्जशीट प्रक्रिया को बेदखल करने के लिए सार्वजनिक वोट के खिलाफ था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2124d6e0", "title": "लॉक अप (सीजन 1)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2124d6e0.json"}}
{"text": "इंगित करता है कि प्रतियोगी को लॉक आउट कर दिया गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2124d6e0", "title": "लॉक अप (सीजन 1)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2124d6e0.json"}}
{"text": "ऑल्ट बालाजी पर लॉक अप: बदमाश जेल, अत्याचारी खेल! Archived 2022-03-03 at the वेबैक मशीन", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2124d6e0", "title": "लॉक अप (सीजन 1)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2124d6e0.json"}}
{"text": "लॉक अप (सीजन 1)  इंटरनेट मूवी डेटाबेस पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2124d6e0", "title": "लॉक अप (सीजन 1)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2124d6e0.json"}}
{"text": "एमएक्स प्लेयर पर लॉक अप: बदमाश जेल, अत्याचारी खेल!", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2124d6e0", "title": "लॉक अप (सीजन 1)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_1)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2124d6e0.json"}}
{"text": "सलीम प्रथम (उस्मानी तुर्कीयाई: سليم اول, आधुनिक तुर्कीयाई: I. Selim; 1470/1 – सितम्बर 1520) 1512 से 1520 तक उस्मानिया साम्राज्य के सुल्तान थे। सलीम के दौर में ही इस्लामी ख़िलाफ़त अब्बासी राजवंश के हाथों से उसमानी राजवंश में हस्तान्तरित हुई और मक्का और मदीना के मुक़द्दस शहर उसमानी साम्राज्य का हिस्सा बने। इनके सख़्त स्वभाव की वजह से तुर्क लोग इन्हें \"यावुज़ सुल्तान सेलिम\" (तुर्कीयाई: Yavuz Sultan Selim) अर्थात \"साहसी सुल्तान सलीम\" कहते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f169dbf0", "title": "सलीम प्रथम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f169dbf0.json"}}
{"text": "उन्होंने अपने पिता बायज़ीद द्वितीय को तख़्त से उतारा और ख़ुद हुकूमत संभाली। क़ानून और उस वक़्त के प्रचलित उसूलों के मुताबिक़ उन्होंने तख़्त संभालते ही अपने सभी भाईयों और भतीजों को क़तल कर डाला।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_f169dbf0", "title": "सलीम प्रथम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_f169dbf0.json"}}
{"text": "लाल टोपी सम्प्रदाय (Red Hat sects) तिब्बती बौद्ध धर्म के वे सम्प्रदाय हैं जिनमें भिक्षु औपचारिक समारोहों में लाल रंग की टोपियाँ पहनते हैं। इस श्रेणी में तीन मुख्य सम्प्रदाय आते हैं:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0f70f197", "title": "लाल टोपी सम्प्रदाय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0f70f197.json"}}
{"text": "एक चौथा सम्प्रदाय गेलुग है, जो पीला टोपी सम्प्रदाय कहलाता है, क्योंकि इसके भिक्षु पीले रंग की टोपियाँ पहनते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0f70f197", "title": "लाल टोपी सम्प्रदाय", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0f70f197.json"}}
{"text": "रामपुर मुदेरी राजा यह एक ग्राम सभा है। इस ग्राम सभा में दो गांव हैं। एक रामपुर है और दूसरा इश‌‌वापुर है दोनों ही बहुत संस्कारी है। रामपुर गांव में हिंदू मुस्लिम दोनों जातियां रहती हैं जैसे कि हिंदुओं में ठाकुर,कुमहार,चमार,और मुस्लिम में सैयद शाह  शेख है। और इशवापुर में कटियार, शर्मा,सक्सेना,चमार,एक घर पंडित और एक घर नई का है और पाल हैं जो यहां की सबसे बड़ी संख्या है। यहां के पाल सबसे ज्यादा भारतीय सेना में हैं जो कि भारतीय सेना में जाने के लिए सदैव तत्पर हैं। गांव के प्रमुख लोग हैं श्री सुनील कटिहार इनकी तिर्वागंज कन्नौज में अश्वनी गैस एजेंसी है और नेरा में इनका एस. के. कोल्डस्टोरेज है इन दोनों गांव में सबसे प्रमुख इंसान इनको ही माना जाता है और दूसरे नंबर पर हैं रामपुर के श्री रामदास दोहरा इनका रामपुर में हीरालाल बिक्र फील्ड ईंटों का भट्टा है और सरकारी राशन कोटा है। दोनों गांव का प्रधान एक ही होता है और गांव में दो डॉक्टर हैं जो एक ही परिवार के है शुभजीत पाल और dr प्रवीण पाल है दोनों गांव में बहुत ही मेल है बहुत ही अच्छे से एक दूसरे को सपोर्ट करते हैं इस गांवों की चकित करने वाली एक बात यह है दोनों गांवों में दूरी लगभग 500 600 मीटर होगी इन दोनों गांवों में 2 प्राइमरी स्कूल है रामपुर गांव में जो प्राइमरी स्कूल बना हुआ है इशवापुर के नाम से बना है और जो इशवापुर में प्राइमरी स्कूल बना है वो रामपुर के नाम से बना हुआ है जो आपको हैरत में डाल देगा आप जब भी रामपुर गांव में एंट्री करेंगे तो आपको प्राइमरी स्कूल इसुआपुर का दिखेगा और जब आप इसवापुर में एंट्री करेंगे तो आपको रामपुर मुड़ेरी राजा का स्कूल दिखेगा। इस गांव में मनरेगा बहुत दिलचस्पी से किया जाता है।। रामपुर गांव में एक रिजवान पुत्र सादिक अली नाम का लड़का है वह मनरेगा मजदूरों की बहुत मदद करता है। इस गांव में मनरेगा में जानकारी सबसे ज्यादा उसी को है। रिजवान स्वभाव से बहुत अच्छा लड़का है। वह राजस्थान की राजधानी जयपुर में 11 साल रहे चुका है। वह जयपुर में कपड़े में रंगाई का काम करता। पर करोना में लोकडाउन की वजह से उसने जयपुर छोड़ दिया[कन्नौज प्रखण्ड|कन्नौज]], कन्नौज अगर मुझसे इस लेख में कोई गलती हुई हो तो माफी चाहता हूं। रिज़व", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_a1df65b2", "title": "रामपुर मुदरी राजा गाँव, कन्नौज (कन्नौज)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%9C_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%9C)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_a1df65b2.json"}}
{"text": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द सरस्वती (मुंशीराम विज ; 22 फरवरी, 1856 - 23 दिसम्बर, 1926) भारत के पुरातन शिक्षा पद्धति के प्रखर शिक्षाविद, स्वतंत्रता संग्राम सेनानी,आर्यसमाज के मूर्धन्य सन्यासी, सनातन का रक्षण करने वाले, शुद्धि आंदोलन के जनक और आधुनिक युग में वैदिक आर्ष सनातन ग्रथों से लेकर, राष्ट्र के महान बलिदानी क्रांतिकारी वीरों के अग्रणी सन्यासी थे जिन्होंने स्वामी दयानन्द सरस्वती की शिक्षाओं का प्रसार किया। वे भारत के उन महान राष्ट्रभक्त संन्यासियों में अग्रणी थे, जिन्होंने अपना जीवन स्वाधीनता, स्वराज्य, शिक्षा तथा वैदिक धर्म के प्रचार-प्रसार के लिए समर्पित कर दिया था। उन्होंने गुरुकुल कांगड़ी विश्वविद्यालय सहित अनेक शैक्षणिक संस्थानों की स्थापना की और हिन्दू समाज व भारत  को संगठित करने तथा 1920 के दशक में शुद्धि आन्दोलन चलाने में महती भूमिका अदा की। उन्होने अछूतोद्धार के लिये भी महान कार्य किया। डॉ भीमराव आम्बेडकर ने सन १९२२ में कहा था कि श्रद्धानन्द अछूतों के \"महानतम और सबसे सच्चे हितैषी\" हैं।और रविन्द्रनाथ टैगोर से बहुत पहले एक अधिवेशन में,मोहनदास गांधी को उन्होंने “महात्मा” कह कर संबोधन दिया, और बाद में जब गांधी के राजनीति से प्रेरित कार्यों को देखकर, गांधी को महात्मा कहने पर पछतावा भी था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "काग्रेस में उन्होंने 1919 से लेकर 1922 तक सक्रिय रूप से महत्त्वपूर्ण भागीदारी की। 1922 में 'गुरु के बाग के सत्याग्रह' के समय अमृतसर में एक प्रभावशाली भाषण दिया । सिक्खों के धार्मिक अधिकार की रक्षार्थ उन्होंने सत्याग्रह किया जिस पर 1922 में अंग्रेज सरकार ने उन्हें गिरफ्तार कर लिया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द (मुंशीराम विज)  का जन्म 22 फरवरी सन् 1856 (फाल्गुन कृष्ण त्र्योदशी, विक्रम संवत् 1913) को पंजाब प्रान्त के जालन्धर जिले के तलवान ग्राम में एक खत्री परिवार में हुआ था। उनके पिता श्री नानकचन्द विज ईस्ट इण्डिया कम्पनी द्वारा शासित यूनाइटेड प्रोविन्स (वर्तमान उत्तर प्रदेश) में पुलिस अधिकारी थे। उनके बचपन का नाम बृहस्पति विज और मुंशीराम विज था, किन्तु मुन्शीराम सरल होने के कारण अधिक प्रचलित हुआ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "पिता का स्थानान्तरण अलग-अलग स्थानों पर होने के कारण उनकी आरम्भिक शिक्षा अच्छी प्रकार नहीं हो सकी। लाहौर और जालंधर उनके मुख्य कार्यस्थल रहे। एक बार आर्य समाज के संस्थापक स्वामी दयानन्द सरस्वती वैदिक-धर्म के प्रचारार्थ बरेली पहुंचे। पुलिस अधिकारी नानकचन्द विज अपने पुत्र मुंशीराम विज को साथ लेकर स्वामी दयानन्द सरस्वती जी का प्रवचन सुनने पहुँचे। युवावस्था तक मुंशीराम विज ईश्वर के अस्तित्व में विश्वास नहीं करते थे। लेकिन स्वामी दयानन्द जी के तर्कों और आशीर्वाद ने मुंशीराम विज को दृढ़ ईश्वर विश्वासी तथा वैदिक धर्म का अनन्य भक्त बना दिया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "वे एक सफल वकील बने तथा काफी नाम और प्रसिद्धि प्राप्त की। वकालत के साथ आर्य समाज जालंधर के जिला-अध्यक्ष के पद से उनका सार्वजनिक जीवन प्रारम्भ हुआ। आर्य समाज में वे बहुत ही सक्रिय रहते थे। महर्षि दयानन्द के महाप्रयाण के बाद उन्होने स्वयं को स्व-देश, स्व-संस्कृति, स्व-समाज, स्व-भाषा, स्व-शिक्षा, नारी कल्याण, दलितोत्थान, स्वदेशी प्रचार, वेदोत्थान, पाखण्ड खण्डन, अन्धविश्‍वास-उन्मूलन और धर्मोत्थान के कार्यों को आगे बढ़ाने में पूर्णतः समर्पित कर दिया। गुरुकुल कांगड़ी की स्थापना, अछूतोद्धार, शुद्धि, सद्धर्म प्रचार, पत्रिका द्वारा धर्म प्रचार, सत्य धर्म के आधार पर साहित्य रचना, वेद पढ़ने व पढ़ाने की व्यवस्था करना, धर्म के पथ पर अडिग रहना, आर्य भाषा के प्रचार तथा उसे जीवीकोपार्जन की भाषा बनाने का सफल प्रयास, आर्य जाति के उन्नति के लिए हर प्रकार से प्रयास करना आदि ऐसे कार्य हैं जिनके फलस्वरुप स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द अनन्त काल के लिए अमर हो गए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "उनका विवाह श्रीमती शिवा देवी के साथ हुआ था। जब आप ३५ वर्ष के थे तभी शिवा देवी स्वर्ग सिधारीं। उस समय उनके दो पुत्र और दो पुत्रियां थीं। इन्द्र विद्यावाचस्पति उनके ही पुत्र थे। सन् १९१७ में उन्होने सन्यास धारण कर लिया और स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द के नाम से विख्यात हुए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "सन् 1901 में मुंशीराम विज ने अंग्रेजों द्वारा जारी शिक्षा पद्धति के स्थान पर वैदिक धर्म तथा भारतीयता की शिक्षा देने वाले संस्थान \"गुरुकुल\" की स्थापना की। हरिद्वार के कांगड़ी गांव में गुरुकुल विद्यालय खोला गया। इस समय यह मानद विश्वविद्यालय है जिसका नाम गुरुकुल कांगड़ी विश्वविद्यालय है। गांधी जी उन दिनों अफ्रीका में संघर्षरत थे। महात्मा मुंशीराम विज जी ने गुरुकुल के छात्रों से 1500 रुपए एकत्रित कर गांधी जी को भेजे। गांधी जी जब अफ्रीका से भारत लौटे तो वे गुरुकुल पहुंचे तथा महात्मा मुंशीराम विज तथा राष्ट्रभक्त छात्रों के समक्ष नतमस्तक हो उठे। स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द जी ने ही सबसे पहले उन्हे महात्मा की उपाधि से विभूषित किया और बहुत पहले यह भविष्यवाणी कर दी थी कि वे आगे चलकर बहुत महान बनेंगे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "पत्रकारिता एवं हिन्दी-सेवा", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "उन्होने पत्रकारिता में भी कदम रखा। वे उर्दू और हिन्दी भाषाओं में धार्मिक व सामाजिक विषयों पर लिखते थे। बाद में स्वामी दयानन्द सरस्वती का अनुसरण करते हुए उनने देवनागरी लिपि में लिखे हिन्दी को प्राथमिकता दी। उनका पत्र सद्धर्म प्रचारक पहले उर्दू में प्रकाशित होता था और बहुत लोकप्रिय हो गया था, किन्तु बाद में उनने इसको उर्दू के बजाय देवनागरी लिपि में लिखी हिन्दी में निकालना आरम्भ किया। इससे इनको आर्थिक नुकसान भी हुआ। उन्होने दो पत्र भी प्रकाशित किये, हिन्दी में अर्जुन तथा उर्दू में तेज। जलियांवाला काण्ड के बाद अमृतसर में कांग्रेस का ३४वां अधिवेशन( दिस्म्बर 1919 ) हुआ। स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द ने स्वागत समिति के अध्यक्ष के रूप में अपना भाषण हिन्दी में दिया और हिन्दी को राष्ट्रभाषा घोषित किए जाने का मार्ग प्रशस्त किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "उन्होने स्वतन्त्रता आन्दोलन में बढ-चढकर भाग लिया। गरीबों और दीन-दुखियों के उद्धार के लिये काम किया। स्त्री-शिक्षा का प्रचार किया। सन् 1919 में स्वामी जी ने दिल्ली में जामा मस्जिद क्षेत्र में आयोजित एक विशाल सभा में भारत की स्वाधीनता के लिए प्रत्येक नागरिक को पांथिक मतभेद भुलाकर एकजुट होने का आह्वान किया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द ने जब कांग्रेस के कुछ प्रमुख नेताओं को \"मुस्लिम तुष्टीकरण की घातक नीति\" अपनाते देखा तो उन्हें लगा कि यह नीति आगे चलकर राष्ट्र के लिए विघटनकारी सिद्ध होगी। इसके बाद कांग्रेस से उनका मोहभंग हो गया। दूसरी ओर कट्टरपंथी मुस्लिम तथा ईसाई हिन्दुओं का मतान्तरण कराने में लगे हुए थे। स्वामी जी ने असंख्य व्यक्तियों को आर्य समाज के माध्यम से पुनः वैदिक धर्म में दीक्षित कराया। उनने गैर-हिन्दुओं को पुनः अपने मूल धर्म में लाने के लिये शुद्धि नामक आन्दोलन चलाया और बहुत से लोगों को पुनः हिन्दू धर्म में दीक्षित किया। स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द पक्के आर्यसमाजी थे, किन्तु सनातन धर्म के प्रति दृढ़ आस्थावान पंडित मदनमोहन मालवीय तथा पुरी के शंकराचार्य स्वामी भारतीकृष्ण तीर्थ को गुरुकुल में आमंत्रित कर छात्रों के बीच उनका प्रवचन कराया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द ने स्वेछा एवं सहमति के पश्चात पश्चिमी उत्तर प्रदेश के मलकान राजपूतों को शुद्धि कार्यक्रम के माध्यम से हिन्दू धर्म में वापसी कराई। शासन की तरफ से कोई रोक नहीं लगाई गई थी जबकि ब्रिटिश काल था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "23 दिसम्बर 1926 को नया बाजार स्थित उनके निवास स्थान पर अब्दुल रशीद नामक एक उन्मादी धर्म-चर्चा के बहाने उनके कक्ष में प्रवेश करके गोली मारकर इस महान विभूति की हत्या कर दी। उसे बाद में फांसी की सजा हुई।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "उनकी हत्या के दो दिन बाद अर्थात 25 दिसम्बर, 1926 को गुवाहाटी में आयोजित कांग्रेस के अधिवेशन में जारी शोक प्रस्ताव में जो कुछ कहा वह स्तब्ध करने वाला था।  गांधी के शोक प्रस्ताव के उद्बोधन का एक उद्धरण इस प्रकार है “मैंने अब्दुल रशीद को भाई कहा और मैं इसे दोहराता हूँ। मैं यहाँ तक कि उसे स्वामी जी की हत्या का दोषी भी नहीं मानता हूँ। वास्तव में दोषी वे लोग हैं जिन्होंने एक दूसरे के विरुद्ध घृणा की भावना को पैदा किया। इसलिए यह अवसर दुख प्रकट करने या आँसू बहाने का नहीं है।“", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "गांधी ने अपने भाषण में यह भी कहा,”… मैं इसलिए स्वामी जी की मृत्यु पर शोक नहीं मना सकता। हमें एक आदमी के अपराध के कारण पूरे समुदाय को अपराधी नहीं मानना चाहिए। मैं अब्दुल रशीद की ओर से वकालत करने की इच्छा रखता हूँ।“ उन्होंने आगे कहा कि “समाज सुधारक को तो ऐसी कीमत चुकानी ही पढ़ती है। स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द जी की हत्या में कुछ भी अनुपयुक्त नहीं है। “अब्दुल रशीद के धार्मिक उन्माद को दोषी न मानते हुये गांधी ने कहा कि “…ये हम पढ़े, अध-पढ़े लोग हैं जिन्होंने अब्दुल रशीद को उन्मादी बनाया। स्वामी जी की हत्या के पश्चात हमें आशा है कि उनका खून हमारे दोष को धो सकेगा, हृदय को निर्मल करेगा और मानव परिवार के इन दो शक्तिशाली समूहों के विभाजन को मजबूत कर सकेगा।“ (यंग इण्डिया, 1926)।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द द्वारा रचित साहित्य को अनेक भागों में वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है, जैसे-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "(१) स्वामी दयानन्द सम्बन्धित साहित्य- स्वामी जी ने पूना प्रवचन अर्थात् उपदेश मञ्जरी का मराठी से अनुवाद करवाकर उर्दू में प्रकाशित किया था। स्वामी दयानन्द के पत्र-व्यवहार को 1910 में सर्वप्रथम प्रकाशित किया था। ‘आदिम सत्यार्थ प्रकाश’ और ‘आर्यसमाज के सिद्धान्त’ को सत्यार्थ प्रकाश के प्रथम संस्करण की समीक्षा के अंतर्गत प्रकाशित किया था। इसके अलावा स्वामी दयानन्द की संक्षिप्त जीवनी ‘युग-विधाता तत्त्ववेता दयानन्द’, ‘शास्त्रार्थ बरेली’ के लेखन में सहयोग, उर्दू ‘ऋग्वेदादिभाष्य भूमिका’ की भूमिका, पं0 लेखराम लिखित एवं मास्टर आत्माराम अमृतसरी लिखित ‘महर्षि दयानन्द जीवन चरित’ की भूमिका का लेखन किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "(२) पण्डित लेखराम सम्बंधित साहित्य- स्वामी जी ने पं0 लेखराम के बलिदान के पश्चात् उनका जीवन चरित ‘आर्य पथिक लेखराम का जीवन वृत्तांत’ के नाम से लिखा। उनके लेखों का संग्रह उर्दू में ‘कुल्यात आर्य मुसाफिर’ के नाम से प्रकाशित करवाया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "(३) आर्यसिद्धान्त सम्बन्धी साहित्य- स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द द्वारा वैदिक सिद्धांतों से सम्बंधित अनेक छोटे-बड़े ट्रैक्ट्स और पुस्तकें लिखी गई थीं, जैसे आर्य संगीतमाला, वर्ण व्यवस्था, पुराणों की नापाक तालीम से बचो, क्षात्र धर्म पालन का गैर-मामूली मौका, वेदानुकूल संक्षिप्त मनुस्मृति, पारसी मत और वैदिक धर्म, वेद और आर्यसमाज, पंच महायज्ञों की विधि, विस्तारपूर्वक संध्या विधि, आर्यों की नित्यकर्म विधि, मानव धर्म शास्त्र तथा शासन पद्धति, यज्ञ का पहला अंग, मुक्ति-सोपान, ‘सुबहे उम्मीद’ उर्दू (इसका हिंदी अनुवाद ‘आशा की उषा’ के नाम से प्राध्यापक राजेन्द्र जिज्ञासु  द्वारा किया गया था।) इस पुस्तक में स्वामीजी ने मैक्समूलर के वेद मन्त्रों की व्याख्या की स्वामी दयानन्द के वेद भाष्य से तुलना कर महर्षि के भाष्य को श्रेष्ठ सिद्ध किया था। द फ्यूचर ऑफ आर्यसमाज - ए फोरकास्ट (अंग्रेजी) में आर्यसमाज के भविष्य की योजनाओं पर दिये गये विचार हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "(४) पत्र-त्रिकाओं का परिचय : स्वामी जी द्वारा उर्दू, हिंदी और अंग्रेजी में पत्र-पत्रिकाएं निकाली गईं, जिनके नाम हैं- सद्धर्म प्रचारक, श्रद्धा, तेज (उर्दू), लिबरेटर (अंग्रेजी) बहुत लोकप्रिय हुए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "(५) ईसाई-इस्लाम मत सम्बंधित : ईसाई पक्षपात और आर्यसमाज, खतरे का घंटा अर्थात मुहम्मदी षडयंत्र का रहस्यभेद, हिन्दू संगठन, हिन्दू मुस्लिम इत्तहाद की कहानी,  मेरा आखिरी मश्वरा, हिन्दुओं सावधान, तुम्हारे धर्म-दुर्ग पर रात्रि में छिपकर धावा बोला गया, अंधा इतिकाद और खुफिया जिहाद, ‘द हिस्ट्री ऑफ असैसिन्स’ (अंग्रेजी में इस्लाम के इतिहास से सम्बंधित पुस्तक) का अनुवाद स्वामी जी द्वारा प्रकाशित किया गया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "(६) समाज सुधार सम्बन्धी साहित्य : ‘आचार, अनाचार और छूतछात’, उत्तराखण्ड की महिमा, जाति के दीनों को मत त्यागो, वर्तमान मुख्य समस्या-अछूतपन के कलंक को दूर करो, गढ़वाल में 1975 (सं0) का दुर्भिक्ष और उसके निवारणार्थ गुरुकुल-दल का कार्य। वर्तमान मुख्य समस्या अछूतपन के कलंक को दूर करो।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "(७) आन्दोलन सम्बन्धी साहित्य : बन्दीघर के विचित्र अनुभव (गुरु का बाग मोर्चे में जेल के अनुभव), आर्यसमाज एंड इट्स डेट्रक्टर्स: अ विंडीकेशन ( पटियाला अभियोग सम्बंद्दी) एक मांस प्रचारक महापुरुष की गुप्त लीला का प्रकाश, आर्यसमाज के खानाजाद दुश्मन, सद्धर्म प्रचारक का पहला लायबल केस।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "(८) आपबीती : दुःखी दिल की पुरदर्द दास्ताँ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "(९) स्वामी जी द्वारा सद्धर्म प्रचारक में प्रकाशित वेद मन्त्रों की व्याख्या को लब्भु राम नैय्यड़ ने संकलित कर धर्मोपदेश के नाम से प्रकाशित किया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "(१०) ‘इनसाइड द कांग्रेस’ उनके राजनीतिक जीवन से सम्बंधित महत्त्वपूर्ण लेखों का संग्रह है, जो लिबरेटर अंग्रेजी अखबार में प्रकाशित हुए थे, जिन्हें देशबंधु गुप्ता ने संकलित कर प्रकाशित किया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "(११)  गुरुकुल कांगड़ी से स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द सम्बंधित साहित्य को डाॅ विष्णुदत्त राकेश एवं डाॅ जगदीश विद्यालंकार द्वारा संकलित कर प्रकाशित किया गया है। जैसे ‘श्रुति विचार सप्तक’ (वैदिक चिंतन तथा भारतीय साहित्य से सम्बंधित सात विनिबंध हैं।) महात्मा गाँधी और गुरुकुल (स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द, गुरुकुल कांगड़ी और महात्मा गाँधी के संबंधों का वर्णन है। स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द की सम्पादकीय टिप्पणियां (स्वामी जी द्वारा सद्धर्म प्रचारक और श्रद्धा में लिखे गए सम्पादकीयों का संग्रह है।) दीक्षालोक (गुरुकुल कांगड़ी में प्रदत्त दीक्षांत भाषणों एवं सारस्वत व्याख्यानों का संग्रह है।) कुलपुत्र सुनें (समय समय पर गुरुकुल कांगड़ी में दिए गए भाषण और प्रकाशित लेखों का संग्रह है।) स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द और उनका पत्रकार कुल (डाॅ0 विष्णुदत्त राकेश द्वारा प्रभात प्रकाशन से प्रकाशित स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द और गुरुकुल कांगड़ी के पत्रकार स्नातकों के पत्रकार रूप में कार्यों का वर्णन है।)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "The Arya Samaj and Its Detractors: A Vindication, Rama Deva. Published by s.n, 1910.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "Hindu Sangathan: Saviour of the Dying Race, Published by s.n., 1924.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "Inside Congress, by Swami Shraddhanand, Compiled by Purushottama Rāmacandra Lele. Published by Phoenix Publications, 1946.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "Kalyan Marg Ke Pathik (Autobiography:Hindi), New Delhi. n.d.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "Autobiography (English Translation), Edited by M. R. Jambunathan. Published by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1961", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "Swami Shraddhanand, by Satyadev Vidyalankar, ed. by Indra Vidyavachaspati. Delhi, 1933.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "Swami Shraddhanand (Lala Munshi Ram), by Aryapathik Lekh Ram. Jallandhar. 2020 Vik.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "Swami Shraddhanand, by K.N. Kapur. Arya Pratinidhi Sabha, Jallandhar, 1978.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "Swami Shraddhanand: His Life and Causes, by J. T. F. Jordens. Published by Oxford University Press, 1981.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "Section Two:Swami Shraddhanand . Modern Indian Political Thought, by Vishwanath Prasad Varma. Published by Lakshmi Narain Agarwal, 1961. Page 447.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "Chapt XI: Swami Shraddhanand. Advanced Study in the History of Modern India : 1920–1947. by G. S. Chhabra. Published by Sterling Publishers, 1971. Page 211", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "Pen-portraits and Tributes by Gandhiji: '(Sketches of eminent men and women by Mahatma Gandhi)', by Gandhi, U. S. Mohan Rao. Published by National Book Trust, India, 1969. Page 133", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "Swami Shraddhanand – Indian freedom fighters: struggle for independence. Anmol Publishers, 1996. ISBN 81-7488-268-5.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "Telegram to Swami Shraddhanand, (2 October 1919) – Collected Works, by Gandhi. Published by Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, 1958. v.16. Page 203.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "An article on Swami Shraddhanand in \"The Legacy of The Punjab\" by R M Chopra, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta,", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "गुरुकुल कांगड़ी विश्वविद्यालय", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "स्वामी दयानंद सरस्वती", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "इन्द्र विद्यावाचस्पति - हिन्दी के महान पत्रकार एवं साहित्यकार तथा स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द के सुपुत्र", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "श्रद्धा से सुने सत्संग ने ही बनाया मुंशी राम को श्रद्धानन्द", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द और गुरुकुल को जन्म देने वाली परिस्थितियाँ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_768fe6c2", "title": "स्वामी श्रद्धानन्द", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_768fe6c2.json"}}
{"text": "बलियारी भारतीय राज्य बिहार के पटना जिले के मसौढी प्रखण्ड का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0a115c2c", "title": "बलियारी गाँव, मसौढी (पटना)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0a115c2c.json"}}
{"text": "भारत की सन् 2011 की जनगणना के अनुसार गाँव की कुल जनसंख्या 1,471 है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_0a115c2c", "title": "बलियारी गाँव, मसौढी (पटना)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_0a115c2c.json"}}
{"text": "कुस्मौल में भारत के बिहार राज्य के अन्तर्गत पुर्णिया मण्डल के अररिया जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b53fa0f9", "title": "कुस्मौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b53fa0f9.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b53fa0f9", "title": "कुस्मौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b53fa0f9.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b53fa0f9", "title": "कुस्मौल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b53fa0f9.json"}}
{"text": "लता मंगेशकर (28 सितंबर 1929 – 6 फ़रवरी 2022) भारत की सबसे लोकप्रिय और आदरणीय गायिका थी, जिनका छः दशकों का कार्यकाल उपलब्धियों से भरा पड़ा है। हालाँकि लता ने लगभग तीस से ज्यादा भाषाओं में फ़िल्मी और गैर-फ़िल्मी गाने गाये हैं लेकिन उनकी पहचान भारतीय सिनेमा में एक पार्श्वगायिका के रूप में रही है। अपनी बहन आशा भोंसले के साथ लता जी का फ़िल्मी गायन में सबसे बड़ा योगदान रहा है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "लता जी की जादुई आवाज़ के भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप के साथ-साथ पूरी दुनिया में दीवाने हैं। टाईम पत्रिका ने उन्हें भारतीय पार्श्वगायन की अपरिहार्य और एकछत्र साम्राज्ञी स्वीकार किया है। भारत सरकार ने उन्हें  'भारतरत्न' से सम्मानित किया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "इनकी  मृत्यु कोविड से जुड़े जटिलताओं से 6 फरवरी 2022 रविवार माघ शुक्ल पक्ष पंचमी तिथि वि स 2078 (पंचक) को मुम्बई के ब्रीच कैंडी हॉस्पिटल में हुई। वे कुछ समय से बीमार थीं। उनकी महान गायकी और सुरमय आवाज के दीवाने पूरी दुनिया मे हैं। प्यार से सब उन्हें 'लता दीदी' कहकर पुकारते हैं। वर्ष 2001 में इन्हें  भारत के सर्वोच्च सम्मान भारत रत्न से सम्मानित किया गया ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "लता का जन्म एक कर्हाडा ब्राह्मण दादा और  गोमंतक मराठा दादी के परिवार में, लता जी के पूर्वज महाराष्ट्र के खानदेश हे ते कालानुरूप वे मुंबई शहर मे स्थित है लता मंगेशकर का पूर्ण बालपण महाराष्ट्र मे बीताया हे शहर में सबसे बड़ी बेटी के रूप में पंडित दीनानाथ मंगेशकर के मध्यवर्गीय परिवार में हुआ। उनके पिता रंगमंच एलजी के कलाकार और गायक थे। इनके परिवार से भाई हृदयनाथ मंगेशकर और बहनों उषा मंगेशकर, मीना मंगेशकर और आशा भोंसले सभी ने संगीत को ही अपनी आजीविका के लिये चुना।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "हालाँकि लता का जन्म इंदौर में हुआ था लेकिन उनकी परवरिश महाराष्ट्र मे हुई। वह बचपन से ही गायक बनना चाहती थीं। बचपन में कुन्दन लाल सहगल की एक फ़िल्म चंडीदास देखकर उन्होने कहा था कि वो बड़ी होकर सहगल से शादी करेगी। पहली बार लता ने वसंत जोगलेकर द्वारा निर्देशित एक फ़िल्म कीर्ती हसाल के लिये गाया। उनके पिता नहीं चाहते थे कि लता फ़िल्मों के लिये गाये इसलिये इस गाने को फ़िल्म से निकाल दिया गया। लेकिन उसकी प्रतिभा से वसंत जोगलेकर काफी प्रभावित हुये।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "पिता की मृत्यु के बाद (जब लता सिर्फ़ तेरह साल की थीं), लता को पैसों की बहुत किल्लत झेलनी पड़ी और काफी संघर्ष करना पड़ा। उन्हें अभिनय बहुत पसंद नहीं था लेकिन पिता की असामयिक मृत्यु की कारण से पैसों के लिये उन्हें कुछ हिन्दी और मराठी फिल्मों में काम करना पड़ा। अभिनेत्री के रूप में उनकी पहली फिल्म पाहिली मंगलागौर (1942) रही, जिसमें उन्होंने स्नेहप्रभा प्रधान की छोटी बहन की भूमिका निभाई। बाद में उन्होंने कई फ़िल्मों में अभिनय किया जिनमें, माझे बाल, चिमुकला संसार (1943), गजभाऊ (1944), बड़ी माँ (1945), जीवन यात्रा (1946), माँद (1948), छत्रपति शिवाजी (1952) शामिल थी। बड़ी माँ में लता ने नूरजहाँ के साथ अभिनय किया और उसके छोटी बहन की भूमिका निभाई आशा भोंसले ने। उन्होंने खुद की भूमिका के लिये गाने भी गाये और आशा के लिये पार्श्वगायन किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "1947 में वसंत जोगलेकर ने अपनी फ़िल्म आपकी सेवा में में लता को गाने का मौका दिया। इस फ़िल्म के गानों से लता की खूब चर्चा हुई। इसके बाद लता ने मज़बूर फ़िल्म के गानों \"अंग्रेजी छोरा चला गया\" और \"दिल मेरा तोड़ा हाय मुझे कहीं का न छोड़ा तेरे प्यार ने\" जैसे गानों से अपनी स्थिती सुदृढ की। हालाँकि इसके बावज़ूद लता को उस खास हिट की अभी भी तलाश थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "1949 में लता को ऐसा मौका फ़िल्म \"महल\" के \"आयेगा आनेवाला\" गीत से मिला। इस गीत को उस समय की सबसे खूबसूरत और चर्चित अभिनेत्री मधुबाला पर फ़िल्माया गया था। यह फ़िल्म अत्यंत सफल रही थी और लता तथा मधुबाला दोनों के लिये बहुत शुभ साबित हुई। इसके बाद लता ने कभी पीछे मुड़कर नहीं देखा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "पिता दीनानाथ मंगेशकर शास्त्रीय गायक थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "उन्होने अपना पहला गाना मराठी फिल्म 'किती हसाल' (कितना हसोगे?) (1942) में गाया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "लता मंगेशकर को सबसे बड़ा ब्रेक फिल्म महल से मिला। उनका गाया \"आयेगा आने वाला\" सुपर डुपर हिट था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "लता मंगेशकर अब तक 20 से अधिक भाषाओं में 30000 से अधिक गाने गा चुकी हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "लता मंगेशकर ने 1980 के बाद से फ़िल्मो में गाना कम कर दिया और स्टेज शो पर अधिक ध्यान देने लगी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "लता ही एकमात्र ऐसी जीवित व्यक्ति थीं जिनके नाम से पुरस्कार दिए जाते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "लता मंगेशकर ने आनंद घन बैनर तले फ़िल्मो का निर्माण भी किया है और संगीत भी दिया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "वे हमेशा अपने पैर से चप्पल उतार कर हि (नंगे  पाँव) स्टूडियो, स्टेज आदि पर गाना रिकार्डिंग करती अथवा गाती थीं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "फिल्म फेयर पुरस्कार (1958, 1962, 1965, 1969, 1993 और 1994)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार (1972, 1975 और 1990)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "महाराष्ट्र सरकार पुरस्कार (1966 और 1967)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "1974 - दुनिया में सबसे अधिक गीत गाने का गिनीज़ बुक रिकॉर्ड", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "1989 - दादा साहब फाल्के पुरस्कार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "1993 - फिल्म फेयर का लाइफ टाइम अचीवमेंट पुरस्कार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "1996 - स्क्रीन का लाइफटाइम अचीवमेंट पुरस्कार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "1997 - राजीव गांधी पुरस्कार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "1999 - एन.टी.आर. पुरस्कार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "1999 - ज़ी सिने का लाइफटाइम अचीवमेंट पुरस्कार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "2000 - आई. आई. ए. एफ. का लाइफटाइम अचीवमेंट पुरस्कार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "2001 - स्टारडस्ट का लाइफटाइम अचीवमेंट पुरस्कार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "2001 - भारत का सर्वोच्च नागरिक सम्मान \"भारत रत्न\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "2001 - नूरजहाँ पुरस्कार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "2001 - बंजारा पुरस्कार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "2001 - महाराष्ट्र पूरस्कार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d2195af7", "title": "लता मंगेशकर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d2195af7.json"}}
{"text": "खन्दोडा-गुराड०-४, चौबटाखाल तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के पौड़ी जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b535d28f", "title": "खन्दोडा-गुराड०-४, चौबटाखाल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A5%AA,_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b535d28f.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b535d28f", "title": "खन्दोडा-गुराड०-४, चौबटाखाल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A5%AA,_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b535d28f.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b535d28f", "title": "खन्दोडा-गुराड०-४, चौबटाखाल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A5%AA,_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b535d28f.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_b535d28f", "title": "खन्दोडा-गुराड०-४, चौबटाखाल तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A5%AA,_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_b535d28f.json"}}
{"text": "बछेली-ल०प०२, यमकेश्वर तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के पौड़ी जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e1516159", "title": "बछेली-ल०प०२, यमकेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%A6%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e1516159.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e1516159", "title": "बछेली-ल०प०२, यमकेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%A6%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e1516159.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e1516159", "title": "बछेली-ल०प०२, यमकेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%A6%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e1516159.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e1516159", "title": "बछेली-ल०प०२, यमकेश्वर तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%A6%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e1516159.json"}}
{"text": "औरंगाबाद लोक सभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र भारत के महाराष्ट्र राज्य का एक लोक सभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_58d9f2ef", "title": "औरंगाबाद लोक सभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_58d9f2ef.json"}}
{"text": "वर्तमान में, औरंगाबाद लोकसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र में छह विधानसभा (विधान सभा) क्षेत्र शामिल हैं। ये खंड हैं:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_58d9f2ef", "title": "औरंगाबाद लोक सभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_58d9f2ef.json"}}
{"text": "भारतीय निर्वाचन आयोग के जालस्थलपर औरंगाबाद लोक सभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्रमें १९७७ से राजनैतिक दलोंके चुनाव परिणामोंका ब्यौरा  (अंग्रेजी भाषा में)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_58d9f2ef", "title": "औरंगाबाद लोक सभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_58d9f2ef.json"}}
{"text": "नागरिक उड्डयन नेशनल स्कूल ऑफ फ्रांस के एक वैमानिक 1949 में स्थापित और टूलूज़ में स्थित विश्वविद्यालय है। एक के बाद जनवरी 2011 में, यूरोपीय विमानन में सबसे बड़ा विश्वविद्यालय है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_38c8a54e", "title": "नागरिक उड्डयन नेशनल स्कूल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_38c8a54e.json"}}
{"text": "स्कूल फ्रांस Aerotech का हिस्सा है.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_38c8a54e", "title": "नागरिक उड्डयन नेशनल स्कूल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_38c8a54e.json"}}
{"text": "यू ट्यूब पर enactoulouse चैनल देखें।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_38c8a54e", "title": "नागरिक उड्डयन नेशनल स्कूल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_38c8a54e.json"}}
{"text": "अनीता नायर भारतीय अंग्रेज़ी लेखिका हैं। केरल में जन्मीं अनीता ने 1997 में अपनी पहली पुस्तक तब लिखी जब वे बंगलौर की एक विज्ञापन एजेंसी में कार्यरत थीं। अब तक उनके ग्यारह उपन्यास प्रकाशित हो चुके हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8b12150a", "title": "अनीता नायर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8b12150a.json"}}
{"text": "सेटिर ऑफ द सबवे व ग्यारह अन्य कहानियाँ, 1997", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8b12150a", "title": "अनीता नायर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8b12150a.json"}}
{"text": "वेयर द रेन इज़ बॉर्न, 2003", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8b12150a", "title": "अनीता नायर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8b12150a.json"}}
{"text": "पफिन बुक ऑफ वर्ल्ड मिथ्स एंड लेजेंड्स, 2004", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8b12150a", "title": "अनीता नायर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8b12150a.json"}}
{"text": "एडवेंचर्स ऑफ नोनू, 2006", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8b12150a", "title": "अनीता नायर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8b12150a.json"}}
{"text": "लिविंग नेक्सट डोर टू एलीस, 2007", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8b12150a", "title": "अनीता नायर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8b12150a.json"}}
{"text": "अनीता नायर : पेंगुइन बुक्स इंडिया पर पृष्ठ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8b12150a", "title": "अनीता नायर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8b12150a.json"}}
{"text": "भाषा पर इतिहास का बोझ ना डालें : सामयिकी जालपत्रिका में प्रकाशित डॉ सुनील दीपक द्वारा लिया साक्षात्कार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8b12150a", "title": "अनीता नायर", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8b12150a.json"}}
{"text": "पंडित जितेंद्र अभिषेकी ( जितेंद्र अभिषेकी; 21 सितंबर 1929 – 7 नवंबर 1998) एक भारतीय गायक, संगीतकार और भारतीय शास्त्रीय, अर्द्ध शास्त्रीय, भक्ति संगीत तथा हिन्दुस्तानी संगीत के प्रतिष्ठित विद्वान थे। इन्हें 1960 के दशक में मराठी थिएटर संगीत के पुनरुद्धार के लिए भी श्रेय दिया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "प्रारंभिक जीवन और पृष्ठभूमि", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "जीतेन्द्र जी का जन्म गोवा में ,मंगेशी नामक गांव में हुआ था। उनका परिवार परंपरागत रूप से भगवान शिव के मंगेशी मंदिर से जुड़ा था।।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "उनके पिता, बलवंतराव उर्फ ​​भीकमभट्ट , अपने सौतेले भाई मास्टर दीनानाथ मंगेशकर के शिष्य और मंगेशी मंदिर के पुजारी और कीर्तनकार थे। बलवंतराव ने जितेंद्र को हिंदुस्तानी शास्त्रीय संगीत के बुनियादी सिद्धांतों सेसे अवगत कराया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "जितेंद्र ने आगरा घराने के जगन्नाथ बुवा पुरोहित और अजमत हुसैन खान और अतरौली घराने (जिसे जयपुर घराने के रूप में जाना जाता है) के गुल्लूभाई जसदनवाला से संगीत में आगे का प्रशिक्षण प्राप्त किया। उन्होंने khayál गायन की एक विशिष्ट शैली विकसित की ,जिसे आज अभिषेकी घराने के नाम से जाना जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "पंडित जी को अपने मराठी नाट्य संगीत रचनाओं की अपनी विशिष्ट शैली के लिए जाना जाता है उनकी नाट्य संगीत रचनाओं में \"गुंतता  हृदया  हे \",", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "\"हे सुरांनो चंद्र व्हा \" और इस तरह के अन्य गीत \"माझे जीवना गाणे \" / मराठी गजल, \"कैवल्याचा \", सर्वात्मक सर्वेश्वरा \",\" कटा रूते कुणाला \"आदि प्रमुख है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "संस्कृत साहित्य में एक डिग्री प्राप्त करने के बाद, अभिषेकी ,एक संक्षिप्त अवधि के लिए ,ऑल इंडिया रेडियो (एआईआर) मुंबई में शामिल हो गए, जहा वे कई संगीतकारों के साथ संपर्क में आये और उन्हें रेडियो कार्यक्रमों के लिए अपनी रचनाओ द्वारा अपनी संगीत प्रतिभा को प्रदर्शित करने का अवसर मिला।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "इस बीच उन्हें संगीत के क्षेत्र में उन्नत प्रशिक्षण के लिए भारत सरकार से छात्रवृत्ति प्राप्त की तथा उस्ताद अज़मत हुसैन खान के सानिध्य में हिन्दुस्तानी शास्त्रीय संगीत सीखा।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "उन्होंने करीब 25 मराठी नाटकों के लिए संगीत भी बनाया।  साठ के दशक में होमी भाभा फैलोशिप प्राप्त करने के बाद, वह सितार वादक पंडित रवि शंकर द्वारा संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में चलाए जा रहे एक संगीत स्कूल में पढने लगे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "उन्होंने अपनी मातृभूमि गोवा से अपने संबंधों को बनाए रखा और कला अकादमी के साथ सहयोग के माध्यम से राज्य से छात्रों को परामर्श देते रहे एवं उनका मार्गदर्शन किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "अभिषेकी के जाने-माने संगीत शिष्यो में बेटा शौनक अभिषेकी,आशा खड़ीकर , देवकी पंडित, शुभा मुद्गल, अजीत कड़कड़े , राजा काळे , प्रभाकर कारेकर , हेमंत पेंडसे, डॉ", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "मोहन कुमार दारेकर, विजय कोपरकर , महेश काळे और मकरंद हिंगने शामिल हैं", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "होमी भाभा फैलोशिप (1969)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "नाट्यदर्पण पुरस्कार (1978)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "संगीत नाटक अकादेमी पुरस्कार (1989)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "महाराष्ट्र गौरव पुरस्कार (1990)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "गोमांतक मराठी अकादमी पुरस्कार (1992)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "बालगंधर्व पुरस्कार (1995)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "सुरश्री केसरीबाई केरकर पुरस्कार (1996)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "मास्टर दीनानाथ स्मृति पुरस्कार (1996)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "लता मंगेशकर पुरस्कार (1996)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "बालगंधर्व पुरस्कार (नाट्यपरिषद, 1997)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "पुरस्कार (कैलाश गणित नासिक, 1997)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_57f3a8ff", "title": "जीतेंद्र अभिषेकी", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_57f3a8ff.json"}}
{"text": "कौअकोह में भारत के बिहार राज्य के अन्तर्गत पुर्णिया मण्डल के अररिया जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5441c66f", "title": "कौअकोह", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5441c66f.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5441c66f", "title": "कौअकोह", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5441c66f.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5441c66f", "title": "कौअकोह", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5441c66f.json"}}
{"text": "हँसडीहा (Hansdiha) भारत के झारखंड राज्य के दुमका ज़िले में स्थित एक गाँव है। यहाँ से राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग १३३ गुज़रता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2aabe354", "title": "हँसडीहा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2aabe354.json"}}
{"text": "राधा कृष्ण (अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय संस्कृत लिप्यन्तरण वर्णमाला rādhā-kṛṣṇa, संस्कृत राधा कृष्ण) एक हिंदू देवी-देवता हैं। कृष्ण को गौड़ीय वैष्णव धर्मशास्त्र में अक्सर स्वयं भगवान के रूप में सन्दर्भित किया गया है और राधा एक युवा नारी हैं, एक गोपी जो कृष्ण की सर्वोच्च प्रेयसी हैं। कृष्ण के साथ, राधा को सर्वोच्च देवी स्वीकार किया जाता है और यह कहा जाता है कि वह अपने प्रेम से कृष्ण को नियंत्रित करती हैं। यह माना जाता है कि कृष्ण संसार को मोहित करते हैं, लेकिन राधा \"उन्हें भी मोहित कर लेती हैं। इसलिए वे सभी देवी में सर्वोच्च देवी हैं।\"", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "हालांकि भगवान के ऐसे रूप की पूजा करने के काफी आरंभिक सन्दर्भ मौजूद हैं, पर जब सन् बारहवीं शताब्दी में जयदेव गोस्वामी ने प्रसिद्ध गीत गोविन्द लिखा, तो दिव्य कृष्ण और उनकी भक्त राधा के बीच के आध्यात्मिक प्रेम सम्बन्ध को सम्पूर्ण भारतवर्ष में पूजा जाने लगा।  यह माना जाता है कि कृष्ण ने राधा को खोजने के लिए रास नृत्य के चक्र को छोड़ दिया था। चैतन्य सम्प्रदाय का मानना है कि राधा के नाम और पहचान को भागवत पुराण में इस घटना का वर्णन करने वाले छंद में गुप्त भी रखा गया है और उजागर भी किया गया है। यह भी माना जाता है कि राधा मात्र एक चरवाहे की कन्या नहीं हैं, बल्कि सभी गोपियों या उन दिव्य व्यक्तित्वों का मूल हैं जो रास नृत्य में भाग लेती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "राधाकृष्ण को दो भागों में तोड़ा जा सकता है - कृष्ण, विष्णु के आठवें अवतार और उनकी सहचरी राधा। वृन्दावन में कृष्ण को कभी-कभी बाएं तरफ खड़ी राधा के साथ चित्रित किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "शक्ति और शक्तिमान की आम व्युत्पत्ति अर्थात भगवान में स्त्री और पुरुष सिद्धांत का अर्थ है कि शक्ति और शक्तिमान एक ही हैं। हर देवता की अपनी साथी जो उनकी 'अर्धांगिनी' या शक्ति होती है और उस शक्ति के बिना उन्हें कभी-कभी अपरिहार्य शक्ति रहित माना जाता है। हिन्दू धर्म में यह असामान्य बात नहीं है कि जब किसी एक व्यक्तित्व के बजाय एक जोड़ी की पूजा से भगवान की पूजा की जाती है, राधा कृष्ण की पूजा ऐसी ही है। वह परंपरा जिसमें कृष्ण की पूजा स्वयं भगवान के रूप में की जाती है और उनकी राधा को सर्वोच्च के रूप में पूजा जाता है। इस विचार को स्वीकार किया जाता है कि राधा और कृष्ण का संगम, शक्ति के साथ शक्तिमान के संगम को इंगित करता है और यह विचार रूढ़िवादी वैष्णव या कृष्णवाद के बाहर अच्छी तरह से मौजूद है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "वैष्णव दृष्टिकोण से दैवीय स्त्री ऊर्जा (शक्ति) के एक दिव्य स्रोत को प्रतिबिंबित करती है। जैसे \"सीता राम से संबंधित हैं, लक्ष्मी नारायण की सहचरी हैं, उसी तरह राधा कृष्ण की सहचरी हैं।\" चूंकि कृष्ण को ईश्वर के सभी रूपों का स्रोत माना जाता है, श्री राधा, उनकी सहचरी सभी शक्तियों का मूल स्रोत हैं अथवा दैवीय ऊर्जा का स्त्री रूप हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "परंपरा के अनुसार, आराधना को समझने के लिए विभिन्न व्याख्याओं में एक निजवादी समान मूल है। विशेष रूप से चैतन्य गौड़ीय वैष्णव सिद्धांत और मिशन गहरे रूप से \"निजवादी\" (आत्मनिष्ठवादी) है, जो कृष्ण की सर्वोच्चता, राधा-कृष्ण के रूप में चैतन्य की पहचान, स्व की वास्तविकता और नित्यता और सर्वप्रथम और महत्वपूर्ण रूप से एक व्यक्ति के रूप में एकमात्र सत्य और ईश्वर तक पहुंचने की घोषणा करता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "जीव गोस्वामी ने अपने प्रीति सन्दर्भ में कहा है कि प्रत्येक गोपी भिन्न स्तर के मनोभाव की तीव्रता को व्यक्त करती है, जिसमें से राधा का सर्वोच्च स्थान है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "अपने प्रसिद्ध संवादों में रामानंद राय चैतन्य के लिए राधा को वर्णित करते हैं और अन्य पंक्तियों के बीच चैतन्य चरितामृत एक छंद को उद्धृत करते हैं, जिसके बाद वे वृन्दावन के प्राचीन समय में राधा की भूमिका वर्णित करते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "इस ब्रह्मविद्या का केंद्र बिंदु रस शब्द से संबंधित है। इस शब्द का धार्मिक प्रयोग आरंभिक काल में देखा जा सकता है, निम्बार्क या चैतन्य सम्प्रदाय से दो हजार साल पहले, एक वाक्यांश में जिसे परंपरा में अक्सर उद्धृत किया गया है: \"वास्तव में, ईश्वर रस है\" (रसो वै सह) ब्रह्म सूत्र से यह पंक्ति इस विचार को व्यक्त करती है कि, भगवान ही ऐसा जो परम रस या आध्यात्मिक उत्साह, भावावेश का आनंद लेता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "हिंदू धर्म की निम्नलिखित परंपराओं में राधा कृष्ण की पूजा की जाती है:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "बिश्नुप्रिया मणिपुरी वैष्णव", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "राजा गरीब निवाज ने 1709 से 1748 तक शासन किया और उन्होंने चैतन्य परंपरा के वैष्णव शाखा में दीक्षा ली, जो कृष्ण की पूजा सर्वोच्च ईश्वर के रूप में करता है, स्वयं भगवान . उन्होंने लगभग बीस वर्षों तक इस धर्म का अभ्यास किया। प्रचारकों और तीर्थयात्रियों का आगमन भारी संख्या में होता था और आसाम के साथ सांस्कृतिक संपर्क बनाया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "मणिपुरी वैष्णव कृष्ण की अकेले पूजा नहीं करते हैं, बल्कि राधा-कृष्ण की करते हैं। वैष्णव मत के प्रसार के साथ कृष्ण और राधा की पूजा मणिपुर क्षेत्र में प्रभावी पद्धति बन गई। वहां के हर गांव में एक ठाकुर-घाट और एक मंदिर होता है। रास और अन्य नृत्य अक्सर क्षेत्रीय लोक और धार्मिक परंपरा की एक विशेषता हैं, उदाहरण के लिए, एक महिला नर्तकी एक ही नाटिका में कृष्ण और उनकी सहचरी, राधा दोनों का अभिनय करेगी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "वैदिक और पौराणिक साहित्य में, राधा और इस धातु के अन्य रूप >राध का अर्थ है 'पूर्णता', 'सफलता' और 'संपदा' भी.[उद्धरण चाहिए] सफलता के देवता, इंद्र को राधास्पति के रूप में सन्दर्भित किया गया था। भाग्य के देवता के रूप में महाविष्णु के सन्दर्भ में और जयदेव द्वारा जय जयदेव हरे के रूप में स्वतंत्र रूप से प्रयुक्त - विजयी हरि और राधास्पति, सभी को कई जगहों पर देखा गया है। शब्द राधा, अथर्ववेद, तैत्रीय ब्राह्मण और तैत्रीय संहिता में मिलता है।[उद्धरण चाहिए]", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "चारलोट वाडेविल, ने इवोल्यूशन ऑफ़ लव सिम्बोलिज़म इन भागावतिज़म लेख में नाप्पिनाई के साथ कुछ समानताएं दिखाई हैं, जो गोधा की उत्कृष्ट रचना थिरुप्पवाई में प्रदर्शित होते हैं और नाम्माल्वर द्वारा नाप्पिनानी के सन्दर्भ में, जो नन्दगोप की बहू हैं। नाप्पिनाई को, प्राकृत और संस्कृत साहित्य में राधा की अवधारणा का स्रोत माना जाता है, हालांकि कृष्ण के साथ उनके चारित्रिक सम्बन्ध में भिन्नता है। एक अनुष्ठान नृत्य में जिसे कुरावाई कहते हैं, कृष्ण अपनी पत्नी नाप्पिनाई के साथ नृत्य करते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "\"यह एक जटिल संबंध है, क्योंकि भक्त `समान है फिर भी भिन्न है' भगवान से और इसलिए मिलन की खुशी में वहां विरह का दर्द है। यमुनाचार्य के अनुसार, वास्तव में भक्ति का उच्चतम रूप, मिलन में नहीं होता बल्कि मिलन के बाद होता है, 'विरह के नए डर' में.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "यसस्तिलाका चम्पुकाव्य (959 ई.), जयदेव के काल से पहले ही राधा और कृष्ण को अच्छी तरह से सन्दर्भित करता है। ब्रह्म वैवर्त और पद्म पुराण में वहां राधा के कई विस्तृत सन्दर्भ मौजूद हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "गौड़ीय वैष्णव, जैसा कि नाम से पता चलता है, आमतौर पर बंगाल के क्षेत्र को दर्शाता है। आरंभिक बंग्ला साहित्य में इस चित्रण का और राधा और कृष्ण की समझ के विकास का का विशद वर्णन मिलता है। हालांकि, यह माना जाता है कि जयदेव गोस्वामी की कविता गीत गोविन्द में उनकी नायिका का स्रोत संस्कृत साहित्य में एक पहेली बना हुआ है। साथ ही गीता गोविन्द से पहले की कृतियों के बारे में भी लिखित सन्दर्भ भली प्रकार मौजूद हैं जो करीब गिनती में बीस हैं। राधा का व्यक्तित्व संस्कृत साहित्य में सबसे अधिक गूढ़ चरित्रों में से एक है; उनका वर्णन प्राकृत या संस्कृत कविता में सिर्फ कुछ चुनिन्दा छंदों में ही किया गया है, कुछ शिलालेखों और व्याकरण, कविता और नाटक की कुछ कृतियों में. जयदेव ने उनका सन्दर्भ लिया और बारहवीं सदी में भावुक भक्ति से ओत-प्रोत एक उत्कृष्ट कविता की रचना की और इस काव्य से आरम्भ होते हुए एक विशाल आंदोलन विशिष्ट रूप से बंगाल में शुरु हुआ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "बारू चंडीदास एक कवि हैं जो आरम्भिक मध्य बंगाल के एक ऐतिहासिक व्यक्तित्व के रूप में उल्लेखनीय हैं; उनकी कविता श्रीकृष्णकीर्तन का काल अभी भी अनुत्तरित है, हालांकि यह कृति बंग्ला साहित्य और धर्म में \"गोपिका राधा के लिए भगवान कृष्ण के प्रेम\" की लोकप्रिय कथा के चित्रण का एक सबसे महत्वपूर्ण प्रारंभिक साक्ष्य है। श्रीकृष्णकीर्तन के 412 गीतों को तेरह खण्डों में विभाजित किया गया है जो राधा-कृष्ण के पौराणिक चक्र के मर्म को प्रदर्शित करते हैं", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "और इसके कई भिन्न रूप उत्कृष्ट तुलनात्मक सामग्री प्रदान करते हैं। पांडुलिपि से स्पष्ट रूप से पता चलता है कि ये गीत ऐसे गीत थे जिन्हें गाने के लिए विशेष राग की आवश्यकता थी। महत्वपूर्ण धार्मिक अर्थ वाले इस ग्रन्थ की प्रामाणिकता को लेकर काफी बहस होती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "चैतन्य वैष्णववाद की इस बंगाली परंपरा में आध्यात्मिक स्थिति और राधा की आराधना को माना जाता है कि कृष्णदास द्वारा अपने चैतन्य चरितामृत में स्थापित किया गया था जहां वे उस सिद्धांत को प्रदर्शित करते हैं जो चैतन्य के 1533 में महावसान के बाद वृंदावन के चैतन्यवादियों में व्याप्त रहा। यह माना जाता है कि कृष्ण ने, यह अनुभव करने के लिए कि राधा के रूप में कृष्ण को प्रेम करने की क्या अनुभूति होती है, चैतन्य महाप्रभु के रूप में अवतार लिया। और कृष्ण की लालसा में जो राधा (चैतन्य के रूप में प्रकट होते हुए) करती हैं वह है उनके नाम का उच्चारण.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "गोपाल भट्ट गोस्वामी द्वारा स्वयं स्थापित एक भगवान को राधा रमण कहा जाता है, यह आश्चर्य की बात नहीं है कि राधा रमण को न केवल कृष्ण के रूप में देखा जाता है बल्कि राधा-कृष्ण के रूप में भी. और उनके मंदिर में पूजा-अर्चना जो वृन्दावन के केंद्र में स्थित है, एक सतत दैनिक क्रिया है, जिसमें शामिल है दिन भर के कई निर्धारित कार्य, जिसका लक्ष्य है सैद्धांतिक और दूर होते हुए भी राधा और कृष्ण के साथ प्रत्यक्ष रूप से समीप होने और जुड़ने की संभावना की आकांक्षा करना।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "निम्बार्क सम्प्रदाय बाल कृष्ण की पूजा करता है, चाहे अकेले या उनकी सहचरी राधा के साथ, जैसा कि रुद्र सम्प्रदाय करता है और इसका आरम्भिक काल है कम से कम बारहवीं शताब्दी. निम्बार्क के अनुसार राधा, विष्णु-कृष्ण की सदा की संगिनी थीं और ऐसा भी मत है, यद्यपि एक स्पष्ट वक्तव्य नहीं, कि वह अपने प्रेमी कृष्ण की पत्नी बन गई। यह ध्यान दिया जाना चाहिए कि निम्बार्क इस साहित्य के प्रकल्पित अनैतिक निहितार्थ से राधा को बचाते हैं और उन्हें वह गरिमा प्रदान करते हैं जो उन्हें कहीं और नहीं मिली।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "निम्बार्क द्वारा स्थापित निम्बार्क सम्प्रदाय, चार वास्तविक वैष्णव परंपराओं में से एक है। 13वीं सदी और 14वीं सदी में मथुरा और वृंदावन के विनाश के कारण साक्ष्य के अभाव का मतलब है कि सही तिथि और इस परंपरा का मूल रहस्य में डूबा है और जांच की ज़रूरत है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "सत्यानन्द जोसेफ, प्रो॰ रसिक बिहारी जोशी, प्रो॰ एम.एम. अग्रवाल आदि विद्वानों द्वारा निम्बार्क को, उसी काल का माना जाता है जिस काल में शंकराचार्य हुए थे और वे प्रथम आचार्य थे जो कृष्ण के साथ राधा की आराधना सखी भाव उपासना पद्धति में करते थे। अपने वेदांत कामधेनु दशश्लोकी में, यह स्पष्ट कहा गया है: -", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "अंगे तू वामे वृषभानुजम मुदा विराजमानम अनुरूपसौभागम.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "सखीसहस्रैह परिसेविताम सदा स्मरेम देवीं सकलेष्टकामदाम. छंद 6.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "परमपिता परमेश्वर के शरीर का बायां हिस्सा श्रीमती राधा हैं, जो हर्ष के साथ बैठी हैं और स्वयं परमेश्वर जैसी ही सुंदर हैं; जिनकी सेवा में हज़ारों गोपियां हैं: हम उस सर्वोच्च देवी का ध्यान करते हैं, जो सभी इच्छाओं की पूर्ती करने वाली हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "इस विषय को जयदेव गोस्वामी और उस समय के अन्य कवियों द्वारा अपनाया गया जिन्होंने उस अन्तर्निहित सुन्दरता और आनंद को देखा जिससे इस दर्शन का निर्माण हुआ था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "इस सम्प्रदाय में राधा का महत्व, श्री कृष्ण के महत्व से कम नहीं है। निम्बार्क के इस सम्प्रदाय में दोनों ही संयुक्त रूप से आराधना की वस्तु हैं। वेदांत-पारिजात-सौरभ नाम के तहत निम्बार्क, ब्रह्म सूत्र के पहले टिप्पणीकारों में से भी एक हैं। 13वीं और 14वीं सदी में निम्बार्क सम्प्रदाय के बाद के आचार्यों ने इस दैवीय जोड़ी पर अधिक साहित्यिक रचनाएं की। जयदेव के मुंह-बोले बड़े भाई, स्वामी श्री श्रीभट्ट ने जयदेव की तरह संगीतमय प्रस्तुति की ध्रुपद शैली के लिए युगल शतक की रचना की, लेकिन जयदेव के विपरीत, जिन्होंने अपनी रचना संस्कृत में लिखी थी, स्वामी श्रीभट्ट की रचनाएं व्रज भाषा में हैं, जो हिन्दी का एक स्थानीय रूप है जिसे व्रज के सभी निवासियों द्वारा समझा जाता था। वास्तव में इस परंपरा के आचार्यों ने व्रज भाषा में लिखा और आधुनिक समय में इस भाषा के अल्प प्रसार के कारण, बहुत कम शोध किया गया है, हालांकि ये आचार्य, वृन्दावन के छह गोस्वामियों से कई सड़ी पहले हुए थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "किसी भी मामले में, निम्बार्क सम्प्रदाय में पूजा की एकमात्र वस्तु संयुक्त दिव्य दम्पत्ति राधा कृष्ण हैं। 15वीं सदी के जगद्गुरु स्वामी श्री हरिव्यास देवाचार्य द्वारा लिखित महावाणी के अनुसार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "राधामकृष्णस्वरूपम वै, कृष्णम राधास्वरुपिनम; कलात्मानाम निकुंजस्थं गुरुरूपम सदा भजे", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "मैं निरंतर राधा का गुणगान करता हूं जो कोई और नहीं बल्कि कृष्ण हैं और श्री कृष्ण, राधा ही हैं, जिनके योग को कामबीज द्वारा दर्शाया गया है और जो सदा निकुंज गोलोक वृन्दावन में निवास करते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "राधा कृष्ण के दर्शन में निम्बार्क सम्प्रदाय के योगदान को नकारा नहीं जा सकता है, क्योंकि यह दर्शन और धर्मशास्त्र इसी से आरंभ हुआ था। [उद्धरण चाहिए]", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "स्वामीनारायण संप्रदाय", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "स्वामीनारायण सम्प्रदाय में राधा कृष्ण देव का स्थान विशेष है क्योंकि स्वामीनारायण ने राधा कृष्ण को खुद शिक्षापत्री में सन्दर्भित किया जिसे उन्होंने लिखा था। इसके अलावा, उन्होंने खुद मंदिरों के निर्माण का आदेश दिया जिसमें राधा कृष्ण को देवताओं के रूप में स्थापित किया गया है। स्वामीनारायण ने \"बताया कि कृष्ण कई रूपों में प्रकट होते हैं। जब वे राधा के साथ होते हैं, तो उन्हें राधा-कृष्ण नाम के अंतर्गत सर्वोच्च ईश्वर माना जाता है; रुक्मणी के साथ लक्ष्मी-नारायण जाना जाता है।\" इस सम्प्रदाय में प्रथम मंदिर का निर्माण 1822 ई. में अहमदाबाद में किया गया, जिसके केंद्रीय कक्ष में नर नारायण, अर्जुन और कृष्ण के रूपों को स्थापित किया गया है। हॉल के बाएं तरफ के मंदिर में राधा कृष्ण की मूर्तियां है। इस परंपरा के दर्शन के अनुसार कृष्ण की कई महिला साथी थीं, गोपियां, लेकिन उनमें से राधा को सर्वोत्कृष्ट भक्त माना जाता था। जो कृष्ण के करीब आने की चाह रखते हैं उन्हें राधा जैसी भक्ति के गुण विकसित करना चाहिए।  इस सिद्धांत के अनुसार संप्रदाय ने गोलोक को एक सर्वोच्च स्वर्ग या निवास (वास्तव में, अपने कुछ मंदिरों में जैसे मुम्बई मंदिर में स्थापित मूर्तियां श्री गौलोकविहारी और राधिकाजी की हैं) के रूप में अलग रखा है, क्योंकि माना जाता है कि वहां कृष्ण अपनी गोपियों के साथ आनंद लेते हैं, जो स्वामीनारायण सम्प्रदाय के अनुसार वे ग्वालिनें हैं जिनके साथ कृष्ण नाचे थे; उनके साथ कृष्ण का संबंध भगवान और भक्त के प्रतिदान संबंध का प्रतीक है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "चैतन्य से भी पहले पुष्टिमार्ग के संस्थापक, वल्लभाचार्य राधा की पूजा करते थे, जहां कुछ संप्रदायों के अनुसार, भक्तों की पहचान राधा की सहेलियों (सखी) के रूप में होती है जिन्हें राधाकृष्ण के लिए अंतरंग व्यवस्था करने के लिए विशेषाधिकार प्राप्त होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "इस परंपरा के एक प्रमुख कवी, ध्रुवदास जिन्हें राधा वल्लभी भी कहा जाता है, वे मुख्यतः राधा और कृष्ण के निजी संबंधों के साथ जुड़े होने के लिए उल्लेखनीय थे। अपनी कविता चौरासी पद में और अपने अनुयायियों की टिप्पणियों में, जोर दिया जाता है अनंत लीला के निरंतर मनन के अद्वितीय लाभ पर.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "अपने वैष्णव सह-धर्मियों के साथ राधावल्लभी, भागवत पुराण के प्रति अपार श्रद्धा रखते हैं, लेकिन कुछ अंतरंगता जो राधा और गोपियों के साथ रिश्तों की परिधि के बाहर है वह इस सम्प्रदाय के दर्शन में शामिल नहीं है। रिश्ते की मिठास पर बल दिया गया है, या रस पर.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "कुछ हिंदू विद्वानों और हिंदू धर्म के जानकारों की राय में एक स्वर्ण युग था जब हिन्दू और मुस्लिमों ने एक आम संस्कृति का निर्माण किया जिसका मुख्य कारण था कुछ मुस्लिम शासकों द्वारा संस्कृत और संस्कृत से फ़ारसी में अनुवाद को संरक्षण प्रदान करना, जबकि वहां मुस्लिम नाम वाले ऐसे कवि थे जो कृष्ण और राधा के बारे में लिखा करते थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "वृन्दावन और मथुरा को राधा-कृष्ण की पूजा का केंद्र माना जाता है। वृन्दावन के सबसे महत्वपूर्ण मंदिर हैं", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "श्री राधा रास बिहारी अष्ट सखी मंदिर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "वृंदावन में, भगवान कृष्ण का \"लीला स्थान\" (दिव्य मनोभाव खेल का स्थान), पर यह मंदिर है जहां कृष्ण के उन भक्तों के लिए जाना आवश्यक है जो 84 कोष व्रज परिक्रमा यात्रा को पूरा करते हैं। यह मंदिर सदियों पुराना है और पहला भारतीय मंदिर है जो इस दिव्य युगल और उनकी अष्ट सखियों को समर्पित है - राधा की आठ \"सहेलियां\" जो कृष्ण के साथ उनकी प्रेम लीला में अन्तरंग रूप से शामिल थीं। इन अष्ट सखियों की चर्चा वेद पुराणों और श्रीमद भागवत के प्राचीन ग्रंथों में वर्णित हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "इस मंदिर को कहा जाता है - श्री राधा रास बिहारी अष्ट सखी मंदिर और यह भगवान कृष्ण और राधारानी की दिव्य रास लीला का स्थान है। यह श्री बांके बिहारी मंदिर के निकट स्थित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "किंवदंती है कि श्री राधा रास बिहारी अष्ट सखी मंदिर, मथुरा, वृंदावन में उन दो स्थानों में से एक है जहां भगवान कृष्ण अपनी प्रेयसी राधा और उनकी सखियों के साथ रास लीला में शामिल होते हैं। इन रातों में, भक्तों ने पायलों की आवाज सुनने की सूचना दी है, जो किसी दिव्य धुन के साथ बज रही थी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "मदन-मोहन, गोविन्ददेव, राधा-रमन, राधा-गोकुलानंद, राधा-दामोदर, बांकी-बिहारी, राधावल्लभ, जुगल किशोर, राधा-गोपीनाथ, राधा श्यामसुन्दर और कृष्ण-बलराम मंदिर जहां राधा और कृष्ण की पूजा उनकी मूर्ति रूपों में की जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "ऐसी कई परंपरा है जिसने राधा-कृष्ण की आराधना को कई अन्य देशों में प्रसारित किया है, चाहे वह प्रवास से जुड़ी हो अथवा साधुओं की उपदेशात्मक गतिविधियों से.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "ऐसा ही एक प्रमुख पंडित, प्रभुपाद ने स्वयं कई केन्द्र खोले जहां वे म्लेच्छ से ब्राह्मण बने छात्रों को राधा-कृष्ण की मूर्ति की पूजा करने और \"ईश्वर की सेवा में समर्पित\" होने की शिक्षा देते थे।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "लोकप्रिय गीत और प्रार्थनाएं", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "श्री राधिका कृष्णाष्टक (राधाष्टक भी कहा जाता है) एक भजन है। कहा जाता है कि पढ़नेवाला इसके जप द्वारा राधा के माध्यम से कृष्ण को पा सकता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "Williams, Raymond (2001). Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521654227.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "Schwartz, Susan (2004). Rasa: performing the divine in India. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-13145-3.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "Rosen, Steven (2002). The hidden glory of India. Los Angeles: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. ISBN 0-89213-351-1.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "Valpey, Kenneth Russell (2006). Attending Kṛṣṇa's image: Caitanya Vaiṣṇava mūrti-sevā as devotional truth. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-38394-3.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "Schweig, G.M. (2005). Dance of divine love: The Rasa Lila of Krishna from the Bhagavata Purana, भारत's classic sacred love story. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ; Oxford. ISBN 0691114463.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "कक्कड़, सुधीर. \"इरोटिक फैंटेसी: द सीक्रेट पैशन ऑफ़ राधा एंड कृष्ण\", 94 भारतीय समाजशास्त्र के लिए योगदान (नई श्रृंखला) 19, नंबर 1 (जनवरी-जून 1985) :75-94.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "मिलर, बारबरा स्तोलर. \"द डुअलिटी ऑफ़ राधा एंड कृष्ण\", द डिवाइन कंसोर्ट : राधा एंड द गोडेसेस ऑफ़ इंडिया, संस्करण. जे एस होले और डीएम वुल्फ. बर्कले: कैलिफोर्निया विश्वविद्यालय प्रेस, 1982, पीपी 13-26.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "पटनायक, देबी प्रसन्ना. \"पंचसखा साहित्य में राधाकृष्ण की संकल्पना.\" भारतीय ओरिएंटल सम्मेलन की कार्यवाही 18 (1955) :406-411.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "गोस्वामी, श्री रूपा. भक्ति-रसामृत-सिन्धु. वृन्दाबन: इंस्टीटयूट ऑफ़ ओरिएंटल फिलोसोफी, 1965.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "प्रभुपाद, एसी भक्तिवेदान्त स्वामी. कृष्णा: द सुप्रीम पर्सनैलिटी ऑफ़ गौडहेड . [श्रीला व्यासदेव की श्रीमद भागवतम का एक संक्षिप्त अध्ययन, दसवां सर्ग लॉस एंजिल्स: भक्तिवेदान्त ट्रस्ट, 1970. 2 खंड.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "विल्सन, फ्रांसिस, एड. द लव ऑफ़ कृष्ण: द कृष्णकर्नामृत ऑफ़ लिलासुक बिल्वमंगल. फिलाडेल्फिया: पेंसिल्वेनिया विश्वविद्यालय प्रेस, 1975", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "वाडेविल, सीच. \"इवोल्यूशन ऑफ़ लव-सिम्बोलिज़म इन भागवतिज़म.\" जर्नल ऑफ द अमेरिकन ओरिएंटल सोसाइटी 82 (1962) :31-40.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "वुल्फ, डीएम. द डिवाइन कंसोर्ट: राधा एंड गोडेसेस ऑफ़ इंडिया, बर्कले कैलिफोर्निया विश्वविद्यालय प्रेस. 1982", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "David C. Scott. \"Radha in the Erotic Play of the Universe\". www.religion-online.org. मूल से से 21 मार्च 2012 को पुरालेखित।. अभिगमन तिथि: 2008-05-15.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "\"RadhaKrishna Sahasranam (from the Narada Purana)\" (PDF). sanskrit.safire.com. अभिगमन तिथि: 2008-08-02.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "Satsvarupa dasa Goswami. \"Srila Prabhupada's Presentation of Srimati Radharani\".", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "Stephen Knapp. \"Radharani\". www.stephen-knapp.com. अभिगमन तिथि: 2008-05-17.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "Satyaraja Dasa. \"Radharani—The Feminine Side of God\". btg.krishna.com. मूल से से 25 अक्तूबर 2007 को पुरालेखित।. अभिगमन तिथि: 2008-05-17.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "\"Who Is that Girl with Krishna?\". www.jswami.info. मूल से से 21 मार्च 2012 को पुरालेखित।. अभिगमन तिथि: 2008-05-17. {{cite web}}: Text \"Jayadvaita Swami\" ignored (help)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "Sunil jain. \"Radha Krishna Spirituality Portal\". www.radhavallabh.com. अभिगमन तिथि: 2008-05-25.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "\"Official website of the Nimbarkacharya Peeth, Salemabad\". www.shrijagatgurunimbarkacharyapeeth.org. मूल से से 27 अगस्त 2011 को पुरालेखित।. अभिगमन तिथि: 2010-08-01.", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_9648dd73", "title": "राधा कृष्ण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_9648dd73.json"}}
{"text": "शेखावाटी क्षेत्र का खूड ठिकाना सीकर जिले में जिला मुख्यालय से २७ किलोमीटर दूर सीकर डीडवाना (नागौर) रोड पर स्थित है | इस से ५ किलोमीटर की दूर पर बाडलवास (Badalwas) इस्थित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d31511ee", "title": "खूड", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d31511ee.json"}}
{"text": "आजादी से पूर्व यह क़स्बा जहाँ आस-पास के गांवों का प्रशासनिक केंद्र था वही आज यह क़स्बा आस-पास के गांवों के विद्यार्थियों का प्रमुख शिक्षा केंद्र होने के अलावा आस-पास के गांवों के लोगो के आम जरुरत के सामान की खरीददारी करने का मुख्य बाजार है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d31511ee", "title": "खूड", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d31511ee.json"}}
{"text": "ठिकाना खूड़ के आखरी राजा राव मंगल सिंह जी थे  उनके संतान न होने के कारण आज खूड़ किला सुनसान हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d31511ee", "title": "खूड", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d31511ee.json"}}
{"text": "विक्रम संवत 1709 में खंडेला के राजा वर सिंह देव ने अपने पुत्र श्याम सिंह को आजीविका के लिए 7 गांव सहित सुझाव दिया था तत्कालीन परिस्थितियों का लाभ उठाकर ठाकुर श्याम सिंह जी ने बाण सहित क्षेत्र के 12 गांव पर अधिकार कर लिया और खुद को अपनी राजधानी बनाया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d31511ee", "title": "खूड", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d31511ee.json"}}
{"text": "इससे पूर्व खूड़ पर टांग राजपूतों का आधिपत्य था जिन्हें यहां से निकालकर श्याम सिंह जी ने इन गांवों को अपनी जागीर में मिला दिया इस दूर पर ठाकुर श्याम सिंह जी के बाद उनके दस अन्य वंशजों ने शासन किया इसके संस्थापक ठाकुर श्याम सिंह जी ने हरिपुरा गांव में मुगल सेना के खिलाफ रक्त रंजित युद्ध कर अपनी तलवार का जौहर दिखाया था उनके वंशज ठाकुर रूप सिंह जी ने फतेहपुर के नवाब सरदार खान के खिलाफ युद्ध में भाग लेकर शेखावाटी से मुस्लिम राज्य में रॉव शिव सिंह जी ठाकुर सादुल सिंह जी को सक्रिय सहयोग दिया था रूप सिंह के पुत्र मल्हार राव होलकर के युद्ध करते हुए अपने प्राणों का उत्सर्ग किया था विक्रम संवत 1837 में या के ठाकुर भगत सिंह जी ने खाटू श्याम जी मंदिर के रक्षार्थ मुगल सेनापति मुर्तजा अली प्रदेश के खिलाफ युद्ध में भाग लिया और अपनी तलवार के जौहर दिखाते हुए सनातन धर्म की रक्षा में अपने प्राणों का बलिदान दिया था मुगलों से भयंकर युद्ध करते हुए झुझर हुए ।वहीं उनके भाई गुलाब सिंह जीवन युद्ध करते हुए थे भगतपुरा युद्ध करते हुए घायल हुए थे इससे यहां के शासकों ने मराठा वह मुगल आक्रांता ओं का समय-समय पर मुकाबला किया और युद्ध में वीरता प्रदर्शित कर इतिहास में अपना नाम दर्ज करवाया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d31511ee", "title": "खूड", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d31511ee.json"}}
{"text": "यहां के शासकों ने खूड़, रूपगढ़ में किले महल बनवाने अपने अधीन अन्य गांव में कई इमारतें अपने अधीन अन्य गांवों में कई इमारतें , क्षत्रिया ,गोसला, पाढसालाओ आदि का निर्माण कराया खूड़ के 11वे आखरी ठाकुर मंगल सिंह जी स्वतंत्रता प्रेमी समाज सुधारक राष्ट्रभक्त गौ सेवक शिक्षा प्रेमी गांधीजी के खादी ग्रामोद्योग कार्यक्रम के समर्थक एवं उच्च विचारों के तपस्वी पुरुष थे आपने मेयो कॉलेज शिक्षा से शिक्षा ग्रहण की, विभाग जयपुर के सवाई मानसिंह गार्डस में कप्तान के पद पर रहे शानदार व्यक्तित्व के धनी ठाकुर मंगल सिंह जी के जीवन में सदा उच्च विचारों के दर्शन होते थे उन्होंने शिक्षा के प्रसार के लिए विद्यालयों का निर्माण करवाया ।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d31511ee", "title": "खूड", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d31511ee.json"}}
{"text": "मुकट सिंह शेखावत  के बारे में और जनकारी", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d31511ee", "title": "खूड", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d31511ee.json"}}
{"text": "गाँव की जनसंख्या 6540 है- 2011 की जनगणना के अनुसार।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d31511ee", "title": "खूड", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d31511ee.json"}}
{"text": "काणकोण (Canacona) भारत के गोवा राज्य के दक्षिण गोवा ज़िले में स्थित एक नगर है। यह कानकोना तालुका के मुख्यालय, चाउड़ी, से 2 कीमी दूर है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93d94321", "title": "काणकोण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93d94321.json"}}
{"text": "काणकोण तालुका में पटनेम, चौडी, पोइनगुइनिम, लोलिए, अगोण्डा और गौमडोंग्रे जैसे स्थान समाहित हैं। चौडी इस तालुक का मुख्यालय और सबसे विकसित कस्बा है। प्रसिद्ध पालोलेम तट इस तालुक में स्थित है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93d94321", "title": "काणकोण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93d94321.json"}}
{"text": "काणकोण 15.02°N 74.02°E के निर्देशांको पर स्थित है। इसकी औसत ऊँचाई 10 मीटर (33 फ़ुट) है। काणकोण, गोवा का सबसे दक्षिणी तालुक है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93d94321", "title": "काणकोण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93d94321.json"}}
{"text": "भारत की 2001 की जनगणना के अनुसार, काणवपुर की जनसंख्या 11,900 है। कुल जनसंख्या में पुरुष 52%, और महिलाएँ 48% हैं। यहाँ की औसत साक्षरता दर 72% है जो राष्ट्रीय साक्षरता दर 59.5% से अधिक है जिसमें से पुरुष साक्षरता दर 78% और महिला साक्षरता दर 66% है। 10% लोग 0-6 वर्ष आयुवर्ग के हैं। कोंकणी और मराठी के अतिरिक्त कन्नड़ भी यहाँ कुछ लोगो द्वारा बोली जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_93d94321", "title": "काणकोण", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A3", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_93d94321.json"}}
{"text": "चिन्नगुरुवलूरु (कडप) में भारत के आन्ध्रप्रदेश राज्य के अन्तर्गत के कडप जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d66de1c", "title": "चिन्नगुरुवलूरु (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d66de1c.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का आधिकारिक वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d66de1c", "title": "चिन्नगुरुवलूरु (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d66de1c.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश सरकार का पर्यटन विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d66de1c", "title": "चिन्नगुरुवलूरु (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d66de1c.json"}}
{"text": "मुक्त निर्देशिका परियोजना पर चिन्नगुरुवलूरु (कडप)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d66de1c", "title": "चिन्नगुरुवलूरु (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d66de1c.json"}}
{"text": "NIC की वेबसाइट पर आंध्र प्रदेश पोर्टल", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d66de1c", "title": "चिन्नगुरुवलूरु (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d66de1c.json"}}
{"text": "आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य पुलिस की सरकारी वेबसाइट", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_8d66de1c", "title": "चिन्नगुरुवलूरु (कडप)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_8d66de1c.json"}}
{"text": "कारिम या पश्चिमी कीचमुर्गी (Western swamphen), जिसका वैज्ञानिक नाम पोरफाएरियो पोरफाएरियो (Porphyrio porphyrio) है, एक प्रकार की कीचमुर्गी है जो एशिया, अफ्रीका और यूरोप में पाई जाती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_91ca51bc", "title": "कारिम", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_91ca51bc.json"}}
{"text": "पहाडपानी भारतीय राज्य उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के अल्मोड़ा जिले की भिकियासैण तहसील का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e472c593", "title": "पहाडपानी, भिकियासैण तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e472c593.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e472c593", "title": "पहाडपानी, भिकियासैण तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e472c593.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e472c593", "title": "पहाडपानी, भिकियासैण तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e472c593.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e472c593", "title": "पहाडपानी, भिकियासैण तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e472c593.json"}}
{"text": "भटोली लगा गैरोली, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के चमोली जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_21b0aa29", "title": "भटोली लगा गैरोली, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_21b0aa29.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_21b0aa29", "title": "भटोली लगा गैरोली, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_21b0aa29.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_21b0aa29", "title": "भटोली लगा गैरोली, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_21b0aa29.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_21b0aa29", "title": "भटोली लगा गैरोली, कर्णप्रयाग तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_21b0aa29.json"}}
{"text": "अवसानपुर भारत के उत्तर प्रदेश राज्य के इलाहाबाद जिले के हंडिया प्रखण्ड में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_2352c84f", "title": "अवसानपुर गाँव, हंडिया (इलाहाबाद)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_2352c84f.json"}}
{"text": "क्रिप्टो-मुद्रा या क्रिप्टो एक डिजिटल संपत्ति है,जिसे एक्सचेंज के माध्यम के रूप में काम करने के लिए डिज़ाइन किया गया है, जिसमें व्यक्तिगत सिक्का स्वामित्व रिकॉर्ड को एक कम्प्यूटरीकृत डेटाबेस के रूप में मौजूदा बहीखाता के रूप में संग्रहित किया जाता है, जो क्रिप्टोकरेंसी के रूप में मजबूत क्रिप्टोग्राफी का उपयोग करके सुरक्षित रिकॉर्ड को नियंत्रित करता है। अतिरिक्त सिक्कों का निर्माण, और सिक्के के स्वामित्व के हस्तांतरण की पुष्टि करना।  यह आमतौर पर भौतिक रूप में मौजूद नहीं होता है (जैसे पेपर मनी) और आमतौर पर एक केंद्रीय प्राधिकरण द्वारा जारी नहीं किया जाता है। अर्थात किसी भी देश अथवा व्यक्ति विशेष का नियंत्रण नहीं रहता है। क्रिप्टोकरेंसी आमतौर पर केंद्रीयकृत डिजिटल मुद्रा और केंद्रीय बैंकिंग प्रणालियों के विपरीत विकेंद्रीकृत नियंत्रण का उपयोग करती है। क्रिप्टोकरेंसी पर किसी देश, किसी सरकार और किसी संस्था का अधिकार नहीं होता है, और ना ही कोई संस्था इसकी कीमत अपने नियंत्रण में रखती है और पड़ें । जब किसी क्रिप्टोक्यूरेंसी को एक जारीकर्ता द्वारा जारी किए जाने से पहले खनन या बनाया जाता है, तो इसे आमतौर पर केंद्रीकृत माना जाता है। जब विकेन्द्रीकृत नियंत्रण के साथ लागू किया जाता है, तो प्रत्येक क्रिप्टोक्यूरेंसी वितरित लेज़र तकनीक के माध्यम से काम करती है, आमतौर पर एक ब्लॉकचेन, जो एक सार्वजनिक वित्तीय लेनदेन डेटाबेस के रूप में कार्य करता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6e87dd4c", "title": "क्रिप्टो मुद्रा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6e87dd4c.json"}}
{"text": "बिटकॉइन, पहली और सबसे प्रसिद्ध क्रिप्टोक्यूरेंसी, 2009 में छद्म नाम सातोशी नाकामोटो का उपयोग करके एक गुमनाम व्यक्ति या समूह द्वारा बनाई गई थी। तब से, हजारों अन्य क्रिप्टोकरेंसी बनाई गई हैं, जिनमें से प्रत्येक की अपनी अनूठी विशेषताएं और संभावित उपयोग हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6e87dd4c", "title": "क्रिप्टो मुद्रा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6e87dd4c.json"}}
{"text": "1983 में, अमेरिकी क्रिप्टोग्राफर डेविड चाउम ने एक अज्ञात क्रिप्टोग्राफिक इलेक्ट्रॉनिक पैसे की कल्पना की, जिसे एक्श कहा जाता है। बाद में, 1995 में, उन्होंने इसे डिजिकैश के माध्यम से लागू किया, क्रिप्टोग्राफ़िक इलेक्ट्रॉनिक भुगतानों का एक प्रारंभिक रूप, जिसे बैंक से नोट वापस लेने और प्राप्तकर्ता को भेजे जाने से पहले विशिष्ट एन्क्रिप्टेड कुंजियों को निर्दिष्ट करने के लिए उपयोगकर्ता सॉफ़्टवेयर की आवश्यकता होती है। इसने जारीकर्ता बैंक, सरकार या किसी तीसरे पक्ष द्वारा डिजिटल मुद्रा को अप्राप्य होने की अनुमति दी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6e87dd4c", "title": "क्रिप्टो मुद्रा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6e87dd4c.json"}}
{"text": "1996 में, नेशनल सुरक्षा  संस्थाओं ने हाउ टू मेक टू मिंट: एनक्रिप्टेड इलेक्ट्रॉनिक कैश की क्रिप्टोग्राफ़ी का एक पेपर प्रकाशित किया, जिसमें एक क्रिप्टोक्यूरेंसी प्रणाली का वर्णन किया गया, पहले इसे एक एमआईटी मेलिंग सूची में और बाद में 1997 में अमेरिकन लॉ रिव्यू में प्रकाशित किया। (खंड ४६, अंक ४)।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6e87dd4c", "title": "क्रिप्टो मुद्रा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6e87dd4c.json"}}
{"text": "1998 में, वी दाई ने \"बी-मनी\" का वर्णन प्रकाशित किया, जिसे एक अनाम के रूप में दिखाया गया, जो इलेक्ट्रॉनिक कैश सिस्टम वितरित करता था। इसके तुरंत बाद, निक स्जाबो ने बिट गोल्ड का वर्णन किया। बिटकॉइन और अन्य क्रिप्टोकरेंसी की तरह जो इसका पालन करेंगे, बिट गोल्ड (बाद के गोल्ड-आधारित एक्सचेंज के साथ भ्रमित नहीं होना चाहिए, बिटगोल्ड) को एक इलेक्ट्रॉनिक मुद्रा प्रणाली के रूप में वर्णित किया गया था, जिसके लिए उपयोगकर्ताओं को क्रिप्टोकरेंसी के समाधान के साथ कार्य फ़ंक्शन का एक प्रमाण पूरा करना आवश्यक था और प्रकाशित किया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6e87dd4c", "title": "क्रिप्टो मुद्रा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6e87dd4c.json"}}
{"text": "पहली विकेन्द्रीकृत क्रिप्टो करेंसी, बिटकॉइन, 2009 में संभवतः सातोशी नकामोतो नाम के डेवलपर Satoshi Nakamoto द्वारा बनाया गया था। इसने अपने प्रमाण-कार्य योजना में SHA-256, एक क्रिप्टोग्राफ़िक हैश फ़ंक्शन का उपयोग किया। अप्रैल 2011 में, नामेकोइन को विकेंद्रीकृत डीएनएस बनाने के प्रयास के रूप में बनाया गया था, जो इंटरनेट सेंसरशिप को बहुत मुश्किल बना देगा। इसके तुरंत बाद, अक्टूबर 2011 में, Lite coin को रिलीज़ किया गया। यह SHA-256 के बजाय अपने हैश फ़ंक्शन के रूप में उपयोग किया गया। एक अन्य उल्लेखनीय क्रिप्टो करेंसी, Peer coin ने प्रूफ-ऑफ-वर्क / प्रूफ-ऑफ-स्टेक हाइब्रिड का इस्तेमाल किया। b jhgh h", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6e87dd4c", "title": "क्रिप्टो मुद्रा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6e87dd4c.json"}}
{"text": "6 अगस्त 2014 को, यूके ने घोषणा की कि ट्रेजरी को क्रिप्टो करेंसी के अध्ययन के लिए कमीशन किया गया था, और यदि कोई भूमिका, तो वे यूके की अर्थव्यवस्था में खेल सकते हैं। अध्ययन में यह भी बताया गया था कि क्या विनियमन पर विचार किया जाना चाहिए।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6e87dd4c", "title": "क्रिप्टो मुद्रा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6e87dd4c.json"}}
{"text": "क्रिप्टोकरेंसी की कानूनी स्थिति एक देश से दूसरे देश में काफी भिन्न होती है और अभी भी उनमें से कई में अपरिभाषित है या बदल रही है। कम से कम एक अध्ययन से पता चला है कि अवैध वित्त में बिटकॉइन के उपयोग के बारे में व्यापक सामान्यीकरण काफी हद तक समाप्त हो गए हैं और ब्लॉकचेन विश्लेषण एक प्रभावी अपराध से लड़ने और खुफिया जानकारी जुटाने का उपकरण है। जबकि कुछ देशों ने स्पष्ट रूप से उनके उपयोग और व्यापार की अनुमति दी है, दूसरों ने इसे प्रतिबंधित या प्रतिबंधित किया है। कांग्रेस की लाइब्रेरी के अनुसार, आठ देशों में अल्जीरिया, बोलीविया, मिस्र, इराक, मोरक्को, नेपाल, पाकिस्तान और संयुक्त अरब अमीरात: क्रिप्टोकरेंसी के व्यापार या उपयोग पर \"पूर्ण प्रतिबंध\" लागू होता है। एक अन्य 15 देशों में \"निहित प्रतिबंध\" लागू होता है, जिसमें बहरीन, बांग्लादेश, चीन, कोलंबिया, डोमिनिकन गणराज्य, इंडोनेशिया, ईरान, कुवैत, लेसोथो, लिथुआनिया, मकाऊ, ओमान, कतर, सऊदी अरब और ताइवान शामिल हैं। संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका और कनाडा में, उत्तर अमेरिकी प्रतिभूति प्रशासक संघ के माध्यम से समन्वित राज्य और प्रांतीय प्रतिभूति नियामक, 40 न्यायालयों में \"बिटकॉइन घोटाले\" और ICO की जांच कर रहे हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6e87dd4c", "title": "क्रिप्टो मुद्रा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6e87dd4c.json"}}
{"text": "विभिन्न सरकारी एजेंसियों, विभागों और अदालतों ने बिटकॉइन को अलग-अलग रूप में वर्गीकृत किया है। चाइना सेंट्रल बैंक ने 2014 की शुरुआत में चीन में वित्तीय संस्थानों द्वारा बिटकॉइन की हैंडलिंग पर प्रतिबंध लगा दिया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6e87dd4c", "title": "क्रिप्टो मुद्रा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6e87dd4c.json"}}
{"text": "हालांकि, रूस में क्रिप्टोकरेंसी कानूनी है, लेकिन वास्तव में रूसी रूबल के अलावा किसी भी मुद्रा के साथ सामान खरीदना गैरकानूनी है। बिटकॉइन पर लागू होने वाले विनियम और प्रतिबंध संभवतः समान क्रिप्टोकरेंसी सिस्टम का विस्तार करते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6e87dd4c", "title": "क्रिप्टो मुद्रा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6e87dd4c.json"}}
{"text": "क्रिप्टोकरेंसी रूस, ईरान, या वेनेजुएला के खिलाफ आर्थिक प्रतिबंधों से बचने के लिए एक संभावित उपकरण है। रूस ने गुप्त रूप से पेट्रो (एल पेट्रो) के निर्माण के साथ वेनेज़ुएला का समर्थन किया, एक राष्ट्रीय क्रिप्टोक्यूरेंसी जो अमेरिकी प्रतिबंधों को दरकिनार करके मूल्यवान तेल राजस्व प्राप्त करने के लिए मादुरो सरकार द्वारा शुरू की गई थी। [उद्धरण वांछित]", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6e87dd4c", "title": "क्रिप्टो मुद्रा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6e87dd4c.json"}}
{"text": "अगस्त 2018 में, बैंक ऑफ थाईलैंड ने अपनी स्वयं की क्रिप्टोक्यूरेंसी, सेंट्रल बैंक डिजिटल करेंसी (CBDC) बनाने की योजना की घोषणा की।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6e87dd4c", "title": "क्रिप्टो मुद्रा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6e87dd4c.json"}}
{"text": "साल 2018 में भारत की सेंट्रल बैंक ने भी क्रिप्टोकरंसी पर ट्रेड करने पर बैन लगा दिया था, और साल 2019 में क्रिप्टो करेंसी को भारत में पूरी तरह से बैन करने के लिए एक ड्राफ्ट तैयार किया गया था। लेकिन मार्च 2020 में भारत की सर्वोच्च न्यायालय ने क्रिप्टो करेंसी पर लगे बैन को पूरी तरह से हटा दिया था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6e87dd4c", "title": "क्रिप्टो मुद्रा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6e87dd4c.json"}}
{"text": "फरवरी 2022 में, भारतीय संसद के बजट सत्र के दौरान, भारतीय वित्त मंत्री निर्मला सीतारमण ने घोषणा की कि लोगों को क्रिप्टोकरेंसी से होने वाले मुनाफे पर 30 प्रतिशत टैक्स देना होगा। और भारत ने अपना खुद का थोक सीबीडीसी या डिजिटल रुपया 1 नवंबर 2022 और रिटेल सीबीडीसी 1 दिसंबर 2022 में लॉन्च किया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_6e87dd4c", "title": "क्रिप्टो मुद्रा", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_6e87dd4c.json"}}
{"text": "जयनगर–बर्दीबास रेलवे भारत–नेपाल अंतर्देशीय रेल सेवा है। यह रेल सेवा वर्तमान में भारतीय नगर जयनगर को सीमा पार नेपाल में स्थित इनर्वा से जोड़ती है, जहां से होते हुए यह कुर्था नामक स्टेशन तक जाती है। रेल्वे लाईन को बढ़ा कर बर्दीबास तक पहुंचाने के प्रयास में काम चल रहा है। नेपाल में वर्तमान में यही एक मात्र लाइन है जो संचालन में है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0c7aa50", "title": "जयनगर–बर्दीबास रेल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0c7aa50.json"}}
{"text": "इस रेल्वे लाईन को तीन खण्डो में विभक्त कर काम चल रहा है जिसकी कुल लंबाई 68.7 किमी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0c7aa50", "title": "जयनगर–बर्दीबास रेल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0c7aa50.json"}}
{"text": "8.77 बिलियन नेपाली रुपए की लागत में भारत सरकार के सहयोग से जयनगर–कुर्था खण्ड रेल्वे लाइन का निर्माण किया गया।  इस खण्ड की लंबाई ३५ किमी है और इस खण्ड पर ७ स्टेशन हैं। जयनगर रेल्वे स्टेशन भारत में स्थित है जहां से नेपाल–भारत सीमा ३ किमी की दूरी पर स्थित है। सीमा से कुछ दूरी पर नेपाल में स्थित है इनर्वा रेल्वे स्टेशन। इनर्वा रेल्वे स्टेशन इस खण्ड पर नेपाल में स्थित पहला रेल्वे स्टेशन है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0c7aa50", "title": "जयनगर–बर्दीबास रेल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0c7aa50.json"}}
{"text": "जयनगर से कुर्था के बीच ५ स्टेशन स्थित हैं:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0c7aa50", "title": "जयनगर–बर्दीबास रेल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0c7aa50.json"}}
{"text": "कुर्था–बीजलपुरा खण्ड", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0c7aa50", "title": "जयनगर–बर्दीबास रेल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0c7aa50.json"}}
{"text": "कुर्था–बीजलपुरा खण्ड की लंबाई १७ किमी है जो बनकर तैयार है। किंतु संचालन में अभी नहीं है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0c7aa50", "title": "जयनगर–बर्दीबास रेल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0c7aa50.json"}}
{"text": "कुर्था–बीजलपुरा खण्ड के बीच के स्टेशन:", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0c7aa50", "title": "जयनगर–बर्दीबास रेल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0c7aa50.json"}}
{"text": "बीजलपुरा–बर्दीबास खण्ड", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0c7aa50", "title": "जयनगर–बर्दीबास रेल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0c7aa50.json"}}
{"text": "बीजलपुरा–बर्दीबास खण्ड पर अभी काम चालू नहीं हुआ है। इस परियोजना के लिए अब तक भूमि अधिग्रहण का काम पूरा नहीं हुआ है। इस खण्ड पर काम तभी चालू होंगे जब नेपाल सरकार भूमि अधिग्रहण का काम संपन्न कर परियोजना को सौंप देगी।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0c7aa50", "title": "जयनगर–बर्दीबास रेल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0c7aa50.json"}}
{"text": "नेपाल की दूसरी रेल्वे लाईन का निर्माण १९३७ में संपन्न हुआ था जो छोटी लाइन थी। जिसकी चौड़ाई 2 फीट 6 इंच (762 मि.मी.) थी। इस लाइन का नाम नेपाल जनकपुर जयनगर रेल्वे (NJJR) था। इसका निर्माण अंग्रेजों ने करवाया था जिसका उद्देश्य था जनकपुर के घने जंगलों से टिंबर की लकड़ी आयत करना।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0c7aa50", "title": "जयनगर–बर्दीबास रेल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0c7aa50.json"}}
{"text": "जब सारे टिंबर खत्म हो गए तो इस स्टेशन को यात्रियों के लिए खोल दिया गया। जनकपुर हिंदुओं के आस्था का एक केंद्र है इसलिए भारत से लोग इस रेल के द्वारा जनकपुर आगमन करने लगे और जनकपुर क्षेत्र में रहने वाले नेपाली नागरिक इस रेल के द्वारा भारत में नौकरी हेतु जाने लगे। इस लाइन पर रेल सेवा २०१४ तक निरंतर सुचारू रही। २०१४ में रेल सेवा तब बंद कर दी गई जब नेपाल सरकार ने भारतीय सहयोग से इसे बढ़ाने का निश्चय किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0c7aa50", "title": "जयनगर–बर्दीबास रेल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0c7aa50.json"}}
{"text": "बड़ी रेल्वे लाईन 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) के बिछाव का काम २०१४ में तब शुरू हुआ जब नेपाली कांग्रेस के उच्च नेता और पूर्व में उप प्रधानमंत्री रह चुके नेता विमलेंद्र निधि कोइराला कैबिनेट में  भौतिक पूर्वाधार तथा यातायात मन्त्रालय के मंत्री थें।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0c7aa50", "title": "जयनगर–बर्दीबास रेल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0c7aa50.json"}}
{"text": "२०२२ के ०२ अप्रैल को जयनगर–बर्दीबास रेल्वे लाईन के जयनगर–कुर्था खण्ड पर रेल्वे सेवा को सुचारू कर दिया गया। ०२ अप्रैल को भारतीय प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी और उनके समकक्षी नेपाल के प्रधानमंत्री शेर बहादुर देउबा ने दिल्ली से वीडियो कॉन्फ्रेंस के जरिए हरी झंडी दिखाते हुए इस सेवा का उद्घाटन किया। ०३ अप्रैल से यह सेवा साधारण जनता के लिए सुचारू कर दिया गया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0c7aa50", "title": "जयनगर–बर्दीबास रेल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0c7aa50.json"}}
{"text": "नेपाल रेल्वे के जेनरल मैनेजर निरंजन झा के अनुसार इस रेल से एक बार में १३५० यात्री यात्रा कर सकते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e0c7aa50", "title": "जयनगर–बर्दीबास रेल", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e0c7aa50.json"}}
{"text": "कनार भारतीय राज्य उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुमाऊँ मण्डल के अल्मोड़ा जिले की द्वाराहाट तहसील का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5f80784a", "title": "कनार, द्वाराहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5f80784a.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5f80784a", "title": "कनार, द्वाराहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5f80784a.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5f80784a", "title": "कनार, द्वाराहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5f80784a.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_5f80784a", "title": "कनार, द्वाराहाट तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_5f80784a.json"}}
{"text": "कंडी  भारतीय राज्य उत्तर प्रदेश के प्रयागराज जिले के फूलपुर प्रखण्ड में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_d9dc097e", "title": "कंडी गाँव, फूलपुर (इलाहाबाद)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_d9dc097e.json"}}
{"text": "कोछर कोइल, अलीगढ़, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_65f4a5a5", "title": "कोछर गाँव, कोइल (अलीगढ़)", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC)", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_65f4a5a5.json"}}
{"text": "दैडा-चौथान-२, थलीसैंण तहसील में भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अन्तर्गत गढ़वाल मण्डल के पौड़ी जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_83ca2815", "title": "दैडा-चौथान-२, थलीसैंण तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_83ca2815.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_83ca2815", "title": "दैडा-चौथान-२, थलीसैंण तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_83ca2815.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_83ca2815", "title": "दैडा-चौथान-२, थलीसैंण तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_83ca2815.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तराखण्ड (उत्तराखण्ड के बारे में विस्तृत एवं प्रामाणिक जानकारी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_83ca2815", "title": "दैडा-चौथान-२, थलीसैंण तहसील", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A5%A8,_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_83ca2815.json"}}
{"text": "पूवारंतोड़ (Poovaranthode) भारत के केरल राज्य के कोड़िकोड ज़िले में स्थित एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_e764fc4c", "title": "पूवारंतोड़", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_e764fc4c.json"}}
{"text": "मीरगंज, अररिया में भारत के बिहार राज्य के अन्तर्गत पुर्णिया मण्डल के अररिया जिले का एक गाँव है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_584f0f68", "title": "मीरगंज, अररिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_584f0f68.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार - भारत सरकार के आधिकारिक पोर्टल पर", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_584f0f68", "title": "मीरगंज, अररिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_584f0f68.json"}}
{"text": "बिहार सरकार का आधिकारिक जालपृष्ठ (अंग्रेज़ी)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_584f0f68", "title": "मीरगंज, अररिया", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_584f0f68.json"}}
{"text": "गीताप्रेस या गीता मुद्रणालय, विश्व की सर्वाधिक हिन्दू धार्मिक पुस्तकें प्रकाशित करने वाली संस्था है। यह पूर्वी उत्तर प्रदेश के गोरखपुर शहर के गीता प्रेस रोड क्षेत्र में स्थित एक भवन में धार्मिक पुस्तकों के प्रकाशन और मुद्रण का काम कर रही है।भारत सरकार ने शांति में योगदान हेतु गीताप्रेस को वर्ष २०२१ का  गांधी शांति पुरस्कार देने की घोषणा की है", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "गीताप्रेस को भारत में घर-घर में रामचरितमानस और भगवद्गीता को पहुंचाने का श्रेय जाता है। गीता प्रेस की पुस्तकों की बिक्री 18 निजी थोक दुकानों के अलावा हजारों पुस्तक विक्रेताओं और ४२ प्रमुख रेलवे स्टेशनों पर बने गीता प्रेस के बुक स्टॉलों के जरिए की जाती है। गीता प्रेस गोरखपुर द्वारा कल्याण (हिन्दी मासिक) और कल्याण-कल्पतरु (इंग्लिश मासिक) का प्रकाशन भी होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "इसमें लगभग २०० कर्मचारी काम करते हैं। यह एक विशुद्ध आध्यात्मिक संस्था है। देश-दुनिया में हिंदी, संस्कृत और अन्य भारतीय भाषाओं में प्रकाशित धार्मिक पुस्तकों, ग्रंथों और पत्र-पत्रिकाओं की बिक्री कर रही।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "गीताप्रेस की स्थापना सन् 1923 ई० में हुई थी। इसके संस्थापक महान गीता-मर्मज्ञ श्री जयदयाल गोयन्दका थे। इस सुदीर्घ अन्तरालमें यह संस्था सद्भावों एवं सत्-साहित्य का उत्तरोत्तर प्रचार-प्रसार करते हुए भगवत्कृपा से निरन्तर प्रगति के पथ पर अग्रसर है। आज न केवल समूचे भारत में अपितु विदेशों में भी यह अपना स्थान बनाये हुए है। गीताप्रेस ने निःस्वार्थ सेवा-भाव, कर्तव्य-बोध, दायित्व-निर्वाह, प्रभुनिष्ठा, प्राणिमात्र के कल्याण की भावना और आत्मोद्धार की जो सीख दी है, वह सभी के लिये अनुकरणीय आदर्श बना हुआ है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "करीब 90 साल पहले यानी 1923 में स्थापित गीता प्रेस द्वारा अब तक 45.45 करोड़ से भी अधिक प्रतियों का प्रकाशन किया जा चुका है। इनमें 8.10 करोड़ भगवद्गीता और 7.5 करोड़ रामचरित मानस की प्रतियाँ हैं। गीता प्रेस में प्रकाशित महिला और बालोपयोगी साहित्य की 10.30 करोड़ प्रतियों पुस्तकों की बिक्री हो चुकी है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "गीता प्रेस ने 2008-09 में 32 करोड़ रुपये मूल्य की किताबों की बिक्री की। यह आँकड़ा इससे पिछले साल की तुलना में 2.5 करोड़ रुपये ज्यादा है। बीते वित्तवर्ष में गीता प्रेस ने पुस्तकों की छपाई के लिए 4,500 टन कागज का इस्तेमाल किया।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "गीता प्रेस की लोकप्रिय पत्रिका कल्याण की हर माह 2.30 लाख प्रतियां बिकती हैं। बिक्री के पहले बताए गए आंकड़ों में कल्याण की बिक्री शामिल नहीं है। गीता प्रेस की पुस्तकों की माँग इतनी ज्यादा है कि यह प्रकाशन हाउस मांग पूरी नहीं कर पा रहा है। औद्योगिक रूप से पिछड़े पूर्वी उत्तर प्रदेश के इस प्रकाशन गृह से हर वर्ष 1.75 करोड़ से अधिक पुस्तकें देश-विदेश में बिकती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "गीता प्रेस के प्रोडक्शन मैनेजर लालमणि तिवारी कहते हैं, हम हर रोज 50,000 से ज्यादा किताबें बेचते हैं। दुनिया में किसी भी पब्लिशिंग हाउस की इतनी पुस्तकें नहीं बिकती हैं। धार्मिक पुस्तकों में वर्तमान समय में सबसे अधिक माँग रामचरित मानस की है। गोयन्दका ने कहा कि हमारे कुल कारोबार में 35 प्रतिशत योगदान रामचरित मानस का है। इसके बाद 20 से 25 प्रतिशत का योगदान भगवद्गीता की बिक्री का है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "गीता प्रेस की पुस्तकों की लोकप्रियता का कारण यह है कि इनकी पुस्तकें काफी सस्ती हैं। साथ ही इनकी प्रिटिंग काफी साफसुथरी होती है और फोंट का आकार भी बड़ा होता है। गीताप्रेस का उद्देश्य मुनाफा कमाना नहीं है। यहाँ सद्प्रचार के लिए पुस्तकें छपती हैं। गीता प्रेस की पुस्तकों में हनुमान चालीसा, दुर्गा चालीसा और शिव चालीसा की कीमत एक रुपये से शुरू होती है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "गीता प्रेस के कुल प्रकाशनों की संख्या 1,600 है। इनमें से 780 प्रकाशन हिन्दी और संस्कृत में हैं। शेष प्रकाशन गुजराती, मराठी, तेलुगू, बांग्ला, उड़िया, तमिल, कन्नड़, अंग्रेजी और अन्य भारतीय भाषाओं में हैं। रामचरित मानस का प्रकाशन नेपाली भाषा में भी किया जाता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "तमाम प्रकाशनों के बावजूद गीता प्रेस की मासिक पत्रिका कल्याण की लोकप्रियता कुछ अलग ही है। माना जाता है कि रामायण के अखंड पाठ की शुरुआत कल्याण के विशेषांक में इसके बारे में छपने के बाद ही हुई थी। कल्याण की लोकप्रियता का अनुमान इसी से लगाया जा सकता है कि शुरुआती अंक में इसकी 1,600 प्रतियाँ छापी गयी थीं, जो आज बढ़कर 2.30 लाख पर पहुँच गयी हैं। गरुड पुराण, कूर्म पुराण, वामन पुराण और विष्णु पुराण आदि पुराणों का पहली बार हिन्दी अनुवाद कल्याण में ही प्रकाशित हुआ था।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "योगी आदित्यनाथ गीतापुर प्रेस के संरक्षक हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "गीताप्रेस द्वारा मुख्य रूपसे हिन्दी तथा संस्कृत भाषा में गीताप्रेस का साहित्य प्रकाशित होता है, किन्तु अहिन्दी भाषी लोगों की असुविधा को देखते हुए अब तमिल, तेलुगु, मराठी, कन्नड़, बँगला, गुजराती तथा ओड़िआ आदि प्रान्तीय भाषाओंमें भी पुस्तकें प्रकाशित की जा रही हैं और इस योजना से लोगों को लाभ भी हुआ है। अंग्रेजी भाषा में भी कुछ पुस्तकें प्रकाशित होती हैं। अब न केवल भारत में अपितु विदेशों में भी यहाँ का प्रकाशन बड़े मनोयोग एवं श्रद्धा से पढ़ा जाता है। प्रवासी भारतीय भी गीता प्रेस का साहित्य पढ़ने के लिये उत्कण्ठित रहते हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "गीता प्रेस की कुछ विशेषताएं", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "गीताप्रेस की कुछ विशेषताएँ निम्नलिखित हैं-", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "गीता प्रेस सरकार या किसी भी अन्य व्यक्ति या संस्था से किसी तरह का कोई अनुदान नहीं लेता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "गीता प्रेस में प्रतिदिन 50 हजार से अधिक पुस्तकें छपती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "92 वर्ष के इतिहास में मार्च, 2014 तक गीता प्रेस से 58 करोड़, 25 लाख पुस्तकें प्रकाशित हो चुकी हैं। इनमें गीता 11 करोड़, 42 लाख। रामायण 9 करोड़, 22 लाख। पुराण, उपनिषद् आदि 2 करोड़, 27 लाख। बालकों और महिलाओं से सम्बंधित पुस्तकें 10 करोड़, 55 लाख। भक्त चरित्र और भजन सम्बंधी 12 करोड़, 44 लाख और अन्य 12 करोड़, 35 लाख।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "मूल गीता तथा उसकी टीकाओं की 100 से अधिक पुस्तकों की 11 करोड़, 50 लाख से भी अधिक प्रतियां प्रकाशित हुई हैं। इनमें से कई पुस्तकों के 80-80 संस्करण छपेे हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "यहां कुल 15 भाषाओं (हिन्दी, संस्कृत, अंग्रेजी, तमिल, तेलुगू, कन्नड़, मलयालम, गुजराती, मराठी, बंगला, उडि़या, असमिया, गुरुमुखी, नेपाली और उर्दू) में पुस्तकें प्रकाशित होेती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "यहां की पुस्तकें लागत से 40 से 90 प्रतिशत कम दाम पर बेची जाती हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "पूरे देश में 42 रेलवे स्टेशनों पर स्टॉल और 20 शाखाएं हैं।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "गीता प्रेस अपनी पुस्तकों में किसी भी जीवित व्यक्ति का चित्र नहीं छापती है और न ही कोई विज्ञापन प्रकाशित होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "गीता प्रेस से प्रकाशित मासिक पत्रिका 'कल्याण' की इस समय 2 लाख, 15 हजार प्रतियां छपती हैं। वर्ष का पहला अंक किसी विषय का विशेषांक होता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "गीता प्रेस का संचालन कोलकाता स्थित 'गोबिन्द भवन' करता है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "महावतार नरसिंह(महा अवतार नरसिंह) फिल्म (जो 2025 में सिनेमाघरों में प्रदर्शित हुई) के निर्माताओं ने कथानक को आकार देने हेतु विभिन्न ऐतिहासिक एवं शास्त्रीय सन्दर्भों को सम्मिलित किया है—विशेष रूप से प्रह्लादपुरी मंदिर के खंडहर, हम्पी में स्थित पुनःस्थापित जला हुआ मंदिर, तथा अहोबिला नव नरसिंह स्वामी मंदिरों जैसे पुरातात्विक स्थलों के अतिरिक्त विष्णु पुराण, नरसिंह पुराण, वराह पुराण और श्रीमद्भागवत पुराण जैसे पवित्र ग्रंथों का भी उल्लेखनीय उपयोग किया गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "हॉम्बले फ़िल्म्स के आधिकारिक यूट्यूब चैनल पर प्रकाशित एक साक्षात्कार में निर्देशक अश्विन कुमार ने बताया कि उन्होंने अहोबिला मठ में स्थित रक्तकुंड जैसे स्थलों का दौरा किया, और यह भी साझा किया कि उनकी टीम ने फिल्म के लिए पवित्र ग्रंथों से संदर्भ लिए। फिल्म की सफलता और दर्शकों से इसका गहरा जुड़ाव लेखक की पवित्र ग्रंथों के प्रति उसकी अटूट निष्ठा का परिणाम है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "फिल्म के प्रारंभिक क्रेडिट में गीता प्रेस, जो इन पवित्र ग्रंथों के प्रामाणिक संस्करणों के प्रकाशन हेतु समर्पित है, का उल्लेख भी किया गया है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "गीताप्रेस, गोविन्द भवन कार्यालय, कोलकाता का भाग है।", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "अन्य सम्बन्धित संस्थान हैं :", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "ऋषिकुल्-ब्रह्मचर्य आश्रम् (वैदिक विद्यालय), चुरू, राजस्थान", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "आयुर्वेद संस्थान, ऋषिकेश", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "गीताप्रेस सेवा दल (प्राकृतिक आपदाओं के समय सहायता करने के लिये)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "हस्त-निर्मित वस्त्र विभाग", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "हनुमान प्रसाद पोद्दार", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "अखंड रामायण भारत की सबसे बड़ धार्मिक वेबसाइट (MNSGranth)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "श्रीरामचरितमानस अत्यन्त ही सरल और युवाओ की पहली पसंद (MNSGranth)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "वाल्मीकि रामायण अत्यन्त ही सरल और युवाओ की पहली पसंद (MNSGranth)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "बालकाण्ड भाषा संस्कृत, अवधी और हिन्दी भावार्थ सहित (MNSGranth)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "अयोध्याकाण्ड भाषा संस्कृत, अवधी और हिन्दी भावार्थ सहित (MNSGranth)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "अरण्यकाण्ड भाषा संस्कृत, अवधी और हिन्दी भावार्थ सहित (MNSGranth)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "किष्किन्धाकाण्ड भाषा संस्कृत, अवधी और हिन्दी भावार्थ सहित (MNSGranth)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "सुन्दरकाण्ड भाषा संस्कृत, अवधी और हिन्दी भावार्थ सहित (MNSGranth)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "लंकाकाण्ड भाषा संस्कृत, अवधी और हिन्दी भावार्थ सहित (MNSGranth)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "उत्तरकाण्ड भाषा संस्कृत, अवधी और हिन्दी भावार्थ सहित (MNSGranth)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "गीताप्रेस की स्थापना कैसे हुई? (हिन्दी खबर)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "ग्लोबलाइजेशन के दौर में 'गीता प्रेस' (वेबदुनिया)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "चमत्कार है गीताप्रेस की सफलता (प्रात:काल)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "सनातन सांस्कृतिक क्रांति के हिमालय (हनुमानप्रसाद पोद्दर)", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}
{"text": "Gita Press: A Century Of Serving The Cause Of Sanatana Dharma", "metadata": {"article_id": "hi_c31079af", "title": "गीताप्रेस", "language": "hi", "url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8", "source_file": "data/raw/hi/hi_c31079af.json"}}