In Europe, "Blood for Poppies" was released as a digital single across the continent on March 28. An Australasian release followed the subsequent day. In the United Kingdom, "Battle in Me" was released as the album's lead single instead, however "Blood for Poppies" was A-listed by Kerrang! radio and a digital single was released to some music stores on May 7. The single was also released digitally in Japan as an album-cut on April 18. A month later, "Blood for Poppies" debuted at No. 97 on the Japan Hot 100, peaking at No. 47 in its second week.

Blood for Poppies


"Blood for Poppies" has been described by Billboard as "a mix of crunchy and funky guitars during the verse" and an "infectious, sing-along chorus"; while KROQ's Nadia Noir claimed it was "a song which conjures up some of the shimmering distortion, guitar tremolo, and the sensual shoegaze" of My Bloody Valentine's "Only Shallow", "albeit with the funkier, harder edge and Manson's sultry contralto vocals that make Garbage wholly unique". Rick Martin, of NME, described the song as "some righteous noise and a proper poptastic chorus to boot," and remarked; "If only all seven-year itches came with as much squalling feedback and eardrum-bursting goodness".

Blood for Poppies


The promotional video for "Blood for Poppies" was helmed by fashion photographer Matt Irwin and filmed over four days between February 23–26, 2012 in Los Angeles. Irwin co-directed the clip with Aaron Brown of Focus Creeps, following a concept theme of "old surrealist films and photos". Visuals created for the black and white clip were inspired by surrealist artists, film makers and photographers such as René Magritte, Maya Deren, Luis Buñuel and Francesca Woodman, while certain shots referenced Le Voyage Dans La Lune, At Land, and Un Chien Andalou.  The video incorporates noir imagery, haute couture, 1950s glamour and stop-motion astronomy shots filtered to achieve a gritty, vintage effect. The retro look is the result of the video's post-production, special effects and editing; the "black and white" is sometimes grainy and burnt and the images often overlap.

Blood for Poppies


Employing non-linear montage sequencing, Manson is seen singing while blindfolded, playing Cat's Cradle, eating an egg, cavorting on a Malibu beach and hiding behind a tree. The male band members are featured in a surrealist dream situations. "We piled into a transit van with the ridiculously talented team of Matt Irwin and Aaron Brown and hopped around little pockets of Los Angeles creating a gorgeous surrealist dream. We ate ice cream sandwiches in the sunshine and laughed a lot. I didn't want the shoot to end," recalled Manson.

Blood for Poppies


The "Blood for Poppies" video debuted on AOL Music on April 3, following a live chat with the group on their Ustream channel. The video was published through YouTube and other music channels in United States on the same date, and debuted on Australian music channels on April 10. In the United States, the music video for "Blood for Poppies" was made available to purchase on iTunes on April 3. An edited version, with the eye-cutting scene removed, was later included as a bonus feature on the 2013 release One Mile High... Live.

Blood for Poppies


"Blood for Poppies" – 3:38

Blood for Poppies


US 7-inch single (Record Store Day edition)

Blood for Poppies


"Blood for Poppies" (Heads Down Here We Come Remix) – 4:12

Blood for Poppies


"Blood for Poppies" music video at Vevo

Blood for Poppies


"Blood for Poppies" Mini-Film at YouTube

Blood for Poppies


"Blood for Poppies" live rehearsal at YouTube

Blood for Poppies


"Blood for Poppies" Discography

Blood for Poppies


Hart's War is a 1999 novel by John Katzenbach about prisoners of war in World War II.

Hart's War (novel)


A movie of the same name, starring Bruce Willis, was released in 2002. The film also starred Colin Farrell playing Lieutenant Thomas Hart.

Hart's War (novel)


"Hart's War" on Google Books

Hart's War (novel)


Hart's War (book synopsis) at The Mystery Reader

Hart's War (novel)


Bengt Magnus Kristoffer Berg (9 January 1885 – 31 July 1967) was a Swedish ornithologist, zoologist, wildlife photographer, and writer. He is best remembered for photos and movies of birds, taken on several expeditions. His avifauna photography is highly celebrated.

Bengt Berg (ornithologist)


Selected works (in German)

Bengt Berg (ornithologist)


Abu Markub. Mit der Filmkamera unter Elefanten und Riesenstörchen. Reimer, Berlin 1940

Bengt Berg (ornithologist)


Arizona Charleys Junge. Verlag Putty, Wuppertal 1954

Bengt Berg (ornithologist)


Der Lämmergeier im Himalaja. Antigone-Verlag, Allendorf/Eder 2006, ISBN 3-929987-36-8

Bengt Berg (ornithologist)


Die letzten Adler. Reimer, Berlin 1943

Bengt Berg (ornithologist)


Die Liebesgeschichte einer Wildgans. Reimer, Berlin 1949

Bengt Berg (ornithologist)


Mein Freund, der Regenpfeifer. Antigone-Verlag, Allendorf/Eder 2003, ISBN 3-921755-78-6

Bengt Berg (ornithologist)


Meine Jagd nach dem Einhorn. Rütten & Loening, Frankfurt/M. 1933

Bengt Berg (ornithologist)


Mit den Zugvögeln nach Afrika. Antigone-Verlag, Allendorf/Eder 2001, ISBN 3-929987-28-7

Bengt Berg (ornithologist)


Tiger und Mensch. Limpert-Verlag, Frankfurt/M. 1958

Bengt Berg (ornithologist)


Phil Lumpkin (December 20, 1951 – November 2, 2009) was an American professional basketball player and high school basketball coach.

Phil Lumpkin


Lumpkin was born in Dayton, Ohio the son of Harold and Dorothy Lumpkin. He starred at Roth High School in Dayton, where he teamed at guard with another future NBA player, Don Smith. Lumpkin graduated from Roth in 1970.

Phil Lumpkin


Lumpkin played college basketball at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, where he lettered for three years. He became the starting point guard as a sophomore, averaging a team-leading 16.7 points and 3.5 assists per game.

Phil Lumpkin


As a junior in 1972–73, he averaged 13.8 points and 5.7 assists and led Miami to the Mid-American Conference (MAC) title. As a senior, he again led the team with 18.1 points and 5.7 assists per game.

Phil Lumpkin


In 1981, he received his degree in Physical Education from Miami.

Phil Lumpkin


A 6-foot-0-inch (1.83 m) and 165 pounds (75 kg) point guard, Lumpkin was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers in the second round (34th overall) of the 1974 NBA draft, opting to play for that team instead of the Virginia Squires which selected him in the American Basketball Association draft. He played two seasons in the NBA as a member of the Blazers and Phoenix Suns, averaging 3.3 points per game.

Phil Lumpkin


As a rookie, he played in 48 games, averaging 16.5 minutes, 4.2 points and 3.7 assists per game. Coach Lenny Wilkens did, however, start him at point guard for a seven-game stretch in which Lumpkin averaged 9.1 points and 8.3 assists in 35.7 minutes of playing time per game as the Blazers won three of the seven. He also had 10 assists in two of those games. His high-point game was on January 10, 1975, with 14 points against the Phoenix Suns.

Phil Lumpkin


On June 9, 1975, he was traded to the Phoenix Suns. In 34 games, he averaged 10.9 minutes, 2.1 points, and 1.4 assists per game, and the Suns advanced to the NBA Finals, losing four games to two to the Boston Celtics.

Phil Lumpkin


On October 15, 1976, he was waived by the Suns, ending his two-year NBA career.

Phil Lumpkin


In 1991, Lumpkin became a physical education teacher and head coach of the boys' basketball program at O'Dea High School in Seattle, Washington. Between 1993 and 2007, the team advanced to seven state finals and won five Class 3A state titles, in 1993, 1997, 2004, 2005, and 2008. He died two years after winning his last title in 2007, and was later succeeded by Al Hairston another legendary Seattle area prep boys basketball coach.

Phil Lumpkin


In 1983, Lumpkin was inducted into the Miami University Athletic Hall of Fame.

Phil Lumpkin


He was discovered dead on the Monday morning of November 2, 2009, shortly after being diagnosed with pneumonia. He was 57 years old. He was survived by a son.

Phil Lumpkin


Shortly before his death, he was selected for induction into the Washington Interscholastic Basketball Association Hall of Fame. Also in his honor, the O'Dea High School basketball court was renamed Phil Lumpkin Court.

Phil Lumpkin


Malik Washington is an American college football quarterback for the Maryland Terrapins.

Malik Washington (quarterback)


Washington is from Glen Burnie, Maryland. He was one of six siblings and was raised in Freetown, Maryland, where his relatives helped run the community association and built a park named for an uncle. His great-grandfather left Fogo, Cape Verde in 1914, while his great-grandmother was born in Massachusetts and is from Brava, Cape Verde.

Malik Washington (quarterback)


Washington started competing in several sports, including football, basketball and baseball, from a young age. He attended Archbishop Spalding High School in Severn, Maryland, where he was a top football and basketball player. A quarterback on the football team, he was backup as a freshman in 2021 before winning the starting job in 2022, leading his team to a record of 11–1 and the school's first-ever Maryland Interscholastic Athletic Association (MIAA) Conference A title, while throwing for 2,979 yards and 29 touchdowns.

Malik Washington (quarterback)


As a junior, Washington threw for 2,093 yards, completed 62.3% of his passes, and led Spalding to a second-straight MIAA title. He was named The Baltimore Sun's 2023–24 boys athlete of the year. He then led Spalding to a third-straight title as a senior in 2024, throwing for 22 touchdowns and running for eight more while his school went 12–0 and were ranked top 10 in the nation. He was named the Gatorade Maryland Player of the Year and the Capital Gazette player of the year. He was the first quarterback to win three consecutive MIAA championships and finished as the MIAA all-time leading passer, additionally compiling a career conference record of 25–0 as a starter. Washington was invited to the Elite 11 quarterback competition and was a US Army and US Navy All-American.

Malik Washington (quarterback)


Washington was also a top basketball player while at Spalding, and competed for Team Melo in the Nike Elite Youth Basketball League (EYBL). He received All–BCL second team honors for the 2022–2023 basketball season and All–BCL first team honors the following year in 2023–2024. He was ranked a four-star football recruit and one of the top quarterbacks in the class of 2025, and he committed to play college football for the Maryland Terrapins.

Malik Washington (quarterback)


Washington earned the starting role as a true freshman at Maryland in 2025. In his collegiate debut against Florida Atlantic, Washington threw for 258 yards and 3 touchdowns in the 39-7 victory against the Owls.

Malik Washington (quarterback)


Malik Washington on Instagram

Malik Washington (quarterback)


Maryland Terrapins bio

Malik Washington (quarterback)


Park Road Post Production is an international film and television post-production facility located in Miramar, a suburb of Wellington, New Zealand. Built out of the state-owned National Film Unit (NFU), the new facility opened upon completion in 2005. Park Road is owned by WingNut Films, the production company of Sir Peter Jackson. Its premises cover some 10,200 m2 (110,000 ft2).

Park Road Post


Post production services offered at Park Road cover full sound, picture and VFX services for feature films, television and digital and film restoration.  Full details can be found on the facility's website.

Park Road Post


Although the facility was incomplete at the time, the final sound mix for The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) took place there. King Kong (2005) was subsequently mixed at the facility; both films won an Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing.

Park Road Post


Park Road carried out the restoration of the documentaries This is New Zealand (1970) for the 2007 New Zealand International Film Festival, They Shall Not Grow Old (2018), The Beatles: Get Back (2021), and Beatles '64 (2024).

Park Road Post


In June 2013, Park Road closed down its film processing laboratory, citing the shift to digital capture. A downsize of the lab facilities were relocated and installed at Archives New Zealand.

Park Road Post


== External links ==

Park Road Post


The Prevotella-2 RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics.

Prevotella-2 RNA motif


Energetically stable tetraloops often occur in this motif.

Prevotella-2 RNA motif


Prevotella-2 motif RNAs are found in the bacterial genus Prevotella.

Prevotella-2 RNA motif


Nearly all Prevotella-2 RNAs occur upstream of genes that encode sodium/proton antiporters.  These data suggest that the RNAs function as cis-regulatory elements.  However, one Prevotella-2 RNA is located upstream of a gene encoded on the opposite DNA strand, which would be unlikely for a cis-regulatory function in bacteria.  Therefore, it is also possible that Prevotella-2 RNAs are small RNAs that operate in trans.  In this model, their association with sodium/proton antiporters would be a coincidence.  Most Prevotella-2 RNAs are followed by a Rho-independent transcription terminator.  If the RNAs function in cis, these transcript terminators might be a part of the mechanism used to achieve gene regulation. If, on the other hand, Prevotella-2 RNAs correspond to small RNAs, the terminators may simply terminate the transcript containing this non-coding RNA.

Prevotella-2 RNA motif


The Heisei era (平成; Japanese: [heːseː] ) was the period of Japanese history corresponding to the reign of Emperor Akihito from 8 January 1989 until his abdication on 30 April 2019. The Heisei era started on 8 January 1989, the day after the death of the Emperor Hirohito, when his son, Akihito, acceded to the throne as the 125th emperor of Japan. In accordance with Japanese customs, Hirohito was posthumously renamed "Emperor Shōwa" on 31 January 1989.

Heisei era


Thus, 1989 corresponds to Shōwa 64 up until 7 January and Heisei 1 (平成元年, Heisei gannen; gannen means "first year") from 8 January. The Heisei era ended on 30 April 2019 (Heisei 31), with the abdication of Akihito from the Chrysanthemum Throne. It was succeeded by the Reiwa era as then-crown prince Naruhito ascended the throne on 1 May midnight local time.

Heisei era


Shortly after the death of Emperor Hirohito on 7 January 1989, Keizō Obuchi, then-Chief Cabinet Secretary and later Prime Minister of Japan, hosted a press conference to announce the new era name "Heisei" for Emperor Akihito, and explained its meaning.

Heisei era


According to Obuchi, the name "Heisei" was taken from two Chinese history and philosophy books, namely Records of the Grand Historian (史記) and the Book of Documents (書経). In the Records of the Grand Historian, a sentence appears in a section honoring the wise rule of the legendary Chinese Emperor Shun, reading "内平外成" (Kanbun: 内平かに外成る, Uchi tairaka ni soto naru, "flat inside and outside"). In the Book of Documents, the sentence "地平天成" (Kanbun: 地平かに天成る, Chi tairaka ni ten naru, "the earth is perfect") appears. By combining both meanings, Heisei is intended to mean "peace everywhere". The Heisei era went into effect at midnight local time on 8 January 1989.

Heisei era


In August 2016, Emperor Akihito gave a televised address to the nation, in which he expressed concern that his age would one day stop him from fulfilling his official duties. This was an implication of his wish to retire. The Japanese Diet passed a law in June 2017 to allow the throne to pass to Akihito's son, Naruhito. After meeting with members of the Imperial House Council, Prime Minister Shinzō Abe announced that 30 April 2019 would be the date set for Akihito's abdication. The Reiwa era corresponding to Naruhito's reign began the next day.

Heisei era


1989 marked the culmination of one of the most rapid economic growth spurts in Japanese history. With a dramatically strengthened yen after the 1985 Plaza Accord, the Bank of Japan kept interest rates low, sparking an investment boom that drove Tokyo property values up 60 percent within that year. Shortly before New Year's Day, the Tokyo Stock Market index, Nikkei 225, reached its record high of 38,957. By 1992, it had fallen to 15,000, signifying the end of Japan's famed "bubble economy". Subsequently, Japan experienced the "Lost Decade", which actually consisted of more than ten years of price deflation and largely stagnant GDP as Japan's banks struggled to resolve their bad debts and companies in other sectors struggled to restructure.

Heisei era


The Recruit scandal of 1988 had already eroded public confidence in the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), which had controlled the Japanese government for 38 years. In 1993, the LDP was ousted by a coalition led by Morihiro Hosokawa. However, the coalition collapsed as parties had gathered only to overthrow LDP, and lacked a unified position on almost every social issue. The LDP returned to the government in 1994, when it helped to elect Japan Socialist (later Social Democrat) Tomiichi Murayama as prime minister.

Heisei era


The 1990s saw an "anime boom" period marked by increased popularity of anime and anime conventions. Several Japanese media franchises gained global popularity such as Pokémon, Digimon, Sailor Moon, Saint Seiya, Gundam, Cardcaptor Sakura, Dragon Ball, Yu-Gi-Oh and Evangelion, as well as Sanrio products and the animated films of Studio Ghibli, including the Godzilla films.

Heisei era


In 1995, there was a large 6.8 earthquake in Kobe, Hyōgo and sarin gas terrorist attacks were carried out on the Tokyo Metro by the doomsday cult Aum Shinrikyo. Failure of the Japanese government to react to these events promptly led to the formation of non-government organisations which have been playing an increasingly important role in Japanese politics since.

Heisei era


On 11 December 1997, the international treaty called the Kyoto Protocol to regulate greenhouse gas emissions was adopted by 192 parties in Kyoto, Japan.

Heisei era


During this era, Japan reemerged as a military power. In 1991, Japan made a financial contribution of $10 billion and sent military hardware for the Gulf War. However, Article 9 of the Constitution prevented a participation in the actual war, leading Iran to criticize Japan for just pledging money and did not appreciate the way Japan co-operated in the Gulf War. However, after the war, between 26 April and October 1991 six JMSDF minesweeper vessels were sent and removed 34 sea mines in the Persian Gulf to improve the safety of ships.

Heisei era


Following the Iraq War, in 2003, Prime Minister Junichirō Koizumi's Cabinet approved a plan to send about 1,000 soldiers of the Japan Self-Defense Forces to help in Iraq's reconstruction, the biggest overseas troop deployment since World War II without the sanction of the UN. The mission lasted until February 2009.

Heisei era


The 2002 FIFA World Cup was the first FIFA World Cup to be held in Asia, the first to be held outside of the Americas or Europe, as well as the first to be jointly-hosted by more than one nation. This world championship for men's national football teams was jointly hosted by Japan and South-Korea to improve relations.

Heisei era


On 23 October 2004, the Heisei 16 an earthquake and aftershocks rocked the Hokuriku region in Niigata Prefecture, killing 52 and injuring hundreds.

Heisei era


In November 2005, The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)'s robotic spacecraft Hayabusa landed on an asteroid and collected samples in the form of tiny grains of asteroidal material, which were returned to Earth aboard the spacecraft on 13 June 2010. It was the first spacecraft in history designed to deliberately land on an asteroid and then take off again. The Hayabusa mission was the first to return an asteroid sample to Earth for analysis.

Heisei era


After an election defeat, Prime Minister Shinzō Abe resigned suddenly, and in Autumn 2007 Yasuo Fukuda became prime minister. Fukuda in turn resigned in September 2008 citing political failings, and Tarō Asō was selected by his party.

Heisei era


In 2008, Greater Tokyo has the largest metropolitan economy in the world with a total GDP (nominal) of approximately $2 trillion (¥165 trillion). Greater Tokyo also has the largest metropolitan population in the world with an estimated 35 million.

Heisei era


In August 2009, for the first time, the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) won 308 seats in the lower house election, which ended 50 years of political domination by the LDP. As a result of the election, Tarō Asō resigned as leader of the LDP, and Yukio Hatoyama, president of DPJ became prime minister on 16 September 2009. However, DPJ soon became mired in party financing scandals, particularly involving aides close to Ichirō Ozawa. Naoto Kan was chosen by the DPJ as the next prime minister, but he soon lost a working majority in the House of Councillors election, and the 2010 Senkaku boat collision incident caused increased tension between Japan and China. The 2009–2010 Toyota vehicle recalls also took place during this time.

Heisei era


The population of Japan peaked at 128 million in 2010. This was Japan's biggest population in history. It declined due to a low birthrate in the following years.

Heisei era


In July 2010, The JSDF's first postwar overseas base was established in Djibouti.

Heisei era


In December 2010, Japan's 2010 National Defense Program Guidelines changed its defense policy from a focus on the former Soviet Union to China.

Heisei era


In 2011, the economy of China became the second largest in the world. Japan's economy descended to the world's third largest by nominal GDP.

Heisei era


In 2011, a sumo tournament was cancelled for the first time in 65 years over a match fixing scandal.

Heisei era


In March 2011, the Tokyo Skytree 634.0 metres (2,080 ft) became the tallest tower in the world. and the second tallest structure in the world after the Burj Khalifa.

Heisei era


On 11 March 2011 at 2:46 p.m., Japan was hit by the Tōhoku earthquake of a magnitude scale of 9.0, the strongest recorded earthquake in its history, affecting places in the three regions of Tohoku, Chubu and Kanto in the northeast of Honshu, including the Tokyo area. A tsunami with waves of up to 10 meters (32.5 feet) flooded inland areas several kilometers from shore, causing a large number of considerable fires. The epicenter of the quake lay so close to coastal villages and towns that thousands could not flee in time despite the tsunami warning system, and also, Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and three other nuclear power plants, serious problems occurred with the cooling systems, ultimately leading to the most serious case of radioactive contamination since the Chernobyl disaster (see Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster), as well as ongoing electric power shortages. Following the earthquake, for the first time, the Emperor addressed the nation in a pre-recorded television broadcast.

Heisei era


In August 2011, Naoto Kan resigned, and Yoshihiko Noda became prime minister. Later that year Olympus Corporation admitted major accounting irregularities. (See Tobashi scheme.) Noda pushed for Japan to consider joining the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership, but was defeated in an election in 2012, being replaced by Shinzo Abe.

Heisei era


In January 2013, Shinzo Abe's government introduced economic reforms in response to the consequences of the Lost Decade and Japan's aging demographic crisis.

Heisei era


In the first half of 2014, The Toyota became the biggest automaker in the world selling 5.1 million vehicles in the six months ending 30 June 2014, an increase of 3.8% on the same period the previous year. Volkswagen AG recorded sales of 5.07 million vehicles.

Heisei era


Prime Minister Shinzo Abe sought to end deflation, but Japan entered recession again in 2014 largely due to a rise in sales tax to 8%. Abe called an election in December, and promised to delay further sales tax hikes to 2018. He won the election.

Heisei era


On 18 September 2015, the National Diet enacted the 2015 Japanese military legislation that allows the Japan Self-Defense Forces to collective self-defense of allies in combat for the first time under the 1947 constitution.

Heisei era


In October 2015, the Japan Self-Defense Forces were ranked as the world's fourth most-powerful military in conventional capabilities in a Credit Suisse report.

Heisei era


A United Nations report confirmed that Greater Tokyo is the most populous metropolitan area in the world with an estimated total population of 38,140,000 in 2016.

Heisei era


In 2018, Pokémon became the highest-grossing media franchise of all time with an estimated $90 billion revenue. Pokémon surpassed the number 2 Hello Kitty ($80 billion) and the number 5 Star Wars ($65 billion).

Heisei era


A record number of 31,191,929 foreign tourists visited Japan in 2018. This is a 33% increase over 2015 (19.73 million). In 2017, 3 out of 4 foreign tourists came from South Korea, China, Taiwan and Hong Kong, according to the Japan National Tourism Organization.

Heisei era


Japan activated the Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade, its first marine unit since World War II, on 7 April 2018. They are trained to counter invaders from occupying Japanese islands.

Heisei era


Japan was the world's largest creditor nation since 1990 and for 22 years straight. By 2018, Japan regained the leading position as the predominant source of saving and investments. Japan owned net global assets of ¥328 trillion, Germany (¥262 trillion), China (¥205 trillion).

Heisei era


In September 2018, Naomi Osaka became the first Japanese woman to contest a Grand Slam singles final and the first Japanese Grand Slam singles champion. Naomi Osaka was the winner of the 2018 US Open Women's Singles.

Heisei era


In 2018, extraordinarily heavy rainfall in Western Japan led to many deaths in Hiroshima and Okayama. Also, an earthquake struck Hokkaido, killing 41 and causing a region-wide blackout.

Heisei era


The first JSDF dispatch to a peacekeeping operation that was not led by the United Nations was approved in April 2019. Two JGSDF officers were despatched to monitor a cease-fire between Israel and Egypt at the Multinational Force and Observers command in the Sinai Peninsula from 19 April till 30 November 2019.

Heisei era


In the 30 years of the Heisei era, a total of 18 Japanese (including 3 Japanese-born naturalized foreigners) won the Nobel Prize.

Heisei era


1994 – Kenzaburo Oe, Literature

Heisei era


2000 – Hideki Shirakawa, Chemistry

Heisei era


2001 – Ryoji Noyori, Chemistry

Heisei era


2002 – Koichi Tanaka, Chemistry

Heisei era


2008 – Yoichiro Nambu, Physics

Heisei era


2008 – Makoto Kobayashi, Physics

Heisei era


2008 – Toshihide Maskawa, Physics

Heisei era


2008 – Osamu Shimomura, Chemistry

Heisei era


2010 – Eiichi Negishi, Chemistry

Heisei era


2010 – Akira Suzuki, Chemistry

Heisei era


2012 – Shinya Yamanaka, Physiology or Medicine

Heisei era


2014 – Isamu Akasaki, Physics

Heisei era


2014 – Hiroshi Amano, Physics

Heisei era


2014 – Shuji Nakamura, Physics

Heisei era


2015 – Takaaki Kajita, Physics

Heisei era


2015 – Satoshi Omura, Physiology or Medicine

Heisei era


2017 – Kazuo Ishiguro, Literature

Heisei era


2018 – Tasuku Honjo, Physiology or Medicine

Heisei era


The country's economy suffered from prolonged stagnation, and both real wages and price levels experienced a decline during the period. According to IMF estimates, the country's GDP per capita was $39,953, the third highest in the world, in 1994. In 2019, the last year of the Heisei era, it was $40,548, which ranked 27th.

Heisei era


Top 10 by market capitalization

Heisei era


To convert any Gregorian calendar year between 1989 and 2019 to Japanese calendar year in Heisei era, 1988 needs to be subtracted from the year in question.

Heisei era


Flath, David. The Japanese Economy (2nd ed. 2005) excerpt and text search

Heisei era


Hanson, Marta E. The Routledge Handbook of Japanese Politics (2011) excerpt and text search

Heisei era


Kitaoka Shinichi, Kokubun Ryosei, Nakanishi Hiroshi, Shiraishi Takashi, and Tanaka Akihiko. Examining Heisei Japan, Vol. I: Diplomacy and Security (2021) [1]

Heisei era


Kitaoka Shinichi, Io Jun (ed), et al. Examining Heisei Japan, Vol. II: Politics (2023)[2]

Heisei era


Kitaoka Shinichi, Komine Takao (ed), et al. Examining Heisei Japan, Vol. III: Economy (2023) [3]

Heisei era


Koo, Richard C. The Holy Grail of Macroeconomics: Lessons from Japan's Great Recession (2nd ed. 2009) excerpt and text search

Heisei era


Pascua, Arthur. Devastation in Japan: An Economic Analysis (2012) excerpt and text search, on 2011 Tsunami

Heisei era


Schoppa, Leonard J. The Evolution of Japan's Party System: Politics and Policy in an Era of Institutional Change (University of Toronto Press; 2012) 232 pages; Argues that changes starting in the 1990s set the stage for the 2009 victory of the Democratic Party

Heisei era


Johann Zénon Bernard (13 February 1893 – 25 June 1942) was a Luxembourgish communist politician. He led the Communist Party of Luxembourg during its first two decades of existence, and was the first communist elected to the Chamber of Deputies. He died in German captivity during the Second World War.

Zénon Bernard


Bernard was born in Kahler. He was a metal worker by profession. He joined the socialist movement when the First World War broke out. He became a leading figure in the leftwing faction of the Socialist Party, advocating affiliation to the Communist International. In January 1921, he took part in the founding of the Communist Party of Luxembourg and became the secretary of the Central Committee of the party. In May 1921, he became the party chairman.

Zénon Bernard


Bernard was elected to parliament in the 1934 national election. He was the first Luxembourgish communist elected to parliament. He was, however, barred from occupying his seat by the centre-right majority, on the pretext that as a revolutionary Bernard could not swear on the Constitution.

Zénon Bernard


Resistance and imprisonment

Zénon Bernard


After the German invasion of Luxembourg in the Second World War, Bernard headed the underground activities of the Communist Party. He was arrested by Gestapo in September 1940. Bernard died in German captivity in Kassel.

Zénon Bernard


Bernard was a football player in his youth. He played for Sporting Club Luxembourg between 1911 and 1914. He played in the Luxembourg national football team twice, against France on 29 October 1911, and again against France on 8 February 1914. In the latter game, a friendly, he scored a goal, and Luxembourg won the match by 5–4, the only time Luxembourg ever beat France.

Zénon Bernard


Bernard was a resident of Esch-sur-Alzette. A street is named after him in the city, where the Communist Party and its newspaper Zeitung vum Lëtzebuerger Vollek has its offices. There is also a street named after him in Differdange.

Zénon Bernard


Howie 61 is an album by Wayne Krantz released in 2012. It employs a large group of musicians and combines aspects of modern jazz harmony and rhythmic vocabulary with a compact, rock-like approach to structure.

Howie 61


All songs written by Wayne Krantz, except where noted.

Howie 61


"The Bad Guys" – 2:32

Howie 61


"Check Yo Self" – 7:35 (Duke Bootee / O. Jackson / Grandmaster Melle Mel / Bobby Robinson)

Howie 61


"I'm Afraid That I'm Dead" – 2:58

Howie 61


"Son of a Scientist"  – 4:32

Howie 61


"Can't Stand To Rock" – 3:38

Howie 61


"I'd Like to Thank My Body" – 2:32

Howie 61


"How the West Was Left" – 6:07

Howie 61


Wayne Krantz – electric guitar (1–3, 5–10), vocals (1, 2, 4–8, 10), piano (4), ring modulator (9)

Howie 61


John Beasley – piano (2, 5, 6, 8, 10)

Howie 61


Henry Hey – piano (1)

Howie 61


David Binney – saxophone (8)

Howie 61


Paul Stacey – slide guitar (10)

Howie 61


John Patitucci – double bass (2, 8)

Howie 61


Owen Biddle – bass guitar (1)

Howie 61


James Genus – bass guitar (3)

Howie 61


Pino Palladino – bass guitar (10)

Howie 61


Tal Wilkenfeld – bass guitar (5, 6)

Howie 61


Keith Carlock – drums (3)

Howie 61


Vinnie Colaiuta – drums (5, 6)

Howie 61


Charley Drayton – drums (2, 8)

Howie 61


Anton Fig – drums (9)

Howie 61


Jeremy Stacey – drums (10)

Howie 61


Kenny Wollesen – drums (7)

Howie 61


Nate Wood – drums (1)

Howie 61


Yasushi Miura – sonics (4)

Howie 61


Gabriela Anders – vocals (5, 7, 10)

Howie 61


"Had It Coming" is a song by Canadian singer-songwriter Matthew Good. It was released as the lead single from Good's sixth solo album, Arrows of Desire. The song was first released to Canadian radio on May 27, 2013 and was officially released on ITunes on May 28. Upon release, the song reached #1 on the ITunes Top Rock Songs chart in Canada. On June 4, an Extended Version of the single was released, featuring the song "We're Long Gone".

Had It Coming


In an interview with The Huffington Post Canada, Good gave a description of what the song is about:

Had It Coming


It's exactly what it sounds like. In the first part I talk about myself. It's a first-person kind of thing. It's not 'I had it coming' in a bad way. It's just like, 'Oh finally. It's about time I had it coming.' Then in the second verse I talk about everyday ordinary people caught in the 9-to-5. And they slip into the dream of those pressures being released from them. That's the whole reference to breathing under water. You can find that you can breathe. And I go on to 'you've had it coming' 'Yay.' And then I go on to say that we've all had it coming — might as well put it all together in one big fuckin' package — and the song's over. That's pretty much it.

Had It Coming


The music video for "Had It Coming" was filmed and directed by David Spearing. It features Good walking down the streets of London, England to go perform a show at a club. It is the first music video released for a Matthew Good single since "It's Been a While Since I Was Your Man" in 2004.

Had It Coming


SN-38 is an antineoplastic drug. It is the active metabolite of irinotecan (an analog of camptothecin - a topoisomerase I inhibitor) but has 1000 times more activity than irinotecan itself. In vitro cytotoxicity assays show that the potency of SN-38 relative to irinotecan varies from 2- to 2000-fold.

SN-38


SN38 is formed via hydrolysis of irinotecan by carboxylesterases and metabolized via glucuronidation by UGT1A1.

SN-38


The variant of UGT1A1 in ~10% of Caucasians which leads to poor metabolism of SN-38 predicts irinotecan toxicity, as it is then less easily excreted from the body in its SN-38 glucuronide form.

SN-38


SN-38 and its glucuronide are lost into the bile and intestines.  It can cause the symptoms of diarrhoea and myelosuppression experienced by ~25% of the patients administered irinotecan.

SN-38


Use in antibody-drug conjugates

SN-38


SN-38 has been utilized as the cytotoxic payload in the antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) sacituzumab govitecan. Unlike ADCs that employ ultra-toxic payloads with picomolar IC50 values, SN-38 is considered a moderately toxic agent with IC50 in the nanomolar range, potentially allowing for a lower off-target toxicity profile.

SN-38


In sacituzumab govitecan, SN-38 is conjugated to an anti-Trop2 antibody via a cleavable CL2A linker, achieving a high drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of approximately 7.6. This high DAR allows for efficient delivery of the chemotherapeutic agent to tumor cells. The cleavable linker also facilitates the release of SN-38 in both the extracellular space and the cytoplasm. Once released, SN-38's membrane permeability enables it to diffuse out of target cancer cells and exert cytotoxic effects on neighboring cells regardless of their Trop2 expression status, a phenomenon known as the "bystander killing effect".

SN-38


Interactive pathway map

SN-38


Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.

SN-38


NK012, a nanodevice formulation of SN-38

SN-38


Sacituzumab govitecan, an antibody-drug conjugate that uses SN-38 as the cytotoxic drug.

SN-38


The Dahal cabinet, 2022 or Third Dahal Cabinet was the former Government of Nepal, formed on 26 December 2022 after Pushpa Kamal Dahal was appointed as the new Prime Minister of Nepal by president Bidya Devi Bhandari, following the 2022 Nepalese general election.

Third Dahal cabinet


Dahal's claim for prime minister was supported by the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist), Rastriya Swatantra Party, Rastriya Prajatantra Party, People's Socialist Party, Nepal, Janamat Party and Nagarik Unmukti Party, alongside his own Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre). Prime Minister Dahal took his oath of office alongside three deputy prime ministers and four ministers on 26 December 2022.

Third Dahal cabinet


On 10 January 2023, Dahal won a motion of confidence with 268 out of 270 votes in the 275-member House of Representatives, where he was supported by the ruling coalition as well as the opposition Nepali Congress, Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist) and the Loktantrik Samajwadi Party, Nepal.

Third Dahal cabinet


The cabinet was then expanded to include one more deputy prime minister, 11 ministers and three state ministers on 17 January 2023.

Third Dahal cabinet


Deputy prime minister and minister for Home Affairs, Rabi Lamichhane, was stripped from his position in the cabinet on 27 January 2023 after the Supreme Court ruled that Lamichhane did not follow due process to re-obtain his Nepali citizenship after renouncing his American citizenship, and thus, he was not a legal Nepali citizen. Remaining ministers of the RSP resigned on 5 February after the party decided to call back its members from the cabinet while maintaining its support to the government.

Third Dahal cabinet


On 25 February 2023, all ministers from the RPP resigned from the government, with the party also withdrawing its support, after a new coalition of eight parties including Nepali Congress, CPN (Maoist Centre), PSPN, CPN (US), Janamat Party, LSPN, NUP and Rastriya Janamorcha was formed with an agreement to support Nepali Congress' candidate in the upcoming presidential election. Shortly after, on 27 February, the CPN (UML) decided to quit government and withdraw its support as well, and its ministers resigned en-masse the same day.

Third Dahal cabinet


On 20 March 2023, Dahal again secured a vote of confidence with 172 votes in his favor and 89 votes against out of the 262 members present in the 275-member lower house, where he was supported by the new eight-party ruling alliance as well as the RSP, with the CPN (UML) and RPP staying in opposition.

Third Dahal cabinet


Following lengthened talks for the apportionment of ministries within the ruling alliance, Prime Minister Dahal expanded the cabinet on 31 March to include members from the new coalition. The power-sharing agreement between the ruling parties apportioned 8 ministries for Congress, 5 for CPN (Maoist Centre), 2-each for PSPN and CPN (US), and 1-each for Janamat, NUP, LSPN, NSP and an independent. Citing disagreement in portfolio division, Janamat Party exited the government a few hours before the cabinet expansion, while Nepali Congress put forward names for only four out of eight ministries allocated to them due to factional disagreements. The cabinet was expanded for an eighth time on 16 April 2023 to include an additional minister and a state minister. The cabinet was yet again expanded on 3 and 7 May 2023 to include further four ministers from the Nepali Congress. The cabinet was again expanded on 24 May 2023 to include an additional minister and state minister from the PSPN, thus bringing it to the maximum number prescribed in the constitution.

Third Dahal cabinet


On 14 August 2023, Janamat Party rejoined the government when Aman Lal Modi of the CPN (Maoist Centre) was asked to resign as Minister for Federal Affairs and General Administration and Janamat's Anita Devi Sah was appointed to the portfolio.

Third Dahal cabinet


With   CPN (UML) as major Partner

Third Dahal cabinet


With   NC as major Partner

Third Dahal cabinet


Mandana Rivka Dayani (born 1982) is an Iranian-American businesswoman and media executive. In 2018, she co-founded I Am a Voter, a nonpartisan organization aimed at educating and mobilizing voters, in partnership with CAA. From 2021 to 2022, she served as the president of Archewell, the media and philanthropic company founded by Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, and Meghan, Duchess of Sussex. Since the Gaza war started in October 2023, Dayani has made frequent media appearances to speak on antisemitism.

Mandana Dayani


Early life and education

Mandana Dayani


Dayani was born into a Persian Jewish family who had attempted to leave Iran since the 1979 Iranian revolution. They obtained a travel visa to go to Italy in 1987, and were granted asylum as religious refugees in the United States with the help of Jewish American nonprofit HIAS. Her father owned a wholesale distributor of children's clothing in Los Angeles, California.

Mandana Dayani


Dayani attended the University of Southern California, where she received her bachelor's degree and went on to earn her Juris Doctor from the USC Gould School of Law.

Mandana Dayani


Dayani began her career as a corporate attorney at Paul Hastings. She then became a talent agent representing celebrities and fashion designers, including fashion stylist Rachel Zoe. This led her to later become head of the company, Rachel Zoe, Inc., which included The Rachel Zoe Collection, The Zoe Report, Rachel Zoe Ventures, The Curateur, and a producer and regular on her show, The Rachel Zoe Project (2008–2013).

Mandana Dayani


Dayani was chief brand officer of an online marketplace for estate sales named Everything But The House and the executive producer of its show on HGTV.

Mandana Dayani


Dayani was chief brand officer of an online marketplace for estate sales named Everything But The House. From May 2021 to December 2022, she was the president of Archewell, the media and philanthropic company founded by Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, and Meghan, Duchess of Sussex. During this time, she played a significant role in the couple's business dealings with Spotify and Netflix.

Mandana Dayani


During New York Fashion Week in late 2018, Dayani co-founded I Am a Voter, a nonpartisan organization aimed at educating and mobilizing voters, which has been promoted by celebrities and athletes. The organization was co-founded by more than 30 women and the Creative Artists Agency. A social media campaign headed by the organization involved having actors meet with their former costars, including actors from Will & Grace, Friends, and Iron Man and The Avengers.

Mandana Dayani


Ahead of the 2024 US presidential election, the organization announced a merger with the voter registration organization HeadCount to consolidate resources.

Mandana Dayani


From May 2021 to December 2022, she was the president of Archewell, the media and philanthropic company founded by Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, and Meghan, Duchess of Sussex. She stepped down from the position in December 2022, shortly before the release of Archewell's Netflix documentary.

Mandana Dayani


Dayani's experience as a religious refugee from Iran is one of her stated inspirations behind her activism.

Mandana Dayani


In 2020, Dayani, together with her friend Debra Messing, launched The Dissenters podcast with Dear Media. The podcast features interviews with advocates for social issues, including Glennon Doyle, Adam Schiff, Jane Fonda, Hillary Clinton, Eva Longoria, and Sophia Bush. Dayani and Messing were dubbed "Jewish Champions" on the cover of the Jewish Journal in June 2023; the publication praised them for their "Unabashed Jewish Pride and Fearless Activism".

Mandana Dayani


Since the beginning of the Gaza war in October 2023, Dayani has made media appearances to speak on antisemitism. She has regularly appeared on MSNBC to comment on the impact of antisemitism on Jews in the diaspora. Dayani's video about the October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel was viewed approximately 50 million times. She was also named as one of the "Top 100 Influential Jews" for the Hebrew year of 5782 (from 2021 to 2022) by the Tel Aviv Institute. She spoke on the attack as part of Permanent Mission of Israel to the United Nations, later that year. Amidst nationwide pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses in 2024, she spoke at a rally in Cornell University that was organized to combat antisemitism on campus and throughout the U.S.

Mandana Dayani


In March 2024, she appeared on Morning Joe to discuss global responses to sexual violence by Hamas, criticizing the lack of public support for victims. In April 2024, Mandana Dayani spoke at a "Jewish Unity Rally" at Cornell University, an event organized to address antisemitism and support Israel amid calls for divestment from pro-Palestine activists. Dayani interviewed hostages, including Moran Stella Yanai.

Mandana Dayani


In 2025, Dayani was appointed by President Biden to serve on the United States Holocaust Memorial Council Board of Trustees.

Mandana Dayani


Dayani married Peter Traugott, a media executive and producer, in 2010. The couple sold their home in the Sunset Strip of West Hollywood, California, for $1.5 million in 2012. She signed to the Creative Artists Agency in 2023.

Mandana Dayani


Westville is a defunct commuter railroad station in the borough of Westville, Gloucester County, New Jersey. The station served trains on the former Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Line branch between Millville and Camden. Westville station contained two side platforms located next to U.S. Route 130 and Station Avenue. The next station to the north (towards Camden) was Brooklawn, while South Westville served as the next station to the south (toward Millville).

Westville station


Service in Westville began on April 14, 1857 with the opening of the West Jersey Railroad between Camden and Woodbury. Service ended with the discontinuation of trains between Glassboro and Millville with Camden on February 5, 1971. The site of the former station is a proposed stop of the Glassboro–Camden Line, a light rail initiative to bring service back between the two municipalities.

Westville station


The station stop was part of Camden and Woodbury Railroad, which began 1837–1838, but ran irregularly and was later abandoned.

Westville station


The West Jersey Railroad (WJ) was granted its charter by the state of New Jersey on February 5, 1853, to build a line from Camden to Cape May. and the directors of the company met on July 15, 1853, to select the route on which they would build. The line was built in stages with the backing of the Camden and Amboy from Camden to Glassboro. The first 8.2 miles (13.2 km) of the line using the right-of-way built by the Camden and Woodbury Railroad opened on April 14, 1857 from Camden–Woodbury.

Westville station


Railroad service increased and through acquisitions the line became part of Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines, which was electrified until September 24, 1949 and replaced by diesel service. (The power house on River Drive Avenue in Westville was the last remnant of the electrified railroad.) The PRSL approved demolition and replacement of Westville station on March 3, 1947, to accommodate widening of U.S. Route 130 and State Route 45.

Westville station


Penn Central Railroad discontinue passenger service through Westville ended on February 5, 1971 with the elimination of trains to Millville and Glassboro.

Westville station


Crown Point Road is a planned station of the proposed Glassboro–Camden Line light rail system, to be located along the Vineland Secondary right-of way. It will be located between Station Avenue and Broadway at the Westville station site just east of U.S. Route 130 (known as Crown Point Avenue). Renderings show Crown Point Road station being a single island platform station, with a track on each side.

Westville station


Wilson, William Bender (1899). History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company With Plan of Organization, Portraits of Officials and Biographical Sketches · Volume 1. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Henry T. Coates & Company.

Westville station


Belgium comprises 565 municipalities (Dutch: gemeenten; French: communes; German: Gemeinden), 285 of them grouped into five provinces in Flanders and 261 others in five provinces in Wallonia, while the remaining 19 are in the Brussels Capital Region, which is not divided in provinces. In most cases, the municipalities are the smallest administrative subdivisions of Belgium, but in municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, on the initiative of the local council, sub-municipal administrative entities with elected councils may be created. As such, only Antwerp, having over 500,000 inhabitants, became subdivided into ten districts (Dutch: districten).

Municipalities of Belgium


The Belgian arrondissements (Dutch: arrondissementen; French: arrondissements; German: Bezirke), an administrative level between province (or the capital region) and municipality, or the lowest judicial level, are in English sometimes called districts as well.

Municipalities of Belgium


Lists of municipalities

Municipalities of Belgium


Here are three lists of municipalities for each one of the three regions:

Municipalities of Belgium


List of municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region (19 municipalities)

Municipalities of Belgium


List of municipalities of the Flemish Region (285 municipalities)

Municipalities of Belgium


List of municipalities in Wallonia (261 municipalities)

Municipalities of Belgium


The municipalities, as an administrative division, were officially created in 1795, when the Directoire reorganised the structures of the Ancien Régime. The municipalities with less than 5,000 inhabitants were grouped in so-called canton municipalities. In 1800, these canton municipalities were abolished again and the number of autonomous municipalities became 2,776.

Municipalities of Belgium


Not much changed during the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, only a number of smaller municipalities were merged.

Municipalities of Belgium


Between 1830 and 1961

Municipalities of Belgium


In 1831, Belgium was divided into 2,739 municipalities, a number which remained more or less constant until 1961. The law of 30 March 1836 regulated municipalities and their governing bodies. The number of municipalities was reduced to 2,508 when the Belgian borders were recognised in 1839, as 124 municipalities were ceded to the Netherlands and another 119 municipalities became the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (see the article Communes of Luxembourg for details). New municipalities were created until 1928. There were 2,528 municipalities in 1850, 2,572 in 1875, 2,617 in 1900 and a maximum of 2,675 in 1929. This also includes the municipalities of the East Cantons that were added to Belgium following the First World War.

Municipalities of Belgium


In 1961, the so-called Unitary Law (Dutch: Eenheidswet; French: Loi unique; German: Einheitsgesetz), of which the fourth chapter was dedicated to the territorial organisation of the municipalities, was adopted. The authority to abolish municipalities was entrusted to the executive branch for a period of 10 years. Municipalities could be merged on financial grounds or on grounds of a geographical, linguistic, economic, social or cultural nature. In 1964 and in 1969 and 1970, roughly 300 municipalities ceased to exist and were subsumed into other municipalities. The number of municipalities was reduced from 2,663 in 1961 to 2,586 in 1965 and to 2,359 in 1971.

Municipalities of Belgium


Article 4 of the constitution states that each municipality must belong to only one of the four official language areas that were established in 1962–63. In the three officially unilingual language areas, a couple of dozen municipalities in the vicinity of another language area must provide limited facilities for speakers of that other language. As only a law carried by special majorities can change the language status of any municipality, these arrangements have prevented some small municipalities with facilities to be merged in the 1970s, and thus the most minute Belgian municipalities are still found in this group, notably Herstappe with only 84 inhabitants (in 2006).

Municipalities of Belgium


Lucien Harmegnies, Minister of the Interior in the government of Gaston Eyskens (1968–1972) decided to continue the process of territorial reorganization of Belgium. In 1971, the provisions of the Unity Law were extended and modified to apply to large agglomerations, which were initially excluded from its provisions. It was another Minister of the Interior, Joseph Michel, who managed the process. On 30 December 1975 the law regarding the merger of the municipalities was adopted. The merger became effective on 1 January 1977. The merger of 1977 further reduced the number of municipalities in Belgium from 2,359 to 596.

Municipalities of Belgium


Because of the specific nature of the reorganization in Antwerp, the law of 30 December 1975 did not enter into force for Antwerp until 1 January 1983. The formerly-independent municipalities were called districts and were given an advisory function. However, on 1 January 2001 they were given an administrative function again. The merger of Antwerp with the municipalities of Berchem, Borgerhout, Deurne, Hoboken, Ekeren, Merksem and Wilrijk in 1983 finally reduced the number of municipalities in Belgium to 589 and was the last reorganization of the municipalities for several decades because the merger of the 19 municipalities of Brussels was postponed indefinitely.

Municipalities of Belgium


The fifth state reform (2001) transferred the responsibility over municipalities from the federal level to the three regions.

Municipalities of Belgium


This did not instantly have any significant effect on the reorganisation of municipalities, up until the Flemish Bourgeois Government (2014-2019) provided a legal framework and financial incentives for municipalities to consider merging. This led 15 Flemish municipalities to merge into seven, decreasing the total number of Flemish municipalities from 308 to 300. Their municipal councils were elected in the regular elections of 14 October 2018, and the change took effect on 1 January 2019.

Municipalities of Belgium


Municipal organization

Municipalities of Belgium


The mayor (Dutch: burgemeester; French: bourgmestre; German: Bürgermeister) is not only the head of the municipality but also the representative of the regional and the federal government at the local level. In that capacity, they are responsible for the execution of laws, decrees, ordinances and orders. The mayor is also responsible for the maintenance of public order in their municipality. They chair the college of mayor and aldermen or the municipal college, depending on the region, as well.

Municipalities of Belgium


In the Flanders and Brussels, the mayor is appointed by the regional government, on the nomination of the municipal council, for a term of office of six years. In Wallonia, the mayor is the municipal councillor who received the largest number of preferential votes of the majority party that received the largest number of votes in the municipal elections. Hence, it is also possible that the mayor is not a member of the largest party, as the largest party is not always part of the governing coalition. It is also possible in Wallonia for the municipal council to adopt a constructive motion of no confidence in the municipal college.

Municipalities of Belgium


The executive organ of the municipality is known as the college of mayor and aldermen (Dutch: college van burgemeester en schepenen; French: collège des bourgmestre et échevins), commonly referred to as the college of aldermen (Dutch: schepencollege; French: collège échevinal), in Flanders and Brussels, and as the municipal college (French: collège communal; German: gemeindekollegium) in Wallonia. This college is responsible for the daily administration of the municipality. It is also responsible for the preparation and implementation of the decisions of the municipal council.

Municipalities of Belgium


The municipal council (Dutch: gemeenteraad; French: conseil communal; German: Gemeinderat) is the representative assembly of the municipality and consists of members directly elected for a term of office of six years. The number of municipal councillors depends on the number of inhabitants of the municipality, and can vary from 7 to 55. It is responsible for all matters that are of municipal interest.

Municipalities of Belgium


Differences between the regions

Municipalities of Belgium


Following the Fifth State Reform in 2001, the responsibility for the composition, the organization, the competences and the activities of the municipal institutions were devolved to the regions, as well as the responsibility for the provincial institutions. As a result, there are several differences between the municipal institutions in Flanders, in Wallonia and in Brussels. Wallonia has also further devolved part of its responsibilities to the German-speaking Community with regard to its 9 municipalities.

Municipalities of Belgium


The three regions can amend or replace the existing legislation on the municipalities, most notably the New Municipal Law. In the Flanders, the Municipal Decree of 15 July 2005 applies. In Wallonia the Code of Local Democracy and Decentralization applies. In Brussels several provisions of the New Municipal Law have been modified by ordinance, such as the Ordinance of 17 July 2003. The legal framework in the three regions is still relatively similar, but that could change in the future.

Municipalities of Belgium


Agglomerations and federations

Municipalities of Belgium


Since 1970, the Belgian Constitution includes the possibility to create agglomerations and federations of municipalities by law. This possibility was only used once in 1971 when the Brussels Agglomeration, comprising the 19 municipalities of Brussels, was put into place. It de facto ceased to exist in 1989 when the organs of the Brussels-Capital Region were established. The only election ever held for the Brussels Agglomeration council took place on 21 November 1971, reflecting the limited use of this constitutional institution before it was replaced by regional bodies.

Municipalities of Belgium


Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium

Municipalities of Belgium


List of Belgian municipalities by population

Municipalities of Belgium


List of cities in Belgium

Municipalities of Belgium


Municipalities with language facilities

Municipalities of Belgium


Provinces of Belgium

Municipalities of Belgium


Public Centre for Social Welfare (CPAS, OCMW)

Municipalities of Belgium


Vereniging van Vlaamse Steden en Gemeenten –  Association of Flemish Cities and Municipalities

Municipalities of Belgium


Union des Villes et Communes de Wallonie –  Union of Cities and Municipalities of Wallonia

Municipalities of Belgium


AVCB-VSGB –  Association of the City and Municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region

Municipalities of Belgium


Pterulone is a fungal metabolite. It was initially isolated from the mycelium and liquid cultures of wood-decay fungus in the genus Pterula. The compound inhibits eukaryotic respiration by targeting the mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase.

Pterulone


HMAS Sprightly was a tugboat operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) between 1943 and 1953.

HMAS Sprightly


She was built by the Levingston Shipbuilding Company, Orange, Texas during 1942.

HMAS Sprightly


Sprightly was acquired by the Commonwealth Marine Salvage Board in 1942. She was commissioned into the RAN in 1943.

HMAS Sprightly


Decommissioning and fate

HMAS Sprightly


Sprightly was paid off on 31 March 1958 and was finally sold on 29 August 1969 to T. Korevaar and Sons Pty Ltd, Williamstown, Victoria.

HMAS Sprightly


In May 1990 the Sprightly was impounded by the authorities in Loyang OffShore supply Base Singapore for carrying a large amount of firearms and ammunition.

HMAS Sprightly


Bryant University is a private university in Smithfield, Rhode Island, United States. It has three colleges, the College of Arts and Sciences, School of Health and Behavioral Sciences, and the College of Business, and is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.

Bryant University


Butler Exchange and downtown Providence

Bryant University


Bryant University was founded in 1863 as a branch of a national school which originally taught bookkeeping and methods of business communication and was named after founders, John Collins Bryant and Henry Beadman Bryant. This separate chain of schools is currently called Bryant & Stratton College. In 1878 the Providence branch of Bryant & Stratton was sold to a teacher at the school, Thomas Stowell. Stowell died in 1916 the school was sold again and merged with Henry Jacobs' Rhode Island Commercial School (founded 1898). Classes for Bryant and Stratton College were originally held in the now demolished Butler Exchange building located in downtown Providence, at 111 Westminster Street on Kennedy Plaza. Bryant became non-profit in 1949 and offered its first master's program in 1969.

Bryant University


From August 1, 1935, to 1971, Bryant College of Business Administration campus was located on College Hill near Brown University. Housed first at "South Hall" at the corner of Hope Street and Young Orchard Avenue, formerly Hope Hospital, the college expanded into neighboring buildings. The "South Hall" building was originally the 19th-century home of Byron Sprague, a nephew of manufacturer William Sprague III, and later the home of Isaac Gifford Ladd. When the school relocated to Smithfield, it sold the Providence campus to Brown University. The property, 26 buildings on 10 acres of land, became known as Brown's East Campus. The former South Hall became home to Brown's music department, and is now called the Orwig Music Center.

Bryant University


In October 1967, Earl S. Tupper, alumnus and inventor of Tupperware, donated his 428-acre (1.73 km2) hillside estate to Bryant College for the creation of the new campus. To thank Tupper, Bryant named the campus after him and awarded him a second degree, an honorary Ph.D. in Humane Letters. In 1971, the university moved to the new campus. The famous Bryant Archway was also relocated. The old Emin Homestead and Captain Joseph Mowry homestead occupied much of the land that makes up the present day Smithfield campus. The land was purchased and farmed for three generations between the late 19th century and the mid-20th century. Today, many descendants of the original Emin settlers still live near the Bryant campus. The school also claims a handful of family members as alumni and offers a scholarship for accounting students as a tribute to the Emin family. Historical pictures of the Emin Homestead can still be found in the Alumni house.

Bryant University


Bryant Archway tradition

Bryant University


Students at Bryant have a particular way of symbolizing the completion of their education: walking through the archway. In 1875, Isaac Gifford Ladd, an associate of Charles M. Schwab and a famous U.S. steel tycoon, constructed a one million dollar building which contained the iron arch on Young Orchard Avenue on the east side of Providence. This building was meant to be a sign of his endearment to his newlywed wife.

Bryant University


However, his wife expressed hatred for the structure which was named after her. He took this as a personal rejection, and Ladd later took his own life. The building remained unoccupied until Thomas Marsden transformed it into Hope Hospital, which was part of Bryant College. To provide more space for classes, an addition was constructed and Hope Hospital was renamed South Hall. Four years later, prior to the school's move from Providence to Smithfield, the wrought-iron arch at the entrance to South Hall was transported to the new campus.

Bryant University


Today, the archway remains the only physical link to the Providence campus. After the archway was transferred from the old campus, students immediately began to avoid passing through this out-of-place structure. As a rumor had it, walking through the archway before graduation mysteriously jeopardized chances of graduating. Since this is quite a large price to pay for not following tradition, most students opted not to take the chance, which has resulted in worn paths around the arch.

Bryant University


The Bryant Seal represents the educational mission of the university and its worldwide implications. The central symbol is an ellipsoid globe with quills on each side to signify the traditional emblem of communication in business. In the center, behind the globe, is a torch symbolizing liberty, the spirit of free inquiry, academic freedom, and learning. The Archway, forming the background for the globe, torch, and quills, is a university landmark affectionately and superstitiously by Bryant alumni. The Latin motto expresses the purpose of the university: "Cognitio. Virtus. Successus." – Which means Knowledge. Character. Success. The original Latin motto has remained unchanged and has been translated into the university's current day motto which is The Character of Success.

Bryant University


Ross Gittell is the ninth president of Bryant University.

Bryant University


Theodore Stowell, 1878–1916

Bryant University


Henry L. Jacobs, 1916–1961

Bryant University


E. Gardner Jacobs, 1961–1970

Bryant University


Schyler Hosler, 1969–1970

Bryant University


Harry F. Everts, 1970–1976

Bryant University


William T. O'Hara, 1976–1989

Bryant University


William E. Trueheart, 1989–1996

Bryant University


Ronald K. Machtley, 1996–2020

Bryant University


Ross Gitell, 2020–present

Bryant University


Ronald K. Machtley, a former Navy captain and U.S. Representative, was hired as president in 1996. When Machtley arrived he immediately began working with faculty, students and the board of trustees to ensure the future of Bryant. He announced an ambitious capital campaign and plans to build new facilities and upgrade old ones. Under the Machtley administration, Bryant has built a new library, athletic center, communications and IT complex, residence hall, interfaith center, upgraded all athletic fields, and completely renovated the main classroom building and the student union. The school also changed its name to Bryant University in 2004. Its selectivity has increased, and the days of budget deficits are gone. The university endowment in 2007 totaled $171 million, a net increase of $169 million in just 10 years.

Bryant University


On Thursday, February 28, 2008, former U.S. President Bill Clinton campaigned at Bryant University in support of Hillary Clinton's bid for the Democratic presidential nomination. This was the first time in the school's history that either a former U.S. president or presidential candidate came to Bryant University to give a speech. Also in 2008, the 41st president of the United States George H. W. Bush gave the 2008 commencement address on May 17, 2008. Bush received an honorary degree from the university. Within only three months of each other, Bryant had two of the only three former U.S. Presidents still living come to speak on campus.

Bryant University


George E. Bello Center for Information and Technology

Bryant University


This 71,000-square-foot (6,600 m2) building houses the college library, previously located in the Unistructure.

Bryant University


The George E. Bello Center for Information and Technology was designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects, a firm in New York City that has been nationally recognized for its design of the Science, Industry, & Business Library (SIBL) for the New York Public Library.

Bryant University


The Unistructure is a large centrally located building on Bryant University's campus. Before the opening of the Business Entrepreneurship Leadership Center (BELC), it housed nearly all classrooms, faculty and administrative offices, and academic resources. It is now home to the university's College of Arts and Sciences and School of Health and Behavioral Sciences, as well as various student support and administrative offices.

Bryant University


Michael E. '67 and Karen L. Fisher Student Center

Bryant University


The Fisher Student Center (known as the Bryant Center until September 2013) offers offices and meeting spaces for a wide variety of co-curricular activities, clubs and student organizations.

Bryant University


Koffler Communications Complex

Bryant University


The Koffler Technology Center is Bryant's computer center. More than 200 terminals, microcomputers, and workstations are located here. Facilities offer individual workstations for hands-on learning and shared workstations for group projects.

Bryant University


The Koffler center is also home to the university's TV and radio stations. WJMF takes up most of the main floor, sharing space with the TV/Editing studio.

Bryant University


John H. Chafee Center for International Business

Bryant University


The building was named after the late Rhode Island senator John Chafee. The center serves the regional business community, as well as offering hands on opportunities for students to learn about global business. The Chafee Center houses the World Trade Center and Export Assistance Center for the state of Rhode Island.

Bryant University


The Suite Village is a collection of fourteen residence halls with thirteen of them (Charlestown, Richmond, Kilcup, Westerly, Hopkinton, Exeter, Coventry, Scituate, Tiverton, Providence, Jamestown, Cumberland and Lincoln) housing 90 students. The last and the newest, hall seventeen (Newport House), houses approximately 200 students. Every suite has three double bedrooms, a living area and private bathroom with multiple stalls and showers. Each of the four floors has four suites, with each suite separated by gender.

Bryant University


These three halls (Warren, Bristol and Barrington) – are entirely reserved for first-year students – are four-story, co-educational halls with north and south wings.

Bryant University


Ronald K. and Kati C. Machtley Interfaith Center

Bryant University


The Interfaith Center opened at the start of the 2009–2010 academic year to replace the previous chapel in the Bryant Center. Located between the Bryant Center and the George E. Bello Center for Information and Technology, it is an 11,000-square-foot (1,000 m2) non-denominational place of worship and reflection for all members of the campus community. The center, designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects, a firm in New York City that has been nationally recognized for its work, has received two design awards: a 2010 Honor Design Award from Faith & Form magazine/The Interfaith Forum on Religion, Art and Architecture, and a Building of America Award from Construction Communications magazine for the center's use of sustainable materials.

Bryant University


On October 9, 2010, the board of trustees honored President Ronald K. Machtley and his wife Kati C. Machtley by dedicating the Interfaith Center in their names.

Bryant University


Salmanson Dining Hall

Bryant University


Salmanson Dining Hall, inside the Unistructure, was named after Leonard I. Salmanson in 1973. Prior to this time, it was said that Salmanson made one donation which was one of the largest Bryant had ever received up until this time. Bryant awarded Salmanson an honorary degree of Doctor of Science of Business Administration in 1972 and he became a Bryant trustee in 1974.

Bryant University


Academic Innovation Center

Bryant University


The Academic Innovation Center is a 50,000-square-foot building housing classrooms, breakout rooms, an innovation forum, admission greeting center, and cafe.

Bryant University


Bulldog Strength & Conditioning Center

Bryant University


The 10,000-square-foot Bulldog Strength & Conditioning Center is used by students who are members of the Bulldog Division I and club sports athletic teams.

Bryant University


Business Entrepreneurship Leadership Center

Bryant University


The Business Entrepreneurship Leadership Center (BELC) is a 250,000-square-foot facility donated to the university by Fidelity Investments in 2022. The building is located at 100 Salem St., across the street from the university's existing campus. The donation is part of Bryant University's efforts to advance its Vision 2030 initiative, which focuses on growing the student body through strategic improvements to campus facilities, academic programs, and student resources.

Bryant University


To integrate the BELC with the main campus, a pedestrian-friendly crossing is under development. The project also facilitated significant changes in the allocation of academic spaces: the College of Arts and Sciences and the School of Health and Behavioral Sciences are now housed in the Unistructure, while the School of Business relocated to the newly constructed BELC.

Bryant University


The center, located across the street from the existing campus, represents the most significant real estate gift to Bryant University since Earl Tupper gifted his farmland to create Bryant's Smithfield campus in 1967.

Bryant University


Bryant residence life guarantees housing for all four years, and 87% of the student body lives in university-provided housing as of Fall 2023. Bryant also has a strict drug policy, which involves the Smithfield Police Department in all cases of violations. In 2010, Smithfield Police arrested 34 Bryant students for possession of marijuana. This placed the school at number 4 on The Daily Beast's 2011 list of druggiest colleges. In 2010, the school placed at number 2 on the list. The university "unequivocally" rejected the characterization, called The Daily Beast's representations "without foundation," and considered the methodology "badly flawed."

Bryant University


Schools and programs

Bryant University


Bryant University is divided into two colleges: the College of Business and the College of Arts and Sciences. Each offers undergraduate and graduate degrees. Most students are enrolled in a business discipline.

Bryant University


All students in a business administration major are required to complete one of the 27 liberal arts minors. Students in the Bachelor of Science in International Business program are required to complete a language minor. All students majoring in the College of Arts and Sciences also complete a business minor.

Bryant University


Centers and institutes

Bryant University


Advanced Applied Analytics Center

Bryant University


John H. Chafee Center for International Business

Bryant University


Hassenfeld Institute for Public Leadership

Bryant University


Center for Global and Regional Economic Studies

Bryant University


Center for Program Innovation

Bryant University


U.S.-China Institute and Confucius Institute

Bryant University


Amica Center for Career Education

Bryant University


Executive Development Center

Bryant University


Center for Teaching and Learning

Bryant University


Reputation and rankings

Bryant University


In 2017, Bryant University President Ronald K. Machtley was the highest paid college president in the United States. At $6,283,616, Machtley was paid $920,000 more than the second highest paid college president.

Bryant University


Tier One MBA program – CEO Magazine 2016

Bryant University


#1 Digital Marketing Program in the U.S. - College Factual's 2022 Rankings

Bryant University


In the 2022 U.S. News & World Report College Rankings, Bryant was ranked #7 in the Regional-North group.

Bryant University


Bryant has 25 intercollegiate varsity athletic programs and participates in NCAA Division I as a member of the America East Conference. Athletic squads are called the Bulldogs. In addition, students can compete in various club sports and on intramural teams throughout the academic year.

Bryant University


Bryant has 11 varsity teams for men and 14 for women: baseball, basketball, cross country, American football, golf, lacrosse, indoor and outdoor track and field, tennis, soccer, and swimming and diving. The women's teams consist of basketball, bowling, cross country, field hockey, golf, lacrosse, indoor and outdoor track and field, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, and volleyball.

Bryant University


Bryant University also offers sports at the club level. They offer 20 club level sports teams, 10 for men and 10 for women. The men's club sports are: bowling, hockey, karate, racquetball, crew, rugby, skiing and snowboarding, ultimate frisbee, wrestling, and volleyball. The women's club sports include bowling, cheerleading, gymnastics, hockey, karate, ice skating, racquetball, rugby, skiing and snowboarding, and dance.

Bryant University


Bryant University has Greek life on campus. While Bryant does not allow Greek housing, Charlestown House is made up exclusively of students involved in Greek life.

Bryant University


Approximately 7% of male undergraduates and 13% of female undergraduates participate in Greek life at Bryant University as of 2023.

Bryant University


The Archway (newspaper)

Bryant University


WJMF 88.7 HD-2 Radio Station

Bryant University


Zwankendamme (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈzʋɑŋkə(n)ˌdɑmə]) is a village of Bruges located in the province of West Flanders, Flemish Region, Belgium. Its name was first mentioned in writing in 1357. The Zwankendam parish church, built in 1938, is dedicated to Leo the Great.

Zwankendamme


The Château de l'Alba is a 15th-century castle, remodelled as a château in the 18th century, located in the commune of L'Albenc in the Isère département of France.

Château de l'Alba


The château is closed to the public. It was partially listed as a monument historique in 1978.

Château de l'Alba


List of castles in France

Château de l'Alba


Base Mérimée: Château de l'Alba, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)

Château de l'Alba


Teji Harivansh Rai Srivastava Bachchan (née Teji Suri; 12 August 1914 – 21 December 2007) was an Indian social activist, the wife of Hindi poet Harivansh Rai Bachchan and mother of Bollywood actor Amitabh Bachchan.

Teji Bachchan


Teji was Born into a Punjabi Sikh family in Lyallpur, Punjab Province, British India (present-day Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan). After completing her education, she took a job of teaching psychology at Khoob Chand Degree College, Lahore. She met Harivansh Srivastava, then a lecturer of English at Allahabad University, when he attended a college event in Lahore. The couple got married in Allahabad in 1941, and upon her wedding, Teji became a home maker. She remained a lover of the stage, and she would also sing at social gatherings if pressed. During his lifetime, Harivansh remained completely engrossed in his work, leaving his wife to handle all family matters. Even in social engagements, the poet willingly played a minor role to his sociable wife. The Bachchans had two sons: Amitabh Bachchan and Ajitabh Bachchan.

Teji Bachchan


The Bachchans were a part of India's literary circuit and high society. The couple sang at events.

Teji Bachchan


Teji played Lady Macbeth in her husband's Hindi adaptation of Macbeth. They also played a cameo appearance in Yash Chopra's 1976 film, Kabhi Kabhie.

Teji Bachchan


She was also appointed as one of the Directors of the Film Finance Corporation in 1973. The Film Finance Corporation of India (and its successor National Film Development Corporation of India), a Government of India undertaking's main objective was to finance the production of purposeful films of good quality with a view to improving the general standards of the medium.

Teji Bachchan


Bachchan was in the Lilavati Hospital for almost the whole of the year 2007 and she was shifted to the ICU in November 2007 after her condition became worse. She died at the age of 93 on 21 December 2007 after a prolonged illness.

Teji Bachchan


Evgraf Semenovich Sorokin, or Yevgraf Semyonovich Sorokin (Russian: Евгра́ф Семёнович Соро́кин; 18 December 1821 – 17 February 1892) was a Russian artist and teacher; known for historical, religious and genre paintings.

Evgraf Semenovich Sorokin


His first exposure to art came from an icon painter in Yaroslavl. After a period of apprenticeship, a local priest who liked his work suggested that he create a painting of Peter the Great discovering the artist, Andrey Matveyev, for an upcoming visit by Tsar Nicholas I. This painting was presented to the Tsar, who was sufficiently impressed to issue an order that Sorokin should study at the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts.

Evgraf Semenovich Sorokin


In 1841, he entered the Academy under the supervision of Alexey Tarasovich Markov. The following year, he was already receiving praise from the Academy Council. He won several silver medals and, in 1847, was awarded a gold medal for his rendering of Daniel in the lions' den. Two years later, his painting of the folk hero, Ian Usmovets, won him a gold medal and a stipend to study abroad. He was in Spain from 1851 to 1854 and Italy from 1855 to 1859. In between, he toured Western Europe; visiting Egypt and Syria as well. Some of the works he created in Spain are among his best-known.

Evgraf Semenovich Sorokin


In 1859, he returned home and was appointed a teacher at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, where he remained until his death. In 1861, he was named an "Academician" and created an iconostasis for the new Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Paris. Later, he worked at the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, where he also created an iconostasis and completed some images that had been left unfinished by Fyodor Bruni. For that work, he was promoted to "Professor" in 1878. His exact date of death is apparently unrecorded.

Evgraf Semenovich Sorokin


С. Н. Кондаков (1915). Юбилейный справочник Императорской Академии художеств. 1764-1914 (in Russian). Vol. 2. p. 187.

Evgraf Semenovich Sorokin


Media related to Evgraf Semenovich Sorokin at Wikimedia Commons

Evgraf Semenovich Sorokin


Wynnefield Avenue station is a SEPTA Regional Rail station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Located at Wynnefield and Bryn Mawr Avenues, it serves the Cynwyd Line.

Wynnefield Avenue station


SEPTA – Wynnefield Avenue station

Wynnefield Avenue station


The ACT ( , AY-see-tee; originally an abbreviation of American College Testing) is a standardized test used for college admissions in the United States.  It is administered by ACT, Inc., a for-profit organization of the same name.  The ACT test covers three academic skill areas: English, mathematics, and reading. It also offers optional scientific reasoning and direct writing tests. It is accepted by many four-year colleges and universities in the United States as well as more than 225 universities outside of the U.S.

ACT (test)


The multiple-choice test sections of the ACT (all except the optional writing test) are individually scored on a scale of 1–36. In addition, a composite score consisting of the rounded whole number average of the scores for English, reading, and math is provided.

ACT (test)


The ACT was first introduced in November 1959 by University of Iowa professor Everett Franklin Lindquist as a competitor to the SAT. The ACT originally consisted of four tests: English, Mathematics, Social Studies, and Natural Sciences. In 1989, however, the Social Studies test was changed into a Reading section (which included a social sciences subsection), and the Natural Sciences test was renamed the Science Reasoning test, with more emphasis on problem-solving skills as opposed to memorizing scientific facts. In February 2005, an optional Writing Test was added to the ACT.  By the fall of 2017, computer-based ACT tests were available for school-day testing in limited school districts of the US, with greater availability expected in fall of 2018. In July 2024, the ACT announced that the test duration was shortened; the science section, like the writing one, would become optional; and online testing would be rolled out nationally in spring 2025 and for school-day testing in spring 2026.

ACT (test)


The ACT has seen a gradual increase in the number of test takers since its inception, and in 2012 the ACT surpassed the SAT for the first time in total test takers; that year, 1,666,017 students took the ACT and 1,664,479 students took the SAT.

ACT (test)


ACT, Inc., says that the ACT assessment measures high school students' general educational development and their capability to complete college-level work with the multiple choice tests covering four skill areas: English, mathematics, reading, and (optionally) science. The optional Writing Test measures skill in planning and writing a short essay. Specifically, ACT states that its scores provide an indicator of "college readiness", and that scores in each of the subtests correspond to skills in entry-level college courses in English, algebra, social science, humanities, and biology. According to a research study conducted by ACT, Inc. in 2003, there was a relationship between a student's ACT composite score and the probability of that student earning a college degree.

ACT (test)


To develop the test, ACT incorporates the objectives for instruction from middle and high schools throughout the United States, reviews approved textbooks for subjects taught in Grades 7–12, and surveys educators on which knowledge skills are relevant to success in postsecondary education. ACT publishes a technical manual that summarizes studies conducted on its validity in predicting freshman GPA, equating different high school GPAs, and measuring educational achievement.

ACT (test)


Colleges use the ACT and the SAT because there are substantial differences in funding, curricula, grading, and difficulty among U.S. secondary schools due to American federalism, local control, the prevalence of private, distance, homeschooled students, and lack of a rigorous college entrance examination system similar those used in some other countries. ACT scores are used to supplement the secondary school record and help admission officers put local data—such as coursework, grades, and class rank—in a national perspective.

ACT (test)


The majority of colleges do not indicate a preference for the SAT or ACT exams and accept both, being treated equally by most admissions officers. According to "Uni in the USA", colleges that also require students to take the SAT Subject Tests do so regardless of whether the candidate took the SAT or ACT; however, some colleges accept the ACT in place of the SAT subject tests and some accept the optional ACT Writing section in place of an SAT Subject Test.

ACT (test)


Most colleges use ACT scores as only one factor in the admission process. A sampling of ACT admissions scores shows that the 75th percentile composite score was 24.1 at public four-year institutions and 25.3 at private four-year institutions.

ACT (test)


In addition, some states and individual school districts have used the ACT to assess student learning and/or the performance of schools, requiring all high school students to take the ACT, regardless of whether they are college bound. Colorado and Illinois were the first to incorporate the ACT as part of their mandatory testing program in 2001. Other states followed suit in subsequent years. During the 2018–2019 school year, 13 states will administer the ACT test to all public school 11th graders, and another six states will fund ACT test administration as an option or choice for districts.

ACT (test)


While the exact manner in which ACT scores will help to determine admission of a student at American institutions of higher learning is generally a matter decided by the individual institution, some foreign countries have made ACT (and SAT) scores a legal criterion in deciding whether holders of American high school diplomas will be admitted at their public universities.

ACT (test)


The ACT is more widely used in the Midwestern, Rocky Mountain, and Southern United States, whereas the SAT is more popular on the East and West coasts. Recently, however, the ACT is being used more on the East Coast. Use of the ACT by colleges has risen as a result of various criticisms of the effectiveness and fairness of the SAT.

ACT (test)


The required portion of the ACT is divided into three multiple-choice subject tests: English, mathematics, and reading. Subject test scores, including the optional science section, range from 1 to 36; all scores are integers. The English, mathematics, and reading tests also have subscores ranging from 1 to 18 (the subject score is not the sum of the subscores). In addition, students taking the optional writing test receive a writing score ranging from 2 to 12 (this is a change from the previous 1–36 score range); the optional science and writing scores do not affect the composite score. Prior to September 2015, there was a Combined English/Writing score, which was a 36-point combination of the 36-point English Test score and the 12-point Writing subscore. The ACT has eliminated the Combined English/writing score and has added two new combined scores: ELA (an average of the English, Reading, and Writing scores) and STEM (an average of the Math and Science scores). These changes for the writing, ELA, and STEM scores were effective starting with the September 2015 test.

ACT (test)


Each question answered correctly is worth one raw point, and there is no penalty for marking incorrect answers on the multiple-choice parts of the test; a student can answer all questions without a decrease in their score due to incorrect answers. This is parallel to several AP Tests eliminating the penalties for incorrect answers. To improve the result, students can retake the test: 55% of students who retake the ACT improve their scores, 22% score the same, and 23% see their scores decrease.

ACT (test)


The first section is the 45-minute English test covering usage/mechanics, sentence structure, and rhetorical skills. The 75-question test consists of five passages with various sections underlined on one side of the page and options to correct the underlined portions on the other side of the page. Specifically, questions focus on usage and mechanics – issues such as commas, apostrophes, (misplaced/dangling) modifiers, colons, and fragments and run-ons – as well as on rhetorical skills – style (clarity and brevity), strategy, transitions, and organization (sentences in a paragraph and paragraphs in a passage) – and sentence structure – constructing sentences in a stylistically and grammatically correct manner.

ACT (test)


The second section is a 60-minute, 60-question math test with the usual distribution of questions being approximately 14 covering pre-algebra, 10 elementary algebra, 9 intermediate algebra, 14 plane geometry, 9 coordinate geometry, and 4 elementary trigonometry questions. However, the distribution of question topics varies from test to test. The difficulty of questions usually increases as a test taker moves on to higher question numbers.

ACT (test)


Calculators are permitted in this section only. Similarly to the SAT, computer algebra systems (such as the TI-89) are not allowed; however, the ACT permits calculators with paper tapes, that make noise (but must be disabled), or that have power cords with certain "modifications" (i.e., disabling the mentioned features), which the SAT does not allow. Standard graphing calculators, such as the TI-83 and TI-84, are allowed. Within the TI-Nspire family, the standard and CX versions are allowed while the CX CAS is not.

ACT (test)


As of April 2025 for online tests, and September 2025 for paper-and-pencil tests, each math question has four answer choices instead of five.

ACT (test)


The reading section is a 35-minute, 40-question test that consists of four sections, three of which contain one long prose passage and one which contains two shorter prose passages. The passages are representative of the levels and kinds of text commonly encountered in first-year college curriculum. This reading test assesses skills in three general categories: key ideas and details, craft and structure, and integration of knowledge and ideas. Test questions will usually ask students to derive meaning from texts referring to what is explicitly stated or by reasoning to determine implicit meanings. Specifically, questions will ask students to use referring and reasoning skills to determine main ideas; locate and interpret significant details; understand sequences of events; make comparisons; comprehend cause-effect relationships; determine the meaning of context-dependent words, phrases, and statements; draw generalizations; and analyze the author's or narrator's voice and method.

ACT (test)


The optional science section is a 35-minute, 40-question test. There are seven passages each followed by five to seven questions. The passages have three different formats: Data Representation, Research Summary, and Conflicting Viewpoints. While the format used to be very predictable (i.e. there were always three Data Representation passages with 5 questions following each, 3 Research Summary passages with six questions each, and one Conflicting Viewpoints passage with 7 questions), when the number of passages was reduced from 7 to 6, more variability in the number of each passage type started to appear. But so far, there is still always only one Conflicting Viewpoints passage. These changes are very recent, and the only reference to them so far is in the recently released practice test on the ACT website.

ACT (test)


The science section was mandatory until 2024, when it was made optional with the goal of giving students additional flexibility when taking the ACT exam.

ACT (test)


The optional writing section, which is always administered at the end of the test, is 40 minutes (increasing from the original 30-minute time limit on the September 2015 test). While no particular essay structure is required, the essays must be in response to a given prompt; the prompts are about broad social issues (changing from the old prompts which were directly applicable to teenagers), and students must analyze three different perspectives given and show how their opinion relates to these perspectives. The essay does not affect the composite score or the English section score; it is only given as a separate writing score and is included in the ELA score. Two trained readers assign each essay subscores between 1 and 6 in four different categories: Ideas and Analysis, Development and Support, Organization, Language Use and Conventions. Scores of 0 are reserved for essays that are blank, off-topic, non-English, not written with a no. 2 pencil, or considered illegible after several attempts at reading. The subscores from the two different readers are summed to produce final domain scores from 2 to 12 (or 0) in each of the four categories. If the two readers' subscores differ by more than one point, then a senior third reader makes the final decision on the score. The four domain scores are combined through a process that has not been described to create a writing section score between 1 and 36. Note that the domain scores are not added to create the writing section score.

ACT (test)


Although the writing section is optional, many colleges require an essay score and will factor it into the admissions decision (but fewer than half of all colleges have this requirement).

ACT (test)


For the "enhanced" version of the ACT introduced in 1989, the mean score of each of the four tests, as well as the mean composite score, was scaled to be 18, with an intended standard error of measurement of 2 for the four test scores and 1 for the composite score. These statistics vary from year to year for current populations of ACT takers.

ACT (test)


The chart below summarizes each section and the average test score based on graduating high school seniors in 2025.

ACT (test)


The table below summarizes how many students achieved a composite score of 36 on the ACT between the years of 1990 and 2025.

ACT (test)


The ACT Assessment Student Report, at ACT.org, provides the typical ACT Composite averages for college and universities admission policies. They caution that "because admission policies vary across colleges, the score ranges should be considered rough guidelines." Following is a list of the average composite scores that typically are accepted at colleges or universities.

ACT (test)


Ivy Caliber (Schools that as a rule of thumb have below a 1 in 8 acceptance rate): scores 32–36

ACT (test)


Highly selective (majority of accepted freshmen in top 10% of high school graduating class): scores 27–31

ACT (test)


Selective (majority of accepted freshmen in top 25% of high school graduating class): scores 24–26

ACT (test)


Traditional (majority of accepted freshmen in top 50% of high school graduating class): scores 21–23

ACT (test)


Liberal (some freshmen from lower half of high school graduating class): scores 18–20

ACT (test)


Open (all high school graduates accepted, to limit of capacity): scores 17–20  Any score is likely accepted.

ACT (test)


The ACT is offered seven times a year in the United States and its territories, Puerto Rico, and Canada: in September, October, December, February, April, June, and July. (In New York State, the test is not offered in July.) In other locations, the ACT is offered five times a year: in September, October, December, April, and June. The ACT is offered only on Saturdays except for those with credible religious obligations, who may take the test on another day.

ACT (test)


The ACT is designed, administered, and scored so that there is no advantage to testing on one particular date.

ACT (test)


For candidates in the United States, the ACT assessment costs $65.00 and there are two optional add-ons, the science section ($4.00) and the writing section ($25.00).

ACT (test)


For candidates outside of the United States, the test costs considerably more, at $186.50, with science costing $10.00, although writing retains its price of $25.00.

ACT (test)


For the 2025 testing dates, the science section is only optional for the digital test.

ACT (test)


Students with verifiable disabilities, including physical and learning disabilities, are eligible to take the test with accommodations. The standard time increase for students requiring additional time due to disabilities is 50%. Originally, the score sheet was labeled that additional time was granted due to a learning disability; however, this was ultimately dropped because it was deemed illegal under the Americans with Disabilities Act and could be perceived as an unfair designator of disability.

ACT (test)


Scores are sent to the student, their high school, and up to four colleges of the student's choice (optional).

ACT (test)


Test section durations

ACT (test)