Plain of Jars ranging from the Khorat Plateau in Thailand in the south, through Laos and to Dima Hasao of northeastern India.

Megalith


Route of Megalithic Culture – tourist route from Osnabrück to Oldenburg via some 33 Megalithic sites.

Megalith


Stone circles of Junapani

Megalith


Megalithic sites of Charente

Megalith


Catalog of megaliths

Megalith


MegalithicIreland.com

Megalith


Dolmens, Menhirs & Stones-Circles in the South of France

Megalith


Megaliths in Charente-Maritime, France Archived 2010-04-28 at the Wayback Machine

Megalith


Dolmen Path – Russian Megaliths (archived 10 January 2007)

Megalith


The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map

Megalith


Index of Megalithic monuments in Ireland

Megalith


The Modern Antiquarian

Megalith


Pretanic World – Megaliths and Monuments (archived 12 March 2012)

Megalith


Modern Megalith-Building (archived 25 January 1999)

Megalith


Marie Menheer [Zoromsky] (July 28, 1924 – February 4, 2003) was a pitcher who played in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL). Listed at 5' 5". 142 lb., Menheer batted and threw right handed. She was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin.

Marie Menheer


Marie Menheer did not have much of an opportunity to play in her only season in the league. Menheer was assigned to the Racine Belles in the 1945 season and made a pitching appearance for them. She entered the game as a reliever for Agnes Zurowski and hurled six innings of shutout ball. As a hitter, she went 0-for-3. Racine lost to the Kenosha Comets, 12–2, while Zurowski was credited with the loss.

Marie Menheer


Afterwards, Menheer married Brone Zoromsky and they had five sons. Marie was a longtime resident of Haines City, Florida, where she became the owner and operator of Buddy's L.P. Gas Service.

Marie Menheer


She died in 2003 in Tampa, Florida, at the age of 78.

Marie Menheer


In 1988 was inaugurated a permanent display at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum at Cooperstown, New York, that honors those who were part of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Marie Menheer-Zoromsky, along with the rest of the girls and the league staff, is included at the display/exhibit.

Marie Menheer


The FDP Hamburg is the regional state association of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) in Hamburg. It was founded on September 20, 1945, as the first liberal state party in West Germany.

FDP Hamburg


The party's parliamentary group was a member of the Hamburg Parliament from 1946 to 1978, from 1987 to 1993, from 2001 to 2004 and from 2011 to 2020. Since the 2020 state elections in Hamburg, the FDP Hamburg has been represented by one directly elected, non-attached member of parliament only and does not have its own parliamentary group. As of 2019, the party has about 1,544 members.

FDP Hamburg


In 2023, Sonja Jacobsen had been elected as chairwoman of the party.

FDP Hamburg


Since the FDP received a result of only 4.97% in the 2020 state elections and therefore failed to pass the five percent hurdle, the party was not represented by a parliamentary group in the Hamburg Parliament. However, thanks to a constituency mandate, top candidate Anna von Treuenfels was appointed as member of the Hamburg Parliament.

FDP Hamburg


In January 2022, former member of the SPD Sami Musa joined the FDP Hamburg. Therefore, the FDP was represented by two members in the Hamburg Parliament. Anna-Elisabeth von Treuenfels-Frowein left the party in July 2024 for the CDU, therefore only one member represents the FDP in the Hamburg Parliament.

FDP Hamburg


NGC 2071 is a reflection nebula in the constellation Orion.  It was discovered on January 1, 1784, by William Herschel. It is part of a group of nebulae that also includes Messier 78, NGC 2064, and NGC 2067.

NGC 2071


The star HD 290861 is located in the center of NGC 2071. It is the illuminating star of this reflection nebula. The region contains several Herbig-Haro objects, indicating ongoing star-formation.

NGC 2071


Media related to NGC 2071 at Wikimedia Commons

NGC 2071


The Interactive NGC Catalog Online: NGC 2170

NGC 2071


NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database: NGC 2071

NGC 2071


Pseudoproline (also pseudo-proline, ψ-Pro) derivatives are artificially created dipeptides to minimize aggregation during Fmoc solid-phase synthesis of peptides.

Pseudoproline


The chemical synthesis of large peptides is still limited by problems of low solvation during solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) or limited solubility of fully protected peptide fragments: even chemoselective ligation methods are hampered by self-association of unprotected peptide blocks. The elucidation of the relationship between preferred conformation of a growing peptide chain and its physicochemical properties reveals that β-sheet (beta-sheet) formation is often paralleled by significant decrease in solvation and solubility. Besides attempts to increase the solvation of peptides by external factors, few attempts, i.e. N-substituted Hmb amino acid derivatives and pseudoprolines (see figure on the top right) have been reported to modify the intrinsic properties of peptides responsible for aggregation and secondary structure formation. Pseudoprolines consist of serine- (Oxa) or threonine-derived oxazolidines [Oxa(5-Me)] and Cysteine-derived thiazolidines (THz) with Proline-like ring structure (see top right). Mutter and coworkers have defined oxa- and thiaproline derivatives of serine, threonine, and cysteine with Ser(ψPro). Thr(ψPro), and Cys(ψPro), respectively, where the abbreviation ψPro indicates the relationship to proline (with heteroatomic ring substitution in position 4). Pseudoprolines with substitution in position 2 of the proline ring are named Ser/Thr/Cys-(ψR1, R2 Pro). Due to the preference for a cis-amide bond with the preceding residue of C2-substituted pseudoprolines, their incorporation results in a kink conformation of the peptide backbone, thus preventing peptide aggregation, self-association, or β-structure formation.

Pseudoproline


Hence, pseudoprolines fulfill two functions simultaneously: they serve (1) as temporary side-chain protection for Ser, Thr, and Cys and (2) as solubilizing building blocks to increase solvation and coupling rates during peptide synthesis and in subsequent chain assembly. Pseudoprolines are obtained by reacting the free amino acids with aldehydes or ketone. The coupling of amino acid derivatives to a growing peptide chain containing N-terminal pseudoproline generally results in low yields because of the sterically hindered nature of the oxazolidine (thiazolidine) ring system and the decreased nucleophilicity of the nitrogen atom. Consequently, the preformation of suitably protected dipeptide derivatives of the type FMOC-Xaa1-Oxa/THz-OH is preferable for use in peptide synthesis. Two conceptually different approaches are feasible for preparing oxazolidine- and thiazolidine-ring-containing dipeptide derivatives: (1) the in situ acylation of Ser- or Thr-derived oxazolidines or Cys-derived thiazolidines using acid fluorides or N-carboxyanhydrides (NCA); and (2) the direct insertion of the oxazolidine systems into dipeptides (post-insertion) containing C-terminal Ser or Thr. The method of choice strongly depends on the nature of the pseudoproline as welI as on the substituents at C2 of the cyclic system.

Pseudoproline


Pseudoprolines are a powerful tool for improving the quality of synthetic peptides. Pseudoproline dipeptides have greatly increased the success rate for synthesizing both long and difficult peptides. Pseudoproline dipeptides can be introduced in the same manner as other amino acid derivatives. The routine use of pseudoproline (oxazolidine) dipeptides in the FMOC solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) of serine- and threonine-containing peptides leads to remarkable improvements in quality and yield of crude products and helps avoid unnecessary repeat synthesis of failed sequences. Pseudoproline dipeptides have proven particularly effective in the synthesis of intractable peptides, long peptides/small proteins, and cyclic peptides, enabling in many cases the production of peptides that otherwise could not be made. These dipeptides are extremely easy to use: simply substitute a serine or threonine residue together with the preceding amino acid residue in the peptide sequence with the appropriate pseudoproline dipeptide (see the figure on your right). The native sequence is regenerated on cleavage and deprotection.

Pseudoproline


Traditionally, solid-phase synthesis has relied on polystyrene-based resins for the synthesis of all kinds of peptides. However, due to their high hydrophobicity, these resins have certain limitations, particularly in the synthesis of complex peptides, and in such cases, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based resins are often found to give superior results. Another powerful strategy for expediting the assembly of complex peptides is to employ pseudoproline dipeptides. These derivatives disrupt the interactions among chains that are usually the cause of poor coupling yields in aggregated sequences.  A large arsenal of chemical tools is now available for the synthesis of almost all peptides up to 40 amino acid residues. However, several small-size peptides and many large peptides and/or proteins are still unavailable by classical methods.

Pseudoproline


Recently, an efficient stepwise solid-phase synthesis of RANTES (24-91) was published. RANTES is a major HIV-suppressive factor produced by CD8+ T Cells. The serine protease CD26/dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (CD26/DPP IV) induces a NH2-terminal truncation from RANTES (1-91) to RANTES(24-91), which inhibits the infection of monocytes by an M-tropic HIV-1 strain The 68 amino acid of RANTES(24-91) has a high propensity to aggregate. The method combines the advantages of the PEG-based ChemMatrix resin and pseudoproline dipeptides.

Pseudoproline


Direct coupling to pseudoproline monomer.

Pseudoproline


Senko and his colleagues were the first to confirm the effectiveness of pseudoproline derivatives of individual, single residues in polypeptide synthesis. According to literature, the conversion of Ser(ΨPro) was excellent, however the Thr(ΨPro) varied in a wide range. The acylation of Pseudoproline monomer depended also on the chemical nature of the acylating residue. Manne and his colleagues successfully synthesized a human Growth Hormone (hGH)-derived polypeptide that was previously challenging to access, using Ser(ΨPro), while JR10 utilized Thr(ΨPro). Building upon Senko et al.'s work, Szaniszló and co-workers have recently improved the acylating efficiency of Thr(ΨPro) and incorporated it into their continuous flow peptide synthesizer.

Pseudoproline


Peptidomimetics (such as peptoids and β-peptides) are molecules related to peptides, but with different properties.

Pseudoproline


Dr. Hugh Gordon Hylvestra Cummins (2 February 1891 – 26 October 1970) was a Barbadian politician. He served as Premier of Barbados from 17 April 1958 to 8 December 1961 and was a member of the Barbados Labour Party (BLP).

Hugh Gordon Cummins


In 1919, Dr. Cummins graduated from Queen's Faculty of Medicine where he became medical practitioner and later established a medical practice in the Bridgetown. In 1940, he became one of the first Barbados Labour Party members of Parliament. In 1951 he together with Grantley Herbert Adams, Mencea Cox (Sir Mencea) and Frank Walcott (Rt. Excellent Sir Frank) were appointed members of the Executive Committee of the BLP. He also became a Minister in 1954 when Ministerial Government was introduced. Cummins was the Speaker of the House of Assembly of Barbados from 1956 to 1958.

Hugh Gordon Cummins


He became the second Premier of Barbados when Sir Grantley was elected Prime Minister of the West Indies Federation. During his premiership he held the additional portfolio of Minister of Finance.

Hugh Gordon Cummins


His outstanding achievement was the abolition of the Located Labourers Act and he is commemorated by the naming of the ABC Highway and the Gordon Cummins Polyclinic in St. Thomas, the constituency that he represented.

Hugh Gordon Cummins


Politics of Barbados

Hugh Gordon Cummins


List of Premiers/Prime Ministers of Barbados

Hugh Gordon Cummins


Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi (Persian: مهدی حمیدی شیرازی) (5 May 1914 Shiraz, Iran – 14 July 1986, Tehran, Iran) was an Iranian poet and university professor.

Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi


Šokufahā yā naḡmahā-ye jadid, a selection of poems, Shiraz, 1938 (collections of poetry)

Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi


Baʿd az yak sāl, Shiraz, 1940  (collections of poetry)

Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi


ʿEšq-e dar ba dar, 3 vols., Shiraz, 1940-52  (collections of poetry)

Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi


Ašk-e maʿšuq (The tears of the beloved), Shiraz, 1942  (collections of poetry)

Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi


Sālhā-ye siāh (on the colonial policy of Great Britain, the communist takeover of Azerbaijan, and the tribal uprising in Fārs after World War II), Tehran, 1946 (suppressed) (collections of poetry)

Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi


Šāʿer dar āsmān, Shiraz, 1942

Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi


Fonun o anvāʿ-e šeʿr-e fārsi, Tehran, 1973a

Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi


Dah farmān, collection of poems, Tehran, 1965

Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi


Fereštagān-e zamin (Angels of the earth), prose, 1942

Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi


Sabok-sarihā-ye ghalam (The frivolities of the pen), prose, Tehran, ca. 1943

Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi


Ṭelesm-e šekasta, 1945

Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi


Šāhkārhā-ye Ferdowsi, Tehran, 1947

Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi


Daryā-ye gowhar, an anthology of contemporary prose, poetry and translations, 3 vols., Tehran, 1950-59 (vol. 3 reviewed by Iraj Afšār, in Yaḡmā 9/2, 1954, pp. 94–95)

Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi


Behešt-e soḵan, a select anthology of classical Persian poetry with critical commentaries, 2 vols., Tehran, 1958–59

Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi


ʿAruż-e Ḥamidi, on Persian prosody, Tehran, 1963

Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi


ʿAṭṭār dar maṯnavihā-ye gozida-ye u wa gozida-ye maṯnawihā-ye u, Tehran, 1968

Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi


“Taṣvir-e šeʿr-e ghadim dar masir-e šeʿr-e jadid”, Armaḡān 40, 1971, pp. 361–64, 442-45, 514-16, 589-91, 680-83

Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi


“Baḥṯ-i dar bāra-ye Saʿdi,” in Manṣur Rastgār Fasāʾi, ed., Saʿdi, Shiraz, 1973b, pp. 70–127; “ʿElm-e bayān,” Ḵerad wa kušeš, no. 1, 1978, pp. 95–114;

Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi


Fonun-e šeʿr va kālbodhā-ye pulādin-e ān, a collection of poems, Tehran, 1984

Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi


Šeʿr dar ʿaṣr-e Qājār, Tehran, 1985; Divān, Tehran, 1988. His major translation is of W. Somerset Maugham’s The Moon and Sixpence, as Māh wa šeš peni, Tehran, 1950.

Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi


Vladaya Saddle (Vladayska Sedlovina \vla-'day-ska se-dlo-vi-'na\) is a saddle of elevation 1000 m in the Friesland Ridge of Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.  Bounded by St. Cyril Peak to the northeast, and by St. Methodius Peak to the southwest.  Overlooking Ruen Icefall to the northwest, and Prespa Glacier to the southeast.  The feature is named after the settlement of Vladaya in western Bulgaria.

Vladaya Saddle


The saddle's midpoint is 62°42′44″S 60°13′53″W (Bulgarian topographic survey in 1995/96 and mapping in 2005 and 2009).

Vladaya Saddle


L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.

Vladaya Saddle


L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Archived 2008-04-24 at the Wayback Machine Scale 1:120000 topographic map.  Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.  ISBN 978-954-92032-6-4

Vladaya Saddle


Vladaya Saddle. SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica

Vladaya Saddle


Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English)

Vladaya Saddle


Vladaya Saddle. Copernix satellite image

Vladaya Saddle


This article includes information from the Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria which is used with permission.

Vladaya Saddle


The Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) is a small-medium species of crocodile endemic to Cuba. Typical length is 2.1–2.3 m (6 ft 11 in – 7 ft 7 in) and typical weight 70–80 kg (150–180 lb). Large males can reach as much as 3.5 m (11 ft) in length and weigh more than 215 kg (474 lb).

Cuban crocodile


The Cuban crocodile is of interest to biologists for its unique physical and behavioral traits. Long- and strong-legged, it is the most terrestrial of extant crocodiles. Its preferred habitat comprises freshwater and brackish water environments, such as mangrove swamps, coastal lagoons, estuaries, marshes, floodplains, and river deltas. There, the adults feed on fish, turtles and small mammals, while the young eat invertebrates and smaller fish. Mating occurs between May and July. Captive animals have displayed cooperative hunting behavior, and can be taught tricks, suggesting intelligence.

Cuban crocodile


The Cuban crocodile is listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Once spread across the Caribbean, its range has dwindled to only the Zapata Swamp, due to hunting by humans. Captive breeding projects are in place to help the species recover. The species' fossil record reveals it had at one point a greater range, with fossil remains being found in the Bahamas, Hispaniola and the Cayman Islands.

Cuban crocodile


The genus Crocodylus likely originated in Africa and radiated outwards towards Southeast Asia and the Americas, although an Australasian origin has also been considered. Phylogenetic evidence supports Crocodylus diverging from its closest recent relative (the extinct Voay of Madagascar) around 25 million years ago, near the Oligocene/Miocene boundary.

Cuban crocodile


Below is a cladogram utilizing data from a 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates, simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data, as revised by the 2021 Hekkala et al. paleogenomics study using DNA extracted from the extinct Voay. Hall's New Guinea crocodile placement suggested in 2023 study by Sales-Oliveira et al.

Cuban crocodile


The Cuban crocodile has numerous characteristics that set it apart from other crocodilians, such as its brighter adult colors, rougher, more 'pebbled' scales, and long, strong legs. The species is the most heavily armored extant member of its genus.

Cuban crocodile


This is a small to mid-sized crocodilian. Typical adults were found to have measured 2.1–2.73 m (6 ft 11 in – 8 ft 11 in) in length and weighed 70–120 kg (150–260 lb). Large males can reach as much as 3.5 m (11 ft) in length and weigh 215 kg (474 lb) or more. Three individuals measuring 1.87–2.46 m (6 ft 2 in – 8 ft 1 in) and weighing 30–65 kg (66–143 lb) had a bite force of 1,392–3,127 N (313–703 lbf).

Cuban crocodile


Distribution and habitat

Cuban crocodile


Today, the Cuban crocodile can only be found in Cuba's Zapata Swamp, where it is highly endangered. It formerly ranged elsewhere in the Caribbean; fossils of this species have been found in the Cayman Islands, The Bahamas and Hispaniola (the Dominican Republic).

Cuban crocodile


The Cuban crocodile appears to favor freshwater habitat such as swamps, marshes, and rivers and rarely swims in saltwater.

Cuban crocodile


Behavior and ecology

Cuban crocodile


The Cuban crocodile has been observed to display peculiar behavior not observed in other crocodilians, and is also considered to be the most morphologically and behaviorally distinct of any of the Crocodylus species. A colony of this species has exhibited what is strongly suspected to be pack-hunting behavior, which may explain the predation of prehistoric megafauna that coexisted with this species, such as giant Caribbean sloths and giant West Indian tortoises.

Cuban crocodile


It is also the most terrestrial crocodile, with reduced webbing between digits on the hind feet and no webbing on the front feet. It exhibits highly intelligent behavior unusual for crocodilians.

Cuban crocodile


Small fish, arthropods, and crustaceans make up the diet of young Cuban crocodiles. Adults of the species feed mostly upon small mammals, fish, and turtles. They have blunt rear teeth, which aid in crushing the shells of their turtle prey. Cuban crocodiles also demonstrate the jumping feeding technique seen in other crocodilians, such as the American alligator. By thrusting with their powerful tails, they can leap from the water and snatch small animals from overhanging branches. They can also run anywhere between 15 and 22 mph (24 and 35 km/h), using a gait similar to a gallop, which allows for more quick and aggressive movements. The Cuban crocodile, while not a particularly large species, is often regarded as the most aggressive New World crocodile. It is behaviorally dominant over the larger American crocodile in areas where the two species coexist. Data regarding attacks on humans are limited, but occurrences are likely rare given the species' very small distribution area and separation from human populations. Despite its reported aggression, there is only a single known fatal human attack by this species: an elderly man who was attacked and killed in 1995 while spearfishing in the Zapata Swamp.

Cuban crocodile


The mating season of the Cuban crocodile is between the months of May and July. This is thought to be related to environmental changes, such as rainfall and temperature. In the wild, crocodiles will nest in wet marshes; where they will create trenches and cover the eggs with organic material. In captivity, crocodiles will create mounds. During the nesting period, the Cuban crocodiles will lay between 30 and 40 eggs and the estimated incubation period is 58–70 days. Hatching can occur from late August to early September. Due to the predation of humans, raccoons, and other animals, many eggs will not hatch. At birth, hatchlings are approximately 2–3 inches (51–76 mm) in length, and weigh 0.25 pounds (0.11 kg). As with other crocodilians the sex of the Cuban crocodile's offspring is determined by the temperature in the nest. In conservation, the eggs are kept in incubators that provide a constant environment of 32 degrees Celsius in order to produce males. Cuban crocodiles are an aggressive species and are known to have performed acts of cannibalism. This is a contributing cause for the majority of offspring not surviving to the juvenile stage. In 2012, two Cuban crocodile hatchlings were born in conservation at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C. This was the first time in 25 years that the Cuban crocodile had been successfully bred at this zoo. The species is known to hybridize with American crocodiles, which may represent a risk for conservation of the species.

Cuban crocodile


The Cuban crocodile is a critically endangered species, listed on CITES appendix 1. Its restricted habitat and range make it very vulnerable. Humans have hunted this species to near extinction. Much research remains to be done on the remaining wild populations. The species is represented in captivity in Europe, the United States, and in at least one zoo in India, where breeding projects are taking place.

Cuban crocodile


Hybridization with the American crocodile also represents a significant threat to the Cuban crocodile. The loss of the unique genetic and behavioral characteristics of this species is increasingly significant.  Genetic analysis has found that a high percentage of wild Cuban crocodiles (49.1%) and captive Cuban crocodiles (16.1%) are hybrids with the more abundant American crocodile.

Cuban crocodile


Two famous Cuban crocodiles reside in the Skansen Aquarium in Sweden. The crocodiles, named Castro and Hillary, were previously owned by the Cuban leader Fidel Castro, before they were given to the cosmonaut Vladimir Shatalov in 1978. When Shatalov could no longer take care of the crocodiles, they were given to the Moscow Zoo, which in turn gifted them to the Skansen aquarium in 1981. The crocodile couple has produced numerous young since 1984. One of the crocodiles was involved in an attack on a human in 2019 who held his arm over the enclosure during a crayfish party. The man survived but his arm was critically injured and had to be amputated.

Cuban crocodile


The largest Cuban crocodile breeding farm in the world is  Zapata Swamp Crocodile Breeding Farm. It was suggested that 145 four-month-old crocodiles bred at the farm were killed by feral cats in 2022, following an investigation by two biologists who manage the farm.

Cuban crocodile


Crocodilian Online on the Cuban Crocodile [1]

Cuban crocodile


Cuban Crocodile Fact Sheet

Cuban crocodile


Yuri Alexeyevich Trutnev (Russian: Юрий Алексеевич Трутнев; 2 November 1927 – 6 August 2021) was a Russian physicist and a professor of engineering at the National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute).

Yuri Trutnev (scientist)


His career in physics spent in the former Soviet program of development of nuclear weapons and was one the designers in the RDS-37 (the Soviet Union's first two-stage thermonuclear device), and the RDS-220 (the largest-ever-yield nuclear device) and many other nuclear charges.

Yuri Trutnev (scientist)


He graduated from the Physics department of the Leningrad State University. In 1951, he was sent to Arzamas-16, also known as KB-11 (English: Design Bureau-11), now the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics (VNIIEF), in the closed city of Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. He was one of the main authors of the final report concerning the configuration and feasibility calculations of the RDS-37, which was detonated successfully a few months later in November 1955. For this work, he was awarded the Order of Lenin, the first of several national awards. He then worked on 'Project 49', with Yuri Babayev, which involved technical improvements in the implosion of the two-stage charges, which were tested successfully in 1958 and put into production. Andrei Sakharov selected the design team to develop the RDS-220 which included himself, Trutnev, Viktor Adamsky, Yuri Babayev and Yuri Smirnov (Adamsky and Vyacheslav Feodoritov were the project leads). The second and third stages of the RDS-220 were designed principally by Trutnev and Babayev. In 1964, he was appointed head of his department and deputy head of the sector. He was elected a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) the same year. The following year he became head of the sector and in 1966 deputy supervisor. In 1978, he became first deputy supervisor and head of the theoretical department. He became an Academician of the RAS in 1991. From 1993 to 1999, he was first deputy supervisor of VNIIEF.

Yuri Trutnev (scientist)


Trutnev began development of nuclear devices for industrial civilian purposes such as reservoir creation and gas field intensification, and devices which released very low amounts of ionising radiation. Yevgeny Avrorin described Trutnev producing the first "clean" nuclear charge, "a purely thermonuclear reaction" from a solid compound.

Yuri Trutnev (scientist)


Employees at Arzamas-16, including Trutnev, were upset that on a visit by Edward Teller and Siegfried S. Hecker (then director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory) to Russia after the break-up of the USSR, each was photographed in front of a model of the RDS-220 alongside scientists in Snezhinsk. Trutnev insisted that a new photograph be taken of Hecker at VNIIEF in front of a similar model, as it was he and his colleagues at VNIIEF in Sarov who designed the device.

Yuri Trutnev (scientist)


Trutnev was the editor-in-chief of the Atomic Science and Technology journal and deputy editor-in-chief of the International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology. He was one of the RAS members who were critical of proposed administrative changes to the RAS by the Russian state in 2013, changes which included the transfer of academic institutions and property (RAS election candidates must now be government-approved and the winner approved by the president).

Yuri Trutnev (scientist)


1956, 1962: Order of Lenin.

Yuri Trutnev (scientist)


1962: Hero of Socialist Labour.

Yuri Trutnev (scientist)


1972: Order of the October Revolution.

Yuri Trutnev (scientist)


1975, 1987: Order of the Red Banner of Labour.

Yuri Trutnev (scientist)


1984: State Prize of the USSR.

Yuri Trutnev (scientist)


1998, 2003, 2012, 2017: Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" (3rd class, 2nd class, 4th class, 1st class).

Yuri Trutnev (scientist)


2002: Kurchatov Medal.

Yuri Trutnev (scientist)


Forward Club Agartala is an Indian professional football club based in Agartala, in the Tripura State in northeast India. The club competes in the Chandra Memorial League. It is the current champion of the 2022 Chandra Memorial League.

Forward Club Agartala


List of football clubs in India

Forward Club Agartala


Bigil is the soundtrack album, composed by A. R. Rahman, to the 2019 Indian Tamil-language sports action film of the same name, directed by Atlee, starring Vijay. The soundtrack album consists of 5 songs, with 2 bonus tracks, all of them were penned by lyricist Vivek. The soundtrack album was released digitally on 27 September 2019, through the Sony Music India record label.

Bigil (soundtrack)


The soundtrack and background score was composed by A. R. Rahman, marking his second collaboration with Atlee after Mersal, and also his fifth collaboration with Vijay. The album features five songs with lyrics written by Vivek. The music rights of the film were acquired by Sony Music India. Actor Vijay, sung one song titled "Verithanam" which was confirmed by a poster release on 8 July 2019. This is the first time Vijay, has sung for a film composed by Rahman.

Bigil (soundtrack)


I have composed for sports genre films in Hollywood, but this would be the first time in South India. Atlee is a fan of my films like Lagaan and Pele. He’s heard these soundtracks and he is musically very passionate. I enjoy working with such director who gets involved in music composing.

Bigil (soundtrack)


A song from the film "Singappenney" was unofficially leaked through the internet on mid-July 2019; and following this, the song was officially released on 23 July 2019, as the film's first single. The music video features Rahman and Shashaa Tirupati, rendering the song while lyricist Vivek and Atlee also made an appearance. Singapenney, considered to be a woman anthem, Vivek, who wrote the lyrics, stated that "This is a woman anthem, dedicated to mother, sister, wife and all women in the world" while also noting that "the song will change the stereotype of a woman, which considers that the stronger themes were denoted for men and the softer themes were denoted for women".

Bigil (soundtrack)


The second single track "Verithanam" was released on 1 September 2019, it is a peppy introduction dance number sung by Vijay. The lyrical video crossed 1 million likes within few days of its release, thus becoming the first South Indian lyric video to achieve this record. The third single "Unakkaga" was released on 18 September 2019, sung by Sreekanth Hariharan and Madhura Dhara Talluri, it is a melodious number. The other songs were "Maathare" sung by Chinmayi, Madhura Dhara Talluri, Sireesha, Akshara and Vithusayni, and "Bigil Bigil Bigiluma" an instrumental track.

Bigil (soundtrack)


The film's music was released at the audio launch event held on 27 September 2019 at Sai Leo Muthu Indoor Stadium, Sri Sai Ram Engineering College, Chennai, with the presence of the film's cast and crew and all the other celebrities. Nayanthara did not attend the audio launch, the event was hosted by Mirchi Siva and Ramya Subramanian. Rahman and his musical team gave a stage performance at the audio launch. The audio launch was telecasted through Sun TV on 29 September 2019. The songs were released at all digital platforms, the very same day, of the launch.

Bigil (soundtrack)


A month after the film's release, an album with two additional songs was released. While these two songs are also written by Vivek, the song "Kaalame" was sung by Bamba Bakya, while the song "Idharkuthaan" was sung by Dhee with additional vocals from Sunitha Sarathy and Arjun Chandy.

Bigil (soundtrack)


The music received positive reviews from critics, with "Singappenney", "Verithanam" and "Bigil Bigil Bigiluma" being well received by audiences. Behindwoods gave the album a rating of 3.25 out of 5, saying, "A. R. Rahman's perfect mix of class and mass music amplifies Bigil's verithanam [grandeur]!". International Business Times gave the album a rating of 3 out of 5, saying, "A. R. Rahman delivered a hit music album for Vijay in the form of Bigil". Moviecrow rated the album 3 out of 5, stating "A.R.Rahman's third successive collaboration with Vijay and fifth over the years is an amusing mix. Between an elastic spectrum of staying true to the likes of ARR and satisfying the monstrous hungry of the fans of a huge stardom, the album is more of a mixbag balancing both. Sometimes ARR overtakes and sometimes he gets ruthlessly overtaken."

Bigil (soundtrack)


The song "Singappenney" reached #1 position on Radio Mirchi Top 20. On year-end chart, the song reached #1 position in Big FM "Best of 2019" chart; and also achieved #10 on The Times of India's "Top 15 Tamil Songs 2019", charts, as "Verithanam", other song from the film, achieved #5 as well. "Singappenney" was also listed in "5 best songs to cheer womenhood on International Women's Day" by News18.

Bigil (soundtrack)


The album was listed in Top 2019 Tamil albums of Sify and The New Indian Express. A review from A Humming Heart, ranked the album in 8th position in their Top 15 Tamil Albums. On a January–September 2019 survey report from the music platform JioSaavn, stated "Verithanam" and "Rowdy Baby" became the most streamed songs in this intermediate period. In September 2020, the song "Verithanam" crossed 100 million views on YouTube.

Bigil (soundtrack)


Bigil (soundtrack) at the IMDb

Bigil (soundtrack)


A woo woo (also called teeny weeny woo woo) is an alcoholic beverage made of vodka, peach schnapps, and cranberry juice. It is typically served as a cocktail in a highball glass or can be served as a shot. It can also be served in a rocks glass. The ingredients are shaken together with ice or stirred. A lime wedge is used as a garnish.

Woo woo


The drink became popular in the 1980s along with other cocktails containing peach schnapps such as the Fuzzy Navel and Silk Panties. Writing on the then-recent rise of peach schnapps in Esquire for March 1988, food and drink writer William Grimes commented:

Woo woo


In the "flavor-driven" cordial and liqueur market, peach has taken the lead. But where, exactly, are we being led? Into the land of very strange drinks. Lane Barnett, vice-president of James B. Beam Distilling, which bought National Distillers last May, asserts with a straight face that something called a Woo Woo (peach schnapps, vodka, and cranberry juice) is very big on the East Coast. He doesn't quite have the courage to come out with the drink's full name: Teeny Weeny Woo Woo. Do not order this in a strange bar.

Woo woo


The woo woo is a relative of the Cape Codder (vodka and cranberry juice) and both share highball relatives in the Sea Breeze, the Bay Breeze, the Madras, and Sex on the Beach. The baby woo woo is a shooter variation containing equal parts vodka, peach schnapps, and cranberry juice.

Woo woo


Sex on the Beach, essentially a woo woo but in different ratios and adding orange juice

Woo woo


Woo Woo Recipe - Retrieved 10 October 2009.

Woo woo


Making multiple shots (Archived from the original, archive date 2/26/2017)

Woo woo


The National Labor Federation (NATLFED) is a network of community associations, called "entities", that claim to organize workers who are excluded from collective bargaining protections by U.S. labor law. NATLFED was founded by Gino Perente in 1972.

National Labor Federation


NATLFED entities keep a very low profile, operating with little public attention. Journalists who have discussed NATLFED entities have praised their social work, raised concerns about their lack of transparency, and condemned the organization's exploitative treatment of volunteers.

National Labor Federation


NATLFED's entities deny any political affiliation, but many former participants and outside observers say NATLFED is a front for the Provisional Communist Party, a communist party also founded by Gino Perente. Perente's party is officially named the Communist Party, United States of America (Provisional Wing) [CPUSA(PW)] and is also known as the Communist Party, United States of America (Provisional) [CPUSA(P)], Provisional Party, Provisional Party of Communists, Order of Lenin, or simply the Formation. The CPUSA(PW) allegedly includes much of NATLFED's leadership.

National Labor Federation


The CPUSA(PW) is clandestine and has no party publications, conventions, or leadership elections. CPUSA(PW) members do not openly acknowledge its existence. Virtually all CPUSA(PW) members are full-time volunteers in NATLFED entities. Outside estimates cap membership at between 100 and 300 core members. CPUSA(PW) has virtually no identifiable offices or centers of operations.

National Labor Federation


During Perente's lifetime he exercised full control over the party, communicating directly with members through long orations held at his office in Brooklyn, New York, through audiotapes of those speeches sent to members running the various NATLFED entities, and through rare printed manuals, such as Perente's 1973 mimeographed The Essential Organizer.

National Labor Federation


NATLFED literature asserts the principle that "every man, woman and child is entitled to adequate and appropriate food, clothing, shelter and medical care as basic human rights."

National Labor Federation


Carlotta Woolcock, an organizer for Northwest Seasonal Workers Association (NSWA), described its goal as providing "a voice for the poor and working people that is independent from the government", because what "most people vote for is the lesser of two evils offered them".

National Labor Federation


Critics claim that NATLFED's focus on the poor is just cover for more sinister activity. Jeff Whitnack told The Boston Globe, "They are like political Moonies. They use poor people as flypaper to attract members."

National Labor Federation


NATLFED consists of several dozen mutual benefit associations and organizers who canvass working-class neighborhoods and coordinate assistance programs operated by members and volunteers of the associations. According to the groups' literature, these benefit programs provide members with basic emergency food, clothing, medical and dental care, legal advice, child care, and job referrals.

National Labor Federation


Since Perente's death in 1995 and the raid on its headquarters in 1996, there has been little information about how NATLFED is run, though Margaret Ribar is reported to have assumed leadership.

National Labor Federation


It is difficult to get information about NATLFED and its entities because the organization is institutionally secretive. An internal memo quoted in the East Bay Express in 1984 gave the following instructions on withholding information from outsiders:

National Labor Federation


We regard outside inquiry from a position of distrust. [...] Never ask to know more than you need to know if you agree with the goals and strategy of the group. It's unfair to burden a comrade with unneeded information, and also unprofessional. The standard answer to any question you have not been instructed to answer is "It's not my department."

National Labor Federation


Some entity operations managers have been directed not to give interviews to reporters; others have insisted that reporters volunteer with the organization to get a story on it; and volunteers have given reporters a runaround.

National Labor Federation


NATLFED entitites support "strata organizing", which focuses on "unrecognized workers" who are unable to organize due to the "dubious benefits of the National Labor Relations Act." Instead of conventional union organizing, NATLFED argues that "local community-based associations" must unite unrecognized workers with "current and former union workers, retired workers, local business leaders, professionals and others who share a common concern for the long-term future of our communities".

National Labor Federation


NATLFED entities are not themselves labor unions. The various entities identify themselves with the labor movement for the purpose of attracting volunteers and supporters, but when describing their organization make clear that they do not advocate the formation of trade unions per se, calling themselves "labor organizations of a new type".

National Labor Federation


NATLFED entities are managed by full-time volunteers, called cadre, many of whom have dedicated their lives to the movement.

National Labor Federation


NATLFED aggressively recruits new cadre from the ranks of volunteers who participate. NATLFED entities send speakers to churches, residential neighborhoods, shopping centers, university campuses, music festivals, and other venues to introduce themselves and solicit volunteers and resources. At these events, organizers read a brief introduction to the organization to new volunteers and try to schedule visits to their office and participation in volunteer-run activities.

National Labor Federation


NATLFED also has an elaborate system for persuading volunteers to further the organization's goals by assuming roles of authority themselves, and the social pressure they apply convinces some volunteers to de-emphasize goals of their own. Regular volunteers are periodically interviewed and asked to increase their commitment to the organization.

National Labor Federation


Former members claim that deception and psychological manipulation mix with the sensation some new recruits experience of an intellectual awakening as stories of past labor struggles explain the underside of U.S. history, and classes in dialectical materialism provide a coherent, if stilted, worldview. NATLFED converts' commitment is solidified by the emotional impact of working to exhaustion surrounded by others who constantly reinforce the group's message and beliefs.

National Labor Federation


For recruitment purposes, NATLFED entities keep extensive records of their contacts on index cards. Drawers of these cards contain detailed information about any sort of contact the group has with volunteers, members, donors, and other supporters. Whitnack has claimed that this elaborate paperwork is unnecessary, inefficient, and intended to exhaust the volunteers, in order to keep them in a suggestible state.

National Labor Federation


College campus recruitment

National Labor Federation


NATLFED recruits many of its members and volunteers from college campuses, through voluntary service programs, and by appeal to the larger community through speaking engagements and direct contact. For example, Western Service Workers Association (WSWA) member Mark Levine spoke to the 2004 American Sociological Association Conference about poverty and social stratification.

National Labor Federation


The Eastern Service Workers Association (ESWA) operates on numerous college and university campuses in the Northeast, quietly recruiting student volunteers through the service-learning offices available to all students. The ESWA is thriving in Boston, Massachusetts, and Rochester, New York, with assistance from several local churches and businesses that may not be aware of its practices or connection to NATLFED.

National Labor Federation


Mutual benefit associations

National Labor Federation


Recruiters from the cadre start new entities armed with lists of contacts. The recruiters approach community and business leaders with their mission statement and ask for help with founding the entity. An organizing committee is created that includes community leaders willing to at least lend their names to the new effort, and the recruiters solicit donated office space until they can purchase an office.

National Labor Federation


The entities establish a program that provides services to members free of charge and soon start door-to-door campaigns to recruit volunteers and recruit low-income workers. Available resources and the scope of the program vary, but usually include food, clothing, and holiday events for children. Some entities provide more involved services for members, such as medical, legal, and dental services for volunteers and low-income members. Critics of the organizations contend that the 11-point benefit program promises far more than the entities can deliver. Supporters use criticisms of the paucity of resources to motivate volunteers to take action to expand these resources.

National Labor Federation


Critics and supporters of the organizations agree that the cadre consumes some of the food, clothing and other goods collected for the poor. Critics and some former members have claimed that the entities are highly inefficient—that the cadre consumes much of the cash, food and clothing they purport to collect for the poor.

National Labor Federation


Volunteers for the entities canvass poor residential areas to recruit low-income members, knocking on doors and delivering a pitch that includes a brief explanation of organization, promises benefits, and asks for participation. Poor members are asked to contribute $0.62 per month as membership dues, an amount said to be the average hourly pay for workers at I. M. Young in 1972. New members also sign an authorization form giving the association vague authority to bargain on the member's behalf. The groups also solicit resources (funds, food, clothing, medical services and legal aid) from professionals, business owners, and volunteers willing to contribute to the cause.

National Labor Federation


Governance and financial structure

National Labor Federation


NATLFED entities describe themselves as independent, locally chartered membership associations that accept only private donations that come "with no strings attached", and thus claim to be answerable only to their organizing committee and to their membership. For example, the Coalition of Concerned Legal Professionals (CCLP) writes:

National Labor Federation


CCLP is not subject to the whims of constantly changing Congressional and Presidential administrations. Because CCLP does not receive federal funds, it can organize without being subject to arbitrary restrictions on representation, audits of client files, unpredictable fluctuations in income, and general harassment from LSC and OIG bureaucrats, all of which are the plight of an LSC-funded attorney in the 21st century. Unfortunately, the over 30-year history of the LSC shows that these conditions are likely to continue for the foreseeable future. CCLP does not focus merely on individual representation or the issue-oriented litigation which others rely on to gain backing.

National Labor Federation


Party membership and structure

National Labor Federation


NATLFED is substantially larger than the Communist Party, United States of America (Provisional Wing) [CPUSA(PW)]. Membership in the Party is by invitation, and invitation comes to volunteers in NATLFED entities as a revelation of the existence of the party, an explanation of the party's goals and strategy, and a brief "history" of the party, called the "genesis". This "genesis" is reportedly a narrative that includes claims that the party was part of a secret International including the Communist Party of Cuba, the Sandinistas, and revolutionaries in Chile and El Salvador, and that members of the Weather Underground were among its founders.

National Labor Federation


The Party's secrecy makes appraisal of its internal structure and functioning difficult. Testimony from former members and contacts has led various observers to characterize the CPUSA (PW) as a "political cult". For example, party members are said to live communally and spend all their time working for NATLFED entities. The leadership reportedly maintains extensive files on members and limits contact with family members, while those who attempt to leave the group are said to be subjected to intense pressure and harassment. After Perente's death in 1995, leadership of the CPUSA (PW) was assumed by Margaret Ribar, who is reported to have relaxed some of those restrictions.

National Labor Federation


The party has a Central Committee and is divided into cells, called "fractions", including a select "Military Fraction" that made news in 1996 after a raid on the party's New York headquarters resulted in the discovery of a weapons stockpile.

National Labor Federation


NATLFED and its entities are often labeled a cult, are listed on cult watch websites, and have been described as a cult by various journalists. For example, in 2003, NATLFED was described as "one of the country's most extreme and controlling political cults," according to "watchdog groups and government agencies".

National Labor Federation


In a 1984 Public Eye article, the former NATLFED member Jeff Whitnack argues that the group's narrow and paranoid ideology, long working hours that sever volunteers' connections to the outside world, and deliberate schedule of mind-numbing work are all features of a cult. Later, Public Eye argued that it "no longer feels it is accurate to call Newman’s political network a cult", though "we still have strong criticisms of the group’s organizing style".

National Labor Federation


In her 2016 memoir, former NATLFED member Sonja Larsen described NATLFED as cultlike:

National Labor Federation


The sense of urgency. The time table. The secret language. The mythical elements. The sexual control. The lack of sleep. The control, internal and external, over thought and movement. The denial of self. There was a checklist, and I made a mark by nearly every line.

National Labor Federation


NATLFED supporters and organizers contest the label as loaded and misleading. For example, Western Massachusetts Labor Action (WMLA) newspaper editor Carol Rogers said, "we're definitely not a cult".

National Labor Federation


NATLFED emerged from Gino Perente's organization the Eastern Farm Workers Association (EFWA).

National Labor Federation


Perente was by all accounts a charismatic person. He inspired volunteers with revolutionary positions and established discipline among the organizing drive's volunteers. Later accounts identified him as Gerald William Doeden, a former disc jockey from California with a less than pure reputation.

National Labor Federation


In 1971 or 1972, Perente worked in the New York office of the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee and, according to Dolores Huerta, "created a lot of problems for the union, attacking us in the press. Then he went off and formed his own group."

National Labor Federation


In 1972, Perente founded the EFWA in Suffolk County, New York. He and his followers headed to migrant labor camps in rural Long Island, New York, from an office in Bellport, New York, to organize agricultural workers. The EFWA received press attention in its early days for attempting to organize farm workers at the I.M. Young company, a potato grower. Perente organized 800 farm workers with 30 full-time EFWA staff and 70 volunteers in December 1972, when the EFWA led a strike of potato workers. This was the first union of agricultural workers on the East Coast, but the Department of Labor determined that EFWA was not a labor organization as defined by federal law.

National Labor Federation


The 1972 strike against I.M. Young remains a central part of the volunteer training process. There is little further information about the EFWA's early years.

National Labor Federation


In the mid-1970s, Perente removed himself from public view, but encouraged his followers to expand the scope of the initial organizing drives in Sacramento and Long Island. He established an office in Brooklyn to direct the growing network he called the National Labor Federation (NATLFED), and refined an elaborate system to train and ensure the loyalty of volunteers by founding the Provisional Communist Party, a secret society of his associates. Perente gave lectures offering idiosyncratic interpretations of the writings of Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, and Joseph Stalin to audiences at the NATLFED office.

National Labor Federation


Perente's movement used its core of volunteers to expand, sending recruiters to other cities and towns, starting about 20 mutual benefit associations and perhaps as many related support organizations by the late 1970s. The new organizing drives were built closely on the model of the EFWA, using its 1973 organizational handbook, The Essential Organizer.

National Labor Federation


In 1973, the California Homemakers Association (CHA) pressured Sacramento County and won wage increases for attendant care workers. Subsequently, the county agreed to bargain with CHA over the terms of individual contracts with its home care workers. CHA organizer David Shapiro hailed the agreement as "the first time that household workers have achieved the right to bargain".

National Labor Federation


In 1973, the NATLFED manuscript The Essential Organizer described the techniques of "systemic organizing", which purport to allow unrecognized workers to obtain needed benefits and learn how to build their own organizations. In 1978, the NATLFED manuscript Sociology and the Unrecognized Worker argued that most workers are not employed in large-scale factory operations and that new union organizing methods are therefore needed.

National Labor Federation


In the 1970s, Perente and NATLFED briefly worked with alleged cult leader Lyndon LaRouche's National Caucus of Labor Committees (NCLC). During at least 1976 and 1977, Perente and NATLFED worked and considered merging with alleged cult leader Fred Newman's International Workers Party (IWP), but did not.

National Labor Federation


In 1999, the Western Service Workers Association (WSWA) entity participated in demonstrations against physician-assisted suicide.

National Labor Federation


In 2004, members of the Western Farm Workers Association (WFWS) working in state-run migrant camps recovered illegal rent increases from the California Office of Migrant Services. The workers brought suit in 1996 and 1997 under the legal guidance and practical organizing participation of the Coalition of Concerned Legal Professionals (CCLP). WFWS member José Rodríguez said, "without organization, we could never have gotten money back". In 2006, the California State Legislature allocated $610,000 to settle Vega v. Mallory, which alleged that migrant camp workers were overcharged for rent.

National Labor Federation


In 2006, the Jackson County Fuel Committee (JCFC) or Jackson County Workers Benefit Council (JCWBC) petitioned the Ashland City Council to halt utility cutoffs. This entity distributes 30-40 cords of firewood each year to people in Jackson County, Oregon.

National Labor Federation


In 2009 the party was reported to have been involved, again through some of its front groups, in a civic struggle around the proposed rebuilding of a hospital in a low-income area of San Francisco.

National Labor Federation


Public scrutiny and controversy

National Labor Federation


In the early 1980s, several journalists wrote highly critical articles about several groups in the federation. One such article, in Christian Century magazine, described changes in the leadership of the Commission on Voluntary Service and Action (CVSA). Originally a church-affiliated nonprofit organization, the CVSA had since 1946 annually printed a catalog of volunteer opportunities called Invest Yourself: a Catalog of Volunteer Opportunities. A number of full-time NATLFED organizers had taken leadership positions on CVSA's board. In the early 1980s, when CVSA was struggling financially, NATLFED took responsibility and control of its operations, leaving some of the church leadership bitter. As many as 50 NATLFED entities were listed among about 200 service organizations in the catalog during the 1980s and 1990s. The number has since slowly declined; fewer than ten NATLFED entities were listed in the 2004 edition.

National Labor Federation


The political investigative magazine The Public Eye published two articles about NATLFED. The first, by Harvey Kahn in 1977, alleged an obscure but friendly relationship between NATLFED and Lyndon LaRouche's National Caucus of Labor Committees. Tourish and Wohlforth report a similarly tenuous but longer-lived alliance between NATLFED and Fred Newman's new International Workers Party in the mid-1970s. Perente became head of the IWP-organized Nationwide Unemployment League, and soon dissolved it.

National Labor Federation


The Public Eye published a longer exposé by former volunteer Jeff Whitnack in 1984 in which Whitnack identified Perente as Doeden and interviewed some of Doeden's friends in California. Whitnack concluded that the whole operation was a scam punctuated with drama and hints of violence.

National Labor Federation


In 2016, Random House Canada published former cadre Sonja Larsen's memoir Red Star Tattoo – My Life as a Girl Revolutionary. The book details her time growing up in field offices and moving to the organization's Brooklyn headquarters as a teenager in the 1980s. Larsen writes about her relationship with Perente/Doeden and the emotional, physical and sexual abuse of women she witnessed while living at the safe house around the time of the organization's revolutionary "countdown".

National Labor Federation


On February 17, 1984, the Federal Bureau of Investigation raided a law office and the National Office Central (NOC) headquarters at 1107 Carroll Street in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, on tips that it "had planned a series of violent acts". Kit Decious, Kathleen Paolo, and Daniel P. Foster, three lawyers among the organization's cadre, were convicted of felony larceny and possession of forged documents relating to the 1984 departure of Mia Prior, a member of ten years; they were disbarred in New York following their convictions in the 1980s. Paolo's conviction was overturned on appeal.

National Labor Federation


On November 11, 1996, the New York City Police Department raided the NOC again on an anonymous complaint that children were being abused in the office. The police seized 49 antique firearms and $42,000 in cash, and arrested 35 people. Newspapers around the country ran columns about the group. Two of the organizers, Susan Angus and Diane Garrett, were initially convicted of misdemeanor possession of weapons, but the appeals court overturned the convictions because the search was conducted without a warrant. No evidence of child abuse was ever produced, and press coverage died down rapidly.

National Labor Federation


Shortly after the 1996 raid, an anonymous website appeared created by "an informal network of people" who were "frightened for the current members who are our children, siblings, former friends, and coworkers." The site condemned NATLFED and archived many news articles and other stories about it. The site disappeared from its original host in 2004 and is mirrored on the Wayback machine at http://users.rcn.com/xnatlfed/.

National Labor Federation


NATLFED operates about 30 offices called "entities" around the U.S., concentrated in California and the Northeast. The Eastern Farm Workers Association (now in Bellport, New York and Syracuse, New York) and California Homemakers Association (in Sacramento, California) were founded in the early 1970s, and were followed by the Eastern Service Workers Association, Western Service Workers Association, the Commemoration Committee for the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California, Western Massachusetts Labor Action in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, Western Farm Workers Association in Stockton, California, Yuba City, California, and Hillsboro, Oregon, Friends of Seasonal and Service Workers in Portland, Oregon, and Northwest Seasonal Workers Association in Medford, Oregon.

National Labor Federation


Since Perente's death, several new entities have opened, including Midwest Workers Association in Chicago, Illinois, Alaska Workers Association in Anchorage, Alaska, and Mid-Ohio Workers Association in Columbus, Ohio.

National Labor Federation


Most NATLFED entities produce regular newspapers to inform supporters and volunteers and generate advertising revenue. The Women's Press Collective (WPC), for example, prints the magazine Collective Endeavor about media reform and topics concerning women, and the Coalition of Concerned Legal Professionals (CCLP) and Coalition of Concerned Medical Professionals (CCMP) each publish the quarterly newsletters The Gavel and The Verdict.

National Labor Federation


The organizations listed below appear to be current NATLFED entities.

National Labor Federation


Alaska Workers Association (AWA) in Anchorage, Alaska

National Labor Federation


Bay Area Alternative Press (BAAP) in Berkeley, California

National Labor Federation


Berkshire County Fuel Committee (BCFC) in Pittsfield, Massachusetts

National Labor Federation


California Committee of Friends and Relatives of Prisoners (CCFRP) in California

National Labor Federation


California Homemakers Association (CHA) in Sacramento and Santa Rosa, California

National Labor Federation


Coalition of Concerned Legal Professionals  (Sacramento, California, New York City, New York, Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania)  (publishes Verdict and The Gavel)

National Labor Federation


Coalition of Concerned Medical Professionals  (Central Valley/Redding, Oakland, Sacramento, Stockton, California; Bellport, Riverhead, Brooklyn, New York)

National Labor Federation


Commemoration Committee for the Black Panther Party (Oakland, California) (Publishes The Commemorator)

National Labor Federation


Commission on Voluntary Service and Action (CVSA) in New York City, which publishes Invest Yourself: The  Catalog of Volunteer Opportunities

National Labor Federation


Committee for South African Solidarity (CSAS) in San Francisco and Sacramento, which publishes The South Africans Beacon

National Labor Federation


Eastern Farm Workers Association (EFWA)(Bellport, Lyons, Riverhead, Sodus, Syracuse, New York)

National Labor Federation


Eastern Service Workers Association (ESWA) in Boston; Roxbury, Massachusetts; Atlantic City, New Jersey; New Brunswick, New Jersey; South Amboy, New Jersey; Pleasantville, New Jersey; Somerset, New Jersey; Trenton, New Jersey; Philadelphia; and Rochester, New York

National Labor Federation


Friends of Seasonal and Service Workers (FSSW) in Portland, Oregon

National Labor Federation


Jackson County Fuel Committee (JCFC) and Jackson County Workers Benefit Council (JCWBC) in Ashland, Oregon

National Labor Federation


Mid-Ohio Workers Association (MOWA) in Columbus, Ohio

National Labor Federation


Midwest Workers Association (MWA) in Chicago, Illinois

National Labor Federation


National Equal Justice Association (NEJA) in San Diego; San Francisco; New York City; and Riverhead, New York

National Labor Federation


Northwest Seasonal Workers Association (NWSWA) in Medford, Oregon

National Labor Federation


Physicians Organizing Committee (POC) in San Francisco, California

National Labor Federation


Western Farm Workers Association (WFWA) in Stockton, California, Yuba City, California, and Hillsboro, Oregon.

National Labor Federation


Western Massachusetts Labor Action (WMLA) in Pittsfield, Massachusetts

National Labor Federation


Western Service Workers Association (WSWA) in Anaheim, California; Oakland, California; Redding, California; Los Angeles; Sacramento; San Diego; Santa Ana, California; Santa Cruz, California; and Watsonville, California;

National Labor Federation


Women's Press Collective (WPC) in South Brooklyn, New York, which publishes Collective Endeavor and should not be confused with the Women's Press Collective of Oakland, California

National Labor Federation


Workers Community Service Center (WCSC) in Sacramento, California

National Labor Federation


The following names have been listed as NATLFED-run organizations in the past. Some are alternate names for active organizations and offices, others are likely defunct.

National Labor Federation


Alianza Campesina (Modesto, CA)

National Labor Federation


Ashland Community Service Center (Ashland, OR)

National Labor Federation


Association of Financial Aid Students(Dayton, Shaker Heights, OH)

National Labor Federation


Boston Committee for Community Arts (Boston, MA)

National Labor Federation


Carroll Street Properties  (New York; owner of NATLFED's Brooklyn Headquarters)

National Labor Federation


Citizens for Migrant Workers (Northport, King's Park, NY)

National Labor Federation


Citizens Relief Committee (Philadelphia, PA)

National Labor Federation


Committee for Community Health and Safety (Trenton, NJ)

National Labor Federation


Committee of Friends and Relatives of Prisoners  (Bellport, Riverhead, NY)

National Labor Federation


Earth Shock Committee (Oakland, Watsonville, CA)

National Labor Federation


Finger Lakes Equal Justice Association (Rochester, NY)

National Labor Federation


National Foundation for Alternative Resources (NY)

National Labor Federation


Gregorio Duarte Memorial Oakland Community Service and Health Center (Oakland, CA)

National Labor Federation


Junior Eason Riverhead Community Service and Health Center (Riverhead, NY)

National Labor Federation


Long Island Alternative Press(King's Park/Smithtown, NY)

National Labor Federation


Long Island Equal Justice Association (Riverhead, NY)

National Labor Federation


New Jersey Labor Defense Committee (Trenton, NJ)

National Labor Federation


Philadelphia Committee on the Community Arts (Philadelphia, PA)

National Labor Federation


Philadelphia Community Service Center (Philadelphia, PA)

National Labor Federation


Shasta County Community Service Center (Central Valley/Redding, CA)

National Labor Federation


Shasta County Food Committee (Central Valley/Redding, CA)

National Labor Federation


South/Central Los Angeles Benefits Office (Los Angeles, CA)

National Labor Federation


Suffolk Committee for Community Arts (Bellport, NY)

National Labor Federation


Temporary Workers Organizing Committee (New Brunswick, NJ)

National Labor Federation


Texas Farm Workers Union (Pharr, Hildago, TX)

National Labor Federation


Vivian Cooper Community Service Center/Trenton Community Service Center (Trenton, NJ)

National Labor Federation


Workers Benefit Council (Alameda County, CA; Rochester, NY)

National Labor Federation


Writers and Scholars Institute (Princeton, NJ)

National Labor Federation


NATLFED does not produce a public list of its entities, but the individual organizations have usually been open about their participation in the network.

National Labor Federation


In a 1978 manuscript, NATFLED listed several of its "organizing drives". Almost all the NATLFED entities were listed in the publication Invest Yourself between 1984 and the mid-1990s, using nearly identical descriptions:

National Labor Federation


The descriptions of them—there are 38 in all—read very similarly: they are said to be "mutual benefits associations," providing the necessities of life to "the lowest paid strata" of unorganized workers, while applying a strategy of "systemic organizing&" to produce "permanent change" in their conditions. They all say as well that volunteers need no experience; they will be trained by professional organizers.

National Labor Federation


The NATLFED network's various organizations have nearly identical rhetoric and training procedures, though they are spread out in many cities. Many of their donors and supporters speak up in defense of the services they provide for their communities. Former NATLFED cadre Robin Spellman-Fahlberg, who was an operations manager with Upstate NY EFWA for a decade, said in 2004 that in addition to helping in the most disenfranchised communities:

National Labor Federation


There is also a hidden, for want of a better description, evil, side of NATLFED. When I was there, and from what I've heard continues to be the case, there were manipulative people in powerful positions. Full-timers were subjected to an increasingly severe mental abuse and subjugation. ... They felt the only way to help poor people was through Natlfed, that there was no possible success for them after leaving, and/or they were subject to physical threats if they did.

National Labor Federation


Other entity members share a more positive experience, such as Western Service Workers Association (WSWA) entity member Shari Beck:

National Labor Federation


Shari Beck, a retired school teacher, has been volunteering at WSWA for the past three years. "Everybody who helps out can make things better," Beck said. "I feel like I'm doing something for the community." Beck, who volunteers alongside her husband, believes that by volunteering at WSWA, she has become more aware of things going on in her community. "We wanted to spend time in the community," Beck said.

National Labor Federation


On the Edge: Political Cults Right and Left

National Labor Federation


Anti-NATLFED websites:

National Labor Federation


Archive of 1996 anti-NATLFED site: The Truth about NATLFED

National Labor Federation


Archive of 2006 anti-NATLFED site (in blog format): Political Cults

National Labor Federation


FBI file 100-486-889 on NATLFED/EFWA/ESWA/Provisional Communist Party

National Labor Federation


Website of Eastern Service Workers Association (ESWA) in Boston

National Labor Federation


Website of California Homemakers Association (CHA) in Santa Rosa

National Labor Federation


Joaquín Godoy Ibáñez (born 25 January 1977) is a Chilean commercial engineer and politician. He served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies for 13th District (Valparaíso, Juan Fernández, and Easter Island) from 2006 to 2018 and was First Vice President of the Chamber (April 2013–March 2014).

Joaquín Godoy Ibáñez


Initially a member of the National Renewal (Renovación Nacional, RN) party, he later co-founded and led the Amplitude (Amplitud) movement before becoming an independent in 2017. Godoy is known for his participation in parliamentary commissions on economics, culture, and natural resources.

Joaquín Godoy Ibáñez


Born in Santiago to Carmen Ibáñez and Domingo Godoy Matte, both former deputies, Godoy completed his early education at Craighouse School. He earned a degree in commercial engineering from Finis Terrae University. Before entering national politics, he served as campaign manager for his mother and held leadership roles within RN youth organization. In 2004, he ran unsuccessfully for mayor of Valparaíso.

Joaquín Godoy Ibáñez


Joaquín Godoy Ibáñez was born on 25 January 1977 in Valparaíso, into a politically active family. Early in his career, he managed the parliamentary campaign of his mother in 2002 election, and later headed the youth wing of RN (2003–2004), garnering 70% of the vote in his election as president.

Joaquín Godoy Ibáñez


He married Paula Valech Kraushaar in January 2010, and they have a daughter. Professionally, Godoy worked in political organizing and public outreach, including development of a free pre-university program in Valparaíso and workshops for small business owners in local markets. In 2004, he stood for mayor of Valparaíso under the Alianza coalition but was not elected.

Joaquín Godoy Ibáñez


Godoy was first elected deputy in 2005 for District 13, succeeding his mother. He secured re-election in 2009 and 2013, serving until 2018. In the Chamber, he served on key commissions such as Defense, Economy, Internal Government, Fisheries, SMEs, Culture and the Arts, Finances (which he presided over in 2011–2012), Environment, and Water Resources. He also participated in special committees on culture and firefighters.

Joaquín Godoy Ibáñez


In January 2014, Godoy resigned from RN alongside Karla Rubilar and Pedro Browne, citing a lack of ideological space within the party, and co-founded the centrist-liberal movement Amplitude (Amplitud). He was elected its provisional president in 2015.

Joaquín Godoy Ibáñez


He left Amplitude on 6 July 2017 and completed his third term as an independent. Streams of his legislative work include support for the Megapuerto project in Valparaíso and a successful defamation lawsuit against television personality Vasco Moulian in 2012.

Joaquín Godoy Ibáñez


The Kelley House is a historic building located in Dubuque, Iowa, United States.  John and Mary Kelley bought this property from James Fanning in 1855.  Kelley built this two-story structure, which is a rare example of Mississippi Valley French Colonial architecture in Iowa.  While Kelley was not of French ancestry, the Dubuque area was initially settled by French Canadians.  However, this house, completed by 1858, was completed well after the French influence in the area.  It is also an example of the French style from the Southern United States and the Caribbean.  Typical of this style is the full-length galerie, or porch, with an exterior staircase, and the main living quarters located above a full-height ground floor level. Both of these elements are found in the Kelley house.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It was demolished sometime prior to 2001.

Kelley House (Dubuque, Iowa)


Cobalt is essential to the metabolism of all animals. It is a key constituent of cobalamin, also known as vitamin B12, the primary biological reservoir of cobalt as an ultratrace element. Bacteria in the stomachs of ruminant animals convert cobalt salts into vitamin B12, a compound which can only be produced by bacteria or archaea. A minimal presence of cobalt in soils therefore markedly improves the health of grazing animals, and an uptake of 0.20 mg/kg a day is recommended because they have no other source of vitamin B12.

Cobalt in biology


Proteins based on cobalamin use corrin to hold the cobalt. Coenzyme B12 features a reactive C-Co bond that participates in the reactions. In humans, B12 has two types of alkyl ligand: methyl and adenosyl. MeB12 promotes methyl (−CH3) group transfers. The adenosyl version of B12 catalyzes rearrangements in which a hydrogen atom is directly transferred between two adjacent atoms with concomitant exchange of the second substituent, X, which may be a carbon atom with substituents, an oxygen atom of an alcohol, or an amine. Methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase (MUT) converts MMl-CoA to Su-CoA, an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats.

Cobalt in biology


Although far less common than other metalloproteins (e.g. those of zinc and iron), other cobaltoproteins are known besides B12. These proteins include methionine aminopeptidase 2, an enzyme that occurs in humans and other mammals that does not use the corrin ring of B12, but binds cobalt directly. Another non-corrin cobalt enzyme is nitrile hydratase, an enzyme in bacteria that metabolizes nitriles.

Cobalt in biology


In humans, consumption of cobalt-containing vitamin B12 meets all needs for cobalt. For cattle and sheep, which meet vitamin B12 needs via synthesis by resident bacteria in the rumen, there is a function for inorganic cobalt. In the early 20th century, during the development of farming on the North Island Volcanic Plateau of New Zealand, cattle suffered from what was termed "bush sickness". It was discovered that the volcanic soils lacked the cobalt salts essential for the cattle food chain. The "coast disease" of sheep in the Ninety Mile Desert of the Southeast of South Australia in the 1930s was found to originate in nutritional deficiencies of trace elements cobalt and copper. The cobalt deficiency was overcome by the development of "cobalt bullets", dense pellets of cobalt oxide mixed with clay given orally for lodging in the animal's rumen.

Cobalt in biology


Blind Faith is the sixth studio album by Irish singer-songwriter Gemma Hayes. The album was released on 27 September 2024.

Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)


The album was recorded in Dublin and West Cork, Ireland.

Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)


Background and development

Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)


Work commenced on the album with songwriting and demos taking place in West Cork, due to COVID-19 restrictions in Ireland, the production of the album was delayed, however when the opportunity arose the album continued to be produced between West Cork and Dublin in Ireland. The album is produced by long-term producer David Odlum, Karl Odlum and Brian Casey.

Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)


During the process of making the album musicians Sam Killeen and Adam Marcello were drafted in to assist with making the album. Longterm friends Ann Scott, Lisa Hannigan and Paul Noonan also assisted with vocals and songwriting.

Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)


The album was independently released through Gemma Hayes Music and Townsend Music on CD, limited edition cassette, standard edition vinyl, and two limited edition vinyls (marble sky blue and pink marble).

Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)


The album contains lyrics about longing, loss, empowerment, freedom and repression.

Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)


On 22 July 2024, the artwork for the album was revealed. The artwork was produced by German artist Dirk Wüstenhagen.

Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)


The album received widespread praise, with critics calling it one of Hayes' finest works. Montreal Rocks highlighted its "reflective and introspective" nature, blending soothing melodies with emotional depth. The Irish Times described it as a meditative, self-therapeutic album, rating it 4 out of 5 stars. Mojo hailed it as a career-defining record, also giving it 4 stars. The Irish Independent echoed these positive sentiments with a favourable review.

Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)


Gemma Hayes – vocals, guitar, piano, arrangement, producer, programming, bassline programming, vocal arrangement, voice arrangement, cello

Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)


David Odlum – producer, engineer, guitar, synth, beats, bass and vocals

Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)


Karl Odlum – producer

Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)


Ann Scott – vocals, backing vocals

Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)


Paul Noonan – vocals, backing vocals

Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)


Lisa Hannigan – songwriting, backing vocals

Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)


Simon Long – photography

Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)


Sam Killeen – guitars

Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)


Adam Marcello – drums

Blind Faith (Gemma Hayes album)


Kisdorf (Low German: Kisdörp) is a municipality in the district of Segeberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated approximately 30 km north of Hamburg, and 15 km north of Norderstedt. Kisdorf is part of the Amt ("collective municipality") Kisdorf. The seat of the Amt is in Kattendorf.

Kisdorf


Ernst Barkmann, World War II panzer ace.

Kisdorf


Kisdorf


Hellblazer Presents: Chas – The Knowledge is a comic book limited series, written by Simon Oliver, with artwork by Goran Sudžuka, and cover art by Glenn Fabry. It is a spin-off from the Vertigo series Hellblazer, featuring John Constantine's oldest and closest friend, Francis 'Chas' Chandler.


The first issue was printed in July 2008. The series ran for five issues, and was later collected in trade paperback format.


Cab driver Francis "Chas" Chandler leads an unremarkable existence. His greatest moments have come tagging along with John Constantine—as a chauffeur. His home life is nothing special, and his beloved London is becoming a soulless metropolis. In middle age, Chas is stuck in a rut.


But Chas is a master of The Knowledge, the elaborate system of routes and landmarks which every London cabbie must memorize. Until now, The Knowledge has been just a tool for Chas. But now, he is about to discover a more sinister significance of The Knowledge.


An ominous entity from London's grim history has reemerged, and only someone with The Knowledge can stop it.


A demon is loose in London, but John Constantine is on a beach in Ibiza with a mai tai and a Brazilian model. That leaves Chas alone to solve a bloody mystery – but when one of his old friends goes missing and a new friend emerges to turn his life upside down, saving the city is the last thing on Chas's overburdened mind.


Chas continues to have emotional problems just when London needs him the most. John is off in a tropical paradise causing trouble, a new women tempts Chandler and old promises go neglected.


The demon possessing Chas's would-be protégé, Nicky, has unlocked the secrets of "The Knowledge", and now it is looking to rip the soul right out of London. A football match between two of the city's most heated rivals creates a moment of decision in the life of Chas.


The demon Tuma'el stands poised to take control of London's very soul. Chas has managed to array a small group of friends and allies, which does not include John, to fight back against the demonic force.


The first issue sold an estimated 10,463 issues putting it at 182 in the Diamond Comic Distributors sales table.


The series has been collected into a trade paperback:


Hellblazer: Chas (128 pages, Vertigo, April 2009, ISBN 1-4012-2127-0)


Hellblazer Presents: Chas - The Knowledge at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)


Chas: The Knowledge #1 at DC


Woodbourne Reformed Church Complex is a historic Dutch Reformed church complex on NY 42 in Woodbourne, Sullivan County, New York.  The complex consists of a church, chapel, and cemetery.  The church was built in 1837 and enlarged in 1848.  It is of heavy timber frame construction with clapboard siding.  It started as a small frame meeting house, with a later 18 foot addition. The addition included the Greek Revival, temple form facade featuring Doric order columns and two stage bell tower with tall spire.  The current tower dates to 1893.  Also on the property is a chapel, built in 1849 as a public school and purchased by the church in 1891, and a cemetery.

Woodbourne Reformed Church Complex


It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.

Woodbourne Reformed Church Complex


The inaugural 2020 Individual World Wrestling Cup was held in Belgrade, Serbia from 12–18 December 2020. It was a replacement event for the 2020 World Championships, which should have taken place in the same location, but since some criteria were not fulfilled, such as not less than 8 top nations from the previous championships to participate, the event is not counted as world championships. The Cup took place amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused this and other problems. The United States for instance chose not to participate.

2020 Individual Wrestling World Cup


Participating nations

2020 Individual Wrestling World Cup


455 wrestlers from 48 countries:

2020 Individual Wrestling World Cup


Primorsko (Bulgarian: Приморско, lit. 'seaside'; [priˈmɔrsko]) is a town and seaside resort in southeastern Bulgaria, the capital of the municipality of the same name, and part of Burgas Province. A well-known resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, it is located 52 km south of Burgas and has a beach strip of about 1 km2. The average temperature is 29 °C in July, often reaching 30-33 °C and making Primorsko a favourable place for tourism. Seawater temperature in July and August is 27-28 °C. Primorsko enjoys more than 2,300 sunshine hours a year, mostly in summertime. The rivers Ropotamo and Dyavolska reka run close to the town. The Ropotamo nature reserve and Snake Island reserve are also nearby.

Primorsko


Remains of stone anchors from the second half of the 2nd millennium and the 1st millennium BC have been discovered in the waters around Primorsko, which can possibly be linked to Neolithic navigation. Remains of lead anchors from the 4th-5th century BC have also been found, as well as traces of Copper Age pottery and stone tools. Valchanovo kale, the ruins of a nearby medieval fortress, which inhabited from the Early Iron Age to the Late Middle Ages, are often linked with the fortress of Ranouli mentioned in the Hambarli inscription of Krum of Bulgaria. Medieval amphoras and pottery have been found in the mouth of the Ropotamo, and the ancient waystation and fortress of Gera is thought to have been located on Maslen nos.

Primorsko


Ottoman documents of the 16th century mention a locality called Zonarita in the area. The eastern traveler Evliya Çelebi marks a cove by the name of Küprü liman at the place. During the Ottoman rule of Bulgaria, there existed a pier used to transport Strandzha wood and charcoal to Constantinople and other major cities.

Primorsko


The modern Primorsko was founded in 1879 as Kyupria by four families from Zabernovo and Balgari (who had left their villages after the Berlin treaty left them in Turkey), who cleared the forest and built houses. In the vicinity were two abandoned Circassian villages; the Circassians had fled to Turkey fearing retribution for their atrocities in Bulgaria. Other Bulgarians from Central Strandzha came and briefly populated these villages but then decided that Kyupriya's pier is a better source of income and soon moved there, despite the danger of malaria which Dyavolsko blato (Devil's Swamp) constituted.

Primorsko


The town was renamed Primorsko in 1934. Primorsko was declared a national sea resort in 1953. In 1981, it was merged with Kiten and became a town. In a 1998 local referendum, it split from Tsarevo Municipality and became a seat of Primorsko Municipality. One of the smaller towns in Bulgaria by population, Primorsko has seen a remarkable increase in residents in recent years, topping the list of Bulgarian towns by population growth between December 2004 and June 2005 with 13.5%.

Primorsko


The city has its own airport; its runway being too short for airliners, it has no scheduled service, serving only recreational and private aircraft.

Primorsko


Primorsko has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa) bordering on a mediterranean climate with light continental influences.

Primorsko


Rajčevski, Stojan (2001). "Primorsko". Krajbrežna Strandža: Toponimi i hidronimi. Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo "Sv. Kliment Ohridski". pp. 47–51. ISBN 954-07-1541-5.

Primorsko


Official website of Primorsko municipality

Primorsko


Information about Primorsko, including aerial photos

Primorsko


Pictures from Primorsko

Primorsko


Primorsko - Information about beaches and nearby attractions

Primorsko


Apolinary Horawski (also spelled Gorawski; Belarusian: Апалінарый Гіляравіч Гараўскі; Russian: Аполлинарий Гиляриевич Горавский; 23 January 1833 – 28 March 1900) was a Belarusian-born Polish painter active mainly in St. Petersburg.

Apolinary Horawski


Apalinar (Apollinary) was born into an impoverished family of the Belarusian landed gentry. His parents were Guilyar Frantsevich and Maryanna Yakauleuna Garausky. The family used the coat of arms "Korab" (since the 17th century) and traced its bloodline to the Belarusian nobleman Grakala-Garausky (in the 19th century the first part of the surname Grakala fell into disuse). The artist's father Guilyar Garausky inherited the land (about 200 ha) from his father and grandfather. In the family, there were three daughters and the sons Ipalit (1828 ― after 1864), Apalinar (Apollinary) (1833―1900), Karl (1838 ― after 1869), Hektar (1843―1893), Guilyar (1847 ― after 1875). Karl and Hektar were professional servicemen, Ipalit, Apalinar and Guilyar ― artists.

Apolinary Horawski


Apollinary, at ten, was sent to serve in the Brest-Litovsk Cadet Corps. Cadets studied general subjects of the classical school curriculum, such as languages, natural and social sciences. They were taught military disciplines, marching drill, riding, shooting, fencing, gymnastics, swimming, and also music and dance, drawing and painting. Apollinary had no inclination for military affairs, but liked drawing and painting.

Apolinary Horawski


The architect Nicholas Benois, who was visiting Goravsky's uncle (Chief of the Cadet Corps), took notice of Apollinary's works and later helped him enroll at the Imperial Academy of Arts, where he studied with Maxim Vorobiev and Fyodor Bruni. He graduated in 1854 with a gold medal. From 1855 to 1860 he travelled and painted throughout Europe, visiting Geneva, Paris and Rome and stopping in Düsseldorf to study with Andreas Achenbach. During this trip, he met Pavel Tretyakov and began a collaboration that would later be very beneficial to his career. On his return to Saint Petersburg, he was elected an Imperial Academician.

Apolinary Horawski


In 1869, the Academy gave him a stipend of 300 rubles annually to "complete his education" and produce paintings of folk-life in Belarus and Ukraine, a commission which he pursued diligently, despite the cold weather and rheumatism in his right leg. For twenty years (1865—1885), he occasionally taught drawing at the "Society for the Encouragement of the Arts", although he spent most of his time in Belarus at his estate near Kirilovich.

Apolinary Horawski


Apollinary Goravsky died suddenly on March 28, 1900, at the Mariinsky Hospital in St. Petersburg at the age of 67. The death was reported in Novoye Vremya (New Times) and Istorichesky Vestnik (Historical Herald) magazines. The artist was buried at Vyborg cemetery.

Apolinary Horawski


His widow, Alexandra, remained without maintenance with daughters, Marya and Yulia, and started selling the artist's works in the 1900s. The greater part of his works are exhibited in the Belarusian National Arts Museum. In 2009, Belarus issued a stamp featuring his painting "Evening in Minsk".

Apolinary Horawski


Works in the Belarusian National Arts Museum

Apolinary Horawski


Апалінар Гараўскі = Аполлинарий Горавский = Apalinar Garausky. Минск : Беларусь, 2014. ― ISBN 978-985-01-1111-1.

Apolinary Horawski


Гiсторыя беларускага мастацтва (History of Belarusian Art) 6 vols. Мінск : 1989.

Apolinary Horawski


L. M. Drobau, Беларускiя мастакi XIX стагоддзя (Belarusian Artists of the Nineteenth Century), Minsk, 1971

Apolinary Horawski


Media related to Apollinary Goravsky at Wikimedia Commons

Apolinary Horawski


Winifred Anne Tutin (née Pennington) FRS (8 October 1915 – 1 May 2007) was a British limnologist and biologist.

Winifred Pennington


Pennington was born in Barrow-in-Furness on 8 October 1915, the daughter of Albert Roger Pennington, Post Office supervisor, and his wife, Margaret. In 1938, she graduated from the University of Reading in botany. As an undergraduate she undertook published research on algae and the ecology of mosses. Supervised by Tom Harris, she was awarded her PhD in 1941 by the University of Reading for her thesis titled 'An investigation of some problems of freshwater algae, with special reference to the process of sedimentation'. In the same year she, along with colleagues at the FBA, published the landmark paper 'The Study of Lake Deposits' in the academic journal Nature.

Winifred Pennington


Whilst attending Easter courses at the Freshwater Biological Association (FBA) near Lake Windemere Pennington met Limnologist Clifford H. Mortimer and plant ecologist William Pearsall, both of whom were to have major influences on her subsequent research. She later became a field assistant at the FBA and here she was able to pursue her joint interests in Phycology and the natural history and sediments of freshwater lakes.

Winifred Pennington


After a period working at the FBA in Windermere and at the then Botany School in Cambridge Pennington went on to become one of a new generation of respected women researchers. Moving to Leicester in 1945, she worked as a demonstrator and temporary lecturer at Leicester University from 1947, part-time lecturer in 1948, special lecturer in 1961, honorary reader in 1971, and honorary professor in 1980, a title she held until her death.

Winifred Pennington


On 25 February 1942 she married Thomas Gaskell Tutin, a botanist at the University of Leicester who was also destined to be elected FRS. They had a son and three daughters. Her final years were spent in the village of Kingsclere where she remained actively involved in research, co-authoring important papers until 2003.

Winifred Pennington


Pennington died in Basingstoke, Hampshire on 1 May 2007.

Winifred Pennington


W. H. Pearsall (1971). Mountains and Moorlands: With Revisions by Winifred Pennington "Mrs : T.G. Tutin". Collins. Retrieved 4 June 2013.

Winifred Pennington


W. H. Pearsall and Winifred Pennington (1973). The Lake District: A Landscape History. Collins. ISBN 978-0-0021-3133-9. Retrieved 31 August 2020.

Winifred Pennington


Winifred Pennington (1 July 1975). The History of British Vegetation. Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0-8448-0658-7. Retrieved 4 June 2013.

Winifred Pennington


In 1974 Pennington was elected as a foreign member of the Royal Danish Academy.

Winifred Pennington


In 1979, she was elected Fellow of the Royal Society. Her citation read:

Winifred Pennington


"Dr. Tutin is distinguished for her contributions on the history of lake ecosystems and vegetation in northern Britain. Her early researches were on the sedimentation and ecological history of Windermere since the end of the last glaciation. She demonstrated a late-glacial oscillation in northern Britain for the first time and she was able to demonstrate the associated sedimentary and vegetational events. She later extended these studies to examine in detail the vegetational history of the Lake District. This work is remarkable for its palynological detail and field sampling programme, and for the clear correlations which emerged between vegetational history, climatic history and man's occupation of the area.

Winifred Pennington


From this work Dr. Tutin developed pioneering palaeolimnological studies of Lake District lakes, and demonstrated how chemical studies of lake sediments revealed much about the vegetation and soil history of catchments. She later extended this field of study to lakes in northern Scotland. This work has proved very stimulating and productive and is now of fundamental importance. More recently Dr. Tutin has been concerned with applying absolute pollen frequency methods, palaeomagnetic dating methods and tracer element studies to palaeolimnological problems. She has again been a pioneer in the development of these methods and has obtained results significant especially for the recent history of lakes and their catchments."

Winifred Pennington


"Blood for Poppies" is a song by American alternative rock band Garbage's fifth studio album Not Your Kind of People (2012). It was released as the album's lead single on March 26, 2012 by Stunvolume. On April 20, a limited edition 7-inch single was released for Record Store Day in the United States. Garbage selected the song as the first single as it "encapsulates" the band.

Blood for Poppies


The nucleus of "Blood for Poppies" came from sessions Shirley Manson held to write her abandoned solo album project. The track began as a dub-style jam. The song kept being refined to its component groove and bassline as Manson refined her own vocal approach to the track. It was her idea to incorporate "strobing vocals" and "weird, glitchy vocal production elements" on the song. Duke Erikson added clean, vibrato melodic lead guitar parts to the verses. Steve Marker wrote the "monster riff" and added it late in the song's development. Synth effects were created by running keyboards through wah wahs and mixing the results with similarly recorded electric guitar parts, while the recurring distorted guitar lick was recorded through an amp mod into his laptop.

Blood for Poppies


Drum tracks were largely created by layering live drum takes over a drum machine; "Blood for Poppies" opens with heavily distorted fill followed up with a funky drum groove, the verse then featuring open hi-hat notes leading into each backbeat. During the chorus, the pattern changes to a sixteenth-note hi-hat pattern. Inspired by a suggestion by Manson, the band worked the beat of the middle eight section around a sample of the sound of a helicopter's blades. Manson wanted the vocal in that section to sound like it was a garbled radio transmission, so the band treated her vocal with various plug-ins. Bass guitar parts were recorded by Justin Meldal-Johnsen.

Blood for Poppies


"Blood for Poppies" was one of the first songs finished during the Not Your Kind of People sessions. "The song is meant to feel sort of like an abstract dream," Garbage singer Shirley Manson recalled. "The inspiration came from a story I had read in Los Angeles Times about the opium trade and also from watching the documentary Restrepo. It's not literal in any sense whatsoever but it's a song about disorientation and delusion and the human struggle to stay sane in the face of insanity." Manson later explained: "Actually it's from a few stories... I use that as a backdrop for a story about maintaining sanity in an out-of-control place." The band added that the song was also a metaphor for being in a band: "...feeling isolated and lonely. There's the line 'I miss my dog, I miss my freedom,' and that's [Manson's] dog she's singing about".

Blood for Poppies


From March 15, 2012, "Blood for Poppies" was given away free as a digital download by Garbage via their own band website. In a statement issued to mark the free release, the band wrote: "We've always had the most amazingly loyal fans, and we wanted to show them just how much they mean to us by setting it free to them first". "Blood for Poppies" had leaked online earlier in the week.

Blood for Poppies


"Blood for Poppies" was sent for "adds" at alternative radio in the United States on March 20, where it was playlisted by nine stations. A week later, the song was playlisted by a further nineteen stations, including eight on the Triple-A format. Four alternative stations in Canada also added the song. The same day, "Blood for Poppies" was released as a downloadable single across North America, and was made available as a free track to download straight-away when pre-ordering the downloadable version of Not Your Kind of People. After a week at alternative, "Blood for Poppies" debuted on the Billboard Rock Songs chart at No. 45. On April 20, a limited edition 7-inch single marking Record Store Day 2012 was released to participating independent record stores. The white-vinyl single press run for "Blood for Poppies" totalled 2,500 units, of which 1,900 copies were distributed throughout the United States, and was backed with an exclusive Butch Vig remix of the song.

Blood for Poppies