---
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- dense
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:19244
- loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
base_model: intfloat/multilingual-e5-large
widget:
- source_sentence: 'query: @user Alright we would both see eye to eye that contraception
is ethically better, correct? I would think the most hard‑line #catholics would
agree with that even though they don''t support it. So sentientce is your line?
There is proof sentientce at roughly 18 to 25 weeks.'
sentences:
- 'passage: title: Aggressive or Moderate Fluid Resuscitation in Acute Pancreatitis
abstract: Early aggressive hydration is widely recommended for the management
of acute pancreatitis, but evidence for this practice is limited.'
- 'passage: title: Imperfect Vaccination Can Enhance the Transmission of Highly
Virulent Pathogens abstract: Could some vaccines drive the evolution of more virulent
pathogens? Conventional wisdom is that natural selection will remove highly lethal
pathogens if host death greatly reduces transmission. Vaccines that keep hosts
alive but still allow transmission could thus allow very virulent strains to circulate
in a population. Here we show experimentally that immunization of chickens against
Marek''s disease virus enhances the fitness of more virulent strains, making it
possible for hyperpathogenic strains to transmit. Immunity elicited by direct
vaccination or by maternal vaccination prolongs host survival but does not prevent
infection, viral replication or transmission, thus extending the infectious periods
of strains otherwise too lethal to persist. Our data show that anti-disease vaccines
that do not prevent transmission can create conditions that promote the emergence
of pathogen strains that cause more severe disease in unvaccinated hosts.'
- 'passage: title: When is the Capacity for Sentience Acquired During Human Fetal
Development? abstract: The question of when the human fetus develops the capacity
for sentience is central to many contentious issues. The answer could and should
influence attitudes toward IVF and embryo experimentation, abortion, and fetal
and neonatal surgery. For the fetus to be described as sentient, the somatosensory
pathways from the periphery to the primary somatosensory region of the cerebral
cortex must be established and functional. Fetal behaviour is described and the
development of the underlying anatomical substrate and the chemical and electrical
pathways involved in the detection, transmission, and perception of somatosensory
stimuli are reviewed.It is concluded that the basic neuronal substrate required
to transmit somatosensory information develops by mid-gestation (18 to 25 weeks),
however, the functional capacity of the neural circuitry is limited by the immaturity
of the system. Thus, 18 to 25 weeks is considered the earliest stage at which
the lower boundary of sentience could be placed. At this stage of development,
however, there is little evidence for the central processing of somatosensory
information. Before 30 weeks gestational age, EEG activity is extremely limited
and somatosensory evoked potentials are immature, lacking components which correlate
with information processing within the cerebral cortex. Thus, 30 weeks is considered
a more plausible stage of fetal development at which the lower boundary for sentience
could be placed.'
- source_sentence: 'query: @_Karl_F_ karl ein paar zahlen inzwischen dafür auch schon
kostspielig ... einige mit dem leben & einige verlor auch seine gesundheit ein...
magst nur hoffen, daß es nicht alle betroffen, die dazu mehrfach verpflichtet
& gezwungen wurden.'
sentences:
- 'passage: title: Health effects in COPD smokers who switch to electronic cigarettes:
a retrospective-prospective 3-year follow-up abstract: Health effects of electronic
cigarette (EC) use in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
are largely unexplored.We present findings from a long-term prospective assessment
of respiratory parameters in a cohort of COPD patients who ceased or substantially
reduced conventional cigarette use with ECs.We prospectively re-evaluated COPD
exacerbations, spirometric indices, subjective assessments (using the COPD Assessment
Tool [CAT] scores), physical activity (measured by the 6-minute walk distance
[6MWD]), and conventional cigarette use in EC users with COPD who were retrospectively
assessed previously. Baseline measurements prior to switching to EC use were compared
to follow-up visits at 12, 24, and 36 months. Age- and sex-matched regularly smoking
COPD patients who were not using ECs were included as reference (control) group.Complete
data were available from 44 patients. Compared to baseline in the EC-user group,
there was a marked decline in the use of conventional cigarettes. Although there
was no change in lung function, significant improvements in COPD exacerbation
rates, CAT scores, and 6MWD were observed consistently in the EC user group over
the 3-year period (p<0.01). Similar findings were noted in COPD EC users who also
smoked conventional cigarettes ("dual users").The present study suggests that
EC use may ameliorate objective and subjective COPD outcomes and that the benefits
gained may persist long-term. EC use may reverse some of the harm resulting from
tobacco smoking in COPD patients.'
- 'passage: title: A Case Report: Multifocal Necrotizing Encephalitis and Myocarditis
after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination against COVID-19 abstract: The current report
presents the case of a 76-year-old man with Parkinson''s disease (PD) who died
three weeks after receiving his third COVID-19 vaccination. The patient was first
vaccinated in May 2021 with the ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vector vaccine, followed by two
doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in July and December 2021. The family of the
deceased requested an autopsy due to ambiguous clinical signs before death. PD
was confirmed by post-mortem examinations. Furthermore, signs of aspiration pneumonia
and systemic arteriosclerosis were evident. However, histopathological analyses
of the brain uncovered previously unsuspected findings, including acute vasculitis
(predominantly lymphocytic) as well as multifocal necrotizing encephalitis of
unknown etiology with pronounced inflammation including glial and lymphocytic
reaction. In the heart, signs of chronic cardiomyopathy as well as mild acute
lympho-histiocytic myocarditis and vasculitis were present. Although there was
no history of COVID-19 for this patient, immunohistochemistry for SARS-CoV-2 antigens
(spike and nucleocapsid proteins) was performed. Surprisingly, only spike protein
but no nucleocapsid protein could be detected within the foci of inflammation
in both the brain and the heart, particularly in the endothelial cells of small
blood vessels. Since no nucleocapsid protein could be detected, the presence of
spike protein must be ascribed to vaccination rather than to viral infection.
The findings corroborate previous reports of encephalitis and myocarditis caused
by gene-based COVID-19 vaccines.'
- 'passage: title: Persistent warm Mediterranean surface waters during the Roman
period abstract: Abstract Reconstruction of last millennia Sea Surface Temperature
(SST) evolution is challenging due to the difficulty retrieving good resolution
marine records and to the several uncertainties in the available proxy tools.
In this regard, the Roman Period (1 CE to 500 CE) was particularly relevant in
the socio-cultural development of the Mediterranean region while its climatic
characteristics remain uncertain. Here we present a new SST reconstruction from
the Sicily Channel based in Mg/Ca ratios measured on the planktonic foraminifer
Globigerinoides ruber . This new record is framed in the context of other previously
published Mediterranean SST records from the Alboran Sea, Minorca Basin and Aegean
Sea and also compared to a north Hemisphere temperature reconstruction. The most
solid image that emerges of this trans-Mediterranean comparison is the persistent
regional occurrence of a distinct warm phase during the Roman Period. This record
comparison consistently shows the Roman as the warmest period of the last 2 kyr,
about 2 °C warmer than average values for the late centuries for the Sicily and
Western Mediterranean regions. After the Roman Period a general cooling trend
developed in the region with several minor oscillations. We hypothesis the potential
link between this Roman Climatic Optimum and the expansion and subsequent decline
of the Roman Empire.'
- source_sentence: 'query: 4/ Trotzdem versäumten Sie es in mehreren Publikationen
mit Landt, einen relevanten Interessenkonflikt zu deklarieren. Markantestes Beispiel,
Ihre Publikation zum #PCR-Protokoll für den Nachweis von #SARSCoV2.'
sentences:
- 'passage: title: Cancer risk associated with simian virus 40 contaminated polio
vaccine. abstract: The presence of SV40 in monkey cell cultures used in the preparation
of the polio vaccine from 1955 through 1961 is well documented. Investigations
have consistently demonstrated the oncogenic behavior of SV40 in animal models.
Early epidemiologic studies were inadequate in demonstrating an increase in cancer
incidence associated with contaminated vaccine. Recently, investigators have provided
persuasive evidence that SV40 is present in human ependymomas, choroid plexus
tumors, bone tumors, and mesotheliomas, however, the etiologic role of the virus
in tumorigenesis has not been established.Using data from SEER, we analyzed the
incidence of brain tumors, bone tumors, and mesotheliomas from 1973-1993 and the
possible relationship of these tumors with the administration of the SV40 contaminated
vaccine.Our analysis indicates increased rates of ependymomas (37%), osteogenic
sarcomas (26%), other bone tumors (34%) and mesothelioma (90%) among those in
the exposed as compared to the unexposed birth cohort.These data suggest that
there may be an increased incidence of certain cancers among the 98 million persons
exposed to contaminated polio vaccine in the U.S.; further investigations are
clearly justified.'
- 'passage: title: Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time
RT-PCR abstract: Background The ongoing outbreak of the recently emerged novel
coronavirus (2019-nCoV) poses a challenge for public health laboratories as virus
isolates are unavailable while there is growing evidence that the outbreak is
more widespread than initially thought, and international spread through travellers
does already occur. Aim We aimed to develop and deploy robust diagnostic methodology
for use in public health laboratory settings without having virus material available.
Methods Here we present a validated diagnostic workflow for 2019-nCoV, its design
relying on close genetic relatedness of 2019-nCoV with SARS coronavirus, making
use of synthetic nucleic acid technology. Results The workflow reliably detects
2019-nCoV, and further discriminates 2019-nCoV from SARS-CoV. Through coordination
between academic and public laboratories, we confirmed assay exclusivity based
on 297 original clinical specimens containing a full spectrum of human respiratory
viruses. Control material is made available through European Virus Archive – Global
(EVAg), a European Union infrastructure project. Conclusion The present study
demonstrates the enormous response capacity achieved through coordination of academic
and public laboratories in national and European research networks.'
- 'passage: title: The lifetime cost of driving a car abstract: The car is one of
the most expensive household consumer goods, yet there is a limited understanding
of its private (internal) and social (external) cost per vehicle-km, year, or
lifetime of driving. This paper provides an overview of 23 private and ten social
cost items, and assesses these for three popular car models in Germany for the
year 2020. Results confirm that motorists underestimate the full private costs
of car ownership, while policy makers and planners underestimate social costs.
For the typical German travel distance of 15,000 car kilometers per year, the
total lifetime cost of car ownership (50 years) ranges between €599,082 for an
Opel Corsa to €956,798 for a Mercedes GLC. The share of this cost born by society
is 41% (€4674 per year) for the Opel Corsa, and 29% (€5273 per year) for the Mercedes
GLC. Findings suggest that for low-income groups, private car ownership can represent
a cost equal to housing, consuming a large share of disposable income. This creates
complexities in perceptions of transport costs, the economic viability of alternative
transport modes, or the justification of taxes.'
- source_sentence: 'query: Type 1 Diabetes Incidence and Risk in Children With a Diagnosis
of COVID-19 As adults we are meant to be shielding the children. We are letting
them down day by day'
sentences:
- 'passage: title: Persistence of neutralizing antibodies a year after SARS‐CoV‐2
infection in humans abstract: Abstract Most subjects develop antibodies to SARS‐CoV‐2
following infection. In order to estimate the duration of immunity induced by
SARS‐CoV‐2 it is important to understand for how long antibodies persist after
infection in humans. Here, we assessed the persistence of serum antibodies following
WT SARS‐CoV‐2 infection at 8 and 13 months after diagnosis in 367 individuals.
The SARS‐CoV‐2 spike IgG (S‐IgG) and nucleoprotein IgG (N‐IgG) concentrations
and the proportion of subjects with neutralizing antibodies (NAb) were assessed.
Moreover, the NAb titers among a smaller subset of participants ( n = 78) against
a WT virus (B) and variants of concern (VOCs): Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351),
and Delta (B.1.617.2) were determined. We found that NAb against the WT virus
persisted in 89% and S‐IgG in 97% of subjects for at least 13 months after infection.
Only 36% had N‐IgG by 13 months. The mean S‐IgG concentrations declined from 8
to 13 months by less than one third; N‐IgG concentrations declined by two‐thirds.
Subjects with severe infection had markedly higher IgG and NAb levels and are
expected to remain seropositive for longer. Significantly lower NAb titers against
the variants compared to the WT virus, especially after a mild disease, suggests
reduced protection against VOCs.'
- 'passage: title: Metastasis and Immune Evasion from Extracellular cGAMP Hydrolysis
abstract: Abstract Cytosolic DNA is characteristic of chromosomally unstable metastatic
cancer cells, resulting in constitutive activation of the cGAS–STING innate immune
pathway. How tumors co-opt inflammatory signaling while evading immune surveillance
remains unknown. Here, we show that the ectonucleotidase ENPP1 promotes metastasis
by selectively degrading extracellular cGAMP, an immune-stimulatory metabolite
whose breakdown products include the immune suppressor adenosine. ENPP1 loss suppresses
metastasis, restores tumor immune infiltration, and potentiates response to immune
checkpoint blockade in a manner dependent on tumor cGAS and host STING. Conversely,
overexpression of wild-type ENPP1, but not an enzymatically weakened mutant, promotes
migration and metastasis, in part through the generation of extracellular adenosine,
and renders otherwise sensitive tumors completely resistant to immunotherapy.
In human cancers, ENPP1 expression correlates with reduced immune cell infiltration,
increased metastasis, and resistance to anti–PD-1/PD-L1 treatment. Thus, cGAMP
hydrolysis by ENPP1 enables chromosomally unstable tumors to transmute cGAS activation
into an immune-suppressive pathway. Significance: Chromosomal instability promotes
metastasis by generating chronic tumor inflammation. ENPP1 facilitates metastasis
and enables tumor cells to tolerate inflammation by hydrolyzing the immunotransmitter
cGAMP, preventing its transfer from cancer cells to immune cells. This article
is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 995'
- 'passage: title: Type 1 Diabetes Incidence and Risk in Children With a Diagnosis
of COVID-19 abstract: This study used a population-based individual patient data
set that included diagnoses of COVID-19 to determine whether there was a temporal
association between COVID-19 and type 1 diabetes in children.'
- source_sentence: 'query: @user It’s quite possibly the reverse (Pfizer @ 39%) “Our
data show that anti-disease vaccines that do not prevent transmission can create
conditions that promote the emergence of pathogen strains that cause more severe
disease in unvaccinated hosts” Source:'
sentences:
- 'passage: title: Experimental Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Content in Inhaled
Air With or Without Face Masks in Healthy Children abstract: This randomized clinical
trial measured inhaled and exhaled carbon dioxide in children with and without
face masks.'
- 'passage: title: Access to lifesaving medical resources for African countries:
COVID-19 testing and response, ethics, and politics abstract: Coronavirus disease
2019 (COVID-19) has revealed how strikingly unprepared the world is for a pandemic
and how easily viruses spread in our interconnected world. A governance crisis
is unfolding alongside the pandemic as health officials around the world compete
for access to scarce medical supplies. As governments of African countries, and
those in low-income and middle-income countries around the world, seek to avoid
potentially catastrophic epidemics and learn from what has worked in other countries,
testing and other medical resources are of concern.'
- 'passage: title: Imperfect Vaccination Can Enhance the Transmission of Highly
Virulent Pathogens abstract: Could some vaccines drive the evolution of more virulent
pathogens? Conventional wisdom is that natural selection will remove highly lethal
pathogens if host death greatly reduces transmission. Vaccines that keep hosts
alive but still allow transmission could thus allow very virulent strains to circulate
in a population. Here we show experimentally that immunization of chickens against
Marek''s disease virus enhances the fitness of more virulent strains, making it
possible for hyperpathogenic strains to transmit. Immunity elicited by direct
vaccination or by maternal vaccination prolongs host survival but does not prevent
infection, viral replication or transmission, thus extending the infectious periods
of strains otherwise too lethal to persist. Our data show that anti-disease vaccines
that do not prevent transmission can create conditions that promote the emergence
of pathogen strains that cause more severe disease in unvaccinated hosts.'
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
---
# SentenceTransformer based on intfloat/multilingual-e5-large
This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [intfloat/multilingual-e5-large](https://huggingface.co/intfloat/multilingual-e5-large). It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.
## Model Details
### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Base model:** [intfloat/multilingual-e5-large](https://huggingface.co/intfloat/multilingual-e5-large)
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 512 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 1024 dimensions
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
### Model Sources
- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/huggingface/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)
### Full Model Architecture
```
SentenceTransformer(
(0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False, 'architecture': 'XLMRobertaModel'})
(1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
(2): Normalize()
)
```
## Usage
### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)
First install the Sentence Transformers library:
```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```
Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("Barakuga/me5-checkthat-task1")
# Run inference
sentences = [
'query: @user It’s quite possibly the reverse (Pfizer @ 39%) “Our data show that anti-disease vaccines that do not prevent transmission can create conditions that promote the emergence of pathogen strains that cause more severe disease in unvaccinated hosts” Source:',
"passage: title: Imperfect Vaccination Can Enhance the Transmission of Highly Virulent Pathogens abstract: Could some vaccines drive the evolution of more virulent pathogens? Conventional wisdom is that natural selection will remove highly lethal pathogens if host death greatly reduces transmission. Vaccines that keep hosts alive but still allow transmission could thus allow very virulent strains to circulate in a population. Here we show experimentally that immunization of chickens against Marek's disease virus enhances the fitness of more virulent strains, making it possible for hyperpathogenic strains to transmit. Immunity elicited by direct vaccination or by maternal vaccination prolongs host survival but does not prevent infection, viral replication or transmission, thus extending the infectious periods of strains otherwise too lethal to persist. Our data show that anti-disease vaccines that do not prevent transmission can create conditions that promote the emergence of pathogen strains that cause more severe disease in unvaccinated hosts.",
'passage: title: Access to lifesaving medical resources for African countries: COVID-19 testing and response, ethics, and politics abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has revealed how strikingly unprepared the world is for a pandemic and how easily viruses spread in our interconnected world. A governance crisis is unfolding alongside the pandemic as health officials around the world compete for access to scarce medical supplies. As governments of African countries, and those in low-income and middle-income countries around the world, seek to avoid potentially catastrophic epidemics and learn from what has worked in other countries, testing and other medical resources are of concern.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 1024]
# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities)
# tensor([[ 1.0000, 0.7027, -0.0760],
# [ 0.7027, 1.0000, -0.0821],
# [-0.0760, -0.0821, 1.0000]])
```
## Training Details
### Training Dataset
#### Unnamed Dataset
* Size: 19,244 training samples
* Columns: sentence_0 and sentence_1
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
| | sentence_0 | sentence_1 |
|:--------|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| type | string | string |
| details |
query: In what way will Language Modelers such as ChatGPT Impact Jobs and Sectors? by Edward W. Felten, Manav Raj, Robert Seamans :: SSRN | passage: title: How will Language Modelers like ChatGPT Affect Occupations and Industries? abstract: Recent dramatic increases in AI language modeling capabilities has led to many questions about the effect of these technologies on the economy. In this paper we present a methodology to systematically assess the extent to which occupations, industries and geographies are exposed to advances in AI language modeling capabilities. We find that the top occupations exposed to language modeling include telemarketers and a variety of post-secondary teachers such as English language and literature, foreign language and literature, and history teachers. We find the top industries exposed to advances in language modeling are legal services and securities, commodities, and investments. We also find a positive correlation between wages and exposure to AI language modeling. |
| query: Spannende Studie zu #POTS. Sie verdeutlicht, was man ärztlich häufig wahrnimmt, nämlich dass die geistige Leistungsfähigkeit beim Sitzen und Stehen nachlässt. In diesem Fall waren Konzentration und Ausführungsfunktion gegen Kontrollen vermindert. 1/6 | passage: title: Cognitive functioning in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome among different body positions: a prospective pilot study (POTSKog study) abstract: Approximately 96% of patients with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (PoTS) report cognitive complaints. We investigated whether cognitive function is impaired during sitting and active standing in 30 patients with PoTS compared with 30 healthy controls (HCs) and whether it will improve with the counter manoeuvre of leg crossing.In this prospective pilot study, patients with PoTS were compared to HCs matched for age, sex, and educational level. Baseline data included norepinephrine plasma levels, autonomic testing and baseline cognitive function in a seated position [the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the Leistungsprüfsystem (LPS) subtests 1 and 2, and the Test of Attentional Performance (TAP)]. Cognitive functioning was examined in a randomized order in supine, upright and upright legs crossed position. The prima... |
| query: We now know that Omicron is far from mild. In the unvaccinated it is equally lethal, while being more contagious, as other strains. Most children were and remain not vaccinated. We were aware that in winter 2021. And we know it now. | passage: title: Intrinsic and effective severity of COVID-19 cases infected with the ancestral strain and Omicron BA.2 variant in Hong Kong abstract: ABSTRACT Background Understanding severity of infections with SARS-CoV-2 and its variants is crucial to inform public health measures. Here we used COVID-19 patient data from Hong Kong to characterise the severity profile of COVID-19 and to examine factors associated with fatality of infection. Methods Time-varying and age-specific effective severity measured by case-hospitalization risk and hospitalization risk was estimated with all individual COVID-19 case data collected in Hong Kong from 23 January 2020 through to 26 October 2022 over six epidemic waves, in comparison with estimates of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 during the 2009 pandemic. The intrinsic severity of Omicron BA.2 was compared with the estimate for the ancestral strain with the data from unvaccinated patients without previous infections. Factors potentially associated with the... |
* Loss: [MultipleNegativesRankingLoss](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#multiplenegativesrankingloss) with these parameters:
```json
{
"scale": 20.0,
"similarity_fct": "cos_sim",
"gather_across_devices": false,
"directions": [
"query_to_doc"
],
"partition_mode": "joint",
"hardness_mode": null,
"hardness_strength": 0.0
}
```
### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 4
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 4
- `num_train_epochs`: 1
- `fp16`: True
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: round_robin
#### All Hyperparameters