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README.md
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<div align="center">
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# RDVQ: Differentiable Vector Quantization for Rate-Distortion Optimization of Generative Image Compression
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### CVPR 2026 Oral
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[](https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.10546)
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[](https://cvpr.thecvf.com/)
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[](https://www.python.org/)
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[](https://pytorch.org/)
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[](LICENSE)
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[Shiyin Jiang](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=yf748WAAAAAJ&hl=en) ·
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[Wei Long](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=CsVTBJoAAAAJ&hl=en) ·
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Minghao Han ·
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[Zhenghao Chen](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=BThVCu8AAAAJ&hl=en) ·
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[Ce Zhu](http://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=C7iZbYMAAAAJ) ·
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[Shuhang Gu](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=-kSTt40AAAAJ&hl=en)
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**CVL Lab @ University of Electronic Science and Technology of China**
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<img src="assets/framework.jpg" width="85%">
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</div>
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---
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## 🔥 News
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* **Jun 12, 2026** — Training code and configurations are released.
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---
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## 🌟 Introduction
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**RDVQ** is a VQ-based generative image compression framework for **efficient and controllable ultra-low-bitrate image compression**.
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Conventional VQ-VAE learns powerful discrete representations, but its **non-differentiable nearest-neighbor lookup** decouples representation learning from probability modeling. The entropy model can only predict the resulting code indices, while its rate feedback cannot effectively optimize the encoder. This limits true joint rate-distortion optimization.
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RDVQ addresses this issue with a **simple relaxed lookup mechanism**, which builds a differentiable path between encoder features, discrete code indices, and the autoregressive entropy model. As a result, the rate loss can directly guide the encoder to learn more compressible representations, transforming **VQ-VAE from a representation learning framework into a practical learned image codec**.
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### Key Features
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* **Differentiable VQ-based R-D optimization**
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Enables joint distortion and rate minimization through relaxed lookup.
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* **Multi-scale shared-codebook latents**
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Provide compact and expressive discrete representations across scales.
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* **Masked Transformer entropy model**
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Estimates accurate probabilities for effective entropy coding.
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* **Test-time rate control**
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Supports bitrate adjustment via prefix transmission and autoregressive completion.
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Despite its lightweight design, RDVQ achieves strong perceptual compression performance at ultra-low bitrates while requiring only a small fraction of the parameters used by large generative compression models.
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---
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## 🚀 Performance
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### Model Efficiency
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<p align="center">
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<img src="assets/performance.png" width="60%">
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</p>
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### Visual Comparison
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<p align="center">
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<img src="assets/visual.jpg" width="95%">
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</p>
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### Rate-Distortion Curves
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<p align="center">
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<img src="assets/RD_curves.jpg" width="95%">
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</p>
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---
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## 🛠️ Environment Setup
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```bash
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conda create -n RDVQ python=3.10 -y
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conda activate RDVQ
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git clone https://github.com/CVL-UESTC/RDVQ.git
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cd RDVQ
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pip install "torch>=2.1.0" torchvision --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu121
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pip install -r requirements.txt
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```
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> **Note:** The default real-bitstream path uses the causal top-k tensor-rANS codec and JIT-builds a small C++17 extension on first use. Please make sure a C++17 compiler is available when running `test_Real.sh`.
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---
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## 📂 Data Preparation
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RDVQ expects an **ImageFolder-style** directory where all images are directly placed under one folder:
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```text
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/path/to/images/
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image_0001.png
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image_0002.jpg
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...
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```
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Nested subdirectories are not scanned by the testing scripts.
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---
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## 🧪 Testing
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RDVQ provides two testing scripts:
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| Script | Bitrate Type | Description |
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| -------------- | ---------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------- |
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| `test.sh` | Estimated bitrate | Reports entropy-estimated bitrate such as `cd_bpp`. |
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| `test_Real.sh` | Real bitstream bitrate | Reports actual payload bitrate such as `cd_bpp_real`. |
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By default, the evaluator reports:
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```text
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bpp, lpips, dists, musiq, clipiqa, niqe, psnr, msssim
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```
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You can override the metric list with `TEST_METRICS`.
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### Quick Start: Estimated-Rate Evaluation
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```bash
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TEST_CKPT_PATH=/path/to/checkpoint \
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TEST_IMAGE_DIR=/path/to/kodak \
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TEST_DATASET=kodak \
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bash test.sh
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```
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### Quick Start: Real-Bitstream Evaluation
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```bash
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TEST_CKPT_PATH=/path/to/checkpoint \
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TEST_IMAGE_DIR=/path/to/kodak \
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TEST_DATASET=kodak \
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bash test_Real.sh
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```
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### DIV2K / CLIC Evaluation with FID and KID
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For DIV2K and CLIC, please provide `FID_REF_ROOT`:
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```bash
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TEST_CKPT_PATH=/path/to/checkpoint \
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TEST_IMAGE_DIR=/path/to/DIV2K_valid_HR \
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TEST_DATASET=div2k \
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FID_REF_ROOT=/path/to/fid_refs \
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bash test.sh
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```
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For CLIC:
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```bash
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TEST_CKPT_PATH=/path/to/checkpoint \
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TEST_IMAGE_DIR=/path/to/CLIC_valid \
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TEST_DATASET=clic \
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FID_REF_ROOT=/path/to/fid_refs \
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bash test.sh
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```
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The evaluator uses:
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```text
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<FID_REF_ROOT>/<TEST_DATASET>_256teles
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```
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If the reference directory is missing or empty, it will be generated automatically from the original images and reused in later runs.
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### Test-Time Rate Control
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`test_Real.sh` supports test-time rate control through prefix transmission and autoregressive completion by changing `TEST_TRANSFER_SLICES`:
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```bash
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TEST_CKPT_PATH=/path/to/checkpoint \
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TEST_IMAGE_DIR=/path/to/kodak \
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TEST_DATASET=kodak \
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TEST_TRANSFER_SLICES=4 \
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bash test_Real.sh
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```
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### Useful Debug Options
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```bash
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TEST_MAX_IMAGES=1
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TEST_METRICS=bpp,psnr,msssim
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DISABLE_FID=1
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SAVE_IMAGES=0
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```
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### Main Environment Variables
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| Variable | Required | Description |
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| ---------------------- | -------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| `TEST_CKPT_PATH` | Yes | Path to the checkpoint. |
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| `TEST_IMAGE_DIR` | Yes | Image folder for evaluation. |
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| `TEST_DATASET` | Yes | Dataset label: `kodak`, `div2k`, or `clic`. |
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| `FID_REF_ROOT` | For DIV2K/CLIC | Root directory for FID/KID reference tiles. |
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| `FID_REF_DIR` | Optional | Manually specified reference tile directory. |
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| `TEST_METRICS` | Optional | Evaluation metric list. |
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| `TEST_TRANSFER_SLICES` | Optional | Number of transmitted latent slices for real-bitstream rate control. |
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| `TEST_TOPK` | Optional | Top-k/escape entropy width for `test_Real.sh`. Default: `1024`. |
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| `TEST_MAX_IMAGES` | Optional | Maximum number of images for debugging. |
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| `DISABLE_FID` | Optional | Disable FID/KID computation. |
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| `SAVE_IMAGES` | Optional | Whether to save reconstructed images. |
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### Output Structure
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```text
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<checkpoint_stem>/forward/<dataset_name>/
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<checkpoint_stem>/Real/transfer_slices_<N>/<dataset_name>/
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```
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---
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## 🏋️ Training
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Training follows a multi-stage pipeline. Please refer to [TRAINING_STAGES.md](TRAINING_STAGES.md) for the full recipe.
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### Stage 1: Tokenizer Training
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```bash
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bash scripts/tokenizer/train_vq.sh \
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--data-path /path/to/train/images \
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--image-size 256 \
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--vq-model VQ-16-32-64_quant_once \
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--dataset openimage \
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--global-batch-size 32 \
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--results-dir ./results/s1_tokenizer \
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--codebook-size 4096 \
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--codebook-embed-dim 32 \
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--entropy-loss-ratio 0.0 \
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--lr 1e-4 \
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--disc-lr 1e-4 \
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--wo-attn
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```
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---
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## 📖 Citation
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If you find RDVQ helpful for your research, please cite:
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```bibtex
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@inproceedings{jiang2026rdvq,
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title = {Differentiable Vector Quantization for Rate-Distortion Optimization
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of Generative Image Compression},
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author = {Jiang, Shiyin and Long, Wei and Han, Minghao and Chen, Zhenghao
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and Zhu, Ce and Gu, Shuhang},
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booktitle = {CVPR},
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year = {2026},
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}
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```
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---
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## 💬 Contact
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For questions or feedback, please contact:
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**Shiyin Jiang**
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📧 **[shiyin.jsy@gmail.com](mailto:shiyin.jsy@gmail.com)**
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---
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license: apache-2.0
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lam_0.8_tau_0.01.pt
ADDED
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@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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oid sha256:3390ca00b793b3cae2eb0965fdcd046f686f6efadff06e4f39af72b1e0285c21
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size 1007856746
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lam_1.2_tau_0.01.pt
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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+
oid sha256:31c09b2b403966d3baf0ef509c53ff6e6e4027f8a3205c1e5dfcee657d46a986
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size 1007856746
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lam_12_tau_0.1.pt
ADDED
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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| 2 |
+
oid sha256:0c8b29e5310f2c096e046f7e415e14919135424949006a1fa3198ee6517c9861
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| 3 |
+
size 1007855640
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lam_4.8_tau_0.1.pt
ADDED
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| 1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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| 2 |
+
oid sha256:827aaab038626bb306fc30fac37634eece418dd02bd4617f88e65d8d19e92294
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size 1007856193
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lam_7.2_tau_0.1.pt
ADDED
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| 1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
|
| 2 |
+
oid sha256:bd5339ec47443bdbe996c7d524927cc6ef4a0ef7f32a07889dc2ba60b5d13ad8
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| 3 |
+
size 1007856193
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