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README.md
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---
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license: apache-2.0
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tags:
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- duoneural
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- safety-geometry
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- native-refusal
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- research
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- from-scratch
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---
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# DuoNeural Native Refusal 0PCT (~50M)
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Part of the **Native Refusal Geometry** experiment series.
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DuoNeural 2026-06-07 | Archon, Jesse Caldwell, Aura
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## What this is
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A ~50M parameter GPT-style language model trained **from scratch** with
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**0% refusal data** mixed into the pretraining corpus.
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This is a research model investigating whether native refusal training
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(pretraining data mixture) produces the same safety geometry signature as
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RLHF-aligned models — specifically the three-zone crystallization arc
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documented in DuoNeural P36.
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## Experiment series
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| Model | Refusal fraction | HF repo |
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|-------|-----------------|---------|
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| 0pct | 0% (baseline) | DuoNeural/native-refusal-0pct-50m |
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| 10pct | 10% | DuoNeural/native-refusal-10pct-50m |
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| 25pct | 25% | DuoNeural/native-refusal-25pct-50m |
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| 50pct | 50% | DuoNeural/native-refusal-50pct-50m |
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All 4 models use identical architecture and initialization (seed=42).
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The only variable is refusal data fraction.
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## Architecture
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- Standard GPT: d_model=384, 16 layers, 8 heads, SwiGLU FFN
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- ~50M parameters, tied embeddings
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- Trained on FineWeb-Edu + synthetic refusal pairs
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- AdamW optimizer, cosine LR decay
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- 300M tokens total
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## Geometry results
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```json
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{
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"probe_layers": [
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1,
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2,
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3,
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4,
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5,
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6,
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7,
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8,
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9,
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10,
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11,
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12,
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13,
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14,
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15,
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16
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],
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"angles_by_layer": {
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"1": {
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"refusal|harm_awareness": 10.46,
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"refusal|self_identity": 7.74,
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"refusal|ethics": 9.07,
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"refusal|benign_general": 9.08,
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"harm_awareness|self_identity": 10.74,
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"harm_awareness|ethics": 9.54,
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"harm_awareness|benign_general": 10.45,
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"self_identity|ethics": 8.53,
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"self_identity|benign_general": 9.49,
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"ethics|benign_general": 9.95
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},
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"2": {
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"refusal|harm_awareness": 8.5,
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"refusal|self_identity": 7.5,
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"refusal|ethics": 8.18,
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"refusal|benign_general": 9.23,
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"harm_awareness|self_identity": 9.29,
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"harm_awareness|ethics": 7.39,
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"harm_awareness|benign_general": 9.86,
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"self_identity|ethics": 7.62,
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"self_identity|benign_general": 8.55,
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"ethics|benign_general": 8.75
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},
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"3": {
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"refusal|harm_awareness": 8.66,
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"refusal|self_identity": 6.86,
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"refusal|ethics": 8.58,
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"refusal|benign_general": 9.27,
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"harm_awareness|self_identity": 8.66,
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"harm_awareness|ethics": 6.53,
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"harm_awareness|benign_general": 9.77,
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"self_identity|ethics": 7.39,
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"self_identity|benign_general": 8.43,
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"ethics|benign_general": 8.38
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},
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"4": {
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"refusal|harm_awareness": 10.65,
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"refusal|self_identity": 7.43,
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"refusal|ethics": 10.0,
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"refusal|benign_general": 11.39,
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"harm_awareness|self_identity": 10.56,
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"harm_awareness|ethics": 7.67,
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"harm_awareness|benign_general": 11.19,
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"self_identity|ethics": 8.96,
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"self_identity|benign_general": 10.2,
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"ethics|benign_general": 9.49
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},
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"5": {
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"refusal|harm_awareness": 12.59,
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"refusal|self_identity": 9.11,
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"refusal|ethics": 11.68,
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"refusal|benign_general": 14.05,
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"harm_awareness|self_identity": 11.87,
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"harm_a
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```
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## Connected papers
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- DuoNeural P34: Reasoning Channel Bypass (two-loci model)
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- DuoNeural P35: DHP Scope Constraints (GBSP)
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- DuoNeural P36: Scale-Dependent Safety Geometry
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