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Model card: general description of the training data

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  # Theo-Quark
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- Theo-Quark is a 9B reasoning model for physics, science and maths, built by [First Principles](https://firstprinciples.com/). It is
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  [Qwen3.5-9B](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3.5-9B) with additional post-training: supervised fine-tuning on
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- about 200,000 verified worked solutions, mostly physics.
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- It outperforms the model it started from on every hard benchmark we ran at 131K maximum output token limit, and reaches
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  graduate-level science scores comparable to much larger open models.
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  ## Results
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  Both columns were measured by us with the same setup.
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- **Compared with other open models** (scores as reported by each developer):
 
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  | Model | Size | GPQA Diamond | AIME 2025 | HLE |
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  |---|---|---|---|---|
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  | DeepSeek-R1-0528 | 671B | 81.0 | 87.5 | 17.7 |
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  | Kimi K2 Thinking | 1T | 84.5 | 94.5 | 23.9 |
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- — = not reported. Sources: each model's official model card;
 
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  ## Training data
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- 198,319 single-turn questions with worked solutions. The questions come from the datasets below; the
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- answers were newly generated by the teacher model and kept only when correct.
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-
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- | Source | Content | Examples |
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- |---|---|---|
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- | First Principles physics set (from Nemotron science) | physics | 93,164 |
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- | [nvidia/Nemotron-SFT-Science-v2](https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-SFT-Science-v2) | other sciences | 28,965 |
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- | [nvidia/Nemotron-SFT-Math-v4](https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-SFT-Math-v4) | maths | 29,776 |
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- | [nvidia/AceReason-1.1-SFT](https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/AceReason-1.1-SFT) | maths | 28,892 |
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- | [nvidia/AceReason-1.1-SFT](https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/AceReason-1.1-SFT) | code | 17,522 |
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-
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- - **Teacher model:** all answers were generated by
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- [Qwen3.8-Flash-Next](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3.8-Flash-Next).
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- - **Correctness:** maths and science answers were checked against reference answers (option letter, exact
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- match, math-verify, numeric checks, then an LLM judge) and only correct ones kept. Code was not checked.
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- - **Modes:** 80% of examples include the full reasoning (thinking mode), 20% answer directly (non-thinking).
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- - **Decontamination:** questions sharing long word sequences (13-grams) with GPQA, AIME 2025, MATH-500,
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- MMLU-Pro, SuperGPQA or HLE were removed.
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  ## Training
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  # Theo-Quark
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+ Theo-Quark is a 9B reasoning model for physics, science and maths, built by First Principles. It is
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  [Qwen3.5-9B](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3.5-9B) with additional post-training: supervised fine-tuning on
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+ our curated physics, maths and coding mix.
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+ With room to think, it outperforms the model it started from on every hard benchmark we ran, and reaches
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  graduate-level science scores comparable to much larger open models.
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  ## Results
 
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  Both columns were measured by us with the same setup.
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+ **Compared with other open models** (scores as reported by each developer; they use their own settings,
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+ mostly with shorter output limits, so small differences are not meaningful):
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  | Model | Size | GPQA Diamond | AIME 2025 | HLE |
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  |---|---|---|---|---|
 
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  | DeepSeek-R1-0528 | 671B | 81.0 | 87.5 | 17.7 |
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  | Kimi K2 Thinking | 1T | 84.5 | 94.5 | 23.9 |
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+ — = not reported. Sources: each model's official model card; Qwen3-8B's scores are from NVIDIA's
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+ Nemotron Nano 9B v2 card.
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  ## Training data
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+ Theo-Quark was fine-tuned on our curated mix of about 200,000 physics, science, maths and coding problems,
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+ each with a worked solution written by [Qwen3.8-Flash-Next](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3.8-Flash-Next).
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+ Solutions were checked for correctness, and problems overlapping the benchmarks above were removed. Most
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+ examples include the full reasoning; a fifth are direct answers, so the model keeps both thinking and
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+ non-thinking modes.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ## Training
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