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      "content_text": "Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a technique that enhances Large Language Models by retrieving relevant documents from a knowledge base before generating answers. RAG was introduced by Lewis et al. in 2020 and has become a standard approach for grounding LLM outputs in external knowledge. The key advantage of RAG is that it significantly reduces hallucinations by providing the model with verified source material.",
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      "content_text": "The RAG pipeline consists of five core components: 1.Document Ingestion — parsing and chunking source documents into manageable pieces.2.Embedding — converting text chunks into dense vector representations using models like text-embedding-3-small.3.Vector Storage — storing embeddings in a vector database such as Milvus, Pinecone, or ChromaDB.4.Retrieval — finding the most semantically similar documents to a user query using cosine similarity search.",
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      "content_text": "5.Generation — passing retrieved context along with the query to an LLM to produce an accurate, cited response.",
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      "content_text": "Milvus is an open-source vector database designed for similarity search at scale. It supports multiple index types including IVF_FLAT, HNSW, and DiskANN. Vector databases store embeddings as high-dimensional vectors and enable efficient approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) search. Key metrics include cosine similarity, Euclidean distance, and inner product.",
      "_item_text": "Milvus is an open-source vector database designed for similarity search at scale. It supports multiple index types including IVF_FLAT, HNSW, and DiskANN. Vector databases store embeddings as high-dimensional vectors and enable efficient approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) search. Key metrics include cosine similarity, Euclidean distance, and inner product.",
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      "content_text": "Text embedding models convert natural language into fixed-length vector representations. OpenAI's text-embedding-3-small produces 1536-dimensional vectors optimized for semantic search. Alternative models include BGE from BAAI, E5 from Microsoft, and multilingual models for cross-lingual retrieval. Embedding quality directly impacts RAG retrieval accuracy.",
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      "content_text": "The ReAct (Reasoning + Acting) framework enables AI agents to interleave reasoning steps with tool-calling actions. ReAct agents follow a Think → Act → Observe loop, where each iteration involves the agent reasoning about what to do next, selecting and invoking a tool, and observing the result. This pattern is fundamental to building reliable AI agents.",
      "_item_text": "The ReAct (Reasoning + Acting) framework enables AI agents to interleave reasoning steps with tool-calling actions. ReAct agents follow a Think → Act → Observe loop, where each iteration involves the agent reasoning about what to do next, selecting and invoking a tool, and observing the result. This pattern is fundamental to building reliable AI agents.",
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      "content_text": "RAG System Architecture Diagram — showing the flow from user query to final answer.",
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      "content_text": "RAG performance benchmarks across different configurations.",
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      "content_text": "| Configuration | Accuracy | Latency |\n| Naive RAG | 78% | 200ms |\n| Hybrid RAG | 94% | 350ms |\n| Graph RAG | 96% | 600ms |\n\n[Table]: RAG Performance Comparison\n| Configuration | Accuracy | Latency |\n| Naive RAG | 78% | 200ms |\n| Hybrid RAG | 94% | 350ms |\n| Graph RAG | 96% | 600ms |",
      "_item_text": "| Configuration | Accuracy | Latency |\n| Naive RAG | 78% | 200ms |\n| Hybrid RAG | 94% | 350ms |\n| Graph RAG | 96% | 600ms |",
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