---
license: mit
tags:
  - reinforcement-learning
  - ppo
  - trading
  - prediction-markets
  - polymarket
  - crypto
  - cross-market
  - temporal-encoding
language:
  - en
library_name: pytorch
pipeline_tag: reinforcement-learning
thumbnail: lacuna-end.png
---

<div align="center">

![LACUNA](lacuna-end.png)

# LACUNA

**Cross-Market Data Fusion for Prediction Market Trading**

[![Live Results](https://img.shields.io/badge/Live%20Results-humanplane.com%2Flacuna-blue)](https://humanplane.com/lacuna)
[![License: MIT](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-MIT-green.svg)](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
[![PyTorch](https://img.shields.io/badge/PyTorch-2.0+-red.svg)](https://pytorch.org/)

</div>

---

An experiment in cross-market data fusion. A reinforcement learning agent trained to trade Polymarket's 15-minute crypto prediction markets by fusing Binance futures order flow with Polymarket orderbook data.

**The thesis**: read the "fast" market (Binance) and trade the "slow" market (Polymarket) before the price adjusts.

> **Note**: This represents ~10 hours of paper trading data from a single run on New Year's Eve 2025. The model traded with a $500 fixed position size and $2,000 max exposure (up to 4 concurrent positions).

## Results

| Metric | Value |
|--------|-------|
| Total PnL | $50,195 |
| Return on Exposure | 2,510% |
| Sharpe Ratio | 4.13 |
| Profit Factor | 1.21 |
| Total Trades | 29,176 |
| Win Rate | 23.9% |
| Runtime | ~10 hours |

### Learning Progression

Comparing first 25% vs last 25% of trades:

| Phase | Avg PnL/Trade | Win Rate |
|-------|---------------|----------|
| First 25% | +$1.27 | 22.5% |
| Last 25% | +$3.56 | 25.3% |

**2.8x improvement** in avg PnL per trade. Last 25% of trades generated **52%** of total profit.

> **Limitations**: Single 10-hour run. No out-of-sample validation. Results could reflect market regime, not learned behavior. We're sharing the raw data—draw your own conclusions.

### Performance by Asset

| Asset | PnL | Trades | Win Rate |
|-------|-----|--------|----------|
| BTC | +$38,794 | 8,257 | 32.6% |
| ETH | +$9,978 | 7,859 | 27.0% |
| SOL | +$1,752 | 6,310 | 16.3% |
| XRP | -$328 | 6,750 | 16.7% |

## Architecture

LACUNA (v5) uses a temporal PPO architecture:

- **Temporal Encoder**: Sees last 5 states instead of just the present
- **Asymmetric Actor-Critic**: Separate networks for policy and value
- **Feature Normalization**: Stabilizes training across different market conditions

### Model Constraints

- Fixed position size: $500 per trade
- Max exposure: $2,000 (up to 4 concurrent positions)
- Markets: 15-minute crypto prediction markets (BTC, ETH, SOL, XRP)

### Observation Space (18 dimensions)

Fuses data from two sources into an 18-dimensional state:

| Category | Features |
|----------|----------|
| Momentum | 1m/5m/10m returns |
| Order flow | L1/L5 imbalance, trade flow, CVD acceleration |
| Microstructure | Spread %, trade intensity, large trade flag |
| Volatility | 5m vol, vol expansion ratio |
| Position | Has position, side, PnL, time remaining |
| Regime | Vol regime, trend regime |

## Training Evolution

Five phases over three days. Each taught us something. Only the last earned a name.

### Phase 1: Shaped Rewards (Failed)

**Duration**: ~52 min | **Trades**: 1,545 | **Result**: Policy collapse

Started with micro-bonuses to guide learning:
- +0.002 for trading with momentum
- +0.001 for larger positions
- -0.001 for fighting momentum

**What happened**: Entropy collapsed from 1.09 → 0.36. The agent learned to game the reward function—collect bonuses while ignoring actual profitability. Buffer showed 90% win rate while real trade win rate was 20%.

**Lesson**: Reward shaping backfired here. When shaping rewards were gameable and similar magnitude to the real signal, the agent optimized the wrong thing.

### Phase 2: Pure Realized PnL

**Duration**: ~1 hour | **Trades**: 2,000+ | **Result**: 55% ROI

Stripped everything back:
- Reward ONLY on position close
- Increased entropy coefficient (0.05 → 0.10)
- Simplified actions (7 → 3)
- Smaller buffer (2048 → 512)

| Update | Entropy | PnL | Win Rate |
|--------|---------|-----|----------|
| 1 | 0.68 | $5.20 | 33.3% |
| 36 | 1.05 | $10.93 | 21.2% |

Win rate settled at 21%—below random (33%)—but profitable. Binary markets have asymmetric payoffs. (Still using probability-based PnL at this point.)

### Phase 3: Scaled Up ($50 trades)

**Duration**: ~50 min | **Trades**: 4,133 | **Result**: -$64 → +$23

First update hit -$64 drawdown. But the agent recovered:

| Update | PnL | Win Rate |
|--------|-----|----------|
| 1 | -$63.75 | 29.5% |
| 36 | +$23.10 | 15.6% |

**Observation**: The agent recovered from -$64 to +$23 without policy collapse.

### Phase 4: Share-Based PnL ($500 trades)

**Duration**: ~1 hour | **Trades**: 4,873 | **Result**: 170% ROI

Changed reward signal to reflect actual market economics:

```python
# Old: probability-based
pnl = (exit_price - entry_price) * dollars

# New: share-based
shares = dollars / entry_price
pnl = (exit_price - entry_price) * shares
```

| Update | PnL | Win Rate |
|--------|-----|----------|
| 1 | -$197 | 18.9% |
| 20 | -$465 | 18.5% |
| 46 | +$3,392 | 19.0% |

**4.5x improvement** over Phase 3's reward signal.

### Phase 5: LACUNA (Final)

**Duration**: ~10 hours | **Trades**: 29,176 | **Result**: 2,510% ROI

Architecture rethink:
- **Temporal encoder**: 5-state history instead of single-frame
- **Asymmetric actor-critic**: Separate network capacities
- **Feature normalization**: Stable across market regimes

It started with a big loss. Seemed broken. Left it running on New Year's Eve while counting down to midnight—not out of hope, just neglect.

Checked back hours later. The equity curve had inflected. By morning: **+$50,195**.

Only this version earned a name.

---

## Observed Patterns

These patterns emerged in the data. Whether they represent learned behavior or market regime effects is unclear without further validation.

| Pattern | Observation |
|---------|-------------|
| **Low volatility preference** | $4.07/trade on calm markets vs -$1.44 on volatile |
| **Cheap outcome bias** | Cheap entries (<30¢) yield $8.63/trade vs $1.53 for expensive |
| **DOWN momentum** | 77% of trades bet DOWN when prob is falling |
| **Short hold times on winners** | 0.35x hold time vs losers |

These could reflect genuine learned strategies or simply profitable patterns in this specific market window.

## What We Observed

1. **Reward shaping backfired** - Phase 1 collapsed when the agent gamed micro-bonuses. Pure realized PnL worked better for us.

2. **Reward signal design mattered** - Share-based PnL outperformed probability-based by 4.5x. Match actual market economics.

3. **Entropy coefficient mattered** - 0.05 caused policy collapse; 0.10 maintained exploration.

4. **Buffer/trade divergence was a warning sign** - When buffer win rate diverged from actual trades, the agent was optimizing the wrong thing.

5. **Give it time** - LACUNA started deep in the red. Early performance wasn't indicative.

---

## The Story

This is our final checkpoint. We're done experimenting with LACUNA, but you don't have to be.

## Usage

```python
import torch
from safetensors.torch import load_file
import numpy as np
import json

# Load model weights
weights = load_file("model.safetensors")

# Load normalization stats (for preprocessing observations)
stats = np.load("normalization_stats.npz")
obs_mean = stats["obs_mean"]
obs_std = stats["obs_std"]

# Load config for architecture details
with open("config.json") as f:
    config = json.load(f)

# Normalize observations before inference
def normalize_obs(obs):
    return (obs - obs_mean) / (obs_std + 1e-8)
```

## Files

- `README.md` - This documentation
- `config.json` - Model configuration and architecture details
- `model.safetensors` - Model weights in SafeTensors format
- `normalization_stats.npz` - Observation normalization statistics
- `trades.csv` - All 29,176 trades with full details
- `updates.csv` - Training updates with metrics over time

## Links

- [Live Results](https://humanplane.com/lacuna) - Interactive visualization
- [Training Code](https://github.com/humanplane/cross-market-state-fusion) - GitHub repository

## License

MIT

## Citation

```bibtex
@misc{lacuna2025,
  author = {HumanPlane},
  title = {LACUNA: Cross-Market Data Fusion for Prediction Market Trading},
  year = {2025},
  publisher = {HuggingFace},
  url = {https://huggingface.co/HumanPlane/LACUNA}
}
```