"""
Vision Transformer (ViT) for Palette Feature Extraction

Implements a standard ViT with Samsung TRM best practices:
- RMS Normalization
- SwiGLU activation
- Truncated normal initialization
- Spatial feature preservation
"""

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
import math
from typing import Tuple


# ============================================================================
# Helper functions (local copies)
# NOTE: These are intentionally local copies, NOT imported from transformer_layers.py.
# transformer_layers.py uses different parameter names (variance_epsilon vs eps,
# lower/upper vs a/b), CastedLinear instead of nn.Linear, and different SwiGLU
# expansion defaults. Callers here rely on the local signatures.
# ============================================================================

def rms_norm(hidden_states: torch.Tensor, eps: float = 1e-5) -> torch.Tensor:
    """
    RMS Normalization (more stable than LayerNorm)

    Args:
        hidden_states: Input tensor
        eps: Epsilon for numerical stability

    Returns:
        Normalized tensor
    """
    input_dtype = hidden_states.dtype
    hidden_states = hidden_states.to(torch.float32)

    variance = hidden_states.pow(2).mean(-1, keepdim=True)
    hidden_states = hidden_states * torch.rsqrt(variance + eps)

    return hidden_states.to(input_dtype)


def trunc_normal_init_(tensor: torch.Tensor, std: float = 1.0, a: float = -2, b: float = 2):
    """
    Truncated normal initialization (better than uniform)

    Args:
        tensor: Tensor to initialize
        std: Standard deviation
        a: Lower truncation bound (in std units)
        b: Upper truncation bound (in std units)

    Returns:
        Initialized tensor
    """
    with torch.no_grad():
        tensor.normal_(0, std)
        tensor.clamp_(min=a*std, max=b*std)
    return tensor


# ============================================================================
# SwiGLU Activation
# ============================================================================

class SwiGLU(nn.Module):
    """
    SwiGLU activation (Gated Linear Unit with Swish/SiLU)

    Superior to ReLU for expressiveness.
    Used in modern LLMs (LLaMA, PaLM, etc.)
    """

    def __init__(self, hidden_size: int, expansion: float = 2.0):
        super().__init__()

        # Compute intermediate dimension (round to multiple of 256 for efficiency)
        inter = int(expansion * hidden_size * 2 / 3)
        inter = ((inter + 255) // 256) * 256

        self.gate_up_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_size, inter * 2, bias=False)
        self.down_proj = nn.Linear(inter, hidden_size, bias=False)

    def forward(self, x):
        gate, up = self.gate_up_proj(x).chunk(2, dim=-1)
        return self.down_proj(F.silu(gate) * up)


# ============================================================================
# Multi-Head Self-Attention
# ============================================================================

class MultiHeadSelfAttention(nn.Module):
    """Multi-head self-attention for ViT"""

    def __init__(self, hidden_dim: int, num_heads: int = 8, dropout: float = 0.1, rms_eps: float = 1e-5):
        super().__init__()
        assert hidden_dim % num_heads == 0, "hidden_dim must be divisible by num_heads"

        self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim
        self.num_heads = num_heads
        self.head_dim = hidden_dim // num_heads
        self.rms_eps = rms_eps

        # Projections
        self.qkv_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, hidden_dim * 3, bias=False)
        self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, hidden_dim, bias=False)

        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
        self.scale = self.head_dim ** -0.5

        # Initialize with truncated normal
        self._init_weights()

    def _init_weights(self):
        """Initialize weights with truncated normal"""
        for module in [self.qkv_proj, self.out_proj]:
            std = 1.0 / math.sqrt(module.in_features)
            trunc_normal_init_(module.weight, std=std)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """
        Args:
            x: (B, N, D) input sequence

        Returns:
            (B, N, D) output sequence
        """
        B, N, D = x.shape

        # Project to Q, K, V
        qkv = self.qkv_proj(x)  # (B, N, 3*D)
        qkv = qkv.reshape(B, N, 3, self.num_heads, self.head_dim)
        qkv = qkv.permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4)  # (3, B, H, N, d)
        Q, K, V = qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]

        # Attention
        scores = torch.matmul(Q, K.transpose(-2, -1)) * self.scale
        attn_weights = F.softmax(scores, dim=-1)
        attn_weights = self.dropout(attn_weights)

        context = torch.matmul(attn_weights, V)

        # Merge heads
        context = context.transpose(1, 2).contiguous().view(B, N, D)
        output = self.out_proj(context)

        return output


# ============================================================================
# Transformer Block
# ============================================================================

class TransformerBlock(nn.Module):
    """
    Standard transformer block with RMS norm and SwiGLU
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        hidden_dim: int,
        num_heads: int = 8,
        dropout: float = 0.1,
        swiglu_expansion: float = 2.0,
        rms_eps: float = 1e-5
    ):
        super().__init__()

        self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim
        self.rms_eps = rms_eps

        # Self-attention
        self.attention = MultiHeadSelfAttention(hidden_dim, num_heads, dropout, rms_eps)

        # Feed-forward with SwiGLU
        self.ffn = SwiGLU(hidden_dim, swiglu_expansion)

        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """
        Args:
            x: (B, N, D) input sequence

        Returns:
            (B, N, D) output sequence
        """
        # Attention with residual + RMS norm
        x_norm = rms_norm(x, eps=self.rms_eps)
        attn_out = self.attention(x_norm)
        x = x + self.dropout(attn_out)

        # FFN with residual + RMS norm
        x_norm = rms_norm(x, eps=self.rms_eps)
        ffn_out = self.ffn(x_norm)
        x = x + self.dropout(ffn_out)

        return x


# ============================================================================
# Vision Transformer
# ============================================================================

class VisionTransformer(nn.Module):
    """
    Vision Transformer for palette feature extraction

    Takes embedded palettes (B, H, W, D) and outputs spatial features (B, H, W, D)

    Architecture:
    - Patchify input (reduce spatial dimensions)
    - Apply transformer layers
    - Unpatchify back to original spatial dimensions

    Best practices from Samsung TRM:
    - RMS normalization
    - SwiGLU activation
    - Truncated normal initialization
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        hidden_dim: int = 768,
        num_layers: int = 6,
        num_heads: int = 8,
        patch_size: int = 4,
        dropout: float = 0.1,
        rms_eps: float = 1e-5
    ):
        super().__init__()

        self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim
        self.num_layers = num_layers
        self.num_heads = num_heads
        self.patch_size = patch_size
        self.rms_eps = rms_eps

        # Patch embedding (reduce spatial dimensions)
        self.patch_embed = nn.Conv2d(
            hidden_dim, hidden_dim,
            kernel_size=patch_size,
            stride=patch_size,
            bias=False
        )

        # Transformer blocks
        self.blocks = nn.ModuleList([
            TransformerBlock(hidden_dim, num_heads, dropout, rms_eps=rms_eps)
            for _ in range(num_layers)
        ])

        # Unpatch (restore spatial dimensions)
        self.unpatch = nn.ConvTranspose2d(
            hidden_dim, hidden_dim,
            kernel_size=patch_size,
            stride=patch_size,
            bias=False
        )

        # Final normalization
        self.final_norm = lambda x: rms_norm(x, eps=rms_eps)

        # Initialize weights
        self._init_weights()

    def _init_weights(self):
        """Initialize all weights with truncated normal"""
        for module in self.modules():
            if isinstance(module, (nn.Linear, nn.Conv2d, nn.ConvTranspose2d)):
                std = 1.0 / math.sqrt(module.weight.shape[1] if len(module.weight.shape) > 1 else module.weight.shape[0])
                trunc_normal_init_(module.weight, std=std)
                if module.bias is not None:
                    module.bias.data.zero_()

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """
        Extract spatial features from embedded palettes

        Args:
            x: (B, H, W, D) embedded palette

        Returns:
            (B, H, W, D) spatial features
        """
        B, H, W, D = x.shape

        # Rearrange for Conv2d: (B, H, W, D) → (B, D, H, W)
        x = x.permute(0, 3, 1, 2)

        # 1. Patchify: (B, D, H, W) → (B, D, H/P, W/P)
        x_patches = self.patch_embed(x)
        B, D, H_p, W_p = x_patches.shape

        # 2. Flatten patches: (B, D, H_p, W_p) → (B, N, D) where N = H_p * W_p
        x_seq = x_patches.flatten(2).transpose(1, 2)  # (B, N, D)

        # 3. Apply transformer blocks
        for block in self.blocks:
            x_seq = block(x_seq)

        # 4. Reshape back to patches: (B, N, D) → (B, D, H_p, W_p)
        x_patches = x_seq.transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, D, H_p, W_p)

        # 5. Unpatchify: (B, D, H_p, W_p) → (B, D, H, W)
        x_out = self.unpatch(x_patches)

        # 6. Final normalization
        # Normalize along feature dimension (D)
        x_out_norm = x_out.permute(0, 2, 3, 1)  # (B, H, W, D)
        x_out_norm = self.final_norm(x_out_norm)

        return x_out_norm


# ============================================================================
# Palette Embedding + ViT Pipeline
# ============================================================================

class PaletteFeatureExtractor(nn.Module):
    """
    Complete pipeline: Palette embedding → ViT → Features

    Combines:
    1. Token embedding (palette indices → continuous vectors)
    2. ViT feature extraction (spatial transformations)

    Input: (B, H, W) LongTensor palette indices
    Output: (B, H, W, D) FloatTensor features
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        palette_size: int = 4096,
        hidden_dim: int = 768,
        num_layers: int = 6,
        num_heads: int = 8,
        patch_size: int = 4,
        dropout: float = 0.1
    ):
        super().__init__()

        self.palette_size = palette_size
        self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim

        # Token embedding
        self.palette_embed = nn.Embedding(palette_size, hidden_dim)

        # ViT
        self.vit = VisionTransformer(
            hidden_dim=hidden_dim,
            num_layers=num_layers,
            num_heads=num_heads,
            patch_size=patch_size,
            dropout=dropout
        )

        # Initialize embeddings
        self._init_embeddings()

    def _init_embeddings(self):
        """Initialize embedding with truncated normal"""
        std = 1.0 / math.sqrt(self.hidden_dim)
        trunc_normal_init_(self.palette_embed.weight, std=std)

    def forward(self, palette: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """
        Extract features from palette

        Args:
            palette: (B, H, W) LongTensor palette indices

        Returns:
            (B, H, W, D) FloatTensor features
        """
        # Embed palette tokens
        x = self.palette_embed(palette)  # (B, H, W, D)

        # Extract features with ViT
        features = self.vit(x)  # (B, H, W, D)

        return features