---
license: cc-by-nc-sa-4.0
datasets:
- ibrahimhamamci/CT-RATE
- rajpurkarlab/ReXGroundingCT
pipeline_tag: text-generation
tags:
- university-of-kentucky
- medical
- radiology
- chest-ct
- vision-language
- report-generation
- lejepa
- llama
- lora
language:
- en
base_model:
- meta-llama/Llama-3.2-3B
---
# Ker-VLJEPA-3B

A multi-modal vision-language model for **automated Chest CT radiology report generation**. Ker-VLJEPA-3B takes pre-computed 1024-d slice embeddings from [Guided-Chest-CT-LeJEPA](https://huggingface.co/IBI-CAAI/Guided-Chest-CT-LeJEPA) as input (not raw CT images) and generates free-text narrative findings reports in the style of a radiologist.

> **Dependency:** This model requires [IBI-CAAI/Guided-Chest-CT-LeJEPA](https://huggingface.co/IBI-CAAI/Guided-Chest-CT-LeJEPA) to first extract per-slice embeddings from raw CT volumes. Ker-VLJEPA-3B does not process CT images directly.

**New SOTA on CT-RATE:** Macro F1 = **0.429**, surpassing the previous state-of-the-art U-VLM (F1 = 0.414) by +3.6%.

Developed by the **Institute for Biomedical Informatics Center for Applied AI (IBI-CAAI)** at the University of Kentucky.

## Model Details

| Property | Value |
|----------|-------|
| **Model Type** | Multi-modal Vision-Language Model (VLM) for Chest CT report generation |
| **Language Model** | [Llama 3.2 3B](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-3.2-3B) with LoRA adapters (r=64, alpha=128) |
| **Input Embeddings** | [Guided-Chest-CT-LeJEPA](https://huggingface.co/IBI-CAAI/Guided-Chest-CT-LeJEPA) (ViT-Large) — **required dependency**, provides 1024-d per-slice embeddings from raw CT |
| **Visual Encoder** | Z-Zoned Perceiver — compresses variable-length slice embeddings into 32 fixed visual tokens (3072-d) |
| **Visual Grounding** | Flamingo-style gated cross-attention adapters at LLM layers 7, 14, 21 |
| **Input** | Pre-computed LeJEPA slice embeddings (num_slices x 1024) — **not raw CT images** |
| **Output** | Free-text narrative radiology findings report |
| **Model Date** | 03/2026 |
| **License** | CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (inherited from CT-RATE dataset terms) |
| **Parameters** | ~3.2B (Llama 3B base) + 1.7 GB LoRA + 320 MB bridge components |

## Architecture

Ker-VLJEPA-3B bridges vision and language through a 3-stage architecture:

```
Raw CT Volume
     │
     ▼
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│  Guided-Chest-CT-LeJEPA     │  ViT-Large backbone (separate model)
│  (per-slice feature extract) │  Produces 1024-d embedding per slice
└─────────────┬───────────────┘
              │ (num_slices, 1024)
              ▼
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│  Z-Zoned Perceiver          │  32 anatomical zones, each with learned queries
│  + Global Self-Attention    │  Compresses variable-length slices → 32 tokens
│  + JEPA Predictor (→ 3072d) │  Projects into LLM hidden space
└─────────────┬───────────────┘
              │ (32, 3072)
              ▼
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│  Llama 3.2 3B + LoRA        │  Embedding grafting: visual tokens replace
│  + Cross-Attention Adapters  │    <|visual_region|> placeholders in prompt
│    @ layers 7, 14, 21       │  Cross-attention: text attends to visual tokens
│  + Additive Layer Projectors │    at 3 intermediate LLM layers
└─────────────┬───────────────┘
              │
              ▼
      Narrative Report
```

### Key Architectural Innovations

- **Z-Zoned Cross-Attention:** Divides the body axis into 32 spatial zones. Each zone's queries attend only to slices within their anatomical region, enforcing spatial specialization by construction.
- **Flamingo-style Cross-Attention Bridge:** Rather than simple additive injection (which the LLM can trivially ignore), text hidden states explicitly attend to visual tokens via cross-attention at layers 7, 14, and 21.
- **Warm Bridge Technique:** Bridge components (cross-attention adapters, layer projectors, LoRA) are initialized from a prior converged checkpoint rather than random, yielding +4.4% F1 improvement.
- **Frozen Cross-Attention + EWC:** During narrative fine-tuning (Phase 4), cross-attention adapters are frozen to preserve visual grounding, while Elastic Weight Consolidation constrains LoRA drift.

## Intended Uses

This model is intended for **research purposes** in medical imaging and radiology.

- Automated generation of narrative chest CT findings reports
- Research into vision-language architectures for medical imaging
- Benchmarking on the CT-RATE evaluation protocol

**Not intended for:** Clinical diagnosis, treatment decisions, or any patient-facing application without proper clinical validation.

## Training

### Data

Trained exclusively on the train split of [CT-RATE](https://huggingface.co/datasets/ibrahimhamamci/CT-RATE) (~46,400 volumes), with guided cropping annotations from [ReXGroundingCT](https://huggingface.co/datasets/rajpurkarlab/ReXGroundingCT).

### Hardware

8x NVIDIA H200 GPUs with DDP via HuggingFace Accelerate, bf16 mixed precision.

### 4-Phase Training Pipeline

| Phase | Objective | Trainable Components | Key Hyperparameters | Result |
|-------|-----------|---------------------|---------------------|--------|
| **Phase 1** | Visual encoder alignment | Visual encoder + JEPA head | LR=5e-5, BS=32, 20 epochs | F1=0.460, AUC=0.811 |
| **Phase 2** | Contrastive bridge (InfoNCE + MMD) | Visual encoder + LoRA + JEPA head | LR=3e-5, BS=64, 30 epochs | F1=0.465, AUC=0.816 |
| **Phase 3** | Generative fine-tuning (positive-findings-only text) | JEPA predictor + LoRA + cross-attn + layer projectors | LR=2e-5, BS=8, warm bridge init | Gen F1=0.422 |
| **Phase 4** | Raw narrative fine-tuning | **LoRA only** (cross-attn frozen, EWC=100.0) | LR=5e-7, BS=8, 14 epochs | Gen F1=**0.429** |

**Phase 3 → Phase 4 innovation:** In Phase 3, the model trains on positive-findings-only text to learn pathology detection without gradient domination from normal-text tokens (~90% of raw reports). Phase 4 then adapts to raw radiologist prose with frozen cross-attention + ultra-conservative LoRA updates.

### Generation Configuration

| Parameter | Value | Rationale |
|-----------|-------|-----------|
| Temperature | 0.6 | Optimal via sweep — balances diversity and accuracy |
| Top-p | 0.9 | Nucleus sampling |
| Repetition penalty | 1.1 | Prevents degenerate loops |
| No-repeat n-gram | 4 | Medical reports need some anatomical repetition |
| Max new tokens | 384 | Covers 95%+ of reports |

## Results

### CT-RATE Benchmark (Cross-Method Comparison)

All methods evaluated on the CT-RATE validation set (2,984 volumes) using the official RadBERT classifier for 18-class binary label extraction.

| Method | Macro F1 | Macro Prec | Macro Rec | Notes |
|--------|----------|------------|-----------|-------|
| CT-CLIP (Hamamci et al.) | 0.194 | — | — | Zero-shot |
| CT-CHAT (Hamamci et al.) | 0.287 | — | — | Fine-tuned |
| BTB3D (Song et al.) | 0.354 | — | — | |
| U-VLM (Lee et al.) | 0.414 | 0.491 | 0.429 | Previous SOTA |
| **Ker-VLJEPA-3B** | **0.429** | 0.389 | **0.524** | |

### Per-Class Results (2,984 validation samples)

| Class | Prec | Rec | F1 | Support |
|-------|------|-----|-----|---------|
| Pleural effusion | 0.574 | 0.789 | **0.664** | 370 |
| Arterial wall calcification | 0.642 | 0.660 | **0.651** | 849 |
| Coronary artery wall calcification | 0.580 | 0.585 | **0.582** | 752 |
| Cardiomegaly | 0.437 | 0.743 | **0.550** | 315 |
| Lung nodule | 0.491 | 0.560 | **0.523** | 1,344 |
| Lung opacity | 0.545 | 0.453 | **0.494** | 1,173 |
| Emphysema | 0.346 | 0.667 | **0.456** | 588 |
| Lymphadenopathy | 0.393 | 0.532 | **0.452** | 769 |
| Pulmonary fibrotic sequela | 0.384 | 0.505 | **0.436** | 819 |
| Atelectasis | 0.369 | 0.496 | **0.423** | 698 |
| Consolidation | 0.430 | 0.389 | **0.408** | 576 |
| Pericardial effusion | 0.238 | 0.614 | **0.343** | 215 |
| Mosaic attenuation pattern | 0.256 | 0.494 | **0.337** | 245 |
| Hiatal hernia | 0.257 | 0.397 | **0.312** | 413 |
| Peribronchial thickening | 0.271 | 0.354 | **0.307** | 347 |
| Medical material | 0.194 | 0.722 | **0.305** | 306 |
| Bronchiectasis | 0.238 | 0.328 | **0.276** | 326 |
| Interlobular septal thickening | 0.357 | 0.142 | **0.203** | 246 |

**Macro (default 0.5 threshold):** F1=0.429, Prec=0.389, Rec=0.524

### Evaluation Protocol

Clinical accuracy follows the **CT-RATE evaluation protocol**, the same methodology used by CT-CLIP, CT-CHAT, BTB3D, and U-VLM:

1. **Generate** free-text narrative reports from all validation CT volumes (temp=0.6, top_p=0.9)
2. **Clean** degenerate text (truncate at onset of repeated chars/unicode)
3. **Strip** negation suffixes before RadBERT (prevents false positive extraction)
4. **Extract** 18 binary abnormality labels using the official CT-RATE [RadBERT classifier](https://huggingface.co/zzxslp/RadBERT-RoBERTa-4m) with [CT-RATE weights](https://huggingface.co/datasets/ibrahimhamamci/CT-RATE)
5. **Compute** macro-averaged F1, precision, recall against ground-truth labels

The RadBERT classifier achieves **F1=0.982** on ground-truth reports, confirming it is a reliable extraction tool.

## How to Use

### Prerequisites

```bash
pip install torch transformers peft safetensors accelerate
pip install flash-attn --no-build-isolation  # recommended for fast generation
```

You will also need:
- A local copy of [meta-llama/Llama-3.2-3B](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-3.2-3B)
- Pre-computed LeJEPA slice embeddings from the [Guided-Chest-CT-LeJEPA](https://huggingface.co/IBI-CAAI/Guided-Chest-CT-LeJEPA) backbone

### Repository Contents

```
Ker-VLJEPA-3B/
├── README.md                           # This file
├── model.py                            # Inference-only model class
├── generate_report.py                  # CLI example
└── weights/
    ├── visual_encoder.safetensors      # Z-Zoned Perceiver + JEPA predictor (43 MB)
    ├── bridge_components.safetensors   # Cross-attn adapters, layer projectors, norms (277 MB)
    ├── lora_adapters/                  # LoRA adapter weights for Llama 3.2 3B (1.7 GB)
    │   ├── adapter_config.json
    │   └── adapter_model.safetensors
    └── tokenizer/                      # Tokenizer with <|visual_region|> special token
        ├── chat_template.jinja
        ├── tokenizer.json
        └── tokenizer_config.json
```

### Python API

```python
import numpy as np
import torch
from model import load_model

# 1. Load the model (requires local Llama 3.2 3B)
model = load_model(
    llm_path="/path/to/Llama-3.2-3B",
    weights_dir="weights",
    device="cuda",
)

# 2. Load pre-computed LeJEPA slice embeddings for a CT volume
#    Shape: (1, num_slices, 1024) — one 1024-d embedding per CT slice
#    See IBI-CAAI/Guided-Chest-CT-LeJEPA for how to extract these
embeddings = torch.from_numpy(np.load("volume_embeddings.npy")).unsqueeze(0).float()
mask = torch.ones(1, embeddings.shape[1])  # 1=valid, 0=padding

# 3. Generate a narrative report
report = model.generate(
    slice_embeddings=embeddings,
    mask=mask,
    temperature=0.6,
    max_new_tokens=384,
)
print(report)
```

### CLI

```bash
python generate_report.py \
    --llm_path /path/to/Llama-3.2-3B \
    --embeddings volume_embeddings.npy \
    --temperature 0.6
```

### End-to-End: Raw CT Volume → Report

This example shows the full pipeline, from a raw NIfTI CT volume through LeJEPA embedding extraction to report generation.

```python
import nibabel as nib
import numpy as np
import torch
import torch.nn.functional as F
import timm
from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
from safetensors.torch import load_file
from model import load_model

# --- Step 1: Load the LeJEPA visual backbone ---
backbone = timm.create_model(
    "vit_large_patch14_dinov2", pretrained=False,
    num_classes=0, in_chans=1, img_size=518, dynamic_img_size=True,
)
ckpt = load_file(hf_hub_download("IBI-CAAI/Guided-Chest-CT-LeJEPA", "model.safetensors"))
backbone.load_state_dict(ckpt, strict=False)
backbone.eval().cuda()

# --- Step 2: Preprocess and extract slice embeddings ---
# HU clipping and normalization must match LeJEPA training exactly
CLIP_MIN, CLIP_MAX = -997.0, 888.0
MEAN_HU, STD_HU = -142.39, 360.97
RANGE = CLIP_MAX - CLIP_MIN
NORM_MEAN = (MEAN_HU - CLIP_MIN) / RANGE
NORM_STD = STD_HU / RANGE

vol = nib.load("chest_ct.nii.gz").get_fdata()  # (H, W, D) in Hounsfield Units

slice_embeddings = []
with torch.no_grad():
    for i in range(vol.shape[2]):
        s = torch.from_numpy(vol[:, :, i]).float().unsqueeze(0)  # (1, H, W)
        s = torch.clamp(s, CLIP_MIN, CLIP_MAX)
        s = (s - CLIP_MIN) / RANGE
        s = (s - NORM_MEAN) / NORM_STD
        # Align to patch size 14
        _, H, W = s.shape
        tH, tW = (H // 14) * 14, (W // 14) * 14
        if tH != H or tW != W:
            s = F.interpolate(s.unsqueeze(0), size=(tH, tW), mode='nearest').squeeze(0)
        emb = backbone(s.unsqueeze(0).cuda())  # (1, 1024)
        slice_embeddings.append(emb.cpu())

embeddings = torch.cat(slice_embeddings, dim=0).unsqueeze(0)  # (1, num_slices, 1024)
mask = torch.ones(1, embeddings.shape[1])

# --- Step 3: Generate the report ---
model = load_model("/path/to/Llama-3.2-3B", "weights", "cuda")
report = model.generate(slice_embeddings=embeddings, mask=mask)
print(report)
```

## Prompt Format

The model uses the Llama 3.2 chat template with 32 `<|visual_region|>` tokens injected into the user message:

```
<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>

You are a radiology reporting assistant. Describe thoracic findings based on
the provided CT scan visual features. Report only what you observe.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>

Based on the visual features from this CT scan, describe the thoracic findings.
<|visual_region|> x 32<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>

```

Each `<|visual_region|>` placeholder is replaced at the embedding level with the corresponding visual token from the perceiver encoder. Cross-attention adapters at layers 7, 14, and 21 provide additional grounding throughout generation.

## Limitations

- **Domain-specific:** Trained exclusively on Chest CT from CT-RATE. Performance on other body regions, modalities, or datasets is unknown.
- **Not clinically validated:** This is a research model. Generated reports should not be used for clinical decision-making.
- **Hallucination:** Like all generative models, Ker-VLJEPA-3B can produce findings not present in the scan. The 0.389 precision indicates ~61% of generated positive findings are true positives.
- **Degeneration:** At high token counts (>384), generation quality degrades. Reports should be truncated.
- **English only:** All training text is in English.

## Citation

If you use this model, please cite the CT-RATE dataset:

```bibtex
@misc{bumgardner2026curriculumdriven3dctreport,
      title={Curriculum-Driven 3D CT Report Generation via Language-Free Visual Grafting and Zone-Constrained Compression}, 
      author={V. K. Cody Bumgardner and Mitchell A. Klusty and Mahmut S. Gokmen and Evan W. Damron},
      year={2026},
      eprint={2603.23308},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.23308}, 
}
```