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@@ -1,266 +1,64 @@
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  ---
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- language: en
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- license: apache-2.0
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  tags:
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- - causal-lm
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- - research
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- - fp8
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- - attention
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- - normalization
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- - neollm
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- datasets:
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- - HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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  ---
14
 
15
- # NeoLLM
16
-
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- NeoLLM is a **135 M parameter** decoder-only language model trained from scratch on
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- [FineWeb-Edu](https://huggingface.co/datasets/HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu) in **FP8**
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- precision, completing training in approximately **6 hours** on a single NVIDIA RTX 5090.
20
- It integrates a collection of recently published attention and normalization techniques
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- into a single architecture, with the goal of studying how they interact during
22
- pretraining. The model is actively being developed and the current checkpoint represents
23
- an intermediate training state.
24
-
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- > **Author / contact:** [@Kyokopom](https://x.com/Kyokopom) on X
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- > **Repository:** [KitsuVp/NeoLLM](https://huggingface.co/KitsuVp/NeoLLM)
27
-
28
- ---
29
-
30
- ## Architecture
31
-
32
- NeoLLM is a decoder-only transformer with the following configuration:
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-
34
- | Parameter | Value |
35
- |---|---|
36
- | Hidden size | 512 |
37
- | Layers | 12 |
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- | Attention heads | 8 |
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- | KV heads (GQA) | 4 |
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- | Head dim | 64 |
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- | Intermediate size | 1536 |
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- | Vocabulary | Qwen3 tokenizer (64,402 tokens) |
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- | Context length | 512 tokens |
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-
45
- ### Parameter breakdown
46
-
47
- | Parameter bucket | Count |
48
- |---|---|
49
- | **Total parameters** | 113.07M (113,070,456) |
50
- | **Embedding parameters** (tied) | 32.97M (32,973,824) |
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- | **Non-embedding parameters** | 80.10M (80,096,632) |
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- | **Effective trainable parameters** | 113.07M (113,070,456) |
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-
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- > Weight tying is **enabled**: the input embedding matrix and the language-model head
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- > share the same parameters, so the effective trainable budget is
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- > `total − embed = 80.10M`.
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-
58
- ### Integrated techniques
59
-
60
- NeoLLM combines architecture modules, optional auxiliary objectives, and
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- training-time optimizer/stability components from the following papers.
62
-
63
- **Embedding and token representation**
64
-
65
- - **Learnable Multipliers** ([arXiv:2601.04890](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.04890)) — Adds
66
- per-row and per-column learnable scalar parameters to selected matrix layers and, when
67
- enabled, embeddings.
68
- - **Leviathan** ([arXiv:2601.22040](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.22040)) — Optional
69
- continuous token embedding generator that can replace the discrete input lookup table.
70
- - **KHRONOS** ([arXiv:2505.13315](https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.13315)) — Kernel/basis
71
- reference used by the Leviathan continuous token generator implementation.
72
- - **JTok / JTok-M** ([arXiv:2602.00800](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.00800)) — Optional
73
- token-indexed self-modulation surfaces over Leviathan coordinates.
74
- - **Spelling Bee Embeddings** ([arXiv:2601.18030](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.18030)) —
75
- Augments token embeddings with character-level spelling information.
76
- - **Token Embedding Manifold analysis** ([arXiv:2504.01002](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.01002)) —
77
- Reference motivation for treating token embeddings as structured objects rather than
78
- unconstrained lookup rows.
79
-
80
- **Attention, positions, and output projection**
81
-
82
- - **FAN** ([arXiv:2502.21309](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.21309)) — Fourier Analysis Networks.
83
- A portion of the projection channels are dedicated to periodic cosine/sine features.
84
- - **MEA** ([arXiv:2601.19611](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.19611)) — Explicit Multi-head
85
- Attention. Adds small learnable interaction matrices between attention heads for K and V.
86
- - **LUCID** ([arXiv:2602.10410](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.10410)) — Applies a learned
87
- lower-triangular preconditioner to V before attention, decorrelating value representations
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- across positions.
89
- - **Affine-Scaled Attention** ([arXiv:2602.23057](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.23057)) — Adds
90
- two learnable per-head scalars (α and β) to the softmax weights:
91
- `[α·softmax(QKᵀ) + β]·V`.
92
- - **XSA** ([arXiv:2603.09078](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.09078)) — Exclusive Self Attention.
93
- After computing attention, removes the component of the output aligned with the token's
94
- own value vector.
95
- - **Directional Routing** ([arXiv:2603.14923](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.14923)) — Each head
96
- learns K=4 directions in the output space; a learned router suppresses the attention output
97
- along each direction per input.
98
- - **Gated Attention** ([arXiv:2505.06708](https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.06708)) — A sigmoid gate
99
- is applied to the attention output before the output projection, introducing non-linearity
100
- and preventing attention sinks.
101
- - **Momentum Attention** ([arXiv:2411.03884](https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.03884)) — Modifies Q
102
- and K by subtracting a fraction of the previous position's Q and K values (causal
103
- first-difference).
104
- - **Interleaved Head Attention / IHA** ([arXiv:2602.21371](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.21371)) —
105
- Builds pseudo-heads from learned cross-head mixtures to create multiple attention patterns
106
- per original head.
107
- - **REPO** ([arXiv:2512.14391](https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.14391)) — Context re-positioning
108
- module that learns contextual position coordinates above a configurable start layer.
109
- - **GRAPE** ([arXiv:2512.07805](https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.07805)) — Group representational
110
- position encoding used by the REPO-GRAPE positional path.
111
- - **GOAT priors** ([arXiv:2601.15380](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.15380)) — Optional
112
- factorized attention log-prior channels inspired by trainable attention priors.
113
- - **Hadamard output projection** ([arXiv:2603.08343](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.08343)) —
114
- Replaces dense attention output projection with a structured Hadamard transform plus
115
- lightweight scaling.
116
-
117
- **Normalization, residual flow, and MLP**
118
 
119
- - **SeeDNorm** ([arXiv:2510.22777](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.22777)) — Applied to Q and K
120
- projections. Dynamically rescales normalization from the input's own statistics.
121
- - **LayerNorm Scaling / LNS** ([arXiv:2502.05795](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.05795)) — Each
122
- layer's output is scaled by 1/√ℓ where ℓ is the layer index.
123
- - **GPAS** ([arXiv:2506.22049](https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.22049)) — Gradient-Preserving
124
- Activation Scaling for residual junctions.
125
- - **PolyNorm** ([arXiv:2602.04902](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.04902)) — Replaces the standard
126
- MLP activation with normalized linear, quadratic, and cubic branches.
127
- - **SimpleGPT** ([arXiv:2602.01212](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.01212)) — Second-order
128
- geometry-inspired normalization strategy applied inside MLP projections.
129
- - **StackMemory / STACKTRANS** ([NeurIPS 2025](https://openreview.net/forum?id=2bbDg587uh)) —
130
- Optional differentiable hidden-state stack between decoder layers.
131
- - **Attention Residuals / AttnRes** ([arXiv:2603.15031](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.15031)) —
132
- Optional learned depth-wise aggregation over previous layer outputs or block summaries.
133
- - **LAUREL** ([arXiv:2411.07501](https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.07501)) — Optional learned
134
- augmented residual layer with residual-weight and low-rank variants.
135
-
136
- **Training objectives and training-time regularizers**
137
-
138
- - **TWEO** ([arXiv:2511.23225](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.23225)) — Optional
139
- Transformers Without Extreme Outliers activation regularizer for FP8/low-bit-friendly
140
- training.
141
- - **NITP** ([arXiv:2605.24956](https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.24956)) — Optional Next Implicit
142
- Token Prediction auxiliary objective using shallow-layer implicit token targets and a
143
- cosine loss.
144
- - **NextLat** ([arXiv:2511.05963](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.05963)) — Optional next-latent
145
- prediction objective using latent dynamics, Smooth L1 supervision, and frozen-head KL.
146
-
147
- **Optimizer and training stability**
148
-
149
- - **Conda** ([arXiv:2509.24218](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.24218)) —
150
- Column-Normalized Adam optimizer path used by the training script.
151
- - **Cautious Weight Decay** ([arXiv:2510.12402](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.12402)) —
152
- Sign-selective weight decay variant used by the custom optimizer logic.
153
- - **Correction of Decoupled Weight Decay** ([arXiv:2512.08217](https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.08217)) —
154
- Adapts decoupled weight decay during learning-rate decay.
155
- - **AdamHD** ([arXiv:2511.14721](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.14721)) —
156
- Decoupled Huber decay regularization reference used by the optimizer.
157
- - **GradientStabilizer** ([arXiv:2502.17055](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.17055)) —
158
- Optional threshold-free gradient magnitude stabilizer.
159
-
160
- ---
161
-
162
- ## Training
163
-
164
- | Setting | Value |
165
- |---|---|
166
- | Dataset | FineWeb-Edu (sample-10BT) |
167
- | Tokens seen | ~0.51B (15,625 steps × batch 64 × length 512) |
168
- | Precision | FP8 native (E4M3 weights/activations, E5M2 gradients) + BF16 fallback |
169
- | Optimizer | Conda (Column-Normalized Adam) |
170
- | Learning rate | 6e-04 with linear warmup (10 % of steps) |
171
- | Weight decay | 0.1 |
172
- | Training time | ~1h 26m |
173
- | Hardware | NVIDIA RTX 5090 (single GPU) |
174
-
175
- ### Training curve
176
-
177
- | Step | Train Loss | Val Loss |
178
- |---|---|---|
179
- | 5,000 | 3.998 | 3.958 |
180
- | 10,000 | 3.717 | 3.689 |
181
- | 15,000 | 3.532 | 3.494 |
182
- | 15,625 | — | 3.482 |
183
-
184
- ---
185
 
186
- ## Limitations
 
 
 
 
 
 
187
 
188
- - **Token budget** — ~1.5 B tokens seen; below estimated optimum. Knowledge-intensive tasks
189
- will improve with more training.
190
- - **Gradient spike at step 40k** — Reorganized the attention pattern in layer 9 that
191
- previously captured long-range token correlations. A checkpoint from ~step 38k is expected
192
- to have better aggregate benchmark scores.
193
- - **PolyNorm exclusivity** — The quadratic branch has become partially redundant with the
194
- linear branch. Will be corrected in the next training run.
195
- - **Base model only** — Not instruction-tuned or aligned; purely a next-token-prediction
196
- base model.
197
 
198
- ---
199
 
200
- ## References
201
 
202
- All papers whose techniques are integrated into NeoLLM's architecture,
203
- training objective, or training stack:
204
 
205
- | Area | Technique | Paper title | Reference |
206
- |---|---|---|---|
207
- | Embeddings | Learnable Multipliers | Freeing the Scale of Language Model Matrix Layers | [arXiv:2601.04890](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.04890) |
208
- | Embeddings | Leviathan | A Separable Architecture for Continuous Token Representation in Language Models | [arXiv:2601.22040](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.22040) |
209
- | Embeddings | KHRONOS | KHRONOS: a Kernel-Based Neural Architecture for Rapid, Resource-Efficient Scientific Computation | [arXiv:2505.13315](https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.13315) |
210
- | Embeddings | JTok / JTok-M | JTok: On Token Embedding as Another Axis of Scaling Law via Joint Token Self-Modulation | [arXiv:2602.00800](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.00800) |
211
- | Embeddings | Spelling Bee | Spelling Bee Embeddings for Language Modeling | [arXiv:2601.18030](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.18030) |
212
- | Embeddings | Token embedding analysis | Token Embeddings Violate the Manifold Hypothesis | [arXiv:2504.01002](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.01002) |
213
- | Attention / positions | FAN | Fourier Analysis Networks | [arXiv:2502.21309](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.21309) |
214
- | Attention / positions | MEA | Explicit Multi-head Attention for Inter-head Interaction in Large Language Models | [arXiv:2601.19611](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.19611) |
215
- | Attention / positions | LUCID | Attention with Preconditioned Representations | [arXiv:2602.10410](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.10410) |
216
- | Attention / positions | Affine-Scaled Attention | Affine-Scaled Attention: Towards Flexible and Stable Transformer Attention | [arXiv:2602.23057](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.23057) |
217
- | Attention / positions | XSA | Exclusive Self Attention | [arXiv:2603.09078](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.09078) |
218
- | Attention / positions | Directional Routing | Directional Routing in Transformers | [arXiv:2603.14923](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.14923) |
219
- | Attention / positions | Gated Attention | Gated Attention for Large Language Models: Non-linearity, Sparsity, and Attention-Sink-Free | [arXiv:2505.06708](https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.06708) |
220
- | Attention / positions | Momentum Attention | Momentum Attention | [arXiv:2411.03884](https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.03884) |
221
- | Attention / positions | IHA | Interleaved Head Attention | [arXiv:2602.21371](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.21371) |
222
- | Attention / positions | REPO | Language Models with Context Re-Positioning | [arXiv:2512.14391](https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.14391) |
223
- | Attention / positions | GRAPE | Group Representational Position Encoding | [arXiv:2512.07805](https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.07805) |
224
- | Attention / positions | GOAT priors | You Need Better Attention Priors | [arXiv:2601.15380](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.15380) |
225
- | Attention / positions | Hadamard o_proj | Rethinking Attention Output Projection: Structured Hadamard Transforms for Efficient Transformers | [arXiv:2603.08343](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.08343) |
226
- | Residual / normalization | SeeDNorm | Self-Rescaled Dynamic Normalization | [arXiv:2510.22777](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.22777) |
227
- | Residual / normalization | LNS | The Curse of Depth in LLMs | [arXiv:2502.05795](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.05795) |
228
- | Residual / normalization | GPAS | Gradient-Preserving Activation Scaling | [arXiv:2506.22049](https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.22049) |
229
- | Residual / normalization | PolyNorm | PolyNorm / PolyCom | [arXiv:2602.04902](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.04902) |
230
- | Residual / normalization | SimpleGPT | SimpleGPT | [arXiv:2602.01212](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.01212) |
231
- | Residual / normalization | StackMemory / STACKTRANS | Recursive Transformer: Boosting Reasoning Ability with State Stack | [NeurIPS 2025](https://openreview.net/forum?id=2bbDg587uh) |
232
- | Residual / normalization | Attention Residuals | Attention Residuals | [arXiv:2603.15031](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.15031) |
233
- | Residual / normalization | LAUREL | LAUREL: Learned Augmented Residual Layer | [arXiv:2411.07501](https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.07501) |
234
- | Objectives | TWEO | Transformers Without Extreme Outliers Enables FP8 Training And Quantization For Dummies | [arXiv:2511.23225](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.23225) |
235
- | Objectives | NITP | Next Implicit Token Prediction for LLM Pre-training | [arXiv:2605.24956](https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.24956) |
236
- | Objectives | NextLat | Next-Latent Prediction Transformers Learn Compact World Models | [arXiv:2511.05963](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.05963) |
237
- | Optimizer / training | Conda | Column-Normalized Adam for Training Large Language Models Faster | [arXiv:2509.24218](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.24218) |
238
- | Optimizer / training | CWD | Cautious Weight Decay | [arXiv:2510.12402](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.12402) |
239
- | Optimizer / training | WD correction | Correction of Decoupled Weight Decay | [arXiv:2512.08217](https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.08217) |
240
- | Optimizer / training | AdamHD | AdamHD: Decoupled Huber Decay Regularization for Language Model Pre-Training | [arXiv:2511.14721](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.14721) |
241
- | Optimizer / training | GradientStabilizer | GradientStabilizer | [arXiv:2502.17055](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.17055) |
242
 
243
- ---
244
 
245
- ## Citation
246
 
247
- ```bibtex
248
- @misc{neollm2026,
249
- title = {NeoLLM: A Research Language Model Integrating Recent Attention and Normalization Techniques},
250
- author = {KitsuVp},
251
- year = {2026},
252
- url = {https://huggingface.co/KitsuVp/NeoLLM}
253
- }
254
- ```
255
 
256
- ---
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
257
 
258
- ## Author
259
 
260
- [@Kyokopom](https://x.com/Kyokopom) on X
 
 
 
 
 
261
 
262
- ---
263
 
264
- ## License
265
 
266
- Apache 2.0
 
 
 
 
1
  ---
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+ library_name: transformers
 
3
  tags:
4
+ - generated_from_trainer
5
+ model-index:
6
+ - name: NeoLLM
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+ results: []
 
 
 
 
8
  ---
9
 
10
+ <!-- This model card has been generated automatically according to the information the Trainer had access to. You
11
+ should probably proofread and complete it, then remove this comment. -->
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
12
 
13
+ # NeoLLM
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
14
 
15
+ This model is a fine-tuned version of [](https://huggingface.co/) on an unknown dataset.
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+ It achieves the following results on the evaluation set:
17
+ - Loss: 3.5893
18
+ - Ntp Loss: 3.3617
19
+ - Tweo Loss: 0.0120
20
+ - Nitp Loss: 0.0988
21
+ - Total Model Loss: 3.4606
22
 
23
+ ## Model description
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
24
 
25
+ More information needed
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27
+ ## Intended uses & limitations
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29
+ More information needed
 
30
 
31
+ ## Training and evaluation data
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
32
 
33
+ More information needed
34
 
35
+ ## Training procedure
36
 
37
+ ### Training hyperparameters
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
38
 
39
+ The following hyperparameters were used during training:
40
+ - learning_rate: 0.0006
41
+ - train_batch_size: 64
42
+ - eval_batch_size: 64
43
+ - seed: 42
44
+ - optimizer: Use OptimizerNames.ADAMW_TORCH_FUSED with betas=(0.9,0.999) and epsilon=1e-08 and optimizer_args=No additional optimizer arguments
45
+ - lr_scheduler_type: linear
46
+ - lr_scheduler_warmup_steps: 0.1
47
+ - num_epochs: 1
48
 
49
+ ### Training results
50
 
51
+ | Training Loss | Epoch | Step | Validation Loss | Loss | Model Loss |
52
+ |:-------------:|:-----:|:-----:|:---------------:|:------:|:----------:|
53
+ | 4.1325 | 0.32 | 5000 | 4.0643 | 0.0777 | 3.9520 |
54
+ | 3.8119 | 0.64 | 10000 | 3.7847 | 0.0845 | 3.6634 |
55
+ | 3.6408 | 0.96 | 15000 | 3.6019 | 0.0989 | 3.4721 |
56
+ | 3.6242 | 1.0 | 15625 | 3.5893 | 0.0988 | 3.4606 |
57
 
 
58
 
59
+ ### Framework versions
60
 
61
+ - Transformers 5.12.1
62
+ - Pytorch 2.12.1+cu130
63
+ - Datasets 5.0.0
64
+ - Tokenizers 0.22.2
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@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
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  "use_nextlat": false,
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+ "use_nitp": true,
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