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---
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license: apache-2.0
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tags:
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- normalization
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- neollm
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datasets:
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- HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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---
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NeoLLM is a **84.57 M parameter** decoder-only language model trained from scratch on
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[FineWeb-Edu](https://huggingface.co/datasets/HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu) with
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**BF16** compute, completing training in approximately
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**~1h 00m** on **NVIDIA RTX PRO 6000 Blackwell Server Edition**.
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It integrates a collection of recently published attention and normalization techniques
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into a single architecture, with the goal of studying how they interact during
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pretraining. The model is actively being developed and the current checkpoint represents
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an intermediate training state.
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> **Author / contact:** [@Kyokopom](https://x.com/Kyokopom) on X
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> **Repository:** [KitsuVp/NeoLLM](https://huggingface.co/KitsuVp/NeoLLM)
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---
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## Architecture
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NeoLLM is a decoder-only transformer with the following configuration:
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| Parameter | Value |
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|---|---|
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| Hidden size | 512 |
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| Layers | 12 |
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| Attention heads | 8 |
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| KV heads (GQA) | 4 |
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| Head dim | 64 |
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| Intermediate size | 1536 |
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| Vocabulary | LiquidAI/LFM2.5-1.2B-Thinking tokenizer (64,402 tokens) |
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| Context length | 512 tokens |
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| Leviathan | enabled=True; d_seed=128, modes=8, knots=16 |
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| JTok / JTok-M | enabled=False / False; Torch continuous surfaces, experts=5, top_k=2 |
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| DAGFormer | enabled=False; {'predictor_dim': 256, 'predictor_layers': 2, 'predictor_heads': 4, 'local_dim': 128, 'input_source': 'tokens'} |
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### Parameter breakdown
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| Parameter bucket | Count |
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|---|---|
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| **Total parameters** | 84.57M (84,567,992) |
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| **Embedding parameters** (tied) | 32.97M (32,973,824) |
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| **Non-embedding parameters** | 51.59M (51,594,168) |
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| **Effective trainable parameters** | 84.57M (84,567,992) |
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> Weight tying is **enabled**: the input embedding matrix and the language-model head
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> share the same parameters, so the effective trainable budget is
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> `total − embed = 51.59M`.
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### Integrated techniques
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NeoLLM combines architecture modules, optional auxiliary objectives, and
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training-time optimizer/stability components from the following papers.
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**Embedding and token representation**
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- **Learnable Multipliers** ([arXiv:2601.04890](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.04890)) — Adds
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per-row and per-column learnable scalar parameters to selected matrix layers and, when
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enabled, embeddings.
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- **Leviathan** ([arXiv:2601.22040](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.22040)) — Optional
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continuous token embedding generator that can replace the discrete input lookup table.
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- **Leviathan-JTok / JTok-M** ([arXiv:2602.00800](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.00800)) —
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Optional continuous adaptation of JTok over the shared Leviathan coordinate. JTok
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applies one normalized surface as a multiplicative MLP gate; JTok-M routes a
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Sigmoid+TopK mixture of continuous surfaces and adds the paper's depth-scaled
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residual. Runtime ``jtok_kernel_backend`` selects the PyTorch reference or the
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CCE Triton adapter; the JTok surfaces remain outside MXFP8 conversion.
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- **KHRONOS** ([arXiv:2505.13315](https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.13315)) — Kernel/basis
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reference used by the Leviathan continuous token generator implementation.
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- **Spelling Bee Embeddings** ([arXiv:2601.18030](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.18030)) —
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Augments token embeddings with character-level spelling information.
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- **Token Embedding Manifold analysis** ([arXiv:2504.01002](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.01002)) —
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Reference motivation for treating token embeddings as structured objects rather than
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unconstrained lookup rows.
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**Attention, positions, and output projection**
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- **FAN** ([arXiv:2502.21309](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.21309)) — Fourier Analysis Networks.
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A portion of the projection channels are dedicated to periodic cosine/sine features.
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- **MEA** ([arXiv:2601.19611](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.19611)) — Explicit Multi-head
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Attention. Adds small learnable interaction matrices between attention heads for K and V.
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- **LUCID** ([arXiv:2602.10410](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.10410)) — Applies a learned
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lower-triangular preconditioner to V before attention, decorrelating value representations
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across positions.
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- **Affine-Scaled Attention** ([arXiv:2602.23057](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.23057)) — Adds
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two learnable per-head scalars (α and β) to the softmax weights:
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`[α·softmax(QKᵀ) + β]·V`.
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- **XSA** ([arXiv:2603.09078](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.09078)) — Exclusive Self Attention.
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After computing attention, removes the component of the output aligned with the token's
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own value vector.
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- **Directional Routing** ([arXiv:2603.14923](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.14923)) — Each head
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learns K=4 directions in the output space; a learned router suppresses the attention output
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along each direction per input.
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- **Gated Attention** ([arXiv:2505.06708](https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.06708)) — A sigmoid gate
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is applied to the attention output before the output projection, introducing non-linearity
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and preventing attention sinks.
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- **Momentum Attention** ([arXiv:2411.03884](https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.03884)) — Modifies Q
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and K by subtracting a fraction of the previous position's Q and K values (causal
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first-difference).
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- **Interleaved Head Attention / IHA** ([arXiv:2602.21371](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.21371)) —
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Builds pseudo-heads from learned cross-head mixtures to create multiple attention patterns
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per original head.
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- **REPO** ([arXiv:2512.14391](https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.14391)) — Context re-positioning
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module that learns contextual position coordinates above a configurable start layer.
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- **GRAPE** ([arXiv:2512.07805](https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.07805)) — Group representational
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position encoding used by the REPO-GRAPE positional path.
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- **GOAT priors** ([arXiv:2601.15380](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.15380)) — Optional
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factorized attention log-prior channels inspired by trainable attention priors.
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- **Hadamard output projection** ([arXiv:2603.08343](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.08343)) —
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Replaces dense attention output projection with a structured Hadamard transform plus
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lightweight scaling.
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**Normalization, residual flow, and MLP**
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- **SeeDNorm** ([arXiv:2510.22777](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.22777)) — Applied to Q and K
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projections. Dynamically rescales normalization from the input's own statistics.
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- **LayerNorm Scaling / LNS** ([arXiv:2502.05795](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.05795)) — Each
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layer's output is scaled by 1/√ℓ where ℓ is the layer index.
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- **GPAS** ([arXiv:2506.22049](https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.22049)) — Gradient-Preserving
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Activation Scaling for residual junctions.
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- **PolyNorm** ([arXiv:2602.04902](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.04902)) — Replaces the standard
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MLP activation with normalized linear, quadratic, and cubic branches.
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- **SimpleGPT** ([arXiv:2602.01212](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.01212)) — Second-order
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geometry-inspired normalization strategy applied inside MLP projections.
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- **StackMemory / STACKTRANS** ([NeurIPS 2025](https://openreview.net/forum?id=2bbDg587uh)) —
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Optional differentiable hidden-state stack between decoder layers.
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- **Attention Residuals / AttnRes** ([arXiv:2603.15031](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.15031)) —
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Optional learned depth-wise aggregation over previous layer outputs or block summaries.
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- **LAUREL** ([arXiv:2411.07501](https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.07501)) — Optional learned
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augmented residual layer with residual-weight and low-rank variants.
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**Training objectives and training-time regularizers**
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- **Cut Cross Entropy** ([Apple repository](https://github.com/apple/ml-cross-entropy)) —
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Memory-efficient next-token loss that avoids materializing the full token-by-vocabulary
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logits tensor. NeoLLM remains compatible with the upstream package when the extensions
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below are disabled.
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- **MiLe Loss** ([arXiv:2310.19531](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.19531)) — Optional detached,
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mean-normalized predictive-entropy weighting of token losses, implemented inside the
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extended CCE path.
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- **Output Embedding Centering / mu-loss**
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([arXiv:2601.02031](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.02031)) — Optional
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`lambda * ||mean(output_embeddings)||^2` regularizer for output-logit stability.
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- **MEAP** ([arXiv:2502.07490](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.07490)) — Optional training-only
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input corruption that masks a fixed fraction of eligible tokens while preserving clean
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next-token labels, causal attention, and the inference path.
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- **TWEO** ([arXiv:2511.23225](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.23225)) — Optional
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Transformers Without Extreme Outliers activation regularizer for FP8/low-bit-friendly
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training.
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- **NITP** ([arXiv:2605.24956](https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.24956)) — Optional Next Implicit
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Token Prediction auxiliary objective using shallow-layer implicit token targets and a
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cosine loss.
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- **NextLat** ([arXiv:2511.05963](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.05963)) — Optional next-latent
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prediction objective using latent dynamics, Smooth L1 supervision, and frozen-head KL.
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### Optional extended-CCE configuration
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| Feature | Enabled | Value |
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| MiLe Loss | True | gamma=1.0 |
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| mu-loss | True | lambda=0.0001 |
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| MEAP | True | ratio=0.15 |
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MiLe, mu-loss, and MEAP require the extended
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[`Kitsunp/ml-cross-entropy`](https://github.com/Kitsunp/ml-cross-entropy) package only when
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their corresponding flags are enabled. With all flags disabled, NeoLLM calls upstream CCE
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without extension-specific arguments. When any extension is active, CCE reports three compact
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scalars: unweighted NTP cross entropy, the MiLe reweighting delta, and the mu-loss penalty.
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Their sum reconstructs `ntp_loss` exactly. MEAP reports its eligible and selected counts from
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the masking kernel; the trainer logs the selected count and exact fraction. No diagnostic path
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materializes full-vocabulary logits or a token mask outside the kernels.
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**Optimizer and training stability**
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- **Adam-family optimizer mode** — Active variant: **AdEMAMix**.
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**AdEMAMix** ([arXiv:2409.03137](https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.03137)) contributes the optional
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beta3 slow-memory branch when `ADEMAMIX=True`. **DeltaMomentum**
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([arXiv:2608.19491](https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.19491)) optionally replaces only the fast beta1
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first-moment update on hidden Linear weights when `DELTA=True`; beta2 remains Adam's
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ordinary squared-gradient EMA in every mode.
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- **BF16 stochastic rounding** ([arXiv:2502.20566](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.20566)) —
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Optional master-free BF16 model update with stochastic rather than nearest rounding; the same
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write-back path is shared by AdamW, DeltaAdamW, AdEMAMix, and DeltaAdEMAMix.
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- **Cautious Weight Decay** ([arXiv:2510.12402](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.12402)) —
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Sign-selective weight decay variant used by the custom optimizer logic.
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- **Correction of Decoupled Weight Decay** ([arXiv:2512.08217](https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.08217)) —
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Adapts decoupled weight decay during learning-rate decay.
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- **AdamHD** ([arXiv:2511.14721](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.14721)) —
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Decoupled Huber decay regularization reference used by the optimizer.
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- **Gradient conditioning** — Active; repository per-parameter tensor norms; bias correction=True; no stabilizer warmup; EMA state stored in optimizer checkpoints.
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References: [CAST](https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.19761),
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[GradientStabilizer](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.17055).
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---
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## Training
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| Setting | Value |
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| Dataset | FineWeb-Edu (sample-10BT) |
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| Tokens seen | ~0.51B (15,625 steps × batch 64 × length 512) |
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| Precision | BF16 model state (bfloat16: 84,565,816 elements, float32: 2,176 elements) + AdEMAMix FP32 master active; stochastic rounding disabled |
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| Optimizer | AdEMAMix |
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| Gradient transform | Active; repository per-parameter tensor norms; bias correction=True; no stabilizer warmup; EMA state stored in optimizer checkpoints |
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| Learning rate | 1e-03 with 4,000-step linear warmup |
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| Weight decay | coefficients [0.005, 0.01, 0.1]; WD 5/5 groups; CWD 2; Huber 0; Correction 0 |
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| Training time | ~1h 00m |
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| Hardware | NVIDIA RTX PRO 6000 Blackwell Server Edition |
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#
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Total includes MiLe when enabled, plus all active auxiliary objectives and regularizers. Without MiLe means model total minus its MiLe delta on the same forward; this is not a separate training run without MiLe.
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| Step | Train total | Val total | Train without MiLe | Val without MiLe |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
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| 1 | 12.1628 | — | 12.1628 | — |
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| 250 | 7.60646 | — | 7.43483 | — |
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| 500 | 7.11046 | — | 6.83781 | — |
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| 750 | 6.78445 | — | 6.49071 | — |
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| 1,000 | 6.56215 | — | 6.25472 | — |
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| 1,250 | 6.41043 | — | 6.0883 | — |
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| 1,500 | 6.3068 | — | 5.97184 | — |
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| 1,750 | 6.21515 | — | 5.86749 | — |
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| 2,000 | 6.14136 | — | 5.77925 | — |
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| 2,250 | 6.08889 | — | 5.70973 | — |
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| 2,500 | 6.03413 | — | 5.64105 | — |
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| 2,750 | 5.98894 | — | 5.58622 | — |
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| 3,000 | 5.95055 | — | 5.54003 | — |
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| 3,250 | 5.91021 | — | 5.48942 | — |
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| 3,500 | 5.87788 | — | 5.4486 | — |
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| 3,750 | 5.83239 | — | 5.40089 | — |
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| 4,000 | 5.79932 | — | 5.36159 | — |
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| 4,250 | 5.76789 | — | 5.32479 | — |
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| 4,500 | 5.7337 | — | 5.28573 | — |
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| 4,750 | 5.69838 | — | 5.24759 | — |
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| 5,000 | 5.65781 | 5.23543 | 5.2039 | 4.67604 |
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| 5,250 | 5.63635 | — | 5.17947 | — |
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| 5,500 | 5.61476 | — | 5.15386 | — |
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| 5,750 | 5.5869 | — | 5.1214 | — |
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| 6,000 | 5.56535 | — | 5.09997 | — |
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| 6,250 | 5.54592 | — | 5.07789 | — |
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| 6,500 | 5.52431 | — | 5.05509 | — |
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| 6,750 | 5.51545 | — | 5.04329 | — |
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| 7,000 | 5.4953 | — | 5.02273 | — |
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| 7,250 | 5.48169 | — | 5.00525 | — |
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| 7,500 | 5.47765 | — | 4.99956 | — |
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| 7,750 | 5.45981 | — | 4.98085 | — |
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| 8,000 | 5.44806 | — | 4.9653 | — |
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| 8,250 | 5.43501 | — | 4.95204 | — |
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| 8,500 | 5.428 | — | 4.9437 | — |
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| 8,750 | 5.42458 | — | 4.93817 | — |
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| 9,000 | 5.41423 | — | 4.9277 | — |
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| 9,250 | 5.39804 | — | 4.91027 | — |
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| 9,500 | 5.3914 | — | 4.90269 | — |
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| 9,750 | 5.38942 | — | 4.89884 | — |
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| 10,000 | 5.37553 | 4.91535 | 4.8827 | 4.32289 |
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| 10,250 | 5.37482 | — | 4.88179 | — |
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| 10,500 | 5.3682 | — | 4.87639 | — |
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| 10,750 | 5.36149 | — | 4.86526 | — |
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| 11,000 | 5.35708 | — | 4.86357 | — |
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| 11,250 | 5.35302 | — | 4.85766 | — |
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| 11,500 | 5.35091 | — | 4.85158 | — |
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| 11,750 | 5.34317 | — | 4.84358 | — |
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| 12,000 | 5.34214 | — | 4.84396 | — |
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| 12,250 | 5.33081 | — | 4.83187 | — |
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| 12,500 | 5.31501 | — | 4.81569 | — |
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| 12,750 | 5.31292 | — | 4.80983 | — |
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| 13,000 | 5.29299 | — | 4.78959 | — |
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| 13,250 | 5.28632 | — | 4.77953 | — |
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| 13,500 | 5.27245 | — | 4.76257 | — |
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| 13,750 | 5.27055 | — | 4.76017 | — |
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| 284 |
-
| 14,000 | 5.2511 | — | 4.74102 | — |
|
| 285 |
-
| 14,250 | 5.23908 | — | 4.72851 | — |
|
| 286 |
-
| 14,500 | 5.22941 | — | 4.71561 | — |
|
| 287 |
-
| 14,750 | 5.21514 | — | 4.69735 | — |
|
| 288 |
-
| 15,000 | 5.21468 | 4.74511 | 4.69776 | 4.12708 |
|
| 289 |
-
| 15,250 | 5.19578 | — | 4.67791 | — |
|
| 290 |
-
| 15,500 | 5.18821 | — | 4.66907 | — |
|
| 291 |
-
| 15,625 | 5.17338 | 4.72462 | 4.65385 | 4.09783 |
|
| 292 |
-
|
| 293 |
-
### Cross-entropy with and without MiLe
|
| 294 |
-
|
| 295 |
-
CE without MiLe is unweighted CE; CE with MiLe adds the reweighting delta. Both exclude mu and auxiliary terms. `ntp_loss` includes mu when enabled.
|
| 296 |
-
|
| 297 |
-
| Step | Train CE without MiLe | Val CE without MiLe | Train CE with MiLe | Val CE with MiLe |
|
| 298 |
-
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| 299 |
-
| 1 | 11.1858 | — | 11.1858 | — |
|
| 300 |
-
| 250 | 7.01026 | — | 7.18189 | — |
|
| 301 |
-
| 500 | 6.21718 | — | 6.48982 | — |
|
| 302 |
-
| 750 | 5.84786 | — | 6.1416 | — |
|
| 303 |
-
| 1,000 | 5.60969 | — | 5.91713 | — |
|
| 304 |
-
| 1,250 | 5.44332 | — | 5.76544 | — |
|
| 305 |
-
| 1,500 | 5.32873 | — | 5.66369 | — |
|
| 306 |
-
| 1,750 | 5.2266 | — | 5.57426 | — |
|
| 307 |
-
| 2,000 | 5.14025 | — | 5.50236 | — |
|
| 308 |
-
| 2,250 | 5.07082 | — | 5.44999 | — |
|
| 309 |
-
| 2,500 | 5.00553 | — | 5.39861 | — |
|
| 310 |
-
| 2,750 | 4.95387 | — | 5.35659 | — |
|
| 311 |
-
| 3,000 | 4.91284 | — | 5.32336 | — |
|
| 312 |
-
| 3,250 | 4.87043 | — | 5.29122 | — |
|
| 313 |
-
| 3,500 | 4.8399 | — | 5.26919 | — |
|
| 314 |
-
| 3,750 | 4.80168 | — | 5.23318 | — |
|
| 315 |
-
| 4,000 | 4.77362 | — | 5.21135 | — |
|
| 316 |
-
| 4,250 | 4.74767 | — | 5.19077 | — |
|
| 317 |
-
| 4,500 | 4.71803 | — | 5.166 | — |
|
| 318 |
-
| 4,750 | 4.68754 | — | 5.13833 | — |
|
| 319 |
-
| 5,000 | 4.65231 | 4.20722 | 5.10622 | 4.76661 |
|
| 320 |
-
| 5,250 | 4.63333 | — | 5.09021 | — |
|
| 321 |
-
| 5,500 | 4.61365 | — | 5.07455 | — |
|
| 322 |
-
| 5,750 | 4.58672 | — | 5.05222 | — |
|
| 323 |
-
| 6,000 | 4.5698 | — | 5.03518 | — |
|
| 324 |
-
| 6,250 | 4.55087 | — | 5.0189 | — |
|
| 325 |
-
| 6,500 | 4.53138 | — | 5.00059 | — |
|
| 326 |
-
| 6,750 | 4.52143 | — | 4.99358 | — |
|
| 327 |
-
| 7,000 | 4.50296 | — | 4.97553 | — |
|
| 328 |
-
| 7,250 | 4.4874 | — | 4.96384 | — |
|
| 329 |
-
| 7,500 | 4.48267 | — | 4.96075 | — |
|
| 330 |
-
| 7,750 | 4.46623 | — | 4.94519 | — |
|
| 331 |
-
| 8,000 | 4.45225 | — | 4.93501 | — |
|
| 332 |
-
| 8,250 | 4.44049 | — | 4.92346 | — |
|
| 333 |
-
| 8,500 | 4.43286 | — | 4.91715 | — |
|
| 334 |
-
| 8,750 | 4.42866 | — | 4.91507 | — |
|
| 335 |
-
| 9,000 | 4.41742 | — | 4.90394 | — |
|
| 336 |
-
| 9,250 | 4.40077 | — | 4.88854 | — |
|
| 337 |
-
| 9,500 | 4.39266 | — | 4.88136 | — |
|
| 338 |
-
| 9,750 | 4.38946 | — | 4.88003 | — |
|
| 339 |
-
| 10,000 | 4.37345 | 3.91333 | 4.86628 | 4.50578 |
|
| 340 |
-
| 10,250 | 4.37077 | — | 4.8638 | — |
|
| 341 |
-
| 10,500 | 4.36409 | — | 4.8559 | — |
|
| 342 |
-
| 10,750 | 4.35384 | — | 4.85006 | — |
|
| 343 |
-
| 11,000 | 4.35064 | — | 4.84415 | — |
|
| 344 |
-
| 11,250 | 4.34393 | — | 4.83929 | — |
|
| 345 |
-
| 11,500 | 4.33768 | — | 4.83701 | — |
|
| 346 |
-
| 11,750 | 4.3293 | — | 4.82889 | — |
|
| 347 |
-
| 12,000 | 4.32781 | — | 4.826 | — |
|
| 348 |
-
| 12,250 | 4.31572 | — | 4.81466 | — |
|
| 349 |
-
| 12,500 | 4.2998 | — | 4.79911 | — |
|
| 350 |
-
| 12,750 | 4.29454 | — | 4.79763 | — |
|
| 351 |
-
| 13,000 | 4.27499 | — | 4.77838 | — |
|
| 352 |
-
| 13,250 | 4.26461 | — | 4.77139 | — |
|
| 353 |
-
| 13,500 | 4.24787 | — | 4.75775 | — |
|
| 354 |
-
| 13,750 | 4.24555 | — | 4.75592 | — |
|
| 355 |
-
| 14,000 | 4.22651 | — | 4.7366 | — |
|
| 356 |
-
| 14,250 | 4.21505 | — | 4.72561 | — |
|
| 357 |
-
| 14,500 | 4.20286 | — | 4.71666 | — |
|
| 358 |
-
| 14,750 | 4.18628 | — | 4.70407 | — |
|
| 359 |
-
| 15,000 | 4.18707 | 3.70576 | 4.70399 | 4.32378 |
|
| 360 |
-
| 15,250 | 4.16733 | — | 4.68519 | — |
|
| 361 |
-
| 15,500 | 4.15842 | — | 4.67756 | — |
|
| 362 |
-
| 15,625 | 4.14494 | 3.67859 | 4.66447 | 4.30539 |
|
| 363 |
-
|
| 364 |
-
### Observed loss components — weighted contributions
|
| 365 |
-
|
| 366 |
-
Only contributions actually added to the objective are shown; raw values and subcomponents remain in training metrics. `regularization_loss` is the subtotal of mu, weighted TWeo, JTok-M and StackMemory entropy, excluding NITP/NextLat; do not add it again to those components. JTok-M auxiliary loss is training-only.
|
| 367 |
-
|
| 368 |
-
| Step | Phase | mu | TWeo | NITP | Reg. subtotal |
|
| 369 |
-
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| 370 |
-
| 1 | train | 3.18928e-10 | 1.73896e-06 | 0.976953 | 1.73928e-06 |
|
| 371 |
-
| 250 | train | 6.84891e-06 | 0.000676235 | 0.42389 | 0.000683084 |
|
| 372 |
-
| 500 | train | 1.96041e-05 | 6.16063e-05 | 0.620559 | 8.12103e-05 |
|
| 373 |
-
| 750 | train | 3.3879e-05 | 4.86311e-05 | 0.642769 | 8.25101e-05 |
|
| 374 |
-
| 1,000 | train | 4.82082e-05 | 6.36086e-05 | 0.644915 | 0.000111817 |
|
| 375 |
-
| 1,250 | train | 6.0768e-05 | 0.00010342 | 0.644818 | 0.000164188 |
|
| 376 |
-
| 1,500 | train | 7.04269e-05 | 0.000192415 | 0.642843 | 0.000262841 |
|
| 377 |
-
| 1,750 | train | 7.75483e-05 | 0.000342753 | 0.64047 | 0.000420301 |
|
| 378 |
-
| 2,000 | train | 8.38168e-05 | 0.000578622 | 0.63834 | 0.000662439 |
|
| 379 |
-
| 2,250 | train | 9.03597e-05 | 0.00085802 | 0.637955 | 0.00094838 |
|
| 380 |
-
| 2,500 | train | 0.000100004 | 0.00115163 | 0.634271 | 0.00125163 |
|
| 381 |
-
| 2,750 | train | 0.000113281 | 0.0014239 | 0.63081 | 0.00153718 |
|
| 382 |
-
| 3,000 | train | 0.000121862 | 0.00165795 | 0.625408 | 0.00177981 |
|
| 383 |
-
| 3,250 | train | 0.000132248 | 0.00182268 | 0.617035 | 0.00195493 |
|
| 384 |
-
| 3,500 | train | 0.000148375 | 0.00187566 | 0.606676 | 0.00202403 |
|
| 385 |
-
| 3,750 | train | 0.000165467 | 0.00187988 | 0.597164 | 0.00204534 |
|
| 386 |
-
| 4,000 | train | 0.000180491 | 0.00183098 | 0.58596 | 0.00201147 |
|
| 387 |
-
| 4,250 | train | 0.000198139 | 0.00178194 | 0.57514 | 0.00198007 |
|
| 388 |
-
| 4,500 | train | 0.000220956 | 0.00169323 | 0.565785 | 0.00191419 |
|
| 389 |
-
| 4,750 | train | 0.000241636 | 0.00160502 | 0.558204 | 0.00184665 |
|
| 390 |
-
| 5,000 | train | 0.000259585 | 0.00144827 | 0.549893 | 0.00170785 |
|
| 391 |
-
| 5,000 | validation | 0.000273011 | 0.00140449 | 0.467142 | 0.0016775 |
|
| 392 |
-
| 5,250 | train | 0.000285291 | 0.00137516 | 0.544479 | 0.00166045 |
|
| 393 |
-
| 5,500 | train | 0.000303946 | 0.00127061 | 0.538641 | 0.00157455 |
|
| 394 |
-
| 5,750 | train | 0.000329422 | 0.00121415 | 0.533132 | 0.00154357 |
|
| 395 |
-
| 6,000 | train | 0.000353627 | 0.00118309 | 0.52863 | 0.00153672 |
|
| 396 |
-
| 6,250 | train | 0.000376571 | 0.00113181 | 0.525507 | 0.00150838 |
|
| 397 |
-
| 6,500 | train | 0.00040026 | 0.00103695 | 0.522277 | 0.00143721 |
|
| 398 |
-
| 6,750 | train | 0.000426527 | 0.000991961 | 0.520443 | 0.00141849 |
|
| 399 |
-
| 7,000 | train | 0.000443904 | 0.000980956 | 0.518338 | 0.00142486 |
|
| 400 |
-
| 7,250 | train | 0.000466515 | 0.000963704 | 0.516422 | 0.00143022 |
|
| 401 |
-
| 7,500 | train | 0.000493662 | 0.00095226 | 0.515451 | 0.00144592 |
|
| 402 |
-
| 7,750 | train | 0.000522439 | 0.000951694 | 0.513145 | 0.00147413 |
|
| 403 |
-
| 8,000 | train | 0.000548451 | 0.000962954 | 0.511537 | 0.00151141 |
|
| 404 |
-
| 8,250 | train | 0.000573295 | 0.000961034 | 0.510014 | 0.00153433 |
|
| 405 |
-
| 8,500 | train | 0.000590981 | 0.000977169 | 0.509274 | 0.00156815 |
|
| 406 |
-
| 8,750 | train | 0.000606377 | 0.00095807 | 0.507948 | 0.00156445 |
|
| 407 |
-
| 9,000 | train | 0.000622443 | 0.000957854 | 0.508708 | 0.0015803 |
|
| 408 |
-
| 9,250 | train | 0.000648756 | 0.000963291 | 0.50789 | 0.00161205 |
|
| 409 |
-
| 9,500 | train | 0.000669239 | 0.000969349 | 0.508395 | 0.00163859 |
|
| 410 |
-
| 9,750 | train | 0.000691675 | 0.000935606 | 0.507755 | 0.00162728 |
|
| 411 |
-
| 10,000 | train | 0.000712 | 0.000931068 | 0.507608 | 0.00164307 |
|
| 412 |
-
| 10,000 | validation | 0.000721167 | 0.0009688 | 0.407873 | 0.00168997 |
|
| 413 |
-
| 10,250 | train | 0.000736315 | 0.000914907 | 0.50937 | 0.00165122 |
|
| 414 |
-
| 10,500 | train | 0.000777281 | 0.00088052 | 0.510645 | 0.0016578 |
|
| 415 |
-
| 10,750 | train | 0.000806279 | 0.000859968 | 0.509759 | 0.00166625 |
|
| 416 |
-
| 11,000 | train | 0.000826967 | 0.000838481 | 0.511263 | 0.00166545 |
|
| 417 |
-
| 11,250 | train | 0.00083419 | 0.000837565 | 0.512058 | 0.00167176 |
|
| 418 |
-
| 11,500 | train | 0.000834836 | 0.000822191 | 0.512248 | 0.00165703 |
|
| 419 |
-
| 11,750 | train | 0.000863479 | 0.000848665 | 0.512566 | 0.00171214 |
|
| 420 |
-
| 12,000 | train | 0.00089745 | 0.000850088 | 0.514401 | 0.00174754 |
|
| 421 |
-
| 12,250 | train | 0.000905931 | 0.000829532 | 0.514414 | 0.00173546 |
|
| 422 |
-
| 12,500 | train | 0.000906045 | 0.000873171 | 0.51412 | 0.00177922 |
|
| 423 |
-
| 12,750 | train | 0.000912162 | 0.000857579 | 0.513524 | 0.00176974 |
|
| 424 |
-
| 13,000 | train | 0.000919919 | 0.000819745 | 0.512863 | 0.00173966 |
|
| 425 |
-
| 13,250 | train | 0.000935974 | 0.00078068 | 0.513211 | 0.00171665 |
|
| 426 |
-
| 13,500 | train | 0.000945851 | 0.000747928 | 0.513005 | 0.00169378 |
|
| 427 |
-
| 13,750 | train | 0.000948116 | 0.000699751 | 0.512978 | 0.00164787 |
|
| 428 |
-
| 14,000 | train | 0.000957065 | 0.000670298 | 0.512876 | 0.00162736 |
|
| 429 |
-
| 14,250 | train | 0.000960524 | 0.000637824 | 0.511865 | 0.00159835 |
|
| 430 |
-
| 14,500 | train | 0.000959794 | 0.000615776 | 0.511177 | 0.00157557 |
|
| 431 |
-
| 14,750 | train | 0.000965124 | 0.000594786 | 0.509515 | 0.00155991 |
|
| 432 |
-
| 15,000 | train | 0.000968428 | 0.000552157 | 0.509166 | 0.00152059 |
|
| 433 |
-
| 15,000 | validation | 0.000970282 | 0.000559313 | 0.419799 | 0.00152959 |
|
| 434 |
-
| 15,250 | train | 0.000970819 | 0.000518389 | 0.509097 | 0.00148921 |
|
| 435 |
-
| 15,500 | train | 0.000968686 | 0.000494455 | 0.509181 | 0.00146314 |
|
| 436 |
-
| 15,625 | train | 0.000967579 | 0.00047286 | 0.507476 | 0.00144044 |
|
| 437 |
-
| 15,625 | validation | 0.000967973 | 0.000520825 | 0.417745 | 0.0014888 |
|
| 438 |
-
|
| 439 |
-
Tables use exact logged steps; missing values are — without carrying values forward. Repeated evaluations at one step use the latest logged value. Components average batch scalars weighted by examples; CE/PPL token metrics retain their valid-target weighting. Weight decay/CWD act in the optimizer, outside these forward losses.
|
| 440 |
-
|
| 441 |
-
---
|
| 442 |
-
|
| 443 |
-
## Limitations
|
| 444 |
-
|
| 445 |
-
- **Token budget** — ~1.5 B tokens seen; below estimated optimum. Knowledge-intensive tasks
|
| 446 |
-
will improve with more training.
|
| 447 |
-
- **Gradient spike at step 40k** — Reorganized the attention pattern in layer 9 that
|
| 448 |
-
previously captured long-range token correlations. A checkpoint from ~step 38k is expected
|
| 449 |
-
to have better aggregate benchmark scores.
|
| 450 |
-
- **PolyNorm exclusivity** — The quadratic branch has become partially redundant with the
|
| 451 |
-
linear branch. Will be corrected in the next training run.
|
| 452 |
-
- **Base model only** — Not instruction-tuned or aligned; purely a next-token-prediction
|
| 453 |
-
base model.
|
| 454 |
-
|
| 455 |
-
---
|
| 456 |
-
|
| 457 |
-
## References
|
| 458 |
-
|
| 459 |
-
All papers whose techniques are integrated into NeoLLM's architecture,
|
| 460 |
-
training objective, or training stack:
|
| 461 |
-
|
| 462 |
-
| Area | Technique | Paper title | Reference |
|
| 463 |
-
|---|---|---|---|
|
| 464 |
-
| Embeddings | Learnable Multipliers | Freeing the Scale of Language Model Matrix Layers | [arXiv:2601.04890](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.04890) |
|
| 465 |
-
| Embeddings | Leviathan | A Separable Architecture for Continuous Token Representation in Language Models | [arXiv:2601.22040](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.22040) |
|
| 466 |
-
| Embeddings / residual modulation | JTok / JTok-M | JTok: On Token Embedding as another Axis of Scaling Law via Joint Token Self-modulation | [arXiv:2602.00800](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.00800) |
|
| 467 |
-
| Embeddings | KHRONOS | KHRONOS: a Kernel-Based Neural Architecture for Rapid, Resource-Efficient Scientific Computation | [arXiv:2505.13315](https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.13315) |
|
| 468 |
-
| Embeddings | Spelling Bee | Spelling Bee Embeddings for Language Modeling | [arXiv:2601.18030](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.18030) |
|
| 469 |
-
| Embeddings | Token embedding analysis | Token Embeddings Violate the Manifold Hypothesis | [arXiv:2504.01002](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.01002) |
|
| 470 |
-
| Attention / positions | FAN | Fourier Analysis Networks | [arXiv:2502.21309](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.21309) |
|
| 471 |
-
| Attention / positions | MEA | Explicit Multi-head Attention for Inter-head Interaction in Large Language Models | [arXiv:2601.19611](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.19611) |
|
| 472 |
-
| Attention / positions | LUCID | Attention with Preconditioned Representations | [arXiv:2602.10410](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.10410) |
|
| 473 |
-
| Attention / positions | Affine-Scaled Attention | Affine-Scaled Attention: Towards Flexible and Stable Transformer Attention | [arXiv:2602.23057](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.23057) |
|
| 474 |
-
| Attention / positions | XSA | Exclusive Self Attention | [arXiv:2603.09078](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.09078) |
|
| 475 |
-
| Attention / positions | Directional Routing | Directional Routing in Transformers | [arXiv:2603.14923](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.14923) |
|
| 476 |
-
| Attention / positions | Gated Attention | Gated Attention for Large Language Models: Non-linearity, Sparsity, and Attention-Sink-Free | [arXiv:2505.06708](https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.06708) |
|
| 477 |
-
| Attention / positions | Momentum Attention | Momentum Attention | [arXiv:2411.03884](https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.03884) |
|
| 478 |
-
| Attention / positions | IHA | Interleaved Head Attention | [arXiv:2602.21371](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.21371) |
|
| 479 |
-
| Attention / positions | REPO | Language Models with Context Re-Positioning | [arXiv:2512.14391](https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.14391) |
|
| 480 |
-
| Attention / positions | GRAPE | Group Representational Position Encoding | [arXiv:2512.07805](https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.07805) |
|
| 481 |
-
| Attention / positions | GOAT priors | You Need Better Attention Priors | [arXiv:2601.15380](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.15380) |
|
| 482 |
-
| Attention / positions | Hadamard o_proj | Rethinking Attention Output Projection: Structured Hadamard Transforms for Efficient Transformers | [arXiv:2603.08343](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.08343) |
|
| 483 |
-
| Residual / normalization | SeeDNorm | Self-Rescaled Dynamic Normalization | [arXiv:2510.22777](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.22777) |
|
| 484 |
-
| Residual / normalization | LNS | The Curse of Depth in LLMs | [arXiv:2502.05795](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.05795) |
|
| 485 |
-
| Residual / normalization | GPAS | Gradient-Preserving Activation Scaling | [arXiv:2506.22049](https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.22049) |
|
| 486 |
-
| Residual / normalization | PolyNorm | PolyNorm / PolyCom | [arXiv:2602.04902](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.04902) |
|
| 487 |
-
| Residual / normalization | SimpleGPT | SimpleGPT | [arXiv:2602.01212](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.01212) |
|
| 488 |
-
| Residual / normalization | StackMemory / STACKTRANS | Recursive Transformer: Boosting Reasoning Ability with State Stack | [NeurIPS 2025](https://openreview.net/forum?id=2bbDg587uh) |
|
| 489 |
-
| Residual / normalization | Attention Residuals | Attention Residuals | [arXiv:2603.15031](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.15031) |
|
| 490 |
-
| Residual / normalization | LAUREL | LAUREL: Learned Augmented Residual Layer | [arXiv:2411.07501](https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.07501) |
|
| 491 |
-
| Objectives | TWEO | Transformers Without Extreme Outliers Enables FP8 Training And Quantization For Dummies | [arXiv:2511.23225](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.23225) |
|
| 492 |
-
| Objectives | NITP | Next Implicit Token Prediction for LLM Pre-training | [arXiv:2605.24956](https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.24956) |
|
| 493 |
-
| Objectives | NextLat | Next-Latent Prediction Transformers Learn Compact World Models | [arXiv:2511.05963](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.05963) |
|
| 494 |
-
| Optimizer / training | AdEMAMix | The AdEMAMix Optimizer: Better, Faster, Older | [arXiv:2409.03137](https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.03137) |
|
| 495 |
-
| Optimizer / training | DeltaMomentum | DeltaMomentum: A Key-Value based Anisotropic Momentum Update via Delta Rule | [arXiv:2608.19491](https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.19491) |
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| 496 |
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| Optimizer / training | BF16 + SR | Stochastic Rounding for LLM Training: Theory and Practice | [arXiv:2502.20566](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.20566) |
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| 497 |
-
| Optimizer / training | CWD | Cautious Weight Decay | [arXiv:2510.12402](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.12402) |
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| 498 |
-
| Optimizer / training | WD correction | Correction of Decoupled Weight Decay | [arXiv:2512.08217](https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.08217) |
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| 499 |
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| Optimizer / training | AdamHD | AdamHD: Decoupled Huber Decay Regularization for Language Model Pre-Training | [arXiv:2511.14721](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.14721) |
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| 500 |
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| Optimizer / training | GradientStabilizer | GradientStabilizer | [arXiv:2502.17055](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.17055) |
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| 501 |
-
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| 502 |
-
---
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| 503 |
-
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| 504 |
-
## Citation
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| 505 |
-
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| 506 |
-
```bibtex
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| 507 |
-
@misc{neollm2026,
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| 508 |
-
title = {NeoLLM: A Research Language Model Integrating Recent Attention and Normalization Techniques},
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| 509 |
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author = {KitsuVp},
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| 510 |
-
year = {2026},
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| 511 |
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url = {https://huggingface.co/KitsuVp/NeoLLM}
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}
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| 513 |
-
```
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| 514 |
-
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| 515 |
-
---
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| 516 |
-
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| 517 |
-
## Author
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| 518 |
-
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| 519 |
-
[@Kyokopom](https://x.com/Kyokopom) on X
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| 520 |
-
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| 521 |
-
---
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| 522 |
-
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| 523 |
-
## License
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| 524 |
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| 525 |
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| 1 |
---
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| 2 |
+
library_name: transformers
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| 3 |
tags:
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| 4 |
+
- generated_from_trainer
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| 5 |
+
model-index:
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| 6 |
+
- name: NeoLLM
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| 7 |
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results: []
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| 8 |
---
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| 9 |
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| 10 |
+
<!-- This model card has been generated automatically according to the information the Trainer had access to. You
|
| 11 |
+
should probably proofread and complete it, then remove this comment. -->
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| 12 |
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| 13 |
+
# NeoLLM
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| 14 |
|
| 15 |
+
This model is a fine-tuned version of [](https://huggingface.co/) on an unknown dataset.
|
| 16 |
+
It achieves the following results on the evaluation set:
|
| 17 |
+
- Loss: 4.7393
|
| 18 |
+
- Ce: 3.6698
|
| 19 |
+
- Valid Targets: 2083162.0
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| 20 |
+
- Ppl: 39.2448
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| 21 |
+
- Mile Loss: 4.3028
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| 22 |
+
- Mile Ppl: 73.9062
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| 23 |
+
- Top1 Accuracy: 0.3349
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| 24 |
+
- Top3 Accuracy: 0.4953
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| 25 |
+
- Topk Valid Targets: 2083162.0
|
| 26 |
+
- Ntp Loss: 4.3042
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| 27 |
+
- Ntp Ce Unweighted: 3.6703
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| 28 |
+
- Mile Reweighting Delta: 0.6329
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| 29 |
+
- Mu Loss: 0.0010
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| 30 |
+
- Tweo Loss: 0.0455
|
| 31 |
+
- Nitp Loss: 0.4346
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| 32 |
+
- Total Model Loss: 4.7393
|
| 33 |
+
- Tweo Weighted Loss: 0.0005
|
| 34 |
+
- Nitp Weighted Loss: 0.4346
|
| 35 |
+
- Auxiliary Loss: 0.4350
|
| 36 |
+
- Regularization Loss: 0.0015
|
| 37 |
+
|
| 38 |
+
## Model description
|
| 39 |
+
|
| 40 |
+
More information needed
|
| 41 |
+
|
| 42 |
+
## Intended uses & limitations
|
| 43 |
+
|
| 44 |
+
More information needed
|
| 45 |
+
|
| 46 |
+
## Training and evaluation data
|
| 47 |
+
|
| 48 |
+
More information needed
|
| 49 |
+
|
| 50 |
+
## Training procedure
|
| 51 |
+
|
| 52 |
+
### Training hyperparameters
|
| 53 |
+
|
| 54 |
+
The following hyperparameters were used during training:
|
| 55 |
+
- learning_rate: 0.001
|
| 56 |
+
- train_batch_size: 64
|
| 57 |
+
- eval_batch_size: 64
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| 58 |
+
- seed: 42
|
| 59 |
+
- optimizer: Use OptimizerNames.ADAMW_TORCH_FUSED with betas=(0.9,0.999) and epsilon=1e-08 and optimizer_args=No additional optimizer arguments
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| 60 |
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- lr_scheduler_type: linear
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| 61 |
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- num_epochs: 1
|
| 62 |
+
|
| 63 |
+
### Training results
|
| 64 |
+
|
| 65 |
+
| Training Loss | Epoch | Step | Validation Loss | Ce | Valid Targets | Ppl | Mile Loss | Mile Ppl | Top1 Accuracy | Top3 Accuracy | Topk Valid Targets | Ntp Loss | Ntp Ce Unweighted | Mile Reweighting Delta | Mu Loss | Tweo Loss | Nitp Loss | Total Model Loss | Tweo Weighted Loss | Nitp Weighted Loss | Auxiliary Loss | Regularization Loss |
|
| 66 |
+
|:-------------:|:-----:|:-----:|:---------------:|:------:|:-------------:|:-------:|:---------:|:--------:|:-------------:|:-------------:|:------------------:|:--------:|:-----------------:|:----------------------:|:-------:|:---------:|:---------:|:----------------:|:------------------:|:------------------:|:--------------:|:-------------------:|
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| 67 |
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| 5.6020 | 0.32 | 5000 | 5.2087 | 4.1859 | 2083162.0 | 65.7549 | 4.7563 | 116.3132 | 0.2851 | 0.4336 | 2083162.0 | 4.7569 | 4.1864 | 0.5703 | 0.0002 | 0.1707 | 0.4501 | 5.2087 | 0.0017 | 0.4501 | 0.4518 | 0.0020 |
|
| 68 |
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| 5.3530 | 0.64 | 10000 | 4.9332 | 3.9013 | 2083162.0 | 49.4689 | 4.5039 | 90.3670 | 0.3120 | 0.4672 | 2083162.0 | 4.5050 | 3.9018 | 0.6025 | 0.0007 | 0.0826 | 0.4274 | 4.9332 | 0.0008 | 0.4274 | 0.4282 | 0.0015 |
|
| 69 |
+
| 5.1984 | 0.96 | 15000 | 4.7608 | 3.6975 | 2083162.0 | 40.3448 | 4.3240 | 75.4908 | 0.3318 | 0.4919 | 2083162.0 | 4.3255 | 3.6979 | 0.6265 | 0.0010 | 0.0516 | 0.4348 | 4.7608 | 0.0005 | 0.4348 | 0.4353 | 0.0015 |
|
| 70 |
+
| 5.1708 | 1.0 | 15625 | 4.7393 | 3.6698 | 2083162.0 | 39.2448 | 4.3028 | 73.9062 | 0.3349 | 0.4953 | 2083162.0 | 4.3042 | 3.6703 | 0.6329 | 0.0010 | 0.0455 | 0.4346 | 4.7393 | 0.0005 | 0.4346 | 0.4350 | 0.0015 |
|
| 71 |
+
|
| 72 |
+
|
| 73 |
+
### Framework versions
|
| 74 |
+
|
| 75 |
+
- Transformers 5.20.2
|
| 76 |
+
- Pytorch 2.14.1+cu130
|
| 77 |
+
- Datasets 4.8.5
|
| 78 |
+
- Tokenizers 0.23.3
|
model.safetensors
CHANGED
|
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
|
|
| 1 |
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
|
| 2 |
-
oid sha256:
|
| 3 |
size 169184776
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
|
| 2 |
+
oid sha256:4fc07cc3b132ccb80a7f7a7456ad2de82ee8e3464929c0164a41dcf53529c284
|
| 3 |
size 169184776
|
training_args.bin
CHANGED
|
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
|
|
| 1 |
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
|
| 2 |
-
oid sha256:
|
| 3 |
size 5329
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
|
| 2 |
+
oid sha256:277269add51017ca892f475f645345b7b1b93b48b9a5a94a24da38f8c8f74192
|
| 3 |
size 5329
|