---
language:
  - de
  - sv
  - en
  - fr
  - multilingual
license: mit
library_name: transformers
tags:
  - text-classification
  - democracy
  - political-science
  - party-competition
  - democratic-rhetoric
  - mmBert
datasets:
  - custom
metrics:
  - f1
  - accuracy
  - precision
  - recall
pipeline_tag: text-classification
base_model: jhu-clsp/mmBERT-base
---

# Democracy Detector — Multilingual Modern Bert - Binary Classifier

## Task
Binary classification of sentences from political party press releases:
- **0 — Not democracy**: Sentence does not contain a democratic appeal.
- **1 — Democracy**: Sentence contains a democratic appeal (any rhetorical invocation of democracy, democratic norms, institutions, or principles).

This is **Stage 1** of a two-stage classification pipeline:
1. **Stage 1 (this model)**: Fast binary detection of democracy-related sentences.
2. **Stage 2 (GPT-based)**: Strategy classification of detected sentences (self-assertion, accusation, counter-claim, agenda-setting).

## Model Details
- **Base model**: `jhu-clsp/mmBERT-base`
- **Fine-tuned on**: ~3654 hand-coded sentences from the [PartyPress](https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/OINX7Q) dataset
- **Languages**: German, Swedish, English, Danish, Polish and Spanish (multilingual press releases)
- **Max sequence length**: 104 tokens

## Training Configuration
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Learning rate | 0.0001 |
| Epochs | 3 |
| Batch size | 16 |
| Warmup ratio | 0.1 |
| Weight decay | 0.01 |
| Scheduler | cosine |
| Class weights | True |
| Focal loss | False (gamma=2.0) |
| Precision | fp16 |

## Training Data
| Split | Total | Democracy (1) | Not democracy (0) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Train | 3654 | 1512 | 2142 |
| Val | 731 | 205 | 526 |
| Test | 412 | 169 | 243 |

## Performance (Test Set)
               precision    recall  f1-score   support

Not democracy      0.907     0.918     0.912       243
    Democracy      0.880     0.864     0.872       169

     accuracy                          0.896       412
    macro avg      0.893     0.891     0.892       412
 weighted avg      0.895     0.896     0.895       412


## Usage

```python
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForSequenceClassification
import torch

repo = "LBenoit/democracy-mmBert"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(repo)
model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(repo)
model.eval()

sentence = "Die AfD gefährdet unsere demokratische Grundordnung."
inputs = tokenizer(sentence, return_tensors="pt", truncation=True, max_length=104)

with torch.no_grad():
    logits = model(**inputs).logits
    prob = torch.softmax(logits, dim=-1)[0, 1].item()

label = "Democracy" if prob >= threshold else "Not democracy"
print(f"{label} (p={prob:.3f})")
```


![image](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/683e04856c8acb2b79c29717/J27nn9c8GxffRGUvhPRxm.png)


![image](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/683e04856c8acb2b79c29717/iskkHIvR1QSTKlg17FHVm.png)

## Citation
Part of a PhD dissertation on democratic credibility competition in European party systems.

## Author
Léandre Benoit