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---
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license: other
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license_name: lfm1.0
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license_link: LICENSE
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language:
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- en
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- ja
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pipeline_tag: text-generation
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tags:
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- liquid
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- edge
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- lfm2.5
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- webgpu
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base_model:
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- LiquidAI/LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct
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---
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<div align="center">
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<img
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src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/61b8e2ba285851687028d395/2b08LKpev0DNEk6DlnWkY.png"
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alt="Liquid AI"
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style="width: 100%; max-width: 100%; height: auto; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"
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/>
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<div style="display: flex; justify-content: center; gap: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 1em;">
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<a href="https://playground.liquid.ai/"><strong>Try LFM</strong></a> •
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<a href="https://docs.liquid.ai/lfm"><strong>Documentation</strong></a> •
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<a href="https://leap.liquid.ai/"><strong>LEAP</strong></a>
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</div>
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</div>
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# LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct
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|-----------|------|----------|----------|
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| Q4 | ~1.2GB | WebGPU, Server | Recommended for most uses |
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| FP16 | ~2.4GB | WebGPU, Server | Higher quality |
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| Q8 | ~1.7GB | Server only | Balance of quality and size |
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- **
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```
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├── model_q4.onnx # Q4 model graph (recommended)
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├── model_q4.onnx_data # Q4 weights
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├── model_q8.onnx # Q8 model graph
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└── model_q8.onnx_data # Q8 weights
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* Large models (>2GB) split weights across multiple files:
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model.onnx_data, model.onnx_data_1, model.onnx_data_2, etc.
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All data files must be in the same directory as the .onnx file.
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```
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```
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```python
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input_ids
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for i, d in enumerate(inp.shape):
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if isinstance(d, str) and "sequence" in d.lower():
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shape[i] = 0
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cache[inp.name] = np.zeros(shape, dtype=ONNX_DTYPE.get(inp.type, np.float32))
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# Check if model uses position_ids
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input_names = {inp.name for inp in session.get_inputs()}
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use_position_ids = "position_ids" in input_names
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# Generate tokens
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seq_len = input_ids.shape[1]
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generated_tokens = []
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for step in range(100): # max tokens
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if step == 0:
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ids = input_ids
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pos = np.arange(seq_len, dtype=np.int64).reshape(1, -1)
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else:
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ids = np.array([[generated_tokens[-1]]], dtype=np.int64)
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pos = np.array([[seq_len + len(generated_tokens) - 1]], dtype=np.int64)
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attn_mask = np.ones((1, seq_len + len(generated_tokens)), dtype=np.int64)
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feed = {"input_ids": ids, "attention_mask": attn_mask, **cache}
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if use_position_ids:
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feed["position_ids"] = pos
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outputs = session.run(None, feed)
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next_token = int(np.argmax(outputs[0][0, -1]))
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generated_tokens.append(next_token)
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# Update cache
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for i, out in enumerate(session.get_outputs()[1:], 1):
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name = out.name.replace("present_conv", "past_conv").replace("present.", "past_key_values.")
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if name in cache:
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cache[name] = outputs[i]
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if next_token == tokenizer.eos_token_id:
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break
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print(tokenizer.decode(generated_tokens, skip_special_tokens=True))
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```
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##
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1.
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2. **Verify**: Check `chrome://gpu` for "WebGPU" status
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3. **Test**: Run `navigator.gpu.requestAdapter()` in DevTools console
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import { AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer, TextStreamer } from "@huggingface/transformers";
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const tokenizer = await AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(modelId);
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const model = await AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(modelId, {
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device: "webgpu",
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dtype: "q4", // or "fp16"
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});
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const messages = [{ role: "user", content: "What is the capital of France?" }];
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const input = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages, {
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add_generation_prompt: true,
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return_dict: true,
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});
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const streamer = new TextStreamer(tokenizer, { skip_prompt: true });
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const output = await model.generate({
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...input,
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max_new_tokens: 256,
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do_sample: false,
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streamer,
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});
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##
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---
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library_name: transformers
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license: other
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license_name: lfm1.0
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license_link: LICENSE
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language:
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- en
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pipeline_tag: text-generation
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tags:
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- liquid
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- lfm2.5
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- edge
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base_model: LiquidAI/LFM2.5-1.2B-Base
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---
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<div align="center">
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<img
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src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/61b8e2ba285851687028d395/2b08LKpev0DNEk6DlnWkY.png"
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alt="Liquid AI"
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style="width: 100%; max-width: 100%; height: auto; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"
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/>
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<div style="display: flex; justify-content: center; gap: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 1em;">
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<a href="https://playground.liquid.ai/"><strong>Try LFM</strong></a> •
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<a href="https://docs.liquid.ai/lfm"><strong>Documentation</strong></a> •
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<a href="https://leap.liquid.ai/"><strong>LEAP</strong></a>
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</div>
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</div>
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# LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct
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LFM2.5 is a new family of hybrid models designed for **on-device deployment**. It builds on the LFM2 architecture with extended pre-training and reinforcement learning.
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- **Best-in-class performance**: A 1.2B model rivaling much larger models, bringing high-quality AI to your pocket.
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- **Fast edge inference**: 239 tok/s decode on AMD CPU, 82 tok/s on mobile NPU. Runs under 1GB of memory with day-one support for llama.cpp, MLX, and vLLM.
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- **Scaled training**: Extended pre-training from 10T to 28T tokens and large-scale multi-stage reinforcement learning.
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Find more information about LFM2.5 in our [blog post](https://www.liquid.ai/blog/introducing-lfm2-5-the-next-generation-of-on-device-ai).
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## 🗒️ Model Details
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| Model | Parameters | Description |
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|-------|------------|-------------|
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| [LFM2.5-1.2B-Base](https://huggingface.co/LiquidAI/LFM2.5-1.2B-Base) | 1.2B | Pre-trained base model for fine-tuning |
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| [**LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct**](https://huggingface.co/LiquidAI/LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct) | 1.2B | General-purpose instruction-tuned model |
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| [LFM2.5-1.2B-JP](https://huggingface.co/LiquidAI/LFM2.5-1.2B-JP) | 1.2B | Japanese-optimized chat model |
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| [LFM2.5-VL-1.6B](https://huggingface.co/LiquidAI/LFM2.5-VL-1.6B) | 1.6B | Vision-language model with fast inference |
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| [LFM2.5-Audio-1.5B](https://huggingface.co/LiquidAI/LFM2.5-Audio-1.5B) | 1.5B | Audio-language model for speech and text I/O |
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LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct is a general-purpose text-only model with the following features:
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- **Number of parameters**: 1.17B
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- **Number of layers**: 16 (10 double-gated LIV convolution blocks + 6 GQA blocks)
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- **Training budget**: 28T tokens
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- **Context length**: 32,768 tokens
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- **Vocabulary size**: 65,536
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- **Languages**: English, Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Spanish
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- **Generation parameters**:
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- `temperature: 0.1`
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- `top_k: 50`
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- `top_p: 0.1`
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- `repetition_penalty: 1.05`
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| Model | Description |
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|-------|-------------|
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| [**LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct**](https://huggingface.co/LiquidAI/LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct) | Original model checkpoint in native format. Best for fine-tuning or inference with Transformers and vLLM. |
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| [LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct-GGUF](https://huggingface.co/LiquidAI/LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct-GGUF) | Quantized format for llama.cpp and compatible tools. Optimized for CPU inference and local deployment with reduced memory usage. |
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| [LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct-ONNX](https://huggingface.co/LiquidAI/LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct-ONNX) | ONNX Runtime format for cross-platform deployment. Enables hardware-accelerated inference across diverse environments (cloud, edge, mobile). |
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| [LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct-MLX](https://huggingface.co/LiquidAI/LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct-MLX-8bit) | MLX format for Apple Silicon. Optimized for fast inference on Mac devices using the MLX framework. |
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We recommend using it for agentic tasks, data extraction, and RAG. It is not recommended for knowledge-intensive tasks and programming.
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### Chat Template
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LFM2.5 uses a ChatML-like format. See the [Chat Template documentation](https://docs.liquid.ai/lfm/key-concepts/chat-template) for details. Example:
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```
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<|startoftext|><|im_start|>system
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You are a helpful assistant trained by Liquid AI.<|im_end|>
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<|im_start|>user
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What is C. elegans?<|im_end|>
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<|im_start|>assistant
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```
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You can use [`tokenizer.apply_chat_template()`](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/en/chat_templating#using-applychattemplate) to format your messages automatically.
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### Tool Use
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LFM2.5 supports function calling as follows:
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1. **Function definition**: We recommend providing the list of tools as a JSON object in the system prompt. You can also use the [`tokenizer.apply_chat_template()`](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/en/chat_extras#passing-tools) function with tools.
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2. **Function call**: By default, LFM2.5 writes Pythonic function calls (a Python list between `<|tool_call_start|>` and `<|tool_call_end|>` special tokens), as the assistant answer. You can override this behavior by asking the model to output JSON function calls in the system prompt.
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3. **Function execution**: The function call is executed, and the result is returned as a "tool" role.
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4. **Final answer**: LFM2 interprets the outcome of the function call to address the original user prompt in plain text.
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See the [Tool Use documentation](https://docs.liquid.ai/lfm/key-concepts/tool-use) for the full guide. Example:
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```
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<|startoftext|><|im_start|>system
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List of tools: [{"name": "get_candidate_status", "description": "Retrieves the current status of a candidate in the recruitment process", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"candidate_id": {"type": "string", "description": "Unique identifier for the candidate"}}, "required": ["candidate_id"]}}]<|im_end|>
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<|im_start|>user
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What is the current status of candidate ID 12345?<|im_end|>
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<|im_start|>assistant
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<|tool_call_start|>[get_candidate_status(candidate_id="12345")]<|tool_call_end|>Checking the current status of candidate ID 12345.<|im_end|>
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<|im_start|>tool
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[{"candidate_id": "12345", "status": "Interview Scheduled", "position": "Clinical Research Associate", "date": "2023-11-20"}]<|im_end|>
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<|im_start|>assistant
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The candidate with ID 12345 is currently in the "Interview Scheduled" stage for the position of Clinical Research Associate, with an interview date set for 2023-11-20.<|im_end|>
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```
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## 🏃 Inference
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LFM2.5 is supported by many inference frameworks. See the [Inference documentation](https://docs.liquid.ai/lfm/inference/transformers) for the full list.
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| Name | Description | Docs | Notebook |
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|------|-------------|------|:--------:|
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| [Transformers](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers) | Simple inference with direct access to model internals. | <a href="https://docs.liquid.ai/lfm/inference/transformers">Link</a> | <a href="https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1_q3jQ6LtyiuPzFZv7Vw8xSfPU5FwkKZY?usp=sharing"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/61b8e2ba285851687028d395/vlOyMEjwHa_b_LXysEu2E.png" width="110" alt="Colab link"></a> |
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| 126 |
+
| [vLLM](https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm) | High-throughput production deployments with GPU. | <a href="https://docs.liquid.ai/lfm/inference/vllm">Link</a> | <a href="https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1VfyscuHP8A3we_YpnzuabYJzr5ju0Mit?usp=sharing"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/61b8e2ba285851687028d395/vlOyMEjwHa_b_LXysEu2E.png" width="110" alt="Colab link"></a> |
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| [llama.cpp](https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp) | Cross-platform inference with CPU offloading. | <a href="https://docs.liquid.ai/lfm/inference/llama-cpp">Link</a> | <a href="https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1ohLl3w47OQZA4ELo46i5E4Z6oGWBAyo8?usp=sharing"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/61b8e2ba285851687028d395/vlOyMEjwHa_b_LXysEu2E.png" width="110" alt="Colab link"></a> |
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+
| [MLX](https://github.com/ml-explore/mlx) | Apple's machine learning framework optimized for Apple Silicon. | <a href="https://docs.liquid.ai/lfm/inference/mlx">Link</a> | — |
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| [LM Studio](https://lmstudio.ai/) | Desktop application for running LLMs locally. | <a href="https://docs.liquid.ai/lfm/inference/lm-studio">Link</a> | — |
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+
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| 131 |
+
Here's a quick start example with Transformers:
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```python
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from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer, TextStreamer
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+
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+
model_id = "LiquidAI/LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct"
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+
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
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+
model_id,
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+
device_map="auto",
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+
dtype="bfloat16",
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+
# attn_implementation="flash_attention_2" <- uncomment on compatible GPU
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| 142 |
+
)
|
| 143 |
+
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
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| 144 |
+
streamer = TextStreamer(tokenizer, skip_prompt=True, skip_special_tokens=True)
|
| 145 |
+
|
| 146 |
+
prompt = "What is C. elegans?"
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| 147 |
+
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| 148 |
+
input_ids = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
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| 149 |
+
[{"role": "user", "content": prompt}],
|
| 150 |
+
add_generation_prompt=True,
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| 151 |
+
return_tensors="pt",
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| 152 |
+
tokenize=True,
|
| 153 |
+
).to(model.device)
|
| 154 |
+
|
| 155 |
+
output = model.generate(
|
| 156 |
+
input_ids,
|
| 157 |
+
do_sample=True,
|
| 158 |
+
temperature=0.1,
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+
top_k=50,
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| 160 |
+
top_p=0.1,
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| 161 |
+
repetition_penalty=1.05,
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| 162 |
+
max_new_tokens=512,
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| 163 |
+
streamer=streamer,
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+
)
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| 165 |
```
|
| 166 |
|
| 167 |
+
## 🔧 Fine-Tuning
|
| 168 |
|
| 169 |
+
We recommend fine-tuning LFM2.5 for your specific use case to achieve the best results.
|
| 170 |
|
| 171 |
+
| Name | Description | Docs | Notebook |
|
| 172 |
+
|------|-------------|------|----------|
|
| 173 |
+
| SFT ([Unsloth](https://github.com/unslothai/unsloth)) | Supervised Fine-Tuning with LoRA using Unsloth. | <a href="https://docs.liquid.ai/lfm/fine-tuning/unsloth">Link</a> | <a href="https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1HROdGaPFt1tATniBcos11-doVaH7kOI3?usp=sharing"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/61b8e2ba285851687028d395/vlOyMEjwHa_b_LXysEu2E.png" width="110" alt="Colab link"></a> |
|
| 174 |
+
| SFT ([TRL](https://github.com/huggingface/trl)) | Supervised Fine-Tuning with LoRA using TRL. | <a href="https://docs.liquid.ai/lfm/fine-tuning/trl">Link</a> | <a href="https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1j5Hk_SyBb2soUsuhU0eIEA9GwLNRnElF?usp=sharing"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/61b8e2ba285851687028d395/vlOyMEjwHa_b_LXysEu2E.png" width="110" alt="Colab link"></a> |
|
| 175 |
+
| DPO ([TRL](https://github.com/huggingface/trl)) | Direct Preference Optimization with LoRA using TRL. | <a href="https://docs.liquid.ai/lfm/fine-tuning/trl">Link</a> | <a href="https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1MQdsPxFHeZweGsNx4RH7Ia8lG8PiGE1t?usp=sharing"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/61b8e2ba285851687028d395/vlOyMEjwHa_b_LXysEu2E.png" width="110" alt="Colab link"></a> |
|
| 176 |
|
| 177 |
+
## 📊 Performance
|
| 178 |
|
| 179 |
+
### Benchmarks
|
| 180 |
|
| 181 |
+
We compared LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct with relevant sub-2B models on a diverse suite of benchmarks.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 182 |
|
| 183 |
+
| Model | GPQA | MMLU-Pro | IFEval | IFBench | Multi-IF | AIME25 | BFCLv3 |
|
| 184 |
+
|-------|------|----------|--------|---------|----------|--------|--------|
|
| 185 |
+
| **LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct** | 38.89 | 44.35 | 86.23 | 47.33 | 60.98 | 14.00 | 49.12 |
|
| 186 |
+
| Qwen3-1.7B (instruct)| 34.85 | 42.91 | 73.68 | 21.33 | 56.48 | 9.33 | 46.30 |
|
| 187 |
+
| Granite 4.0-1B | 24.24 | 33.53 | 79.61 | 21.00 | 43.65 | 3.33 | 52.43 |
|
| 188 |
+
| Llama 3.2 1B Instruct | 16.57 | 20.80 | 52.37 | 15.93 | 30.16 | 0.33 | 21.44 |
|
| 189 |
+
| Gemma 3 1B IT | 24.24 | 14.04 | 63.25 | 20.47 | 44.31 | 1.00 | 16.64 |
|
| 190 |
|
| 191 |
+
GPQA, MMLU-Pro, IFBench, and AIME25 follow [ArtificialAnalysis's methodology](https://artificialanalysis.ai/methodology/intelligence-benchmarking). For IFEval and Multi-IF, we report the average score across strict and loose prompt and instruction accuracies. For BFCLv3, we report the final weighted average score with a custom Liquid handler to support our tool use template.
|
|
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|
| 192 |
|
| 193 |
+
### Inference speed
|
| 194 |
|
| 195 |
+
LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct offers extremely fast inference speed on CPUs with a low memory profile compared to similar-sized models.
|
|
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|
| 196 |
|
| 197 |
+

|
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|
| 198 |
|
| 199 |
+
In addition, we are partnering with AMD, Qualcomm, and Nexa AI to bring the LFM2.5 family to NPUs. These optimized models are available through our partners, enabling highly efficient on-device inference.
|
|
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|
| 200 |
|
| 201 |
+
| Device | Inference | Framework | Model | Prefill (tok/s) | Decode (tok/s) | Memory (GB) |
|
| 202 |
+
| ---------------------------------------------------- | --------- | ---------------- | -------------------- | --------------- | -------------- | ----------- |
|
| 203 |
+
| Qualcomm Snapdragon® X Elite | NPU | NexaML | LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct | 2591 | 63 | 0.9GB |
|
| 204 |
+
| Qualcomm Snapdragon® Gen4 (ROG Phone9 Pro) | NPU | NexaML | LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct | 4391 | 82 | 0.9GB |
|
| 205 |
+
| Qualcomm Snapdragon® Gen4 (Samsung Galaxy S25 Ultra) | CPU | llama.cpp (Q4_0) | LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct | 335 | 70 | 719MB |
|
| 206 |
+
| Qualcomm Snapdragon® Gen4 (Samsung Galaxy S25 Ultra) | CPU | llama.cpp (Q4_0) | Qwen3-1.7B | 181 | 40 | 1306MB |
|
| 207 |
+
|
| 208 |
+
These capabilities unlock new deployment scenarios across various devices, including vehicles, mobile devices, laptops, IoT devices, and embedded systems.
|
| 209 |
|
| 210 |
+
## Contact
|
| 211 |
|
| 212 |
+
For enterprise solutions and edge deployment, contact [sales@liquid.ai](mailto:sales@liquid.ai).
|
| 213 |
|
| 214 |
+
## Citation
|
| 215 |
|
| 216 |
+
```bibtex
|
| 217 |
+
@article{liquidai2025lfm2,
|
| 218 |
+
title={LFM2 Technical Report},
|
| 219 |
+
author={Liquid AI},
|
| 220 |
+
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.23404},
|
| 221 |
+
year={2025}
|
| 222 |
+
}
|
| 223 |
+
```
|