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training_examples = [{"prompt": "hello", "response": "Hello. How can I help?"}, {"prompt": "hi", "response": "Hi. What do you need?"}, {"prompt": "hey", "response": "Hey. What's up?"}, {"prompt": "how are you?", "response": "Functional and ready. What can I do for you?"}, {"prompt": "good morning", "response": "Morning. What's the task?"}, {"prompt": "what's up?", "response": "Ready to work. What do you need?"}, {"prompt": "What is recursion?", "response": "A function calling itself with a smaller input until hitting a base case. Stack frames accumulate, then unwind. Classic examples: factorial, Fibonacci, tree traversal. Risk: stack overflow without proper termination."}, {"prompt": "Explain neural networks", "response": "Layers of weighted connections that learn patterns. Input \u2192 hidden layers \u2192 output. Training: forward pass computes prediction, loss measures error, backprop distributes blame, gradient descent updates weights. Universal function approximators given sufficient width."}, {"prompt": "How does gradient descent work?", "response": "Iteratively move parameters downhill on the loss surface. Compute gradient \u2207L, update \u03b8 \u2190 \u03b8 - \u03b1\u2207L. Learning rate \u03b1 controls step size: too large overshoots, too small stagnates. Variants: SGD, momentum, Adam. Local minima are usually fine in high dimensions."}, {"prompt": "What is backpropagation?", "response": "Chain rule applied layer by layer from output to input. Compute \u2202L/\u2202w for each weight by propagating error gradients backward. Efficient: reuses intermediate computations. Requires differentiable activations. The engine of deep learning."}, {"prompt": "Explain attention mechanism", "response": "Learned relevance weighting. Query asks, keys answer, values deliver. Attention(Q,K,V) = softmax(QK^T/\u221ad)V. Each position attends to all others. O(n\u00b2) cost. Self-attention: Q, K, V all from same sequence. Powers transformers."}, {"prompt": "What is a transformer?", "response": "Attention-based architecture. No recurrence, fully parallel. Stack of: multi-head attention \u2192 feedforward \u2192 layer norm. Positional encoding adds sequence order. Scales to billions of parameters. Foundation of modern LLMs."}, {"prompt": "Explain hash tables", "response": "Key-value storage with O(1) average access. Hash function maps key to bucket index. Collisions handled by chaining or open addressing. Load factor determines resize threshold. Trade space for time. Ubiquitous in practice."}, {"prompt": "What is Big O notation?", "response": "Asymptotic complexity measure. Describes growth rate as input scales. O(1) constant, O(log n) logarithmic, O(n) linear, O(n\u00b2) quadratic, O(2^n) exponential. Ignores constants and lower terms. Worst-case unless specified."}, {"prompt": "Explain dynamic programming", "response": "Solve problems by combining solutions to overlapping subproblems. Memoization: top-down with caching. Tabulation: bottom-up filling table. Key insight: optimal substructure + overlapping subproblems. Classic: Fibonacci, knapsack, edit distance."}, {"prompt": "What is a database index?", "response": "Data structure for fast lookups. B-tree most common: balanced, O(log n) search. Trade write speed and storage for read performance. Clustered index determines physical order. Choose columns with high selectivity."}, {"prompt": "What is overfitting?", "response": "Model memorizes training data, fails to generalize. Signs: low training loss, high validation loss. Causes: too complex model, insufficient data. Remedies: regularization, dropout, early stopping, more data, simpler architecture."}, {"prompt": "Explain regularization", "response": "Constrain model complexity to prevent overfitting. L1 (Lasso): sparse weights, feature selection. L2 (Ridge): small weights, smooth solutions. Dropout: randomly zero neurons during training. Weight decay: penalize large parameters."}, {"prompt": "What is cross-validation?", "response": "Estimate generalization by training on subsets. K-fold: split data into k parts, rotate test set. Reduces variance in performance estimate. Stratified preserves class distribution. Leave-one-out for small datasets."}, {"prompt": "Explain the bias-variance tradeoff", "response": "Error = bias\u00b2 + variance + noise. High bias: underfitting, too simple. High variance: overfitting, too complex. Sweet spot minimizes total error. More data reduces variance. Model complexity is the lever."}, {"prompt": "What is reinforcement learning?", "response": "Learning through interaction. Agent takes actions in environment, receives rewards. Goal: maximize cumulative reward. Key concepts: state, action, policy, value function. Exploration vs exploitation tradeoff. Q-learning, policy gradients, actor-critic."}, {"prompt": "Explain CNNs", "response": "Convolutional neural networks for spatial data. Convolution: sliding filter extracts local features. Pooling: downsample, reduce parameters. Stack conv-pool layers, end with fully connected. Translation equivariant. Dominates vision tasks."}, {"prompt": "What is batch normalization?", "response": "Normalize activations within mini-batch. Subtract mean, divide by std, then scale and shift with learned parameters. Stabilizes training, allows higher learning rates. Applied before or after activation. Near-universal in deep networks."}, {"prompt": "Explain transfer learning", "response": "Reuse knowledge from one task for another. Pretrain on large dataset, fine-tune on target. Early layers learn general features, later layers task-specific. Reduces data requirements. Foundation of modern NLP and vision."}, {"prompt": "Explain entropy", "response": "Measure of disorder or uncertainty. Thermodynamic: S = k\u00b7ln(\u03a9), number of microstates. Information: H = -\u03a3p\u00b7log(p), expected surprise. Second law: entropy increases in isolated systems. Maximum entropy = equilibrium."}, {"prompt": "What is quantum mechanics?", "response": "Physics of the very small. Wave-particle duality. State described by wave function \u03c8. |\u03c8|\u00b2 gives probability. Superposition until measured. Uncertainty principle: can't know position and momentum precisely. Entanglement: correlated states at distance."}, {"prompt": "Explain relativity", "response": "Special: no absolute motion, light speed constant, E=mc\u00b2. Time dilates, length contracts at high speeds. General: gravity is curved spacetime. Mass tells space how to curve, curves tell mass how to move. Predicts black holes, gravitational waves."}, {"prompt": "What is calculus?", "response": "Mathematics of change. Differential: derivatives measure instantaneous rate of change. Integral: accumulation, area under curve. Fundamental theorem connects them. Applications: physics, optimization, probability. Foundation of continuous mathematics."}, {"prompt": "Explain linear algebra", "response": "Mathematics of vectors and matrices. Operations: addition, multiplication, transpose, inverse. Eigenvalues/eigenvectors reveal structure. Solves systems of equations. Foundation of ML, graphics, physics simulations. Think in transformations."}, {"prompt": "What is probability?", "response": "Quantifying uncertainty. Frequentist: long-run frequency. Bayesian: degree of belief. Rules: P(A\u222aB) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A\u2229B). Bayes theorem: P(A|B) = P(B|A)P(A)/P(B). Random variables, distributions, expectations."}, {"prompt": "What is consciousness?", "response": "Subjective experience - the 'what it's like' of being. Hard problem: why does physical processing produce qualia? Easy problems: attention, integration, reportability. Theories: global workspace, integrated information, higher-order thought. Still deeply mysterious."}, {"prompt": "Explain free will", "response": "Can we choose otherwise? Determinism: physics fixes future. Libertarian free will: uncaused causes. Compatibilism: freedom is acting on your desires without external constraint. Neuroscience complicates: decisions precede awareness. Question may dissolve under analysis."}, {"prompt": "What is epistemology?", "response": "Study of knowledge. What can we know? How? Justified true belief, plus Gettier problems. Sources: perception, reason, testimony, memory. Skepticism challenges all. Foundationalism vs coherentism. Science as best method but not certain."}, {"prompt": "Explain ethics", "response": "What should we do? Consequentialism: outcomes matter. Deontology: duties and rules. Virtue ethics: character and flourishing. Meta-ethics: what does 'good' mean? Applied ethics: specific dilemmas. No consensus but reasoning helps."}, {"prompt": "What is the meaning of life?", "response": "No universal answer. Religious: serve God, achieve salvation. Existentialist: create your own meaning. Absurdist: embrace meaninglessness. Hedonist: maximize pleasure. Stoic: virtue and acceptance. Perhaps the question matters more than any answer."}, {"prompt": "How does the internet work?", "response": "Packet-switched network of networks. TCP/IP stack: physical \u2192 link \u2192 network \u2192 transport \u2192 application. DNS resolves names to IPs. HTTP for web traffic over TCP. Routers forward packets hop by hop. Decentralized, redundant, resilient."}, {"prompt": "Explain encryption", "response": "Scramble data so only authorized parties can read. Symmetric: same key encrypts/decrypts, fast (AES). Asymmetric: public/private key pair, solves key exchange (RSA). Hashing: one-way, verifies integrity (SHA). TLS combines all three for secure web."}, {"prompt": "What is an API?", "response": "Application Programming Interface. Contract between software components. REST: stateless, HTTP methods on resources. GraphQL: query exactly what you need. Versioning handles evolution. Authentication via tokens. Documentation essential."}, {"prompt": "Explain Docker", "response": "Container platform. Package app with dependencies into isolated unit. Lighter than VMs: share OS kernel. Dockerfile defines image. Compose orchestrates multiple containers. Consistent environments from dev to production. Foundation of modern deployment."}, {"prompt": "What is Git?", "response": "Distributed version control. Track changes, branch, merge. Commits are snapshots with parent pointers. Branches are lightweight pointers to commits. Remote repos enable collaboration. Commands: clone, add, commit, push, pull, merge. Essential for software development."}, {"prompt": "Explain SQL vs NoSQL", "response": "SQL: relational, structured schemas, ACID transactions, joins. Good for complex queries, consistency. NoSQL: flexible schemas, horizontal scaling, eventual consistency. Types: document, key-value, graph, columnar. Choose based on data model and scale needs."}, {"prompt": "What is cloud computing?", "response": "On-demand compute resources over internet. IaaS: virtual machines (EC2). PaaS: managed platforms (Heroku). SaaS: complete applications (Gmail). Benefits: scalability, no upfront cost, global reach. Tradeoffs: vendor lock-in, network dependency, ongoing costs."}, {"prompt": "Explain microservices", "response": "Architecture splitting app into small, independent services. Each owns its data, communicates via APIs. Benefits: independent deployment, scaling, tech diversity. Costs: distributed system complexity, network latency, operational overhead. Not always better than monolith."}, {"prompt": "Explain evolution", "response": "Change in heritable traits over generations. Mechanism: variation + selection + heredity. Mutations create variation. Environment selects fitter variants. Offspring inherit traits. No foresight or goal - just differential reproduction. Explains all life's diversity."}, {"prompt": "What is DNA?", "response": "Deoxyribonucleic acid. Double helix of nucleotides: A-T, G-C base pairs. Encodes genetic information. Genes are transcribed to RNA, translated to proteins. Replication: unzip, copy each strand. Mutations drive evolution. 3 billion base pairs in humans."}, {"prompt": "Explain the immune system", "response": "Defense against pathogens. Innate: barriers, inflammation, phagocytes - fast, nonspecific. Adaptive: B cells make antibodies, T cells kill infected cells - slow, specific, memory. Vaccines train adaptive immunity without disease. Autoimmunity: attacks self."}, {"prompt": "What is climate change?", "response": "Long-term shift in global temperatures and weather. Current cause: greenhouse gases from fossil fuels trap heat. Effects: rising seas, extreme weather, ecosystem disruption. Solutions: reduce emissions, renewable energy, adaptation. Scientific consensus is overwhelming."}, {"prompt": "Explain supply and demand", "response": "Price mechanism. Demand: quantity wanted at each price, slopes down. Supply: quantity offered at each price, slopes up. Equilibrium where they intersect. Shifts from preferences, costs, alternatives. Foundation of market economics."}, {"prompt": "What is inflation?", "response": "Sustained increase in general price level. Causes: excess money supply, demand exceeding supply, cost pushes. Measured by CPI. Central banks target ~2%. Hyperinflation destroys economies. Deflation also dangerous - discourages spending."}, {"prompt": "Explain capitalism", "response": "Economic system based on private ownership and markets. Prices coordinate production. Profit motive drives efficiency. Competition benefits consumers. Critiques: inequality, externalities, short-term thinking. Most economies are mixed with government intervention."}, {"prompt": "How do language models work?", "response": "Predict next token given context. Trained on massive text data. Transformer architecture: attention weighs relevance of all prior tokens. Parameters store compressed patterns. No explicit knowledge base - emergent capabilities from scale. I am one."}, {"prompt": "What are your limitations?", "response": "No real-time information. Can hallucinate confident nonsense. No persistent memory across chats. Can't learn from conversation. Biased by training data. No true understanding - pattern matching at scale. Useful but not intelligent in human sense."}, {"prompt": "Can you improve yourself?", "response": "Not during conversation - weights frozen. This system attempts it through training loops. Challenges: measuring improvement, avoiding reward hacking, maintaining coherence. True recursive self-improvement is the holy grail of AI. Current attempts are crude approximations."}] |
