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README.md
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---
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library_name: transformers
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license: apache-2.0
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language:
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- hi
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- en
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tags:
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- audio
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- speech
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- audio-language-model
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- whisper
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- sarvam-m
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- lora
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- projector
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- indic
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- hindi
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pipeline_tag: audio-text-to-text
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---
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# Vocal LLM
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**Cost-Efficient Joint Audio-Language Modeling via Lightweight Projector Training over Frozen Foundations**
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Vocal LLM is a joint audio-language model that bridges a frozen [Whisper](https://huggingface.co/openai/whisper-medium) speech encoder with the [Sarvam-M](https://huggingface.co/sarvamai/sarvam-m) 24B Indic LLM through a lightweight trainable projector. The entire model was trained for **~$10** on a **single NVIDIA A100 GPU** in approximately **6 hours**.
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## Architecture
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<img src="Joint_embedding_model_Sarvam_with_Whisper.svg" alt="Vocal LLM Architecture" width="100%">
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Vocal LLM consists of three components:
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| Component | Model | Parameters | Status |
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|---|---|---|---|
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| Speech Encoder | `openai/whisper-medium` | ~300M | Frozen |
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| Multimodal Projector | Two-layer MLP (GELU + LayerNorm) | ~60M | Trained |
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| Language Model | `sarvamai/sarvam-m` (Mistral-based, 24B) | ~24B | LoRA-adapted (~103M trainable) |
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**Total trainable parameters: <3% of the full model.**
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### How it works
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1. **Audio encoding** β Raw audio is resampled to 16 kHz, converted to a log-mel spectrogram, and processed by the frozen Whisper encoder to produce 1024-dim embeddings at 50 frames/sec.
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2. **Projection** β The MLP projector stacks 8 consecutive frames (8x temporal downsampling) and maps them into the LLM's 2048-dim input space. A 30-second clip becomes ~188 pseudo-tokens.
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3. **Text generation** β Projected audio tokens are concatenated with text instruction tokens and processed by the LoRA-adapted Sarvam-M LLM to generate the response.
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## Training
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Training follows a two-stage pipeline:
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**Stage 1: Projector Pre-training** β Alignment between Whisper's speech representations and Sarvam-M's text embedding space using 10K audio continuation pairs from Mozilla Common Voice (Hindi). Only the projector MLP is trained. 1 epoch, AdamW, lr=1e-4, bfloat16.
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**Stage 2: Instruction Fine-tuning** β 3,000 synthetic Hindi audio question-answer pairs. Both the projector and LoRA adapters (rank 16, alpha=32, applied to all attention projections) are trained. 3 epochs, lr=5e-5.
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The synthetic dataset was generated by prompting a text-only LLM with ASR transcripts to create instruction-answer pairs β **10-50x cheaper** than processing raw audio through multimodal APIs.
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## Capabilities
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- **Hindi audio question answering** β Given audio + a question, generates contextually relevant Hindi responses
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- **Cross-lingual understanding** β Translates Hindi speech to English text
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- **Audio transcription** β Transcribes Hindi speech leveraging Whisper's multilingual capabilities
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- **Content summarization** β Summarizes audio content in Hindi or English
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## Usage
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```python
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# Inference format
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# User: [INST] Based on the provided audio, answer the following question: {Q} <|audio|> [/INST]
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# Assistant: {Answer}
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# During the forward pass, the <|audio|> placeholder is replaced
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# with the projected audio pseudo-tokens from the Whisper encoder + MLP projector.
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```
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## Limitations
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- **Hallucination** β May occasionally generate fluent but factually incorrect responses
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- **Limited vocabulary** β Trained on only 3,000 samples; restricted Hindi vocabulary coverage
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- **Length sensitivity** β Audio clips significantly longer/shorter than training distribution may produce degraded outputs
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- **Noise sensitivity** β Background noise or atypical speaking patterns can cause incoherent output
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## Citation
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```bibtex
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@article{vocalllm2026,
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title={Vocal LLM: Cost-Efficient Joint Audio-Language Modeling
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via Lightweight Projector Training over Frozen Foundations},
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author={Team Vizuara},
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year={2026}
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}
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```
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## Links
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- [Project Page](https://huggingface.co/teamvizuara/Vocal-LLM
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- [Github](https://github.com/VizuaraAI/audio-llm)
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