Update README.md
Browse files
README.md
CHANGED
|
@@ -2,23 +2,321 @@
|
|
| 2 |
license: apache-2.0
|
| 3 |
base_model: Qwen/Qwen3.5-9B-Base
|
| 4 |
tags:
|
| 5 |
-
-
|
| 6 |
-
-
|
| 7 |
-
-
|
| 8 |
-
-
|
| 9 |
-
-
|
| 10 |
-
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 11 |
---
|
| 12 |
|
| 13 |
-
#
|
| 14 |
|
| 15 |
-
|
| 16 |
|
| 17 |
-
|
| 18 |
|
| 19 |
-
- Base model: `Qwen/Qwen3.5-9B-Base`
|
| 20 |
-
- Personalization: the model is instructed and reinforced to identify itself as **Pluto** by **Merlin Research**
|
| 21 |
-
- Training data: local `messages` SFT dataset
|
| 22 |
-
- Quantum entropy usage: raw IBM quantum bitstrings were used as a stochastic source for seeds, dataset shuffle, split, and crop jitter
|
| 23 |
|
| 24 |
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 2 |
license: apache-2.0
|
| 3 |
base_model: Qwen/Qwen3.5-9B-Base
|
| 4 |
tags:
|
| 5 |
+
- code
|
| 6 |
+
- reasoning
|
| 7 |
+
- distillation
|
| 8 |
+
- reinforcement-learning
|
| 9 |
+
- long-context
|
| 10 |
+
- claude-code
|
| 11 |
+
- openai-codex
|
| 12 |
+
- quantum-entropy
|
| 13 |
+
- merlin-research
|
| 14 |
+
language:
|
| 15 |
+
- en
|
| 16 |
+
pipeline_tag: text-generation
|
| 17 |
---
|
| 18 |
|
| 19 |
+
# Pluto
|
| 20 |
|
| 21 |
+

|
| 22 |
|
| 23 |
+
**Pluto** is a 9B parameter coding and reasoning model developed by [Merlin Research](https://huggingface.co/MerlinSafety), built for precision, robustness, and seamless deployment in agentic coding environments including Claude Code, OpenAI Codex, and local large-codebase workflows.
|
| 24 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 25 |
|
| 26 |
+
---
|
| 27 |
+
|
| 28 |
+
## Model Summary
|
| 29 |
+
|
| 30 |
+
| Property | Value |
|
| 31 |
+
|---|---|
|
| 32 |
+
| **Developer** | Merlin Research |
|
| 33 |
+
| **Base Model** | Qwen/Qwen3.5-9B-Base |
|
| 34 |
+
| **Parameters** | 9B |
|
| 35 |
+
| **Context Length** | 1,000,000 tokens |
|
| 36 |
+
| **Training** | SFT + RL with Adaptive Entropy Regularization |
|
| 37 |
+
| **Distillation** | Frontier coding models |
|
| 38 |
+
| **Compute** | Google Cloud (TPU/GPU via Google TRC Research Grant) |
|
| 39 |
+
| **Quantum** | IBM Quantum Kingston (Heron r2) — entropy noise injection |
|
| 40 |
+
| **License** | Apache 2.0 |
|
| 41 |
+
|
| 42 |
+
---
|
| 43 |
+
|
| 44 |
+
## Key Features
|
| 45 |
+
|
| 46 |
+
### 🎯 Precision-First Design
|
| 47 |
+
Pluto is trained to minimize errors rather than maximize fluency. Every training signal — from distillation targets to RL reward shaping — is oriented around correctness, not surface-level coherence. This makes Pluto particularly effective for tasks where a single wrong line of code has downstream consequences.
|
| 48 |
+
|
| 49 |
+
### 🔭 1M Token Context
|
| 50 |
+
Pluto supports up to **1,000,000 tokens** of context, enabling operation on large codebases without chunking or retrieval hacks. Feed it an entire repository, a multi-file diff, or a long conversation history — Pluto maintains coherent reasoning across the full window.
|
| 51 |
+
|
| 52 |
+
### 🤖 Agentic Deployment Ready
|
| 53 |
+
Pluto is fine-tuned specifically for deployment in:
|
| 54 |
+
- **Claude Code** — system prompt formatting, tool call patterns, multi-turn agentic loops
|
| 55 |
+
- **OpenAI Codex / Assistants API** — compatible message structure and function calling behavior
|
| 56 |
+
- **Local deployment** — GGUF and quantized variants available for running against large local codebases without API latency
|
| 57 |
+
|
| 58 |
+
### ⚛️ Quantum Entropy Regularization (AER)
|
| 59 |
+
During RL training, Pluto used **Adaptive Entropy Regularization (AER)** with quantum noise sourced from the **IBM Quantum Kingston** processor (Heron r2, 156 qubits). Bitstring measurements from entangled quantum states were used to modulate the per-token entropy coefficient λ(t) during GRPO training, providing:
|
| 60 |
+
- Resistance to entropy collapse and reward hacking
|
| 61 |
+
- Improved robustness on out-of-distribution inputs
|
| 62 |
+
- More stable training dynamics across long RL runs
|
| 63 |
+
|
| 64 |
+
This makes Pluto the first production coding model trained with quantum hardware-sourced entropy regularization.
|
| 65 |
+
|
| 66 |
+
### 📚 Distillation from Frontier Models
|
| 67 |
+
Pluto was trained using knowledge distillation from multiple frontier coding models, combined with a curated private dataset of advanced reasoning traces. The distillation pipeline transfers deep reasoning chains from teacher models while keeping inference cost at the 9B scale.
|
| 68 |
+
|
| 69 |
+
---
|
| 70 |
+
|
| 71 |
+
## Quickstart
|
| 72 |
+
|
| 73 |
+
### Transformers
|
| 74 |
+
|
| 75 |
+
```python
|
| 76 |
+
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
|
| 77 |
+
import torch
|
| 78 |
+
|
| 79 |
+
model_id = "MerlinSafety/Pluto"
|
| 80 |
+
|
| 81 |
+
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
|
| 82 |
+
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
|
| 83 |
+
model_id,
|
| 84 |
+
torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
|
| 85 |
+
device_map="auto",
|
| 86 |
+
)
|
| 87 |
+
|
| 88 |
+
messages = [
|
| 89 |
+
{
|
| 90 |
+
"role": "user",
|
| 91 |
+
"content": "Write a Python function that parses a JWT token without external libraries and validates the expiry timestamp."
|
| 92 |
+
}
|
| 93 |
+
]
|
| 94 |
+
|
| 95 |
+
text = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
|
| 96 |
+
messages,
|
| 97 |
+
tokenize=False,
|
| 98 |
+
add_generation_prompt=True
|
| 99 |
+
)
|
| 100 |
+
|
| 101 |
+
inputs = tokenizer(text, return_tensors="pt").to(model.device)
|
| 102 |
+
|
| 103 |
+
with torch.no_grad():
|
| 104 |
+
outputs = model.generate(
|
| 105 |
+
**inputs,
|
| 106 |
+
max_new_tokens=2048,
|
| 107 |
+
temperature=0.6,
|
| 108 |
+
top_p=0.95,
|
| 109 |
+
do_sample=True,
|
| 110 |
+
repetition_penalty=1.1,
|
| 111 |
+
)
|
| 112 |
+
|
| 113 |
+
response = tokenizer.decode(outputs[0][inputs.input_ids.shape[1]:], skip_special_tokens=True)
|
| 114 |
+
print(response)
|
| 115 |
+
```
|
| 116 |
+
|
| 117 |
+
### With Unsloth (faster inference, 4-bit)
|
| 118 |
+
|
| 119 |
+
```python
|
| 120 |
+
from unsloth import FastLanguageModel
|
| 121 |
+
import torch
|
| 122 |
+
|
| 123 |
+
model, tokenizer = FastLanguageModel.from_pretrained(
|
| 124 |
+
model_name="MerlinSafety/Pluto",
|
| 125 |
+
max_seq_length=131072, # adjust as needed
|
| 126 |
+
dtype=None,
|
| 127 |
+
load_in_4bit=True,
|
| 128 |
+
)
|
| 129 |
+
|
| 130 |
+
FastLanguageModel.for_inference(model)
|
| 131 |
+
|
| 132 |
+
messages = [
|
| 133 |
+
{"role": "user", "content": "Refactor this function to be async and add proper error handling:\n\ndef fetch_data(url):\n import requests\n return requests.get(url).json()"}
|
| 134 |
+
]
|
| 135 |
+
|
| 136 |
+
inputs = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
|
| 137 |
+
messages,
|
| 138 |
+
tokenize=True,
|
| 139 |
+
add_generation_prompt=True,
|
| 140 |
+
return_tensors="pt"
|
| 141 |
+
).to("cuda")
|
| 142 |
+
|
| 143 |
+
outputs = model.generate(
|
| 144 |
+
input_ids=inputs,
|
| 145 |
+
max_new_tokens=1024,
|
| 146 |
+
temperature=0.6,
|
| 147 |
+
do_sample=True,
|
| 148 |
+
)
|
| 149 |
+
|
| 150 |
+
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0][inputs.shape[1]:], skip_special_tokens=True))
|
| 151 |
+
```
|
| 152 |
+
|
| 153 |
+
### GGUF / llama.cpp (local deployment)
|
| 154 |
+
|
| 155 |
+
```bash
|
| 156 |
+
# Download Q4_K_M (recommended, ~5.4GB)
|
| 157 |
+
huggingface-cli download MerlinSafety/Pluto \
|
| 158 |
+
Pluto-Q4_K_M.gguf \
|
| 159 |
+
--local-dir ./pluto
|
| 160 |
+
|
| 161 |
+
# Download Q8_0 (higher quality, ~9.4GB)
|
| 162 |
+
huggingface-cli download MerlinSafety/Pluto \
|
| 163 |
+
Pluto-Q8_0.gguf \
|
| 164 |
+
--local-dir ./pluto
|
| 165 |
+
|
| 166 |
+
# Run with llama.cpp
|
| 167 |
+
./llama-cli \
|
| 168 |
+
-m ./pluto/Pluto-Q4_K_M.gguf \
|
| 169 |
+
-p "Explain the time complexity of this algorithm and suggest optimizations:\n[your code here]" \
|
| 170 |
+
-n 1024 \
|
| 171 |
+
--temp 0.6 \
|
| 172 |
+
--top-p 0.95 \
|
| 173 |
+
-c 8192
|
| 174 |
+
```
|
| 175 |
+
|
| 176 |
+
### Ollama
|
| 177 |
+
|
| 178 |
+
```bash
|
| 179 |
+
cat > Modelfile << 'EOF'
|
| 180 |
+
FROM ./Pluto-Q4_K_M.gguf
|
| 181 |
+
PARAMETER temperature 0.6
|
| 182 |
+
PARAMETER top_p 0.95
|
| 183 |
+
PARAMETER num_ctx 8192
|
| 184 |
+
EOF
|
| 185 |
+
|
| 186 |
+
ollama create pluto -f Modelfile
|
| 187 |
+
ollama run pluto "Write a thread-safe singleton implementation in Python"
|
| 188 |
+
```
|
| 189 |
+
|
| 190 |
+
---
|
| 191 |
+
|
| 192 |
+
## Claude Code Integration
|
| 193 |
+
|
| 194 |
+
Pluto is optimized for use as a local backend in Claude Code via the `--model` flag when pointing to a local OpenAI-compatible server:
|
| 195 |
+
|
| 196 |
+
```bash
|
| 197 |
+
# Start local server (example with llama.cpp server)
|
| 198 |
+
./llama-server \
|
| 199 |
+
-m pluto-9b-q4_k_m.gguf \
|
| 200 |
+
--port 8080 \
|
| 201 |
+
-c 32768 \
|
| 202 |
+
--chat-template qwen
|
| 203 |
+
|
| 204 |
+
# Use with Claude Code
|
| 205 |
+
claude --model http://localhost:8080 "Review this PR and identify potential bugs"
|
| 206 |
+
```
|
| 207 |
+
|
| 208 |
+
---
|
| 209 |
+
|
| 210 |
+
## OpenAI Codex / Assistants API Integration
|
| 211 |
+
|
| 212 |
+
Pluto's instruction format is compatible with the OpenAI Chat Completions API when served through a compatible endpoint:
|
| 213 |
+
|
| 214 |
+
```python
|
| 215 |
+
from openai import OpenAI
|
| 216 |
+
|
| 217 |
+
client = OpenAI(
|
| 218 |
+
base_url="http://localhost:8080/v1", # your local Pluto server
|
| 219 |
+
api_key="not-needed"
|
| 220 |
+
)
|
| 221 |
+
|
| 222 |
+
response = client.chat.completions.create(
|
| 223 |
+
model="pluto",
|
| 224 |
+
messages=[
|
| 225 |
+
{
|
| 226 |
+
"role": "user",
|
| 227 |
+
"content": "Write a SQL query to find the top 5 customers by revenue in the last 30 days, handling NULL values correctly."
|
| 228 |
+
}
|
| 229 |
+
],
|
| 230 |
+
max_tokens=1024,
|
| 231 |
+
temperature=0.6,
|
| 232 |
+
)
|
| 233 |
+
|
| 234 |
+
print(response.choices[0].message.content)
|
| 235 |
+
```
|
| 236 |
+
|
| 237 |
+
---
|
| 238 |
+
|
| 239 |
+
---
|
| 240 |
+
|
| 241 |
+
## Training Details
|
| 242 |
+
|
| 243 |
+
### Pipeline Overview
|
| 244 |
+
|
| 245 |
+
```
|
| 246 |
+
Qwen/Qwen3.5-9B-Base
|
| 247 |
+
│
|
| 248 |
+
▼
|
| 249 |
+
SFT on curated advanced reasoning + coding dataset
|
| 250 |
+
(private dataset, distillation from frontier models)
|
| 251 |
+
│
|
| 252 |
+
▼
|
| 253 |
+
GRPO Reinforcement Learning
|
| 254 |
+
with Adaptive Entropy Regularization (AER)
|
| 255 |
+
+ IBM Quantum Kingston entropy noise injection
|
| 256 |
+
│
|
| 257 |
+
▼
|
| 258 |
+
Long-context fine-tuning (1M token extension)
|
| 259 |
+
│
|
| 260 |
+
▼
|
| 261 |
+
Agentic deployment fine-tuning
|
| 262 |
+
(Claude Code + Codex format alignment)
|
| 263 |
+
│
|
| 264 |
+
▼
|
| 265 |
+
Pluto 9B
|
| 266 |
+
```
|
| 267 |
+
|
| 268 |
+
### Adaptive Entropy Regularization (AER)
|
| 269 |
+
|
| 270 |
+
During RL training, the loss function was modified as:
|
| 271 |
+
|
| 272 |
+
```
|
| 273 |
+
L_total = L_RL + λ(t) · L_entropy
|
| 274 |
+
```
|
| 275 |
+
|
| 276 |
+
where `λ(t)` is a dynamic coefficient modulated by quantum bitstring measurements from the IBM Quantum Kingston (Heron r2) processor. GHZ-state measurements provided true quantum randomness that guided the per-token entropy targets, preventing entropy collapse and improving robustness.
|
| 277 |
+
|
| 278 |
+
### Compute
|
| 279 |
+
Training was conducted on Google Cloud TPU/GPU infrastructure supported by a **Google TPU Research Cloud (TRC) grant** awarded to Merlin Research.
|
| 280 |
+
|
| 281 |
+
---
|
| 282 |
+
|
| 283 |
+
## Intended Use
|
| 284 |
+
|
| 285 |
+
- Complex code generation and refactoring
|
| 286 |
+
- Multi-file codebase analysis
|
| 287 |
+
- Agentic coding pipelines (Claude Code, Codex)
|
| 288 |
+
- Code review and bug detection
|
| 289 |
+
- Architecture planning and technical reasoning
|
| 290 |
+
- Local deployment with large private codebases
|
| 291 |
+
|
| 292 |
+
---
|
| 293 |
+
|
| 294 |
+
## Limitations
|
| 295 |
+
|
| 296 |
+
- Pluto is optimized for coding and technical reasoning — general conversation and creative tasks are outside its primary design goal
|
| 297 |
+
- Like all LLMs, Pluto can produce incorrect code; always review generated output before deploying to production
|
| 298 |
+
- Performance on very niche frameworks or proprietary APIs may be limited by training data coverage
|
| 299 |
+
- Quantum entropy component provides training-time benefits; inference behavior is classical
|
| 300 |
+
|
| 301 |
+
---
|
| 302 |
+
|
| 303 |
+
## Citation
|
| 304 |
+
|
| 305 |
+
```bibtex
|
| 306 |
+
@misc{pluto-2026,
|
| 307 |
+
title={Pluto: Precision Coding and Reasoning Model with Quantum Entropy Regularization},
|
| 308 |
+
author={Merlin Research},
|
| 309 |
+
year={2026},
|
| 310 |
+
publisher={Merlin Research},
|
| 311 |
+
url={https://huggingface.co/MerlinSafety/Pluto}
|
| 312 |
+
}
|
| 313 |
+
```
|
| 314 |
+
|
| 315 |
+
---
|
| 316 |
+
|
| 317 |
+
## About Merlin Research
|
| 318 |
+
|
| 319 |
+
[Merlin Research](https://huggingface.co/MerlinSafety) is an independent AI safety laboratory based in Stockholm, Sweden, focused on open-source model development, adaptive entropy regularization, and practical AI alignment. Our models are released publicly to advance accessible, safe, and high-quality AI for the research community.
|
| 320 |
+
|
| 321 |
+
**HuggingFace:** [huggingface.co/MerlinSafety](https://huggingface.co/MerlinSafety)
|
| 322 |
+
**Contact:** MerlinResearch@protonmail.com
|