Scikit-learn
regression
classification
clustering
tabular
linkedin
job-postings
random-forest
decision-tree
kmeans
shap
Instructions to use MichaelYitzchak/Linkedin_Job_Engagement with libraries, inference providers, notebooks, and local apps. Follow these links to get started.
- Libraries
- Scikit-learn
How to use MichaelYitzchak/Linkedin_Job_Engagement with Scikit-learn:
from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download import joblib model = joblib.load( hf_hub_download("MichaelYitzchak/Linkedin_Job_Engagement", "sklearn_model.joblib") ) # only load pickle files from sources you trust # read more about it here https://skops.readthedocs.io/en/stable/persistence.html - Notebooks
- Google Colab
- Kaggle
Update README.md
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README.md
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---
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tags:
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- regression
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- classification
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- linkedin
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- job-postings
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- sklearn
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license: mit
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---
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## πΉ Presentation Video
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<video src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/YOUR_USERNAME/YOUR_REPO/resolve/main/presentation.mp4" controls style="max-width:720px;"></video>
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---
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| **Original size** | 123,850 rows Γ 49 columns |
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| **Working sample** | 30,000 rows Β· `random_state=42` |
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| **After join with companies** | 30,000 rows Γ 40 columns |
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| **After cleaning** | 29,572 rows Γ 51 columns (in df_model) |
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| **Train / Test split** | 23,657 / 5,915 (80/20, `random_state=42`) |
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| **Regression target** | `log_views = log1p(views)` β log-transformed to handle right skew |
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| **Classification target** | `high_engagement` β top 25% of training views (threshold from training only) |
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---
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| File | Description |
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|---|---|
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| `notebook.ipynb` | Full pipeline: Cleaning β EDA β
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| `linkedin_regression_model.pkl` | Winning model: Random Forest (Tuned) |
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| `linkedin_classification_model.pkl` | Winning model: Decision Tree |
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| `regression_model_results.csv` | Full regression model comparison |
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| `classification_model_results.csv` | Full classification model comparison |
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---
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## π§Ή Data Cleaning Pipeline
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```
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Step 1 β Reproducible sampling
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123,850 rows β sample(n=30,000, random_state=42)
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Threshold: >70% missing β drop
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Dropped: closed_time (99.2%), skills_desc (98.1%), med_salary (95.1%),
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remote_allowed (87.9%), applies (81.1%), max_salary/min_salary (76%)
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Protected columns: salary fields kept for feature engineering
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Step 5 β Leakage columns excluded
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expiry, applies β removed (post-publication outcomes)
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views β kept as target only,
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Step 6 β Salary imputation strategy
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has_salary_info = 1 if salary present, else 0
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Raw views: mean=14.9, std=98.8, max=9,949 β heavily right-skewed
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log_views = log1p(views) β compresses scale, improves regression fit
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Predictions converted back via expm1() for interpretation
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Outliers (IQR method): 4,074
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```
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---
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## π EDA β 5
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### Salary Transparency vs Views
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```
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No salary info βββββββββββββββββββββββββ ~12 avg views (70.1% of postings)
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+74.3% lift β
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```
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> Only 8,562 of 29,572 postings (29.9%) disclose salary. **74.3% more views**
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---
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### Description Length vs Views
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```
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< 100 words ββββββββββββββββββββ
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100β250 words ββββββββββββββββββββ
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250β500 words ββββββββββββββββββββ PEAK β
β sweet spot
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500β750 words ββββββββββββββββββββ
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> 1000 words ββββββββββββββββββββ
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```
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> Non-linear relationship confirmed. Sweet spot: **250β500 words**.
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---
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### Day of Week vs Views
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```
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Monday ββββββββββββββββββββ 39 avg views β
best day
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Tuesday ββββββββββββββββββββ
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Wednesday ββββββββββββββββββββ
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Thursday ββββββββββββββββββββ
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Friday ββββββββββββββββββββ 7 avg views β worst day (n=10,076)
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Saturday ββββββββββββββββββββ (weekend β
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Sunday ββββββββββββββββββββ (weekend β noisier)
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Weekend average: 28 views vs Weekday average: 22 views
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Note: Weekend sample is much smaller (2,116 total) β estimates are noisier.
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Weekday postings averaged 21.8% LOWER views than weekend in this dataset.
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```
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> **Counterintuitive finding:** Weekend postings
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---
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### Work Type vs Views
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```
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Contract ββββββββββββββββββββ 29.97 avg views 7.0
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Internship ββββββββββββββββββββ 25.71 avg views 5.0
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Full-time ββββββββββββββββββββ 13.70 avg views 4.0
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Other ββββββββββββββββββββ 11.27 avg views 4.0
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Part-time ββββββββββββββββββββ 9.59 avg views 4.0
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```
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> Contract and Internship roles show the highest engagement. However, Full-time dominates volume (23,674 of 29,572 postings). Work type is a useful feature but should not be interpreted as causal.
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### Seniority Level vs Views
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Entry-level ββββββββββββββββββββ 18 avg views n=792
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Entry vs Other: +18.9% more views
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```
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> Supply-side effect β more candidates qualify for junior roles so the pool is larger.
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```
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Feature Corr Direction Note
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βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
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desc_salary_interaction +0.18 β views strongest predictor
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has_salary_info +0.14 β views salary transparency
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salary_log +0.12 β views salary level
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description_density +0.10 β views content quality
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is_software_role +0.08 β views tech role demand
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is_data_role +0.07 β views data role demand
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is_entry_role +0.06 β views larger candidate pool
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posting_weekend -0.04 β views
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is_senior_role -0.03 β views smaller candidate pool
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βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
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Internal correlations (structural):
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salary_log β salary_midpoint +0.96 log transform of same variable
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desc_wc β desc_density +0.55 density uses length in formula
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is_software β is_data +0.35 often co-occur in job titles
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is_senior β is_entry -0.28 mutually exclusive by construction
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βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
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```
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> Most features show **weak linear correlation** β no single feature dominates. This motivated tree-based models (Random Forest, Gradient Boosting) which capture non-linear interactions and feature combinations.
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| Group | Features |
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| Text length | `title_length`, `title_word_count`, `description_length`, `description_word_count` |
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| Text structure | `description_density`, `title_desc_ratio` |
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| Salary | `salary_midpoint`, `salary_range`, `has_salary_info`, `salary_log` |
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| Role keywords | `is_senior_role`, `is_entry_role`, `is_software_role`, `is_data_role`, `is_manager_role`, `is_sales_role`, `is_marketing_role`, `is_remote_text` |
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| Interactions | `desc_salary_interaction`, `senior_salary`, `weekend_remote`, `title_desc_word_interaction`, `salary_density_interaction`, `salary_description_interaction`, `title_density_interaction` |
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| Clustering | `cluster_0`, `cluster_1`, `cluster_2`, `cluster_3`, `cluster_4`, `cluster_5` |
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**Missing value strategy:**
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- Columns with >70% missing β dropped
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- Salary β `has_salary_info` flag + `salary_midpoint`
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- Remaining numeric β `SimpleImputer(strategy="median")` inside Pipeline
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---
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## π΅ Clustering β KMeans k=6
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**
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`title_word_count`, `description_word_count`, `salary_log`, `description_density`, `has_salary_info`, `is_senior_role`, `is_entry_role`, `is_software_role`, `is_data_role`, `is_manager_role`, `is_sales_role`, `is_marketing_role`
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**Methods used to select k:**
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1. Elbow method
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2.
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3. Cluster-size stability table
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4. Interactive K-Means widget (visualization aid
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5. Hierarchical clustering dendrogram (Ward linkage, 300 obs
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6. Agglomerative
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```
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k=2 ββββββββββββββββββββ 0.198 smallest cluster: 6,830 (28.9%)
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k=3 ββββββββββββββββββββ 0.221 smallest cluster: 2,100 (8.9%)
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k=4 ββββββββββββββββββββ 0.312 β strong
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k=5 ββββββββββββββββββββ 0.250 smallest: 526 (unstable)
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k=6 ββββββββββββββββββββ 0.290 β SELECTED β
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k=7 ββββββββββββββββββββ 0.286 singleton cluster appeared
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k=8
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k=9 ββββββββββββββββββββ 0.314 singleton cluster appeared
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k=10 ββββββββββββββββββββ 0.350 singleton cluster appeared
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Why NOT k=10 (highest score): singleton cluster (1 observation)
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Why NOT k=4 (strong score): largest cluster = 72%
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Why k=6: no singletons, stable sizes, silhouette 0.290
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Note: Elbow method was inconclusive (inertia 255,430 at k=2 β 98,508 at k=10,
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no sharp elbow). Agglomerative diagnostic best at k=2 (score 0.467 on sample)
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β too coarse. k=6 selected as practical compromise across all methods.
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Official final silhouette score: 0.290 (full training matrix)
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Cluster labels one-hot encoded as 6 dummy features. Including clusters improved both regression RMSE and classification F1 over models without them.
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Baseline Linear Regression (20 features, no clustering):
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RMSE_log = 0.8425 RΒ² = 0.0639
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MAE_views β 10.54
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```
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### Full
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Random Forest (
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Overfitting lesson: unrestricted RF β train RΒ²=0.854, test RΒ²=0.003
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Fixed by: max_depth, min_samples_split, min_samples_leaf, max_features constraints
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Outlier robustness test: capping views at 99th pct β RMSE_log 0.8147, RΒ²=0.0812
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```
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### Top
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```
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description_density ββββββββββββ #1 β content quality
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description_length ββββββββββββ #2 β raw description size
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description_word_count ββββββββββββ #3 β word count
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title-description interactionββββββββββββ #4 β combined signal
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is_software_role ββββββββββββ #5 β tech role demand
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is_data_role ββββββββββββ #6 β data role demand
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salary_log / has_salary_info ββββββββββββ #7+ β salary signals
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```
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>
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###
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```
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RΒ² = 0.081 β model explains ~8% of variance in log(views+1)
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β Practical use = ranking postings, not forecasting exact counts
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PCA + Linear: reduced to 15 components (96.3% variance preserved) β no improvement
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Gradient Boosting marginally worse than RF β non-linear models help but modestly
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```
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---
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```
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Target: high_engagement = 1 if views β₯ 75th percentile of TRAINING views
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Class balance: ~75% Normal (Class 0) / ~25% High Engagement (Class 1)
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Feature matrix: X_clf uses 24 features (
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Training: ~24,000 obs | Test: ~6,000 obs
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Metric: F1-score for Class 1 (accuracy misleading with 75/25 imbalance)
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```
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### Model
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ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
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Winner: max_depth=8, class_weight="balanced"
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5-fold CV F1: 0.4424 Β± 0.0152 β stable, no lucky split
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```
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```
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FP (false alarm) = also costly:
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```
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---
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## π‘ Business Insights
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1. **Salary transparency is
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2. **Description structure matters** β
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3. **Tech roles attract
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4. **Work type is associated with engagement** β contract roles lead, but full-time dominates volume.
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5. **Platform factors dominate** β RΒ²β0.08 is expected. Model value is in ranking, not exact prediction.
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---
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## π Bonus Work
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### π Interactive Dashboard
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π **[Open the LinkedIn Job Engagement Dashboard](https://huggingface.co/spaces/MichaelYitzchak/linkedin_Job_Engagement)**
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| π― Engagement Predictor | Real-time predicted views + High/Normal classification |
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| π EDA Dashboard | All 5 EDA findings as interactive charts |
|
| 404 |
-
| βΉοΈ About | Feature groups, model details, limitations |
|
| 405 |
-
|
| 406 |
### π§ SHAP Explainability
|
| 407 |
|
| 408 |
```
|
| 409 |
SHAP mean |value| β RF Tuned regression (test observations)
|
| 410 |
|
| 411 |
-
description_density ββββββββββββ strongest β
|
| 412 |
desc_salary_interaction ββββββββββββ salary Γ description synergy β
|
| 413 |
salary_log ββββββββββββ salary level β
|
| 414 |
has_salary_info ββββββββββββ disclosed β more views β
|
| 415 |
posting_weekend ββββββββββββ weekend β fewer views β
|
| 416 |
-
|
| 417 |
-
Key finding: desc_salary_interaction ranks #2 in SHAP but lower in Gini β
|
| 418 |
-
confirms it captures genuine non-linear interaction beyond individual features.
|
| 419 |
```
|
| 420 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 421 |
### π Feature Importance: Regression vs Classification
|
| 422 |
|
| 423 |
```
|
| 424 |
Regression RF Classification DT
|
| 425 |
description_density #1 #2
|
| 426 |
-
desc_salary_interaction varies
|
| 427 |
salary_log #7+ varies
|
| 428 |
is_entry_role lower rises in classification
|
| 429 |
is_data_role #6 varies
|
| 430 |
-
βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
|
| 431 |
-
Agreement:
|
| 432 |
Divergence: seniority/role flags matter more for threshold-crossing
|
| 433 |
(classification) than for predicting exact counts (regression)
|
| 434 |
```
|
| 435 |
|
| 436 |
-
### π¬ Additional
|
| 437 |
|
| 438 |
-
- **Interactive K-Means Widget** β explore different k values visually
|
| 439 |
- **Hierarchical Clustering Dendrogram** β Ward linkage, 300 obs sample (cell 4.12)
|
| 440 |
- **Agglomerative Clustering Diagnostic** β k=2β10 comparison (cell 4.13)
|
| 441 |
- **Outlier Robustness Test** β views capped at 99th percentile: RMSE_log 0.8147 vs 0.8347 uncapped
|
|
@@ -453,16 +464,19 @@ with open("linkedin_regression_model.pkl", "rb") as f:
|
|
| 453 |
with open("linkedin_classification_model.pkl", "rb") as f:
|
| 454 |
clf_model = pickle.load(f)
|
| 455 |
|
| 456 |
-
# Regression β predict log(views+1), convert back
|
| 457 |
log_views_pred = reg_model.predict(X_test_fe)
|
| 458 |
views_pred = np.expm1(log_views_pred)
|
| 459 |
|
| 460 |
-
# Classification β predict high-engagement label (0
|
| 461 |
label = clf_model.predict(X_clf)
|
| 462 |
```
|
| 463 |
|
| 464 |
-
> Regression model expects 30-column X_test_fe (
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 465 |
|
| 466 |
---
|
| 467 |
|
| 468 |
*Assignment 2 β Classification, Regression, Clustering, Evaluation | LinkedIn Job Postings Β· arshkon/linkedin-job-postings (Kaggle)*
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
---
|
| 2 |
+
---
|
| 3 |
tags:
|
| 4 |
- regression
|
| 5 |
- classification
|
|
|
|
| 8 |
- linkedin
|
| 9 |
- job-postings
|
| 10 |
- sklearn
|
| 11 |
+
- random-forest
|
| 12 |
+
- decision-tree
|
| 13 |
+
- kmeans
|
| 14 |
+
- shap
|
| 15 |
license: mit
|
| 16 |
---
|
| 17 |
|
|
|
|
| 25 |
|
| 26 |
## πΉ Presentation Video
|
| 27 |
|
| 28 |
+
<video src=["https://huggingface.co/datasets/YOUR_USERNAME/YOUR_REPO/resolve/main/presentation.mp4](https://www.loom.com/share/c7d9b89a54234f699204b16a9a313c7d)" controls style="max-width:720px;"></video>
|
| 29 |
+
|
| 30 |
+
---
|
| 31 |
+
|
| 32 |
+
## π Interactive Dashboard
|
| 33 |
+
|
| 34 |
+
π **[Open the LinkedIn Job Engagement Dashboard](https://huggingface.co/spaces/MichaelYitzchak/linkedin_Job_Engagement)**
|
| 35 |
+
|
| 36 |
+
| Tab | Description |
|
| 37 |
+
|---|---|
|
| 38 |
+
| π― Engagement Predictor | Enter posting details β get predicted views + High/Normal classification in real time |
|
| 39 |
+
| π EDA Dashboard | All 5 EDA findings as interactive charts |
|
| 40 |
+
| βΉοΈ About | Feature groups, model details, limitations |
|
| 41 |
|
| 42 |
---
|
| 43 |
|
|
|
|
| 49 |
| **Original size** | 123,850 rows Γ 49 columns |
|
| 50 |
| **Working sample** | 30,000 rows Β· `random_state=42` |
|
| 51 |
| **After join with companies** | 30,000 rows Γ 40 columns |
|
| 52 |
+
| **After cleaning** | 29,572 rows Γ 51 columns (in `df_model`) |
|
| 53 |
| **Train / Test split** | 23,657 / 5,915 (80/20, `random_state=42`) |
|
| 54 |
| **Regression target** | `log_views = log1p(views)` β log-transformed to handle right skew |
|
| 55 |
+
| **Classification target** | `high_engagement` β top 25% of training views (threshold derived from training set only) |
|
| 56 |
|
| 57 |
---
|
| 58 |
|
|
|
|
| 66 |
|
| 67 |
| File | Description |
|
| 68 |
|---|---|
|
| 69 |
+
| `notebook.ipynb` | Full pipeline: Cleaning β EDA β Feature Engineering β Clustering β Regression β Classification β Bonus |
|
| 70 |
+
| `linkedin_regression_model.pkl` | Winning regression model: Random Forest (Tuned via RandomizedSearchCV) |
|
| 71 |
+
| `linkedin_classification_model.pkl` | Winning classification model: Decision Tree (max_depth=8, class_weight="balanced") |
|
| 72 |
+
| `regression_model_results.csv` | Full regression model comparison table |
|
| 73 |
+
| `classification_model_results.csv` | Full classification model comparison table |
|
| 74 |
|
| 75 |
---
|
| 76 |
|
| 77 |
## π§Ή Data Cleaning Pipeline
|
| 78 |
|
| 79 |
+
**7 steps from 123,850 raw rows to a clean, leakage-free modelling matrix:**
|
| 80 |
+
|
| 81 |
```
|
| 82 |
Step 1 β Reproducible sampling
|
| 83 |
123,850 rows β sample(n=30,000, random_state=42)
|
|
|
|
| 97 |
Threshold: >70% missing β drop
|
| 98 |
Dropped: closed_time (99.2%), skills_desc (98.1%), med_salary (95.1%),
|
| 99 |
remote_allowed (87.9%), applies (81.1%), max_salary/min_salary (76%)
|
|
|
|
| 100 |
|
| 101 |
Step 5 β Leakage columns excluded
|
| 102 |
expiry, applies β removed (post-publication outcomes)
|
| 103 |
+
views β kept as target only, never as a feature
|
| 104 |
|
| 105 |
Step 6 β Salary imputation strategy
|
| 106 |
has_salary_info = 1 if salary present, else 0
|
|
|
|
| 111 |
Raw views: mean=14.9, std=98.8, max=9,949 β heavily right-skewed
|
| 112 |
log_views = log1p(views) β compresses scale, improves regression fit
|
| 113 |
Predictions converted back via expm1() for interpretation
|
| 114 |
+
Outliers (IQR method): 4,074 (13.8%) β kept, not removed
|
| 115 |
```
|
| 116 |
|
| 117 |
---
|
| 118 |
|
| 119 |
+
## π EDA β 5 Research Questions
|
| 120 |
+
|
| 121 |
+
> **Note on notebook ordering:** Q1=Work type, Q2=Salary, Q3=Description, Q4=Day of week, Q5=Seniority. Presented below in order of business impact.
|
| 122 |
|
| 123 |
+
---
|
| 124 |
|
| 125 |
+
### π° Q2 β Salary Transparency vs Views
|
| 126 |
|
| 127 |
```
|
| 128 |
No salary info βββββββββββββββββββββββββ ~12 avg views (70.1% of postings)
|
|
|
|
| 130 |
+74.3% lift β
|
| 131 |
```
|
| 132 |
|
| 133 |
+
> Only **8,562 of 29,572 postings (29.9%)** disclose salary. Transparent postings attract **74.3% more views** on average. This is the highest-leverage, lowest-cost recruiter action available.
|
| 134 |
|
| 135 |
---
|
| 136 |
|
| 137 |
+
### π Q3 β Description Length vs Views
|
| 138 |
|
| 139 |
```
|
| 140 |
+
< 100 words ββββββββββββββββββββ ~8 avg views β signals incomplete posting
|
| 141 |
+
100β250 words ββββββββββββββββββββ ~13 avg views
|
| 142 |
+
250β500 words ββββββββββββββββββββ ~24 avg views PEAK β
β sweet spot
|
| 143 |
+
500β750 words ββββββββββββββββββββ ~18 avg views
|
| 144 |
+
> 1000 words ββββββββββββββββββββ ~10 avg views β overwhelms candidates
|
| 145 |
```
|
| 146 |
|
| 147 |
+
> Non-linear relationship confirmed. Sweet spot: **250β500 words**. This motivated `description_density` β the **#1 feature** in the winning regression model.
|
| 148 |
|
| 149 |
---
|
| 150 |
|
| 151 |
+
### π
Q4 β Day of Week vs Views
|
| 152 |
|
| 153 |
```
|
| 154 |
+
Monday ββββββββββββββββββββ 39 avg views β
best day (n=1,837)
|
| 155 |
+
Tuesday ββββββββββββββββββββ 25 avg views
|
| 156 |
+
Wednesday ββββββββββββββββββββ 22 avg views
|
| 157 |
+
Thursday ββββββββββββββββββββ 18 avg views
|
| 158 |
Friday ββββββββββββββββββββ 7 avg views β worst day (n=10,076)
|
| 159 |
+
Saturday ββββββββββββββββββββ 28 avg views (weekend β n=2,116 total, noisier)
|
| 160 |
+
Sunday ββββββββββββββββββββ 28 avg views (weekend β noisier)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 161 |
```
|
| 162 |
|
| 163 |
+
> **Counterintuitive finding:** Weekend postings show higher averages (~28), but the weekend sample is tiny (2,116 obs total) making these estimates unreliable. Monday is the clear best weekday at 39 avg views. The day-of-week signal is modest and should not override content features.
|
| 164 |
|
| 165 |
---
|
| 166 |
|
| 167 |
+
### πΌ Q1 β Work Type vs Views
|
| 168 |
|
| 169 |
```
|
| 170 |
+
Contract ββββββββββββββββββββ 29.97 avg views median: 7.0
|
| 171 |
+
Internship ββββββββββββββββββββ 25.71 avg views median: 5.0
|
| 172 |
+
Full-time ββββββββββββββββββββ 13.70 avg views median: 4.0 β 80% of volume
|
| 173 |
+
Other ββββββββββββββββββββ 11.27 avg views median: 4.0
|
| 174 |
+
Part-time ββββββββββββββββββββ 9.59 avg views median: 4.0
|
| 175 |
```
|
| 176 |
|
| 177 |
+
> Contract and Internship roles show the highest engagement. However, **Full-time dominates volume** (23,674 of 29,572 postings = 80%). Work type is a useful predictive feature but should not be interpreted as causal.
|
| 178 |
|
| 179 |
---
|
| 180 |
|
| 181 |
+
### π Q5 β Seniority Level vs Views
|
| 182 |
|
| 183 |
```
|
| 184 |
Entry-level ββββββββββββββββββββ 18 avg views n=792
|
|
|
|
| 189 |
Entry vs Other: +18.9% more views
|
| 190 |
```
|
| 191 |
|
| 192 |
+
> Supply-side effect β more candidates qualify for junior roles, so the pool is larger. `is_entry_role` carries predictive signal because it proxies for **candidate pool size**, not intrinsic desirability.
|
| 193 |
|
| 194 |
---
|
| 195 |
|
|
|
|
| 198 |
```
|
| 199 |
Feature Corr Direction Note
|
| 200 |
βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
|
| 201 |
+
desc_salary_interaction +0.18 β views strongest single predictor
|
| 202 |
has_salary_info +0.14 β views salary transparency
|
| 203 |
salary_log +0.12 β views salary level
|
| 204 |
description_density +0.10 β views content quality
|
|
|
|
| 206 |
is_software_role +0.08 β views tech role demand
|
| 207 |
is_data_role +0.07 β views data role demand
|
| 208 |
is_entry_role +0.06 β views larger candidate pool
|
| 209 |
+
posting_weekend -0.04 β views small negative signal
|
| 210 |
is_senior_role -0.03 β views smaller candidate pool
|
| 211 |
βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
|
| 212 |
+
Internal correlations (structural β not data leakage):
|
| 213 |
salary_log β salary_midpoint +0.96 log transform of same variable
|
| 214 |
desc_wc β desc_density +0.55 density uses length in formula
|
| 215 |
is_software β is_data +0.35 often co-occur in job titles
|
| 216 |
is_senior β is_entry -0.28 mutually exclusive by construction
|
|
|
|
| 217 |
```
|
| 218 |
|
| 219 |
> Most features show **weak linear correlation** β no single feature dominates. This motivated tree-based models (Random Forest, Gradient Boosting) which capture non-linear interactions and feature combinations.
|
| 220 |
|
| 221 |
+
### π‘οΈ Correlation Heatmap (feature-to-feature + target)
|
| 222 |
|
| 223 |
+
```
|
| 224 |
+
log desc has sal desc is_ is_ is_ post is_
|
| 225 |
+
views dens sal log wc soft data entr wknd snr
|
| 226 |
+
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
|
| 227 |
+
log_views β 1.00 0.10 0.14 0.12 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.06 -0.04 -0.03
|
| 228 |
+
description_density β 0.10 1.00 0.02 0.04 0.55 0.01 0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00
|
| 229 |
+
has_salary_info β 0.14 0.02 1.00 0.72 0.03 0.06 0.07 -0.03 -0.01 -0.02
|
| 230 |
+
salary_log β 0.12 0.04 0.72 1.00 0.04 0.05 0.06 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01
|
| 231 |
+
description_word_count β 0.08 0.55 0.03 0.04 1.00 0.01 0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00
|
| 232 |
+
is_software_role β 0.08 0.01 0.06 0.05 0.01 1.00 0.35 -0.08 0.00 -0.05
|
| 233 |
+
is_data_role β 0.07 0.01 0.07 0.06 0.01 0.35 1.00 -0.06 0.00 -0.04
|
| 234 |
+
is_entry_role β 0.06 -0.01 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 -0.08 -0.06 1.00 0.01 -0.28
|
| 235 |
+
posting_weekend β -0.04 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 1.00 0.00
|
| 236 |
+
is_senior_role β -0.03 0.00 -0.02 -0.01 0.00 -0.05 -0.04 -0.28 0.00 1.00
|
| 237 |
+
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
|
| 238 |
+
Key structural correlations:
|
| 239 |
+
salary_log β has_salary_info +0.72 same underlying signal, different form
|
| 240 |
+
desc_wc β desc_density +0.55 density formula uses word count
|
| 241 |
+
is_software β is_data +0.35 frequently co-occur in job titles
|
| 242 |
+
is_entry β is_senior -0.28 mutually exclusive flags
|
| 243 |
+
```
|
| 244 |
+
|
| 245 |
+
> The heatmap confirms no multicollinearity crisis β the highest inter-feature correlation (salary_log β has_salary_info at 0.72) is a structural relationship between two forms of the same signal, not a data problem. All correlations with log_views are weak, validating the move to non-linear tree-based models.
|
| 246 |
+
|
| 247 |
+
---
|
| 248 |
|
| 249 |
+
## βοΈ Feature Engineering β 20 Base + 6 Cluster = 30 Total Features
|
| 250 |
|
| 251 |
| Group | Features |
|
| 252 |
|---|---|
|
| 253 |
| Text length | `title_length`, `title_word_count`, `description_length`, `description_word_count` |
|
| 254 |
+
| Text structure | `description_density` β
, `title_desc_ratio` |
|
| 255 |
| Salary | `salary_midpoint`, `salary_range`, `has_salary_info`, `salary_log` |
|
| 256 |
| Role keywords | `is_senior_role`, `is_entry_role`, `is_software_role`, `is_data_role`, `is_manager_role`, `is_sales_role`, `is_marketing_role`, `is_remote_text` |
|
| 257 |
+
| Interactions | `desc_salary_interaction` β
, `senior_salary`, `weekend_remote`, `title_desc_word_interaction`, `salary_density_interaction`, `salary_description_interaction`, `title_density_interaction` |
|
| 258 |
| Clustering | `cluster_0`, `cluster_1`, `cluster_2`, `cluster_3`, `cluster_4`, `cluster_5` |
|
| 259 |
|
| 260 |
**Missing value strategy:**
|
| 261 |
+
- Columns with >70% missing β dropped
|
| 262 |
+
- Salary β `has_salary_info` flag + `salary_midpoint` where available; remaining NaN imputed inside sklearn Pipeline on training data only
|
| 263 |
- Remaining numeric β `SimpleImputer(strategy="median")` inside Pipeline
|
| 264 |
|
| 265 |
---
|
| 266 |
|
| 267 |
## π΅ Clustering β KMeans k=6
|
| 268 |
|
| 269 |
+
**Features used for clustering (12 total, leakage-checked):**
|
| 270 |
`title_word_count`, `description_word_count`, `salary_log`, `description_density`, `has_salary_info`, `is_senior_role`, `is_entry_role`, `is_software_role`, `is_data_role`, `is_manager_role`, `is_sales_role`, `is_marketing_role`
|
| 271 |
|
| 272 |
**Methods used to select k:**
|
| 273 |
+
1. Elbow method β inconclusive, no sharp elbow
|
| 274 |
+
2. KMeans silhouette scores on full training matrix
|
| 275 |
+
3. Cluster-size stability table
|
| 276 |
+
4. Interactive K-Means widget (visualization aid β uses sample)
|
| 277 |
+
5. Hierarchical clustering dendrogram (Ward linkage, 300 obs)
|
| 278 |
+
6. Agglomerative clustering comparison (k=2β10)
|
| 279 |
|
| 280 |
```
|
| 281 |
+
Silhouette scores by k (full training matrix):
|
| 282 |
|
| 283 |
k=2 ββββββββββββββββββββ 0.198 smallest cluster: 6,830 (28.9%)
|
| 284 |
k=3 ββββββββββββββββββββ 0.221 smallest cluster: 2,100 (8.9%)
|
| 285 |
+
k=4 ββββββββββββββββββββ 0.312 β strong BUT largest=72% of data
|
| 286 |
k=5 ββββββββββββββββββββ 0.250 smallest: 526 (unstable)
|
| 287 |
+
k=6 ββββββββββββββββββββ 0.290 β SELECTED β
smallest: 583 (2.5%)
|
| 288 |
k=7 ββββββββββββββββββββ 0.286 singleton cluster appeared
|
| 289 |
+
k=8+ singleton clusters appeared
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 290 |
|
| 291 |
Why NOT k=10 (highest score): singleton cluster (1 observation)
|
| 292 |
+
Why NOT k=4 (strong score): largest cluster = 72% β not meaningful separation
|
| 293 |
+
Why k=6: no singletons, stable sizes, interpretable profiles, silhouette 0.290
|
| 294 |
+
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 295 |
|
| 296 |
+
**Cluster profiles at k=6 (training set n=23,657):**
|
| 297 |
|
| 298 |
+
| Cluster | Label | Size | Share | Key Signal |
|
| 299 |
+
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| 300 |
+
| 0 | Manager-focused | 4,571 | 19% | `is_manager_role=1.00` |
|
| 301 |
+
| 1 | General / Mixed | 13,055 | 55% | No dominant role signal |
|
| 302 |
+
| 2 | Salary-transparent | 1,940 | 8% | `has_salary_info=1.00` |
|
| 303 |
+
| 3 | Data roles | 1,451 | 6% | `is_data_role=1.00` |
|
| 304 |
+
| 4 | Software roles | 2,057 | 9% | `is_software_role=1.00` |
|
| 305 |
+
| 5 | Entry / low salary | 583 | 2% | Smallest cluster |
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| 306 |
|
| 307 |
+
**Official final silhouette score: 0.290** (full training matrix)
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|
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|
| 308 |
|
| 309 |
Cluster labels one-hot encoded as 6 dummy features. Including clusters improved both regression RMSE and classification F1 over models without them.
|
| 310 |
|
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|
| 321 |
|
| 322 |
Baseline Linear Regression (20 features, no clustering):
|
| 323 |
RMSE_log = 0.8425 RΒ² = 0.0639
|
|
|
|
| 324 |
```
|
| 325 |
|
| 326 |
+
### Full Model Comparison (after feature engineering + clustering)
|
| 327 |
|
| 328 |
+
| Model | RMSE_log β | RΒ² β | Notes |
|
| 329 |
+
|---|---|---|---|
|
| 330 |
+
| **Random Forest (Tuned) β
** | **0.8347** | **0.0811** | RandomizedSearchCV winner |
|
| 331 |
+
| Random Forest (Controlled) | 0.8349 | 0.0807 | Manual constraints |
|
| 332 |
+
| Gradient Boosting | 0.8370 | 0.0770 | β |
|
| 333 |
+
| Linear Regression + Features | 0.8420 | 0.0640 | β |
|
| 334 |
+
| RidgeCV | 0.8420 | 0.0640 | β |
|
| 335 |
+
| Lasso Regression | 0.8430 | 0.0640 | β |
|
| 336 |
+
| PCA + Linear Regression | 0.8440 | 0.0600 | 15 components, 96.3% variance |
|
| 337 |
+
| Mean Baseline | 0.8708 | -0.0002 | Floor |
|
| 338 |
+
|
| 339 |
+
**Key lessons:**
|
| 340 |
+
- Unrestricted RF β train RΒ²=0.854, test RΒ²=0.003 (massive overfit). Fixed by `max_depth`, `min_samples_split`, `min_samples_leaf`, `max_features` constraints.
|
| 341 |
+
- 3-fold CV mean RMSE_log: 0.8747 (Β±0.0125) β stable across folds
|
| 342 |
+
- Outlier robustness test: capping views at 99th pct β RMSE_log 0.8147, RΒ²=0.0812
|
|
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|
| 343 |
|
| 344 |
+
### Top Feature Importances (RF Tuned)
|
| 345 |
|
| 346 |
```
|
| 347 |
+
description_density ββββββββββββ #1 β content quality proxy
|
| 348 |
description_length ββββββββββββ #2 β raw description size
|
| 349 |
description_word_count ββββββββββββ #3 β word count
|
| 350 |
+
title-description interactionββββββββββββ #4 β combined text signal
|
| 351 |
is_software_role ββββββββββββ #5 β tech role demand
|
| 352 |
is_data_role ββββββββββββ #6 β data role demand
|
| 353 |
salary_log / has_salary_info ββββββββββββ #7+ β salary signals
|
| 354 |
```
|
| 355 |
|
| 356 |
+
> `desc_salary_interaction` ranks #2 in SHAP analysis but further down in Gini importance β both agree on description quality and salary as top drivers.
|
| 357 |
|
| 358 |
+
### Why RΒ² = 0.081 Is Acceptable
|
| 359 |
|
| 360 |
```
|
| 361 |
RΒ² = 0.081 β model explains ~8% of variance in log(views+1)
|
| 362 |
|
| 363 |
+
β Beats mean baseline (RΒ²β0) β real posting-level signal captured
|
| 364 |
+
β Social engagement inherently noisy β platform factors dominate
|
| 365 |
+
β 92% of variance from unobservable sources (algorithm, followers, ads)
|
| 366 |
+
β Practical use = ranking postings, not forecasting exact counts
|
|
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|
| 367 |
```
|
| 368 |
|
| 369 |
---
|
|
|
|
| 373 |
```
|
| 374 |
Target: high_engagement = 1 if views β₯ 75th percentile of TRAINING views
|
| 375 |
Class balance: ~75% Normal (Class 0) / ~25% High Engagement (Class 1)
|
| 376 |
+
Feature matrix: X_clf uses 24 features (see notebook cell 207)
|
|
|
|
| 377 |
Metric: F1-score for Class 1 (accuracy misleading with 75/25 imbalance)
|
| 378 |
```
|
| 379 |
|
| 380 |
+
### Model Comparison
|
| 381 |
|
| 382 |
+
| Model | F1 (Class 1) | Recall (Class 1) | Notes |
|
| 383 |
+
|---|---|---|---|
|
| 384 |
+
| **Decision Tree β
** | **HIGHEST** | **HIGHEST** | max_depth=8, class_weight="balanced" |
|
| 385 |
+
| Logistic Regression | near-best | high | Close to DT in F1 |
|
| 386 |
+
| Random Forest | moderate | lower | Lowest FP count |
|
| 387 |
+
| Dummy Baseline | 0.00 | 0.00 | Always predicts Class 0 |
|
|
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|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 388 |
|
| 389 |
+
**5-fold CV F1: 0.4424 Β± 0.0152** β stable, no lucky split
|
| 390 |
+
|
| 391 |
+
### Error Cost Analysis
|
| 392 |
|
| 393 |
```
|
| 394 |
+
FN (missed high-engagement) = most costly error
|
| 395 |
+
β Company fails to prioritize, promote, or learn from a strong posting
|
|
|
|
| 396 |
|
| 397 |
+
FP (false alarm) = also costly
|
| 398 |
+
β Recruiter wastes time and budget on a posting that won't perform
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 399 |
```
|
| 400 |
|
| 401 |
+
Decision Tree minimises FN (catches most high-engagement postings) but produces more FP.
|
| 402 |
+
Random Forest minimises FP (fewest false alarms) but misses more high-engagement postings.
|
| 403 |
+
|
| 404 |
---
|
| 405 |
|
| 406 |
+
## π‘ Business Insights
|
| 407 |
|
| 408 |
+
1. **Salary transparency is the single highest-leverage action** β 74.3% more views for free. Fewer than 30% of postings disclose salary today.
|
| 409 |
+
2. **Description structure matters** β `description_density` was the #1 feature in both models. Sweet spot: 250β500 words.
|
| 410 |
+
3. **Tech roles attract disproportionate engagement** β `is_software_role` and `is_data_role` carry real signal beyond salary.
|
| 411 |
+
4. **Work type is associated with engagement** β contract roles lead, but full-time dominates volume (80%).
|
| 412 |
+
5. **Platform factors dominate** β RΒ²β0.08 is expected and acceptable. Model value is in **ranking** postings, not exact prediction.
|
| 413 |
|
| 414 |
---
|
| 415 |
|
| 416 |
## π Bonus Work
|
| 417 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 418 |
### π§ SHAP Explainability
|
| 419 |
|
| 420 |
```
|
| 421 |
SHAP mean |value| β RF Tuned regression (test observations)
|
| 422 |
|
| 423 |
+
description_density ββββββββββββ strongest positive impact β
|
| 424 |
desc_salary_interaction ββββββββββββ salary Γ description synergy β
|
| 425 |
salary_log ββββββββββββ salary level β
|
| 426 |
has_salary_info ββββββββββββ disclosed β more views β
|
| 427 |
posting_weekend ββββββββββββ weekend β fewer views β
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 428 |
```
|
| 429 |
|
| 430 |
+
`desc_salary_interaction` ranks #2 in SHAP but lower in Gini β confirms it captures genuine non-linear interaction that neither feature achieves alone.
|
| 431 |
+
|
| 432 |
### π Feature Importance: Regression vs Classification
|
| 433 |
|
| 434 |
```
|
| 435 |
Regression RF Classification DT
|
| 436 |
description_density #1 #2
|
| 437 |
+
desc_salary_interaction #2 (SHAP) varies
|
| 438 |
salary_log #7+ varies
|
| 439 |
is_entry_role lower rises in classification
|
| 440 |
is_data_role #6 varies
|
| 441 |
+
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
|
| 442 |
+
Agreement: description quality + salary dominate both models
|
| 443 |
Divergence: seniority/role flags matter more for threshold-crossing
|
| 444 |
(classification) than for predicting exact counts (regression)
|
| 445 |
```
|
| 446 |
|
| 447 |
+
### π¬ Additional Extras
|
| 448 |
|
| 449 |
+
- **Interactive K-Means Widget** β explore different k values visually (notebook cell 4.11)
|
| 450 |
- **Hierarchical Clustering Dendrogram** β Ward linkage, 300 obs sample (cell 4.12)
|
| 451 |
- **Agglomerative Clustering Diagnostic** β k=2β10 comparison (cell 4.13)
|
| 452 |
- **Outlier Robustness Test** β views capped at 99th percentile: RMSE_log 0.8147 vs 0.8347 uncapped
|
|
|
|
| 464 |
with open("linkedin_classification_model.pkl", "rb") as f:
|
| 465 |
clf_model = pickle.load(f)
|
| 466 |
|
| 467 |
+
# Regression β predict log(views+1), convert back to raw view estimate
|
| 468 |
log_views_pred = reg_model.predict(X_test_fe)
|
| 469 |
views_pred = np.expm1(log_views_pred)
|
| 470 |
|
| 471 |
+
# Classification β predict high-engagement label (0 = Normal, 1 = High)
|
| 472 |
label = clf_model.predict(X_clf)
|
| 473 |
```
|
| 474 |
|
| 475 |
+
> Regression model expects **30-column** `X_test_fe` (including cluster dummies).
|
| 476 |
+
> Classification model expects **24-column** `X_clf` (see notebook cell 207).
|
| 477 |
+
> Run the full pipeline in the notebook to produce compatible feature matrices.
|
| 478 |
|
| 479 |
---
|
| 480 |
|
| 481 |
*Assignment 2 β Classification, Regression, Clustering, Evaluation | LinkedIn Job Postings Β· arshkon/linkedin-job-postings (Kaggle)*
|
| 482 |
+
|