"""
Component 4: Transformer model architecture for code generation.

This module defines a decoder-only transformer built from scratch in PyTorch.
It is modular through configuration so model size can be scaled up/down.
"""

from __future__ import annotations

import math
from dataclasses import asdict, dataclass
from typing import Dict, Optional, Tuple

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F


@dataclass
class ModelConfig:
    # Vocabulary size from tokenizer.
    vocab_size: int = 50_000
    # Maximum context length in tokens.
    max_seq_len: int = 2048
    # Core hidden size of transformer.
    d_model: int = 1152
    # Number of transformer blocks.
    n_layers: int = 23
    # Number of attention heads.
    n_heads: int = 16
    # Feed-forward hidden size.
    d_ff: int = 4608
    # Dropout for regularization.
    dropout: float = 0.1
    # Whether to tie token embedding and LM head weights.
    tie_embeddings: bool = True
    # Enable gradient checkpointing to reduce VRAM usage during training.
    gradient_checkpointing: bool = False
    # Initialization standard deviation.
    init_std: float = 0.02
    # Epsilon for layer normalization stability.
    rms_norm_eps: float = 1e-5

    @property
    def head_dim(self) -> int:
        if self.d_model % self.n_heads != 0:
            raise ValueError("d_model must be divisible by n_heads.")
        return self.d_model // self.n_heads


def get_model_presets() -> Dict[str, ModelConfig]:
    """
    Returns standard size presets.
    """
    return {
        "small_180m": ModelConfig(d_model=896, n_layers=18, n_heads=14, d_ff=3584),
        "medium_420m": ModelConfig(d_model=1152, n_layers=23, n_heads=16, d_ff=4608),
        "large_800m": ModelConfig(d_model=1536, n_layers=24, n_heads=16, d_ff=6144),
    }


class RMSNorm(nn.Module):
    """
    RMSNorm is a lightweight normalization layer used in many modern LLMs.
    """

    def __init__(self, dim: int, eps: float = 1e-5) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.eps = eps
        self.weight = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(dim))

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        norm = x.pow(2).mean(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
        x = x * torch.rsqrt(norm + self.eps)
        return self.weight * x


class RotaryEmbedding(nn.Module):
    """
    Rotary positional embedding.
    This injects token order information directly into query/key vectors.
    """

    def __init__(self, head_dim: int, max_seq_len: int) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        if head_dim % 2 != 0:
            raise ValueError("head_dim must be even for rotary embeddings.")
        inv_freq = 1.0 / (10000 ** (torch.arange(0, head_dim, 2).float() / head_dim))
        t = torch.arange(max_seq_len, dtype=torch.float32)
        freqs = torch.outer(t, inv_freq)
        self.register_buffer("cos_cached", torch.cos(freqs), persistent=False)
        self.register_buffer("sin_cached", torch.sin(freqs), persistent=False)

    def forward(self, q: torch.Tensor, k: torch.Tensor, seq_len: int) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
        cos = self.cos_cached[:seq_len].unsqueeze(0).unsqueeze(0)  # [1,1,S,H/2]
        sin = self.sin_cached[:seq_len].unsqueeze(0).unsqueeze(0)  # [1,1,S,H/2]
        q = self._apply_rotary(q, cos, sin)
        k = self._apply_rotary(k, cos, sin)
        return q, k

    @staticmethod
    def _apply_rotary(x: torch.Tensor, cos: torch.Tensor, sin: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        x1 = x[..., ::2]
        x2 = x[..., 1::2]
        x_rot_even = x1 * cos - x2 * sin
        x_rot_odd = x1 * sin + x2 * cos
        out = torch.stack((x_rot_even, x_rot_odd), dim=-1).flatten(-2)
        return out


class CausalSelfAttention(nn.Module):
    """
    Multi-head causal self-attention for autoregressive code generation.
    """

    def __init__(self, config: ModelConfig) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.n_heads = config.n_heads
        self.head_dim = config.head_dim
        self.scale = self.head_dim ** -0.5

        self.q_proj = nn.Linear(config.d_model, config.d_model, bias=False)
        self.k_proj = nn.Linear(config.d_model, config.d_model, bias=False)
        self.v_proj = nn.Linear(config.d_model, config.d_model, bias=False)
        self.o_proj = nn.Linear(config.d_model, config.d_model, bias=False)
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.dropout)
        self.rotary = RotaryEmbedding(head_dim=self.head_dim, max_seq_len=config.max_seq_len)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, attn_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None) -> torch.Tensor:
        bsz, seq_len, _ = x.shape
        q = self.q_proj(x).view(bsz, seq_len, self.n_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2)
        k = self.k_proj(x).view(bsz, seq_len, self.n_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2)
        v = self.v_proj(x).view(bsz, seq_len, self.n_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2)

        q, k = self.rotary(q, k, seq_len=seq_len)

        # Use PyTorch scaled dot-product attention with causal masking.
        out = F.scaled_dot_product_attention(
            q,
            k,
            v,
            attn_mask=attn_mask,
            dropout_p=self.dropout.p if self.training else 0.0,
            is_causal=True,
            scale=self.scale,
        )
        out = out.transpose(1, 2).contiguous().view(bsz, seq_len, -1)
        return self.o_proj(out)


class FeedForward(nn.Module):
    """
    Two-layer feed-forward network with GELU activation.
    """

    def __init__(self, config: ModelConfig) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(config.d_model, config.d_ff, bias=False)
        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(config.d_ff, config.d_model, bias=False)
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.dropout)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        x = self.fc1(x)
        x = F.gelu(x, approximate="tanh")
        x = self.fc2(x)
        x = self.dropout(x)
        return x


class TransformerBlock(nn.Module):
    """
    One transformer block:
    norm -> attention -> residual
    norm -> feed-forward -> residual
    """

    def __init__(self, config: ModelConfig) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.norm1 = RMSNorm(config.d_model, eps=config.rms_norm_eps)
        self.attn = CausalSelfAttention(config)
        self.norm2 = RMSNorm(config.d_model, eps=config.rms_norm_eps)
        self.ffn = FeedForward(config)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, attn_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None) -> torch.Tensor:
        x = x + self.attn(self.norm1(x), attn_mask=attn_mask)
        x = x + self.ffn(self.norm2(x))
        return x


class CodeTransformerLM(nn.Module):
    """
    Full decoder-only language model for code generation.
    """

    def __init__(self, config: ModelConfig) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.config = config
        self.embed_tokens = nn.Embedding(config.vocab_size, config.d_model)
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.dropout)
        self.blocks = nn.ModuleList([TransformerBlock(config) for _ in range(config.n_layers)])
        self.norm_final = RMSNorm(config.d_model, eps=config.rms_norm_eps)
        self.lm_head = nn.Linear(config.d_model, config.vocab_size, bias=False)

        if config.tie_embeddings:
            self.lm_head.weight = self.embed_tokens.weight

        self.apply(self._init_weights)

    def _init_weights(self, module: nn.Module) -> None:
        # Keep initialization stable for deep networks.
        if isinstance(module, nn.Linear):
            nn.init.normal_(module.weight, mean=0.0, std=self.config.init_std)
        elif isinstance(module, nn.Embedding):
            nn.init.normal_(module.weight, mean=0.0, std=self.config.init_std)

    def enable_gradient_checkpointing(self, enabled: bool = True) -> None:
        # Toggle gradient checkpointing mode.
        self.config.gradient_checkpointing = enabled

    def forward(
        self,
        input_ids: torch.Tensor,
        labels: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        attn_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
    ) -> Dict[str, torch.Tensor]:
        if input_ids.dim() != 2:
            raise ValueError("input_ids must be shape [batch, seq_len].")

        x = self.embed_tokens(input_ids)
        x = self.dropout(x)

        for block in self.blocks:
            if self.config.gradient_checkpointing and self.training:
                x = torch.utils.checkpoint.checkpoint(block, x, attn_mask, use_reentrant=False)
            else:
                x = block(x, attn_mask=attn_mask)

        x = self.norm_final(x)
        logits = self.lm_head(x)

        out: Dict[str, torch.Tensor] = {"logits": logits}
        if labels is not None:
            # Standard next-token cross entropy loss.
            shift_logits = logits[:, :-1, :].contiguous()
            shift_labels = labels[:, 1:].contiguous()
            loss = F.cross_entropy(
                shift_logits.view(-1, shift_logits.size(-1)),
                shift_labels.view(-1),
                ignore_index=-100,
            )
            out["loss"] = loss
        return out

    def estimate_num_parameters(self) -> int:
        # Returns total trainable parameter count.
        return sum(p.numel() for p in self.parameters() if p.requires_grad)

    def summary(self) -> Dict[str, object]:
        # Returns a simple structured summary for logs/CLI.
        return {
            "config": asdict(self.config),
            "num_parameters": self.estimate_num_parameters(),
        }