Text Generation
Transformers
Safetensors
English
keylm75m
keylm
small-language-model
instruct
gqa
rope
swiglu
qk-norm
custom_code
conversational
Instructions to use MinimaLabs/KeyLM-75M-Instruct with libraries, inference providers, notebooks, and local apps. Follow these links to get started.
- Libraries
- Transformers
How to use MinimaLabs/KeyLM-75M-Instruct with Transformers:
# Use a pipeline as a high-level helper from transformers import pipeline pipe = pipeline("text-generation", model="MinimaLabs/KeyLM-75M-Instruct", trust_remote_code=True, device_map="auto") messages = [ {"role": "user", "content": "Who are you?"}, ] pipe(messages)# Load model directly from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("MinimaLabs/KeyLM-75M-Instruct", trust_remote_code=True, dtype="auto", device_map="auto") - Notebooks
- Google Colab
- Kaggle
- Local Apps Settings
- vLLM
How to use MinimaLabs/KeyLM-75M-Instruct with vLLM:
Install from pip and serve model
# Install vLLM from pip: pip install vllm # Start the vLLM server: vllm serve "MinimaLabs/KeyLM-75M-Instruct" # Call the server using curl (OpenAI-compatible API): curl -X POST "http://localhost:8000/v1/chat/completions" \ -H "Content-Type: application/json" \ --data '{ "model": "MinimaLabs/KeyLM-75M-Instruct", "messages": [ { "role": "user", "content": "What is the capital of France?" } ] }'Use Docker
docker model run hf.co/MinimaLabs/KeyLM-75M-Instruct
- SGLang
How to use MinimaLabs/KeyLM-75M-Instruct with SGLang:
Install from pip and serve model
# Install SGLang from pip: pip install sglang # Start the SGLang server: python3 -m sglang.launch_server \ --model-path "MinimaLabs/KeyLM-75M-Instruct" \ --host 0.0.0.0 \ --port 30000 # Call the server using curl (OpenAI-compatible API): curl -X POST "http://localhost:30000/v1/chat/completions" \ -H "Content-Type: application/json" \ --data '{ "model": "MinimaLabs/KeyLM-75M-Instruct", "messages": [ { "role": "user", "content": "What is the capital of France?" } ] }'Use Docker images
docker run --gpus all \ --shm-size 32g \ -p 30000:30000 \ -v ~/.cache/huggingface:/root/.cache/huggingface \ --env "HF_TOKEN=<secret>" \ --ipc=host \ lmsysorg/sglang:latest \ python3 -m sglang.launch_server \ --model-path "MinimaLabs/KeyLM-75M-Instruct" \ --host 0.0.0.0 \ --port 30000 # Call the server using curl (OpenAI-compatible API): curl -X POST "http://localhost:30000/v1/chat/completions" \ -H "Content-Type: application/json" \ --data '{ "model": "MinimaLabs/KeyLM-75M-Instruct", "messages": [ { "role": "user", "content": "What is the capital of France?" } ] }' - Docker Model Runner
How to use MinimaLabs/KeyLM-75M-Instruct with Docker Model Runner:
docker model run hf.co/MinimaLabs/KeyLM-75M-Instruct
Refine model card; finalize KeyLM75M config, modeling code, and tokenizer decoder
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README.md
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value: 17.85
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name: IFEval instruction-level (strict)
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name: Multiple Choice
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name: HellaSwag (0-shot)
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value: 26.7
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type: text-generation
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name: Multiple Choice
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name: PIQA
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type: text-generation
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value: 48.9
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name: OpenBookQA (0-shot)
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value: 18.4
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---
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# KeyLM-75M-Instruct
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KeyLM-75M-Instruct is a 75M parameter instruction-tuned language model trained from scratch on approximately 18 billion tokens. That training budget is a small fraction of what comparable small models use. Despite this, it is competitive on instruction following, outperforming SmolLM-135M-Instruct on IFEval while using about half the parameters and a fraction of the
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##
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| **KeyLM-75M-Instruct** | **75M** | **~18B** | **17.85** |
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| SmolLM-135M-Instruct | 135M | ~600B | 17.15 |
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| SmolLM2-135M-Instruct | 135M | ~2T | 26.98 |
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```python
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import torch
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print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0][inputs.shape[1]:], skip_special_tokens=True))
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```
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## Limitations
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- Minimal world knowledge. Not suitable for factual question answering, reasoning, math, or code.
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- English only.
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- No dedicated safety alignment was performed.
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## License
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Apache 2.0.
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## Citation
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- swiglu
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- qk-norm
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- custom_code
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datasets:
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- HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu-score-2
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- wikimedia/wikipedia
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- HuggingFaceGECLM/REDDIT_comments
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- marin-community/stackexchange-markdown
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- allenai/WildChat-1M
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- HuggingFaceH4/ultrachat_200k
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- lmsys/lmsys-chat-1m
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- OpenAssistant/oasst2
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---
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# KeyLM-75M-Instruct
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KeyLM-75M-Instruct is a 75M parameter instruction-tuned language model trained from scratch on approximately 18 billion tokens. That training budget is a small fraction of what comparable small models use (SmolLM-135M was trained on roughly 600B tokens, SmolLM2-135M on roughly 2T). Despite this, it is competitive on instruction following, outperforming SmolLM-135M-Instruct on IFEval while using about half the parameters and a fraction of the data.
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## Table of Contents
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1. [Model Summary](#model-summary)
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2. [How to Use](#how-to-use)
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3. [Evaluation](#evaluation)
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4. [Training](#training)
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5. [Limitations](#limitations)
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6. [License](#license)
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7. [Citation](#citation)
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## Model Summary
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KeyLM is a compact decoder-only transformer built on the standard small-model recipe used by Llama and Qwen3: grouped-query attention, rotary position embeddings (RoPE), SwiGLU feed-forward layers, and per-head QK-RMSNorm. It is designed for lightweight, low-latency English chat and instruction following.
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| Field | Value |
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|---|---|
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| Parameters | 75,251,200 |
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| Layers | 24 |
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| Hidden size | 512 |
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| Attention heads | 8 (2 KV heads, GQA) |
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| Context length | 2048 |
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| Vocabulary | 12,020 (ByteLevel BPE) |
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| Precision | float16 |
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| Training tokens | ~18B |
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GGUF builds for `llama.cpp`, LM Studio, and Ollama are available at [KeyLM-75M-Instruct-GGUF](https://huggingface.co/Eclipse-Senpai/KeyLM-75M-Instruct-GGUF).
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## How to Use
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KeyLM ships its own modeling code, so load it with `trust_remote_code=True`. It requires `transformers>=4.51`.
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```python
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import torch
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print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0][inputs.shape[1]:], skip_special_tokens=True))
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```
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The model uses a plain `User:` / `Assistant:` chat format, applied automatically by `apply_chat_template`. Assistant turns end with `</s>`.
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## Evaluation
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### Instruction following (IFEval)
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This is where KeyLM is competitive. All rows are evaluated with `lm_eval` (`ifeval`, 541 prompts, greedy decoding).
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| Model | Params | Train tokens | inst (strict) | prompt (strict) | 4-metric avg |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| **KeyLM-75M-Instruct** | **75M** | **~18B** | **22.42** | **12.75** | **17.85** |
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| SmolLM-135M-Instruct | 135M | ~600B | 21.58 | 9.98 | 17.15 |
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| SmolLM2-135M-Instruct | 135M | ~2T | 32.37 | 18.85 | 26.98 |
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KeyLM beats the original SmolLM-135M-Instruct at roughly half the size and a fraction of the training data. SmolLM2-135M-Instruct, a far more heavily trained model, remains ahead.
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### Knowledge and reasoning
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On standard multiple-choice benchmarks KeyLM performs at or near random chance. This is the expected trade-off at 75M parameters and 18B tokens: the model has little parametric knowledge, and its useful behavior comes from instruction tuning rather than recall. All KeyLM scores are zero-shot via `lm_eval` (accuracy; ARC and HellaSwag use length-normalized accuracy).
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| Model | Params | MMLU | ARC (avg) | HellaSwag | PIQA | WinoGrande | OpenBookQA |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| **KeyLM-75M-Instruct** | **75M** | **23.0** | **26.1** | **26.7** | **53.1** | **48.9** | **18.4** |
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| Random baseline | n/a | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 25.0 |
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| GPT-2 (137M) | 137M | 26.3 | 31.1 | 29.8 | 62.5 | 49.7 | 29.4 |
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| Pythia-160M | 160M | 26.7 | 31.9 | 29.6 | 61.6 | 49.5 | 27.8 |
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| MobileLLM-125M | 125M | n/a | 35.5 | 38.9 | 65.3 | 53.1 | 39.5 |
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| SmolLM-135M | 135M | 30.2 | 44.0 | 42.3 | 69.6 | 52.7 | 33.6 |
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Figures for the comparison models are as reported in the SmolLM technical report and are included for rough context only; they may use different evaluation setups than the KeyLM rows.
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## Training
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### Pretraining
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KeyLM was pretrained from random initialization on approximately 18B tokens, drawn from a weighted mixture of public datasets and streamed through a deterministic curriculum.
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| Category | Share | Sources |
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|---|---|---|
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| Formal / quality | ~30% | FineWeb-Edu, Wikipedia |
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| Casual / social | ~30% | Reddit comments, StackExchange |
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| Conversational | ~25% | WildChat, UltraChat, LMSYS-Chat, OASST2 |
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| Structured knowledge | ~5% | Cosmopedia |
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| Typo augmentation | ~10% | Synthetic (contrastive) |
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### Post-training
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Instruction tuning used `smol-smoltalk`, `ultrachat_200k`, and several `smoltalk2` splits (magpie, persona instruction-following, science, OpenHermes, system chats, summarization), with assistant-only loss masking, plus a set of custom synthetic instruction-following examples. A final personality tuning pass produced the released checkpoint.
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## Limitations
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- Minimal world knowledge. Not suitable for factual question answering, reasoning, math, or code.
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- English only.
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- No dedicated safety alignment was performed. Apply your own filtering before any user-facing use.
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## License
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Apache 2.0. The weights are trained from scratch and free to use, modify, and redistribute.
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## Citation
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