{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    This study was conducted in Chicago, Illinois. Although these data were collected before recreational marijuana use was legalized in Illinois, it is possible that attitudes toward marijuana use are generally more permissive in Chicago relative to other parts of the country. Future research should examine regional variations in responses to substance use in perinatal care settings. In addition, this analysis is premised on the uptake of legal tasks by individual providers in settings where testing is based on provider discretion. Studies examining how law shapes provider-patient interactions in systems where universal drug testing is carried out may reveal different patterns and outcomes. Another  limitation of this study is that the data reflect providers' interpretations and perceptions of hospital testing protocol. In the future, researchers should examine official, documented hospital protocol to understand how formal organizational policy shapes provider practices. Finally, given sample size limitations and the wide range of state and organizational responses to substance use during pregnancy, these findings are not intended to capture practices in perinatal care by and large. Rather, these findings reflect dilemmas workers may contend with in settings where they are given latitude over the degree to which they adopt legal tasks or not.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 0}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    This analysis presents several avenues for future research that could further inform evidence-based climate innovation policy. Access to more comprehensive data, particularly from startups that are typically reticent to share details, would provide a deeper understanding of sectoral variation and technology maturity (for example, technology readiness levels) for different types of investors and their impact. Such data can potentially create avenues to improve models that inform climate policy. It could also be used to explore different types of public investors besides grant agencies that aim to generate financial returns  (for example, green banks or public agencies that invest equity in startups) or private investors (for example, financially motivated climate-impact investors) to provide a more complete picture of the public and private funding landscape. With more data over time, future work could potentially establish causal relationships between variables and assess the potential impact of systematic factors such as startup maturity on investment outcomes. Mixed-method analyses that combine data on individual grant programmes such as ARPA-E with insights on specific types of investor (for example, corporate investors with various core businesses, climate-impact investors, other private investors) could further inform public policies on how to most effectively support grant recipients through all phases of startup development. Finally, this pre-IRA analysis can be used for comparison with future post-IRA analysis to identify changes in investment patterns or other effects resulting from the IRA.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 1}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Controlling pollution of warming gases may prove to be the most elaborate and costly environmental policy undertaking yet, and the analysis we present here suggests that the extra nationwide economic cost of federalist variation in state-level policy can be very modest\u2014much smaller by an order of magnitude than variations in the overall level of nationwide effort. For policymakers, this insight suggests that federalist approaches could be more sustainable, because higher costs are aligned with the states that are politically more willing to bear them. Future research should aim to simulate or measure  the benefits of heterogeneous action\u2014some agent-based modelling has done this in other settings37\u2014and compare them with the costs of non-uniform action, such as using IAM-based cost assessments that we demonstrate here.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 2}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Carbon pricing policies are essential for mitigating climate change, but the global benefits of leadership and the international diffusion of these policies are not well understood. Here we provide robust and statistically significant evidence showing that the adoption of carbon pricing in one country can explain the subsequent adoption of carbon pricing in other countries. For a neighbouring country, diffusion increases the probability of policy adoption on average by several percentage points. Translating these empirical estimates with Monte Carlo simulations into global reductions in emissions through policy diffusion suggests that for many countries, decreases in emissions as a result of diffusion could be larger than domestic emission reductions. These results support the adoption of stringent climate  policies, especially in countries in which climate change mitigation  might be considered as not very important because of relatively low levels  of domestic emissions.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 3}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    The location and supply of fuels and their affordability are critical drivers of the trends that we observed. In MEA, where biomass supply is limited, we found dependence on cheap kerosene could remain high. In AFR and LAM, where many households are remotely located, have easy access to biomass resources and limited access to modern cooking services, we found biomass dependency is likely to persist. For these populations, the inconveniences and health impacts of cooking with polluting stoves need to be factored into the household choice decision. This requires committed and sustained policies to provide easy access to modern fuels and stoves at affordable prices, and information and behaviour change messaging. If anything, studies in regions that are enforcing such policies now (for example, India) show that these behaviours can be persistent, and providing households access to new stoves and cleaner burning fuels alone may not be enough to promote their regular use29,30.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 4}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    More generally, the results speak to the potential adverse consequences of exceptionally high levels of confidence in medicine. Americans maintain enormous confidence in their personal physicians and in the medical treatment of disease. As medical authority continues to expand over a wider set of conditions and the pharmaceutical armamentarium continues to grow (Clarke et al. 2003), the apparent benefits of pharmaceuticals might loom so large as to overwhelm serious consideration of their numerous side effects. To be sure, the neglect of side effects might be especially prominent with respect to mental health given that patients and physicians might be willing to trade some measure of emotional well-being for an improvement in disease, physical functioning, or longevity. But the tendency to neglect side effects is more general, and other side effects are almost certainly overlooked as well. Adapting theories regarding the minority mental health advantage only requires a more complete accounting of risks and resources, arrayed over a somewhat more complex ledger. It also requires integrating sociology's understanding of the causes of mental health, informed by fundamental cause theory, with its understanding of how patients interface with medicine.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 5}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Credible climate policies will have to raise the price of carbon, and the public are concerned about these costs even if they believe the science of climate change and generally would like governments to address the issue. One intuitively appealing approach to this problem is to ramp up the costs of climate action over time. This lowers costs in the near to medium term but also requires individuals to keep adjusting to steadily increasing carbon prices. Our results indicate that such cost plans run the risk of reducing support for climate policies because many individuals prefer to smooth their consumption over time. The ramping-up approach could remain politically feasible if some voters focus on near-term costs or if policy experience causes mass preferences to become more favourable towards costly climate action in general. But to the extent that policymakers seek to design policies that are transparent and meet meaningful emission reduction goals, constant cost plans promise more support for climate action relative to ramping-up approaches. Moreover, owing to the delay in large-scale policy responses to climate change, countries will probably have to pursue more progressive and costly climate action to limit the adverse effects of global warming. The drop in support because of higher costs associated with these more ambitious policy efforts may be at least partially mitigated by selecting a set of attractive design features such as the constant distribution of costs.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 6}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Using a cross-national survey on public concern about climate change from the Yale Programme on Climate Change Communication (YPCCC), we find a statistically significant positive correlation between public concern and de-risking scores (Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 2). This means that central banks may respond to greater public concern with de-risking the clean energy transition, but not with re-risking stranded assets and physical climate risks. We plot de-risking and public concern for climate change in Fig. 6 to illustrate cross-national variation in public concern and de-risking actions.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 7}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    We find that the no overshoot scenario has higher inequality before net zero as emission reductions, which are regressive, are frontloaded (Fig. 4). This increase is more accentuated for regions with high removal since more negative emissions are deployed in the 2030s and 2040s24 and these are financed with a higher carbon price (Fig. 2). However, negative emissions are lower in the second half of the century if the budget is not overshot. Consequently, the inequality implications of negative emissions are reduced, especially for highly impacted countries (fourth bracket).Thus, promoting net-negative emissions by overshooting emissions and temperature leads to an intertemporal inequality trade-off between regressive mitigation in the short term and regressive NET ownership in the long term. For the countries that are more impacted by the inequality repercussions of negative emissions, Fig. 4 indicates that a smaller overshoot is preferable. Furthermore, while not estimated in this study, climate damages avoided with lower temperature overshoot would be likely to have progressive effects and support the rationale for reducing overshoot.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 8}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    From this limited early work on the topic at hand and the more extensive literature on broader inequalities in health care by segregation, we expect these inequalities by segregation to carry over to the early COVID-19 vaccine rollout. Throughout fall 2020, when the possibility of a vaccine was becoming a reality, public health and medical practice journals published numerous editorials with recommendations for how to effectively and equitably roll out  the vaccine (Persad, Peek, and Emanuel 2020). However, states must work within the existing public health and health care infrastructure to provide the vaccine in a manner that fulfills more stringent requirements than most vaccines. Given the existing unequal infrastructure, it would be difficult to imagine that the vaccine distribution could be done equitably. The first weeks of vaccine distribution saw reporting from media outlets questioning the equity of allocation locations (Harper 2021; Oladipo 2021). This remains an empirical question, though, because no systematic work has been conducted on this topic concerning the COVID-19 pandemic.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 9}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    The recognition of the potential hazard imposed by flooding due to connectivity, even in the absence of rainfall in the design area, is an important but overlooked reality of urban stormwater systems. It is noted that most design guidelines worldwide28,30-33 rely on scenarios with only 'direct rainfall' occurring in the area of interest (often uniform), without considering influx/outflux from/to nearby interconnected areas. With flooding waters contributed by sources other than direct rainfall, assessments of drainage capacity can be highly uncertain. Similar to above, stormwater system design may require optimization of its configuration.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 10}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Finally, the electricity price stabilization effect we document provides preliminary support to the notion that investment in renewables can reduce macroeconomic volatility. This in turn suggests that the insurance value of renewables, their ability to improve social welfare through their smoothing of economic shocks, could be substantial. This does not mean that power price stability is a goal in itself, to be attained regardless of the cost. But policy planning that focuses only on average magnitudes such as expected total system costs could be biased against renewables by failing to acknowledge the insurance value of renewables (or alternatively, the risk premium associated with fossil fuel technologies). However, as of today, none of the most relevant energy planning procedures in the European Union explicitly contemplate the power price stability contribution of renewables. It is not currently considered in the elaboration of the European Union's National Energy and Climate Plans nor in the European Resource Adequacy Assessment. Our results provide a justification to advance in the potential integration of the insurance value of renewables in the social cost-benefit analysis of renewable investments and the institutional design of EU policies, and the concepts we advance could be applicable to other jurisdictions.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 11}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    The presence of a low-cost alternative prompts discussion that the United States now controls marginal supply37. But tight oil cannot be considered marginal supply because there is no spare capacity38. Instead, tight oil may act in the medium term to impose some discipline on prices. As such, it may discourage OPEC actions to create the next 'oil price regime.' And this may be one reason that the end of Regime 9 returns oil prices back to the level implied by market fundamentals, where they remain through to the end of the sample period 2018:3.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 12}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Urban fooding is intensifying worldwide, presenting growing challenges tourban communities. We posit that most of the food management solutionscurrently employed are local in nature and fail to account for ways in whichthe space-time connectivity of foods is exacerbated by built infrastructure.We examine the 2014 food in Southeast Michigan to identify key factorscontributing to urban fooding and explore the implications of designchoices on inundation. Findings reveal that stormwater infrastructurethat neglects food spatial connectivity can be inefective in mitigatingfoods, leading to inundation even in the absence of local rainfall. Diferentconfgurations of network connections\u2014including interfaces with naturalchannels\u2014can signifcantly impact upstream surcharge, overfowingmanholes and inundation conditions. These results emphasize the need toconsider interconnectedness of food processes in urban watershed systemsto mitigate limitations inherent in the design of food control and warningsystems, to enhance urban food resilience.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 13}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    These findings may have important policy implications. First, our overall results concerning policy attitudes imply that removing subsidies on fossil fuels may not present much more of a political challenge than introducing carbon taxation. More important, by specifying alternatives for revenue recycling where public funds currently used for subsidies are instead directed towards other public investments, the level of acceptability may increase. However, the answer to the question of which specific investments are the most popular seems to be determined by national context. This further highlights the need for careful country-specific empirical investigations to determine preferred options for revenue recycling among the public, before making political decisions to remove or roll back existing fossil fuel subsidies.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 14}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    CDR entails many challenges for designing policy, supporting innovation and ensuring sustainable, equitable and durable removals. Our Analysis shows that scenarios meeting the Paris temperature goal imply a very rapid scaleup of CDR and that governments are not planning for this. A twofold strategy that limits our dependence on CDR through rapid and deep emissions reductions, yet aggressively supports and scales CDR implementation is not a contradiction but a necessary pathway towards successful climate policy.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 15}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Leveraging existing planning processes and policies would spare governments from the burden of establishing new institutional structures and data systems for the sole purpose of adaptation tracking. This would also allow them to track and report on adaptation aspects that are already prioritized in national policies, thus enhancing linkages between adaptation tracking at national and global scales. Existing NAPs and NDCs reflect a pragmatic, early-stage approach to governments' engagement with adaptation tracking; they initiate the conversation on what could be tracked and how. Our assessment demonstrates the opportunities to build on African NDCs and NAPs, with clear steps forward to enable future tracking and reporting processes.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 16}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Current greenhouse gas accounting standards allow companies to use renewable energy certificates (RECs) to report reductions in emissions from purchased electricity (scope 2) as progress towards meeting their science-based targets. However, previous analyses suggest that corporate REC purchases are unlikely to lead to additional renewable energy production. Here we show that the widespread use of RECs by companies with science-based targets has led to an inflated estimate of the effectiveness of mitigation efforts. When removing the emission reductions claimed through RECs, companies' combined 2015-2019 scope 2 emission trajectories are no longer aligned with the 1.5 \u00b0C goal, and only barely with the well below 2 \u00b0C goal of the Paris Agreement. If this trend continues, 42% of committed scope 2 emission reductions will not result in real-world mitigation. Our findings suggest a need to revise accounting guidelines to require companies to report only real emission reductions as progress towards meeting their science-based targets.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 17}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Our results speak to a long-standing debate about free-riding in global environmental policy26. According to this theory, unilateral climate policy weakens the incentives of other countries to implement climate policy themselves. In this paper, we show that free-riding is not the only possible reaction of countries to unilateral climate policy  in the case of carbon pricing policies. Instead, we find that these policies diffuse internationally. We consider this as evidence consistent with the idea that leadership in climate policy can send a credible signal about the willingness to cooperate to other countries, supporting the formation of global climate coalitions that have been proposed27,28. Similarly, ex-ante modelling studies have repeatedly predicted carbon leakage29 as a consequence of leadership. Empirical studies, however, find that leakage is a very minor or no concern30-32. Similar to other studies that examine the evidence for free-riding in climate policy33, our results provide a possible (partial) explanation for this lack of leakage.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 18}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    The Chinese government should explore the synergetic effect of mitigation policies, which could be largely achieved by constructing large-scale renewable energy generation and gradually expanding the share of electricity in final energy consumption. The following suggestions can be used when designing the alignment of the implementation pace and intensity of policies.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 19}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Our findings reflect that communities at the periphery geographically and politically often face unique challenges of energy vulnerability4,5,31. Peripheral places often hold less economic, social and political power5 and may be more likely to have their needs go unrecognized or even ignored4. Remote communities in Australia are so designated due to distances that people have to travel to receive basic services62, and although remote places are in no way uniformly disadvantaged, many of Australia's most socio-economically disadvantaged communities are in remote locations63. The division of jurisdictional accountabilities between the Commonwealth and the states and territories for the funding of essential services in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities represents a piecemeal approach19 by settler policymakers that has too often resulted in services that do not adequately reflect the needs of communities themselves. There is an urgent need for regulatory frameworks to be developed that better support the rights of Australia's First Peoples to participate in decision-making about present and future energy systems.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 20}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    The community rating system (CRS) is a voluntary programme that incentivizes communities to actively engage in floodplain management activities that exceed the minimum programme requirement. The CRS could be used to further promote risk awareness and comprehensive floodplain management by communities and local governments in exchange for NFIP premium discounts to policy-holders in the community22. However, the full potential of the current implementation of the CRS is not yet used because only a small share of participating communities are actively reducing risk and the system does not consistently reward measures that consider future climate change risks23. As demonstrated by ref. 23, using the CRS to focus on regional flood protection goes hand-in-hand with the aforementioned NFIP reforms, since reducing flood risk through flood protection investments helps to keep insurance premiums affordable.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 21}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    One policy recommendation has been to reduce income inequality. Our findings suggest that investments in liberal social policies that support the general welfare of the population may also limit the degree to which populations are dominated by the market forces of neoliberalism and broader systems of social stratification. For instance, states with both high life expectancy and income inequality (e.g., Connecticut, New Jersey, New York) tend to invest in health and welfare programs that pay population health dividends. Our work suggests other high-inequality states might benefit from similar investments\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 22}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    These ratios have been a good proxy of the historical creditworthiness of firms and have been used extensively by financial analysts. However, problems arise if these historical metrics are not representative of the future, following a change in the probability distribution of losses38. For example, we estimate that if there were an increase in the average global level of carbon tax enforced on Scope 1 and 2 emissions to US$100 (or climate policies with an equivalent shadow carbon price), the ratio of interest expenses over EBITDA for oil and gas firms might increase substantially above the ratio of renewable energy companies (from 16% to 46% against 32% for renewable energy). Similarly, a partial write-off of oil reserves valuations in the balance sheet of oil and gas companies of US$20 per barrel might result in an increase in the debt to asset ratio of these firms, much higher than the average value observed among renewable energy companies (from 16% to 86% against 32% for renewable energy). In such case, financial ratios and the resulting risk estimates might become lower for renewable energy investments. A more forward-looking framework which includes scenario analyses that consider climate-related risks might be better suited to capturing such unprecedented  emerging risks.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 23}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Our findings have implications for SBTi's current approach of allowing companies to choose between market- and location-based accounting when setting SBTs and reporting target progress6. In addition to the problem that market-based accounting allows reporting emission reductions that are not real, there is a risk of double counting the emission benefits of renewable energy generation if one company claims the use of specific renewable energy generation using market-based accounting, whereas other companies count that same renewable energy using the grid average emission factor in their location-based accounting. There are at least two alternatives that would make it more likely that all reported scope 2 emission reductions are real and renewable energy generation is only counted once (see Table 1). First, SBTi could require all companies to use only location-based accounting. A potential drawback with this option is that it would disincentivize companies from using PPAs or other market-based instruments that can lead to additional renewable energy generation. In the second alternative, all stakeholders might also reject the use of market-based instruments altogether, whether additional or not, as this way of claiming to be supplied by renewable energy does not reflect how renewable energy supply relies on a broader system of grid-balancing, back-up capacity and transmission services, which are often supported by tax payers or other energy consumers10.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 24}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    This study provides an ex-ante scientific underpinning to help design revised and more ambitious pledges in response to the calls made in the 2021 Glasgow Climate Pact and to understand their potential tempera2020 ture implications during the century. Our results underscore the impor2030 tance that countries ratchet their ambition in the near-term\u2014through 2040 2030\u2014to reduce overshooting and thus maximize long-term climate 2050 benefits. Our study also underscores the potential hazards of delaying 2060 the timing of ratcheting ambition. Although limiting global warming to 2070 <1.5 \u00b0C by the end of the century is possible even if ratcheting ambition explore emissions pathways that focus not only end-of-century temperature targets but also alternative pathways that limit the degree of temperature overshoot during the century\u2014especially those with higher near-term ambition than implied by the current set of NDCs. A few studies have begun to explore such alternative pathways23,29 but more community-wide studies\u2014including intermodel comparison efforts\u2014could help collect robust insights about the costs and benefits of ratcheting ambition in the near-term and the technological options that could facilitate the implementation of higher near-term ambition.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 25}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    To address this gap, the present study uses the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) combined with state-level data to explore the relationship between structural sexism and nine different types of preventive health care use in  gender-stratified, multilevel models. Gender performance theories and gendered power and resource allocation perspectives generate the study's two hypotheses about the relationship between structural sexism and preventive care. In high-sexism environments, gender performance theory suggests that men would be less likely and women more likely to access needed preventive care, and gendered power and resource allocation perspective posits that both men and women would be less likely to access care. Findings suggest that both theoretical perspectives contribute to our understanding of health care use among men, whereas only a gendered power and resource allocation perspective is relevant for women. Results demonstrate a pattern of universal harm, suggesting that reducing structural sexism is a promising approach to increasing preventive care use for both women and men in the United States. This study provides novel empirical evidence and important theoretical insights with policy implications for preventive health care use.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 26}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    All these policy design options face hurdles and limitations. Progressive taxes would alleviate the inequality increase after net zero, but with limited effect until NET revenues are paid for with carbon tax revenues. Separated targets for emission reduction and removal might lead to under- or overprovision of negative emissions. Similarly,  profit or price caps would distort the market, incentivize strategic behaviour from the companies, might undermine long-term incentives for cost reduction and would reduce the attractivity of investments in NETs. Nonetheless, especially around and after net-zero emissions, the severity of the distributional dynamics we highlighted suggests that the drawbacks of a fully integrated carbon market justify preventive intervention. At the same time, alternative policy provisions should provide adequate attractiveness and profitability for investments in NETs (see Supplementary Annex F for a quantification of this trade-off) and should strive to maintain overall policy efficiency. Therefore, the economic and political economy implications of the different policy options sketched here should be carefully explored.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 27}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    The effectiveness and equity trade-offs across various oil supply-side policies must be ultimately considered in tandem with oil demand-side policies, without which global GHG emissions reductions may be limited when oil markets are global. For example, demand-side policies from any jurisdiction alone may yield limited GHG emissions reductions if other jurisdictions increase oil demand in response to lower global oil prices11,42,43. Similarly, restricting only oil supply in a  single jurisdiction without efforts to limit oil demand in that jurisdiction will result in an increase in oil exports from elsewhere, with some amount of local GHG emissions reduction replaced by increased GHG emissions elsewhere. By coordinating oil supply- and demand-side policies, it is possible for a jurisdiction's oil supply and demand curves to jointly shift in a manner that leaves the global oil price unchanged and avoid GHG leakage to other jurisdictions.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 28}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    In conclusion, our results suggest that model-based financial regulations, and in particular accounting rules, might disincentivize banks from divesting from high-carbon sectors by directly impacting their profitability. This side effect of the rules might impair the transition towards net-zero carbon emissions and in turn contribute to increasing the build-up of transition risk in the financial system. Our comparison of financial ratios between oil and gas and renewable energy firms indicates that this effect might penalize investments in clean energy. Current financial accounting practices might unintentionally hinder the shift of funds required for the green transition, especially in Europe where these investments are often provided by the banking sector. While the desire to promote a green transition may be based on broader social objectives that lie beyond the remit of financial regulators, the deeper problem for regulators is that this transition could represent a potential source of systemic risk. Broader research is needed to determine whether the existing regulations sufficiently account for any such emerging sources of systemic risks that might accompany the green transition. More research is also needed to shed light on whether this bias might be present in other similar model-based frameworks (for example, capital requirements). Finally, regulators and investors should investigate risk models that include forward-looking assessments of climate and energy transition risk to ensure that those risks are appropriately incorporated in decisions and to remove any inadvertent bias.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 29}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    This study has limitations. The AIR Louisville cohort participants were enrolled through a number of channels and did not have standardized clinical oversight. We lacked access to individual-level data on participants (for example, healthcare utilization, socio-economic status, smoking or tobacco-smoke exposure), although most of these factors are considered time-invariant and controlled for by  the study design. Time-varying factors, however, both at the individual and area level could have confounded our results. A prior study found that the digital health intervention (that is, Propeller inhaler system) may have helped reduce SABA use, with the largest improvements during the first few months47. If enrolment in the programme coincided with plant changes, this could have resulted in overestimated effects. However, our within-person interrupted time-series design suggested an abrupt change in SABA use at the time of a SO2-control installation and a continued decline thereafter. We assumed a linear trend in outcome, although changes may have followed a non-linear pattern. Although the results in Fig. 6 suggest that the largest change in SABA use corresponds to the largest drop in HyADS in Q2-2015, we lacked the individual-level data in the pre-period to assess this statistically. At the ZIP-code level, due to data limitations, we could not consider asthma-related hospitalizations and ERVs separately, nor could we track multiple events within individuals. Finally, we were not able to assess cumulative impacts; for example, the relationship between chronic coal-fired power-plant-related exposures and asthma prevalence or the cooccurrence of asthma and chronic disease. As the evidence is mixed  regarding the association between long-term air pollution exposure and asthma10,48, this presents an area for future research.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 30}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Ten years after ARPA-E first began issuing awards, our findings provide important contributions to the ongoing discussions in the US about the role of governments as early investors in clean energy technologies. Our results will also inform other governments around the world that are interested in replicating or adapting the ARPA model as a mechanism for supporting mission-oriented innovation, as well as researchers interested in the design of public funding mechanisms for supporting R&D to advance energy-related and industrial policy goals.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 31}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    These findings imply that one-time information does not substantially affect policy support. While results from non-climate domains may not extrapolate to carbon taxation19, previous studies  suggest learning over time built public support for congestion taxes48-50 and solid-waste charges51. Yet public ignorance of  dividends has persisted for more than a decade in Switzerland, and our Canadian panel covered a period in which the carbon tax  was highly salient by virtue of the policy's implementation, court challenges, federal-provincial conflict and partisan debate during a federal election, a most likely case for public learning about the rebate scheme.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 32}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    More broadly, our findings regarding the worse health and comfort outcomes for households vulnerable on low-income and disability indicators regardless of rate assignment suggest that energy-vulnerable groups in hot climates globally should be the focus of future research. These findings also suggest a need for policy intervention to support more affordable cooling, regardless of future DSR rollout. Cooling centres may help reduce discomfort, but often operate only during weekday business hours, so are disruptive to family routines and provide only part-time relief55. Thus, we recommend other measures, such as improving building and appliance energy efficiency, and carefully designed rates. Efficiency improvement programmes can offer large cost savings and reduce emissions, as well as decrease discomfort56,57. Future research should directly consider the extent to which housing energy efficiency limits the ability to control bills on DSR rates such as TOU, with a view to informing the design of complementary policies to address distributional injustices.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 33}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    First, parameters were sampled from independent programme evaluation review technique (PERT) distributions (Methods). Specific minimum, most likely and maximum values were primarily based on literature values, but some were in-house assumptions and projections based on recent developments. While this implies representative feasibility spaces per parameter, real-world distributions are unknown, parameter dependencies were disregarded and potential trend breaks may have been missed, such as declining popularity in sport utility vehicles (SUVs) or shrinking battery sizes. Future studies could further decompose parameters such as demand from other applications.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 34}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Finally, the prospective weaponizing of justice highlights the need for a critical lens in the implementation of justice. Policymakers should interrogate who is mobilizing justice claims, to what extent and why, and question when, how and who may misuse or co-opt justice measures. Well-intentioned environmental laws have been perversely used to block projects that climate policies seek to promote. That has been seen with lawsuits under the California Environmental Quality Act, which have been weaponized to advance economic agendas from the private sector and put forward NIMBY claims against housing and greening projects that will serve people of color and diversify communities45. Under the National Environmental Policy Act, Indigenous justice concerns have similarly been co-opted by elite groups to oppose offshore wind development, thereby perpetuating colonial relations46. Even community-led initiatives can be \u201clater discovered to create more problems, more injustices\u201d, with policies often focused on finding the \u201cpath of least resistance\u201d in the near term rather than environmentally sound and just solutions in the long term47. New climate justice measures run the same risk of exacerbating environmental and social vulnerabilities if co-opted by actors to advance their own interests or used in bad faith or in ways that undermine participatory processes.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 35}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    In the United States, White people, on average, have greater access to and receive higher quality health care than people of color (IOM 2003). Inequities in care are extensively documented and span many clinical settings and health conditions, including cardiovascular care (Lewey and Choudhry 2014), diabetes treatment (Peek, Cargill, and Huang 2007), kidney transplantations (Daw 2015; Malek et al. 2011), mental health services (Neighbors et al. 2007), addiction treatment (Hansen, Parker, and Netherland 2020; Hansen and Skinner 2012), cancer screenings (Lansdorp-Vogelaar et al. 2012; Morris et al. 2010; Tehranifar et al. 2009), and HIV/AIDS treatment (Bogart et al. 2010). The experience of unequal care manifests across multiple settings both directly and indirectly related to the health care system. The United States has a long and appalling history of racism in policy creation and enforcement. Policies are often enacted to maintain existing power structures and prioritize the dominant power group (Krieger 2001, 2012). Because the dominant power group in the United States has been historically White, policies and policy enforcement disadvantage and exclude people of color, often resulting in deleterious health consequences. Examples include the War on Drugs, which affected how pain was recognized and treated for Black patients; banks' redlining policies; highway construction; mass incarceration; and other  segregationist measures that affect the neighborhoods and broader environments in which people of color live and work (e.g., Bailey et al. 2017; Roberts 1999; Rothstein 2017).\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 36}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    For policymakers, our findings stress the importance of policies that are conducive to favourable financing conditions for RETs. First, our results suggest an important co-benefit of deployment policies: the acceleration of technological change by allowing the finance industry to experiment and learn. RET investments are long-term, and the finance industry typically struggles to assess long-term risks of new technologies without a track record34,42. For instance, green state investment banks  can be an instrument to accelerate learning in the finance industry, helping investors assess projects and build confidence in new technologies43. Second, our results indicate that a large RET financing market and a high degree of competition between investors were crucial in creating more favourable financing conditions for RETs. Therefore, policies should try to crowd-in a broad spectrum of investors. Third, our findings point out that policymakers  should be vigilant in responding to changes in monetary policies that have an impact on RET costs. As RET generation costs approach grid parity, policymakers in some countries consider phasing out fixed remuneration schemes for RETs. While some have argued that achieving high RET shares requires de-risking policies in any case44, our results stress the particular importance of policy intervention (for example, RET support or carbon  pricing) given the likelihood of an imminent increase in interest rates. Ending policies might be premature and put climate change targets at risk. Policymakers also could evaluate new approaches, such as green monetary policies, to ensure attractive financing conditions for RETs and other low-carbon technologies in  the future45.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 37}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    State-level sexism is a robust predictor of women's morbidity and mortality, implicating gender inequities across economic, political, and cultural institutions as pathways leading to poorer health for women. Recent research documents higher mortality rates for women and infants residing in U.S. states with higher levels of economic inequity (Pabayo et al. 2019), and studies using state-level composite scores of economic inequity (e.g., gender gaps in wages, employment, and poverty) find higher mortality rates and poorer health for women residing in more inequitable states (Homan 2019; Montez et al. 2016). Within the political domain, underrepresentation of women in state legislature is associated with higher rates of female and infant mortality (Homan 2017; Kawachi et al. 1999), and the implementation of state policies designed to promote gender equity (e.g., paid family and maternal leave, gun ownership restrictions for domestic violence offenders) predicts better health and lower mortality rates for women (Doran et al. 2020; Lee et al. 2020; Wisdom et al. 2005). Finally, state-level policies regarding Medicaid eligibility and access to reproductive care have significant implications for the health of women (Hawkins et al. 2020; Johnston et al. 2018; Margerison et al. 2020).\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 38}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    We see these questions as opportunities to continue exploring more efficacious ways of expanding the reach of low-income energy programmes. As more policies like the US Inflation Reduction Act, UK Help to Heat scheme and others come online to address inequities in access to clean energy technologies, administrators will face the challenge of efficiently implementing these programmes to maximize their benefits. Growing evidence points to the value of engaging social networks16,63 to persuade hard-to-reach populations of a programme's benefits. Our findings demonstrate that how existing programme participants are engaged in these efforts matters. Relying on financial rewards alone leaves many peer referrals\u2014and subsequently LMI solar installations\u2014unrealized. Complementing rewards with programme simplification and an appeal to reciprocity seems to motivate existing LMI adopters to pay it forward\u2014resulting in five times as many solar installations. The results further show that reciprocity and simplification have trade-offs in terms of the timing, quality and relative cost of the referrals generated\u2014suggesting that managers of energy assistance programmes have flexibility for improving peer referral depending on their objectives and constraints.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 39}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    The current study has significant implications for health scholars and policymakers. It reveals that unionization, measured at the career level, has a meaningful input into health disparities that extend into older adulthood. Neither cross-sectional studies nor longitudinal studies that begin in the late career can detect these disparities. We argue that the benefits of unionization for older adults is an underappreciated dimension of the positive health outcomes recently examined by health scholars (Hagedorn et al. 2016; Leigh and Chakalov 2021). Results from this research build on the growing literature that extends work and occupation mechanisms to the career level (Donnelly 2022; Parolin and VanHeuvelen 2023). Finally, our findings contribute to literature focusing on the policy and institutional sources of population health and well-being (Bakhtiari, Olafsdottir, and Beckfield 2018; Montez et al. 2020).\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 40}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Wildfire impacts are still likely to intensify as the global climate continues to warm1. In the context of the notable contribution of wildfire-specific PM2.5 exposure to respiratory burdens, prioritizing robust mitigation and adaptation strategies across diverse countries and territories emerges as a critical public health imperative, especially for diseases, populations and areas experiencing a greater susceptibility. Some solutions consist of raising awareness of wildfire-related health risks targeted at policy-makers, clinicians and the public, improving emission control, closely monitoring wildfire air pollution levels and strengthening community preparedness through resource planning and allocation.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 41}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    These findings demonstrate the need to use a multilevel approach to understand and act on the social determinants of women's health care access and quality. The implications of these findings are vital given that multiple states have enacted legislation to restrict women's access to reproductive care and weakened antipoverty programs that provide needed assistance to millions of women and mothers (Kogan et al. 2019; McKernan and Ratcliffe 2018; Reingold and Gostin 2019). Meanwhile, the gender gap in wages has remained stagnant in the United States since 2004, and women continue to be severely underrepresented in federal, state, and local government (Homan 2017; Patton and Fording 2020; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 2019). Findings from the current investigation implicate sexism across economic, labor force, and political institutions as a key determinant of women's barriers to accessing health care. As the future of U.S. health care reform continues to be debated, we urge lawmakers to also consider social and economic policies as essential forms of health care legislation.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 42}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Second, the low refill rates (and a large fraction of non-returning customers) suggest that more effective incentives are needed for PMUY beneficiaries to become frequent LPG users and benefit from lower household air pollution exposure. One option would be to offer vouchers with seasonal discounts during summer months when demand drops. Other options might include behaviour change communications and strategies18 to 'nudge'43 poorer consumers to substitute solid fuels with LPG more often. Such policies could also be beneficial in raising usage rates for non-PMUY customers. Our data indicate that the general customers, while consuming more LPG per year than PMUY customers, do have low refill rates compared to the levels needed to attain the goals of a cooking energy transition. With a median refill rate of four cylinders per year for general consumers, the government's over-arching goal of creating 'smokeless' villages cannot be attained by creating new incentives just for PMUY consumers.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 43}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    TOU rate design should aim to be cost neutral, and studies of other TOU rates have found evidence that some rate designs can, indeed, achieve cost neutrality across the general population50. If the TOU rate in our study had achieved cost neutrality across the general population, rather than causing increases across the board, it is possible that only some of the vulnerable groups examined (elderly and disability) would have been worse off, whereas some (low income and Hispanic) may have been better off. More extensive examination of potential rate designs is needed to understand if  this would be borne out in practice. Given that those vulnerable on disability and elderly indicators have a greater need for affordable energy compared to the general population, policy or rate design interventions should ensure that energy costs are low enough for these groups to maintain their health on TOU or other DSR rates and still be able to afford other necessities24.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 44}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Despite the challenges in extending clean cooking access, recent advances in technologies39 and new payment and financing models40 can help clean cooking services reach even low-income households. In urban centres, providing piped gas to dense settlements and introducing smaller LPG cylinder sizes, pay-for-service financing models, smart metering for gas with electronic payment options as well as more reliable and affordable electricity can be instrumental in encouraging a more rapid transition to clean cooking. For rural regions, awareness-raising and behaviour change campaigns are also important to ensure that those who gain access use new stoves regularly41. Our results suggest a need for much greater prioritization and coordinated policies to provide access to clean cooking globally, with efforts targeted at the most disadvantaged, specifically the poorest regions and populations. This will require considerable upscaling of investment, capacity and commitment, but can result in big benefits for planetary and population health and wellbeing.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 45}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    However, these models ignore the possibility that the revenues from a carbon tax could be used in a progressive way that generates immediate net benefits for the current poor. A large literature has now investigated the implications of these 'revenue recycling' opportunities and identified an equal per capita refund of the revenues as a salient option8-18. The evidence indicates that an equal per capita refund typically makes immediate net beneficiaries out of most citizens and is often more progressive and potentially more feasible than other salient options for using revenues19-21.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 46}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    These data show that there is some consumer demand for innovative retail energy contracts. Although it is clear that the business archetype that represents only an incremental change from the status quo (SBS) has proven the most popular, there are clear indications that different consumers would be attracted to some other types of contractual relationship. Even the least innovative segment in our sample (engaged but cautious) rejects the SBS model 15% of the time, and this increases to 45% for the most innovative segment (pragmatic innovators). These data show some desire for tying in new services, appliances and even building works into an energy bill. This goes well beyond what energy retail market regulation was initially designed to achieve55.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 47}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Whether it justifies different types or levels of policy support depends on the extent to which private investors do not consider the overall economic stabilization impact of their renewable projects. If they do not factor the insurance value, investment in renewables would be below the societal optimum even if their full environmental benefits were accounted for, for example, through a carbon tax. The idea that there may be an economic stabilization premium of some forms of energy is not a new concept in energy economics: a long tradition of research has focused on calculating the security premium of domestic oil versus imports29 and estimates of this premium include a component capturing the possibility that domestic oil production lowers the exposure of the economy to supply disruptions and the fact that the marginal buyer does not recognize this effect when choosing its imports. Our results indicate that a similar exercise for renewable investments is warranted and would be an important area for further research.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 48}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Second, we assume that the more the public is concerned with climate change, the more central banks will adopt re-risking and de-risking policies. In countries where climate change is a salient political issue and a large share of the population are concerned about the impacts of climate change, there have been public calls for central banks to act directly to address it45. Supportive public sentiment might be a necessary condition for central banks to engage specifically in de-risking policies because such policies have already fallen under scrutiny for violating market neutrality46.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 49}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    In sum, this study focused on an emerging  yet understudied phenomenon among health researchers\u2014mothers' return to school to increase their education\u2014to investigate the policy-relevant issue of whether mothers' reentry into school can improve their health outcomes. Contrary to much research and theory, the findings suggest that in general, the answer is no. This finding points to an important source of heterogeneity in the health returns to education\u2014the timing of degree attainment vis-\u00e0-vis the timing of children's births\u2014that further stratifies the education-health gradient in an often unacknowledged way. It also speaks to the limits of current public health and two-generation policy approaches, points to alternative prescriptions for social policy, and highlights a new research frontier that explores the social and structural constraints that limit the health returns to additional education among women with children.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 50}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Health lifestyles are a well-theorized mechanism perpetuating health and social inequalities, but empirical research has not yet documented crucial aspects: (1) health lifestyles' collective nature or content beyond behaviors and (2) how people choose among available lifestyles in their social contexts. We conducted interviews, observations, and focus groups with families in two middle- to upper-middle-class communities. Contemporary class-privileged parenting involves constructing an individualized health lifestyle reliant on an expansive understanding of health and composed of parents' identities and narratives, children's health behaviors and identity expressions, and community norms. Children's predominant health lifestyles in our sample vary by focus on parent versus child identity expression and on future achievements versus present well-being. Parents expect health lifestyles to influence future socioeconomic attainment and health inequalities. Understanding how health lifestyles encompass more than behaviors and are locally contextualized and how people choose them within structural constraints can inform research and policy.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 51}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    The broader perspective offered by our approach highlights how the repowering process is not a matter of turbine replacement but a negotiation between the developer and the local host community about how wind energy should coexist with the community given the changes that the introduction of the new technology might induce. There is no doubt that repowering can increase the total contribution of wind energy from a given land area. However, we demonstrate that this contribution is not as high as theoretically possible based on physical considerations alone. Considering only the on-site replacement of turbines might lead to the misperception that a net repowering factor of 7.05 could have been achieved in Denmark, that is, that the installed capacity after completing an average repowering project would be 7.05 times higher than  the original capacity. In fact, by establishing causal relationships between repowering projects and all dismantled turbines, which include the additional off-site capacity removed, we observed that the actual net capacity repowering factor per project was only 4.72. Although the repowering potential within a project may still be considerable, it is weakened by the conditional dismantling of unwanted off-site turbines and the associated land use and societal considerations that this dismantling may serve. In addition, turbines dismantled in repowering projects achieved an average operating age of 5.8 years less than those dismantled on a stand-alone basis (non-repowering) and are often dismantled before reaching the end of their operational life. Accordingly, repowering may arrive earlier and with a stronger force than would be predicted when taking an end-of-life perspective.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 52}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Research shows that restrictive immigration policies and practices are associated with poor health, but far less is known about the relationship between inclusive immigration policies and health. Using data from the United States natality files, we estimate associations between state laws granting undocumented immigrants access to driver's licenses and perinatal outcomes among 4,047,067 singleton births to Mexican and Central American immigrant birthing people (2008-2021). Fitting multivariable log binomial and linear models, we find that the implementation of a license law is associated with improvements in low birthweight and mean birthweight. Replicating these analyses among U.S.-born non-Hispanic White birthing people, we find no association between the implementation of a license law and birthweight. These findings support the hypothesis that states' extension of legal rights to immigrants improves the health of the next generation.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 53}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Fifth, our results highlighted that systematic and comparative assessment of marine-climate interventions continues to be confounded by a lack of clarity and low consensus in stated climate-related intervention goals. In some cases, interventions such as seaweed afforestation were reported to be pursuing both climate mitigation and adaptation goals simultaneously. We observed frequent use of the term 'resilience' by many practitioners in self-reporting the ecological and social goals and benefits of their chosen intervention in lieu of providing more intervention-specific detail to which they were invited. Resilience has been widely critiqued for being conceptually vague, ignoring power and politics, and being operationally weak77,78. This lack of clarity on resilience obfuscates efforts to assess effectiveness of interventions and fails to deal with power asymmetries and inequity in pursing climate actions79. Rectifying this lack of climate goal precision (and therefore accountability) will depend on funders and public-interest actors demanding uptake of principles and codes of practice (see High-Quality Blue Carbon Principles80) and, increasingly, standards for monitoring, reporting and evaluation of specific intervention effects30,37,81,82.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 54}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    We conclude with suggestions for further research. Here, we have identified the impacts of community solar on adopter demographics  stemming from policies and broad differences between the products. Future research could explore which specific aspects of different solar products most effectively promote solar access. For instance, do community solar features such as cancellation terms and transferability (whether customers can keep community solar subscriptions when changing addresses) affect adopter demographics? Similarly, future research could analyse how different community solar LMI policies affect adopter demographics. Our results suggest that various approaches can be effective\u2014such as customer-level incentives, project-level incentives, and LMI carve outs\u2014but future research could explore whether certain approaches are more cost-effective than others. Further, future research could explore how LMI community solar programmes could optimize the benefits that accrue to LMI customers, such as through guaranteed bill savings and customer protections. Finally, our results raise many questions about access to solar across race. Future research could explore why rooftop and community solar appear to be reaching distinct racial communities and why policy appears to be particularly critical for expanding solar access to racial minorities.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 55}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    In many liberalized electricity markets, power generators can receive payments for maintaining capacity through capacity markets. These payments help stabilize generator revenues, making investment in capacity more attractive for risk-averse investors when other outlets for risk trading are limited. Here we develop a heuristic algorithm to solve large-scale stochastic equilibrium models describing a competitive market with incomplete risk trading. Introduction of a capacity mechanism has an asymmetric effect on the risk profile of different generation technologies, tilting the resource mix towards those with lower fixed costs and higher operating costs. One implication of this result is that current market structures may be ill-suited to financing low-carbon resources, the most scalable of which have high fixed costs and near-zero operating costs. Development of new risk trading mechanisms to replace or complement current capacity obligations could lead to more efficient outcomes.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 56}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    These findings are especially notable because they provide an important qualification to the intended public health protections intended by the COVID-19 pandemic social distancing measures. Although evidence suggests that social distancing measures are critical for helping limit the spread of infection and strains on the health care system (Delen, Eryarsoy, and Davazdahemami 2020; Lewnard et al. 2020), it has also been suggested the social consequences of stay-at-home orders may have had psychological costs (Douglas et al. 2020; Tull et al. 2020). Our analyses provide support for these concerns, suggesting that the necessity of social distancing was concomitant with a rise in psychological distress. The mental health costs of social distancing are especially important to take into account because these measures also curtailed individuals' abilities to seek out medical or therapeutic assistance for increased distress. Advocates have suggested that a critical response to social distancing policies is the fortification of programs and mechanisms that will help to address a surge in mental health problems during the pandemic (Galea, Merchant, and Lurie 2020), and the results of the current research support these proposals.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 57}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    In our study, we analysed the impact of bioenergy on LUC emissions in different climate policy settings, comparing LU policies controlling land allocation with energy policies controlling bioenergy use. We showed that a uniform carbon price across energy and LU sectors substantially lowers the specific emissions attributed to a unit of bioenergy in comparison with scenarios without broad LU regulations. Regulations of bioenergy demand reduce deployment level but fail to induce a reduction of the EF, keeping it virtually at a high level and thus resulting in substantially higher overall mitigation effort and carbon prices to reach climate targets. A bioenergy consumption tax fails to steer LUC decisions towards low-EF areas and cannot prevent the conversion of higher-carbon land; hence, it is not suitable to emulate the uniform carbon price regime across all sectors. Our analysis thus shows that global regulation of LUC emissions\u2014while being extremely aspirational\u2014is essential for bioenergy to be beneficial for cost-effective mitigation. The comprehensive coverage of all carbon-rich land areas worldwide is of the utmost importance, as even a 90% forest protection has only little effect on the EF. Since the conditions for such an exhaustive policy framework to materialize are highly idealized, involving close collaboration between and functioning governance within all countries, this finding implies climate policy sequencing: first, global LU regulation needs to be in place, and only then should large-scale bioenergy be considered. Pushing ambitious land-based mitigation is compelling  because GHG emissions from food production will need to be substantially reduced regardless to meet the 1.5\u00b0 or well below 2\u00b0 target48\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 58}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Finally, interpersonal racism, or racism experienced via interactions between individuals, is a common form of medical racism that directly biases individual-level care. Two-thirds of studies analyzed in a meta-analysis found evidence of interpersonal racism in the medical setting (Paradies, Truong, and Priest 2014). This can manifest as implicit bias against Black and Latina patients (Blair et al. 2013; Hoffman et al. 2016), and indeed, Black women report more mistreatment and disrespect during childbirth than White women (Altman et al. 2019; Logan et al. 2022; McLemore et al. 2018; Slaughter-Acey et al. 2016; Vedam et al. 2019). Across all levels, the U.S. health care system directly and implicitly centers itself on the needs of the White population, often resulting in the poor access and mistreatment of patients from marginalized racial-ethnic groups. In response, scholars have called for health care providers and researchers to \u201ccenter at the margins\u2014that is, to shift our viewpoint from a majority group's perspective to that of the marginalized group or groups\u201d (Hardeman et al. 2016:2114). Hardeman et al. (2016) encourage the health care community to redefine \u201cnormal\u201d and center the perspectives and needs of marginalized groups at the forefront of care.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 59}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    These risks are examples of what can happen in the electricity sector. Any delay poses the risk of climate targets becoming out of reach or being reachable only at very high costs, as feasible roll-out rates can be limited, for example, due to the availability of skilled workers or production capacities48. Likewise, the required steeper carbon price in the long-term might increase the likelihood of a political backlash that dismantles the policy49. Hence, it is crucial to be aware that carbon prices could principally fall again in the near future, with strong consequences for the energy transition. Exploring potentials of a price floor in the ETS, proposed in the past to address the problem of myopia18 and designing complementary policy instruments to shore up the energy transition thus remains critical\u2014despite currently high carbon prices.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 60}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    The consequences of mass incarceration for health and well-being have become a topic of interest among policymakers and academics from multiple scientific disciplines for good reason: With so many Americans cycling through prisons and jails each year, the public health toll of the carceral state is likely to mount, creating challenges for communities already beleaguered by accumulated hardships. The findings would seem to have important intervention and policy implications. At the very least, they provide further support for decreasing the scale of the carceral state and providing sound alternatives to punitive penal policies for the sake of reversing health inequalities.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 61}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Climate prediction markets can be a useful tool for financial policy estimation27, for evaluation of public opinion25 and for aggregation of views and signals about the future26-28. Importantly, by making false beliefs regarding the future impacts of climate change costly, climate prediction markets are likely to present a more accurate reflection of expectations about climate change. As such, they might help overcome politically motivated scepticism and gradually shift attitudes by highlighting that concern about climate change is more widespread than surveys suggest. Our finding that in various conditions the shift in concern was stronger among conservatives is particularly notable in this regard. As one key attribute of any prediction market is its reliance on an independent adjudicator, the power of prediction markets is that participants, upon entry, agree on the source they will use to determine the outcome.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 62}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    To our knowledge, no study has focused on installations for the control of SO2emissions or on power plant retirements to assess the potential asthma-related health benefits. We examined multiple interventions across several years and tracked the intervention impacts at several phases (that is, intervention, emissions, exposure and health outcome). An important analytical decision in quasiexperimental studies is the choice of control group. Our differencein-differences analysis compared changes between ZIP codes that were initially most exposed to the power plants that generated the transition and control ZIP codes that were comparatively less subject to exposure from these plants. In our first-difference analysis, we used ZIP codes that experienced less reduction in HyADS exposure during the study period to control for time trends in hospitalizations and ERVs and other factors over the study period, and thereby minimized the threat of confounding due to such factors. Both designs control for the variation in observed and unobserved fixed characteristics of place46. At the individual level, we implemented a within-person analysis, which regards each person as his or her own control, to reduce the threat of bias associated with confounding variables related to differences across people. This case timeseries analysis only controlled for the overall linear temporal trends. Individual- and ZIP-code-level analyses consistently supported the notion that the energy transitions improved asthma outcomes.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 63}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Second, we find that cost predictions differ systematically between different source categories, potentially depending on technological maturity. Whereas near-market sources turn to be the most stable source for batteries, their predictions are more optimistic than those from scientific sources. However, the opposite is true for fuel cells, with the scientific sources being more optimistic and often close to floor or target costs.Third, these substantial and fast cost-reduction potentials support an optimistic outlook for both technologies. This indicates rapid ZET market deployments that will substantially impact transportation and energy sector players, such as value chain reconfigurations, establishing national and international hydrogen ecosystems and electricity infrastructure expansions from transformers to distribution and transmission grids.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 64}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    The public health significance of PM2.5 from wildfire and non-wildfire sources could be different. A previous study reported  that wildfire-specific PM2.5 may pose greater health risks than PM2.5 from other sources39. This may be due to the potential heightened toxicity of wildfire-specific PM2.5 , accounting for an increased presence of smaller particles (for example, submicrometre particles and ultrafine particles) and a higher concentration of oxidative and pro-inflammatory components (for example, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aldehydes)1. This coincided with our findings that wildfire-specific PM2.5 posed a greater hospitalization risk for various respiratory diseases than did non-wildfire PM2.5 . Therefore, continued mitigation efforts are warranted to attenuate and reverse the rising difference in the proportion of respiratory hospitalizations due to wildfire and non-wildfire particles, especially in Chile, New Zealand, Thailand, Taiwan and Vietnam.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 65}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    In addition to employment, project ownership appears to exert influence on public support for energy projects. Projects owned cooperatively by communities were preferred to other forms of ownership, specifically the baseline of projects owned by American private companies. This result is supported by a literature on community energy and energy sovereignty that examines a wide range of community ownership and management structures50,51. Currently, most large-scale energy projects require private capital for financing, but there have been various recent calls among climate activists for public ownership of renewable energy infrastructure52. Our findings suggest that these calls may not just be from a vocal activist minority but could broadly increase support for project development. It is also interesting to note the lack of support for foreign-owned projects. This may have been particularly salient for Americans in 2021, given increases in populist, anti-globalization sentiment, particularly among the far right53.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 66}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Second, the policy and research communities should suggest defined criteria by which 'hard to abate' should be judged. While sectors  such as aviation, steel and agriculture are commonly understood as difficult to decarbonize, terms such as difficult, unavoidable, hard to abate, impossible to eliminate and so on carry value judgements about what kind of activities a society should or should not engage in and what costs are reasonable. This normativity is unavoidable. However, greater transparency around how emissions come to be considered residual is critical for the legitimacy of decarbonization efforts. Defining criteria would allow for comparison and negotiation and the development of international norms on how to determine difficulty of abatement. This is particularly important given that what is hard to abate changes along with technological developments, such as green hydrogen and low-carbon aviation. Thus, assumptions and norms around hard-to-abate emissions must be constantly revised.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 67}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    In addition, we find that the provinces with large discrepancies in carbon footprints across age groups are more sensitive to changes in fertility and retirement policies. This result therefore highlights the potential of emissions mitigation through reducing the discrepancy in carbon footprints across age groups. Although consumption patterns and lifestyles are different across age groups due to their various requirements over the life course, the discrepancy in carbon footprints between age groups can be narrowed by reducing income and consumption inequality and encouraging greener consumption. Specifically, we suggest that the greatest potential leverage from lifestyle changes will result from the targeting of young people by promoting green consumption (such as adopting public transportation such as buses, subways and shared bikes as well as purchasing high-quality and long-lasting goods6).\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 68}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    As Denmark is a global pioneer of wind energy and repowering, the experiences observed here are anticipated to become increasingly relevant for other countries and regions. Of course, we acknowledge that many of the non-space-related reasons for dismantling turbines are idiosyncratic and depend on the physical, political and social landscape in a country. Nevertheless, the diversity of repowering and dismantling drivers captured here illuminates the complex and multifaceted decision process that constitutes repowering and illustrates considerable implications for policymakers and planners  who try to understand the potential of wind power to serve their energy needs.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 69}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Our study reveals that extremely limited extents of VCEs (~0.2% of the ocean surface18) and their substantial stock and burial flux of Hg highlight the disproportionate importance of the VCEs to global Hg storage and cycling. Blue Hg stock is therefore an important, dynamic, reactive but overlooked Hg pool in the global Hg cycle and health risk. Blue C ecosystems can provide a range of ecosystem services such as protecting biodiversity and fisheries and increasing water quality. However, the co-accumulation and contrary ecological effects of OC and Hg in coastal ecosystems indicate that expanding Blue C ecosystems are very likely to add to the Blue Hg stock, consequently resulting in an increase of Hg risk in global coastal seas (Fig. 2). Delay and failure to implement the Blue C strategies may well accelerate the impending climate catastrophe and other coastal and ecological disasters, inevitably resulting in substantial economic, ecological and human losses3. We refer to increased Blue Hg stocks and the risk caused by expanding Blue C ecosystems to mitigate climate change and achieve co-benefits as the 'Blue Hg dilemma'. The close interactions between C and Hg in coastal ecosystems point to the importance of a holistic understanding of the benefits, risks and trade-offs of Blue C sequestration strategies. We highlight that the Blue Hg dilemma should be accounted for in future Blue C strategy assessments to inform policymakers and help them design better management and restoration policies across sectors and actors that can balance economic, ecological, climatic and health interests for future generations, particularly in the context of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and the Minamata Convention on Mercury.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 70}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Nevertheless, the NDCs and long-term strategies are among the few reference points available for evaluating national CDR proposals, and they are the only documents that can be feasibly analysed and aggregated for a global assessment. It is therefore critical that future iterations of these documents contain the required transparency for evaluating national targets based on both gross emissions  and removals.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 71}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    To combat bias, researchers have recommended numerous interventions, such as patient-centered care, cultural competency training, organizational reform, and diversifying medical schools and  reforming their curriculum (Beach et al. 2005; Betancourt et al. 2003; Higgins, Kramer, and Ryder 2016; Metzl and Hansen 2014). However, few, if any, are evidence based, and most address providerheld biases while neglecting the structural nature of the inequality that informs such exchanges (Metzl and Hansen 2014; Zestcott et al. 2016). Moreover, because little is known about how providers manage this bias within their patient interactions, recommendations for improving these encounters may inevitably fall short. Indeed, the patient-provider relationship is central to the provision of health care. Patients are, overall, more active consumers than in the past, and the provider-patient relationship has become less paternalistic as a result. However, because of how U.S. health care is structured and the rise of disease nationwide, the clinical encounter is pivotal to health outcomes because providers guide downstream access to care (Boyer and Lutfey 2010). As such, the quality of these exchanges must be continuously assessed.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 72}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Corporations are significantly more likely to fund climate-tech startups that achieve a successful exit (Model 1, Fig. 4) across sectors, reflecting a breadth of core business areas and priorities (including the need to decarbonize). This correlation is also seen in startups that received a public grant, a subpopulation of particular interest to policymakers (Model 2). Corporations consistently show a lower correlation with failure than other investors (Models 1-3), indicating that corporations either selectively fund startups that are less likely to fail or can partially mitigate failure risks through their unique investment strategies. Additionally, corporate investment is not significantly associated with failure in Cleantech 2.0\u2014a clear deviation from other results (Models 1-3, Supplementary Table 14). This difference could be because corporations learned from the losses in Cleantech 1.0 and adjusted their investment strategies or because outside pressures have influenced a change in their behaviour. There are also some sectoral differences in correlation with failure (for example, strong significance in energy efficiency and weak significance in advanced materials; Fig. 4d), which could be due in part to the proportion of hardware and software startups found in each sector, which have different likelihoods of exit and failure2,34.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 73}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Our findings underscore the extraordinary challenge of fossil fuel subsidy reform. We see two plausible policy responses. The first would be for advocates to redouble their efforts, looking for novel strategies to build public support and guard reforms against pressures created by inflation, currency devaluation and oil price fluctuations. The second would be to look for less unpopular ways to reduce the cost of subsidies. Market pricing may be the first-best solution, but it is often politically out of reach. Alternatively, governments could adopt policies that reduce the demand for subsidized fuel, for example, with regulatory measures to improve fuel efficiency, promote electric vehicles and invest in public transit. If successful, pro-renewables policy mixes could reduce emissions33 while fostering new coalitions of political support that could ward off future political setbacks34,35.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 74}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    As flexible tariffs, home retrofit/appliance bundles and potential P2P trading are all now technically possible56, and these data show they each can find a compatible consumer segment, there is substantial potential for market disruption.Given that the UK retail market already experiences regulatory challenges from expanding conventional competition55, this latent demand for innovative business models complicates the regulatory task further and invites a policy and regulatory response. From these data, we extract three challenges, as outlined below.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 75}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Of course, our results may be specific to the context that we studied, and particularly to the formulation of injunctive and descriptive feedbacks that characterize the energy efficiency programme we evaluated and the normative primes we designed. For example, the wording and graphical representation of the injunctive feedback in the eHER of this study differ from those of widely evaluated standard social information programmes6,17,18,21,30. Further investigations  in other behavioural domains and of alternative formulations of descriptive and injunctive feedback are needed to verify the generalizability of our findings.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 76}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    This article examines whether and how the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and depression is modified by welfare state spending using the 2006, 2012, and 2014 survey rounds of the European Social Survey (ESS) merged with macroeconomic data from the World Bank, Eurostat, and SOCX database (N = 87,466). Welfare state spending effort divided between social investment and social protection spending modifies the classic inverse relationship between SES and depression. Distinguishing policy areas in both social investment and social protection spending demonstrates that policy programs devoted to education, early childhood education and care, active labor market policies, old age care, and incapacity account for differences in the effect of SES across countries. Our analysis finds that social investment policies better explain cross-national differences in the effect of SES on depression, implying policies focused earlier in the life course matter more for understanding social disparities in the mental health of populations.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 77}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Assuming that free deforestation alerts reduce the cost to policymakers of monitoring forests, thereby reducing the cost of implementing deforestation policy, we examine two questions: whether making these alerts available affected deforestation rates, and whether areas that were actively monitored by subscribers using the system saw a change in deforestation trends. Recent work8 in Brazil has shown the substantial contributions of the government's own real-time monitoring system to the reduction in national deforestation trends. However, it is not known whether providing deforestation monitoring information freely via a platform unaffiliated with any governmental institution and accessible from anywhere on the globe could have an impact on land-use trends. Here we show that under certain conditions, it can.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 78}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Our findings invite future research about whether the interventions can be used repeatedly. Both strategies may work best as one-off or infrequent interventions, particularly to attract first-time referrers. Providing referrals slips too often may diminish the salience of the request or degrade the quality of nominations. Likewise, repeated  use of the US$1 gift may provoke resentment if clients start to perceive the gesture as manipulative62. Both hypotheses could be tested in future referral programmes. Research is also needed to understand the effect of the slip, absent the gift, and how much of the observed effects are due to the referral reward, which was common to all conditions.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 79}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    The magnitude of this effect in real-world markets is difficult to evaluate due to its dependence on the risk tolerance of market participants, their evaluation of potential future scenarios and the availability of other outlets for risk trading. However, this article's numerical experiments reveal the potential for substantial shifts, as both examples exhibit a significant increase in capacity of the peaking technology after the introduction of an options contract. The struggles of US nuclear units, which have been unable to find counterparties for long-term contracts without state support despite their potential role as a hedge against future increases in natural gas and carbon prices, suggests that the mechanism demonstrated in this article may be at work in current markets. This result is particularly important in the context of efforts to reduce carbon  emissions. The majority of energy in low-carbon systems is likely to be provided by some combination of hydroelectric, nuclear, wind and solar resources, all of which are characterized by high capital costs and low operating costs. Accordingly, capacity markets as currently structured may work against efforts to decarbonize. To achieve an efficient capacity mix requires the ability to share risk. Integrated resource planning, which can be made versatile enough to incorporate whatever sources of risk are viewed to be most salient, is one way to do so. A second, modelled in this article, is an energy-only market accompanied by the robust trade of instruments adapted to the risk profile of customers and various technologies. Neither of these strategies is without challenges. Capacity markets can offer a partial solution to the problem of risk sharing. The results of this study, however, reveal the consequences that choices made in the design of these markets may have for the resource mix that arises in liberalized electricity systems.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 80}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    In light of our findings, the German Coal Commission's proposal to phase out coal by 2038 does not appear to correspond well with voter preferences. This might be an indication that political elites have been shown to do frequently44,45. However, even assuming that the commission members gave constituents in coalmining regions precedence over voters in other parts of the country would not explain why such a late date was chosen, as even in those regions respondents preferred phase-out dates between 2025 (western Germany) and 2030 (eastern Germany). An alternative explanation for this mismatch is that voter preferences simply did not play a decisive role in the consultations of the commission. As Fig. 5 illustrates, citizen voices (represented by non-governmental organizations, for example) were under-represented among the 28 commission members. Moreover, most commission members were insulated from re-election pressures, and some might have emphasized short-term economic interests, such as the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BGA) or the trade union representing workers in mining, chemicals and energy (IGBCE). While a detailed analysis of the decision-making dynamics within the commission is beyond this paper's scope, the strong representation of incumbent interests within the commission highlights an important institutional barrier against overcoming energy path dependence. Further work in this area could investigate the ability of corporatist styles of decision-making to reform today's carbon-intensive energy systems46. To successfully manage \u201cthe next phase of the energy transition\u201d47, which implies making established technologies and infrastructures redundant, we need to enhance our understanding of incumbents' survival strategies, including their corporate political activity aimed at slowing down the transition. Moreover, given the prevalence of particular stakeholders who stress job losses rather than new opportunities, the nexus between employment considerations and the political feasibility of decarbonization measures needs more scholarly attention8,48. Energy transition researchers and modellers would benefit from engaging with political scientists and sociologists to unveil the interests and activities of various actors who are shaping energy policies. Policymakers trying to develop ambitious climate change mitigation policies should be encouraged to find ways of being exposed to a balanced view of the risks and opportunities of the energy transition. Our results suggest that in a democratic setting, such action could be rewarded in future elections by voters.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 81}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Because the Nile River is crucial to its population's economic development and well-being, adaptation strategies are needed to cope with the deep uncertainties associated with future climate change26,49. An approach that can identify efficient options for transboundary adaptation and demonstrate their economy-wide and river system benefits and trade-offs could provide a platform for discussions on Nile adaptation strategies. The adaptive planning framework introduced in this paper can design adaptive policies for large infrastructures to cope with climate change uncertainties. Using a meta-heuristic artificial-intelligence-based algorithm for the search process provides twofold benefits. First, it enables finding multi-dimensionally efficient (Pareto-optimal) solutions for complex and highly nonlinear interlinked river and economic systems. Second, it optimizes on the basis of linked but independent simulation models developed by different disciplines. Although the proposed framework can capture direct and induced impacts of climate change and infrastructure management policies on river and economy systems, it should be complemented with approaches to assess other impacts on groundwater, river ecology and riparian populations7,50.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 82}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Here, we have shown that some consumers do want the types of business model being developed by utilities in response to the pressures of existing low-carbon energy policies. While the entry of these new types of contractual relation into the energy market may be disruptive by itself, it also poses at least three specific challenges to the UK sector, which under similar demographics and market conditions may be present in other liberalized, decarbonizing power sectors. First, there is the potential for market innovation to stall due to the most receptive segments being most likely to rent and the most disengaged segments being most likely to own homes and have the power to opt for contracts that include building alteration. Second, there is a social trust barrier to overcome in the energy sector, with low confidence across societal institutions for some segments. Finally, there is a real risk that the culmination of these issues could lock out some sectors of society, including low-income, low-information and renting demographics, from participating in low-carbon transitions. As the market diversifies and contracts become more complex, consumers may rely even more on heuristics to make decisions, introducing more complex consumer risks. The challenge for regulatory institutions is to recognize these risks and evolve the regulatory model of the retail market.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 83}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    First, we show that ZET component costs are likely to decline substantially and in due course. Precisely, future battery system costs are more robust, likely to fall below \u20ac2020150 kWh-1 by no later than 2035, and to approach or even cross \u20ac2020100 kWh-1 upon 2050, with the former corresponding to typical expected breakthrough levels. FC system costs are likely to reach around \u20ac2020150 kW-1 in the late 2030s and to approach \u20ac2020100 kW-1 at best in the late 2040s, with lower values close to target and floor cost values warranting careful consideration. We emphasize that calculated LRs, cost reductions and growth rates are challenging to reach, but similar ranges have been witnessed for (energy) technologies in the past22,39,40, with similar to higher scales for FC values.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 84}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Despite these limitations, our analysis contributes theoretically and empirically to the growing body of evidence that suggests social inequality in mental health depends on the policy context one lives within. Our findings also strongly suggest that social policy may be another \u201cfundamental cause\u201d of health inequalities (Beckfield et al. 2015) in addition to previous focuses on individual-level determinants (Link and Phelan 1995). Our findings suggest that the reduction of human suffering is indeed within the control of policymakers, and as such, considerations of policy outcomes should incorporate the understanding that changing policy may also mean changing the balance of suffering across an entire society.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 85}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Estimates of optimal climate policy have ignored the possibility that revenues from a carbon tax could be used in a progressive way that generates immediate net benefits for the current poor. As a consequence, they mistakenly imply that climate action must come at some cost to overall well-being and especially to the poor. We have shown that this storyline of the climate, development and inequality nexus reverses when progressive revenue recycling is taken into account. Our approach corrects a long-standing bias against strong  immediate climate action. We find that with progressive revenue recycling, aggressive climate action can pay large dividends for improving well-being, reducing inequality and alleviating poverty. In an optimal policy calculation, the recommended policy is characterized by aggressive near-term climate action followed by a slower climb towards full decarbonization; this pattern prevents runaway warming while also preserving tax revenues for redistribution. The benefits from progressive use of carbon revenues are most pronounced in the early decades, when the revenues are largest and the needs of the poor are most urgent.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 86}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    We argue that distinguishing cumulative historical levels of spending from within-country trends provides a more holistic and thus complete theoretical understanding of how policy processes may impact the relationship between individual social status (or position) and mental health. Our approach also implies that the impact of policy on mental health is not ahistorical. It is important to resolve whether the current state of linkages between social statuses and mental health depend on current funding or the historical carry-forward of the norms set in place by average levels of funding through time.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 87}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Third, policy could encourage, or even mandate, public sector bodies to purchase community-generated energy on long-term contracts. Given the growth of the community energy sector to date, the low cost of community capital and the wider social benefits it  offers, these three measures would appear to be promising routes forward for both expanding renewable generation capacity and  supporting the delivery of positive social impacts through the energy transition.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 88}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    The analysis of the GERD's initial filling and long-term operation shows that adaptively managing the dam to maximize the national benefits of any of the three countries would be costly for at least one of the other two countries. We show that a compromise adaptive management approach could produce balanced benefits for the three countries. These results demonstrate the opportunity cost of not implementing collaborative adaptive solutions, especially under extreme climate change projections. It is high time to integrate climate change adaptation into the decade-long negotiations between Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt over the GERD and the broader Nile management discussion between the 11 riparian countries.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 89}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    First, supply-side subsidies, which reduce the investment risk of electrolysis projects, should be complemented by demand-side policies that guide hydrogen to its most valuable use cases by increasing their willingness to pay. The benefit of demand-side measures is illustrated by the European Hydrogen Bank's recent inaugural auction, which resulted in surprisingly low successful bids of \u20ac0.37-0.48 kg-1 (ref. 52) compared with a similar auction in the UK, which received only high bids equivalent to \u20ac9.40 kg-1 (ref. 53). Aside from regional heterogeneity, this stark difference may be attributed to the EU's demand-side quotas, such as the mandatory 42% green hydrogen share of all hydrogen used in industry by 2030 under the Renewable Energy Directive III (ref. 54), and mandates for hydrogen-based electrofuels under ReFuelEU Aviation55 and FuelEU Maritime56 regulations. Although they incur macroeconomic costs (Supplementary Note 5), demand-side policies can reduce the pressure on supply-side subsidies, helping to close the implementation gap.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 90}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Additionally, demand and supply policies that simply reduce GHG emissions from transportation fuels may have limited GHG emissions reductions if there is not an economy-wide climate policy, such as a carbon price, that ensures any energy source that replaces oil for transportation, such as electricity, is not more carbon intensive. For example, a transition from oil to electricity in transportation may have limited climate benefits if the electricity is produced primarily by coal. Future research should assess the resulting effectiveness and equity consequences of having multiple complementary climate policies.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 91}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    This article argues that the introduction of a capacity market will tilt the technology mix that arises in equilibrium towards resources with higher operating costs. The syllogism proceeds as follows. The financial impact of a capacity mechanism is to replace volatile scarcity prices with more regular revenues. The higher a unit's operating costs, the more its cost recovery in an energy-only market relies on scarcity prices. Therefore, the introduction of a capacity market has a stronger impact on the risk profile of technologies with higher operating costs.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 92}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Policymakers have to strike a proper balance between different objectives when designing network tariffs, for example, they should be easy to understand, fair, cost reflective, encourage energy efficiency and send the right signals to maximize the economic efficiency of power grids28. Therefore, difficult trade-offs have to be made that will directly influence the monthly bills of the consumers and network tariff decisions should be informed by empirical research that defines who these consumers are and how their bills will change.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 93}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    The uncertainties around the hydrological and socio-economic implications of climate change pose a challenge for Nile River system management, especially with rapidly rising demands for river-system-related services and political tensions between the riparian countries. Cooperative adaptive management of the Nile can help alleviate some of these stressors and tensions. Here we present a planning framework for adaptive management of the Nile infrastructure system, combining climate projections; hydrological, river system and economy-wide simulators; and artificial intelligence multi-objective design and machine learning algorithms. We demonstrate the utility of the framework by designing a cooperative adaptive management policy for the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam that balances the transboundary economic and biophysical interests of Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt. This shows that if the three countries compromise cooperatively and adaptively in managing the dam, the national-level economic and resilience benefits are substantial, especially under climate projections with the most extreme streamflow changes.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 94}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    The present study did not examine how incarceration contributes to racial disparities in aging given that the sample was limited to African American individuals. But this work is needed. Contact with the criminal justice system\u2014stops, arrests, and jail and prison stays\u2014is disproportionately felt by African Americans owing to a legacy of discrimination and marginalization in a racialized society. Whether the linkage between incarceration and adverse health outcomes differs by race is the focus of ongoing research (Boen 2020; Semenza et al. 2021). The findings from this study suggest ways forward with research on health disparities, particularly biological markers. As noted, epigenetic aging indices are thought to be direct measures of the biological weathering conceptualized in Geronimus and colleagues' (2006) model of health inequalities (see Simons et al. 2021). Perhaps, then, epigenetic aging serves as a biological mechanism through which disparities in incarceration contribute to racial differences in chronic morbidity and excess mortality. Note, however, that we are unable to test this possibility given our reliance on an African American sample. Future research should examine the validity of this assumption given that it might hold important clues about how mass incarceration and other racerelated social adversities combine to affect health inequalities. Modern medicine often considers differences in health risk behaviors (e.g., diet) as the major cause of class and race disparities in chronic illness (Milani and Lavie 2015). Some argue that this view perhaps exaggerates the importance of health risk behaviors as a cause of health inequalities. Our findings show that regardless of diet, exercise, and smoking, incarceration exposure is a significant social determinant of accelerated aging.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 95}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    While respondents in the PA resident sample broadly preferred solar to other types of energy projects, we find a different pattern in our sample of local elected officials, who appear to favour natural gas with CSS to other types of projects. Considering that many US states defer siting authority to local jurisdictions, the preferences and perceptions of local elected officials are an incredibly important and understudied piece of the transition puzzle. A recent survey of utility-scale wind and solar developers found that they consider local zoning ordinances and  community opposition to be two of the biggest reasons for project delays and cancellations56. Thus, it matters that local elected officials have accurate perceptions of public preferences when they hold decision-making power about these projects. Local elected officials also report perceptions of their constituents' preferences in line with their own, underestimating support for solar projects. This suggests a disconnect between local elected officials and their constituents who appear more tolerant and interested in renewable energy projects like solar, and echoes other studies that find that local elected officials misperceive public preferences regarding climate policy57.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 96}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    The development of more robust indicators represents another opportunity to strengthen the basis of tracking. Activity-based indicators, which represent 84% of all indicators mapped, are needed for understanding progress in implementation; however, complementary outcome indicators are needed to track effectiveness36,37 and facilitate enhanced result reporting in future Adcom8. Further development of effectiveness indicators can be inspired by existing examples in NDCs and NAPs (Table 1) but also by existing objective-level targets (Extended Data Table 7), which can facilitate the identification of outcome-based indicators that align with established national priorities. Similarly, the adaptation cycle framework highlights the importance of identifying and tracking climate risk indicators to determine whether actions effectively reduce climatic risks. While such indicators are probably embedded in specialized institutional structures for weather and climate observation, they need to be acknowledged and integrated in planning processes to ensure consistency with national priorities and enable effective adaptation tracking. Lastly, improvements in indicator quality along the SMART+ criteria, particularly specificity, data sources, targets and timeframes, are warranted to ensure meaningful and practical indicators. Our analysis indicates that countries seeking to operationalize tracking are typically already moving in  the direction of contextually relevant and measurable indicators. This sets a valuable precedent. The recent decision of the IPCC on the Seventh Assessment Cycle38 and the UAE-Bel\u00e9m Work Program offer momentum for enhanced guidance on how governments can increase coherence between nationally relevant indicators and the GGA.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 97}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Under a warming climate, wildfires are becoming more frequent and severe. Multicountry studies evaluating associations between wildfire fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) and respiratory hospitalizations are lacking. Here we evaluate the short-term effects of wildfire-specific PM2.5 on respiratory hospitalizations from 1,052 communities across Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, New Zealand, Vietnam, Thailand and Taiwan, during 2000-2019. A 1 \u00b5g m-3 increase in wildfire-specific PM2.5 was associated with increased hospitalization risks for all-cause respiratory, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute upper respiratory infection, influenza and pneumonia by 0.36%, 0.48%, 0.38%, 0.42%, 0.79% and 0.36%, respectively. Higher risks were observed among populations \u226419 or \u226560 years old, from low-income or high non-wildfire PM2.5 communities, and residing in Brazil, Thailand, Taiwan and Vietnam. Australia and New Zealand exhibited a greater hospitalization risk for asthma associated with wildfire-specific PM2.5 . Compared with non-wildfire PM2.5 , wildfire-specific PM2.5 posed greater hospitalization risks for all respiratory diseases and a greater burden of asthma. Wildfire-specific PM2.5 contributed to 42.4% of PM2.5-linked respiratory hospitalizations, dominating in Thailand. Overall, the substantial contribution of wildfire-specific PM2.5 to respiratory hospitalizations demands continued mitigation and adaptation efforts across most countries. Intervention should be prioritized for influenza, children, adolescents, the elderly and populations in low-income or high-polluted communities.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 98}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Our analysis has some limitations that point to important avenues for future research. Our model can capture a wide variety of heterogeneity in circumstances and population characteristics, but our results are only as good as the input data used. As our methods are based on empirical data, we could only include cooking options that exist in the datasets that we employed. Although newer alternatives that might become viable in the future were not explicitly modelled, our analysis can inform policy of the price points and income levels at which populations in different regions will be able to afford new fuels and technologies. Because cooking behaviours appear to be quite persistent, future research should consider using panel or pseudo-panel datasets that can better capture longitudinal shifts. Our analysis could also be further expanded to better assess how societal changes, such as better education and women's empowerment and labour force participation, relate to cooking energy choices. We did not include institutional capacity and governance constraints that might limit the expansion of supply of certain cooking options or the effectiveness of policies in specific contexts. In addition, our analysis did not assume any climate feedback on biomass availability. Both unsustainable harvesting and future climate change could reduce the availability of abundant biomass resources in certain regions. Alternatively, more sustainable land and biomass management could make supplies more abundant and encourage new biomass-based clean cooking options31,32.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 99}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Third, production capacities were derived from individual announcements (bottom-up, cut-off January 2024) rather than model-based or demand-driven outlooks (top-down), confining our dataset and results. On the one hand, we emphasize that the lack of standardization makes it difficult to distinguish what is or is not accounted for in the announced capacity. If capacity utilization were included, we would obtain higher production capacities by 2030 (IQR = 1.15-1.30 TWh yr-1) with unrestricted growth rates and an almost parallel trend slightly below demand with limited growth rates (Extended Data Fig. 4a-c). On the other hand, as there are no explicit announcements beyond 2030, supply curves flatten towards 2030 even though our model accounts for delayed realization, potentially leading to underestimated production capacities between 2030 and 2035. Of course, additional capacities may emerge after 2030. However, no announcements have been made so far, even though there are only 5 years left before this date and not every factory is likely to expand at short notice.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 100}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Our findings have implications for the design of social information programmes that rely on the combination of different types of norms to maximize behavioural change. Similar programmes are used in several domains, such as tax compliance26,27, charitable giving28 or water conservation29. According to our conceptual framework and empirical results, no single type of normative information is more effective in absolute terms. Policymakers should, instead, pay attention to the type of normative feedback they include in their communication, strive to diversify them, avoid conflicting information when it mitigates the desirable effects and exploit it otherwise, be aware of the diminishing returns from additional pieces of social information and of the varying strength of conformity motives across individuals.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 101}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    These data also lack a direct measure of stigma and/or internalized shame, as mentioned above. However, prior work finds that children diagnosed with ADHD experience substantial labeling and stigma (Pescosolido et al. 2008). This prior work suggests that stigma may be a reasonable mechanism underlying observed relationships. Future experimental or qualitative work should directly examine this possible mechanism. Finally, this study is limited by the small sample of unmedicated diagnosed children (100 children total).\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 102}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Winterization of power generation units, however, may also come with downsides during periods of warm temperatures, as measures used to increase performance during cold weather, such as integrating gas turbines into insulated buildings, may make the cooling of power plants more complex. Apart from winterization, other mitigation measures, in particular strong demand response programs and an expansion of transmission capacities to neighbouring states, may therefore become important6. These mitigation measures may be substantially less costly, and they will be beneficial not only during cold spells. Both options can make the system more resilient against other variations in power generation, in particular taking into account the ongoing transition to a larger share of renewable energies in the power generation mix. During extreme freeze events, demand response may have to focus on industrial applications and less on households as electric heating in particular cannot be fully postponed during freeze events.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 103}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Third, be explicit about whether residual emissions\u2014and net zero as a goal\u2014are a temporary stopgap towards a further state of decarbonization or a state to maintain in perpetuity. Clarity on whether residual emissions are a temporary condition or a permanent state is important, both for calibrating expectations for the future of the fossil fuel sector and for understanding the intended role for carbon removal. If negative-emission capacity is being used to compensate for residual emissions domestically or in another country, it is not available for legacy carbon removal or coping with overshoot. Although the AR62 frames these roles of carbon removal as complementary, they may be in conflict if we assume carbon-removal potential will be limited for social and sustainability reasons. Clarity on the temporality of residual emissions is also important because strategies such as soil carbon sequestration have apparently high mid-century technical potential, but these sinks saturate after ~20 years and require ongoing maintenance14. Land-based sinks already accounted for may saturate over time, as may carbon stored in products. Net zero needs to be a durable state22, not something that might be achieved and then be lost again. The timing of various carbon-removal strategies needs to be better planned for, and the ability to do so hinges on understanding  whether net zero is a stopgap or permanent state. While governments will have a challenging time being explicit about this, given their need to address multiple domestic actors, the research institutions and NGOs working in policy have more flexibility to be explicit about this in their analyses and can spell out the implications of treating residual emissions as continuing versus temporary.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 104}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Our findings have implications for advocacy and policymaking. Lack of clear information about legislation and how it applies to patient care was a prominent theme from our focus groups. Professional societies and institutions should ensure that health care providers are equipped with information about how legislation impacts care provision, including referral practices (Heuerman et al. 2022). Health care providers may also require knowledge about the policies and nuances of out-of-state referrals (Goyal et al. 2022). Providers will be better able to care for their patients if they have guidance about how to navigate legislation that may not be medically legible in clinical practice. Professional societies and advocacy organizations preparing recommendations for providers should also consider that institutional policies can vary and contribute to uncertainty. The factors discussed here are not inherent complications of abortion care\u2014they are politically produced complexities that impact health care providers and patients. By identifying the political context of care as a source of uncertainty in medical practice, we expand our understanding of both medical uncertainty and barriers to abortion access.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 105}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    In considering such distributional injustices, procedural injustices first need to be addressed by supporting participatory community engagement in energy policy development (for example, increase local access to data/information and community consultations). Indigenous Australians have distinct societal values and perspectives of wellbeing, and for progress across all spheres of inequity  a key aim will be reducing the frequency, duration and effects of disconnection. This might include: improving the accessibility and affordability of energy through changes to tariffs or direct access to the benefits of renewable energy such as residential rooftop solar on community housing; improving energy efficiency of infrastructure, buildings and appliances; and improving energy provision for particular critical needs, for example, disconnection prohibitions or tariff reductions during temperature extremes, protections for critical care customers and the use of protected circuits for refrigeration, lighting and essential medical equipment.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 106}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    The main contribution of this paper is the quantification of reductions in GHG emissions that can be attributed to the international diffusion of carbon pricing policies. These indirect emission reductions can be interpreted as a quantitative measure of the international leverage of a country in terms of global GHG emission reductions due to future diffusion of its policy. Overall, our results suggest that the magnitude of indirect emission reductions can be substantial. With our empirically estimated parameters, future indirect emission reductions will be larger than domestic emission reductions in 63% of countries that did not have a carbon pricing policy in place by the end of 2021. This evidence for large positive spillovers of domestic climate policy adoption provides additional support for the adoption of stringent climate policies, especially in countries in which climate policies might so far have been deemed to have relatively little importance because of a relatively small domestic economy.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 107}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Despite the limitations described above, our study brings novelpolicy implications. We found that liberalization that has alreadybeen achieved under the Doha Round substantially reducesclimate-induced hunger impacts. A careful approach to tradeintegration covering different types of trade barriers can furtherlimit hunger risks. The full removal of agricultural tariffs leadsto increases in food availability in SSA, MNA and EAS, but mayincrease exports and lower regional food availability in SEA andSAS. Further trade facilitation can reduce undernourishment inall hunger-affected regions. However, the effective realization oftrade facilitation requires considerable investments in transportinfrastructure and technology. Especially in low-income regions,such as SSA, infrastructure is weak36. An estimated US$130-170billion a year is needed to bridge the infrastructure gap in SSAby 2025 (ref.37). Infrastructure finance averaged US$75 billion inrecent years, with the largest contribution from budget-constrainednational governments37. Alternative financing through institutionaland private investments, called for by the African DevelopmentBank Group and the World Bank Group36,37, could be not only crucial for economic growth, but also for climate change adaptation. Inessence, our results demonstrate that trade instruments can mitigatean important part of the adverse hunger effects of long-term climate change. Our results thereby confirm the importance of holisticapproaches to international trade negotiations, and could prove alsorelevant in the face of trade-policy reactions in more acute crisissituations, such as the global COVID-19 pandemic.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 108}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Independent of the exact cause, if mandatory audits do not encourage investment in ECMs proportionate to the time and cost of conducting the audit, policymakers should consider whether a mandatory policy is the most efficient strategy to encourage energy efficiency in buildings. Although mandatory audits do produce  substantial amounts of data about building systems and energy reduction potentials, which can have a significant value for policymaking, it may be possible to collect these data through less costly means, and complete coverage of a city's building stock may not be necessary to make reasonable inferences about where savings opportunities exist. For example, a recent study demonstrates how machine learning can be used to predict ECM recommendations and cost-savings opportunities with a high degree of certainty based on simple surveys of building systems55. Such 'automated' audits could significantly reduce the time and cost associated with building assessments.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 109}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    The technical BECCS potential associated with domestic biomass residues in Europe (excluding forest residues) has been estimated at 200 Mt CO2(ref. 117), which would not suffice to achieve net-negative emissions targets. For the new EU Renewable Energy Directive III, energetic usage of primary forest residues was proposed to be excluded as an option for meeting renewable targets118, which alone have been estimated to amount to up to 1.6 PWh per year in Europe83, or up to 600 Mt biogenic CO2that could potentially be captured (Extended Data Table 2). Excluding comparably easy-to-monitor domestic resources might lead to a substantially higher cost of the energy system and to a higher demand for imported biomass and dedicated crops, with harder-to-foresee environmental consequences. As has been shown here, biomass usage, combined with carbon capture, is cost effective as long as net upstream emissions are relatively small or if negative emissions counteract limited upstream emissions. Exclusions of biomass sources such as primary forest residues thus need to be weighed against the targets in the energy sector and the potential to achieve negative emissions and gauged towards achieved capacity expansion speeds for VRE and electrolysis, which require an unprecedented ramp-up to achieve the results presented here already if biomass is not restricted.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 110}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Flood risk management in the USA is largely embedded in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). Climate change and increasing exposure in flood plains pose a challenge to flood risk managers and make it vital to reduce risk in the future. The proposed reforms are steering the NFIP to risk-based premiums, but it is uncertain if the reforms will result in unaffordability and incentivize risk-reduction investments or how the NFIP is affected by large-scale adaptation efforts. Using an agent-based model approach for current and future scenarios, we demonstrate that risk-based premiums will yield a positive societal benefit (US$10 billion) because they will incentivize household risk-reduction investments. Moreover, our results show that proactive investment in large-scale adaptation measures complements a transition to risk-based premiums to yield a higher overall societal benefit (US$26 billion). We suggest that transitioning the NFIP to risk-based premiums can only be secured by additional investments in large-scale flood protection infrastructure.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 111}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Finally, the underlying economic transitions of India's rural economy cannot be ignored. Households relying on agriculture and labour as the primary source of income need livelihood support that enables predictable and regular cash flow to facilitate sustained use of clean cooking fuels. Convergence across government schemes on rural livelihoods and employment guarantees with clean cooking fuel promotion could become an important driver of the transition away from polluting solid fuels.Our findings underscore that there is no 'silver bullet' that will yield exclusive clean cooking fuel use in rural India. PMUY has resulted in a tremendous national transition towards LPG, and we need multipronged approaches to accelerate its sustained use over time. Only by going beyond cooking fuel policies, and interlacing them with overall rural development priorities, can India move forward in enabling a complete transition towards clean cooking  fuels for all.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 112}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    This study, focusing on European women, provides systematic insights into how work-family dynamics and defamilization policies relate to depressive symptoms through a life course perspective. It underscores the need for informed actions by policymakers and researchers to facilitate workfamily integration, enhance mental health, and strive for genuine gender equity in Europe (Moen 2003). This endeavor aims to transform gender equity from an ideal into a tangible reality, motivating future research to further unravel these complex dynamics.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 113}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Revenue recycling through lump-sum dividends may help mitigate public opposition to carbon taxes, yet evidence from real-world policies is lacking. Here we use survey data from Canada and Switzerland, the only countries with climate rebate programmes, to show low public awareness and substantial underestimation of climate rebate amounts in both countries. Information was obtained using a five-wave panel survey that tracked public attitudes before, during and after implementation of Canada's 2019 carbon tax and dividend policy and a large-scale survey of Swiss residents. Experimental provision of individualized information about true rebate amounts had modest impacts on public support in Switzerland but potentially deleterious effects on support in Canada, especially among Conservative voters. In both countries, we find that perceptions of climate rebates are structured less by informed assessments of economic interest than by partisan identities. These results suggest limited effects of existing rebate programmes, to date, in reshaping the politics of carbon taxation.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 114}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Understanding health lifestyles in this way could spur more effective and appropriate policy efforts. Changing people's health behaviors is notoriously difficult\u2014in part because a target behavior likely combines with other behaviors within a health lifestyle that is also comprised of identities, narratives, norms, and understandings of health. Returning to Brittany, her behaviors have been carefully planned and justified by Dan and Mary, who relate their chosen lifestyle for Brittany to their own traditional, family-oriented identities and their moral worth as parents. Policy efforts from Brittany's community or school to change one of her health behaviors are unlikely to succeed unless they engage with her broader health lifestyle, its links to both her present and future, her parents' deep identity investment, her own identity expression, and the lifestyle's embeddedness within localized community norms. A successful effort to change Brittany's behavior must therefore move well beyond the individual child and her family\u2014 which is harder to implement but potentially much more effective. This empirical reality could translate into starkly different policy approaches to intervening in social inequalities and children's health.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 115}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Maximizing the benefits of waste conversion requires attention to first the life-cycle implications of different technology pathways, second the spatial distribution of waste feedstocks, and third the local conditions under which waste feedstocks will be processed. The policy insight that emerges from this analysis is that national mandates such as the US Renewable Fuel Standard might not maximize even renewable energy production let alone environmental benefits. Likewise, renewable portfolio standards, a widely employed policy in the electricity sector, could lead to suboptimal use of waste biomass. In the literature, bioenergy and biofuel policies have been analysed mainly from the perspective of climatechange mitigation, food security or cost, but this analysis shows that  they also do not optimize energy production. From a methodological perspective, this analysis illustrates the value of combining LCA with spatial analytical techniques for multicriterion assessment of alternative conversion pathways and the identification of hotspots for the refinement of existing energy policies. Indexing volumetric targets and mandates as well as financial subsidies for renewable energy to life-cycle emission-based performance measures will lead to more sustainable use of wastes and biomass residues.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 116}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    The acceptance of policy proposals is also sensitive to the employment effects of the energy transition. Cost matters, as do job losses. If delaying the phase-out from 2025 to 2030 would result in halving job losses from 20,000 to 10,000, voters would\u2014with all else being equal\u2014 accept the later phase-out. Our analysis also shows that the creation of new jobs matters even more than the loss of old jobs. Policymakers aiming to find support for ambitious climate policies are therefore well advised to make credible claims about how these policies will lead to new employment opportunities in low-carbon industries.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 117}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    We find that, for the time period studied between 2011 and 2016, mandatory energy audits had a modest negative impact on energy consumption in office and residential buildings in NYC,  at a magnitude consistent with the savings potential of low-cost ECMs and retrocommissioning activities. The result reinforces the hypothesis that audits, by themselves, provide only limited incentive to invest in energy efficiency upgrades. Ultimately, building owners remain constrained by factors that audit information alone may not overcome, such as limited access to capital, uncertainty in savings projections, opportunity costs and weak pricing signals in energy markets.To begin to address these economic and behavioural barriers, cities need to develop a comprehensive strategy to support energy efficiency in the building sector that starts with a foundation of data transparency and rigorous analytics. Energy disclosure mandates are an important first step: once the data are available, buildings can be evaluated on their energy performance and compared with their peers, which creates a 'grading' scheme that can help to shift individual and collective decision-making56. Following this, cities can consider performance targets and provide financial and regulatory incentives to motivate building owners to improve their energy efficiency and also ensure that regulations are in place to require poorly performing buildings to improve when owners do not respond to incentives. Audit requirements, then, could be used to target deep retrofits, focusing on ECM opportunities that could achieve 30% or greater savings, and automated or virtual audits could replace the existing need for traditional audit mandates. Similarly, because audit policies produce significant data on building systems and operating characteristics\u2014information that is useful for a range of city agencies, but often difficult to collect-mandatory requirements could be replaced by incentives for voluntarily reporting audit data.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 118}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Our results suggest three key recommendations for innovation- focused policy, which may be particularly important in light of the surge in public funding established in the IRA to leverage private capital and the shift in attitudes towards globalization36. First, whereas public grants are not significant drivers of outcomes on their own, they probably act as catalysts for startups that work on difficult sectors before they advance and acquire capital through corporate or other private investors (Fig. 2). Publicly funded startups exit at a higher rate with the addition of corporate investment (155% increase) compared with other private investment (78% increase) (Model 2). This suggests that increasing public grant funding at both the national (for example, Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E)) and regional (for example, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority) level is critical to de-risk technologies and create opportunities for beneficial public-private partnership. Second, corporate investors' association with positive outcomes for grant recipients and high-patenting startups (compared with other private investors) highlights the importance of incentivizing these investors to mobilize capital to invest in startups. Policymakers can build on successes from networks enabled through key grant agencies (for example, the ARPA-E annual summit) to create opportunities for high-risk startups. In addition, public-private partnerships (for example, the First Movers Coalition focused on aviation, steel and other key technologies) could create similar opportunities in other regions or technologies. Third, the association between both corporate and other private investment and increased rates of failure means that policymakers should act to minimize harmful practices such as intellectual property misappropriation (for example, misappropriation of the startups' knowledge by the larger corporate partner, also known as 'corporate sharks')22,37.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 119}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    The COVID-19 pandemic represents a once-in-alifetime shock to social life across societies. From  a Durkheimian perspective, it is unsurprising that we observe consequences of such rapid and all- encompassing social change for integration and, ultimately, population health. In times of great turbulence and social disruption, it is critical to maintain meaningful social ties, but sustaining those bonds becomes increasingly more difficult, resulting in challenges to mental health. As the pandemic accelerated, we began to observe the expected fallout for social life and mental health. However, the patterns are not equivalent across age. Subjective social isolation increased more dramatically during this period among older respondents, leading to a more substantial rise in psychological distress during this period. This research therefore presents an important qualification to a Durkheimian perspective by demonstrating that a life course context plays a crucial role in differentiating individual vulnerability to disintegrative large-scale social forces and their consequences for mental health.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 120}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    The results are presented in Table 3. The increased income leads to an increased demand for fuel. However, since the cash can be spent on anything, most of it is used for other things. Hence, the fuel price increases only marginally (1.1 cents in the very short term and much less in the long term). One perspective on this, which highlights the main benefit of cash transfers compared with fuel-tax cuts, is that consumers, through these policies, receive the equivalent of 20 cents per litre of fuel consumed on average. To receive the benefits of a tax cut, consumers have to buy fuel. If they receive it in the form of cash instead, they can choose to spend it all on fuel, to spend none of it on fuel or somewhere in between; cash is a more flexible currency than a tax cut. Even a person who spends the whole transfer on fuel will gain from a cash transfer since the fuel price increases only by 1.1 cents. Therefore, this allows for varying preferences in the population (it is also possible to direct the cash to particular groups that are hit harder by the price increase; see 'Theoretical approach'). Another benefit of a cash transfer is that it avoids decreasing the fuel tax (that is, a Pigouvian tax), thus abating climate concerns.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 121}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Our model demonstrates that unaffordability (Methods) is expected to decrease from 4.5 million households (23.8%) to 1 million households (5.6%) for the 18.8 million households at risk of floods nationwide in 2050 following a transition to risk-based premiums. However, the magnitude of the remaining unaffordability increases substantially to an average of US$2,000 per year per household. These findings indicate that although risk-based premiums are lower than  current NFIP premiums for many households, moving towards risk-based premiums implies a sharp increase in premiums and  unaffordability for a subgroup of households living in high-risk areas. Unaffordability issues can potentially be overcome by offering  insurance vouchers and providing inexpensive accessible loans for financing DRR measures by low-income households currently living in high flood risk zones7. Alternatively, further incentivizing DRR by homeowners would make more people eligible for premium discounts. Relocation or managed retreat might also become necessary2. As seen in Fig. 1e, continuation of the program without anticipating climate change or socio-economic development will further increase the  debt of the NFIP by ~60% (from US$20.5 billion to US$32.8 billion). Introducing risk-based premiums will significantly limit the rise in future debt but will not solve the problem entirely (debt will increase by 28% instead of 60%). An additional markup of premiums might be required to pay off current debt and make the program financially sound in the future.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 122}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    This study is a first step towards using a common system boundary for a consistent comparison of a large variety of waste conversion technologies from the twin perspectives of net energy gain and climate benefits. Incorporating non-GHG environmental considerations including air quality impacts and freshwater use and water quality impacts, as well as an assessment of the levelized life-cycle cost of energy for the different pathways, are two important directions for future research.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 123}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Notwithstanding the relatively lower net repowering factor and shorter lifetime of the dismantled repowered turbines, our analysis also indicates that repowering, in combination with technological innovation, can help reduce the impacts of wind turbines  on neighbouring communities. In a sense, repowering provides dual benefits to society\u2014an increased clean energy supply and fewer turbines present in the landscape. Although these benefits do not come without a trade-off (such as higher visibility over longer distances), they are substantial in regions where space is limited and an increased deployment of wind energy is desired. This situation may be increasingly experienced with a growing reliance on renewable power to serve clean energy needs.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 124}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Energy storage addresses the intermittency of renewable energy and grid load shortages, promoting renewable energy penetration and distributed grids. Compared with the baseline scenario, energy storage can increase emission reductions at a cost to the economy (Supplementary Section 5). Documents from the Chinese government33,34 outline goals for energy storage technology, with new energy storage technologies fully market-oriented by 2030. However, China's financial and tax support for energy storage is still in the developmental stage and is mainly advisory, lacking comprehensive and long-term incentives, in contrast to the situation in developed countries such as the United States and Germany35. Additionally, the levelized cost in China among various types of storage facilities ranges from 0.12 to 0.27 US$ kWh-1 (refs. 36,37). Among them, lithium-ion batteries have relatively low costs, while hydrogen energy storage tends to be more expensive. Thus, differentiated subsidy policies should be considered on the basis of the type of technology and the application scenario of storage energy facilities.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 125}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    However, without some form of price stabilizer it is hard to see the number of projects using community renewable energy business models returning to its previous rate of growth in the short term. One source of price stability could be a floor price for exported electricity, as suggested by community energy sector associations55. Another mechanism might be Contracts for Difference auctions. The UK already runs such auctions for large-scale renewables and has opened them to remote island wind56. The auctions may benefit some future community projects using the standalone renewables business model, but could benefit many more if other technologies were also able to participate.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 126}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Here, we provide robust empirical evidence that activity-specific real-time feedback can induce substantial behaviour change and resource conservation\u2014even for a sample of individuals who neither volunteered to participate in an environmental study, nor reaped financial benefits from energy conservation. Given the debate on volunteer self-selection7 and the dwindling treatment effects of other feedback interventions once they are deployed among broader samples7-9,12, this empirical validation is critical to provide solid recommendations for the design of future energy conservation programmes46. Information technology increasingly makes it possible to monitor behaviour in real time, to provide individuals with feedback on their ongoing activities and to collect granular data on the real-world impact of interventions from millions of individuals in the field4 at rapidly declining costs. The results of this study highlight the potential of digital interventions to transform behaviour in energy-intensive activities, which can be implemented and monitored at the population level.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 127}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Some have also suggested that psychological vulnerability to the adverse effects of social distancing may be differentially distributed in the population, with older adults especially at risk of social isolation and subsequent adverse consequences for mental health (Armitage and Nellums 2020). The results of the current research support these concerns as well because respondents at older ages experienced greater risk of increases in a sense of isolation, with subsequent heightened increases in psychological distress. Furthermore, the survey data analyzed in this study are intended to be representative of Canadian workers, which underrepresents the larger population of older adults, many of whom are retired. Because the working population will tend to have at least some social contact through interwork relations, it is likely that this study minimizes the consequences of social distancing measures for a sense of isolation among the larger population of older adults. The risks to the psychological well-being of older adults as a result of COVID-19 social distancing measures are therefore likely even stronger than those presented here\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 128}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Second, exposure to violence during incarceration exacerbates the degree to which incarceration exposure hastens the pace of Grim aging among African American adults. Those who experienced violence were more than 2 years older than their calendar age. This effect, however, was exclusive to direct incidents of violent threats, assaults with and without weapons, and robbery. Interpersonal violence likely engenders a stress response that chronically activates immunological and nervous system capacities. This evidence aligns with the literature on prison violence and mental health (Zweig et al. 2015). Moreover, it accords with research indicating that threatening social environments trigger adverse physiological responses (Miller et al. 2011; Simons et al. 2021). Perhaps violent victimization is especially stressful in the confined spaces of the prison context where hostile interpersonal relations are particularly difficult to circumvent. As one formerly incarcerated individual explained: \u201cThe whole mental thing of me . . . trying to think of who I could have a problem with or who might have a problem with me all the time . . . is extremely stressful\u201d (Porter 2019:9). Other potentially traumatic prison and jail conditions are deserving of additional research on the biological consequences of incarceration, including discriminatory treatment and placement in solitary confinement, the latter of which has been linked to mental health (Strong et al. 2020). Similarly, researchers should study conditions during postrelease that might buffer the link between incarceration and adverse physiological deterioration, including relational and community supports\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 129}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Nevertheless, some non-CO2 emissions such as methane emissions from cattle due to enteric fermentation are hard to abate35-37. Hence, achieving net-zero GHG emissions beyond 2030 and continued decarbonization over the longer term will require the deployment of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies38,39 to offset these emissions. Our pathways assume the availability of CDR technologies such as bioenergy in combination with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and direct air capture (DAC) in addition to terrestrial sinks40 and assume that the relative roles of CDR deployment versus mitigation in other sectors largely depend on economics. Although the scale of CDR in our pathways is consistent with the extant literature (Supplementary Figs. 9 and 10), an important caveat that could affect the feasibility and scale of  CDR deployment that is not fully accounted for in our pathways is that they could interact with societal priorities other than climate, creating varying degrees of synergies and tradeoffs depending on the type and scale of CDR measures used41-44. In addition, since not all countries are equally endowed with CDR potential, achieving net-zero pledges and ratcheting ambition might need to be supported by cooperative strategies and/or trade38,45. A simple sensitivity analysis that explores the implications of limited CDR availability suggests that the high ambition pathways explored in this study are feasible under no availability of DAC but that results in greater reductions in CO2 emissions from energy and industrial sectors (Supplementary Figs. 11 and 12). Further research is required to better understand the role of CDR and emissions trading in high ambition emissions pathways16. \n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 130}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Assuming mandatory audits are effective in identifying substantial cost-effective ECMs, other capital improvements, such as renovating a lobby or adding new amenities, may generate larger risk-adjusted returns on investment. This may be driven, in part, by the perceived uncertainty around energy retrofit investments, and thus inflate the required rate of return (or hurdle rate) for energy investments when compared with more traditional building improvements. Building owners, then, may lack sufficient economic incentive, in the absence of strong energy pricing signals, public incentives or regulatory mandates, to implement energy improvements over other capital improvements33.It is important for local policymakers to understand whether this is, indeed, a barrier to the implementation of recommended ECMs. If so, cities will need to strengthen the incentives for efficiency improvements before audit mandates can have a significant impact. For instance, to require property owners to assess more ambitious ECMs in their audits, as has been proposed (for example, NYC's One City Built to Last sustainability plan52), will not lead to actual energy savings if property owners do not have an incentive, and the access to capital, to invest in energy efficiency in the first place.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 131}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    By disaggregating demand-side strategies, our analysis provides clearer insights into the distinct contributions of different policies. Whereas the importance of electrification and fuel shifts in reducing demand-side CO2emissions is well recognized, our results demonstrate that across most models, an electrification-focused strategy yields the greatest reductions in direct CO2emissions from buildings and transport by 2050, even lowering emissions below 2015 levels. However, this approach also more than doubles global electricity demand by 2050 compared to 2015. Focusing on increased electrification alone only reduces emissions if this is supplemented by a sustained effort to decarbonize electricity supply. Shifts in activity patterns can also contribute to emissions reduction but have a greater potential in high-income regions, as meeting basic energy services is a higher priority in lower- and middle-income regions.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 132}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Such future analyses can take advantage of the methodological approach developed in this paper. Across many settings and sectors, stakeholders are asking decarbonization policies to take into account not just their GHG emissions consequences but also how the local costs and benefits of these policies are distributed spatially and across different demographic groups. This paper provides a step forward in that direction by combining an empirical-based, spatially explicit energy production model with state-of-the-art air pollution transport modelling to quantify health benefits at a fine spatial scale and an employment model to quantify local labour-market consequences. Our framework can be applied to other decarbonization policies at various scales such as studying the distributional consequences of decarbonizing other forms of fossil fuel extraction, electricity production or manufacturing activity. More broadly, in many settings that already exhibit socioeconomic inequities, there is an increasing need to understand whether decarbonization policies themselves would exacerbate or narrow such inequities. This study and its methodology provides a path forward for such analyses.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 133}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Finally, we highlight the competition among ZET technologies, raising questions about market leadership and whether we need different technologies. All anticipated cost reductions rely on successful transitions to low-carbon road freight transport. This entails building large-scale production facilities supported by policy measures in key markets like North America, Europe and China, particularly in the early market phases. These measures may include purchase subsidies, infrastructure development, ZET mandates and carbon pricing. This policy support may phase out later when the technology has matured and costs have decreased. Our TCO indicates that BETs may constitute the most cost-effective pathway in reaching TCO parity with less policy support needed, in contrast to FCETs, which might require more policy support throughout the 2030s.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 134}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Our study highlights issues with the use of RECs in the context of SBTs. However, the Greenhouse Gas Protocol scope 2 guidance argues that the use of non-additional market-based instruments is not a problem as the main goal is to allocate total grid emissions to individual consumers9. From that perspective, individual companies can legitimately use RECs to report emissions reductions that do not reflect a global emission reduction, as the market-based emissions of all energy users on the grid sum to total grid emissions. Based on our analysis, we encourage the Greenhouse Gas Protocol to reconsider its stance on additionality for two reasons. First, as many corporate energy users do not report emissions (nor do residential households), a company's purchase of non-additional RECs effectively increases the market-based emissions of other actors  that do not report emissions (through an increase in the residual  emission factor; see Box 1). This means that total reported market-based emissions will always overstate the actual grid-total emissions reduction due to incomplete reporting. Second, as companies increasingly disclose emissions in the context of targets informed by the need to reduce global emissions (SBTs5 and net-zero targets34,35), it is clearly misleading to stakeholders if companies can meet these targets without reducing global emissions. This would also be the case in a situation with complete reporting. We acknowledge that this second issue raises a related and broader limitation with the use of standard corporate emissions accounting (whether market- or location-based), in that changes in emissions outside of the scopes 1, 2 and 3 accounting boundary are not shown. Apparent reductions within the boundary may therefore not reflect total reductions in global emissions. For example, a company's decision to use bioenergy may cause emissions outside its value chain through indirect land use change36. Accordingly, SBTi should consider options for complementing standard scopes 1, 2 and 3 accounts with consequential emission accounting methods36 to ensure that actions taken to achieve STBs do not unintentionally increase emissions outside the  accounting boundary.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 135}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Hardware-based energy technology innovation requires large amounts of capital and long timescales to become fully commercialized. Private investors have shown some renewed interest in energy technologies, but their interest appears limited to digital innovations such as demand-management software. More than half of the  startups in our dataset are manufacturing firms, according to their North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes. It is not surprising if ARPA-E alone has not fully solved the 'valley of death' problem for innovative cleantech companies, which has been shown to be especially acute in the demonstration phase54. Complementary innovation policies, such as increased funding for demonstration and commercialization, in-kind support from national laboratories and targeted procurement programmes, may be needed to allow scale-up beyond the R&D phase and to ensure that cleantech innovations can leverage additional private financing and transition to the market.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 136}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Anecdotal evidence suggests that the US$1 gift was effective at generating referrals, in part because it reminded recipients of the much larger gift they had already received: a solar PV system. A handful of clients returned the dollar with their completed referral slips, a gesture that prior work suggests is guilt motivated61. If having received a prior gift augments the effect of a reciprocity appeal, then research is needed to understand to what extent the value of that prior gift matters. Although other efficiency improvements may have a smaller economic value than a PV system, the quality-of-life improvements they bring may have similar or greater psychological value. For these reasons, we expect our results to generalize to energy subsidy programmes seen globally that provide low-income homeowners subsidies for high-value goods like home retrofits2-6, heating equipment3-5,7-9 and efficiency upgrades3,5,7,9. Like the solar programme we studied, such programmes often involve high interaction between the programme provider and participating households, which might strengthen the feeling of obligation to comply with the reciprocity appeal.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 137}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    The rapid pace of development of solar energy, especially with regard to pricing, can make it difficult to keep up with the true state of the industry. Separating reality from hype requires a hard look at the most aggressive claims in terms of costs, risks and returns\u2014 the factors that really matter to developers, banks, and providers and consumers of electricity. Solar costs vary widely by region, and fully explaining this variation requires an understanding of local conditions, which we have sought to provide as context for the recent record-low solar electricity prices and bids in the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, and their subsequent extensions to other regions. We have demonstrated here that unsubsidized prices below 3\u00a2 kWh-1 are attainable when the right combination of local conditions is realized, and that the minimum for solar prices should be expected to continue dropping (with some slowing expected as interest rates rise) with hardware costs, barring some significant change in the financial sector's perception of solar's profitability. While certain costs do seem to have been mitigated in the case of the  Gulf projects, which could be argued to be a subsidy, the success of projects in other regions at achieving comparable savings indicates that these costs can be significantly reduced by skilful engineering, without state intervention. We wish to emphasize that government policy remains an important element to remove barriers to PV deployment, chief among which is the need for access to cheap financing. As global interest rates are expected to rise, it becomes more critical for solar projects to be able to prove themselves as low risk to achieve favourable financing packages. The clear commitment to renewable energy as state policy (as well as the involvement of large public or semi-public companies in the development of PV projects) was certainly a factor in providing the necessary degree of confidence that allowed banks to overcome their historical aversion to renewable energy projects32 and begin lending at low rates in the Gulf. Such a mentality of strategic energy planning, whereby governments intervene not to subsidize but merely to enable and encourage investment in technologies that are believed to be of value to the society, is an essential element of low electricity prices and may provide guidance regarding how to continue the spread of low solar prices into other markets.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 138}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    As opt-out DSR programmes spread, it is important that the costs of each DSR rate relative to those of other offered rates are clearly communicated and that the opt-out procedures be made clear to all, particularly vulnerable groups who are at risk of unfavourable outcomes on DSR. To aid households in evaluating benefits and burdens of competing rates, it is important to communicate cost information in a way that minimizes cognitive burden51,52. Using heuristics to address common misperceptions may improve household understanding of energy use53. Given prior findings that households often base decisions regarding TOU enrolment on perceived financial savings, but misperceive the extent of actual financial savings54, further testing of an ideal choice architecture and information presentation for DSR is critical to facilitate all households making informed decisions about their electricity rates.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 139}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    With this study, we contribute to the literature on the unequal distribution of resources across neighborhoods, particularly by racial-ethnic minority clustering. Moreover, we demonstrate that these patterns are not a neutral fact. Not having health care infrastructure in place means that when confronted with a public health catastrophe, the existing inequalities in our health care system are deepened. The COVID-19 pandemic is, for many people, one of the most disruptive and challenging public health events of our lifetimes. Vaccination in this context represents a lifeline to spare further human suffering and loss of life and a potential return to normalcy. However, this valuable resource was not distributed evenly across urban areas, with limited access to populations already at risk for complications from the virus. Although state public health officials implemented eligibility systems that prioritized health care workers, the elderly, and those with medical comorbidities, the geographic component of the vaccine rollout and allocation of the vaccine over time has not been equal. This highlights the necessity of creating more equitable access to care broadly so that in crisis times, the infrastructure is available to equitably meet the needs of the affected communities.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 140}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Altogether, the findings from this study underscore the potential for an individual state policy to positively shape the lives of immigrants and their families amid a shifting and largely exclusive federal immigration climate. The laws included in this study were implemented between 2013 and 2020\u2014a period characterized by increasingly negative discourse around immigration at the national level, especially since 2015, and an increasingly restrictive federal immigration enforcement climate under President Trump (Callaghan et al. 2019; Capps et al. 2018). Within this context, we find that the extension of the legal right to drive to undocumented immigrants is associated with health benefits for the children of Mexican and Central American immigrants. Our findings, in turn, suggest that state policies that reduce the criminalization of immigrants and facilitate immigrants' integration into U.S. society may act as a buffer against a restrictive federal immigration climate.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 141}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Following the advancements in IAMs, there are several opportunities for improving the assessment of demand-side scenarios. First, lifestyle changes should be better integrated into scenarios61-66. Reducing or shifting energy services demand requires widespread changes in social norms to induce more sustainable lifestyles, as discussed and modelled in Supplementary Information 13. These can only partially be achieved by policies and strongly depend on available organizations and infrastructures67,68. Second, further developments should enhance the linkage between demand sectors and industrial and  material demands22. Strengthening this connection would enable a more complete evaluation of emissions across the supply chain. Third, IAMs do not adequately consider local infrastructural challenges, particularly those related to the power grid. Additional assessments using more detailed models, such as power dispatch models, can help to identify risks, such as increased likelihood of blackouts69, that could impede consumer adoption.The success of policies depends on their broader support in society. Measures aimed at behavioural and lifestyle changes, but also interventions such as taxing air travel and restricting low-cost carbon-intensive technologies that directly influence affordability might face resistance. Our study, which assumes that policies are fully effective, does not account for the potential resistance and partial implementation that could affect the outcomes. Therefore, future research should also delve into the impact of these measures on macroeconomics, ensuring that policies are not only effective but also sustainable in their broader socio-economic context.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 142}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Even when the households marked by open and filled triangles are considered as outliers in our sample, these cases are still observed in a relatively small sample of 765 households, suggesting that a relevant number of households may face significant additional burdens when/if household peak-load-based charges are introduced. We check how many households in the sample also tend to have increasing costs under some of the scenarios while experience cost savings in others. We find that 321 households face lower costs in scenario e100 and higher costs in scenario pa100, which means that nearly 40% of the households consume relatively moderate volumes of energy in total, but at the same time frequently produce significant peak loads. This example demonstrates that a different weighting of the volumetric, peak and fixed components can have strongly diametrical effects on the network expenditures of individual households. While we do not think that this result shall prevent the application of such innovative network tariffs, before their introduction a careful impact assessment appears necessary, which may be followed by mechanisms balancing hardship cases during the transition period.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 143}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Perhaps most importantly for the subject matter here, Russia's profit gains are substantially lower with the cash transfer (in the short term ~15% of the profits received from a tax cut and in the long term much less). It can be noted that Russia's profits under a cash transfer are also substantially lower when compared with the lowest profits of a tax cut considered in the sensitivity analysis (see Supplementary Note 2).The conclusion that an income transfer yields much lower Russian profits is not likely to change even if we consider other expenditures of households in the EU. The reason for this is that an income elasticity of 1, as we use here15, implies that fuel's share of income is constant when income increases. Put differently, since private road-transport fuels correspond to 7% of consumer spending in the EU (figure for 2008 from ref. 16), only 7% of the cash transfer would go to road fuel. Transport accounts for 13.2% of households' expenditures17, not all of which goes to oil products. Elasticity for other transport is not very different from that for road fuels (for aviation income, elasticity is around 1 (ref. 18)). Hence, the amount of cash transfer that may go to oil products is effectively capped by oil's cost share in the EU. Elasticities for other categories of consumer spending vary. For food, elasticity is around 0.5 in the EU19 and it accounts for 14.8% of expenditures, while housing-related expenditures correspond to 25.7% (a small share of which is gas for heating). Various smaller categories correspond to the remaining 48% (ref. 20).\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 144}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    This study employs multichannel sequence analysis of data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe to explore variations in the association between work-family life trajectories and women's mental health across European cohorts born between 1924 and 1965 within different policy contexts. It finds that trajectories characterized by prolonged employment and delayed familial commitments are generally associated with increased depressive symptoms. Notably, the strength of this association varies significantly across cohorts and is notably moderated by defamilization policies. These policies, which aim to reduce dependency on family for managing social risks, buffer mental health challenges in traditional family roles but are less effective for women in trajectories with delayed family formation. This investigation highlights the nuanced ways in which historical and cultural contexts alongside policy environments shape mental health outcomes at various life stages, offering valuable insights into our understanding of health disparities across the life course, with an emphasis on exposure to changing institutions\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 145}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    This study also carries practical implications. It might caution against parents, educators, and medical providers considering an ADHD diagnosis for middle- and upper-SES children at the first signs of behavioral difficulties. For example, prior research points to potential negative diagnostic effects on later school behaviors and academic achievement among children who had only mild pre-diagnosis behavioral problems (Owens 2020; Owens and Jackson 2017). Further research is needed to understand diagnostic effects on academic outcomes among high-SES children, but these studies together suggest that both potential positive and potential negative consequences of diagnosis should be considered. Findings should not dissuade ADHD diagnosis for high-SES children who have a clear-cut need for diagnosis.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 146}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    As seen, a fuel-tax cut in the EU provides Russia with a large additional income. Furthermore, part of the help meant for EU fuel consumers in the form of a tax cut is instead passed through to increased oil prices, especially in the very short term. The question is then whether it is possible to help EU consumers in a way that does not benefit Russia. Here, we look at one such alternative, namely in the form of a cash transfer to consumers with an equivalent fiscal burden to the tax cut. That is, we tie the transfer to \u20ac150 million, \u20ac170 million and \u20ac115 million in the very short, short and long term, respectively.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 147}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Finally, practitioners themselves are among those who query the rigour of technical feasibility assessment and evaluation of impact of interventions against intended and claimed benefits and co-benefits. One-quarter of survey respondents raised these concerns. Indeed, emerging social science suggests that entrepreneurial hype combined with an absence of strong monitoring, evaluation and reporting requirements can produce perverse outcomes whereby speculative interventions are prioritized over effective ones8,63,83-85. Our results underscore that claims of multiple conservation and climate goals and co-benefits combined with low levels of technical feasibility assessment (50% of reported interventions) and very low levels of accountability and oversight (16%) and strategic capacity to steer innovation and manage marine-climate intervention risk (18%) increase the likelihood of poor choices, contributing to both unintended negative consequences and missed opportunities in climate mitigation and adaption. The practitioner concerns are therefore valid, while at the same, it is important to acknowledge that carbon removal and climate adaptation goals may be feasible in some cases for specific species and ecosystems86.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 148}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Reducing deforestation to mitigate climate change necessitates monitoring of deforestation activity. However, while freely available deforestation alerts on forest loss are available, the effect of these alerts and the presence of subscribers in a particular area is unclear. Here, we show that subscriptions to alerts in 22 tropical countries decrease the probability of deforestation in Africa by 18% relative to the average 2011-2016 levels. There is no effect on other continents, and the availability of alerts does not significantly change deforestation outcomes. This decrease in Africa is higher in protected areas and concessions, suggesting that alerts either increased capacity to enforce existing deforestation policy or induced the development of more effective anti-deforestation policies. Calculated using the social cost of carbon for avoided deforestation in Africa, we estimate the alert system's value to be between US$149 million and US$696 million.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 149}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    The importance of net job creation to respondents across parties echoes narratives that argue for a just energy transition that supports labour in the face of fossil fuel job losses. A link between 'green jobs' and 'good jobs' has been central to climate policy under the Biden Administration. It is also likely that this narrative is particularly salient in PA, which has seen recent declines in nuclear, coal and natural gas fuel jobs48. Echoing other calls, our results suggest an opportunity for labour-energy coalitions and worker-led transitions49. Partnerships between renewable energy developers and labour organizations may be one pathway towards developing projects with broad public support, as well as other investments aimed at supporting job creation and minimizing structural unemployment, such as job training programmes.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 150}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Finally, the use of this novel dataset provides new insights  into the clean cooking energy transition, which would have been difficult to reliably obtain through standard tools such as selfreported surveys and would have been prohibitively expensive to achieve via thermal sensors at this scale44. Datasets consisting of distributor-level transactions are invaluable sources of information that, properly anonymized, should be made accessible to researchers and policy analysts. This not only promotes transparency but could facilitate objective programme evaluation and potential design changes to this programme to improve targeting and effectiveness.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 151}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Third, despite the low awareness of interventions to build social and institutional capacity for climate adaptation and mitigation detected in our results, these intervention types warrant additional consideration. The intervention examples reported by survey respondents highlighted important ways forward, including restitution and formalization of marine and coastal tenure for Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, partnerships in climate intervention science programmes and coastal adaptation planning with local communities. Our results also revealed that practitioners are increasingly recognizing the need for social-institutional capacity to reduce intervention risks of sociocultural harms, negligence and distrust. Social-institutional capacity can be built through rights-based frameworks (see refs. 68-71 and the Turning Tides facility (https://turningtidesfacility.org)) and regional and community-led programmes for coastal climate adaptation planning (see ref. 72) and by enabling local rule-making for climate action (see ref. 35). Such institutions support a priori recognition of equity, cultural rights and interests before conceptualization and assessment of an intervention. By coupling regional and local-scale socio-institutional capacity-building interventions with local bioengineering, geoengineering and restorative interventions, such initiatives could be 'bright spots' in which social, cultural and biophysical goals are mutually recognized and pursued (see refs. 14,20,72,73).\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 152}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Although the Chinese government has issued guidelines related to end-use electrification38, the measures proposed at the sectoral level are mostly framework oriented and lack detailed policies for effective implementation (Supplementary Section 2). An overall electrification target for end-use sectors, such as transport and construction, are relatively underdeveloped39,40. Future policies should include explicit targets for end-use sectors to increase electrification. According to our results and related studies41-43, total electricity consumption needs to account for no less than 70% of end-use energy consumption to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. By sector, manufacturing sectors with a high level of electrification, such as textiles and equipment manufacturing, need to maintain an electrification rate of no less than 80% and for the construction and transport sectors, the share of electricity should exceed 70% and 50%, respectively.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 153}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Given that village-level penetration of LPG as the primary fuel has a strong positive association with household-level LPG use, we suggest that policies with community-level targeting could effectively increase LPG use. Thanks to the age of the LPG connection having a positive influence on its use, we may witness increasing use of LPG among recent adopters over time. However, targeted policies to further improve affordability of LPG refills for poor households can accelerate the transition.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 154}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Accelerating this process for African countries represents a critical opportunity in the coming years. Enabling cross- and intra-country learning would be one approach to catalyse enhancement. While networks such as the Adaptation Forum can provide a space for knowledge exchange, concrete learning modalities remain to be determined. Our dataset indicates countries that have more adequate NAPs and countries with high scores on individual criteria. These can serve as noteworthy exemplars. We were also able to identify countries with high-scoring NDCs and no published NAPs, which illustrate the potential of the former to advance NAP planning processes, in addition to their observed political and commitment functions11,18. While the potential for NDCs to provide adequate reference points for tracking  is limited to a few African countries, this positive deviance presents a compelling opportunity for further exploration and exploitation, as countries progress towards developing second-generation NDCs by 2025. Moreover, existing voluntary guidelines on communicating adaptation information under the UNFCCC35 can inform NAP and NDC alignment efforts, deemed pivotal for consistent national planning.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 155}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Overall, a realistic quantification of the effects of additional renewable energy deployment through its ability to shield economies from fossil fuel price shocks, when also considering weather and demand volatility, suggests large stabilizing effects on electricity prices. We find that the capacity expansion plans as envisioned in the NECPs would lead to a reduction of the \u03b2-sensitivity to natural gas prices from 1.4 euros to 1 euro, which, in turn, would lower the extremes in prices that could be expected in the future. However, we find that the resulting improvement falls short of what would be required if the policy goal is to be close to independence from the prices of natural gas. Reducing the \u03b2-sensitivity to less than 0.5 euros would require deploying 30% more renewables by 2030, and going below 0.25 euros would require 60% additional deployment versus the currently envisioned target. These are very large changes. Moreover, further increasing the capacity of renewable technologies, while lowering the sensitivity and improving the stability of electricity prices, results in cannibalization conditions that would be associated with low market revenue for renewable producers in day-ahead markets. Hence, the financial viability of private investments based strictly on this market for reaching the capacity levels required to stabilize electricity prices is doubtful.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 156}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Building on this discussion, the results indicate that health policy should take on a wider set of measures to combat the drug overdose epidemic. The actions taken by federal and state governments in the United States have primarily focused on the practices of pharmaceutical companies and prescribing physicians (Gross and Gordon 2019). Although we find that addressing the supply side of the epidemic is necessary\u2014it is an inadequate prevention response by itself (also see Monnat 2019; Peters et al. 2019). Policymakers must also address structural factors like economic inequality, which will require implementing policies that redistribute income and resources. Although wealth is not explicitly discussed in this article, implementing a wealth tax may be an even more effective strategy because the wealthiest often structure their assets so they have relatively low levels of taxable income (Saez and Zucman 2019). Furthermore, eliminating private insurance and moving to a single-payer system could potentially not only check the power of pharmaceutical companies and limit the harmful prescribing practices of physicians but also serve as a large pay increase for employees. Today, an employee's health care costs an average of $13,000 a year, and a single-payer system funded through progressive taxation would shift the burden of paying for health care from workers to the rich (Saez and Zucman 2019).\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 157}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    While Germany has been successful in transitioning from nuclear to renewable energy, 35.3% of electricity generation still came from coal in 2018 (Fig. 1). Policy support for renewables is an important element in decarbonizing the energy sector19, but it is an open question whether layering support schemes for sustainable technologies on top of the existing institutions20 without addressing the legacy of fossil fuels is enough to \u201ceffectively lead energy systems out of carbon lock-in\u201d21. Given only gently decreasing emissions (Fig. 1), the question of a coal phase-out gained prominence in the aftermath of the adoption of the Paris Agreement. In November 2016, the German government adopted the Climate Action Plan 2050, outlining measures to achieve the country's climate targets. This plan failed to develop a phase-out strategy, and in 2018 the task was delegated to the Coal Commission, an expert commission on growth, structural change and employment consisting of a variety of  stakeholders including industry associations, labour unions, statelevel governments, environmental non-governmental organizations and independent scientists appointed by the federal government. In early 2019, this group recommended to phase out coal-fired power generation by 2038, proposing an array of measures to support the coal regions in restructuring their economies.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 158}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Many countries have cut their corporate tax rates in the past decades to attract foreign investment. To prevent this, a global minimum tax policy was approved by OECD countries in 2021. Global changes in corporate tax rates could reshape production and investment networks while impacting welfare and global emission patterns. Here we develop a theoretical multi-country multi-industry general equilibrium model and show that global corporate tax competition during 2005-2016 would increase global carbon emissions and shift more emissions to developing economies. Implementing a global minimum tax rate of 15% would reduce global carbon emissions and effectively decrease the developing economies' emissions. The results highlight that corporate tax policies should be coordinated with climate regulations\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 159}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    In summary, a comprehensive policy strategy for green hydrogen should include targeted demand-side measures and a gradual transition from subsidies to market mechanisms. In the short term, this would de-risk early investment at manageable costs, guiding hydrogen to its most valuable use cases. In the long term, this would transfer investment risks and competition between hydrogen and other mitigation options to the market, thereby establishing a credible commitment for climate change mitigation while spurring green hydrogen growth.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 160}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Liberal policy contexts are often linked to good population health because they shape the material and social determinants of health in salubrious ways (Brennenstuhl, Quesnel-Vall\u00e9e, and McDonough 2012; McCartney et al. 2019). They are generally aimed at solving enduring social problems that compromise the health and well-being of populations, especially vulnerable populations. For instance, environmental policies protect populations by limiting exposure to toxins. Health and welfare policies support the sick and poor through financial assistance and the provision of needed services. Civil rights policies empower socially marginalized groups by legislating against widespread institutional discrimination. Educational spending invests in the human capital of workers and the future of state economies. In addition, a body of research using cross-national data shows that social democratic welfare state regimes offer more social protection, including health care access, and tend to have better population health outcomes than their less liberal counterparts (e.g., Beckfield and Bambra 2016; Brennenstuhl et al. 2012). The next section discusses potential synergies between state policy contexts and income inequality in relation to population health.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 161}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    From a policy perspective, it is important to notice that most of the parameters that significantly contribute to lower network charges under the respective alternative scenario (that is, households living in single-family houses, having larger living spaces and swimming pool ownership) are usually associated with higher income levels. As the sum of collected revenues from all households together is required to remain unchanged under any new tariff scheme, a reduction of the financial contribution of higher-income households would automatically mean an increase of burdens for lower-income households compared with the situation under the reference scenario. As such distributional effects are problematic from a public choice perspective, it is important to identify whether certain tariff scenarios are actually associated with shifting burdens towards households with lower incomes.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 162}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    On December 11, 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued the first emergency use authorization for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for COVID-19 in individuals 16 years of age and older in the United States. Eight days later, a second vaccine, Moderna, was approved for use in individuals ages 18 and older. However, distribution of the vaccine has been a logistical hurdle necessitating extremely low temperature cold storage and personnel needs, all while having to maintain COVID-19  safety protocols. For example, unpunctured vials of the vaccines must be kept between -90\u00b0C and -60\u00b0C for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine and between -50\u00b0C and -15\u00b0C for the Moderna vaccine, well below the temperature of a standard freezer. An obvious question that has emerged is how to do this equitably, especially when vaccine supply is low. Roughly following guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC; 2020a), in the case of Texas, which is focus of this analysis, Phase 1A of the rollout was reserved for frontline health care workers, residents of long-term nursing facilities for the elderly, and workers in those same facilities. Phase 1B included people ages 65 and above and people ages 16 and above with at least one comorbidity defined by the state as being particularly vulnerable for the disease, such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, obesity, chronic heart disease, and so on. Although the goal was to equitably distribute vaccine doses to reach the vulnerable, the question remains whether this goal was met.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 163}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    A central policy puzzle in heterogeneous systems is how policy leaders\u2014who are willing to bear higher costs for policy action\u2014 can demonstrate effective mitigation strategies that make it easier for other units to follow. For climate change, followership is particularly critical to effective policy, because the jurisdictions that are willing to lead on climate policy account for just a tiny fraction of global emissions47. In our analysis, followership is especially needed in the medium-supporting states, given their large contribution to national total emissions. The largest differences between leader and follower units arise with so-called harder-to-abate sectors such as industrial heating, buildings and transportation48. For policymakers, this suggests that there is a very high premium on advances in decarbonization of these sectors, because followership will be hardest in these domains. If leaders can, through testing and deployment in their local markets, reduce abatement costs in these other sectors, they could make followership much easier and increase total leverage on emissions. For analysts, the role of these sectors in follower jurisdictions suggests that we need to analyse the real potential for improved decarbonization performance in these sectors in greater depth. Where leadership can plausibly reduce costs, the model of heterogeneous policymaking can be particularly advantageous; where not, it could lead to policy cul-de-sacs, where followers never follow and world emissions remain stuck at high levels.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 164}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    As for policies, our result shows that relaxing fertility policies and delaying retirement age will boost the population (and labour supply) and then lead to increases in total and per capita household carbon footprints, most of which come from the fertility side. We do not interpret the result to imply that such policies should be avoided to reduce environmental pressure33. Rather, our result provides evidence of interactions between the policies targeting population aging and climate change, highlighting the importance of synergizing these two types of policies. Although fertility and retirement policies may pose a challenge to China's carbon emissions mitigation, these policies (particularly those for retirement delay) can lower the dependency ratio and thus improve the demographic dividend (Supplementary Note 2).\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 165}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    This study offers empirical evidence for the ability of prediction markets to change people's attitudes about climate change. The engagement with climate prediction markets in a domain that is uniformly quantitative and less polarizing than politics could not only support existing methods to change climate concerns4,13,51,57 but also act as an ultimate polling tool to help scientists, activists and politicians aggregate public opinion about trends, policy preferences and future scientific predictions. It has not escaped our notice that the powerful financial instrument proposed here could be used in other topics of controversy where an agreed-upon arbiter of truth could allow individuals to reflect their views through market economics rather than publicly stated opinions.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 166}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Understanding how therapeutic and punitive control blend together is essential for scholars studying health governance in the twenty-first century. There are several possible areas of collision between punitive state and medical systems. Future global health crises are expected to become more frequent and destructive and will likely necessitate strong partnerships between public health, medicine, and the state. Furthermore, the increasing politicization of health care access and rights for marginalized groups, including efforts to limit health care access to immigrants and transgender people, and ongoing efforts to restrict access to abortion services will likely create myriad opportunities for health care workers to enforce laws, actively challenge them, or ignore them. Finally, researchers and practitioners should examine the day-to-day criminalization of health care, including practices such as forensic testing, mandated reporting, sharing private medical records for prosecutorial purposes, and court- mandated or coerced treatment. How medical actors mobilize law and exercise discretion reflects larger population control methods and reveals new vulnerable populations and social fault lines at the interstices of medicine and punitive state systems.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 167}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Structural sexism is an important determinant of preventive health care use for both men and women. These findings suggest a few possible explanations related to the gender performance and gendered power and resource allocation perspectives. Specific to men, structural sexism may exacerbate gender norms that disincentivize them from using care to avoid appearing vulnerable. For both men and women, a lack of resources and state-level supports may prevent them from receiving preventive health care services. This work contributes to a growing body of research on the universal harm of structural sexism and the urgency of dismantling oppressive gender systems to improve population health.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 168}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Second, capturing dependencies and feedback mechanisms between supply and demand might constrain the joint feasibility space as substantially decoupled scenarios, such as high production with low demand or vice versa, may be deemed improbable. Similarly, demand scenarios where BEV ranges remain low but their sales shares rise high may be considered improbable, given that perceived range anxiety remains a significant barrier for many potential buyers46,47. Future studies could use other approaches, such as system dynamics.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 169}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Rather than assuming these biases do not exist, clinicians would benefit from acknowledging biases and identifying techniques to actively challenge and undermine dominant stereotypes. Providers deserve tools to help them respond when patients make different choices than they might prefer. One such strategy is to do more within contraceptive initiatives to explicitly address individually held biases around reproduction and connect them to the social forces that engender them. Additionally, researchers should reflect epistemologically on the impact of their findings about pregnancy risk and contraceptive use on stoking and legitimizing provider biases about who is fit to parent and which contraceptive is preferred. Contextualizing their findings, for instance, may mitigate such effects (Dehlendorf et al. 2018).\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 170}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    In the case of aggregate feedback, most energy efficiency studies yielded much smaller savings effects once those interventions were evaluated with large, non-self-selected samples7-9. In other words, those interventions resonated much less with broader, non-selfselected audiences than with those individuals who had opted to participate. By contrast, with a highly significant treatment effect of 11.4% among uninformed hotel guests, this study provides empirical evidence that activity-specific real-time feedback can induce substantial behaviour change among a broader population, even in a setting without monetary incentives for resource conservation. Thus, providing real-time feedback on a specific energy-intensive activity may generate large and persistent savings effects25 not only among the small percentage of the population who tend to opt into energy efficiency studies11,20,21,23; the results indicate that the intervention successfully induces substantial behaviour change and resource conservation among broader audiences.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 171}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Having mapped the national scale of regulatory difference for electricity retail protections, the next analytical step will be to determine the impacts of these disparities on outcomes for human communities, such as health and well-being. The absence of disconnection reporting for prepay customers has wide-reaching consequences. Australia's Closing the Gap agreement is intended to improve life outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people69. Yet, the Commonwealth agency charged with monitoring progress on this area has been unable to report against essential services (electricity) progress due to lack of data70. Reporting of self-disconnections should be mandatory in  all jurisdictions. Further, we recommend that Australian regulatory bodies require the number of registered life-support customers by payment type in each jurisdiction to be publicly reported; reporting could highlight areas of under-registration, such as in areas where prepay and life-support protections are mutually exclusive. Australia's regulatory agencies charged with governing electricity retail protections could take this role. Future work could consider the Australian governance structures that gave rise to the disparities in regulatory protections, including use of prepayment, that we see clearly visualized in our mapping.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 172}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Nevertheless, as also found in previous studies with lower operational resolution37,39,41, combining biomass usage with carbon capture was found to be a robust strategy. Whereas these earlier studies only include CCS, this study also includes CCU and finds both very valuable to enable high carbon efficiencies in a renewable energy system. Allowing more fossil fuel usage compensated through CDR did not substantially affect near-optimal biomass usage (in contrast to Grant et al.48), but it was found to reduce the competitiveness of using captured carbon to produce electrofuels (CCU), in favour of sequestering it (CCS). In fact, failing to apply carbon capture resulted in a considerably reduced value of using biomass in the energy system. Owing to its high investment cost, carbon capture was found to be cost effective in processes running with high utilization rates and not in applications managing the integration of variable renewable electricity.A net-negative target for the European energy system is probably needed to reach territorial net-zero emissions, considering that residual emissions in other sectors need to be compensated; this might exert a substantial demand pull for biomass, especially if VRE and electrolyser deployment falls behind expectations. The resulting level of biomass usage may even exceed the lower end of estimated global biomass residue potentials, which spans a wide range of 3-21 PWh per year (ref. 110).\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 173}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    In the United States, FEMA maps require further updates inflood-prone areas, as already highlighted in previous research47-49.The current perception is that FEMA's hazard maps, which have notbeen updated for over a decade, are outdated due to climate changeand land-use alterations41. Critically, we show here that FEMA mapsare further outdated because the methods (modeling and flood concepts) used to generate them do not consider the complexity of floodconnectivity, especially in urbanscapes. Hence, flood risk assessmentscan become particularly unreliable for urban zones where the differentflood processes interact (Fig. 1), compromising their utility. Forthe specific case study considered here, the simulated water levelsduring STORM2014 at the two discussed outfall locations were higherthan what FEMA maps show for the 0.2% annual flood probability(a 500-year return period). This was also confirmed by eyewitnessaccounts. This demonstrates the necessity for more accuratemodels to mimic the spatial interactions of flood mechanisms acrossrivers, surfaces, drainage systems and other infrastructure types.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 174}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Despite the demonstrated advantage of ARPA-E awardees in producing inventions, we find no clear evidence that they perform differently from similar cleantech startups as a whole in terms of acquisition/IPO, survival or VC funding post-award within 10-15 yr of founding. We face the limitations of a small sample of ARPA-E companies, which partly explains the large standard error on these measurements, and a relatively short period of time following ARPA-E funding for cleantech innovations to pay off. Nonetheless, we do measure significantly better business outcomes for ARPA-E startups than for our sample of high-quality rejected applicants. Although we cannot confirm the presence of a treatment effect, we note that such an effect could be consistent with the lack of business advantage for the kinds of firms that apply for ARPA-E support.  If ARPA-E attracted applicants whose plans for technology development were riskier or more capital intensive, then these firms may have been generally at a disadvantage in terms of business success. A positive treatment effect could have allowed ARPA-E awardees to overcome negative factors afflicting ARPA-E applicants and to catch up with other firms, while not fully closing the gap between public and private funding sources for these innovative cleantech startups.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 175}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Our data suggest that inherent differences across the two solar products largely explain historical differences in housing type and tenure between community and rooftop solar adopters. Evidence of inherent impacts on housing type and tenure is generally encouraging from a policy perspective. Inherent impacts suggest that policymakers could expand solar access by creating a basic infrastructure for community solar, such as virtual net metering, even without specific measures to promote equity, such as LMI incentives or carve outs. Nonetheless, we find evidence that LMI community solar programmes increase LMI adoption by subsidizing enrolment for LMI customers, incentivizing project managers to acquire LMI customers, or reserving shares of project capacity for LMI customers. Our results also suggest that LMI community solar programmes expand access to people of colour and Hispanic households. Overall, the results suggest that targeted LMI community solar policy can augment the access benefits of community solar.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 176}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Our results indicate that removing federal development incentives can be a cost-effective option for preventing over-development in risky areas while generating co-benefits. Still, programmes like the CBRS are designed to pre-empt development in risky areas, not assist in managed retreat. In areas where strategic relocation of people and capital is deemed necessary, other policy interventions are likely to be required.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 177}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    We do not find evidence that community solar has expanded solar access in terms of race. Indeed, we find that people of colour and Hispanic households have been less likely to adopt community solar than rooftop solar. The reason for these racial differences is unclear. One hypothesis is that some households may be suspicious of marketing for relatively unknown products such as community solar29. Such suspicions may be particularly prevalent among people of colour and Hispanic households that are more likely to be victimized by fraudulent marketing than White households35. At the same time, that hypothesis would need to be squared with the apparent acceptance of rooftop solar leasing by people of colour and Hispanic adopters (see Fig. 4). Future research could explore how differences in marketing, customer perceptions, or other factors could explain racial differences across the two solar products.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 178}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    In general, the results of this study speak to the problem of multiple morbidity, hinting at some of its complexities for understanding population health. The use of multiple pharmaceuticals has increased over time, in tandem with the increasing intensity of medical intervention (Aronowitz 2012; Swinglehurst and Fudge 2017), a pattern some refer to as \u201cpharmaceuticalization\u201d in reference to the parallel concept of medicalization (Abraham 2010). Polypharmacy itself has been linked to adverse events and nonadherence, and there has been some discussion on how to assist physicians in managing the practice (Grando et al. 2012). Yet little is known about multiple morbidity per se or the ways in which the treatment of one disease has consequences for another, in large part because medical science continues to be organized around discrete disease categories. It is unlikely that medical treatment always involves complementarities between diseases. Some evidence points to a rise, for instance, in emergency room visits for adverse effects of medical treatment (Bernstein et al. 2003). But a lack of complementarities is perhaps especially likely when mental illness has consistently played a secondary role to physical illness. The scope of the side-effects issue is broad, and future research should consider the role of pharmaceutical side effects in other psychiatric disorders, including side effects related to anxiety, confusion, and psychotic syndromes.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 179}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    In mapping the spatial arrangement of regulatory disparity, it is essential to acknowledge the legacy of cartography as an instrument of governmentality in delineating those territories stolen from Australia's First Peoples, whose lands they never surrendered. Even the most well-intentioned map-making risks obscuring or misrepresenting procedural, distributive and recognition injustices for specific communities and/or individuals. Moreover, regulation undergoes frequent iteration, and there were numerous changes proposed, in draft form or in the process of introduction during this review. We seek to dispel here any perception of a deficit narrative of Australian rurality and acknowledge the efforts of the many individuals, communities, advocates, utilities and policymakers engaged in finding local solutions and alternatives to the challenges identified here. Methodologically, we recognize that identifying underserved communities with a simple count of regulations provided does not capture the potential for regulations to have differing extents and magnitudes of impact. We opted for a simple count as the most transparent indicator of locations facing disadvantage in multiple areas, while mindful that this may not fully capture regulation in each practical application. Finally, we note that the situation in Australia is unique to this country, its history, demography and geography. Nonetheless, we hope that by identifying patterns of underserved locations and demographics shown in this work, we create the impetus for future work interrogating local situations globally, so as to identify disparities in current electricity regulations that may reproduce inequalities in transitioning systems.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 180}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Ample research suggests that the links between higher education and heath are robust and growing in strength. This research, however, tends to assume education was completed prior to assuming other adult roles. Importantly, the life course framework raises the question of whether \u201cout-of-sequence\u201d college completion conveys similar health returns. I investigate this question among a population for whom outof-sequence schooling has grown more common: lower-educated mothers. This focus is also important given the growing education gap in women's health and the links between maternal and child health. Data come from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 4,898). Analyses involve random intercept and fixed effects models and diverse health measures. Findings suggest that postsecondary education does not improve mother's health, except for reduced smoking among mothers with high school degrees or less that earned bachelor's degrees. These findings inform health policy debates and theories linking education to health.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 181}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Taken together, these prediction markets' properties make their application at scale (that is, under a federally regulated authority) a promising instrument in the arsenal of climate policymakers56. As current direct financial incentives\u2014for example, tax credits or government subsidies\u2014produce limited results with respect to shifting concerns on climate58, prediction markets could act as a complementary tool for climate policy. The introduction of large-scale prediction markets for climate change could create a new sector of the financial information industry where climate attribution and prediction modelling would grow from a small academic enterprise to one that can help numerous governmental and private sector entities plan for the manifold effects of climate change and prioritize mitigation efforts.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 182}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Of course, our results have to be considered in light of a continuously evolving power system. We assumed 30 years of lifetime for all installed capacities; however, some capacities, in particular coal power plants, may soon be retired, and therefore, their winterization may not be profitable. As the winterization of new capacity is cheaper and easier to implement than the winterization of existing capacity, winterization standards for installing new power plants and associated infrastructure should have a high priority. The ongoing transformation of the Texan power system can therefore be considered an opportunity to ensure robustness during future  freeze events.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 183}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Controlling bioenergy-induced land-use-change emissions is key to exploiting bioenergy for climate change mitigation. However, the effect of different land-use and energy sector policies on specific bioenergy emissions has not been studied so far. Using the global integrated assessment model REMIND-MAgPIE, we derive a biofuel emission factor (EF) for different policy frameworks. We find that a uniform price on emissions from both sectors keeps biofuel emissions at 12 kg CO2 GJ-1. However, without land-use regulation, the EF increases substantially (64 kg CO2 GJ-1 over 80 years, 92 kg CO2 GJ-1 over 30 years). We also find that comprehensive coverage (>90%) of carbon-rich land areas worldwide is key to containing land-use emissions. Pricing emissions indirectly on the level of bioenergy consumption reduces total emissions by cutting bioenergy demand but fails to reduce the average EF. In the absence of comprehensive and timely land-use regulation, bioenergy thus may contribute less to climate change mitigation than assumed previously.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 184}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Before turning to numerical results, to underpin our motivation for analysing a shock scenario, we develop a conceptual model on how policy credibility, actors' foresight and carbon prices influence each other (Fig. 5). The left side schematically represents the events from 2017 to 2021. It starts from a state with low policy credibility due to the huge certificate surplus, myopic market actors and ensuing low carbon prices. Then, the MSR reform and the higher ambition in the 'Fit for 55' package substantially strengthened the policy credibility and set in motion a reinforcing cycle: actors extend their foresight horizon, which in turn increases carbon prices, which (1) may increase the policy credibility and (2) attracts non-compliance actors to the market with at least partially more long-term investment strategies.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 185}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    In conclusion, this study showed reductions in coal-fired power plant air pollution exposure after retirements and SO2control installations near Louisville. These reductions appear to translate into substantially fewer asthma-related ERVs and hospitalizations, as well as fewer average daily SABA uses. Given that 20.4 million adults, or about 9% of the population, suffered from current asthma in 201649, the shift in US energy trends away from coal-fired electricity generation may reduce asthma morbidity below otherwise expected levels. Future research should evaluate this potential impact so that plant controls and retirement sites can be phased to affect neighbourhoods and schools at the highest risk for asthma.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 186}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Defamilization is a crucial concept in understanding the interplay between gender, work, and family. Historically burdened with caregiving and household duties, women's engagement in the labor market has been significantly influenced by defamilization policies. These policies aim to reduce the caregiving responsibilities traditionally assigned to women, enhancing their autonomy and ability to participate fully in the labor force. Such measures help balance work and family life and lessen financial dependence within families (Bambra 2007; Chau et al. 2017; Lohmann and Zagel 2016). The effectiveness of defamilization policies is evident in their capacity to redistribute paid and unpaid labor, which is vital for understanding how life course trajectories in work and family contexts impact health. For example, in environments with minimal defamilization support, women juggling intensive domestic and professional roles may face different mental health challenges compared to those in contexts with substantial state support for unpaid labor. Similarly, the mental health outcomes in traditional family settings with long-term labor force attachment can vary significantly depending on the level of defamilization.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 187}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    First, include clear projections for (1) the amount of residual emissions, (2) where they originate sectorally and spatially and (3) the types of greenhouse gas. Scenarios and the graphical user interfaces used to explore them can be made more user friendly, allowing broader engagement with these key issues in climate policy. Multiscalar datasets linking broader analysis of residual emissions to regional or facility-level data would enable critical debates about infrastructure and enable planning for just transitions.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 188}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Second, policymakers should plan the transition from subsidies to market mechanisms. In the short run, achieving rapid near-term hydrogen growth is crucial to keep 1.5 \u00b0C scenarios within reach. This requires strong policies, such as subsidies to directly bridge the cost gap, minimize investment risks and initialize a hydrogen market. However, as hydrogen technologies and markets mature, policy support should shift to market-based mechanisms to (1) reduce policy costs, (2) reveal the full hydrogen costs to markets and consumers, and (3) create a level playing field with other mitigation options. The most important technology-neutral strategy is ambitious carbon pricing. However, as carbon prices are currently too low and too uncertain in the future, complementary instruments are required to de-risk the remaining uncertainties. These include technology-neutral auctions of carbon contracts for difference57, which hedge investors against unpredictable prices by covering the difference between emissions abatement costs and carbon prices, as well as tradable, technology-neutral quotas for, for example, low-carbon materials, fostering green lead markets.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 189}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Hence, the policy challenge is to either close the regulatory gap by comprehensively regulating the LU sector (on a global level, as our analysis on regional fragmentation shows) and produce biomass at scale, or substantially reduce bioenergy demand by increasing its price, as bioenergy cannot be treated carbon neutral otherwise. Given the difficulties in regulating the LU sector described above, this implies that bioenergy may play a much smaller role in climate change mitigation than suggested by most IAM scenarios2. The main driving force behind this challenge is the huge demand for non-electric energy, particularly transport fuels. Broad and deep electrification of end uses would thus lower the pressure on the land system and bypass the regulatory gaps in the LU sector60.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 190}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Integrated approaches combining different strategies not only lead to the greatest reduction in emissions but also help alleviate stresses on the upstream energy supply sector that may arise from individual demand-side strategies, such as an increase in electricity demand, storage and grids due to electrification. Furthermore, decomposition analysis shows that efficiency improvements, and to a lesser extent activity shifts, can contribute to further emissions reductions.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 191}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    First, we use the stringency of a country's climate policy as proxy for policymaker demands. If policymakers\u2014meaning politicians  and/or bureaucrats\u2014have enacted stringent national climate policy, they may expect central banks to follow suit and to support their policy goals35-37,43,44. Absent direct policymaker influence on central banks, this relationship might also exist if a central bank has a mandate to support the domestic economy or support the government's economic agenda, as in China or the USA.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 192}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Estimated production costs for primary non-residue biomass (for example, Millinger et al.111) fall within competitive cost ranges in this study, especially if biomass residues are limited. Thus, high biomass demand and prices could provide an incentive for the forest and agriculture sectors to produce more primary non-residue biomass for the energy system. The land carbon consequences in such a scenario are uncertain; studies find that biomass demand can induce changes in land use affecting land carbon stocks positively or negatively, depending on climate and soil conditions, historic land use, character of biomass production system being established, governance and other geographically varying factors104,112-116.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 193}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Although the mechanisms that we infer to understand the results are established in stratification and labor literatures, they remain speculative in their precise connection to older adulthood health disparities. Future research should establish the responsible mechanisms for this study's findings. We assumed that union membership itself was the driver of older adulthood health outcomes. Yet unions have well-established influence on egalitarian state-level policy outcomes. To what extent does cumulative unionization reflect longer residence in more egalitarian policy environments? To what extent does unionization prevent early mortality? If unions help prevent death during one's career and improve health outcomes, our results might be conservative when considered alongside uneven mortality along unionization. More research on this topic is needed. The group with partially unionized careers consistently and surprisingly had the worst health outcomes. Although we control for many career characteristics, this group may experience significant unmeasured volatility, either life course or economic. In Appendix Table 1 in the online version of the article, we include descriptive information for this group compared to never and highly unionized groups. Although beyond the scope of the current study, this group deserves greater attention. Although the later life health disadvantages of partial union exposure imply longer-term consequences of career instability and changes, our findings do not rule out the possibility that union status might still provide contemporaneous health benefits for these workers.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 194}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Regarding the cost-effectiveness of the intervention in the hotel context studied, on the basis of the savings effects observed, the device pays itself off in a hotel within 2.2 years on average, which is a very low amortization time as compared to other energy efficiency investments2,44. Thus, the results suggest that even in settings where third parties pay for the marginal cost of resource consumption, activity-specific feedback can be a cost-effective and scalable strategy to foster energy conservation.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 195}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    But if spot and futures markets do not operate properly, a speculative bubble can impose significant costs. During Regimes 7 and 8, speculative bubbles raise prices by US$14.31 and US$4.65 per barrel, respectively (Table 3 and Supplementary Note 3). These price increases transfer US$42.9 billion from US consumers to US oil producers and transfer US$87.4 billion from the US economy to oil exporting nations. These totals suggest transfers that reduce total social welfare. Such welfare losses suggest that regulations, which prevent speculative bubbles, can avoid significant costs.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 196}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    Although the promise of policy implementation gives reason for hope in curbing prescription drug overdoses, the problem of adulteration and synthetic opioids, such as fentanyl, raises concern because these substances may be less impacted by policies such as PDMPs. Put simply, policy approaches aimed at controlling pathways to drug use through the medical system are less likely to meet the challenges of evolving drug markets. Foucault (1995) warns that state surveillance may shift to the criminal justice system where other institutions fail because criminal justice fills any gap in the perfection of self-governing behavior. Thus, the rise of fentanyl adulteration could mark a resurgence in prior emphases on criminalization approaches. However, even for illicit drugs, disproportionate reliance on criminalization is not a foregone conclusion. Expanding health systems for early intervention with people who use drugs and promoting access for drug-dependent persons to receive needed treatment services while still creating surveillance are likely preferable to an expansion of the coercive power of the criminal justice system. We may only reduce morbidity and mortality from substance use through sustained and comprehensive efforts of prevention, health promotion, clinical care, and treatment alongside policy implementation.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 197}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    This Analysis contributes to the ongoing discussion about how to address climate change through forest conservation policies in developing countries and via zero-deforestation supply-chain initiatives. It is particularly relevant because a substantial number of developing countries do not have the resources to produce their own deforestation alert system. The globally consistent platform analysed here can also facilitate worldwide investments in climate change interventions. Important unanswered questions remain about how the benefits of GLAD alerts will evolve in the long term, the most effective ways to encourage use and the technical limits of such large-scale monitoring. Nonetheless, we conclude that the GLAD system of freely available near-real-time forest monitoring provides an immensely valuable scaffold for the implementation of national forest policies, and subsequently to the world that benefits from the global public goods provided by standing forests.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 198}
{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the policy implications of the research findings.\n\n    Summarize the implication using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n    - Explain how the described result or observation could inform or influence policy\n    - Use accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n    - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n    Scientific Text:\n    The framework we have developed\u2014incorporating technological and social dynamics into a climate-economy model\u2014allows us to highlight the adverse distributional implications of financing negative emissions in the race to meet the Paris Agreement targets. Although robust to different specifications, our results rest upon assumptions that, while common in the climate mitigation literature (for example, a single carbon market) or reasonable given the current policy environment (for example, private ownership of NET companies), depend on policy and ethical choices: who should finance, within and across societies, the provision of a global public good such as CO2 removal, who should own the means to provide this public good, and how to design policies which avoid unintended and detrimental consequences? Our findings suggest that, when confronted with these questions, policymakers designing institutions for effective and fair CO2 removal should focus on their distributional implications: policy provisions that affect the ownership structure and the market for NETs can mitigate the inequality concerns described here but require political capital and a sound understanding of the repercussion of these crucial climate strategies. Methodologically, the paper shows that, when evaluating decarbonization strategies, there is a need for models that are able to capture the interactions of technology and finance with societal goals such as inequality control.\n\n    Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 199}