{"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Table 2 displays the results of the ordered logistic regression analyses of community distrust and subjective social isolation. Model 1 shows that, independent of the controls, respondents in 2020 evidenced a significantly increased risk of community distrust. Being a respondent in the 2020 survey was associated with almost 50% greater odds of reporting a higher level of distrust than being a respondent in the 2019 sample. However, these between-wave differences did not vary by age; the interaction between wave of survey and age in Model 2 is not significant.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 0} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Table 3 shows results from logistic regression models of the association between state-level sexism, inability to access health care, and lack of health insurance. State-level sexism was associated with significantly higher odds of inability to access health care for women (odds ratio [OR] = 1.86, 95% CI, 1.51-2.30) and marginally higher odds for men (OR = 1.32, 95% CI, 0.98 -1.78), meaning that a 1 SD increase in state-level sexism was associated with 86% higher odds of inability to access care among women and 32% higher odds of inability to access care among men. Results from pooled-sample models that included an interaction term for state-level sexism and gender show no significant gender differences in the associations between state-level sexism and inability to access care. Higher state-level sexism was also associated with higher odds of being uninsured among both women and men (OR = 1.58, 95% CI, 1.25-2.00 for women; OR = 1.56, 95% CI, 1.14-2.12 for men). Pooledsample models with the interaction term reveal no significant gender difference in this association.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 1} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Cross-sectional generalized-ordered logistic regressions show that households acquiring their LPG connections through PMUY have significantly lower odds of being primary users compared to general customers (odds ratio (OR), 0.64; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.52-0.78) (Table 1). The odds drop further still for exclusive use (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.45-0.71). The lower odds of PMUY households using more LPG is neither a factor of their relatively poor socio-economic status, nor of the infancy of their connection, as both of these factors are controlled for in the model. Rather, we suggest that households that made a decision to spend the upfront cost and effort to procure an LPG connection are probably more willing and more financially prepared to use LPG for the majority of their cooking needs than those who have been provided with a free connection.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 2} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Overall, results are consistent with hypothesis 3 and inconsistent with hypotheses 1 and 2: an ADHD diagnosis has a negative \u201cmarginal effect\u201d on future child self-competence and teacher-rated school behaviors, but only among children from middle- and upper-SES families (Table 2). Both diagnosed children from upper-SES and middle-SES backgrounds exhibit .36 points (or .36 / .69 = .52 SD) statistically significantly lower future positive learning-related behaviors in fifth grade compared to their undiagnosed counterparts who had similar propensities for diagnosis but were not diagnosed (Models 1-2). Diagnosed upper-SES children also exhibit .25 points (.25 / .57 = .44 SD) statistically significantly higher externalizing problems in fifth grade than their undiagnosed counterparts (Model 4). Diagnosed middle-SES children likewise exhibit statistically significant .18 points (.18 / .65 = .28 SD) higher externalizing problems than their undiagnosed counterparts (Model 5). Finally, diagnosed upper-SES children report statistically significantly lower perceived self-competence by .25 points (.25 / .77=.32 SD). Diagnosed middle-SES children likewise report .27 points (.27 / .80 = .34 SD) statistically significantly lower perceived self-competence relative to undiagnosed matches who had a similar propensity to be diagnosed (Models 7-8). Consistent with prior qualitative work (Lareau 2003), differences in outcomes between diagnosed and undiagnosed middle- versus upper-SES children are not statistically significant from one another.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 3} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Addressing climate change effectively and rapidly requires not only investing in new energy technologies but also divesting from carbon-intensive energy infrastructures39-43. Our study is among the first to investigate citizens' views on the second part of this equation. Using a large-scale survey, we assessed German voters' preferences for different policy design options to phase out coal. We found that the average respondent consistently prefers a more ambitious timeline. All else being equal, the preference was to phase out coal by 2025, which contrasts with the Coal Commission's proposal to phase out coal by 2038. A particular strength of our methodological approach is that the choice experiments allow us to scrutinize respondents' timing preferences in relation to possible trade-offs between the different attributes of an accelerated phase-out, such as higher cost. By comparing preferences across attributes, we find that support for an accelerated phase-out is upheld up to an additional cost to society of \u20ac8.5 billion (see Supplementary Fig. 1).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 4} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Figure 2 displays the results of a subgroup analysis by political party, comparing preferences of Democrats, Republicans and Independents. Here, we report marginal means for each party on each attribute.We find statistically significant differences in preferences as a function of political party affiliation between Republicans and Democrats, Republicans and Independents, and Independents and Democrats. While partisan differences are present, they are generally minimal and not statistically significant, with their magnitudes being nearly identical across groups. Considering distance from residential areas and site types, there is no statistically significant difference in marginal means across respondents from any political party. Considering jobs, there is not a statistically significant difference in marginal means between Republicans and Democrats, suggesting similar preferences. There are small differences between Independents and each other party that indicate Independents do not prioritize jobs as heavily (6 p.p. difference between Independents and Democrats for 'no changes to number of jobs', 7 p.p. difference between Independents and Republicans for '50 jobs lost due to retirement of an old plant'). In both cases, Independents lean further towards the middle.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 5} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Table 2 also presents the prevalence of specific chronic conditions, once again arrayed over raceethnicity. In this case, the racial-ethnic differences are somewhat different. In general, many chronic conditions are more common among non-Hispanic whites than minorities, though there are notable exceptions. Blacks report a considerably higher prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, stroke, and asthma. For many chronic conditions, Asians and Hispanics report a considerably lower prevalence than non-Hispanic whites.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 6} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We examine the sensitivity of our results with respect to time and patenting activity. Climate-tech investment has matured from Cleantech 1.0 to Cleantech 2.0, potentially leading to different investment effects across time periods (Supplementary Note 1)2,30. To assess potential differences, we replicate the analysis in Table 2 for both time periods. Whereas there is little difference in trends for exits, corporations are significantly associated with failure only in the Cleantech 1.0 period (Supplementary Tables 13 and 14). Further investigation is needed to determine the causes of this change (Discussion); however, it may indicate a lower hazard of startup failure from future corporate investments. All other trends remain the same, indicating the analysis presented here is robust to temporal differences. We also examine if our results vary for a subset of high-patenting startups, which may indicate 'unicorn' startups that potentially skew our results (Supplementary Note 2). We find that no investment source is a significant predictor of exits or failures for high-patenting startups, but location in a climate-tech hotspot is highly significant and correlates with an increase in likelihood of exit (Supplementary Table 15). Corporate investment shows a unique relationship for these high-patenting startups with a negative but insignificant correlation with failure, contrasted with other private investment, which still has a positive and significant correlation with failure as in the overall dataset (Supplementary Table 16).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 7} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Secondly, Fig. 3 shows that the 'Fit for 55' package sharply increases the stringency of the EU ETS. Optimal carbon prices (that is, obtained under the assumption of perfect foresight) to reach the new targets are substantially higher than those that were necessary for achieving previous goals. In fact, modelled prices for the 'Fit for 55' targets for 2020-2023 are in the order of \u20ac70-90 tCO2-1, corresponding well to observed 2021-2023 prices on the EU ETS, thus supporting the hypothesis that actors have transitioned towards a more farsighted perspective.Figure 4 discusses the final point of this section: could an influx of long-term investors explain the strong rise of carbon prices if other actors had remained myopic? Here we assume external investors temporarily block a part of the allowances on the market, which then cannot be used by compliance actors to cover their emissions during the period (Methods). This influences the price trajectory: when external investors buy, prices go up; when they sell, prices can go down.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 8} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n One potential drawback of the slip's format is that it could lead to lower-quality referrals if it encouraged clients to list multiple names without considering who would qualify. To evaluate this, we compared the proportion of referrals per client in each condition who lived in geographic areas eligible for solar subsidies (Methods and Supplementary Tables 8 and 9). As shown in Fig. 2b, reciprocity + simplification had a statistically equivalent proportion of referrals living in eligible areas as the control (69% versus 71% at 17 weeks, P = 0.793; 73% versus 67% at 9 months, P = 0.691). In contrast, the reciprocity condition yielded a significantly higher proportion of eligible nominations at both timepoints, representing a 23-27% improvement over the control at 17 weeks and 9 months, respectively, and a 28% to 22% improvement over reciprocity + simplification. We note, however, that because reciprocity + simplification generated far more nominations in total, it led to 7.3 times more qualified nominations than the control at 17 weeks (124 versus 17; IRR 95% CI 4.17-12.74, P < 0.0001) and three times as many than reciprocity (124 versus 42; IRR 95% CI 1.89-4.61, P < 0.0001). Similarly, reciprocity alone yielded 2.5 times as many qualified nominations as the control (95% CI 1.32-4.61, P = 0.005). The differences between conditions largely persisted at 9 months.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 9} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n In scenarios that limit warming to below 2 \u00b0C (see Methods for scenario definitions), gross emissions reductions are the dominant mitigation response in the coming three decades. Between 2020 and 2050, emissions are reduced by 62% (46-75%). Subsequently, CDR becomes the main mitigation strategy in the second half of the twenty-first century, with scenarios cumulating 670 (450-1100) GtCO2 of removals by 2100. Novel CDR tends to continuously scale up in scenarios throughout the twenty-first century and accounts for over half of cumulative removals by 2100. By contrast, conventional CDR on land starts from a high baseline but quickly reaches saturation by the mid-century due to land area constraints for afforestation/restoration.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 10} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Table 4 presents the results examining life expectancy and reveals three important points. First, Model 1 shows that increases in income inequality are associated with decreases in life expectancy (b = -.031; p < .001) when nonlagged, while Model 4 shows this association for lagged income inequality is not statistically significant (b = -.007; p = .347). The former association corresponded with a standard deviation increase in income inequality being associated with a .15-year decrease in life expectancy. This estimate was found by standardizing our income inequality measure and rerunning Model 1 (not shown). Second, both the nonlagged policy liberalism score (Model 2, b = 2.164, p = .07) and the lagged score (Model 5, b = 2.143, p < .05) are associated with life expectancy, net of income inequality. Third, the association between income inequality and life expectancy did not show any meaningful change with the inclusion of policy liberalism in either the lagged or nonlagged models. This latter point hints that the association between income inequality and life expectancy is not mediated by policy liberalism. We next performed a formal mediation analysis to assess the veracity of this claim.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 11} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Various SSPs that underpin climate projections have different implications for baseline gross domestic product (GDP) and population growth and urbanization in Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt over 2021-2050 (Fig. 3b)44-46. The highest economic growth for each of the three countries is projected under SSP5, whereas the lowest economic growth occurs under SSP3. Cooperative adaptive management policy for the GERD We use the Nile adaptive management framework to formulate and design an adaptive management policy for the GERD's initial filling and long-term operation for 2020-2045, involving short-term rules and interim and long-term adaptation measures to cope with climate change uncertainties. The formulation is based on cooperative behaviour whereby the riparian countries consider each other's interests through adaptive measures. The formulation of the GERD adaptive filling and operation policy is described briefly below and detailed in Extended Data Fig. 5. In the adaptive formulation, water retention during the GERD's initial filling phase is carried out in July and August and follows a stage-based approach (Supplementary Table 2) while maintaining a minimum outflow of 1.28 bcm per month, similar to the Washington draft proposal19. From March to June, additional interim water releases during the initial filling phase are made if the storage of the High Aswan Dam (HAD) reservoir in Egypt falls below 60 bcm. This would enable quick initial filling of the GERD, as data show consistently high water storage in the HAD reservoir in recent years (2020-2022)47.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 12} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Regime 1, 1946:1-1949:3, witnesses a price reduction by an average of US$9.26 relative to the equilibrium price implied by market fundamentals (Supplementary Table 3). This reduction is opposite the price increase that is associated with the elimination of price controls on motor gasoline after World War II. During the war, controls create a lack of capacity, as indicated by chronic shortages in drilled wells and transportation facilities8,9. When controls are lifted, price increases are suppressed by non-market interventions. For example, Standard Oil of Indiana and Phillips Petroleum Company ration gasoline to dealers in June 1947 (ref. 10). To stimulate new capacity, the US federal government relaxes anti-trust legislation to enhance cooperation among US oil firms. But one form of cooperation is forbidden: \u201cIn February 1948, the attorney general explicitly excluded from antitrust prosecution cooperation among oil companies so long as this cooperation attempted to alleviate shortages by any mechanism other than raising price.\u201d (ref. 8).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 13} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n If overall biomass usage is restricted to current usage levels, the system cost ends up ~5% higher than without restrictions. If all biomass (except mandatory incineration of municipal solid waste) is excluded, it leads to a 20% higher system cost (Fig. 1a), or an additional cost of \u20ac169 billion annually, roughly corresponding to European defence expenses86. This is twice as much as the cost of excluding solar power and similar to the cost of excluding wind power, despite both of them cost optimally providing more primary energy (Fig. 2d,e). Excluding any of these primary energy sources thus leads to much higher costs. Wind and solar power are more readily interchangeable whereas the substitution of biomass is much more expensive because biomass provides non-fossil carbon in addition to energy, for which the substitute, DAC, coupled with a necessary expansion of additional energy provision, ends up much more expensive. Wind and solar power cannot be excluded simultaneously even at a 25% system cost increase (Fig. 2f).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 14} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Regional disparities are driven by opposing dynamics in service demand and energy efficiency. As lower- and middle-income countries get wealthier, they increasingly demand more energy services for appliances, heating and cooling to support their improved living standards. At the same time, the use of traditional fuels, which are still commonly used for cooking in certain areas (predominantly in Africa), decreases substantially until 2050. Energy demand reductions also occur in OECD countries, where use of natural gas for space heating is steadily decreasing due to improved insulation levels under current policies. In transport, per capita energy demand reduces in some regions, despite rising demand for mobility, due to increased use of electric vehicles with much higher efficiency56 than internal combustion engine vehicles. In contrast to the global results, some models signal that emissions from buildings could be higher in ACT and TEC (Supplementary Fig. 22), probably due to rebound effects. This is particularly noticeable in India, other Asian and Africa and Middle East. An increase is also observed in transport emissions by COFFEE and WITCH for the United States (ACT) and European Union (TEC), respectively. Carefully adapted rebound mitigation policies, for example, through carbon pricing or providing consumption information, could in such cases further increase the effectiveness of demand-side measures57,58.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 15} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Net-zero targets imply that continuing residual emissions will be balanced by carbon dioxide removal. However, residual emissions are typically not well defined, conceptually or quantitatively. We analysed governments' long-term strategies submitted to the UNFCCC to explore projections of residual emissions, including amounts and sectors. We found substantial levels of residual emissions at net-zero greenhouse gas emissions, on average 18% of current emissions for Annex I countries. The majority of strategies were imprecise about which sectors residual emissions would originate from, and few offered specific projections of how residual emissions could be balanced by carbon removal. Our findings indicate the need for a consistent definition of residual emissions, as well as processes that standardize and compare expectations about residual emissions across countries. This is necessary for two reasons: to avoid projections of excessive residuals and correspondent unsustainable or unfeasible carbon-removal levels and to send clearer signals about the temporality of fossil fuel use.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 16} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Conceptualizing lifestyles as a blend of structure and agency (Cockerham 2005), we find that children's health lifestyles are rooted in parents' expansive understandings of health, which blur boundaries across physical and psychological wellbeing, social integration, and academic achievement (Pace, Mollborn, and Rigles 2022; Warner 2010). They are broader than researchers' implicit understandings of health when operationalizing health lifestyles. Health lifestyles encompass children's behaviors (including traditional health behaviors and others linked to wider conceptualizations of health, such as socializing and doing homework). Although content likely varies, norms in the communities that we studied prescribe that children's health lifestyles must reflect substantial parental identity investments and coherent parenting narratives articulating the lifestyle's benefits for health, well-being, and future success. Children's identity expression is also dictated by community norms. Health lifestyles create advantages for children while simultaneously reaffirming parents' advantaged class standing. Health lifestyles likely have implications for socioeconomic attainment, health, and future lifestyles and identities, fueling the intergenerational perpetuation of inequalities.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 17} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n The reciprocity + simplification condition yielded 181 referred names in the first 17 weeks, 7.5 times more than the control (24 names, incidence rate ratio (IRR) 95% CI 4.66-12.19, P < 0.0001) and 3.7 times more than reciprocity alone (49 names, IRR 95% CI 2.41-5.65, P < 0.0001), while reciprocity yielded 2 times more than the control (IRR 95% CI 1.16-3.59, P = 0.013; Supplementary Table 8). Among individuals who responded to the campaign, clients in the reciprocity + simplification condition nominated more individuals (1.68 names per referring client) than either the reciprocity or control conditions (1.32 names in reciprocity, IRR 1.27, 95% CI 1.02-1.56, P = 0.029; 1.09 names in control, IRR 1.54, 95% CI 1.31-1.80, P < 0.0001; Supplementary Table 8).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 18} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We find that the most common aspects across the current business models in the community energy sector include a predominance of electricity generation particularly through solar PV, not having charitable status and not being linked to a charitable 'parent' body, employing three full-time staff at most on average (although there are rare cases of employing up to ten staff), relying on at least some volunteers (and up to 90 in some projects), relying on FITs for revenue and community shares for finance, mainly working with one type of customer only and typically emphasizing environmental value propositions over social and economic value propositions.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 19} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Figure 2c,d summarizes the resulting after-tax CoC. The CoC in 2017 was in the range of 1.6% (solar PV) to 1.9% (wind onshore), corresponding to a low-risk corporate bond of a financial service firm (BB+ to BBB)26. Stated differently, CoC declined by over twothirds (3.5 percentage points) for solar PV projects and more than half (2.6 percentage points) for wind onshore projects. While the CoC for solar PV projects in 2000-2005 was higher than for wind onshore projects, the former had a lower CoC than the latter in 2017. Similar trends were observed for additional financial indicators, such as loan tenors and debt service coverage ratios (DSCRs; see Supplementary Fig. 2). Over our study period, the duration of the feed-in tariff stayed constant at 20 years. Banks offering longer loan tenors is therefore an indication of higher confidence in the project. The DSCR is a measure of project cash flows available to pay debt obligations, namely the principal repayment and interest rate payments. Lower DSCRs can thus be interpreted as an additional indication for lower project risk.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 20} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n This surprising result (that the overall costs do not rise much in spite of huge heterogeneity across states) is largely driven by the flexibility across states in terms of electricity trade and the location of energy-intensive industries (for example, bio-refineries; see the electricity and bioliquids production patterns in Supplementary Fig. 3). In other words, despite the subnational heterogeneity in policy stringency, energy markets are tightly coupled across states, allowing much of the heterogeneity in policy to be arbitraged through trade activities in the energy markets. Comparing the Heterogeneous and Hybrid approach with the Uniform approach, many states adjust the amount of electricity production, technology choices and trading volume with neighbouring states. Nationally, to achieve an 80% cut in GHG emissions, we find ~10% more inter-grid electricity trade under the heterogeneous policy approach than the uniform approach (see Extended Data Fig. 2 for net electricity trade across 15 grid regions; Supplementary Fig. 5 shows a map of the grid regions). There is also a shift in the geographic pattern of where critical mitigation technologies, such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), are being deployed (Extended Data Fig. 3 and Supplementary Fig. 6). This is because, with a heterogeneous approach, the mitigation efforts are shifted from low- to high-supporting states, pushing the green states to achieve deep cuts in their emissions by turning to negative emissions technologies such as BECCS.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 21} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Distance from residential areas, job opportunities and site type do not have a statistically significant causal effect on personal support for energy projects in the overall sample of PA local elected officials (Fig. 3; see Supplementary Table 2 for model estimates). However, respondents appear to favour projects farther away from residential areas, projects that create permanent jobs and projects that reduce residential energy costs rather than increasing economic activity. Like the PA resident sample in experiment 1, ownership models are the strongest predictors of local elected officials' support compared with other attributes. Compared with a baseline of ownership by an American private company, ownership by a foreign private company reduces support by 29 p.p. Unlike the public sample in experiment 1, local elected officials in PA do not prefer solar energy to natural gas with CCS, where we see no statistically significant difference between levels. In fact, local elected officials prefer this baseline to other options\u2014notably, onshore wind turbines are associated with a 26 p.p. reduction in support. Natural gas without CSS is associated with a 19 p.p. decrease in support compared with natural gas with CCS. Nuclear power plants are associated with an 18 p.p. reduction in support compared with natural gas with CCS.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 22} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We then identified energy consumer segments based on consumers' likelihood of adopting the new energy contracts. Segmentation studies have been used to identify different types of consumer in relation to household electricity storage50, acceptance of demand control51, energy conservation behaviours52 or acceptance of smart grids. Some studies have used measured or metred consumption data combined with only basic household and building characteristics to identify groups of energy-consuming households53. Others have used a richer suite of variables, based on qualitative surveys and constructs from behavioural psychology, to capture the psychosocial antecedents of likely market acceptance and targets for behaviour change52. The bases used to cluster the sample populations in these studies were multifarious, ranging among general values, lifestyles, general patterns of energy-consuming behaviours, attitudes to environmental issues and specific energy-related behaviours. Some focused the clustering on the antecedents of behaviour only43, whereas others mixed both the antecedents and the intentions or behaviours themselves52, as we have done here.The cluster analysis identified four groups individually representing between 16 and 35% of the sample. The groups were profiled using the variables used to create them as well as other factors, such as demographic characteristics and current energy use. Profiling consisted of characterizing each segment individually using descriptive statistics as well as comparisons with the other segments using measures of variance and association. Each of these segments was given a short name and a representative narrative statement (Fig. 3).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 23} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n required to reach 3\u00a2 kWh-1, we first establish a baseline system price and LCOE breakdown for 2016, just before Dubai's Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (MBR) phase III announcement, based on a number of sources5,23-26, shown in Fig. 2. CapEx depends heavily on the price of hardware, which accounts for the majority of the total installed cost, with construction labour being the second-largest contributor. CapEx represents about 50% of the LCOE in the baseline model, with operation and maintenance (O&M) and financing costs representing the balance. The baseline financial model assumes a debt fraction of 60% with an interest rate of 5% and a return on equity of 10%, for a total weighted average cost of capital of 7%. The CapEx includes a profit margin for the project developer, while the construction contractor's profit is implicitly included in the contractor markup. The LCOE represents the cost to the project developer of building and operating the system, and of satisfying the debt and equity financers of the project with their required returns, and hence represents a minimum sustainable price for the sale of electricity. The baseline assumptions are listed in the first column of Table 2.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 24} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Global VCEs and tidal flats are estimated to annually bury 80-220 Tg OC (ref. 18) and 6.8 Tg OC (ref. 4), respectively. Correspondingly, 316 to 869 Mg (mean = 592 Mg) and 26.9 Mg Hg could be sequestered by global VCEs and tidal flats annually, although the degradation of VCEs2 may lead to Hg release. This Hg burial flux is comparable to ~25% of global anthropogenic Hg emissions of 2,500 Mg yr-1 (ref. 15), close to half of the global river Hg discharge of 893-1,224 Mg yr-1 to coastal seas19 and roughly equivalent to 70% of the annual oceanic Hg sequestration of 800 Mg (ref. 15).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 25} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Literature hitherto published on PMUY15,20,23,28,37,38 has primarily focused on national-level LPG connections, average consumption or in-depth surveys of PMUY beneficiaries from rural areas based on self-reported consumption data. These prior works are either too general (national-level and average consumption figures) or need to be complemented with other data sources on consumption. Here, we use an original dataset of LPG sales transactions records (>200,000) for more than 25,000 rural (PMUY and general) consumers from Koppal district in Karnataka state to address these knowledge gaps (see Methods) to assess the efficacy of PMUY in promoting a cooking energy transition, and the determinants of adoption, which can inform potential mid-course corrections, and similar future initiatives. The dataset used contains details for all LPG sales transactions in Koppal district (see Supplementary Note 3 and Supplementary Table 2 for a socio-economic profile of the region) between January 2016 and December 2018 for three distributors of a public sector LPG marketing company (Indian Oil) and data from earlier than 2016 for distributors 1 and 2 (D1 and D2; see Methods). While the results presented here are specific to the conditions within the Koppal region, they address key questions around LPG use and point to implementation issues that may have broader implications. They also demonstrate the value of large consumer purchase data analysis to support transparent programme evaluation.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 26} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Table 1 provides descriptive statistics, pooled over counties and years. Although our models use different subsets of data, we show the descriptive statistics from 2000 to 2016 (accounting for restructuring) because this covers the years used in our main modeling approach (but includes Missouri). On average across the observation period, the county-level ageadjusted overdose rate for all opioids was 5.54 per 100,000. Overdoses involving prescription opioids (2.79), benzodiazepines (1.58), and stimulants (.66) were notable. Figure 2 shows trends in these outcomes over time averaged at the county level, confirming well-known increases in all opioid overdoses and flattening of those due specifically to prescription opioids. Benzodiazepines stabilized about the same time as prescription opioids, whereas psychostimulants have seen increases in recent years. Given more recent implementation in most U.S. states, expanded naloxone laws (13.6%), Good Samaritan laws (9.0%), and pain clinic restriction laws (10.5%) have lower coverage than PDMPs across the entire period. County-years with medical marijuana laws comprise 15.0% over the period. Finally, Table 1 displays averages for demographic and expenditure covariates.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 27} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Figure 2 shows the individual scenarios as trajectories (left) and densityplots with cumulative density (right) for production versus demandfor 2025 and 2030. It is very likely that domestic production can meetat least 60% of demand in 2025 (90.1%) and 2030 (99.5%), although theresults for 2025 reveal a slightly elevated risk of short-term domestic production shortfalls. For 2030, the 90% self-sufficiency targetseems feasible as this corresponds to the mean and median value(IQR = 80-100%), but is far from certain as nearly half of the scenarios(49%) do not reach the 90% self-sufficiency target. Production capacityexceeds domestic demand by more than 10% in a minor share of scenarios (11%).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 28} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Figure 2 draws on the same data as Fig. 1 to calculate the average across projects and compares the early period of the RET finance industry (2000-2005) to 2017. It first shows that the cost of debt decreased more than the cost of equity in relative terms and that decreases in both components were more pronounced for solar PV than for wind onshore. However, the project CoC also depends on the leverage and the corporate tax rate. Leverage denotes the share of debt of the total investment sum (see Methods). As equity bears the first project losses, a higher leverage is an indication for lower project risk. For both technologies, the leverage increased, reaching over 80% debt financing in 2017 (see Supplementary Fig. 2). During this period, the German corporate tax rate decreased from 41% to 30%, resulting in relatively higher costs of debt as interest rate payments are deductible from taxable revenues.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 29} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Table 6 shows the results of our categorization effort. We found that space is the strongest motivation for dismantling turbines in repowering projects in Denmark, with 67% of the total capacity and 63% of the total number of turbines, respectively. Space is, of course, a well-known reason given that most repowering projects are developed from existing wind farm sites. This category generally corresponds to what is typically captured by analyses using an on-site approach.The second major individual reason for dismantling turbines in repowering is a violation of the cumulative noise emissions, which comprises 13% of the total number of turbines and 8% of the full capacity dismantled. Hence, noise regulation in Denmark has a considerable impact on repowering projects. This impact was also underlined by several of the interviewees. Here, it is relevant to note that noise regulation differs from country to country. Interestingly, turbines removed because of noise have the smallest average capacity size (435 kW) and highest average age (22.1 years, Fig. 2b).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 30} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n To put the sensitivity to cost paths into perspective, we also visualized the causal effects of cost levels with support for climate action (Fig. 3a). First, consistent with previous research, costs had a significant and substantively noteworthy effect on public support. Second, when using these estimates to benchmark the sensitivity to an increasing domestic cost path, the effect of switching from a constant to an increasing schedule was similar to doubling the average monthly household costs from 0.5% of GDP (\u20ac28, \u20ac39, \u00a315 and $53) to 1.0% of GDP (\u20ac56, \u20ac77, \u00a330 and $107). These results are robust across all four countries (Fig. 3b). Overall, both the pooled estimates and the results by country suggest that constant and decreasing cost schedules increase the willingness to support climate action compared to a policy with increasing costs over time.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 31} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We first assess the impact of the tariff scenarios from Table 1 on household annual network expenditures (see Methods for details). For the interpretation of our results, we point to the ex-post nature of our investigation: each of the tariff scenarios sends a specific signal to households, for example, pa100 and pm100 provide incentives for avoiding peak loads while they do not penalize high electricity consumption. Ideally, households would analyse their consumption patterns with respect to the applied tariff scheme and adapt their behaviour to minimize costs under certain boundary conditions41,42. As the data exploited in our study were already collected in 20102011, households were not provided with such signals. Figure 1 shows box plots of the change (in %) of the annual network expenditures under the 11 tariff scenarios compared with the reference scenario for the 765 households (for analysis of the subsample see Supplementary Fig. 1). Several outcomes are evident: first, the most significant change in households' network expenditures are calculated for scenarios with a dominant share of fixed or peak-load charges and thereby deviate significantly from the reference scenario. The interpretation works vice versa, that is, one would observe similar changes in household network costs if, say, f100 was currently applied and was substituted for the reference scenario.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 32} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Although drug testing was posed in clinical terms, it was rare for providers to discuss maternal substance use with health-based frames. Instead, it was often described as a behavior that may cause or exacerbate other kinds of medical conditions, such as placental abruption, elevated blood pressure, or withdrawal symptoms in infants. Clinicians did not mention medically treating the kinds of conditions that co-occur with problem substance use, such as overdose, infection of the heart valves related to injection substance use, inadequate nutrition, cardiovascular problems, risks associated with withdrawal symptoms, risk of HIV, or hepatitis C exposure and transmission. These findings support the argument that substance use remains a moralized problem despite numerous efforts to medicalize the condition (Conrad 2007).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 33} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Ratcheting near-term ambition also implies greater reductions in non-CO2 emissions, some of which have higher global warming potentials and shorter atmospheric lifetimes and therefore play an important role in both stabilizing long-term temperature change and limiting peak near-term warming (Fig. 3). Non-CO2 s respond to climate policy in two ways33. First, fuel switching and associated phasing out of carbon-intensive fuels due to climate policy reduce associated non-CO2 emissions (for example, fugitive methane emissions from resource production). Thus, higher CO2 ambition implies higher non-CO2 ambition. Second, non-CO2 emissions that are largely unaffected by fuel switching such as hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions from cooling energy use and industrial process emissions (perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride) respond to climate policy through the implementation of additional control measures. In our analysis, the NDC+ and NDC++ pathways result, respectively, in 18% and 24% reduction in methane emissions from the energy system in 2030 relative to 2020. In terms of total methane emissions from energy and agricultural systems, the reduction is, respectively, 4% and 8%. In comparison, over a hundred countries made a commitment under the Global Methane Pledge\u2014a key outcome of COP26\u2014to collectively reduce methane emissions by at least 30% (ref. 34). Future work could explore higher ambition to reduce methane emissions\u2014especially from agriculture\u2014than suggested by our scenarios.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 34} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Fertility policies in combination with retirement delay tend to further increase the carbon footprint in China. Notably, most of the carbon footprint increase comes from relaxing fertility policies (increasing total (per capita) carbon footprint by 21-35% (8-12%) for 2060), while delaying retirement policy has far smaller impacts (by only 2-3% (2-3%)). The fertility policies in combination with retirement delay are projected to have greater impacts on those provinces with a higher Theil index, which is similar to the impacts of fertility policy alone (Supplementary Fig. 3). Moreover, when focusing only on the impact of the retirement delay policy, we found that the impact tends to be greater in provinces with large discrepancies in per capita carbon footprints between middle-aged and older people (Supplementary Fig. 4). For example, in Inner Mongolia, which has the highest discrepancies in per capita carbon footprints between middle-aged and older people, the retirement delay policy is projected to increase its average per capita carbon footprint by approximately 5% (Fig. 3, Inner Mongolia). By comparison, in Yunnan, which has the lowest discrepancies in per capita carbon footprints between these two age groups, the retirement delay policy is projected to increase its average per capita carbon footprint by less than 0.10% (Fig. 3, Yunnan).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 35} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Table 2 shows weighted descriptive statistics for the AAMC survey. Women were slightly more likely to report inability to access care compared to men (p = .034 for gender difference). There was no significant gender difference in being uninsured (p = .351) or inconsistent access to care (p = .208). However, women were more likely to report limited choice in care (p < .001), and men were more likely to report delay in accessing care (p < .001) and affordability barriers to care (p = .005 for unable to pay medical bills; p < .001 for medical tests and prescriptions too expensive). Women were also less likely to report that providers spent enough time with them during a recent visit (p = .045). Women and men in the sample also differed in most sociodemographic characteristics, including age, race, and ethnicity. Men were also more likely to have higher household income (p < .001), more years of education (p < .001), be married (p < .001), have children (p = .002), and live in an urban residential setting (p < .001). Finally, women reported significantly more frequent need for health care than men (p < .001).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 36} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n The results in the very short term are presented in the top row of Table 2. Of the 20 cents of tax reduction, 7 cents are passed through to oil suppliers. Russia, being an important supplier, attains a large share of the fiscal cost of the policy, making an additional \u20ac36 million per day. Apart from financing Russia, the policy is also quite ineffective in lowering consumer prices in the very short term; consumers only experience 12 cents of reduction per litre despite the tax reduction being 20 cents. The results here take into account Russia's current reduced supply to the EU (see the Methods section 'Size of markets and Russian export declines').\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 37} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We first tested whether engaging in the climate prediction market had an impact on how concerned participants were about climate change. Specifically, we ran linear regressions to predict climate concern in the post-survey from experimental condition (0 = control, 1 = treatment), controlling for participants' concern in the pre-survey. Contrary to our expectations, participating in the climate prediction market did not lead to an overall increase in climate concern compared to the control group (B = -0.005, SE(B) = 0.015, \u03b2 = -0.001, t = -0.04, p = .976; Fig. 2; all results hold when using the difference between pre- and post-survey as outcome). B, Unstandardized regression coefficient. SE, Standard error. \u03b2, Standardized regression coefficient. t, statistical coefficients of test; p, statistical coefficient of significance.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 38} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Figure 4 shows the number of times each business model was chosen as a proportion of the number of times it was available to be chosen (out of four eligible times for each archetype for each person). This unweighted probability shows that there was a statistically significant difference between at least two of the segments for all but the new electrifier archetype. Table 2 provides these probability variables weighted by the stated likelihood-to-adopt score, to account for the fact that the paired comparison exercise forces people to make a decision of some kind. Here, there are differences between at least two of the segments on all of the archetypes. This shows that some segments are more discriminating across the archetypes than others.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 39} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n There is a considerable disconnect between the spatial patterns of bioenergy production and additional LUC emissions. We find that\u2014 irrespective of the policy design\u2014a large fraction of LUC emissions does not originate from the sites of bioenergy cultivation but occurs indirectly at formerly forested areas or pasture, where agricultural activity displaced by bioenergy production is moved (Fig. 2). Those ILUC emissions as well as bioenergy plantations directly replacing carbon-rich ecosystems contribute to high EFs (for example, in the northern regions of South America for noLUreg; Fig. 2a,c,d). Without LU policies globally, more than 85% of the additional emissions induced by bioenergy production originate from territories that together generate less than 16% of total biomass production (the red and dark red wedges in Fig. 2b). By contrast, the main part of the bioenergy (more than three quarters across all policy settings) is being produced with a direct 80-year EF of less than 37 kg CO2 GJbiofuel -1 (half the EF of diesel; the blue wedges in Fig. 2), directly causing less than 10% of the total bioenergy-induced emissions if LU regulation policies are absent. Therefore, by only accounting for direct LUC emissions within major bioenergy-producing regions, only a small fraction of attached emissions can be traced. Accordingly, the total ILUC emissions related to the total bioenergy production are considerable and vary strongly with the regulatory framework.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 40} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Table 1 displays the distribution of measures for each survey wave and for the combined sample. Table 1 shows a shift in both community distrust and subjective social isolation toward greater distrust and isolation. Generalized trust appeared relatively stable, however, which reflects the importance of considering trust in specific targets with whom an individual may interact rather than more diffuse perceptions of trust. Table 1 also shows that mean levels of psychological distress increased between the two waves. Although the difference in distress is not statistically significant, ancillary analyses showed that the lack of statistical significance was largely due to small compositional differences between the two surveys. For example, simply controlling for compositional differences in age and presence of children led to an estimation of significant greater distress in March compared to September. We therefore turn to the multivariate analyses that examine differences between the two waves of surveys when taking these compositional factors into account.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 41} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n The results are reported in Fig. 4 and Table 1 (columns 3-6). Across the cutoff between one and two thumbs up, we observe no statistically significant changes in consumption, regardless of whether the descriptive (Fig. 4a) or the injunctive (Fig. 4b) prime is present. Conversely, a discrete shift in the injunctive feedback across the three versus two cutoff causes electricity reduction, but only when combined with the descriptive prime that nudges energy efficiency (Fig. 4c). The results are robust to adjustments for multiple hypothesis testing (Table 1) and are persistent over longer time horizontal (Supplementary Table 13).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 42} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Figure 2 shows the marginal effects associated with each attribute level based on regression analysis (Supplementary Table 2), using the dichotomized rating outcome as a dependent variable and standard errors grouped at the level of the individual (clustered standard errors). For the timing attribute, we take 2040 as the reference category, as this level most closely matches the 2038 timeline ultimately recommended by the Coal Commission. We find that policy scenarios with 2025 as an end date have a significantly higher probability of being supported than policies with later end dates. Postponing the phase-out to 2040 leads to a decrease in policy support of 10.7 percentage points, and postponing it to 2100\u2014as reflected in the G7's statement to phase out fossil fuels by the end of the century\u2014leads to a decrease in policy support of 15.3 percentage points, compared with the 2040 baseline. As is apparent in the data, Germans are also sensitive to the cost of a coal phase-out. Every increase in annual cost of \u20ac10 per household (or about \u20ac400 million per year for the German economy as a whole) decreases public support by about seven percentage points. With regard to employment effects, people prefer scenarios with lower job losses over scenarios with higher job losses, but they value newly created jobs slightly higher than lost old jobs. For instance, while the scenario with 20,000 lost jobs decreases phase-out support by 9.2 percentage points compared with a scenario with only 5,000 lost jobs, creating the same number of new jobs increases phase-out support by 12.2 percentage points. The type of supportive measures for the local economy is the least important of the five attributes. Among the design options offered here, the preferred attribute level is an expansion of renewable energies.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 43} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Table 2 examines the link between trajectory types, covariates, and risk of depression. Women with stable job, traditional family or entrepreneur familist trajectories have a lower risk of depression. By contrast, careerist, late union individuals have a relatively higher prevalence in the high-risk depression group. The risk of depression correlates with lower defamilization, with women at higher risk having experienced significantly lower levels of defamilization. Typically, women at higher risk of depression are older, have lower education and income, come from lower childhood SES, and rate their current and childhood health as poor, with a higher prevalence of pre-50 illness. Notably, they drink less, but this finding reverses and loses significance in the multivariate analysis. To better understand these associations, I conducted a logistic regression to predict the post-50 likelihood of reporting a high risk of depression considering work/family trajectories, birth cohort, defamilization, and other covariates. The analysis includes interactions between trajectories, cohorts, and defamilization. Models feature country and year-of-interview fixed effects, clustering standard errors by country-cohort.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 44} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We found that children's health lifestyles combine behavioral and nonbehavioral aspects. Dan, a White, upper-middle-class Springfield father, illustrates this complexity when describing 11-year-old Brittany's typical weekday routine: She gets to sleep in. She gets to get a nice homemade breakfast. We walk to school. I personally\u2014Mary [Brittany's stepmother] and I both feel\u2014it's a much better life for a child to get a good, full night's sleep and start the day with a good breakfast. Have some family time . . . organic, cage free, all that good stuff. In representing Brittany's everyday lifestyle, Dan makes health salient and blends behavioral routines with narratives, representing his parent identity, that underlie and justify them. Dan continues, \u201cMary and I are both\u2014I will call it old-fashioned\u2014but we eat dinner together. I don't answer the phone; neither of us will answer the phone at dinnertime. So we talk during dinner, and we spend a lot of quality time together, not just being under the same roof.\u201d Mealtime behaviors express his and Mary's \u201coldfashioned\u201d identities. Dan implicitly distinguishes his family's lifestyle from his idea of a typical modern family that he believes eats separately.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 45} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Outages of gas generation capacities increased rapidly when the average temperature weighted by installed capacities at gas compared to the period 2004-2020 (Supplementary Note 1 and Supplementary Fig. 10). The outages were related to the freezing of power plants and of gas supply infrastructure, including production equipment at gas fields. Power plants outages increased rapidly when average temperature weighted by gas production at gas field locations dropped below -10.9 \u00b0C, a record low compared to the period 2004-2020 (Supplementary Fig. 10). Therefore, gas supply infrastructure played an important role in causing the outages, as confirmed by ERCOT's classification of around 8 GW of gas power outages being related to limited fuel supply9. Coal generation capacity came offline at average temperatures weighted by coal plant locations of below -10.2 \u00b0C. This temperature is at the very lower end of observed temperatures in the period 2004-2021. For both coal and gas, recovery time was substantial. Even when temperatures increased to over 0 \u00b0C, 11.3 GW of thermal power plants\u2014that is, 18% of total available thermal capacity\u2014stayed offline for another 16 hours10.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 46} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n The resulting average growth rates for demand (Extended DataTable 1) are ambitious at 31-43% yr-1, but they have been witnessedfor other technologies. Historically, wind and solar capacity growthrates have been at least 15% yr-1and often between 39 and 50% yr-1(ref. 21). General technology adoption growth rates have typicallybeen below 13-14% yr-1, but occasionally have exceeded 30-40% yr-1(ref. 32). In contrast, the calculated growth rates for production aremore ambitious, ranging from 55 to 68% yr-1, and close to the levelswitnessed historically in times of emergency when unconventionalrates of growth were observed, as indicated by Odenweller et al.21.Accordingly, if such exceptional growth rates were not realized, wewould observe substantially lower European production capacity by2030, affirming that materialized capacity expands more slowly thanannouncements might suggest.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 47} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We next consider whether cumulative unionization associations remain consistent across the 19 birth cohorts in our sample. To do so, we interact year of birth with our cumulative unionization measure. We find overall significance of the interactions for selfrated health and functional limitations: joint significance Wald test, \u03c72(2) = 5.41 and 18.82, p < .10 and p < .001, respectively. Figure 4 plots the predicted effects by birth cohort. We observe that the inverted U shape from the main results is most pronounced among the earliest birth cohorts in our sample, or those born in 1940. The association flattens out across birth cohorts, until negligible associations are found among those born in 1959.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 48} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n In the cost-optimal solution for the net-negative scenario, wind (54%), solar photovoltaics (PV) (40%) and hydropower (5%) supply 99% of the whole electricity demand at 9,250 TWh (Extended Data Fig. 4), which is almost three times the electricity demand in 202184,85. Biomass is mainly used to complement the supply of fuels and chemicals for industry, aviation and shipping, but a small share is also used to supply dispatchable electricity (Extended Data Fig. 4). Some 637 TWh biogas and 2,896 TWh solid biomass (2,172 TWh imported) are used, corresponding to 29% of the annual primary energy consumption at 13 PWh. Solid biomass usage amounts to about two times the 1,290 TWh used in 2021, when overall bioenergy usage was at 1,937 TWh (refs. 84,85). Around 87% of biomass usage is combined with carbon capture, with the exception being dispatchable biomethane applications. The total annual system cost amounts to \u20ac822 billion.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 49} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n These mechanisms are particularly relevant for the African subsample\u2014more of the subscribed forests in Africa are in protected areas and concessions (57% versus less than 33% in the other two regions). Separate estimates for these interactions by continent show robust results only for African countries (Supplementary Tables B19-B21). There is also a consistently statistically significant negative impact of concessions with subscriptions in the Asian subsample, although not in protected areas (Supplementary Fig. B3). This effect is not visible in the average impact in Asia because concessions cover a small part of the estimation sample (14%). As our strategy does not account for the endogenous placement of protected areas and concessions, we present these results as intriguing correlations. However, these correlations confirm the anecdotal evidence on alerts: that they are used for enforcing protected area policy and for controlling illegal deforestation within forest concessions.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 50} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Under the 29 examined projections, the results show varying impacts of climate change on the naturalized streamflow of the Nile and some socio-economic characteristics of Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt (Fig. 3). The lower the GHG emissions and EOC forcing levels, the lower the change in precipitation and streamflow (Fig. 3a). The 30-year moving average naturalized streamflow data shown in Fig. 3c-f indicate that the mean Nile streamflow could change by between -13% and +90% by 2050 compared with 2020. The intra-annual variability of the naturalized streamflow of the Nile and its main tributaries is projected to change (Extended Data Fig. 1), with the biggest changes occurring under SSP5 and high EOC temperature projections. The inter-annual streamflow variability shows varying changes depending on different SSPs, forcing levels, GCMs and time horizons, as depicted in Extended Data Fig. 2. The increase in temperature imposed by climate change is projected to increase PET (Extended Data Figs. 3 and 4), which would increase future irrigation water demands and evaporation from open water bodies.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 51} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n From the results in Table 2, we can see that the racial-ethnic clustering scores have a significant relationship to the density of vaccine sites. Specifically, for Black and Latino clustering, these scores are significant and negative, meaning that as the clustering of these two groups increases, the number of vaccine sites per 100,000 people decreases. Essentially, the higher the concentration and clustering of these two groups, the lower the number of vaccine sites. These effect sizes are also large. We discuss these coefficients in terms of standard deviation changes because the scale of each variable is so different, although the original coefficients are available in the tables. In the case of Black clustering, a 1 SD (648.99) increase in Black clustering relates to 3.47 decrease in the number of vaccine sites per 100,000 people. Given that the average number of sites per 100,000 people is only 7.92, this is a notable change. For Latino clustering, a 1 SD (1,611.93) increase in Latino clustering is related to a 1.59 decrease in the number of vaccine sites per 100,000 people. These are both sizable coefficients and indicate that Black- and Latino-clustered areas are less likely to have vaccine sites.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 52} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Welfare is a composite measure encompassing both real income and the disutility arising from global carbon emissions, following the framework outlined in ref. 22. Real income is measured as the national income divided by the consumption price. We find that the global corporate tax competition from 2005 to 2016 resulted in a 0.029% increase in the weighted average of real income of different economies by GDP. The corporate tax cut has reduced production distortions, reallocated production to the regions with high marginal labor products and improved global economic efficiency, which brought real income gains. Meanwhile, the global corporate tax cut raised global carbon emissions, negatively impacting national welfare. The changes in real income notably outweighed the disutility brought about by carbon emission, and the weighted average welfare of different regions by GDP in the benchmark year increased by 0.011%.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 53} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Our study reveals that extremely limited extents of VCEs (~0.2% of the ocean surface18) and their substantial stock and burial flux of Hg highlight the disproportionate importance of the VCEs to global Hg storage and cycling. Blue Hg stock is therefore an important, dynamic, reactive but overlooked Hg pool in the global Hg cycle and health risk. Blue C ecosystems can provide a range of ecosystem services such as protecting biodiversity and fisheries and increasing water quality. However, the co-accumulation and contrary ecological effects of OC and Hg in coastal ecosystems indicate that expanding Blue C ecosystems are very likely to add to the Blue Hg stock, consequently resulting in an increase of Hg risk in global coastal seas (Fig. 2). Delay and failure to implement the Blue C strategies may well accelerate the impending climate catastrophe and other coastal and ecological disasters, inevitably resulting in substantial economic, ecological and human losses3. We refer to increased Blue Hg stocks and the risk caused by expanding Blue C ecosystems to mitigate climate change and achieve co-benefits as the 'Blue Hg dilemma'. The close interactions between C and Hg in coastal ecosystems point to the importance of a holistic understanding of the benefits, risks and trade-offs of Blue C sequestration strategies. We highlight that the Blue Hg dilemma should be accounted for in future Blue C strategy assessments to inform policymakers and help them design better management and restoration policies across sectors and actors that can balance economic, ecological, climatic and health interests for future generations, particularly in the context of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and the Minamata Convention on Mercury.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 54} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Remote settlements and Indigenous settlements are more likely to be underserved on multiple metrics (model 6). Remote settlements are 18% more likely (vs urban and regional) to be underserved on multiple metrics, and Indigenous settlements are 15% more likely (vs not majority Indigenous) to be underserved on multiple metrics (margins contrast, p = 0.000 for both). Remote settlements and Indigenous settlements are less likely to have solar connection clarity and less likely to have clear and independent complaints processes (models 3 and 5). Remote settlements are 38% less likely (vs urban and regional) to have solar connection clarity and 14% less likely to have clear complaints processes (margins contrast, p = 0.000 for both). Indigenous settlements are 48% less likely to have solar connection clarity and 10% less likely to have complaints process clarity, compared with settlements that are not majority Indigenous (margins contrast, p = 0.000 for both).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 55} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Table 1 shows descriptive statistics for the statelevel structural sexism measures averaged across study years. The three economic measures of state-level sexism are ratios, with values greater than 1 indicating gender inequity that favors men. The mean values for all three measures are greater than 1, meaning that at the state level, men have higher earnings, higher labor force participation, and lower poverty rates than women on average. Among the political measures of state-level sexism, representation of men in state legislature was calculated as a proportion, with .5 indicating gender equality and higher proportions indicating more representation of men in government relative to women. All states had higher representation of men in state government (range = .59-.87). In addition, the majority of states had no paid family/medical leave policy across the observation period (94%) and no policy prohibiting gun ownership for people charged with domestic violence (65%). Although the majority of states expanded Medicaid eligibility, 28% did not expand eligibility during the study time frame. Finally, the number of women residing in counties without an abortion provider was measured as a proportion, with higher proportions indicating lower abortion access. The percentage of women residing in counties without an abortion provider varied from 0% to 96%.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 56} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We find a positive and significant rate of VC funding for the EERE 2010 group compared to the Other cleantech group (P < 0.05) in the matched subsample, but a Wald test fails to reject the hypothesis that the coefficients for ARPA-E 2010 and EERE 2010 are equal (P = 0.90). On the other hand, we find significantly less business success for firms whose application for ARPA-E funding was denied in 2010. The coefficient on post-2010 VC funding for the ARPA-E rejected group is significantly negative even when accounting for their lower rates of prior VC funding (P < 0.05); the rate of VC funding for this group is roughly one-tenth the funding rate of the Other cleantech group (Model 2 of Table 2). A Wald test rejects the hypothesis that the coefficients for ARPA-E 2010 and ARPA-E rejected are equal (P = 0.014), meaning that ARPA-E-rejected applicants performed significantly worse than did awardees.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 57} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We identified 207 study participants in the AIR Louisville programme who were under observation during the year prior to and the year after the 8 June 2016 Mill Creek power plant scrubber installation. Most participants were female (67%), of white race/ethnicity (63%) and middle-aged (average age of 45 years) (Supplementary Table 3). Participants' median monthly HyADS exposure was 1,915 (IQR: 1,172, 3,050) (Supplementary Fig. 5). Participants had a daily mean of one short-acting beta agonist (SABA) inhaler use (s.d. = 1.5) and a median of no SABA uses (IQR = 0, 1). From visual inspection, daily rescue inhaler use was more prevalent and variable earlier in the study period, probably driven by the smaller number of enrolled participants (Supplementary Fig. 6) and later trended downward (Supplementary Fig. 7).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 58} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Several of the other area-level coefficients are significant as well. Population density is significant and negative, the percentage of households with no car is significant and positive, and two others, percentage college educated and percentage in service work, are significant at the .1 level. The largest effect comes from the percentage of households with no car, where a 1 SD increase (5.38) relates to an increase of 11.8 vaccine sites. This seems to run counter to what we would expect from the literature because private vehicle ownership may relate to socioeconomic status, but it may also be an indication of central city location where residents may perceive less of a need to own a vehicle. Taken together, from the pseudo R2 value, these sociodemographic characteristics of ZIP codes explain 34.5% of the variation in vaccine sites per 100,000 people, which is sizable.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 59} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n At the time of the failure, temperatures at wind parks in Southern Texas were at the very lower end of the temperature range observed in the period 2004-2020. However, the average wind park temperature in Northern Texas when wind power plants started to fail was just below 0 \u00b0C and well within the range of previously observed low temperatures. On 13 February, when gas outages summed up to only 5 GW, ERCOT already reported 13 GW of wind capacity outages (Fig. 1). This represented a loss of 3.3 GW of wind power production on average at the prevailing wind conditions. However, later on, temperatures reached record lows at wind power plant sites in Northern Texas, too.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 60} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We found that age, community income level, community non-wildfire PM2.5 level and country or territory significantly modified the association between wildfire-specific PM2.5 and respiratory hospitalization risks (Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 5). Specifically, individuals \u226419 or \u226560 years old presented a greater hospitalization risk in all-cause respiratory disease and pneumonia, compared with those aged 20-59 years old. Greater risks were observed in communities with high non-wildfire PM2.5 levels for all-cause respiratory disease, COPD and pneumonia. In contrast, low non-wildfire PM2.5 communities presented a higher hospitalization risk for asthma. Furthermore, individuals in low-income communities experienced higher hospitalization risks from all-cause respiratory diseases, COPD and pneumonia, compared to higher-income communities. Conversely, greater hospitalization risks for asthma were observed in high-income communities. At the country and territory level, residents of Taiwan generally experienced higher cause-specific risks than other countries and territories. Whereas greater risks were observed, for all-cause respiratory disease in Brazil, Thailand and Vietnam; asthma in New Zealand and Australia; COPD, influenza and pneumonia in Brazil; and AURI in Canada (Supplementary Table 5).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 61} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Third, we expect central banks to engage in re-risking if their economies are highly exposed to physical climate hazards, such as storms, droughts and wildfires. A core part of central bank re-risking is supervisory, that is, understanding the magnitude of these risks and incorporating them into financial risk management practices, such as stress tests. It follows that if a country is highly exposed to physical climate risks, it would adopt these practices. In fact, prior research has demonstrated a correlation between physical risks and central bank management of climate risks18. We measure climate hazard exposure by using the exposure component of the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-Gain) country index.We do not find an association between exposure to climate hazards and re-risking. Instead, we find that de-risking is positively and significantly correlated with higher exposure to physical climate risks. This is puzzling and requires further analysis. One would expect that central banks of economies with high exposure to climate hazards engage primarily in re-risking. To illustrate cross-national variation, we plot the ND-Gain exposure index (our measure for physical climate risk) against de-risking scores in Supplementary Fig. 1.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 62} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Results for the cointegration/ECMs are consistent with Occam's razor; market fundamentals account for much of the variation in oil prices in 139 (or 138) of the 323 quarters in the 1938:1-2018:3 sample period. During the other 184 quarters, the price implied by the cointegrating relation is altered by regimes (Table 2). Most regimes occur after OPEC gains control over the marginal supply of crude oil in the early 1970s (Regime 2). Once the cointegrating relation allows for regimes, UtilOPEC does not have a statistically measurable long- or short-run relation NAtuRe eNeRgy | VOL 5 | FEBrUAry 2020 | 141-149 | www.nature.com/natureenergy with prices. The lack of a significant relation does not indicate that OPEC is unimportant. Rather, the lack of a relation may be caused by changes in OPEC behaviour, such as a change from acting as the marginal supplier to defending a fair share of the market (and vice versa). Such changes alter the relation between UtilOPEC and Price; the relation would be positive when OPEC acts as the marginal supplier and negative when OPEC acts to defend a fair share of the market. Such changes in sign prevent the statistical methodology from quantifying a coefficient for UtilOPEC that applies over the entire sample period.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 63} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Wildfires only constituted a small portion (17.1%) of ambient PM2.5 , compared to non-wildfire sources, with a median concentration of 1.4 (IQR 3.6) \u00b5g m-3 and 13.4 (IQR 11.0) \u00b5g m-3, respectively. However, wildfire-specific PM2.5 was associated with a significantly greater risk and contributed to a substantial proportion of hospitalizations for all the major types of respiratory diseases examined, compared with non-wildfire PM2.5 (Fig. 4 and Supplementary Tables 10 and 11). The spatiotemporal pattern of annual AF of all-cause respiratory hospitalization due to wildfire-specific PM2.5 varied. We found an overall increasing trend in annual AF. This pattern extended to Australia, Canada, Chile, New Zealand and Taiwan during 2000-2019. Taiwan experienced an exceptional rise during the most recent 5 years. In contrast, the annual AF in Brazil and Vietnam decreased over 2005-2019 and 2000-2019, respectively (Extended Data Fig. 2).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 64} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n The most striking result in Table 1 occurs in the Option Only case, in which the baseload technology is absent from the equilibrium mix. This observation is particularly important because, as discussed above, the options contract is designed to have the same financial impact as the capacity markets currently utilized or under discussion in many real-world markets. A hint as to the mechanism at work is provided by the trades made in the Both Contracts case. The peaker technology prefers to sell options, selling 78.4 GW of options contracts against only 1.2 GW of futures. The baseload technology exhibits the opposite preference, selling 80.7 GW of futures but no options. Tables 2 and 3 show the reason for these trading preferences. Table 2 shows the payouts for the futures contract in the Both Contracts case. The 50 bold cells in the table represent the worst-case realizations of demand and fuel cost for the baseload technology in the No Trading case. As alpha = 0.5 in this example, these 50 scenarios are the worst-case scenarios identified by the CVaR calculation for the baseload investors. Analogously, Table 3 shows the payouts for the option contract in the Both Contracts case along with the worst-case combinations of demand and fuel costs for the peaker technology. The difference in the bold cells between the two tables reflects the risk exposure of the two technologies: although investors in the peaking technology are only concerned about lower-than-expected demand, investors in the baseload technology are concerned about both lower-than-expected demand and lower-than-expected fuel cost. As we discuss in Methods section, employing CVaR is equivalent to modifying the nominal probability distribution under a risk-neutral objective function. In this numerical example, the modified probability mass function for each agent corresponds to placing probability 3 200 I on the bold scenarios and 1 200 I on the regular scenarios in the respective tables (in place of the nominal 1 100 I on all scenarios).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 65} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Results from Equation 3 indicate that U.S. states' IOL rates among pregnancies to Black women are associated with both the demographic profiles and risk factors of states' Black childbearing populations (Appendix F in the online version of the article). Yet, as shown in Figure 3 (Panel A), changes in these demographics and risk factors between 1990 and 2017 do not account for the upward trend in states' IOL rates among pregnancies to Black women. We see that the mean IOL rate indicated by the \u201cControl Own Characteristics\u201d line (dashed black) is nondifferent from the mean IOL rate indicated by \u201cObserved\u201d line (solid black). Thus, the increases in states' IOL rates among pregnancies to Black women are estimated to occur even while controlling for changes in demographic characteristics and risk factors among states' Black childbearing populations. Results from \u201cEquation (4)-White\u201d (Appendix F in the online version of the article) indicate that changes in the demographics and risk factors of states' White childbearing populations are statistically and substantively associated with states' IOL rates among pregnancies to Black women. Furthermore, changes in risk factors among states' White childbearing populations account for much of the rising IOL rates among states' Black childbearing populations. As shown in Figure 3 (Panel A), the rise in the mean IOL rate indicated by the \u201cControl White Characteristics\u201d line (solid gray) is much lower than the upward trend of the \u201cObserved\u201d line. This suggests that increases in IOL among states' Black women would have been much smaller if the demographic and risk factors of states' White childbearing populations had not changed between 1990 and 2017.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 66} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We conducted a series of additional analyses to assess assumptions underlying our analysis and interpretation. First, a causal interpretation of our results assumes there were no other events occurring at or around the passing of these laws in each state that affected perinatal outcomes for Mexican/ Central American-born birthing people living in the state. To test this possibility, we used a placebo approach and examined the effect of passage of a driver's license law on U.S.-born, non-Hispanic White birthing people (see Table S2 in the online version of the article), a group for whom no effect from the law was expected. In the fully adjusted model, there was no observed association for low birthweight, mean birthweight, or entry into prenatal care and a slight inverse association for preterm birth (RR = .97; 95% CI = [.96, .98]). Second, we fit models stratifying by birthing person's educational attainment (Table S3 in the online version of the article). In fully adjusted models, we observed a slightly stronger protective association among individuals who did not have a high school education for preterm birth, low birthweight, and mean birthweight. However, the observed association with first-trimester entry into prenatal care remained in the opposite direction of our hypothesis (lower probability of entry for individuals exposed to the law since conception). Lastly, to determine whether the COVID-19 pandemic impacted our results, we repeated our analysis excluding births in 2020 to 2021 (Table S4 in the online version of the article). \n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 67} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Higher IRSAD scores (indicating a relative lack of disadvantage and greater advantage in general) are correlated with higher likelihood of having life-support protections, guaranteed service levels, disconnection reporting requirements and clear complaints processes. Higher IRSAD scores are likewise correlated with lower likelihood of being underserved overall. Higher population is not associated with any differences in legal protections.The models in Table 1 interpret settlements as having life-support protections in cases where life-support registration and prepay use are mutually exclusive (Fig. 3a and associated text provide additional detail). However, in practice, prepayment customers in remote areas may still face practical challenges associated with registering for life support and associated payment plan changes. We include an additional analysis in Supplementary Table 3 that treats life support and prepayment incompatibility as being consistent with an absence of protection. As with our main analyses in Table 1, Indigenous and remote settlements are less likely to have life-support protections and more likely to lack protections across multiple dimensions.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 68} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We ran several linear regression models to determine what factors best explain monthly normalized (per 1,000 registered consumers) LPG sales by distributor and what drives the observed fluctuations in sales patterns (see Supplementary Note 8 and Supplementary Fig. 11). We find that a standard deviation (s.d.) increase in distributor (up-front) price reduces normalized monthly sales by 0.27 s.d. We also see a comparable effect of seasonal factors in explaining the variation in refill sales. A shift from 'no cropping' season to cropping or harvest season increases monthly refill sales by 0.22 or 0.26 s.d. respectively, everything else remaining equal. Refill rates in summer, when agricultural activity is limited, are ~10% lower than rates during cropping and harvest seasons when people are busy with agricultural work. During the cropping season, people are busy preparing fields, planting and weeding. They place a high value on their time and meals tend to be quick, which is conducive to cooking with LPG. Later, during the harvest season, people have cash in hand, making LPG purchases easier33. In contrast, during the summer, people have more time and less income. The climate is hot and dry, so people have easy access to dry biomass as well as crop residues from after the harvest period. During the cropping season, which coincides with the monsoon, wood is wet and crop residues have been consumed34. Notably, there are three active distributors in Koppal and the regression results indicate that customers procuring from one distributor purchase fewer cylinders than those procuring LPG from the other two, other predictors remaining constant. On the basis of several interviews, we found that the worst performing distributor (D3) provides home delivery to all villages in its coverage area, while the other two do not, which appears counter-intuitive as home delivery should facilitate purchases23,28. Whether the comparatively higher normalized monthly sales for D1 and D2 is due to greater sales acumen of the distributors or better socio-economic/behavioural perspectives of the consumers under the catchment area of these distributors cannot be determined, given the limitations of the data.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 69} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n The ranking of health benefits and labour costs shown in Fig. 3 across supply-side policies occurs because each policy targets different aspects of crude oil production and thus the sequence and timing of well entry, production and retirements across oil fields. To explore this further, we sort oil fields according to the characteristic directly targeted by each policy. Specifically, these characteristics, shown on the x axis across the columns of Fig. 4, include an oil-field cluster's: (1) area share near sensitive sites, (2) per barrel cost of extraction per barrel and (3) GHG emissions intensity per barrel. These characteristics are directly affected by a setback, an excise tax and a carbon tax. Under each policy, oil fields on the left of the x axis retire first, moving rightward as stringency tightens. For example, for a particular setback distance (2,500 feet in Fig. 4a,d), fields with a greater share of their area near sensitive sites will experience greater reduction in oil production than fields with areas less affected by the same setback. The latter fields that are farther from sensitive sites will be increasingly affected as setback distances increase. Likewise, under a low excise tax, the oil fields that initially phase out production are those with higher extraction costs. As the excise tax increases, oil fields with lower extraction costs incrementally phase out production. A similar pattern holds for carbon taxes and their effect on oil fields with varying GHG intensities.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 70} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Our estimates of how costs paths affect policy support, along with 95% and 99% robust confidence intervals, are shown in Fig. 3a. Moving from an increasing to a constant cost path caused a significant increase in policy support by 7 percentage points compared to the widely discussed option of ramping up costs over time (the reference category), even when we explicitly specified and fixed the cost level of the policy proposal. At the same time, decreasing cost schedules also raised climate policy support compared to the increasing cost path. The causal effects estimated from the conjoint analysis show how cost paths changed the average level of support, but may as such not be informative about the level of support for a particular policy package, which was 50% across all profiles by design in the forced-choice, paired-profile conjoint experiment. We also note that the causal effect estimates are a function of both the preference for a policy feature and the intensity of that preference, which contrasts to the analysis above in which the estimates are simply a function of the number of individuals who prefer a given cost schedule (Fig. 2). Understanding the rationale for the positive estimate of the decreasing cost path in the conjoint experiment seems a productive inquiry for future research, but we focus primarily on the comparison between constant costs and increasing costs in the remainder of this paper because constant costs are preferred to an increasing time path across both measurement strategies.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 71} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n In comparison to setbacks on only new wells, applying setbacks to all wells predictably results in greater oil-production declines and emissions reductions. As discussed earlier, setbacks applied to only new wells result in a continuous decline in oil production and GHG emissions (Fig. 6). In contrast, setbacks applied to all wells induce an immediate drop in statewide oil production and associated GHG emissions in 2020 as existing wells within the setback distance fall out of production. This drop is then followed by a gradual decline thereafter that tracks the BAU trajectory. Oil production and GHG emissions reductions increase as setbacks get longer. Although a 1-mile setback, the largest considered in this study, applied to all wells achieves a substantially greater GHG emissions reduction (81%) by 2045 compared with the same setback on new wells (72%), it still falls short of meeting the 90% reduction target (Fig. 6b). However, the cumulative GHG emissions reduction over 2020-2045 for the 1-mile setback applied to all wells is on par with those of excise and carbon taxes that result in a 90% annual GHG emissions reduction in 2045 (Fig. 2c).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 72} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Table 3 presents the results of the OLS regression analyses of psychological distress. Model 1 shows that between-wave increases in distress are significant, independent of controls. To demonstrate the strength of this difference, we examined the semistandardized difference, in which the metric difference is divided by the standard deviation of distress (McClendon 1994), thereby expressing this difference in units of standard deviations of distress. When semistandardized, this difference was .069. It should be emphasized that this difference was observed in the population of working adults in a relatively short six-month period, and subsequent analyses will demonstrate that this increase is a combination of much stronger and much weaker age-variegated changes in distress.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 73} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Importantly, different weather and demand conditions would result in a different reaction of electricity prices to natural gas prices. In years with high demand and low wind and hydraulic reserves, for example, increases in the price of natural gas would lead to a more intense reaction in electricity prices than in opposite conditions. Interesting insights can be obtained by comparing the value of this sensitivity between two pre-defined scenarios (for example, a high wind and rain year versus a low wind and rain year). Our interest, however, is to provide a measure of the sensitivity of electricity prices to gas prices across the stochastic range of possible scenarios. For this, we define the \u03b2-sensitivity metric as the projected change in the annual average electricity price when the annual average price of natural gas increases by 1 euro. \u03b2-sensitivity is derived from the linear regression of the average annual price on the price of gas and other control variables across all Monte Carlo simulations (Methods and Supplementary Section 5 provide further details on the rationale and estimation of \u03b2-sensitivity).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 74} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Using a simple reduced-form climate model (Hector; Methods)15 we study the implications of the emissions pathways for end-of-century and peak global mean surface temperature changes (Fig. 2). Our results show\u2014consistent with other studies\u2014that if countries achieve their 2021 NDCs, official LTSs and net-zero pledges as stated, global surface temperature change can be limited to <2 \u00b0C warming this century5,6,9-12. In addition, many of our high ambition pathways with the NDC+ and NDC++ emission levels in 2030 result in <1.5 \u00b0C temperature change in 2100. Even if ratcheting of ambition is delayed to beyond 2030, end-of-century temperature change can be returned to <1.5 \u00b0C. However, that would require substantial ratcheting of post-2030 ambition beyond historically observed decarbonization rates (Methods)\u2014as in the pathways in which countries achieve the NDC emission level in 2030 followed by an 8% minimum decarbonization rate.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 75} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n The optimal decarbonization pathway is not exclusively driven by the motive to redistribute. To demonstrate this, the 'no damages' scenario depicts the optimal carbon tax with revenue recycling but where climate damages are artificially set to zero regardless of warming (Fig. 5, black line). In this case, the only benefit of a carbon tax is the redistribution it allows. Global decarbonization that is optimal purely from this motive is substantial and ranges between ~50 and 60%, as this ensures maximum redistribution to the poor. Still, this is much lower than the case where climate benefits exist Nature Climate ChaNge alongside redistributional benefits, demonstrating that substantial incentive to decarbonize further remains even at such high levels of decarbonization. An equal per capita global redistribution leads to similar decarbonization trajectories to those reported in Fig. 5 (which assume within-region redistribution only), a result driven largely by the carbon Laffer curve (Supplementary Fig. 5). However, it would lead to far greater improvements in global well-being, particularly for Africa, India and Other Asia (Supplementary Fig. 6 and associated text).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 76} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n The stringent 2 \u00b0C constraint means that the world will rapidly decarbonize and so there will be less and less revenue from carbon taxation to recycle. This highlights an important caveat to our storyline: the positive effect of the carbon tax through progressive redistribution is initially strong but diminishes once the economy decarbonizes enough for revenues to decline. In short, there is a 'carbon Laffer curve'. Conceptually, the Laffer curve is the widely recognized fact that tax revenue does not monotonically increase with the tax rate\u2014in the case of sufficiently large taxes, market transactions (for example, fossil fuel use) reduce to the point where there is little taxable activity to generate revenue33. As a quantitative illustration of the carbon Laffer curve in NICE, Fig. 4 shows this nonlinear relationship between global near-term (2025) decarbonization and tax revenue. Total revenue is highest in the 55-75% decarbonization range and decreases thereafter until full decarbonization ultimately implies that no revenue is generated (under full decarbonization there are no industrial emission to be taxed).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 77} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Our focus in Model 1 is on the within and between effects of education and the squared term for the possibility of diminishing returns of education. The focus of our research questions is on the within measures at the individual level, while the between measures capture aggregate differences in average SES only but must be controlled. Table 3 shows that the within differences in education are negatively related to depression, while the between differences are not. This is consistent with expectation. State-level differences in SES are likely to be smaller than individual differences within countries. The squared education term at the individual level is also significant in the expected positive direction, indicating a diminishing return to high levels of education. This model also shows a significant random slope component of the effect of education between countries and within countries, signaling that this association does vary across countries, and this may signal important variation in the effect of SES due to state-level differences. Finally, the random effect for the squared education term is only significant at the between-country level.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 78} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We combine the linear correlation between OC and Hg in all coastal sediments (N = 819) generated from our regional observational data (Fig. 1c) and the Blue C stock in the top metre of sediment in different Blue C ecosystems compiled by others to roughly estimate the Hg stock in global Blue C ecosystems (Methods). We find that over 95% of the Hg stock in global Blue C ecosystems is stored in VCEs (Fig. 1d). The Hg stock in global Blue C ecosystems (mean = 73,162 Mg, minimum-maximum: 21,306-125,018 Mg) is ~15 times the Hg pool in the \n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 79} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n All NDCs and NAPs included at least half of the six elements used to assess coverage (Fig. 2d). However, coverage was more complete in NAPs than in NDCs (P < 0.001, N = 15 and N = 53, respectively), with mean scores of 0.7 and 0.9, respectively (Extended Data Table 1). Only four (4) or less than 10% of the NDCs, but more than half (8) of the NAPs, included information on all six elements: Angola, Burundi, Sierra Leone and Uganda (NDC); and Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Liberia, Madagascar, South Africa and Togo (NAP). Elements most featured, in descending order, were climate hazards and systems at risk (all NDCs and NAPs), adaptation actions (95% and 100% of NDCs and NAPs, respectively), objectives (70%, 93%), goals (47%, 87%) and indicators (23%, 67%) (Fig. 3a,b). We provide detailed summaries of observations by element type, country and document in Extended Data Table 4.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 80} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We recognize that a speculative bubble may be a catch-all for the inability to describe the effect of market fundamentals (or some other non-market force) on prices during Regime 7. But it is difficult to relate a speculative bubble to a concrete measure. Theoretical models indicate that a speculative bubble moves prices away from fundamentals by increasing the risk premium for arbitrageurs25. Consistent with this mechanism, Regime 7 is associated with an increase in the risk premia that is caused by and causes a complex series of changes in long and short positions by both non-commercial and commercial traders26. These complex sequences may be one reason that simple measures of trader positions fail to validate the importance of speculation1,2\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 81} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We also consider three technology constraints based on what prior research has shown to be most pivotal in determining future mitigation costs (Fig. 6)27,28. For all three policy approaches, we find much higher mitigation costs under: (a) limited electricity infrastructure investment and production, (b) no investment in carbon capture and storage (CCS) and (c) limited availability of biomass. The greatest impacts on mitigation costs come from constraining CCS and biomass because this restricts the role of BECCS and forces greater reliance upon extremely expensive technologies outside the electricity and refinery sectors (cf. Extended Data Fig. 6 with Fig. 4), such as hydrogen use in transport and industrial sectors. Relaxing the biomass constraint, by contrast, significantly lowers the mitigation costs (Supplementary Figs. 11 and 12). Limiting electricity production has a lesser impact on overall costs because, in the face of such constraints, reductions in energy demand through efficiency measures, increases in natural gas use coupled with CCS, as well as more mitigation in the refinery sector through BECCS, can provide additional decarbonization. Detailed discussions are included in Supplementary Note 3. Although these technology constraints raise the total national cost of mitigation, our main finding remains robust: a heterogeneous policy approach, relative to a uniform approach, is only slightly more expensive.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 82} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Regression models predicting the speed of Grim aging are shown in Table 2. Model 1 presents the estimates of the association between incarceration exposure and the speed of aging net of the full array of confounds. The results show that incarceration is associated with accelerated epigenetic aging in this African American sample, with exposure predicting a greater accelerated aging score by about 2 years (b = 1.970; p \u2264 .001). After applying IPTW (Model 2) to the model, the association between incarceration exposure and the speed of aging is slightly reduced but remains statistically significant. Exposure to incarceration is associated with a 1.719 difference (approximately 1 year and 9 months) in accelerated aging (p \u2264 .001). This finding is illustrated in Figure 1\u2014formerly incarcerated individuals are roughly 11 months (12 x .902) older biologically than expected based on their chronological (or calendar) age, whereas those who have never been incarcerated are 10 months younger biologically (12 x -.816) than expected based on their chronological age. In Model 3, we restricted the sample to respondents with propensity scores that fall within the range of propensities calculated for both the incarcerated and never incarcerated respondents. Similarly, in Model 4, we exclude all respondents with atypical propensities\u2014 propensity scores within the fifth percentiles. Both models reveal a stronger association between incarceration exposure and the speed of Grim aging, indicating a conservative estimate in Model 2.3 Together, the evidence from Table 2 indicates that among the African American respondents in our sample, incarceration exposure is associated with an acceleration in biological aging by 21 to 28 months.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 83} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Table 2 summarizes results for these four PDMP variables by the same five outcomes previously described and heroin. Simply put, we find no evidence that overdose mortality was associated with policies that specifically grant prescriber/dispenser access to the PDMP system. Although almost all the lag coefficients are in the hypothesized negative direction for access, the only evidence of a significant reduction is for the effect of prescriber access on psychostimulants, but only in the first lag, and a coterminous effect for heroin. Given the significant lead, there is even some evidence that fatal psychostimulant overdoses were already on the decline when states implemented dispenser access.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 84} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We investigated the importance of consumption smoothing and discounting by regressing cost path choice on a dichotomized smoothing parameter variable, a measure of patience (both set to one for respondents with above-median values and zero otherwise), and a full set of sociodemographic predictors in a multinomial probit model. We find that individuals with a higher desire to smooth consumption are significantly more likely to select the constant cost path over the increasing and decreasing climate cost paths. Similarly, respondents who were more patient were significantly more likely to support a constant climate cost schedule over time-varying cost paths such as the ramping-up approach (Supplementary Table 2). Overall, the predictive patterns indicate that, consistent with the results from our analysis of respondents' answers to our open-ended question, general attitudes towards time seem to play a systematic role in understanding mass preferences for constant over dynamic cost paths.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 85} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Reduced crude oil production from supply-side policies have associated health benefits, labour-market impacts and benefits from avoided climate change damages. We estimate statewide health benefits from cumulative avoided mortality resulting from lower air pollution levels, costs from lost total labour compensation and benefits from avoided climate change damages due to abated GHGs, priced at the social cost of carbon31, both total (Fig. 3a-c) and per unit of cumulative avoided GHG emissions over 2020-2045 for each scenario (Fig. 3d-f). The costs and benefits are relative to the BAU scenario and estimated in net-present-value terms, valued in 2019 US dollars (Supplementary Notes 13-15).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 86} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Finally, we link the savings associated with energy audits to a financial consideration that is often overlooked in the retrofit decision: the cost burden of the audit itself. According to the US Department of Energy, the cost of a building energy audit ranges between $0.12 and 0.50 ft-2 (ref. 47), whereas NYC market-specific estimates set the cost at $0.15 ft-2 (refs 11,48). Given the average energy savings attributed to audits from the Bayesian model discussed above, combined with building fuel mix and energy cost estimates from the US Environmental Protection Agency49, we find that the average annual energy cost savings due to auditing for the NYC building stock are $0.121 ft-2 for office and $0.038 ft-2 for residential buildings. Therefore, especially for residential properties, the relatively high payback period of the energy audit (four years or more, on average) is an important consideration in the cost-benefit analysis of mandatory audit policies.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 87} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Table 3 presents four logistic regression models analyzing the likelihood of reporting a high risk of depression based on work and family trajectories. Model 1 indicates that women in the entrepreneur familist trajectory have significantly lower odds of being at high risk of depression compared to those in the homemaker archetype. By contrast, stable job, family diverse women exhibit approximately 16% higher odds. In Model 2, which adjusts for average GDP per capita from ages 15 to 50, a 1 SD increase in defamilization exposure is associated with a 5.8 percentage point rise in the likelihood of depression. Notably, this association is considerable, especially when compared to the effect size of educational attainment; the difference in the predicted probability of reporting more than three depressive symptoms between women with less than upper secondary education and those with tertiary education or more is 3.0 percentage points, as estimated from Model 2. Furthermore, the significant magnitude of this association appears evenwhen controlling for country-specific unobserved heterogeneity by including country fixed effects, indicating that the observed relationship is robust and sizable within countries.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 88} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Climate zones also influenced the probability of a same-day disconnection occurring (Fig. 4b and Supplementary Information). For households with the highest electricity use in the southern-most climate zone (that is, hot persistently dry grasslands shown in Fig. 4b), a one in seven chance (probability of 0.14) of same-day disconnection for temperatures between 20\u00b0C and 25 \u00b0C, increased to one in three (probability of 0.31) for the coldest temperatures (0\u00b0C to 10 \u00b0C) and one in four (probability of 0.23) for the hottest temperatures (30\u00b0C to 40 \u00b0C). For the households with the highest electricity use in the savannah tropical climate zone, there was a one in four chance (probability of 0.23) of disconnection for temperatures between 20\u00b0C and 25 \u00b0C, which increased to one in three (probability of 0.37 to 0.39) for the hottest temperatures (3\u00b0C to 40 \u00b0C).Only a weak relationship between temperature and multi-day disconnections was found. The estimation results are provided in Supplementary Table 12. While rarer (approximately one-tenth as common), multi-day disconnection events lasted for an average of 4 days (Table 2).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 89} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n The additional Russian profits are sizeable compared with Russia's pre-invasion GDP, which was about \u20ac3.7 billion per day. The EU's tax cut increases Russia's GDP by ~1% in the very short term versus 0.2% in the short term and the long term. We can also compare them with Russia's military spending, which was about \u20ac160 million per day pre-invasion (based on ref. 13, the average yearly military spending in 2015-2020 was US$65 billion; a $ to \u20ac exchange rate of 0.9 makes this \u20ac160 million per day). The daily profit increase then corresponds to 23, 5 and 5% of military spending in the very short term, short term and long term, respectively.Almost all of these revenues stay in the Russian economy as 93% of Russian production is owned by Russian companies14 (both state owned and privately owned). Rosneft and Gazprom\u2014the two main majority state-owned companies\u2014produce ~46% of Russia's oil. The average government take for oil (that is, combined state taxes, tariffs and so on) in Russia is 50% of total revenues14. Hence, almost all oil revenues stay in the Russian economy while 50% goes directly to the Russian state as taxes and fees and an additional 23% goes to state-controlled companies.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 90} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Counterintuitively, we did not find involvement of women in household decisions to purchase durable goods to be a reliable predictor of household use of LPG after adoption. Further research on the involvement of women in cooking energy-related decision-making and its impact on fuel choice is warranted.Distance travelled to procure LPG was not significantly associated with higher odds of using LPG for primary or exclusive use. However, households that travelled one kilometre less to procure LPG in wave 2 than in wave 1 had somewhat higher odds (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.08) of moving up from minority use than those for whom distance did not change (Supplementary Table 3).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 91} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Tests of differences in deforestation rates between late- and early-enrolled countries before 2016 suggest that the former provide a plausible counterfactual for the latter, as there are no significant differences in deforestation in this pre-alert period (Supplementary Tables A3-A5). If we assume that time trends continue in a similar way across comparison groups in the absence of the alerts, then our results are not likely to be biased. There is no robust evidence of any impact of alert availability on average or in any particular region (Fig. 2 and Supplementary Table A2). Results using the alternative outcomes of per cent forest loss and winsorized per cent forest loss are qualitatively similar to the binary outcome estimates (Supplementary Tables A6 and A7). As it is plausible that countries may take time to adapt to the availability of alerts, we also examine a specification with a 1 yr lag of alert availability (Supplementary Tables A8-A10). Although results from this specification are not statistically different from zero, the sign of the average effect switches to become negative.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 92} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Most providers aspire to offer equal access to all contraceptive varieties in alignment with their patients' preferences. To do so, they employ a range of strategies to navigate and minimize potential bias that may undermine this goal\u2014the most salient of which we found to be couching bias within scientific rationale, speaking about these risks using safe biases that avoid the explicitly raced and classed language, adopting standardized approaches, and employing patient-centered care. However, we find that providers' efforts to provide equitable care paradoxically perpetuate this bias.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 93} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We investigate the first two years of implementation of the BERDO program with a particular focus on rule-making, the process through which the City of Boston developed rules and regulations for implementing and enforcing BERDO. We use a mixed-methods approach that combines 5 months of participant observation within the City of Boston's Environment Department, 20 interviews with city staff and community leaders involved in the implementation of BERDO and a systematic content analysis of over 200 policy documents related to rule-making. We find that policy implementation served as an important site of political contestation and resistance around climate justice. Contestations about justice, equity and fairness were mobilized by different actors to advance their interests in rule-making, ultimately shaping the implementation of BERDO itself. We provide insights into the complex challenges that cities may face as they begin to operationalize climate justice on the ground, and argue for a shift in scholarship to politicize policy implementation and reframe climate justice as a practice that continues beyond policy planning.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 94} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Another note is that the carbon price only internalizes the carbon value, omitting other adverse side effects, such as unsustainable freshwater use, biodiversity loss51 or LUC in low-carbon ecosystems (such as savannahs). For instance, about 300 Mha of non-forest natural land is converted into cropland by 2100 in UCP, one third of that due to bioenergy (Extended Data Fig. 3). The EF does not capture N2 O emissions from fertilization of bioenergy crops52 or the impact on food prices53 and also ignores benefits from fossil fuel substitution. For example, we find that within the UCP policy framework, agricultural commodity prices increase sharply by 50-120% from 2010 to 2100 (higher values for pessimistic crop yield assumptions), with half of that being attributed to bioenergy (Extended Data Fig. 9). Furthermore, our results depend on techno-economic assumptions of BECCS and DACCS technologies. In particular, more optimistic assumptions on DACCS might reduce the demand for bioenergy. Lastly, it is noteworthy that the carbon price as an indicator of mitigation effort is not equivalent to total mitigation costs of a policy.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 95} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n From Fig. 1, we observe a clear decrease in EUI for audited (treatment) multifamily buildings in the post-audit period, when compared to non-audited buildings. For office buildings, there is a reduction in EUI for audited properties between the pre-audit and intervention periods, after which EUI values between the control and treatment groups converge, with audited properties exhibiting greater uncertainty. Given higher initial average EUI, office buildings experience larger absolute decreases, on average, in energy use over time when compared to multifamily residential buildings. The ANOVA results, as shown in Table 1, demonstrate statistically significant coefficients for the interaction term (time period and intervention) for both office and multifamily buildings at the 95 and 90% confidence levels, respectively. Although these results suggest that audits do have an impact on energy use over time, they represent a relatively coarse quantification of the audit policy's impact because they do not account for other factors that could influence building energy use in the postaudit period. The Bayesian regression results discussed below account for both the effect of energy audits and the dynamic control variables that affect building energy use over time.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 96} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Our results suggest that certain demographic groups are significantly more likely to adopt community solar than rooftop solar. Specifically, we find that community solar adopters in 11 states are about 6.1 times more likely to live in multifamily buildings, 4.4 times more likely to rent, and earn 23% less annual income than rooftop solar adopters, on average. These results suggest that community solar has expanded solar access by removing adoption barriers for renters and multifamily building occupants, and to a lesser extent for LMI households. We cautiously infer from these results that other alternative clean energy adoption models that remove such adoption barriers could similarly expand clean energy access. For instance, community wind programmes\u2014though less common\u2014could provide similar clean energy access benefits as community solar.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 97} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n The RD estimation provides a robust identification of the causal effects, which are, however, only local. We complemented it with an estimation of the heterogeneous impact of the primes by the number of thumbs up that customers receive (equation (3) in Methods). We obtained similar results: although the descriptive prime does not influence consumption on average (coefficient = 0.088, s.e. = 0.149, P = 0.554; Table 3, column 1), it led to a negative and statistically significant decrease in consumption among customers who received three thumbs up (coefficient = -0.959, s.e. = 0.284, P < 0.001; Table 3, column 4). This negative effect was persistent over 6, 12 and 18 months (Supplementary Note 4 and Supplementary Table 14). Interestingly, the effect of the descriptive prime on the entire group of customers who received three thumbs up is smaller than the RD estimates for the three versus two thumbs-up threshold combined with the descriptive prime. Although these simple heterogeneity results should be taken with caution, as thumbs up are correlated with customers' characteristics (Supplementary Table 10), they can be interpreted in light of our conceptual framework and suggest a potential determinant of the strength of descriptive information. The sample of customers who received three thumbs up includes the most efficient users, who are far from the three versus two thumbs-up threshold. The further customers are from the threshold, the larger the deviation between their own consumption and the average electricity use, and therefore, we argue, the larger the strength of the descriptive norm contained in the standard eHER. In other words, we suggest that in our setting conformity motives become more influential the further away individuals are from the descriptive norm.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 98} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n It has long been acknowledged that risk aversion could lead to a suboptimal investment in generation capacity9,11,12. However, prior studies do not demonstrate any consistent technological shift. In energy-only markets, peaking units face substantial risk due to their dependence on the occurrence of high prices in a small number of hours. At the same time, several authors emphasized the natural hedge enjoyed by gas generators, which often set the price of electricity13-16. The ability to trade risk is a key element of this discussion. With complete risk trading, along with the standard assumptions of competitive markets, an equilibrium would achieve the (risk-aware) social optimum17-20. The connection between equilibrium and optimum implies that the impact of risk aversion on the generation mix can be in any direction depending on the types of risk that most concern market participants. This theoretical result, however, depends on the presence of 'complete' markets, which include a security that corresponds to every possible future state of the world. In this context, our focus is less on incompleteness than on asymmetry: the introduction of a capacity market amounts to a trade against a subset of future world states that peaking plants are particularly concerned about. In the PJM interconnection (PJM), for example, a unit with a marginal cost of US$10 MWh-1 could expect to earn 17% of its operating profits from the capacity market, whereas a unit with a US$100 MWh-1 marginal cost could expect 90% (Supplementary Note 2). Along these lines, our results suggest a different interpretation of the natural hedge of gas. By itself, the hedge does not confer an advantage. It is only when combined with a capacity mechanism, which removes risk related to the frequency of scarcity events, that the hedge becomes an advantage.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 99} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We find no statistically significant correlation between the size of either the oil and gas sector or the financial sector and re-risking scores. The central banks of economies with high exposure to stranded asset risks through either a large oil and gas sector and/or a large financial sector do not appear to engage more in re-risking than economies with low stranded asset risks.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 100} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n In many developing regions, cooking is still the most energy-intensive activity in homes. Figure 2 shows future total cooking energy demand by scenario. We see a decline in biomass use over time in all reference scenarios with a faster phase out under SSP1 compared with the other reference scenarios (Fig. 2a). Under the COVID scenario, we observe a much larger share of solid fuels, and higher total cooking energy demand because of the inefficiency of these fuels. This large COVID effect could result in an increase in biomass use until 2030, with a light rebound in 2040, when income levels are assumed to go back to the reference SSP3 trend. Climate mitigation policies could attenuate the transition away from polluting stoves by making oil and gas-based fuels more expensive. The higher prices could also result in lower average per capita final cooking energy demand under the climate mitigation policy scenarios as compared with the reference scenarios and a much smaller proportion of gas in the cooking energy mix.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 101} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Most documents provided evidence of only half of the linkages defining consistency (mean = 0.53, s.d. = 0.28). NAPs registered higher consistency scores than NDCs (P < 0.001, N = 15 and N = 53, respectively) with a narrower spread (Fig. 2e). Eleven documents were fully consistent, indicated by maximum consistency scores. These included 5 NDCs (less than 10%), that is, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, Sierra Leone and Uganda, and 6 NAPs (less than 50%), including Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Liberia, Madagascar and South Africa. Most often, countries link climate risk and impact assessment and action implementation (87% and 100% of NDCs and NAPs, respectively) (Fig. 4a,b). Less often, climate risk and impact assessment intentionally link to planning (72%, 87%) or planning to implementation (68%, 87%). MEL is the least consistent component across the adaptation cycle, partly due to indicators being featured less overall (see 'Coverage' section). Fewer documents provided linkages between climate risk and impact assessment and MEL (23%, 60%), suggesting a potential disconnect between assessments of climate risks and measurements of the impacts of adaptation on risk reduction. Less frequent linkages were also observed between planning and MEL (17%, 67%) and implementation and MEL (15%, 40%), as few documents included indicators explicitly linked to planned goals, objectives or actions (Extended Data Table 5).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 102} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Table 1 details the variables used in the study, with 30% reporting over three symptoms. The average age of respondents is 62 (SD \u2248 9 years). Socioeconomically, half have upper secondary/ vocational education, and the average household income is around EUR 33,000. Predominantly, women's childhood households had blue-collar breadwinners. Health-wise, 17% smoke; 40% drink weekly; current and childhood self-rated health averages are 2.97 and 3.26, respectively; and 10% had an illness before age 50. The standardized averages for defamilization and economic development exposure are .17 and 10.35, respectively.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 103} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Finally, we examine the impact on local demographics. Because CBRS designations transfer the costs of development and disasters to state and local governments and property owners, the policy may attract homeowners who are more able to bear these costs. Using data from the American Community Survey, we find that CBRS designations increase median household income by US$15,000, or 19%, relative to control areas, and increase the rent-to-income ratio by 2 p.p., or 6%. Thus, CBRS areas tend to attract more affluent residents and have become less affordable for renters. Indeed, the CBRA raises the barrier to entry in designated areas by, for example, necessitating self-insurance against floods31,32. Other land-use regulations, such as the California coastal boundary zone, have led to similar demographic shifts29.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 104} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Over the full 2000-2023 period, 80% of all reforms were price reforms and 20% were fixity reforms. This ratio changed over time. From 2000 to 2015, we found an average of just 0.024 new fixity reforms per country year. From 2016 to 2023, however, they occurred at a rate of 0.13 new reforms per country year, a fivefold increase. Fixity reforms accounted for most of the overall rise in the frequency of reforms after Paris. The advantages of fixity reforms are self-evident: floating prices are not automatically eroded by inflation, currency depreciation or global oil shocks. In theory, fixity reforms should be more durable than price reforms. In practice, governments found it politically difficult to allow prices to float, especially when world oil prices rose too far. As a result, fixity reforms were no more durable than price reforms. While fixity reforms were more likely than price reforms to survive in their first year, they were less likely to survive after 12 months. The mean duration of price reforms was 1.8 years, while the mean duration of fixity reforms was 1.5 years. By December 2023, when our data end, three countries still had floating prices in place: Myanmar, which is the poorest country in our sample; United Arab Emirates, which is the second wealthiest; and Nigeria, which falls near the middle. We discuss these cases below.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 105} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Our analysis shows that in 2021, the average PCR of banks in the EU was substantially lower for high-carbon (1.8%) than low-carbon sectors (3.4%), as reported in Table 1. Such a difference has substantial implications for banks' return on capital and profitability, and therefore heavily influences management incentives and behaviours. Our analysis shows that this result is consistent for banks of different portfolio sizes and across countries of the banks' headquarters, with the only exception being Italy. Looking at the results by the size of banks, this effect is exacerbated for smaller financial institutions in absolute terms, but in relative terms, there is no correlation between the difference in PCR and bank size. This finding is also consistent across countries, regardless of the large variation in terms of absolute PCR between Nordic and Southern/ Eastern European regions.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 106} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Another possibility is that policy preferences remain conditioned primarily by partisanship. We find that Conservative Party supporters are more likely than Liberal Party supporters to acknowledge having seen negative ads about carbon pricing and to report that these ads made them less supportive of this policy (Supplementary Section 18). Similarly, respondents who report having voted for the Conservative Party in the Fall 2019 election were more likely to underestimate their rebates, even when exposed to information about their true rebate amount in our survey experiment (Supplementary Section 19). More broadly, in the two federal-tax provinces, supporters of the Liberal Party of Canada were three to eight times more likely to support the carbon tax than were Conservative Party supporters. Similarly, in Switzerland, left-leaning voters were 48% more likely to support rebates relative to right-leaning voters. In short, partisanship does structure both carbon tax preferences and patterns of rebate responsiveness.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 107} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We found an array of marine-climate interventions being proposed, trialled and deployed globally (Table 2). Practitioners' awareness of novel marine-climate interventions varied substantially across the types and sub-types identified (Table 2). Overall, practitioners were most aware of interventions concerned with marine bioengineering and coastal and marine restoration. Awareness was highest for artificial habitat manipulation (79%, n = 332), a sub-type of marine bioengineering intervention, followed by regrowing targeted underwater species (for example, coral and kelp), a sub-type of coastal and marine restoration intervention (76%). Other sub-types of interventions with elevated levels of awareness included regrowing targeted coastal species (for example, mangroves), assisted evolution of marine species (for example, coral hybridization) and natural stabilization of reefs and coasts (66%, 66% and 62%, respectively). By contrast, awareness of marine geoengineering interventions was low, with the notable exception of interventions to shade and cool water and habitat (40%). Awareness of marine socio-institutional capacity-building interventions was exceptionally low (4%) (Table 2).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 108} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We then simulate the impact of allocating each sector partially to the low-carbon and to the high-carbon cluster depending on their median share of CPRS found among banks in the European Union taking part in the EBA risk assessment exercise. This robustness analysis simulates a partial divestment of only the high-carbon portion of investments in each NACE level 1 and allows us to better investigate the heterogeneity of high-carbon/low-carbon sectors within each NACE level 1 section. This is because the underlying CPRS classification leverages a much more granular sectoral classification (NACE level 4), which better captures whether economic activities are high carbon or low carbon. Once again, we find that our main results persist. Moreover, our results are robust after controlling for different time periods. If we use quarterly average levels from March 2020 to June 2022 (maximum temporal depth of the data), the impacts are similar (100% increase in PCR, 33% increase in provisions, 14% impact on previous 5-years profits).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 109} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We developed a protocol (Supplementary Tables 2-4) and reviewed 53 NDCs and 15 NAPs available as of 30 September 2022 from which we extracted more than 7,000 data points on countries' intentions for adaptation. These include information on climate risk and impact assessment, planning, implementation and MEL (Box 1). Despite variation among countries and documents, our results show that most NAPs and NDCs provide only a fraction of the information required to enable adaptation tracking. Examination of the three criteria\u2014coverage, consistency and robustness\u2014identified pervasive gaps and opportunities for informing ongoing discussions on the GGA framework and opportunities to enhance depth and breadth of future NDCs and NAPs.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 110} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Beyond seasonal effects, the need for heating and cooling can influence the daily use of electricity. The hot persistently dry grassland climate zone is the region that predominantly determines the all-regions result (Fig. 3b). It is the combination of the Central Australian climate zones shown in Fig. 1a. For this climate zone, which unlike the other regions experiences cold nights, the households with the highest electricity use (top tenth percentile of average daily load) increased their electricity use by 30 kWh (on average) on the coldest of nights (between 0\u00b0C and 10 \u00b0C). The average increase was 17 kWh across all houses in this climate zone. Extremely hot days with average temperatures between 30\u00b0C and 40 \u00b0C corresponded to a 16-19 kWh increase (on average) for the households with the highest electricity use. When considering all houses, the average increase was 6-8 kWh.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 111} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Both TOU rates resulted in bill increases for all participants (P = 0.000; Fig. 1, Tables 2 and 3 and Supplementary Note 1). The triple difference term TOUxVulnerablexPilot in each model gives the estimated effect of the TOU assignment for vulnerable individuals during the pilot year (Methods). As expected, households vulnerable on the disability indicator assigned to TOU1 (P = 0.011) or TOU2 (P = 0.022) and households vulnerable on the elderly indicator assigned to TOU2 (P = 0.001) saw greater baseline-topilot-year bill increases compared to non-vulnerable counterparts. Contrary to expectations, for households vulnerable on the lowincome (P = 0.012) and Hispanic indicators (P = 0.014), assignment to TOU2 versus control is associated with a smaller increase in bills relative to non-vulnerable households. Other groups (African American and young children) saw no difference in TOU assignment impacts versus their non-vulnerable counterparts. The remaining model terms primarily serve as controls, and are discussed in Supplementary Note 1.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 112} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n After adjusting for year and month; individual, county, and state characteristics; and state ICI, Central American- and Mexican-born individuals residing in states at delivery with a license law in place since the estimated date of conception had lower risks of preterm birth (fully adjusted relative risk [RR] = .90; 95% CI = [.89, .92]) and low birthweight birth (adjusted RR = .93; 95% CI = [.91, .96]), a slight increase in mean birthweight (adjusted \u03b2 = 5.2; 95% CI = [1.6, 8.7]), and lower probability of first-trimester prenatal care (adjusted RR = .98; 95% CI = [.97, .98]) compared to individuals residing in a state without a license law implemented prior to conception (Table 3). Additionally, varying the lag in the exposure (i.e., classifying individuals as exposed only if the law was in place 6, 12, 18, or 24 months prior to conception) did not change the results for first-trimester prenatal care (Table 4). For preterm birth, low birthweight, and mean birthweight, the estimated associations were slightly stronger the greater the lag time, with the greatest change occurring for birthweight.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 113} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n In addition to income, our analysis shows a clear urban-rural divide in fuel choice, with even richer households in rural areas likely to continue relying on solid fuels because of their easy access and the poor accessibility to cleaner alternatives. Indeed, as we can see from the example of CPA, there are stark differences in the choice of cooking fuels between urban and rural households even at the same income levels. We observed this in other regions of the world as well (Supplementary Fig. 3).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 114} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n One source of flooding in this 'no local rain' situation can beattributed to the increased water levels in open channels causing thewell-known phenomenon of fluvial flooding (Fig. 1, FC1). Under thismechanism, the water levels exceed the confines of the riverbanks,and streamflow spills into floodplain areas. Additionally, simulatedresults show that runoff from the surrounding land areas (where rainfall occurs) can flow along roadways into the Warren area, leading to alocalized pluvial flooding (denoted by FC2 in Fig. 1). A third likely causeidentified is related to backwater surcharge through the stormwaterpipe network and the catch basins in source areas. Specifically, extremewater levels within open channels induce backwater flow at stormwateroutfalls, causing a substantial surge of reverse flow into topographicallyupstream source areas of the drainage system, leading to surcharge atmanholes and flooding in areas that did not experience rainfall. Thisflooding mechanism reflects concept FC3\u2014infrastructure-inducedflooding that can impact areas distant from open channels.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 115} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Summarizing the results of our statistical analysis, we find that the living situation of a household and its electricity consuming amenities as well as its income level and the number of children seem to play a role in whether a change from the reference scenario to a tariff scheme charging for peak demand is associated with benefits or additional burdens. Our results indicate that, ceteris paribus, households with higher income are better off when tariffs charging for measured peak demand are introduced. Among others, ref. 44 showed that photovoltaic panels in combination with home storage appliances reduce the peak loads of households significantly, while at the same time also reduce the volumes of electricity purchased via the grid. Higher-income households are likely to install photovoltaic panels and related peak-load-reducing equipment at higher rates than lower-income households45,46. Shifting the burdens of recovering network costs towards lower-income households may therefore become an even more pressing issue in the future.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 116} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We compare normalized and adjusted monthly refill sales for PMUY and general consumers (see Methods). Figure 3 shows monthly sales from January 2016 to December 2018 (equally split between the pre-PMUY and post-PMUY period) normalized by the number of registered consumers. In recent months, PMUY refill sales have fluctuated around 100 cylinders per 1,000 consumers (suggesting rare use), while the monthly refill sales for general consumers is around 400 cylinders per 1,000 consumers. This suggests that average general consumers use LPG as a secondary or primary cooking fuel. Considering that the national (urban + rural) monthly average is about 600 cylinders per 1,000 consumers, there is considerable scope to encourage more regular use among general consumers in rural areas.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 117} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Our simulations of loss-of-load events using climate data from 71 years shows that the 2021 event was a record one. In total, we estimate that eight other severe power deficit events would have occurred in the current system if it had existed from 1950 to 2021, assuming the climate conditions of 1950-2021 (Fig. 2). The second largest power deficit event at 1.26 TWh is predicted when using climate data from 1983, assuming installed generation capacities as in February 2021. Furthermore, we observe 17 minor events. However, as the sum of the deficits of all 17 minor events is less than 1% of the sum of the deficits of the nine largest events, we exclude them from further analysis.In our model simulations, the loss-of-load event has a duration of 106 hours and causes an aggregated deficit of 1.49 TWh, at a peak capacity deficit of 31.3 GW. There are several events with similar peak capacity deficits identified in the 1950-2021 period, and also events with a comparably long duration, but none with a comparably high amount of loss of load. In the largest events before 2021 (1962 and 1983), 250 GWh less lost load results from our simulation (Fig. 2). The year 1989 was the last time a similar freeze event occurred.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 118} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Figure 1 illustrates that battery system costs, broken down by source categories, may decline by 64% to 75% until 2050. We observe rapid and consistent cost reductions per annum (p.a.), with similar patterns for all source categories. We find cost reductions (CRs) of around 5% p.a. (scientific and others) to 6.5% p.a. (near market) until 2030 and 3.3-4.5% p.a. over an extended 2020-2050 period. Notably, near-market estimates (blue) are more optimistic, less heterogeneous and more stable compared with the other categories. This consolidates into expected cost estimates, where near-market estimates project a decrease from around \u20ac2020275 kWh-1 in 2020 to \u20ac2020140 kWh-1 by 2030 and around \u20ac202070 kWh-1 by 2050. In contrast, scientific estimates (green) indicate a drop from roughly \u20ac2020310 kWh-1 in 2020 to \u20ac2020180 kWh-1 by 2030 and around \u20ac2020100 kWh-1 by 2050. Other estimates (purple) also project more conservative progress, cutting \u20ac2020200 kWh-1 by 2030 and approximating \u20ac2020115 kWh-1 by 2050. The cross-category projection (black) closely aligns with scientific projections.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 119} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Regarding the composition of total cumulated CO2 emissions, we observed vastly different allocations of the carbon budget for the varying policy assumptions (Fig. 3a). We found that a large fraction of biomass is used in combination with CCS (58-95% in 2100), particularly when total production is reduced by a bioenergy tax (Extended Data Fig. 6). In the absence of comprehensive LU sector emission regulations, however, a large fraction of carbon dioxide removals (CDR) from BECCS is used to compensate the additional LUC emissions (Fig. 3b). Without LU mitigation, for instance, in 2100 only 15% of cumulated CDR from BECCS remain after subtracting bioenergy-induced LUC emissions. Before 2050, cumulated bioenergy-induced LUC emissions even exceed BECCS savings by far for all policy settings except UCP (Extended Data Fig. 5). Note that this only compares LUC emissions with direct CDR but does not account for fossil fuel substitution. While the substitution effect plays an important role in reducing emissions from fossil fuels, quantifying the avoided emissions attributed to the bioenergy part of BECCS is inherently ambiguous, as there are also other substitution options such as direct electrification in the integrated systems perspective.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 120} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n In Tables 2 and 3, R2 is consistently <0.10, which suggests that factors not included in the model contribute to bill variation. Regional fixed effects analysis confirms that changes in on-peak use predict bill changes (Supplementary Note 2 and Supplementary Tables 1-3). In a separate triple difference analysis (parallel to the billing analysis (Methods)), we found that households vulnerable on the disability indicator saw a smaller decrease in on-peak use from baseline to pilot year when on TOU1 versus control, compared to their non-vulnerable counterparts; no differences were observed for other groups (Supplementary Tables 7 and 8; the mean on-peak use reported by group and time period is given in Supplementary Table 6). Additionally, examining reported behavioural efforts to curtail on-peak air conditioning (AC) use (Table 4), low-income, young children, Hispanic and African American households reported a greater curtailment compared to their non-vulnerable counterparts, whereas households with elderly members reported less curtailment; no differences were observed for households with versus without a disability (Wilcoxon rank sum tests (Methods)).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 121} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We track two varieties of subsidy reform. The most common type is price reform, which we define as an increase in the nominal price of gasoline by 10% or more in local currency units in a single month. For robustness, we also track an alternative measure that indicates a nominal increase of 25% or more over 3 months (Extended Data Fig. 5). Price reform ends (or 'fails') if the subsidy returns to its pre-reform level, which can happen through two mechanisms: the government may explicitly reverse the price increase, a process we call backtracking; or the government may maintain the post-reform price, but its value disappears through inflation, a falling exchange rate or rising global oil prices. We refer to the latter process as erosion. The second type is fixity reform, which occurs when a government stops using fixed prices and subsidies altogether, allowing gasoline prices to fluctuate in response to changing oil prices for at least three consecutive months. A fixity reform can fail in two ways: if the government reimposes fixed prices for three or more consecutive months; or if the government interferes with the market price to restore a substantial subsidy (which we define as a subsidy exceeding 20 cents per litre in constant 2015 US dollars) for three consecutive months.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 122} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n The main drivers of green hydrogen costs are electricity prices and electrolyser investment costs (Fig. 5a-d). For electrofuels produced from green hydrogen and renewable carbon, these two factors dominate the overall costs (Extended Data Fig. 5g-l). Although electrolyser investment costs have recently surged1,17, this trend is expected to reverse soon due to learning by doing and economies of scale. Note again that to estimate the volume of required subsidies, we considered a scenario where all project announcements until 2030 are realized on time, while after 2030, cost reductions are driven by the median electrolysis capacity in 1.5 \u00b0C scenarios (Methods and Supplementary Fig. 11). This leads to rapidly falling electrolyser costs (Supplementary Fig. 12). We used a payback period of 15 years to calculate the levelized costs (Methods), as well as to estimate the required subsidies (Extended Data Fig. 3); this period represents the typical length of implemented policy support such as auctions42 and is therefore more relevant for investment decisions than the technical lifetime. Our 2030 levelized costs of green hydrogen (LCOHs) are consistent with recent studies (Extended Data Fig. 4).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 123} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Results in Table 3 differentiate between diagnosed upper-SES children who did versus did not receive medication following diagnosis. Results are consistent with hypothesis 3 on two of the three outcomes and run counter to hypothesis 4. Among diagnosed upper-SES children, ADHD diagnosis is associated with poorer approaches to learning and externalizing problems irrespective of medication use, but is only significantly tied to poorer academic self-competence for those who are receiving medication. Among middle-SES children, diagnosis is tied to poorer outcomes on all three measures irrespective of medication receipt. Specifically, both \u201cdiagnosed and medicated\u201d and \u201cdiagnosed and unmedicated\u201d upper-SES children respectively exhibit .46 points (.67 SD) and .30 points (.43 SD) significantly poorer positive approaches to learning in fifth grade than their undiagnosed counterparts (model 1). They also respectively exhibit .18 points (.32 SD) and .38 points (.67 SD) significantly poorer externalizing problems in fifth grade (model 4). Similarly, both \u201cdiagnosed and medicated\u201d and \u201cdiagnosed and unmedicated\u201d middle-SES children respectively exhibit .31 points (.41 SD) and .42 points (.56 SD) significantly poorer positive approaches to learning (model 2) and .17 points (.26 SD) and .20 (.31 SD) significantly worse externalizing problems than their undiagnosed matches (model 5).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 124} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n To determine how different policy designs affect public policy support, as well as test our three hypotheses (H1, H2 and H3), we randomly assigned the respondents to one of a total of seven groups (Methods). On a 0-10 scale, the average support is 6.22 for removing industrial-use subsidies, 6.31 for removing subsidies on private consumption of fossil fuels and 6.33 for introducing a carbon tax. Apparently, the differences between these numbers are small. The statistical testing of the means (M) confirms this as well. When t testing the differences between the proposal of removing subsidies on private consumption (M = 6.31, s.d. = 2.67) and the introduction of a carbon tax (M = 6.33, s.d. = 2.77), we find no statistically significant differences (t(1,893.16) = -0.1604, P = 0.4363). The first hypothesis is thus rejected. Nor do we find any differences between attitudes toward removing subsidies on industrial-use fossil fuels (M = 6.22, s.d. = 2.57) and subsidies on private consumption of fossil fuels (M = 6.31, s.d. = 2.67) (t(1,896.18) = 0.6985, P = 0.7575). Hence, we reject H2.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 125} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Beyond low visibility, we also consider alternative reasons for the weak effects of rebates on public opinion. In Canada, carbon pricing preferences might have remained relatively stable despite rebates because the political benefits of revenue recycling came with policy announcement (before our wave 1), not during implementation (our panel period). Two pieces of evidence suggest this as unlikely. First, we find little baseline knowledge about the rebate in wave 1, which we would expect if anticipation of future rebates had already increased support (Supplementary Section 11). Second, the announcement of a federal rebate policy for Alberta occurred between waves 2 and 3, after a newly elected provincial government repealed the provincial tax, which did not provide universal rebates. This prompted the federal government to step in to announce it would impose a tax and rebate policy over the objection of the provincial government (as in Saskatchewan and Ontario.) However, we find no announcement effect in Alberta, where carbon pricing support trends roughly in parallel with other provinces after policy announcement (Fig. 1).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 126} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Table 3 reports the results of the two-level random intercept models for drug-related mortality by income inequality measure, and Figure 3 visually presents the point estimates and confidence intervals for each key variable (the percentage of people with a bachelor's degree, the opioid prescription rate, and each inequality measure). All of the twolevel intercepts are statistically significant, indicating that the two-level model fits the data well and is superior to the linear model. The percentage of people with a bachelor's degree is not statistically significant at the .05 level in any of the models, which does not support the demand-side hypothesis. The opioid prescription rate's within effects are not statistically significant in any model, but all of the between effects are, which supports the supplyside hypothesis. In other words, states with a higher rate of opioid prescriptions, on average, have a higher drug-related mortality rate.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 127} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Clear differences in the pace and nature of the transition in cooking fuels across regions are evident. In rural CPA in the COVID scenario (top left panel of Fig. 3b), we see most households with very low incomes per capita (approximately less than US$5 per capita per day). We see a transition from high firewood dependence at lower income levels to almost equal shares of firewood, gas and electricity at the highest income levels. Households with middle-income levels could still rely mostly on biomass fuels. By contrast, among urban households (top left panel of Fig. 4b), income per capita levels are higher (up to approximately US$17 per capita per day). These households are likely to depend mostly on gas and electricity. The pattern varies greatly across other regions, even at comparable income levels. Nevertheless, overall, we see a strong income effect on the choice of cooking fuels, with households with higher levels of income transitioning to either gas or electricity in all regions, except in the Middle East and North Africa (MEA), a region rich in fossil fuels and poor in biomass. In MEA, higher-income households could continue to use cheap kerosene, in line with what we observed in the empirical data (see Methods section).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 128} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Among the four groups of cleantech startups in our main dataset, we find differences in emphasis across various cleantech subsectors (Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 3). Both ARPA-E awardees and ARPA-E rejected applicants were concentrated in energy storage; ARPA-E funded nine storage startups in 2010\u2014over one-third of its awards in that year, while such companies composed only 6% of all cleantech startups. This emphasis arises largely from two targeted technical programmes at ARPA-E for battery technology in 2010\u2014one for electric vehicles and one for grid-scale storage.One important reason for this emphasis is that technology priorities at ARPA-E are determined in a bottom-up fashion, as they aim to fund 'white space', that is, technical areas that are overlooked by other funding sources39. This is a complementary approach to that of other offices in DOE, like EERE, where funds are allocated based on road-mapping of existing technological trajectories\u2014in other words, EERE funds are more likely to be subject to path dependencies in the programmes when compared to ARPA-E. EERE's top-down approach is reflected in its 2010 startup portfolio, which was more similar to the overall makeup of US cleantech companies. Solar photovoltaics, for example, composed one-fifth of all cleantech startups in 2010; EERE funded eight solar startups, whereas ARPA-E funded only one.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 129} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n uced from 77.1 to 69.2 MtCO2 e per year (10.3%) over the period, far less than the reported market-based emissions. This is as RECs and PPAs are not considered in location-based accounting (Box 1), which is also why location-based emissions were higher than market-based emissions in 2015. Instead, decarbonization of the electricity grid was the main contributor to the reported emission reduction (Fig. 1g), with the increase in energy consumption again having a net-positive contribution to the change in emissions (Fig. 1f). The location-based emissions trajectory overall barely complied with the well below 2 \u00b0C goal (turquoise line) and is similar to the market-based trajectory adjusted to exclude RECs (dotted black line in Fig. 1e).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 130} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We find that the preceding two kinds of policies will both pose a challenge to carbon emissions mitigation. As for fertility policies, they affect the population mainly in terms of size and structure, and thus affect the carbon footprints. In specific, our results show that the Chinese population will peak in 2023 (1.41 billion), 2030 (1.41 billion) and 2040 (1.44 billion) under the two-child, three-child and replacement-level policies, respectively (Fig. 2a). From 2017 to 2060, the total population will decrease from 1.40 billion to 1.15 billion (two-child policy), 1.30 billion (three-child policy) and 1.39 (replacement-level policy), which means the population differences are 12-20% under different policies (Fig. 2a). The mean population age of a person will increase from 38 years to 51 years (two-child policy), 47 years (three-child policy) and 45 years (replacement-level policy), thus, the proportion of older people will increase from 17% to 42% (two-child policy), 37% (three-child policy) and 35% (replacement- level policy) (Fig. 2b-e). Due to relaxing fertility policies, there is an 8-12% increase in per capita footprints (the blue, yellow and red solid curves in Fig. 3 (China)), and the total footprints in China are likely to be 21-35% higher.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 131} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n For policies with requirements to check, we find no additional benefits beyond general implementation of PDMPs. There is little evidence that requiring prescribers/dispensers to check the PDMP reduced overdose mortality. We find a significant lead for all fatal opioid overdoses, implying that these requirements may have been implemented in response to high overdose rates. Considering when these particular policies were passed (Figure 1), they were implemented as prescription opioid overdose mortality was stabilizing and heroin overdoses were increasing. In fact, in models for heroin overdoses, we find a significant lead (b = 1.42, p < .01, for prescribers; b = .89, p < .001, for dispensers). Thus, as all opioid overdose mortality increased, U.S. states may have tried to strengthen PDMP systems via these requirements, but this overdose rise was due to substances (heroin, fentanyl) less likely to be affected directly by such changes. We also find a significant lead for benzodiazepines. Separating benzodiazepine overdoses that did and did not include an opioid (not shown), we find only a significant lead when the overdose included an opioid such that it was unlikely that overdoses due solely to benzodiazepines drove this particular policy adoption.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 132} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Although there are a few instances of banks that experience higher profits due to their lower estimate of risk for low-carbon than high-carbon sectors, our results show consistently that most banks' profits would be negatively impacted by a divestment from high-carbon assets. Our findings are also robust to the classification of specific sectors as high carbon. It is the prevalence of the lowest PCR among the high-carbon sectors, in general terms, that drives our key results. We found that relabelling some selected sectors between high-carbon and low-carbon clusters does not alter the main outcome of our study, although the magnitude of the impact can change (Supplementary Information 1). This sensitivity test provides us with confidence that sectors with particularly low (high) levels of PCR among the high-carbon (low-carbon) sectors are not driving our results.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 133} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We conduct several robustness checks (Methods). This includes three ways of treating members of the EU ETS (Supplementary Fig. 2 and Supplementary Table 8, columns 1-3), dropping subnational policies (Supplementary Table 8, column 4), adding control variables (Supplementary Table 9, columns 1 and 2), changing the imputation method (Supplementary Table 9, column 3) and stratifying the model (Supplementary Table 9, column 4). We find that our results are overall very robust. An additional placebo test does not show evidence of spurious diffusion25. Furthermore, we find the best model fit for a lag time of 1-2 years (Supplementary Table 11). Additional evidence suggests that the marginal effect of a new policy decreased with the total number of existing policies (Supplementary Table 10 and Supplementary Fig. 5a). We use this insight on 'saturation' as motivation to estimate a non-linear model that we then use for all simulations (Supplementary Fig. 5b).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 134} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Means and percentages for the total sample and by incarceration exposure are displayed in Table 1. Over half of this African American sample reported being formerly incarcerated (52.2%), over one-third were incarcerated in the past 4 years (35.0%), and two-thirds were incarcerated more than once (65.9%). These descriptive results are consistent with literature indicating the mass incarceration of young low-income black adults (see Wildeman and Wang 2017).2 Among the formerly incarcerated individuals, 12.0% experienced direct violence during incarceration, and 23.4% experienced secondary violence. GrimAge scores indicate that, on average, formerly incarcerated individuals experience accelerated aging (x = 1.179), whereas those who were never incarcerated experience decelerated aging (x = -1.349, p < .001). Table 1 also reveals differences by incarceration exposure across demographic characteristics, preincarceration health behaviors, and childhood adversity.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 135} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Moreover, as evinced in the results, we found biased care across all providers despite specialization, age, race, or gender. This may be due to the relative homogeneity among clinicians in terms of upbringing and class status (see Alsan, Garrick, and Graziani 2019; Carrese and Rhodes 1995). Providers from higher SES backgrounds with similar medical school education may hold shared beliefs about parental readiness, parenting, and the appropriateness of specific contraceptives for specific women (Stevens 2015). Moreover, providers' use of pregnancy risk data in their clinical decision-making may further reinforce these personal beliefs. We also note that white providers appeared to discuss their strategies to avoid biased care more explicitly relative to providers of color, although all providers did discuss these strategies. The emphasis on race-based bias trainings may hold some explanatory value. White providers learning about discrimination against racial minorities may be more inclined to reflect on their own approaches and more consciously develop coping strategies with which to navigate and minimize bias. Both findings should be explored further in future research to expand on work that currently explores the relationship between race concordance and patient care outcomes (see Alsan et al. 2019; Carrese and Rhodes 1995).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 136} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Interviewees identified several common barriers to policy implementation in BERDO, including capacity and budget constraints, technical complexity, uncertainty and data quality/availability. However, we found that additional distinctive challenges stemmed from the pursuit of implementing climate justice itself. We categorized these challenges into (1) scope and scale discrepancies, (2) the bureaucratization of justice and (3) the weaponizing of justice. The first challenge in implementing climate justice is that it inherently requires action at multiple scales and beyond the scope of a single program. As stated by an interviewee, \u201cthe ordinance was reflective of some community priorities and goals that would never really be able to be addressed through just BERDO alone\u201d. In addition to the legal constraints attached to any given program, scope and scale discrepancies partially originate from the multiplicity of meanings of justice. For some, operationalizing justice in BERDO meant implementing the program in a way that avoids harm and distributes benefits inherently produced by building decarbonization. For others, justice also meant \u201cincreasing the pot of benefits that are on the table and then distributing those\u201d, potentially crossing the legal scope of BERDO.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 137} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We ran the regressions presented in Table 1 with regional interaction effects (Supplementary Table 3). In most of the regions,climate-induced decreases in crop yields reduce food availabilityand increase hunger while reduced trade costs have opposite effects.The food availability impacts of crop-yield changes are largestfor SAS, SSA and SEA, whereas the effect of trade costs is largestfor regions maintaining net imports under climate change (SSA,MNA and EAS). The corresponding impact on hunger is largestin low-income regions (SSA and SAS), followed by middle-incomeregions (EAS, MNA, and SEA). The interaction effect, which revealswhether climate change alters the relationship between trade costsand hunger, is most pronounced in SSA, followed by EAS. Figure 3plots the predicted hunger-yield relationship in EAS and SSA fordifferent levels of trade cost, showing that hunger is less sensitive toclimate-induced yield changes under reduced trade costs\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 138} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n The hunger outcomes of the climate and trade scenarios differsubstantially among the hunger-affected regions (Fig. 2). Climatechange has little impact on regions facing positive or small negative crop yield impacts (Russia and West Asia (CSI), and theMiddle-East and North-Africa (MNA)) or maintaining a high cropyield (Latin American countries (LAC); Extended Data Fig. 1 (foraverage crop yield), Supplementary Figs. 1-4 (for the four maincrops)). Regions with negative impacts on medium crop yields facelarger hunger impacts (East Asia (EAS) and Southeast Asia (SEA)).South Asia (SAS) and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) face the mostsevere hunger impacts from climate change. They experience negative impacts on already low yields, also when including the impactof supply-side adaptation on yields (Extended Data Fig. 2). Acrossthe RCP8.5 scenarios, projections for the baseline trade scenariorange from an increase of 13-181% and 2-51% in the population atrisk of hunger for SAS and SSA, respectively. The effect of the tradescenarios on regional undernourishment is largest among baselinenet-importing regions (SSA, MNA, EAS and SAS) and regions inwhich climate change reduces net exports (SEA; Extended DataFigs. 3 and 4). The fixed imports scenario enlarges hunger impactsin the extreme climate change scenario in SSA, SAS and SEA by raising agricultural prices (Extended Data Figs. 5 and 6), increasing netexports in SEA, and reducing net imports in SSA and SAS. Adverseeffects from trade restriction, such as the export bans observedduring the 2007-2008 world food crisis28,29 and those feared as aresult of the global COVID-19 pandemic30,31, may pose severehunger risks under climate change. Under the pre-Doha tariffsscenario undernourishment in SSA, SAS and EAS is substantiallyhigher compared with the baseline trade scenario. Tariff liberalization between 2001 and 2010 reduced average import tariffs in SSA,SAS and EAS by around 30% (Supplementary Table 6). The lower tariffs reduce the overall level of trade costs by 2050 (SupplementaryTable 7) and enable larger agricultural net imports in SSA, SASand EAS across all climate scenarios (Extended Data Fig. 3). Inthe MNA region, the average import tariff reduced marginally andin SEA it was already low (Supplementary Table 6). The facilication+tariff elimination scenario reduces hunger in the SSA, MNAand EAS regions across all climate scenarios by decreasing averagetrade costs (Supplementary Table 7), thereby reducing agriculturalprices and raising agricultural imports (Extended Data Figs. 3and 5). In some cases, trade integration increases rather thandecreases the level of undernourishment in a region under climate change. The largest adverse effects occur under the tariffelimination scenario in the SEA and SAS regions (Extended DataFig. 7). Whereas the facilitation scenario reduces hunger in theextreme climate change scenario by 16% and 8%, the tariff elimination scenario increases hunger impacts by 4% and 16% in SEAand SAS, respectively. Both trade scenarios reduce average tradecosts (Supplementary Table 7), but the tariff elimination scenarioincreases rice exports from SAS and SEA, thereby reducing domestic calorie availability. The facilication+tariff elimination scenariocompensates for calorie loss from rice exports through increasedimports of other agricultural goods and decreases the hunger effectof extreme climate change by 26% and 11% in SEA and SAS, respectively. Our sensitivity analysis shows that the effects of trade onclimate-induced hunger are robust to CO2 fertilization assumptions(Supplementary Figs. 13 and 14).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 139} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n As an initial step, I explored variability in maternal health across waves. First, for all four outcomes, I calculated the within- and between-person variance components. This step revealed that variances for overall health and parenting stress were similar in magnitude within mothers as between mothers (results in Table 2; estimates reflected standard deviations). For global mental health, the within estimate suggested that of the mothers who reported a mental health struggle, mothers reported a mental health struggle in 46% of their reports. Among mothers who smoked, this number was 72%. Second, transition probabilities provided a different perspective on these two categorical outcomes. They revealed that 22% of women who smoked at one wave did not smoke at a later wave, and 52% of mothers who reported a mental health struggle the past year did not do so in a later wave. These models indicated the potential for health to change across time and provided the foundation for the subsequent modeling steps.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 140} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We found that large-scale negative emissions increase within-country inequality. We now ask whether this result varies across scenarios with and without overshoot. In the 'no overshoot' scenario, each region is not allowed to have net-negative emissions. This results in a global cumulative carbon removal of 126 GtCO2 , less than half of the amount sequestered in the scenario with overshoot. On the other hand, the no overshoot scenario has higher emission reductions in the first part of the century. \n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 141} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Of the countries with quantitative projections of residual emissions, 15 Annex I countries provide a quantitative sectoral breakdown, shown in Fig. 2. Notably, across these countries, electricity is not responsible for many residual emissions, aligning with common expectations that electricity is feasible to decarbonize. Agriculture and industry represent the largest residual emissions. The prominence of agriculture brings up the question of whether residual emissions are expected to be CO2or other greenhouse gases, which is unspecified in most strategies. Only the United Kingdom includes aviation in its accounting of residual emissions, amounting to nearly half of its total. Notably, these figures are mainly from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries, and many of the non-Annex I countries indicated that they would have residual emissions from energy.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 142} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Our results show that Chinese young people have relatively higher per capita household carbon footprints compared with older people. The big driver behind this headline result might be differences in income, which leads to differences in household consumption and then carbon footprints (Supplementary Note 3); The results differ from those of existing research on developed countries, which have concluded that older people tend to have higher per capita carbon footprints compared with their younger counterparts. Such a distinctive pattern is due mainly to the difference in income and consumption of China's older people from other developed countries23.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 143} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n A gendered power perspective links structural sexism to preventive health care use through the impact of women's (dis)empowerment on social, political, and economic processes that allocate resources relevant for population health. At the state level, more liberal policies expand economic regulations, protect marginalized groups, and are associated with longer life expectancies (Montez et al. 2020). Such policies are more likely to support women and be supported by women in power (Kavanagh and Graham 2019). Evidence from around the world also show that when women are empowered socially and politically, there are greater investments in education, health care, public health, and other social programs that tend to improve health for the entire population (Boehmer and Williamson 1996; Bolzendahl and Brooks 2007; Little, Dunn, and Deen 2001; Miller 2008; Young 2001). Differences in state-level policies can also affect health care use through barriers to accessing services, such as lack of insurance options like expansion of Medicaid, unavailability of flexible appointments, inadequate transportation, and poor social support for childcare, among other factors (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2018). This leads to the hypothesis that states with higher levels of structural sexism may offer less generous safety-net policies and allocate fewer resources to health care, leading to lower levels of preventive health care use among both men and women, as illustrated in Figure 1b. This pattern would be consistent with the findings of Homan (2019) that state-level structural sexism exposure was universally harmful for health, negatively impacting outcomes for both men and women.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 144} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Table 2 also shows that there are important differences across countries in terms of the value of the NECPs in achieving power price stability. The moderation in price spikes is clearer in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Netherlands, Germany and the Nordic countries, whereas for Italy, Austria, Poland, the Czech Republic and other countries in Eastern Europe, the changes would be very small. Our simulations confirm that exposure to natural gas is the main factor affecting the probability of price spikes in European markets in each country (Fig. 1). The negative change in \u03b2-sensitivity from 2024 to 2030 is strongly correlated with the reduction in the tails of the price distribution, both for high and extreme episodes; countries that reduce the dependency of their markets on natural gas are those that also obtain a clearer mitigation of price spikes. This is an important result as it confirms the underlying rationale of European renewable deployment policies. By reducing the dependence on natural gas, they help achieve broader price stability. Because of this, in what follows, we focus on understanding what drives the evolution of \u03b2-sensitivity.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 145} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Erosion was the most common source of failure during the 2000-2023 period, bringing about the end of 47% of reforms within the first year and 61% within 3 years. Backtracking brought about the end of 14% of all reforms in the first year and 19% within 3 years. After 2016, backtracking became more common. In the 2000-2015 period, just 9.6% of all reform failures were caused by backtracking; after 2016, it rose to 38% of all failures (Fig. 2).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 146} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n The results for the gender-stratified multilevel models that predict use of preventive health care services conditional on exposure to structural sexism are in Table 3 for women and Table 4 for men. Figure 2 visualizes the results for both men and women in a forest plot with a darker color representing significant results. Overall, we found that both women and men were less likely to use preventive services in states with more structural sexism. Women were less likely to have had a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy (OR = .94, p = .018), to have tested for HIV (OR = .82, p < .001), and to have had a mammogram (OR = .95, p = .009), a pap test (OR = .94, p = .011), and an HPV test (OR = .87, p < .001) in states with more structural sexism compared to women in states with less structural sexism. Men were similar in that they were less likely to have a personal doctor (OR = .91, p = .031), to have had a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy (OR = .93, p = .006), and to have tested for HIV (OR = .85, p < .001) in states with more structural sexism compared to men in states with less structural sexism. However, men also were more likely to have had a PSA test in states with more structural sexism (OR = 1.06, p = .003), which was the only service positively associated with structural sexism.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 147} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Our analysis of the 50 LT-LEDS shows that there is no consistent definition or use of the concept of residual emissions. A majority of LT-LEDS do not explicitly mention the concept of residual emissions, despite having a net-zero target. Few countries provide an explicit definition or elaborate how residual emissions amounts are arrived at, explain what criteria were used to determine them or specify what greenhouse gases make up the residual emissions. The examples in Table 2 illustrate the variance in how countries describe residual emissions in LT-LEDS. Countries such as Switzerland and Norway suggest an absolute limit on abatement options by describing residual emissions as those that 'cannot' be completely eliminated. By contrast, France and Nepal exemplify a more fluid understanding, where the need for residual emissions owes to 'the current state of knowledge' and with the expectation that technological advancement might change this. Sweden explicitly mentions the ambition to minimize residual emissions as much as possible, suggesting at least some political leverage over the amount of residual emissions allowed in LT-LEDS. Finally, some countries make explicit reference to economic considerations in their description of residual emissions.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 148} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Since a single pathway that achieves all three objectives for any given waste feedstock across locations is lacking, there is a need to consider three distinct scenarios of optimal use of biomass wastes\u2014 maximum energy production (MEP), maximum net energy (MNE) and maximum emission reduction (MER). For each county in the United States, we first select the conversion pathway for each type of waste under each of the three scenarios. The national results are the aggregation of county-level results. The calculations are described in Methods and results are depicted in Table 3 and Fig. 3. Scenario results suggest that there is substantial benefit from utilizing wastes and biomass residues to either displace energy production or reduce GHG emissions or both. As one would expect, MEP results in the highest potential of renewable energy production, which totals 3.8 EJ\u20143.7% of total US energy demand in 2016 (ref. 46), and MER results in the highest potential of emissions reduction, 178 MtCO2 e\u20142.7% of total US GHG emissions in 2016 (ref. 47). The MNE scenario indicates the highest potential of net energy as well as a moderate amount of emissions reduction (75% of MER). A breakdown of scenario results by waste feedstock reveals the preferred conversion pathways under each of the three scenarios (Supplementary Table 4). CHP (E1) is the preferred option for agricultural resides under both the MEP and MNE scenarios, while either CHP (E1) or gasification (M1) may maximize GHG emission reduction depending on specific feedstock. For dairy manure, CHP (E1) is the preferred option that maximizes renewable energy production, but anaerobic digestion to biomethane (M2) maximizes both the net energy gains and climate benefits. For forest residues, CHP (E1) results in the largest amount of renewable energy and net energy gain, while either hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) with in situ hydrogen production (Bj5) or gasification (M1) maximizes GHG emission reduction. In contrast to other categories of wastes, optimal use of MSW feedstocks would require a greater number of conversion technology pathways depending on specific feedstock. Non-biogenic carbon in MSW is concentrated in three feedstocks\u2014 plastics, rubber and leather, and textiles. Thus, the non-biogenic carbon is immediately emitted into the atmosphere when processing these feedstocks instead of being stored in landfills. While the inclusion of biogenic CO2 reduces net GWP for forest residues and MSW (Fig. 1c,d), it does not change the ranking of conversion pathways under the three scenarios.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 149} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n To provide a preliminary picture of the link between maternal health and education, Table 4 presents the bivariate associations between baseline maternal education and the four maternal health outcomes. Pairwise estimates of statistical significance between different levels of education were performed using one-way analysis of variance. Maternal health reflects an average of the pooled estimates across the five study waves. Results demonstrate the educational gradient in maternal health. As mothers' baseline level of educational attainment increased, their overall self-rated health increased, and their reports of parenting stress, having poor mental health, and having recently smoked decreased. The rate of smoking was four times greater for mothers with less than a high school degree than for mothers with a bachelor's degree (36% vs. 8%). Differences in mental health were also noteworthy, albeit smaller (26% vs. 14%). Patterns for overall health represented a 55% of a standard deviation (overall SD = 1.05) difference between mothers with the highest and lowest levels of education. Patterns for parenting stress amount to a 15% of a standard deviation (overall SD = .69) difference. Notably, differences among those with a high school degree and some college were not as pronounced.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 150} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Financial parameters are based on the public reports summarized in Table 1 and include a debt fraction of 80% and an interest rate of 3.5%, with a return on equity of 10%. Some observers have speculated that money was essentially given out for free to the project developers, to achieve headline-grabbing pricing milestones13. Our analysis shows that such extreme assumptions are not necessary to achieve the reported prices under today's conditions. Furthermore, while early projects were financed principally by local banks, encouraging some doubt as to the model's global sustainability, the growing role of international financial institutions suggests that confidence in solar energy in the broader financial sector may be growing to the point where similarly favourable financial terms may be reached in other markets. In addition, the return on equity can be maintained at a globally competitive 10%.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 151} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n As the FIT and RO schemes are now closed to new projects, we examine the importance of revenue from these schemes to community energy business models. The overwhelming majority of generation projects in our dataset accessed FITs, RHI or RO revenues (only two projects did not). Of these, we used 110 projects with sufficient detail on annual costs and revenues to perform a simple calculation to examine their dependency on these schemes (note that existing projects are not affected by cuts to FITs rates and the closure of the FIT and RO schemes, see Methods for details). We find that 92% of these projects (101 projects) were in financial surplus (that is, total annual revenues exceeded total annual costs) for the year for which data were provided; however, after removing the price scheme revenues, only a fifth of the projects (22 projects) were in surplus. As these projects were designed to draw on FITs or similar revenue streams, it is not surprising that removing those revenues would push many projects into deficit. Yet, it is notable that 22 projects do not suffer this fate in our exercise, and so in the rest of this section we examine their characteristics in more detail.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 152} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n In Supplementary Note 2, we carry out a sensitivity analysis of these results with respect to other parameter values. The results are generally not very sensitive in the very short term. The long-term and short-term results are more sensitive. The sensitivity analysis suggests that Russia's short-term profit gains can be one-third compared with those using our preferred parameter values (reported here in the main text). However, they may also be around 70% higher. We also investigate whether the discount on Russian oil (through the Urals price) is likely to change our results (Supplementary Note 4) and let the costs c be proportional to the oil price (Supplementary Note 3). With regard to the Urals price, while the time window is too short to infer the long-term effects, our analysis suggests that an increased global oil price (for example, due to a tax cut, as considered here) will lead to an equivalent increase in the Urals price. Hence, our results are probably not affected by this discount. We refer the reader to Supplementary Note 4 for more details.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 153} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Our NDC assessment finds that countries' conventional CDR on land will change from -3.0 GtCO2 yr-1 for the period 2011-2020 (that is, the removals reported in GHG inventories once the indirect effects are factored out in this study; see Methods) to approximately -3.1 GtCO2 yr-1 (unconditional pledges) or about -3.5 GtCO2 yr-1 (conditional pledges) in 2030. While some countries include novel CDR in their qualitative description of mitigation efforts towards the 2030 pledges and a few provide initial quantifications (for example, Korea, Canada, Norway), these are currently not possible to distinguish from avoided emissions (for example, fossil-based CCS). We therefore estimate zero commitments towards novel CDR by 2030, with no change from current levels of approximately 2 MtCO2 yr-1.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 154} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Across all end uses, the competitiveness analysis reveals a substantial and prolonged cost gap between all green products and their respective fossil competitors. This is exemplified by the competition between green hydrogen and natural gas, which is relevant for end uses such as industry, power and grid injection (Fig. 5a,b), as well as between green hydrogen and grey hydrogen, covering the end uses ammonia, refining and some biofuel routes (Fig. 5c,d). Together, these account for over 90% of the announced electrolyser capacity by 2030 (Extended Data Fig. 2). In contrast, project announcements for electrofuels remain limited, which may be due to a larger cost gap to the fossil competitors in the respective end uses (Extended Data Fig. 5g-l). Without carbon pricing, the cost gap between green hydrogen and natural gas of US$150 MWh-1 in 2024 implies that green hydrogen is initially more than seven times as expensive as natural gas (Fig. 5a), while the cost gap between green hydrogen and grey hydrogen is only slightly lower at US$121 MWh-1 in 2024 (Fig. 5c). As green hydrogen costs decrease, the cost gap gradually reduces, but typically prevails also into the long term. This pattern holds across all end uses. Without carbon pricing, in our central estimate, no green product becomes competitive with its fossil competitor until 2050. This is robust across a wide range of progressive and conservative parameter values (Extended Data Fig. 5, left column).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 155} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Turbine age at dismantling varies considerably across the categories (Fig. 2b). The space category shows some of the highest and lowest dismantling ages, which range from 3.8 to 32.9 years with a median value of 17.4 years. The average age for the noise category is 22.1 years, the highest of all groups, which suggests that older turbines more commonly induce a violation of noise emission limits. Those older turbines are mechanically louder and have less sound insulation than newer turbines, as stated by one of the interviewees.In seven of the eight categories, both the median and average value for the operating turbine lifetime are <20 years. This is surprising because turbines installed in Denmark between 1996 and 2008 are guaranteed government support for 20 years34. Hence, many of these turbines forego support payments because of dismantling. This reinforces the idea that repowering is seldom a technical end-of-lifetime decision or even an end-of-support decision. One interviewee stated that they continuously monitor their fleet of existing turbines and evaluate the turbines' economic viability to include them or not in a new repowering project; hence, the current age of the existing turbine is, in itself, largely irrelevant, and merely a parameter in the broader economic evaluation.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 156} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n As the discussions of the Coal Commission showed, the main question about phasing out coal is not if, but when, the phase-out is going to happen. Hence, the following analyses focus specifically on the question of timing. While Fig. 2 indicates that the timeline does indeed have a considerable effect on citizens' preferences, there may be differences between population subgroups. In particular, it has been suggested that party identification structures people's energy policy preferences27,28. Germany's party elites represent opposing views on the coal phase-out, ranging from the Greens' position for an early phase-out to the conservative parties tending to defend the status quo29. In the context of the 2017 federal elections, the partisan divide on the topic became highly visible, and the question of timing was one of the reasons why the negotiations for a government coalition of the Christian Democrats, the Liberal Democrats (FDP) and the Green Party failed in November 201730. Figure 3a shows that there is some variation among partisans with regard to the strength of their timing preferences. Unsurprisingly, Green Party supporters show the strongest preference for an early phase-out in 2025. What may be more surprising is that supporters of almost all other parties also prefer 2025 over 2040. The only exception is the relatively small subsample supporting the Bavarian arm of the CSU, where the preference for 2025 is not significant. In contrast to public statements by their party leaders, FDP and Green Party voters have similar views on this issue. For all respondents, phasing out in 2100 is the least preferred timeline, although supporters of the right-wing populist party Alternative f\u00fcr Deutschland (AfD) are comparatively more positive about such a late phase-out date than supporters of all other parties. In light of other surveys investigating public attitudes on the German energy transition (either surveys with a broad focus31 or those with a specific focus on the coal phase-out32), the muted differences across different partisans actually reflect a recurring pattern. See Supplementary Table 3 for the supporting regression analyses.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 157} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Splitting the sample of public officials into Republicans and Democrats (considering there were few Independents in this sample) and looking at the marginal means, we find limited differences. In Fig. 4 (see Supplementary Table 3 for model estimates), the rightmost panel displays differences in marginal means between parties, with positive values indicating that Republicans prefer a level more than Democrats and negative values indicating that Democrats prefer a level more than Republicans. For public officials, there are very few statistically significant differences in marginal means between parties. This may be due to the very small sample size and lack of power for these comparisons. The only attribute level that shows statistically significant differences across parties is support for projects that have minimal impact on wildlife habitats, where a 17 p.p. difference indicates that Democrats are more concerned about protecting wildlife habitats when siting energy projects. Not statistically significant but substantively interesting, Republicans appear to support projects owned by American private companies the most while Democrats appear to prefer projects owned cooperatively by communities. Additionally, Republicans appear to prefer natural gas with CCS to other energy projects, while Democrats prefer solar.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 158} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Our results indicate that the interactions between mitigation policies make attaining China's carbon neutrality more challenging than expected, if this expectation refers to a simple aggregation of the direct effects of each mitigation policy implemented separately12,20. The percentage of scenarios achieving carbon neutrality by 2060 decreases substantially by 84%, and the attainment of carbon neutrality under these scenarios is postponed by 5-6 years when the interactions between mitigation policies are considered. While synergetic effects expand the potential space of policies with complementary mechanisms, trade-off effects compress the space of policies with competing mechanisms. Among the analysed policies, only combinations of renewable energy and electrification of end uses are complementary and show no competing mechanisms compressing the space of policies. In contrast, combinations of carbon pricing and renewable energy have the greatest trade-off effect. Thus, the findings highlight the need for careful policy combination to minimize carbon emissions and economic losses.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 159} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We find that indirect emission reductions are as large as or even larger than direct emission reductions in most countries. Specifically, from 2022-2050, about 70% of countries (97 out of 138) have larger indirect than direct cumulative emission reductions (Fig. 2a). Furthermore, we find that indirect emission reductions are far more equally distributed across countries than direct emission reductions (Fig. 2b). This result also suggests that the total reductions in emissions from policy adoption and diffusion are more equally distributed than only direct domestic emission reductions. For simplicity, we assume that carbon pricing policies reduce GHG emissions by the same rate r = 1% per year in all countries relative to a situation without a carbon pricing policy. This rate is conservative compared to known reductions in emissions in existing ETSs and estimated reductions for carbon taxes (Methods). In a sensitivity analysis, we vary the value of this parameter between 0.1% and 10% and find that this changes the number of countries with larger indirect than direct emission reductions by only a few percentage points (Supplementary Fig. 7). We do not find evidence that later adopters tended to adopt systematically more or less stringent polices than earlier adopters (Supplementary Fig. 6). Furthermore, we find similar results for alternative proximity metrics (Supplementary Fig. 8).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 160} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n The ISSA results suggest that the most effective policy combinations for achieving the carbon neutrality target are dominated by the highest levels of A and E, or C and E, with an average attainment of carbon neutrality of 2053-2054 (Fig. 2a). However, the most effective policy combination under ASIA is that of R and E, with an average timeline of reaching carbon neutrality by 2059. The electrification of end uses is a key factor for attaining carbon neutrality, as the most potent portfolios must contain E policies under both AISA and ISSA. Furthermore, in terms of the timeline for achieving carbon neutrality, all scenarios under ASIA are projected to achieve the target later than those under ISSA. The average economic costs under ISSA and ASIA differ considerably (Fig. 2b). The results reveal that, under ISSA, the average cumulative economic cost from 2020 to 2060 is ~3.8% of GDP, which is much greater than the results (~2.9%) of the scenarios under ASIA, with the best economic performance observed in the combination of the highest level of A and R. Nevertheless, under ASIA, the best policy combination from the economic side changes to the highest level of R and E. R policy clearly plays a crucial role in determining the economic cost.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 161} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Our analysis of battery cost predictions unveils that near-market estimates are remarkably stable over different release dates. These projections are prone to only minor downward adjustments, as indicated by the difference between OLS and WLS results (Supplementary Figs. 5 and 6 and Supplementary Table 2), and are consistently more optimistic than those from scientific literature (p < 0.05, two-tailed t-test; Supplementary Table 4). Conversely, scientific cost estimates published in 2010-2023 faced substantial downward adjustments. Hence, battery costs have experienced a more rapid decline than initially expected, at least in the scientific community. This echoes Nykvist and Nilsson25, who found similar divergences for industry vs market leaders vs peer-reviewed literature estimates and supports conclusions from Frith et al.32, who emphasize substantial gaps between academic and industry perspectives. One explanation might be that near-market sources may have more practical in-depth knowledge about technologies, manufacturing or cost-saving measures and better access to industry insights such as market trends, partnerships, supply chain dynamics or confidential pricing data. In contrast, parts of the scientific literature may be classified as theoretical estimates or may be affected by citation patterns or time-delaying review processes, leading to the self-confirmation of outdated values and assumptions.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 162} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Figure 2a shows the response rates by condition. During the first 17 weeks, 74% of clients in the reciprocity + simplification condition referred by slip rather than by phone or webform, affirming the slip's convenience. The odds of referring were five times as high in the reciprocity + simplification condition compared with the control (response rates of 4.22% versus 0.86%, odds ratio (OR) 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.16-7.88, P < 0.0001) and three times as high compared with reciprocity alone (4.22% versus 1.45%, OR 95% CI 2.04-4.33, P < 0.0001; Supplementary Table 2). Clients in the reciprocity condition were 1.7 times as likely to refer than those in the control, though the comparison was less precise (OR 95% CI 0.99-2.84, P = 0.054). Nine months after the campaign, the differences in response rates across conditions narrowed but were significantly different at P < 0.05 (Fig. 2a and Supplementary Table 3), indicating that the treatments had lasting effects and did not simply shift intended referrals sooner.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 163} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We interviewed genetic counselors and obstetriciangynecologists (ob-gyns) working in hospital settings to explore how abortion legislation affects their work. We find that the interpretation and implementation of legislation is not straightforward and varies by institution. An ever-changing legislative landscape combined with different institutional interpretations of legal restrictions produces uncertainty for those working in reproductive health care settings. This uncertainty occurs within a climate of fear and stigma surrounding abortion care provision in restrictive contexts, impacting health care professions differently depending on their professional status and proximity to abortion care. We argue that a political context that produces uncertainty can result in more limiting interpretations and implementation of legal restrictions than necessitated by the law, thereby amplifying the impacts of an already restrictive context. This chilling effect captures how the political context of care can constrain care beyond what law and policy dictate because clinicians and institutions err on the side of caution when uncertain whether providing clinically appropriate care is legal. With Roe overturned, the legislative context remains in flux such that reproductive rights depend on one's state of residence (McCann 2022). Practicing in a state of uncertainty is more relevant than ever for many health care providers.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 164} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Searching for the conversion pathway that is optimal with respect to all three criteria\u2014renewable energy, net energy and GWP\u2014we find that, except in rare instances, no single pathway exists for any given type of waste across all US counties and states (Table 2). Across different types of agricultural residue, CHP (E1) consistently stands out with respect to all three objectives for a substantial fraction of counties and states. For animal manure, no single pathway satisfies all three objectives. For forest residues and municipal wastes, optimal conversion pathways that satisfy all three objectives vary by specific waste feedstocks. The percentage of locations where there is a single optimal pathway varies substantially.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 165} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n In addition to testing our main hypotheses, we conducted a series of exploratory analyses. First, we tested whether the treatment effect was stronger in certain conditions (that is, as in Study 1, when participants were successful in their bets). While we did not observe significant interaction effects between the experimental condition and the bet winnings for climate concern (B = 0.009, SE(B) = 0.011, \u03b2 = 0.04, t = 0.75, p = 0.455) or support (B = 0.007, SE(B) = 0.014, \u03b2 = 0.04, t = 0.55, p = 0.583), we found a significant moderation for climate knowledge (B = 0.182, SE(B) = 0.053, \u03b2 = 0.41, t = 3.44, p < 0.001). Notably, we observed a significant interaction between the treatment and political ideology. The treatment was more effective at increasing support for remedial action among more conservative participants (B = 0.077, SE(B) = 0.036, \u03b2 = 0.13, t = 2.14, p = 0.033). All treatment effects were independent of initial climate concerns, suggesting that participants at all levels of climate concern were equally affected by their involvement in the climate prediction market.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 166} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Here we evaluate the cost and health impacts of TOU among vulnerable (that is, low income, elderly, disability, young children and racial/ethnic minority; Table 1 gives the operational definitions) versus non-vulnerable households that took part in a randomized control TOU pilot in the southwestern United States. We found that, although all households on TOU face bill increases relative to controls, those vulnerable on the elderly and disability indicators face greater bill increases on TOU versus control than their nonvulnerable counterparts. Conversely, low-income and Hispanic households face relatively smaller bill increases on TOU versus control than their non-vulnerable counterparts. Households vulnerable on low-income and disability indicators face worse health outcomes regardless of the rate. Relative to their non-vulnerable counterparts, households vulnerable on disability and Hispanic indicators face an increased likelihood of negative health outcomes when assigned to TOU, and low-income households face increased discomfort. These results suggest the need to consider vulnerable groups separately, and the importance of a careful rate design.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 167} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Summary statistics suggest that areas with early subscriptions tend to have had slightly higher deforestation before alert availability (Table 1 and Supplementary Section B2). Pre-alert trends across the different subscription groups (Supplementary Tables B3-B5) were not statistically significantly different using the binary deforestation and winsorized outcomes, but show significant differences for the per cent deforestation outcome. This supports the validity of comparisons for the first two outcomes but not for per cent deforestation. Additional robustness checks detailed in the Supplementary Information confirm large, negative and statistically significant effects on forest in Africa. The average effect of subscriptions on deforestation is negative (the opposite sign of the impact of alert availability), but statistically insignificant and small compared with the average yearly 2011-2016 deforestation probability (0.18). Results using winsorized per cent deforestation and per cent deforestation as outcomes tell the same story (Supplementary Tables B6 and B7). The effect of subscriptions on deforestation is probably a conservative estimate because some areas are likely to receive more monitoring than others, which should increase the standard errors and decrease the statistical significance of the estimated coefficients.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 168} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We find similar results from models fitted to states' IOL rates among Latina women. In Figure 3 (Panel B), there are no significant differences between the \u201cObserved\u201d line (solid black) and \u201cControl Own Characteristics\u201d line (dashed black) during the time period 1990 to 2005, but the \u201cControl Own Characteristics\u201d line is significantly lower than the \u201cObserved\u201d rates for the time period 2005 to 2017. Although the differences are not substantively large, these findings suggest that a small fraction of the rising IOL rates among states' Latina women are associated with changes in the demographics and risk factors of the states' Latina childbearing populations. Yet states' IOL rates among Latina women are also statistically and substantively associated with changes in demographic characteristics and risk factors among states' White childbearing populations (\u201cEquation (4)-White,\u201d Appendix G in the online version of the article). As shown in Figure 3 (Panel B), the \u201cControl White Characteristics\u201d line (solid gray) indicates that the average IOL rate among pregnancies to Latina women would not have substantively increased between 1990 and 2017 if states' White childbearing populations had not experienced changes in their demographic composition or maternal risk factors. Thus, the rising trends in states' IOL rates among pregnancies to Latina women are largely explained by changes in the demographic composition and risk factors of states' White childbearing populations.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 169} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n By using an ensemble of models, and presenting a decomposition of the effects across models, we explored inherent uncertainty and diversity of results and the underlying dynamics. The wide variation in projected mitigation potentials across models (51-85% for buildings and 37-91% for transport) reveals the high level of uncertainty that arises from the complexity of modelling future energy-demand development.The impact of the selected set of demand-side interventions is high: on average, across the models, 65% reduction of direct CO2emissions in buildings and nearly 70% in transport by 2050, compared to a current policies scenario. Activity-focused measures result in reductions by 2050 of 6-23% for buildings and 17-28% for transport, technology-optimizing measures to 11-33% and 2-67%, respectively, and electrification-focused measures to 45-77% and 22-86%. However, the success of these strategies hinges critically on the emergence of social innovations and implementation of policies to overcome crucial barriers.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 170} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Another factor contributing to uncertainty was that interpretations of legislation could vary by institution and region of the state. Although the most obvious reason for institutional variation is due to restrictions based on funding or institution type, we found that this does not fully explain the variation. Respondents also perceived that institutional cultures, personal beliefs, fear and stigma, or a combination thereof accounted for some variation. We heard from respondents that Ohio's hospitals\u2014both religious and nonreligious\u2014tend to have abortion restrictions that are more conservative than the law, impacting patients' access to abortion care more than legislation alone would suggest. In fact, laws not in effect during the study period still informed institutional policies and practices.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 171} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n To assess the question of whether temperature influences the probability of disconnection, we used random-effects probit regressions to estimate the probability of same-day and multi-day disconnections. Figure 4 shows the estimates for temperature-related increases in the probability of a same-day disconnection, which includes daily estimates and the estimates for the monthly change in disconnections (without the daily temperature effect). The estimates are interpreted in relation to a reference temperature range (daily average temperatures between 20\u00b0C and 25 \u00b0C). These estimates are also re-estimated by the level of electricity use and climate zones.The probability of a same-day disconnection occurring on any given day (except during weekends and public holidays when disconnection is prohibited) is high (0.04-0.06) and increases on the first day that credit can expire, predominantly the next business day (approximately 0.19). This is captured in our results, with a large increase in disconnections occurring on Monday and the day after a public holiday (Fig. 4). There is a significant relationship with temperature that is most notable for the households with the highest electricity use in the two southern climate zones.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 172} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We use a conditional probability model to compare how the different demographic factors explain household adoption decisions (Methods). The models describe the relative power of each demographic factor in predicting whether a household is a community or rooftop solar adopter, conditioned on correlation with the other factors (for example, multifamily building occupants are more likely to rent than single-family occupants; Supplementary Table 4). The model suggests that the strongest predictors of adoption choices are race and housing tenure (Fig. 3). Further, we use Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) scores to assess the prediction accuracy of model variations including different combinations of the demographic factors (Supplementary Table 6). The AIC scores likewise suggest that race and housing tenure are the most predictive variables. As with the comparative statistics, the conditional impacts of race are directionally opposite to our hypothesis. In the remaining discussion, we generally focus on the demographic differences that confirmed a priori hypotheses and return to a discussion of race in Conclusions.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 173} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Labor union decline has been widely consequential for middle and lower paid workers, resulting in worsened job security, reduced fringe benefits, lower earnings, social disintegration, and heightened inequality (Cowie 2010; Fortin et al. 2021; Rosenfeld 2014; Western and Rosenfeld 2011), all consequential for health outcomes (Hagedorn et al. 2016; Leigh and Chakalov 2021; Reynolds and Brady 2012). The present study examines how union benefits that accrue over an entire career predict physical health among older adults. Using 39 waves of PSID data to measure both cumulative union membership during a respondent's career between ages 18 and 60 and physical health at ages 60 to 79, we draw three main sets of conclusions. First, we find that the accumulated history of unionization contributes to older adulthood health. Among older adults, those who spent the entirety of their career in unions have better self-rated health, fewer functional limitations, and fewer life- threatening chronic conditions than those who were partially or never union members.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 174} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We find that by 2030, a 1 euro increase in the price of natural gas would translate into a 1 euro increase in annual electricity prices for the aggregate of European countries. This would be 40% lower than the situation in 2024, where the electricity price would be expected to increase by 1.4 euros.Interpreting the results for \u03b2-sensitivity requires some clarification. For combined cycle gas turbines (the majority of natural gas power plants in 2024 and the 2030 plans), we assume a thermal efficiency of 49% (ref. 22), implying a gas plant must burn 2.05 MWh of natural gas to obtain 1 MWh of electricity. Because of this, if the annual price of electricity reacted one to one with the marginal costs of natural gas plants, we would expect the increase in the price of electricity of 2.05 euros when the price of gas went up by one euro. Our \u03b2-sensitivity estimates indicate that by 2030, the price of electricity would reflect 50% of the increase in the short-run marginal cost of gas plants compared to 70% today (that is, 0.7 = 1.4/2.05).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 175} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n In Table 3, we present the results for the number of vaccine allocations over the 9-week period using a series of linear growth models. The results with this dependent variable reflect a similar pattern to the one described previously with some notable differences. Again, in Model 1, the coefficient for Black clustering is significant and negative, indicating that the higher the degree of concentration and clustering of Blacks across these five counties, the smaller the vaccine allocations week to week. Specifically, every 1 SD increase in Black clustering (648.99) relates to 658.08 fewer vaccine doses per 10,000 people in a ZIP code. The same figure for a 1 SD change in Latino clustering (1,611.93) is 492.66 vaccine doses per 10,000 people, which is not an inconsequential amount, although this coefficient is only significant at the .1 level for Latino clustering. In all subsequent models, the results for Latino clustering are not significant. Concerning the control variables, the results are similar to previous models except that median household income is significant and negative here.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 176} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n To investigate the trade-off between the benefits of lowering emissions and the benefits of continued carbon tax revenue, we perform an optimal policy calculation; optimal policy refers to the policy that maximizes (discounted) net benefits through time and does not feature a temperature constraint as in the results above. With revenue recycling, the model recommends high decarbonization initially\u2014there are dual benefits of redistributable revenue and lower future temperatures\u2014but postpones full decarbonization for many decades as redistribution continues (Fig. 5). Without the equal per capita revenue recycling, the model at first recommends more moderate ambition, to protect the current poor from high mitigation costs, followed by a rapid increase in decarbonization to avoid extreme warming. Despite this different temporal pattern of mitigation, the maximum temperature rise is similar in both scenarios, although it peaks later with revenue recycling, a potentially valuable delay if it reduces the rate of temperature change and enables more time for adaptation34. The carbon tax and carbon dividend trajectories corresponding to the decarbonization paths are reported in Supplementary Figs. 7 and 8. (Unless otherwise stated, results assume standard discounting parameters from the Regional Integrated Climate Economy (RICE) model: pure time preference = 1.5% per year; consumption elasticity of marginal utility = 1.5 (representing the diminishing marginal utility of consumption) and distribution of climate damages proportional to consumption.)\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 177} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We find that the no overshoot scenario has higher inequality before net zero as emission reductions, which are regressive, are frontloaded (Fig. 4). This increase is more accentuated for regions with high removal since more negative emissions are deployed in the 2030s and 2040s24 and these are financed with a higher carbon price (Fig. 2). However, negative emissions are lower in the second half of the century if the budget is not overshot. Consequently, the inequality implications of negative emissions are reduced, especially for highly impacted countries (fourth bracket).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 178} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Although justice contestations featured prominently in regulations related to BERDO's justice components (Table 2), concerns about justice were also mobilized in regulatory topics that are not commonly associated with justice and/or without an explicit justice mandate that emanates from the ordinance. For instance, concerns about asthma in children and air pollution in communities of color were mobilized by CAG members to support the assignment of an emissions factor to fossil fuel-derived district steam. This decision was opposed by some regulated parties, who argued that such rule places an \u201cunfair financial burden\u201d and \u201cdisproportionately burdens district steam customers\u201d. In advocating to restrict the use of PPAs, CAG members argued that despite existing challenges in renewable energy markets, \u201cwe cannot allow the current reality to further entrench existing inequity at the expense of environmental justice populations\u201d. Conversely, regulated parties argued that relaxing third-party verification requirements to enable in-house data verification would be \u201ca key workforce development opportunity\u201d that \u201cwould create a powerful incentive for large existing buildings to hire energy efficiency experts long term\u201d. These examples show how justice contestations appear in seemingly opaque or technical decisions and beyond spaces that are explicitly labeled for justice. As one city official explained, even where the ordinance does not specifically require it, \u201cregulations can still accommodate additional thoughts on what it means to advance equity goals\u201d.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 179} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Table 2 presents the descriptive statistics for our study variables, including key variables at various points in time. It shows notable variation in our key study variables. For instance, in the most equitable state (Alaska), the top 10% of wage earners controlled 33% of income, but in the least equitable state (New York), they controlled 60% in 2014. The reported means also increased over time for all three of our key variables.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 180} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n In contrast, under an ambitious carbon price pathway in line with EU climate targets41 (US$149 tCO2-1 in 2030, US$246 tCO2-1 in 2040 and US$407 tCO2-1 in 2050, see Extended Data Table 3), green products gradually achieve cost parity with their fossil competitors. While the exact timing of cost parity remains highly uncertain, a relative sequence of hydrogen end-use competitiveness can be derived (Fig. 5b,d and Extended Data Fig. 5, right column). In our central estimate, green hydrogen first becomes competitive with grey hydrogen in 2034 (for example, for ammonia and refining), followed by green hydrogen becoming competitive with diesel in 2037 (for mobility), e-methanol becoming competitive with grey methanol in 2043 (for example, for chemicals), and green hydrogen becoming competitive with natural gas in 2044 (for example, for industry and power). In our central estimate, e-kerosene and e-methane narrowly miss reaching cost parity with their fossil competitors by 2050 (Extended Data Fig. 5h,l). Thus, even with ambitious carbon pricing, the cost gap persists for at least one decade, depending on the end use and the scenario. Sustained support policies complementing carbon pricing are therefore essential to foster green hydrogen growth and reduce investment risks.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 181} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Table 3 provides a description of mothers' education at the baseline and postnatal college completion between Waves 1 and 6. At the baseline wave, 40% of the FFCW sample did not have a high school degree, 25% reported a high school degree or GED, 24% reported some college (i.e., a vocational degree, associate's degrees, or college schooling that did not result in a degree), and 11% had a bachelor's degree. Between the baseline interview and sixth wave, 33% (n = 1,099) of the Wave 6 sample (n = 3,146 mothers) had completed a vocational degree, 13% (n = 417) had completed an associate's degree, and 9% (n = 295) had completed a bachelor's degree. Among mothers who completed a vocational degree, 67% of cases (n = 733) resulted in an increase in education. Among mothers who completed an associate's degree, 54% of cases (n = 224) resulted in an observable increase in education (this estimate is likely conservative because of how some college is coded). Among mothers who completed a bachelor's degree, there was an increase in education in 85% of cases (n = 251). More information about the number and percentage of mothers (based on the Wave 6 sample) who earned various degrees by their starting level of education (thus providing details on cell sizes) is also presented in Table 3.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 182} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Table 2 displays characteristic variables for each segment, organized by the constructs of the conceptual model in addition to some demographic variables that were not used in the segmentation. Figure 5 focuses on one construct that proved to be one of the strongest predictors of segment membership. Out of the 23 predictor variables of the segments identified using discriminant analysis, trust in one's existing supplier is ranked fifth and trust in other suppliers is ranked sixth. Figure 5 shows further differences between the segments on trust of additional societal institutions using a question that has been used to understand comparative switching behaviour in a number of different markets and to set this in context of a consumer's general trust tendency54. In Table 3, we bring together the analysis of all of the characteristics to provide a brief summary profile of each segment and the implications for energy market transitions.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 183} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n To get an understanding of the effects of the six hotels with their different infrastructure and setting, we also computed a fixedeffects model with dummy variables for the individual hotels. The results are presented in Table 4 and show that the treatment effect is highly significant, albeit slightly smaller than in models (1)-(3). Only in hotel 5, the energy use per shower differs significantly from the other hotels, which may be due to different infrastructure (for example, more low-flow shower heads) or guest characteristics. Otherwise, the impact on energy use per shower is very similar between the different hotels. Regardless of the model specification, the treatment effect is large and significant; thus, non-self-selected participants also respond to real-time feedback in the complete absence of monetary incentives.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 184} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Figure 3 shows our modelling results on the impact of reforms and actors' foresight on carbon prices (see also Extended Data Figs. 1-6). First of all, one can see between period (1) and period (2), when the MSR reform was negotiated and implemented, actors presumably started to look further into the future. When turning to period (1) before 2018, one notices that observed ETS prices are closer to the modelled prices for myopic actors than to the modelled prices for farsighted actors. It seems therefore plausible to assume that market actors behaved at least partially myopically, which is in line with earlier assessments7. For periods (2) and (3), one observes the opposite: both, the 2019-2020 observed ETS prices of \u20ac20-30 tCO2-1 and the 2021-2022 ones of \u20ac70-90 tCO2-1, are consistent with the modelled prices for farsighted actors (that is, perfect foresight trajectories for old 'MSR reform' targets, and new 'Fit for 55' targets, respectively). We also calculate the Mean Average Percentage Error (MAPE) between the modelled and historical prices (Extended Data Tables 1-4), which confirms the visual conclusions drawn from Fig. 3.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 185} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Our study shows that the magnitude of mitigation costs is affected by the availability of critical technologies (which in our case include low-carbon electricity and BECCS) and the ability to trade relevant energy products across state borders. Whether these technologies, especially untested ones such as BECCS, can be deployed at the speed and scale needed for deep decarbonization depends on a variety of factors, such as economic cost, land use constraints and other sustainability considerations43,44. In addition, while our model allows for a certain degree of flexibility for inter-state trade of electricity and bioliquids, we often observe inflexibility of energy investments and trade in the real world, due to physical and regulatory constraints on electricity transmission, biomass resources, opposition to pipelines, etc.43-46. Future work should consider these real-world constraints in modelling critical technologies at fine spatial scale and should disentangle more precisely whether it is the technology frontiers or the ability to trade across state borders that drives the low cost of policy heterogeneity found in this study.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 186} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Furthermore, we conducted a cost-benefit analysis for installing the metering device in the hotels' showers based on the treatment effect estimated in model (1). We assumed a retail price of 40 CHF for the smart shower meter and fuel cost for water heating of 0.128 CHF kWh-1 and water cost of 3.8 CHF m-3, as in Tiefenbeck et al.25. If we extrapolate from the treatment effect of 0.21 kWh and 3.56 l per shower and assume on average 1.2 showers per day per room, as observed during the period of our study, this results in an amortization time of 2.2 years.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 187} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n In a difference-in-differences framework, we categorized ZIP codes based on their pre-period HyADS exposure (high versus low). The results indicated that the Q2-2015 energy transition reduced asthma hospitalizations and ERVs by an additional 2.8 visits per ZIP code per quarter in areas with high pre-transition exposure relative to areas with a lower pre-transition exposure (Fig. 4). When we specified pre-transition HyADS as a continuous variable, results were similar when converted into a comparable scale (-0.4 (95% CI: -0.2, -0.7)) asthma hospitalizations and ERVs per ZIP code per 1,000-unit higher pre-period HyADS exposure; Supplementary Fig. 4). With a first-difference linear regression model, we found that a 1,000-unit ZIP-code-level reduction in HyADS exposure from the year prior to the year after the Q2-2015 energy transitions resulted in, on average, 2.2 fewer asthma hospitalizations and ERVs (95% CI: -4.5, 0.2) per ZIP code per year and a first-difference model that specified categories of \u0394HyADS showed the largest effect for the highest \u0394HyADS category (Supplementary Fig. 4). Inferences remained stable in sensitivity analyses using baseline population weights instead of adjusting models for baseline population (Supplementary Table 2).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 188} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n When we, more exploratorily, consider each of our countries (Ecuador, Egypt, India, Indonesia and Mexico) individually, we find that the attitudes towards fossil fuel subsidy removal are on the same level as attitudes towards the introduction of a carbon tax. In the comparison, Egypt constitutes an exception, with the least positive attitudes towards removal of fossil fuel subsidies for industrial use (M = 5.4) and private consumption (M = 5.3) compared with averages in the other countries of 6.2 for industrial use and 6.3 for private consumption (Fig. 1). Overall, from our results, we can conclude that the resistance towards (or acceptance of) the removal of fossil fuel subsidies is on par with the public opinion on introducing taxes on CO2 .\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 189} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We examined how accounting for flood connectivity or lackthereof may impact flood levels. Specifically, the former case (referredto as 'Integrated' outfalls) accounted for the hydraulic coupling of waterlevels in open channels at the outfalls, mimicking the real-world floodcondition to the best of our abilities. In the latter case ('Controlled'),all stormwater at the outfalls is assumed to discharge freely into thereceiving channel of Bear Creek; that is, the outflow is controlled tohave the rate of a pipe with a free overall downstream condition, notimpeded by the presence of the receiving water body. Comprehensivehydrodynamic modeling of these two distinct scenarios of outfallfunctioning reveals peculiar results. Notably, with the outfalls hydraulically disconnected (the 'Controlled' case) from the rest of the floodedwatershed, the resultant flooding is more extreme than that of the integrated outfall case, which facilitated backwater effects (Fig. 2d,f).Specifically, in areas near the outfalls at the Bear Creek channel, inundation levels for the 'Controlled' case exceeded the 'Integrated' caseby over 0.1 m (Figs. 2g and 3a-c). This result can be explained by theconsiderable drainage from the 'Controlled' sewer system discharginginto the open channel: water levels at the outfall sites thus tend to behigher and cause more severe flooding in nearby areas. In contrast,in the more realistic 'Integrated' case, if the water level in the channelexceeds the hydraulic head of the stormwater system at the outfalllocation, backwater flow will occur and water from the open channelwill flow into the sewer system. This results in lower water levels in nearoutfall areas experiencing backwater, leading to reduced flooding inthe 'Integrated' case. Conversely, with large discharges entering thesewer system, upstream areas (such as in the southern region) canbe impacted when the sewer's rainwater intake capacity is reduced,potentially increasing flooding due to slower drainage.Neglecting the connectivity between a sewer system and adjacentflooded areas and consequent backwater effects can overestimateflood levels. This can potentially result in poor design of the number,positioning and dimensions of manholes, pipes and outfalls. Larger sewers and outfall dimensions can facilitate rapid drainage, yet theycan also allow rapid backflow. As shown in Fig. 3d,e, a large outfall (witha diameter of 3.8 m) can discharge high flows (up to 40.9 m3 s-1) in th'Controlled' case, whereas the backflow into the sewer can be up to63.5 m3s-1 in the 'Integrated' case. The smaller outfall (with the diameterof 0.3 m) had lower discharge and backflow (up to 9.7 and 16.7 m3 s-1 forthe controlled and integrated cases, respectively).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 190} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n For three of our dependent variables, we find that being in a non-remote settlement perfectly predicts success (models 1, 2 and 4). That is, all settlements that are urban or regional have legally enforceable protections for all customers regarding life support, guaranteed service levels and disconnection reporting. For these indicators, we examine variation only within remote settlements (n = 610). Those remote settlements where over 80% of the population is Indigenous are less likely to have life-support protections, guaranteed service levels and disconnection reporting requirements for all customers (models 1, 2 and 4). Compared with remote settlements that are not Indigenous, Indigenous settlements are 61% less likely to have life support protections, 46% less likely to have guaranteed service levels and 63% less likely to have disconnection reporting requirements (margins contrast, p = 0.000 for all).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 191} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Oceans and seas where reported intervention activity was greatest were Australia's tropical waters (16%), Australia's and New Zealand's temperate waters (15%), the North Pacific (15%) and the wider Caribbean (10%). Almost all of the interventions reported as active in Australia's tropical waters were occurring in the Great Barrier Reef region (92%). These interventions were predominantly to support coral reef restoration, for example, through re-seeding coral, breeding of heat-resistant coral symbionts and coral reef habitat restoration and creation (6%, 4% and 2% of all reported interventions). Multiple types of interventions active within the same ocean region were reported almost without exception, with 96% of the interventions occurring in the same ocean region as at least one other type of intervention (Fig. 1b). In terms of development, the majority of interventions identified were at pilot or full implementation stage (46% and 38%, respectively, n = 207 interventions; Fig. 1c) while 16% were at concept stage. Development was most progressed for marine bioengineering and coastal and marine restoration interventions. Specific interventions reported as having the highest level of technical readiness and development included artificial manipulation of habitats and regrowing of targeted coastal species (53% and 65% at implementation stage, respectively; Fig. 1c).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 192} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Specifically, the results from our simulation indicate that achieving carbon neutrality in China would be an even greater challenge underASIA than what is perceived under ISSA (Fig. 1). While carbon neutrality could be achieved in 23.5% of the scenarios under ISSA, it could be achieved in only 3.7% of the scenarios under ASIA. This suggests that because of policy interactions, the percentage of scenarios in which the carbon neutrality target could be achieved by 2060 decreases substantially by 84%. Furthermore, the timeline of achieving carbon neutrality under ASIA is expected to be delayed by ~5-6 years compared with that under ISSA. For scenarios in which the carbon neutrality target is successfully achieved, the average year achieving carbon neutrality is 2054 under ISSA but 2059 under ASIA. These findings highlight the need for China to carefully consider and optimize its mitigation strategies, as previous research has suggested3,32, particularly in terms of the potential mitigation effects when multiple policies are implemented in combination.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 193} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n In a within-person conditional quasi-Poisson model, we observed a reduced monthly average daily SABA use associated with a reduced monthly HyADS exposure (RR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89, 0.98, for each 1,000-unit decrease in HyADS).As the June 2016 Mill Creek scrubber installation resulted in relatively uniform reductions in HyADS exposure across Jefferson county (Fig. 5b), we used an interrupted time-series framework. We identified a level shift in SABA use (at the time of scrubber installation) and a possible slope change (decreasing trend in SABA use) (Fig. 6). The scrubber installation was associated with a 17% reduction in monthly average daily SABA use (RR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.69, 1.00) and a 2% reduction (95% CI: -5%, 1%) for each month thereafter.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 194} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We now turn from the sample companies' past reported emissions to their future commitments to reducing emissions through SBTs (Fig. 3a). Few companies (6%) report scope 2 SBTs independent from other emission scopes. Most companies (82%) report scope 2 SBTs in combination with SBTs for scope 1 (covering direct emissions24) and the rest (12%) in combination with scope 1 and scope 3 SBTs (covering value chain emissions beyond scope 2; ref. 24). Most companies (89%) state that their SBT refers to market-based accounting, whereas the SBTs of the remaining 11% refer to location-based accounting (in short, market- and location-based SBTs). This indicates that most companies aim to use RECs and PPAs in pursuing their targets. Companies with market-based SBTs tend to commit to more ambitious emission reductions (compare the orange and blue boxes in Fig. 3a). The trend is especially pronounced for SBTs covering scopes 1 and 2, where the median annual reduction is 1.7 percentage points higher for market- over location-based SBTs (4.2% versus 2.5% of base year emissions). This may be because market-based accounting offers a relatively low-cost means of appearing to reduce emissions14, and therefore companies using this approach are willing to set more ambitious reduction targets; 58% of market-based SBTs align with the 1.5 \u00b0C goal (below purple line in Fig. 3a) and 28% with the well below 2 \u00b0C goal (between the turquoise and purple line). The corresponding shares for location-based SBTs are 8% and 54%, respectively. Some SBTs do not align with either temperature goal as SBTi, until 2019, approved targets aligning with a less ambitious 2 \u00b0C goal8 and one target-setting method (the sectoral decarbonization approach4,25) allows companies with certain characteristics to reduce emissions at a lower rate than is required globally.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 195} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Across all combinations of NET costs and potential (Fig. 5 and Supplementary Annex L for alternative inequality metrics), the within-country effects (sum of opaque blue and opaque green areas) are dominant compared to between-country ones (transparent green area). In our central specification of DAC potential and costs (Global North, low costs), the between-country effect of CO2 removal is an order of magnitude lower than the within-country one around the time of net zero. At the end of the century, the effect is more relevant because the total cost of removal peaks, but it is insufficient to compensate for within-country regressivity. An allocation of removal potential towards the Global South consistently exacerbates global inequality, unless trade of carbon removal is considered. In this case, poorer countries could benefit from selling negative emissions permits to wealthy countries (see Supplementary Annex E for a simulation of international transfers). On the contrary, relaxing the assumption that capital is owned exclusively by each country's citizens would increase between-country inequality because most financial centres are located in the Global North (see Supplementary Annex D for a scenario including international ownership of capital). Assuming higher costs of negative emissions amplifies their between-country distributional effects. At the same time, it reduces the within-country regressivity because it decreases the profit margin for NET companies. Towards the end of the century, under a progressive allocation of removal potential (Global North, high costs) the two effects roughly counterbalance (bottom-right panel of Fig. 5). These results indicate that a progressive international distribution of removal effort, or a properly designed set of international transfers (Supplementary Annex E), can indeed contribute to reducing global inequality. However, especially under the assumption of cheap NETs and around net zero, our results suggest that the within-country inequality increase is more relevant in shaping the global income distribution.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 196} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n Clinicalization was also evident in medical professionals' use of the language of clinical \u201cscreening\u201d in place of the straightforward language of \u201cdrug testing.\u201d Drug testing does not align with the guidelines for clinical screening and is not a diagnostic tool (Wilson and Jungner 1968). In any form (blood, urine, meconium, or umbilical cord samples), drug testing does not confirm that someone has a substance use disorder. To do so requires evaluation by an appropriate clinician using diagnostic criteria. By referring to drug testing as screening, providers place forensic methods into a clinical taxonomy that, in effect, masks the investigatory intent of testing from patients and spares providers from directly naming and potentially wrestling with their own policing and enforcement activities.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 197} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n The univariate, nonlogged descriptive statistics for the dependent and independent variables are reported in Table 1. The table includes the mean and the overall, within, and between standard deviation (SD) for each variable. For all of the variables, the variance is greater between states rather than within them over time. Particularly notable is the mean of the drug-related mortality rate, which is 15.98 deaths per 100,000 people. The mortality rate varies substantially within states (within SD = 4.80) and between states (between SD = 4.98). Figure 1 illustrates the average drug-related mortality rate from 2006 to 2017, and Figure 2 shows the change in the mortality rate over the same period.\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 198} {"query": "You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.\n\n Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:\n - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage\n - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)\n - Focus only on what is present in the passage\n\n Scientific Text:\n We also found that much of the variance for our three main independent variables of interest (the percentage of the population with a bachelor's degree, the opioid prescription rate, and income inequality) is between states rather than within them. The mean percentage of people with a bachelor's degree is 28.84 (between SD = 5.86%; within SD = 1.63%), and the mean opioid prescription rate is 79.41 opioids per 100 people (between SD = 21.88; within SD = 8.14). Regarding income inequality, the mean share of income going to the top 5% is 21.50% (between SD = 1.37%; within SD = .68%), and the mean Gini coefficient is .46 (between SD = .02; within SD = .01). The average share of income going to the top 20% is 49.37% (between SD = 1.86%; within SD = .70%), whereas the mean share of income going to the bottom 20% is 3.46% (between SD = .41%; within SD = .15%).\n\n Summary:", "answer": "None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).", "id": 199}