---
license: apache-2.0
language:
  - en
tags:
  - cybersecurity
  - blockchain
  - network-security
  - validator-security
  - anomaly-detection
  - byte-amplification
  - sui
  - solana
  - scikit-learn
library_name: scikit-learn
pretty_name: V8 cipher-agnostic byte-amplification detector
---

# V8 cipher-agnostic byte-amplification detector

## What it is

V8 is a reference detector trained against `corpus_v1.0`–`corpus_v1.5` under NullRabbit's pre-registration discipline. The model is one demonstrable outcome of that methodology; **the methodology is the contribution.**

This is the work of the substrate paper (in preparation): an iterative leak-surface peeling pattern applied across multiple training cycles, with each cycle pre-registered, audited on close, and retracted in writing when a leak fires. V8 is the cycle that landed `cipher-agnostic-v2` — a manifest of seven byte-amplification features that detect the attack mechanism without relying on any chain-protocol-specific signal. Cross-chain transfer follows from that property: V8 trained on Sui detects Solana byte-amplification attacks at the wire because the wire shape is the same.

The model itself is a calibrated histogram gradient-boosting classifier (`CalibratedClassifierCV(HistGradientBoostingClassifier, method='isotonic', cv=5)`) over seven features, calibrated for operating-point selection. Single-bundle scoring; not a packet-level streaming detector.

V8 is published as the data-layer artefact of NullRabbit Labs' research on **autonomous defence for decentralised networks**. The governance layer is published separately (see Related).

## Architecture

- Estimator: `CalibratedClassifierCV(HistGradientBoostingClassifier, method='isotonic', cv=5)`.
- Manifest: `cipher-agnostic-v2` (7 features). See `feature_names` in the joblib payload.
- Training corpus: 1,972 bundles drawn from `corpus_v1.0`–`corpus_v1.5` (897 attack + 1,075 benign).
- Fidelity filter: `lab` + `lab-tls-fronted`.
- Features version: `v1.1`.
- Seed: 42.

## Features

The `cipher-agnostic-v2` manifest names seven features computed from two bundle modalities:

| Feature | Source modality | Semantics |
|---|---|---|
| `resp.req_bytes_max` | `responses.parquet` | Maximum observed request size in the response time-series |
| `resp.resp_bytes_max` | `responses.parquet` | Maximum observed response size |
| `resp.amp_ratio_max` | `responses.parquet` | Maximum per-request response:request byte ratio |
| `resp.amp_ratio_mean` | `responses.parquet` | Mean response:request byte ratio |
| `resp.amp_ratio_median` | `responses.parquet` | Median response:request byte ratio |
| `pcap.unique_dst_ports` | `packets.pcap` | Distinct destination TCP ports observed (capped at 5) |
| `pcap.unique_src_ports` | `packets.pcap` | Distinct source TCP ports observed (capped at 5) |

**Cipher-agnostic** means the features are computable on encrypted wire traffic from packet sizes, timing, and cardinality — no cleartext payload bytes required. This is what makes the cardinality features pcap-derived and the response features parquet-derived work together at training time on cleartext lab captures and at inference time on TLS-fronted production traffic.

## Training data

The training corpus is **proprietary**. The training surface is NullRabbit's archived `corpus_v1.0`–`corpus_v1.10` (and beyond); the model was trained on the subset of v1.0–v1.5 at `fidelity_class ∈ {lab, lab-tls-fronted}`.

A curated, public sample of the corpus is available on Hugging Face as **[NullRabbit/nr-bundles-public](https://huggingface.co/datasets/NullRabbit/nr-bundles-public)** — 31 bundles spanning seven vulnerability families across Sui and Solana, CC-BY-4.0. The bundle format is open and specified at **[`nr-bundle-spec`](https://github.com/NullRabbitLabs/nr-bundle-spec)** (MIT). External researchers building their own corpus against the spec can reproduce the methodology, retrain V8-class detectors on their own data, and compare against this reference model.

## Intended use

- **Reference detector for byte-amplification attacks** on validator-infrastructure JSON-RPC endpoints. Trained on Sui `sui_F10_multi_get_objects_amp` and adjacent primitives; transfers cross-chain to Solana `SOL_F10_multi_get_accounts_amp` at 100% recall in the published cross-chain leave-one-primitive-out evaluation.
- **Methodology demonstration**: V8 is the worked example of how a pre-registered, audit-disciplined training cycle produces a detector whose limitations are characterised honestly. The card's Load-bearing limitations section is the methodology demonstration; the model is the artefact that supports it.
- **Reproducibility anchor**: train a parallel detector against your own bundle corpus and compare. The seven-feature manifest is the contract.

## Load-bearing limitations

This section is the most important part of the card. Each limitation is anchored in pre-registered evidence and surfaced because it would otherwise become a deployment-time surprise.

### Phase 1 close-gate scope

V8 is Phase-1-close-gate-cleared on **`sui_F10_multi_get_objects_amp` at `lab-tls-fronted` fidelity** — extractor-numerical-equivalence between the production extractor (IBSR `collect-payload` mode at post-term loopback vantage) and the offline reference extractor on all seven features, within `PHASE_1_TOLERANCE`. The model-side close-gate (`PHASE_1_SCORE_CLASS_MATCH` per Decision D-025) — which verifies that prediction-class equivalence holds across configuration shifts that move features into and out of the model's training distribution — is **still in flight** as of this card's date. The numerical-equivalence layer is unblocked; the deployment-claim-load-bearing model-side gate is not.

### Cardinality envelope

V8's `pcap.unique_*_ports` features are extracted with a cap-at-5 ceiling that aligns the IBSR and offline extractors above five distinct source/destination TCP ports per direction. **Below five distinct ports**, the two extractors diverge by +1 due to IBSR's broader observation coverage (TC-layer control-packet observation plus warmup-window timing). Score interpretation below the envelope is regime-conditional; the close-gate clearance is band-bounded at ≥5-port cardinality.

### Saturation envelope

The IBSR extractor's BPF ringbuf saturates at **~80 MB/sec sustained payload** (~3,400 RPCs/sec for F10-class amplification, default 16 MiB ringbuf). Above this rate, feature values under-count along axes the model is most sensitive to (the response-byte-distribution features). Production deployment beyond this saturation envelope will produce regressions in score that look like detection failure but are extraction failure.

### Out-of-training-distribution attack-shape mis-scoring

V8's training distribution covered F10 reproducer configurations at `--ids-per-request 5/10/25 --workers 1/2/8 --delay-ms 0`. The model has been observed to score **"benign"** on attack-shape configurations **outside** that distribution — specifically on the `--ids-per-request 1 --workers 1 --delay-ms 500` low-volume regime captured for the Phase 1 close-gate paired bundles. This is the gap that Decision D-025's `PHASE_1_SCORE_CLASS_MATCH` gate exists to close. **V8 is not a universal F10 detector. It is an F10 detector inside its training distribution.**

### Cross-chain transfer is class-specific

V8 transfers cleanly cross-chain to **`SOL_F10_multi_get_accounts_amp`** at 100% recall in the published cross-chain leave-one-primitive-out evaluation. **It does not transfer to other Solana classes.** The parallel V14 (`compute_amp` family) and V11 (`rate_limiter_bypass` family) binary detectors achieve **0% recall on SOL_F14** and **0% recall on SOL_P07** respectively when trained Sui-only and evaluated on Solana. Joint training (the multi-class softmax architecture detailed in companion research) is the architecturally-correct fix for those classes; no feature surgery on V8 will produce a model that detects SOL_F14 or SOL_P07.

### Binary detector — family-specific, not universal

V8 is a binary detector trained on the **byte-amplification family only** (Sui F10, Solana F10). Attacks from other vulnerability families — reconnaissance (`nmap_slow`), service_misconfig (`ssh_pwauth`, `grafana_anon`), auth_bypass (`admin_rpc_probe`), rate_limiter_bypass (`simulate_compute_flood`) — produce wire shapes V8 does not recognise as attack-shape. V8 will score them "benign". This is **correct behaviour for a family-specific detector**, not a failure mode. Production deployment must compose V8 with parallel family detectors (V9 recon, V10 auth, V11 app-DoS, V13 misconfig, V14 compute-amp) or use the multi-class softmax model published separately at `NullRabbit/multiclass-folded`.

### Empty-bundle mis-scoring

V8 was trained on bundles that observed at least some RPC traffic during the capture window. When `responses.parquet` is **missing or zero-rows** (typical for passive-workload bundles like `sui_BENIGN_passive_fullnode` and `solana_BENIGN_validator_passive`), the five `resp.*` features collapse to zero. V8's decision tree doesn't have rules covering that part of feature space and may produce a high attack-score on the all-zero vector. The `predict.py` helper shipped with this model (see How to use) applies a scoreability gate that refuses to predict on zero-rows-or-missing-responses bundles; the gate is the recommended mitigation.

### Disclosure context

The training corpus includes bundles for primitives at varying disclosure states. `SOL_F10_multi_get_accounts_amp` is publicly disclosed per [NR-2026-001](https://nullrabbit.ai). Other primitives represent methodology-class findings or are referenced in coordinated-disclosure channels with respective ecosystems. Disclosure-status information travels with the bundles in `nr-bundles-public`; this model card is the inference-layer cross-reference.

## Evaluation

- **Training-set decision agreement**: 100% (all 1,972 bundles).
- **Phase 1 close-gate clearance**: 7/7 features pass numerical-equivalence between production extractor and offline extractor on held-out + multi-window + low-cardinality + paired bundle sub-experiments (band-bounded as documented above).
- **Cross-chain leave-one-primitive-out**: 100% recall on `SOL_F10_multi_get_accounts_amp` zero-shot from Sui training.

Full evaluation evidence and audit trail lives in the substrate paper and in the `nr-substrate` working repo's `docs/PHASE-1-CLOSE-GATE-CLEARED-2026-05-06.md` + companion artefacts. The substrate paper is in preparation.

## How to use

### Recommended path: `predict.py` (scoreability-gated)

The repository ships with `predict.py` — a thin scoreability-gated inference helper that wraps the raw estimator with two production-side gates:

- **Scoreability gate**: refuses to score bundles where `responses.parquet` is missing or zero-rows. V8's training distribution doesn't cover all-zero feature vectors (see "Empty-bundle mis-scoring" in Load-bearing limitations above), so the gate returns an explicit `verdict: "unscoreable"` instead of a spurious attack score on passive-workload bundles.
- **Feature-coverage gate**: emits a `feature_coverage` flag (`"full"` when raw packets.pcap is present; `"resp_only"` when it isn't) so callers can downweight or ignore predictions where the two cardinality features defaulted to 0.

```python
from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
from predict import load_v8, score_bundle

model_path = hf_hub_download(
    repo_id="NullRabbit/v8-cipher-agnostic", filename="model.joblib"
)
payload = load_v8(model_path)

record = score_bundle("/path/to/some/bundle_dir", payload)
if record["verdict"] == "unscoreable":
    print(f"refused: {record['reason']}")
else:
    print(f"V8 score: {record['v8_score']:.4f} ({record['verdict']}, "
          f"coverage={record['feature_coverage']})")
```

`predict.py` depends on the bundle-spec reference parser:

```
pip install git+https://github.com/NullRabbitLabs/nr-bundle-spec.git
```

For a full worked example that loads a bundle from `nr-bundles-public` via the spec parser, applies the scoreability gate, and renders verdicts on attack + benign + passive-benign samples, see [`inference_example.py`](inference_example.py).

### Bypassing the gate

Callers with their own pre-filtering pipeline (or who explicitly want the raw model output) can load the estimator directly:

```python
import joblib
import numpy as np

payload = joblib.load(model_path)
model = payload["model"]            # CalibratedClassifierCV
features = payload["feature_names"] # 7-feature contract

X = np.array([[...]])               # shape (n_samples, 7)
score = model.predict_proba(X)[:, 1]
```

**This path is the responsibility of the caller.** If you feed an all-zero feature vector to `model.predict_proba`, V8 will return ~0.9977, which is spurious. The scoreability gate exists for exactly that case. See the Load-bearing limitations section.

## Methodology

NullRabbit's training cycles follow pre-registration discipline. Each cycle has a design document committed before the trainer runs. Audits run on close against sanity floors, per-feature ablation trails, and falsification holdouts. Where an audit fires, training halts, the design is re-registered, and the prior version is retracted in writing.

The **iterative leak-surface peeling pattern** is the methodology contribution: detection of a training-time leak (a feature whose discriminative signal turns out to come from a labelling artefact or capture-pipeline asymmetry rather than from the attack mechanism) triggers a corpus delta + re-train + re-audit, with each cycle narrowing the leak surface. V8 is the cycle that landed when the methodology's leak-surface was small enough that the manifest generalised across chains; the cycles before it (V1–V7) closed specific leaks named in the substrate paper's leak-surface appendix.

The corpus format and family taxonomy are open at `nr-bundle-spec`. The methodology is open (in preparation as the substrate paper). The specific corpus contents beyond `nr-bundles-public` are proprietary.

## Related

- **Bundle format spec**: [`nr-bundle-spec`](https://github.com/NullRabbitLabs/nr-bundle-spec) (MIT)
- **Reference public bundles**: [NullRabbit/nr-bundles-public](https://huggingface.co/datasets/NullRabbit/nr-bundles-public) (CC-BY-4.0)
- **Earned-autonomy paper** (governance layer for autonomous defence for decentralised networks): [Zenodo DOI 10.5281/zenodo.18406828](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18406828)
- **Substrate paper** (data-layer methodology, in preparation)
- **NullRabbit Labs**: [huggingface.co/NullRabbit](https://huggingface.co/NullRabbit)
- **Website**: [nullrabbit.ai](https://nullrabbit.ai)

## Citation

```bibtex
@misc{nullrabbit_v8_cipher_agnostic_2026,
  author       = {NullRabbit},
  title        = {V8 cipher-agnostic byte-amplification detector},
  year         = {2026},
  month        = may,
  version      = {1},
  publisher    = {Hugging Face},
  url          = {https://huggingface.co/NullRabbit/v8-cipher-agnostic},
  note         = {Reference binary detector for byte-amplification attacks on validator-infrastructure JSON-RPC endpoints. Trained on the bundle v1 corpus specified at nr-bundle-spec v0.1.0; curated public sample at NullRabbit/nr-bundles-public.},
}
```

## Contact

Research enquiries: simon@nullrabbit.ai

Spec compliance or format questions — open an issue at [`nr-bundle-spec`](https://github.com/NullRabbitLabs/nr-bundle-spec).