""" Indian Banking & Finance Glossary for Domain Pre-training. This module contains comprehensive financial terminology used in Indian banking, payments, investments, and taxation. Used for domain pre-training to teach the model financial vocabulary. Categories: - UPI & Digital Payments - Banking Terms - Investment & MF Terms - Tax Terms - Regulatory Terms Author: Ranjit Behera """ # UPI & Digital Payments UPI_GLOSSARY = """ UPI: Unified Payments Interface - A real-time payment system developed by NPCI that enables instant money transfers between bank accounts through mobile phones. Launched in 2016. VPA: Virtual Payment Address - A unique identifier for UPI transactions in the format username@bankhandle (e.g., name@ybl, user@okaxis). Eliminates need to share bank account details. IMPS: Immediate Payment Service - An instant 24x7 interbank electronic fund transfer service launched by NPCI in 2010. Maximum limit typically Rs.5 lakhs per transaction. NEFT: National Electronic Funds Transfer - A nationwide payment system facilitating one-to-one funds transfer. Operates in half-hourly batches. No minimum limit, maximum limit varies by bank. RTGS: Real Time Gross Settlement - For high-value instant fund transfers. Minimum Rs.2 lakhs, no upper limit. Settlement happens on a real-time gross basis. IFSC: Indian Financial System Code - An 11-character alphanumeric code that uniquely identifies bank branches in India. First 4 characters represent bank, 5th is 0, last 6 identify branch. UPI ID: Also called VPA. Unique address for receiving UPI payments. Format: username@bankhandle. UPI PIN: 4 or 6 digit Personal Identification Number set by user to authorize UPI transactions. Never share with anyone. QR Code: Quick Response Code used for UPI payments. Contains merchant's VPA/UPI ID for easy scanning and payment. Collect Request: UPI feature where money is requested from another user. Payee initiates the request, payer approves. UPI Lite: Offline UPI feature for small value transactions up to Rs.500 without internet connectivity. UPI AutoPay: Mandate-based recurring payments through UPI for subscriptions, EMIs, etc. P2P: Peer-to-Peer payment between two individuals via UPI. P2M: Peer-to-Merchant payment for purchasing goods/services via UPI. BHIM: Bharat Interface for Money - Government's UPI payment app developed by NPCI. PhonePe: Popular UPI payment app owned by Walmart. Uses @ybl (Yes Bank Limited) handle. GPay: Google Pay - Google's UPI payment app in India. Uses @okaxis, @okicici, @oksbi handles. Paytm: Payment app offering UPI, wallet, and banking services. Uses @paytm handle. CRED: Members-only app for credit card payments. Offers rewards for bill payments. Transaction Reference Number: Unique 12-digit number assigned to each UPI transaction for tracking. UTR: Unique Transaction Reference - 16 or 22 digit number for NEFT/RTGS/IMPS transactions. Beneficiary: The person or entity receiving the fund transfer. Remitter: The person or entity sending/initiating the fund transfer. """ # Banking Terms BANKING_GLOSSARY = """ CASA: Current Account Savings Account - Low-cost deposits for banks. CASA ratio indicates financial health. FD: Fixed Deposit - Term deposit where money is locked for a fixed period at predetermined interest rate. RD: Recurring Deposit - Monthly savings scheme with fixed deposit at regular intervals. Savings Account: Basic bank account for individuals with variable interest (usually 2.5-4% p.a.). Current Account: Account for businesses with no interest but unlimited transactions. NRE Account: Non-Resident External account for NRIs. Foreign currency converted to INR. Tax-free interest. NRO Account: Non-Resident Ordinary account for NRIs. For income earned in India. Taxable interest. FCNR: Foreign Currency Non-Resident account. Deposits held in foreign currency. Tax-free. CIF: Customer Information File - Unique identification number assigned to each customer by bank. Account Number: Unique number identifying a specific bank account. Usually 11-16 digits. MICR: Magnetic Ink Character Recognition - 9-digit code on cheques identifying bank, branch, and account. Cheque: Written order to bank to pay specific amount from account to named person/entity. DD: Demand Draft - Prepaid negotiable instrument for fund transfer. Safer than cheques. KYC: Know Your Customer - Mandatory identity verification process for opening bank accounts. e-KYC: Electronic KYC using Aadhaar-based authentication for faster verification. CKYC: Central KYC - Centralized repository of KYC records to avoid repeated submissions. Passbook: Physical record of all transactions in a bank account. Statement: Periodic summary of all transactions, available monthly or on-demand. Overdraft: Facility to withdraw more than available balance, up to approved limit. Interest charged on usage. NACH: National Automated Clearing House - NPCI system for bulk/repetitive payments like EMIs, salaries. ECS: Electronic Clearing Service - For bulk payments like dividends, salaries. Being replaced by NACH. Standing Instruction: Automatic recurring payment instruction to bank for regular transfers. Nomination: Designating a person to receive account balance in case of account holder's death. Joint Account: Bank account held by two or more individuals together. Minor Account: Bank account for individuals below 18 years, operated by guardian. Dormant Account: Account with no transactions for extended period (usually 24 months). ATM: Automated Teller Machine - For cash withdrawal, balance inquiry, mini statements. Debit Card: Card linked to bank account for purchases and ATM withdrawals. Credit Card: Card with pre-approved credit limit for purchases. Interest charged on unpaid balance. CVV: Card Verification Value - 3-digit security code on back of card. PIN: Personal Identification Number - 4-digit code for ATM/card transactions. EMI: Equated Monthly Installment - Fixed monthly payment for loans, calculated on principal and interest. APR: Annual Percentage Rate - True cost of borrowing including interest and fees. PLR: Prime Lending Rate - Base rate used by banks to set loan interest rates. MCLR: Marginal Cost of Funds based Lending Rate - Current benchmark for setting loan rates. Repo Rate: Rate at which RBI lends to commercial banks. Affects all interest rates. Reverse Repo Rate: Rate at which RBI borrows from commercial banks. CRR: Cash Reserve Ratio - Percentage of deposits banks must keep with RBI. SLR: Statutory Liquidity Ratio - Percentage of deposits banks must invest in government securities. NPA: Non-Performing Asset - Loan where interest/principal payment is overdue by 90+ days. Write-off: When bank removes irrecoverable loan from books. Borrower still liable. Lien: Bank's right to hold customer's deposits against loan default. Garnishee Order: Court order to bank to freeze and transfer funds for debt recovery. """ # Investment & Mutual Fund Terms INVESTMENT_GLOSSARY = """ Mutual Fund: Investment vehicle that pools money from multiple investors to invest in securities. AMC: Asset Management Company - Entity that manages mutual fund schemes. NAV: Net Asset Value - Per unit price of mutual fund. Calculated as (Assets - Liabilities) / Units. AUM: Assets Under Management - Total market value of assets managed by AMC. SIP: Systematic Investment Plan - Regular investment of fixed amount in mutual fund at set intervals. SWP: Systematic Withdrawal Plan - Regular withdrawal of fixed amount from mutual fund. STP: Systematic Transfer Plan - Regular transfer from one fund to another. Lumpsum: One-time investment in mutual fund. ELSS: Equity Linked Savings Scheme - Tax-saving mutual fund with 3-year lock-in under Section 80C. Debt Fund: Mutual fund investing in fixed income securities like bonds, debentures. Equity Fund: Mutual fund investing primarily in stocks/shares. Hybrid Fund: Mutual fund investing in both equity and debt instruments. Index Fund: Fund that replicates a market index like Nifty 50, Sensex. ETF: Exchange Traded Fund - Index fund traded on stock exchange like a stock. NFO: New Fund Offer - Initial offering of a new mutual fund scheme. Exit Load: Fee charged when selling mutual fund units before specified period. Expense Ratio: Annual fee charged by AMC as percentage of AUM. CAGR: Compound Annual Growth Rate - Annualized rate of return accounting for compounding. XIRR: Extended Internal Rate of Return - Actual return considering irregular cash flows. Absolute Return: Simple percentage gain/loss without annualization. Direct Plan: Mutual fund bought directly from AMC without distributor. Lower expense ratio. Regular Plan: Mutual fund bought through distributor. Higher expense ratio, includes commission. Growth Option: Mutual fund option where returns are reinvested. No dividends paid. IDCW: Income Distribution cum Capital Withdrawal - New name for dividend option in mutual funds. Bluechip: Large, well-established companies with stable growth and dividends. Smallcap: Companies with market cap below Rs.5,000 crores. Higher risk, higher potential return. Midcap: Companies with market cap between Rs.5,000-20,000 crores. Largecap: Companies with market cap above Rs.20,000 crores. More stable. Flexi-cap: Fund that invests across market caps without restrictions. Sectoral Fund: Fund investing in specific sector like banking, IT, pharma. Thematic Fund: Fund investing based on theme like ESG, infrastructure, consumption. SEBI: Securities and Exchange Board of India - Regulator for securities market. AMFI: Association of Mutual Funds in India - Industry body for mutual funds. Demat Account: Dematerialized account holding securities in electronic form. DP: Depository Participant - Intermediary between investor and depository (NSDL/CDSL). NSDL: National Securities Depository Limited - Depository for holding securities. CDSL: Central Depository Services Limited - Another depository for securities. Zerodha: Largest discount broker in India. Pioneer of zero brokerage model. Groww: Popular investment platform for mutual funds and stocks. Upstox: Discount broker and investment platform. Kuvera: Commission-free mutual fund investment platform. """ # Tax Terms TAX_GLOSSARY = """ PAN: Permanent Account Number - 10-character alphanumeric tax identification issued by Income Tax Dept. TAN: Tax Deduction Account Number - 10-digit number for entities deducting TDS. TDS: Tax Deducted at Source - Tax deducted by payer before making payment. TCS: Tax Collected at Source - Tax collected by seller from buyer on certain transactions. Form 26AS: Annual tax statement showing TDS/TCS and taxes paid. Form 16: TDS certificate from employer showing salary and tax deducted. Form 16A: TDS certificate for non-salary income like interest, commission. ITR: Income Tax Return - Annual declaration of income and tax liability. ITR-1 (Sahaj): For salaried individuals with income up to Rs.50 lakhs. ITR-2: For individuals with capital gains, multiple house properties. ITR-3: For individuals with business/professional income. ITR-4 (Sugam): For presumptive taxation under Section 44AD/44ADA. Assessment Year (AY): Year in which income is assessed and return filed. AY follows FY. Financial Year (FY): April to March period in which income is earned. Due Date: Last date for filing ITR. Usually July 31 for non-audit cases. Belated Return: ITR filed after due date but before end of assessment year. Revised Return: Correcting errors in originally filed return. Section 80C: Deduction up to Rs.1.5 lakhs for specified investments (PPF, ELSS, LIC, etc.). Section 80D: Deduction for health insurance premium. Rs.25,000 self, Rs.50,000 parents (senior). Section 80E: Deduction for education loan interest. No upper limit. Section 80G: Deduction for donations to specified charitable organizations. Section 80TTA: Deduction up to Rs.10,000 on savings account interest. Section 80TTB: Deduction up to Rs.50,000 on deposit interest for senior citizens. HRA: House Rent Allowance - Tax-exempt allowance for rental accommodation. LTA: Leave Travel Allowance - Tax-exempt allowance for domestic travel. Standard Deduction: Flat deduction of Rs.50,000 from salary income. Old Tax Regime: Tax regime with deductions and exemptions but higher rates. New Tax Regime: Simplified regime with lower rates but no deductions. Capital Gains: Profit from sale of capital assets like property, shares. LTCG: Long Term Capital Gains - Gains from assets held beyond specified period. Lower tax rate. STCG: Short Term Capital Gains - Gains from assets held below specified period. Higher tax rate. Indexation: Adjusting purchase price for inflation to reduce capital gains tax. GST: Goods and Services Tax - Indirect tax on supply of goods and services. GSTIN: GST Identification Number - 15-digit unique ID for GST registered businesses. CGST: Central GST - GST component going to central government. SGST: State GST - GST component going to state government. IGST: Integrated GST - For inter-state supplies. Goes to consuming state. HSN Code: Harmonized System Nomenclature - Product classification code for GST. SAC Code: Services Accounting Code - Service classification code for GST. e-Way Bill: Electronic document for movement of goods above Rs.50,000. Input Tax Credit (ITC): Credit of GST paid on inputs against output GST liability. Advance Tax: Paying tax in installments during the financial year if liability exceeds Rs.10,000. Self-Assessment Tax: Balance tax paid at time of filing return. Interest u/s 234A/B/C: Interest for late filing, short advance tax, deferment of advance tax. Scrutiny Assessment: Detailed examination of return by tax officer. Faceless Assessment: Online assessment without physical meeting with tax officer. """ # Regulatory & Other Terms REGULATORY_GLOSSARY = """ RBI: Reserve Bank of India - Central bank of India. Regulates monetary policy, banks, forex. NPCI: National Payments Corporation of India - Umbrella organization for retail payments. SEBI: Securities and Exchange Board of India - Regulator for securities market. IRDAI: Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India - Insurance regulator. PFRDA: Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority - Pension regulator. AMFI: Association of Mutual Funds in India - Mutual fund industry body. IBA: Indian Banks' Association - Banking industry body. FEDAI: Foreign Exchange Dealers' Association of India - Forex market body. FEMA: Foreign Exchange Management Act - Law governing forex transactions. PMLA: Prevention of Money Laundering Act - Anti-money laundering law. PPF: Public Provident Fund - Government savings scheme with tax benefits. 15-year lock-in. EPF: Employees' Provident Fund - Mandatory retirement savings for salaried employees. EPFO: Employees' Provident Fund Organisation - Administers EPF. UAN: Universal Account Number - Unique number for EPF members. NPS: National Pension System - Voluntary pension scheme for retirement. PRAN: Permanent Retirement Account Number - Unique NPS account number. Aadhaar: 12-digit unique identification number issued by UIDAI. UIDAI: Unique Identification Authority of India - Issues Aadhaar. OTP: One Time Password - Time-sensitive code for transaction verification. 2FA: Two Factor Authentication - Two-step verification for security. CIBIL Score: Credit score by TransUnion CIBIL. Range 300-900. Above 750 is good. Credit Report: Detailed history of credit behavior and repayment. Fintech: Financial Technology - Technology to deliver financial services. Neobank: Digital-only bank without physical branches. NBFC: Non-Banking Financial Company - Financial institution not holding banking license. P2P Lending: Peer-to-Peer lending platform connecting borrowers and lenders directly. BNPL: Buy Now Pay Later - Short-term financing for purchases. Digital Rupee (e₹): CBDC (Central Bank Digital Currency) issued by RBI. Cryptocurrency: Digital currency like Bitcoin, Ethereum. Not legal tender in India. Blockchain: Distributed ledger technology underlying cryptocurrencies. AML: Anti-Money Laundering - Regulations to prevent financial crimes. CFT: Combating Financing of Terrorism - Regulations against terror financing. PPI: Prepaid Payment Instrument - Wallets, prepaid cards for payments. Ombudsman: RBI-appointed officer for resolving customer grievances against banks. Lok Adalat: People's court for settling bank-related disputes amicably. SARFAESI Act: Law allowing banks to recover NPAs by selling secured assets. DRT: Debt Recovery Tribunal - For recovery of bank dues. IBC: Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code - For corporate insolvency resolution. NCLT: National Company Law Tribunal - Adjudicates corporate disputes. """ # Bank-specific terms BANK_SPECIFIC = """ HDFC Bank: Housing Development Finance Corporation Bank. Largest private sector bank in India. ICICI Bank: Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Bank. Second largest private bank. SBI: State Bank of India. Largest public sector bank in India. Government-owned. Axis Bank: Third largest private sector bank. Previously called UTI Bank. Kotak Mahindra Bank: Private sector bank founded by Uday Kotak. Yes Bank: Private sector bank. Had crisis in 2020, now under reconstruction. IndusInd Bank: Private sector bank headquartered in Pune. IDFC First Bank: Merged entity of IDFC Bank and Capital First. Federal Bank: Kerala-based private sector bank. RBL Bank: Ratnakar Bank Limited. Private sector bank. Canara Bank: Public sector bank merged with Syndicate Bank. Bank of Baroda: Public sector bank merged with Dena Bank and Vijaya Bank. Punjab National Bank: Public sector bank merged with Oriental Bank and United Bank. Union Bank of India: Public sector bank merged with Andhra Bank and Corporation Bank. Indian Bank: Public sector bank merged with Allahabad Bank. UCO Bank: Public sector bank previously called United Commercial Bank. IDBI Bank: Development bank now owned by LIC. Payments Bank: Bank that can accept deposits up to Rs.2 lakhs but cannot lend. Examples: Paytm, Airtel. Small Finance Bank: Bank for unserved/underserved sections. Examples: AU, Ujjivan, Equitas. NBFCs: Bajaj Finance, HDFC Ltd, Shriram Finance, L&T Finance, Mahindra Finance. """ def get_full_glossary() -> str: """Get the complete banking and finance glossary.""" sections = [ "# UPI & DIGITAL PAYMENTS", UPI_GLOSSARY, "\n# BANKING TERMS", BANKING_GLOSSARY, "\n# INVESTMENT & MUTUAL FUNDS", INVESTMENT_GLOSSARY, "\n# TAX TERMS", TAX_GLOSSARY, "\n# REGULATORY & OTHER TERMS", REGULATORY_GLOSSARY, "\n# BANK-SPECIFIC TERMS", BANK_SPECIFIC, ] return "\n".join(sections) def save_glossary(output_path: str = "data/corpus/glossary/banking_glossary.txt"): """Save the glossary to a text file.""" from pathlib import Path path = Path(output_path) path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) with open(path, 'w') as f: f.write(get_full_glossary()) # Count terms full_text = get_full_glossary() term_count = full_text.count(':') - full_text.count('://') word_count = len(full_text.split()) print(f"✅ Saved glossary to {path}") print(f" Terms: ~{term_count}") print(f" Words: {word_count:,}") return path if __name__ == "__main__": save_glossary()