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  ---
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  license: agpl-3.0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ---
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ---
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  license: agpl-3.0
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+ pipeline_tag: object-detection
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+ library_name: ultralytics
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+ tags:
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+ - yolo
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+ - yolo11
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+ - yolo26
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+ - sod
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+ - uav
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+ - drone
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+ - aerial
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+ - small-object-detection
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+ - search-and-rescue
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+ - civil-protection
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+ - visdrone
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  ---
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+
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+ # ARGUS-YOLO β€” Human & Vehicle Detection from Nadir UAV Imagery
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+
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+ Three YOLO object detectors for detecting **humans** and **vehicles** (rescue forces, firefighters, emergency vehicles) in high-resolution **nadir** (top-down) UAV imagery of civil-protection and firefighting scenarios.
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+
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+ The models were developed for the [ARGUS WebApp](https://github.com/RoblabWh/argus) as part of the E-DRZ research project.
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+
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+ | File | Architecture | Params | Size |
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+ |---|---|---:|---:|
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+ | `argus_yolo11l_1280.pt` | YOLO11-L | 25.3 M | 49 MB |
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+ | `argus_yolo11x_1280.pt` | YOLO11-X | 56.9 M | 109 MB |
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+ | `argus_yolo26x_1280.pt` | YOLO26-X | 58.8 M | 113 MB |
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+
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+ **Classes:** `0: human`, `1: vehicle`
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+
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+ ## Training
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+
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+ Each model was trained in two stages, starting from the official Ultralytics COCO-pretrained weights:
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+
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+ 1. **VisDrone** β€” trained on the [VisDrone-DET](https://github.com/VisDrone/VisDrone-Dataset) dataset (large public UAV benchmark, ~8.6k images) at **960 px** input size. This establishes small-object detection capability on aerial imagery. VisDrone images are, however, mostly **oblique** views of urban traffic β€” not the target domain.
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+ 2. **ARGUS fine-tuning** β€” fine-tuned on our own ARGUS dataset at **1280 px** input size: high-resolution **nadir** UAV captures of real firefighting and rescue operations and exercises (publication of the dataset is pending).
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+
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+ ## Intended Use & Inference
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+
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+ - **Domain:** nadir (top-down) UAV imagery of rescue / firefighting / civil-protection scenes
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+ - **Flight altitude:** 20–100 m (as in the training data)
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+ - **Image resolution:** high-resolution captures, β‰₯ 4000Γ—3000 px (typical drone camera output)
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+ - **Input size:** use **`imgsz=1280`** at inference β€” the models were fine-tuned and evaluated at this resolution; other sizes will degrade results
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+
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+ ```python
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+ from ultralytics import YOLO
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+
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+ model = YOLO("argus_yolo26x_1280.pt") # or argus_yolo11l_1280.pt / argus_yolo11x_1280.pt
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+ results = model.predict("uav_image.jpg", imgsz=1280, conf=0.25)
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+ results[0].show()
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+ ```
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+
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+ > **Note:** YOLO26 requires a recent `ultralytics` version (β‰₯ 8.4). YOLO11 models work with any version that includes YOLO11.
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+
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+ ## Results
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+
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+ Evaluated on the ARGUS validation split (100 held-out images, 1389 annotations) with Ultralytics `.val()` at `imgsz=1280`, `conf=0.001`, `iou=0.6`, `batch=1` (single-image deployment conditions; inference time on an RTX 5080).
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+
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+ ### Overall
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+
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+ | Model | Precision | Recall | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5:0.95 | VRAM (MB) | Time (ms) |
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+ |---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|
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+ | argus_yolo11l_1280 | 0.828 | **0.812** | **0.869** | 0.605 | **466** | **13.0** |
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+ | argus_yolo11x_1280 | 0.835 | 0.820 | 0.864 | **0.617** | 797 | 23.5 |
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+ | argus_yolo26x_1280 | **0.875** | 0.778 | 0.868 | 0.610 | 792 | 23.9 |
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+
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+ ### Per class
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+
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+ | Model | Human Precision | Human Recall | Human mAP@0.5 | Vehicle Precision | Vehicle Recall | Vehicle mAP@0.5 |
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+ | ------------------ | ---------: | ---------: | ---------: | ----------: | ---------: | ---------: |
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+ | argus_yolo11l_1280 | 0.737 | 0.695 | 0.777 | 0.920 | 0.929 | 0.961 |
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+ | argus_yolo11x_1280 | 0.731 | 0.704 | 0.757 | 0.939 | 0.936 | 0.970 |
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+ | argus_yolo26x_1280 | 0.812 | 0.646 | 0.775 | 0.938 | 0.909 | 0.961 |
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+
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+
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+ Humans are the harder class: at 20–100 m altitude a person covers only ~43Γ—44 px (median) even in 4000Γ—3000 px images, which is why the models were trained on high input resolutions.
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+
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+ ## The ARGUS Dataset
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+
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+ The fine-tuning dataset consists of nadir UAV imagery from real firefighting/rescue operations and exercises in Germany (e.g. flood response in the Ahr valley 2021, fire exercises, DRZ integration sprints and oprations from the Bielefeld fire brigade). **Publication of the dataset is pending.**
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+
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+ | | Train | Val | Total |
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+ |---|---:|---:|---:|
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+ | Images | 323 | 100 | 423 |
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+ | Annotations | 5 829 | 1 389 | 7 218 |
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+ | β€” human | 3 480 (60 %) | 797 (57 %) | 4 277 |
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+ | β€” vehicle | 2 349 (40 %) | 592 (43 %) | 2 941 |
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+
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+ - **Resolutions:** 2048Γ—1534 up to 8000Γ—6000 px; most common 4000Γ—3000 (212 images) and 4056Γ—3040 (113 images)
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+ - **Median object size (native resolution):** human β‰ˆ 43Γ—44 px, vehicle β‰ˆ 145Γ—140 px
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+
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+ | Class distribution | Object sizes |
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+ |---|---|
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+ | ![Class distribution](assets/ARGUS_class_distribution.png) | ![Object size distribution](assets/ARGUS_object_size_boxplot.png) |
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+
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+ ### Sample images
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+
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+ Sample of holdout validation split β€” predictions of `argus_yolo11x_1280` (`imgsz=1280`, `conf=0.25`, green boxes) vs. ground truth (red boxes):
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+
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+ ![Val samples: predictions vs. ground truth](assets/mosaic_val.jpg)
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+
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+ ## Limitations
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+
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+ - **Nadir bias.** Fine-tuning data is almost exclusively top-down; performance on strongly oblique views relies on the VisDrone stage and will be weaker.
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+ - **Domain.** Trained on European (German) rescue and firefighting scenes; generalization to other environments is untested.
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+ - **Resolution sensitivity.** Results were obtained at `imgsz=1280` on high-resolution inputs; low-resolution imagery or smaller inference sizes will reduce accuracy, especially for humans.
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+
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+ ## License
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+
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+ The models are derived from Ultralytics YOLO11 / YOLO26 pretrained weights and are therefore released under **AGPL-3.0**, matching the [Ultralytics license](https://www.ultralytics.com/legal/agpl-3-0-software-license).
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