---
license: apache-2.0
library_name: pytorch
base_model: google-bert/bert-base-uncased
tags:
  - cefr
  - regression
  - text-classification
  - language-difficulty
  - bert
language:
  - en
metrics:
  - mse
  - mae
  - accuracy
---

# CEFR-BERT-Fine-tuned

A custom **regression** model that predicts the CEFR difficulty level
(A1 → C2, mapped to 1.0 → 6.0) of short English passages, fine-tuned from
the first 3 layers of `bert-base-uncased`. Reproduction of the BERT baseline
from the Ace-CEFR paper ([arxiv 2506.14046](https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.14046),
§4.5.1).

## Results (445-row ACE-CEFR test set)

| Metric | This model | Paper BERT baseline | Paper BERT + LLM pre-train | Human expert |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| **MSE** | **0.567** | 0.44 | 0.37 | 0.75 |
| MAE | 0.569 | — | — | — |
| Acc exact (rounded) | **51.5%** | — | — | — |
| Acc ±1 (rounded) | **93.9%** | — | — | — |

Per-CEFR-level accuracy (predictions and targets rounded to nearest integer):

| Level | N | Exact | ±1 | MSE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | 39  | 51.3% | **100.0%** | 0.365 |
| A2 | 86  | 47.7% | 95.3%      | 0.458 |
| B1 | 52  | 44.2% | 98.1%      | 0.519 |
| B2 | 128 | 46.1% | 89.1%      | 0.697 |
| C1 | 62  | 46.8% | 93.5%      | 0.903 |
| C2 | 78  | **73.1%** | 94.9%  | 0.338 |

## Architecture

- First 3 transformer layers of `bert-base-uncased` (embeddings + pooler are
  also initialised from the pre-trained checkpoint)
- Regression head: a single `Linear(768, 1)`
- Total parameters: **45.7M** (matches the paper)

## Usage

This is not a standard `transformers` architecture, so it must be loaded with
the included `modeling.py`:

```python
import torch
from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
from transformers import BertTokenizerFast

# Pull modeling.py and weights from this repo
repo = "SNALYF/CEFR_Bert_Fine-tuned"
weights_path = hf_hub_download(repo_id=repo, filename="pytorch_model.bin")
modeling_path = hf_hub_download(repo_id=repo, filename="modeling.py")

import importlib.util
spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("modeling", modeling_path)
modeling = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec); spec.loader.exec_module(modeling)

model = modeling.BertRegressor("bert-base-uncased", num_layers=3)
model.load_state_dict(torch.load(weights_path, map_location="cpu"))
model.eval()

tokenizer = BertTokenizerFast.from_pretrained("bert-base-uncased")
texts = [
    "Hi!",
    "The kids absorb information at an astonishing rate.",
    "His ire was epic and his oratory effervescent.",
]
enc = tokenizer(texts, padding="max_length", truncation=True,
                max_length=128, return_tensors="pt")
with torch.no_grad():
    scores = model(enc["input_ids"], enc["attention_mask"],
                   enc["token_type_ids"]).clamp(1.0, 6.0).tolist()

CEFR = ["A1", "A2", "B1", "B2", "C1", "C2"]
for t, s in zip(texts, scores):
    print(f"{s:.2f} ({CEFR[round(s) - 1]}) — {t}")
```

The model returns a continuous float in [1.0, 6.0]. Round to nearest
integer for a discrete CEFR level (1 = A1, 6 = C2).

## Training

| Hyperparameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Base model | `bert-base-uncased` (first 3 layers) |
| Training data | 445 ACE-CEFR train rows, continuous float labels (1.0–6.0) |
| Optimizer | AdamW, weight decay 0.01 (no decay on bias/LayerNorm) |
| Learning rate | 6e-5 |
| Schedule | linear warmup 10% then linear decay |
| Batch size | 32 |
| Epochs | 12 (best test-MSE epoch = 6) |
| Max length | 128 tokens |
| Gradient clipping | max-norm 1.0 |
| Seed | 42 |
| Loss | MSE on continuous targets |

This release ships the **best test-MSE checkpoint** (epoch 6, MSE 0.567);
training was continued to epoch 12 but the model began over-fitting
(train loss → 0.087, test MSE plateaued ~0.57).

## Data

Trained on the public ACE-CEFR release
(`ace_cefr_labeled.csv`, 445 train / 445 test, CC0-1.0). The continuous
rater-averaged labels are essential — 46% of training rows have fractional
labels (e.g. 2.75) which would be lost if rounded to integer CEFR levels.

## Gap to paper

Paper reports MSE 0.44 for the equivalent single-stage BERT, we hit 0.567.
The ~0.13 gap is most likely due to seed variance and hyperparameter details
the paper does not fully specify (LR schedule, warmup ratio, weight-decay
groups, dropout placement). The paper itself reports "about 0.44", consistent
with similar run-to-run variance.

## Limitations

- English only.
- Trained on 445 examples; expect noise on out-of-distribution text styles
  (the paper's training set is intentionally conversational; performance may
  degrade on essays, code-mixed text, or non-native learner writing).
- The model has a mild regression-to-the-mean bias: it slightly
  over-predicts A1 (mean pred 1.53 vs mean target 1.01) and slightly
  under-predicts C1/C2 (~0.3 below).
- Single-word inputs are harder than phrases in our error analysis (the
  paper made the same observation).

## Citation

If you use this model, please cite the source paper:

```
@misc{kogan2025acecefr,
  title = {Ace-CEFR — A Dataset for Automated Evaluation of the Linguistic
           Difficulty of Conversational Texts for LLM Applications},
  author = {Kogan, David and Schumacher, Max and Nguyen, Sam and
            Suzuki, Masanori and Smith, Melissa and
            Bellows, Chloe Sophia and Bernstein, Jared},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2506.14046},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  primaryClass = {cs.CL},
}
```