<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is aortic stenosis?</s><|assistant|>A type of heart valve disease that describes the stiffening of the aortic valve as a result of accumulating calcium deposits in the area.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the primary effect of a stiff and unyielding aortic valve?</s><|assistant|>Disrupting normal blood flow in the heart.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the purpose of novel hinge designs in mechanical heart valves?</s><|assistant|>To possibly reduce clotting.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What will be the outcome of having more high-quality research on flow in heart valves?</s><|assistant|>Product designers will be able to identify new valve designs that reduce non-physiological flow, and therefore reduce the risk of clotting.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What will be the result of increased innovation in mechanical heart valves?</s><|assistant|>A greater variety of novel valve geometries will be able to be tested.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Why is the clear resin model not suitable for this application?</s><|assistant|>It requires a high refractive index solution to enable PIV.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What was the previous experiment's goal related to the silicone valve housing?</s><|assistant|>to create separate valve and test sections, such that the silicone valve housing would sit in place in the test section</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What was the issue with the silicone valve housing in the previous experiment?</s><|assistant|>the housing was overall too flexible to successfully hold leaflets</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What was another concern related to the silicone valve housing in the previous experiment?</s><|assistant|>concerns about how the valves would work</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are the potential side effects of CAD devices?</s><|assistant|>Hemolysis and thrombosis, which can cause CAD malfunction, injury, and potentially even death.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Why is intense testing necessary for CAD devices?</s><|assistant|>For these devices to be approved by administrations such as the FDA in the US.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What makes in vivo experiments on animals or patients cost-intensive?</s><|assistant|>They are especially cost-intensive when being used to iterate the device being tested.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are the compliance values for arterial and pulmonary venous compliance?</s><|assistant|>6.74 mL/mmHg for pulmonary venous compliance and 6.74 mL/mmHg is not the arterial compliance value, but 6.74 mL/mmHg is not the arterial compliance value, but 6.74 mL/mmHg is not the arterial compliance value, the arterial compliance value is not mentioned in this text snippet, but a different study in the article attained compliance by setting a value of “1 mL/mmHg for the pulmonary arterial chamber” which is close to the arterial compliance value. However, in the text, it is stated that another study used 5 mL/mmHg for the systemic arterial chamber.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the ratio of vein compliance to arterial compliance?</s><|assistant|>Vein compliance is roughly 24 times greater than the compliance of arteries.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are the compliance values for the systemic venous, pulmonary arterial, and systemic arterial chambers in a different study?</s><|assistant|>10 mL/mmHg for the systemic venous chamber, 1 mL/mmHg for the pulmonary arterial chamber, and 5 mL/mmHg for the systemic arterial chamber.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are a few common causes of low blood pressure?</s><|assistant|>allergic reactions, dehydration, standing up too quickly, or a side effect from a prescription medication</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the potential risk of leaving hypotension untreated in severe cases?</s><|assistant|>death or multi-organ failure</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is valvular heart disease (VHD)?</s><|assistant|>A condition where one or multiple valves of the heart cannot properly function.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are some factors that induce valvular heart disease (VHD)?</s><|assistant|>Infections, old age, or other cardiac-related conditions.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the purpose of this project?</s><|assistant|>To investigate the potential use of 3D printed rigid polymeric heart valves.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are the advantages of using PyC for heart valves?</s><|assistant|>durability and hemocompatibility, making the material highly effective for long-term use.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the challenge in using PyC for heart valves?</s><|assistant|>the high fabrication cost of PyC MHV, costs starting at $3,000.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What manufacturing methods are used to fabricate MHVs from PyC?</s><|assistant|>CNC machining and vapor depositioning.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What type of filament was used for 3D printing the polycarbonate components?</s><|assistant|>PolyMax PC filament from Polymaker (PC02001)</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What was used to prevent the parts from warping during the 3D printing process?</s><|assistant|>Vision Miner Nano Polymer Adhesive</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the purpose of calculating the average effective orifice area (EOA)?</s><|assistant|>To evaluate the valve's ability to allow for unimpeded blood flow during systole.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the regurgitant fraction (RF) used to assess in the valve?</s><|assistant|>The valve's ability to prevent backflow during diastole.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the equation used to calculate the effective orifice area (EOA)?</s><|assistant|>EOA (cm²) = Q RMS (mL/s) / 51.6 ∆P (mmHg) ρ (g/cm³)</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are some medical conditions that can contribute to the deterioration of heart valves?</s><|assistant|>Rheumatic disease, endocarditis, and congenital heart valve disease.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What happens to the blood circulation when a heart valve is compromised?</s><|assistant|>Stenosis or regurgitation impair the blood circulation.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is often used as a long-term solution to restore proper valve function and maintain efficient blood flow when a heart valve is damaged?</s><|assistant|>Mechanical heart valves.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What adjustments were made to the valve and base for optimal connection?</s><|assistant|>The valve and base were offset by a few millimeters.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Why was the shape of the rod with the leaflet changed?</s><|assistant|>The rectangular shape produced too much friction, which was later reduced by changing it to a circular shape.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What software was used to create design iterations of the monoleaflet mechanical heart valve?</s><|assistant|>SolidWorks 2023, a professional-grade computer-aided design (CAD) software.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is shown in Figures 17-20?</s><|assistant|>Velocity gradients and streamline of the flow during 70 BPM at 180 PP.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What happens during early systole when the leaflet opens?</s><|assistant|>A large amount of forward flow and regurgitation in the middle of the valve.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is observed in the streamline during early systole?</s><|assistant|>Less vortexes and large amounts of back flow hitting the back of the leaflet.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>According to the CDC, what accounted for 57,937 deaths in 2022?</s><|assistant|>nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What can be used today to quantify color change?</s><|assistant|>A compact smartphone or tablet's camera</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the limitation of smartphone cameras in terms of spectral resolution?</s><|assistant|>Due to their use of RGB filters, with relatively low spectral resolution</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>How does thermal printing affect the transfer of reagents to paper substrates in PADs?</s><|assistant|>Thermal printing effectively transfers reagents to paper substrates without the need for liquid dispensing.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are the benefits of using thermal printing for fabricating PADs?</s><|assistant|>Thermal printing enables rapid fabrication of PADs at low cost, making it an ideal technique for developing disposable, single use diagnostic devices.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What still needs to be managed in the setup for reliable colorimetric analysis?</s><|assistant|>Interference of extraneous substances.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>How does PAD technology maintain precision in the face of environmental variations?</s><|assistant|>It leverages AI to interpret subtle color shifts effectively.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the benefit of using PAD technology in resource-limited settings?</s><|assistant|>It democratizes medical testing, making it feasible to monitor conditions like chronic kidney disease.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the potential impact of PAD technology on the field of personalized medicine?</s><|assistant|>It positions this approach as a transformative tool.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are the drawbacks of placing a mechanical heart valve in a supra-annular position?</s><|assistant|>Higher levels of anticoagulant drugs, heart block, reduction of left atrial volume and compliance, compression of the circumflex coronary artery, and aneurysm formation.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are some unique hemodynamic conditions in pediatric patients compared to adults?</s><|assistant|>Higher heart rates and more hemodynamic conditions.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is a consideration important for mechanical heart valves in pediatric patients?</s><|assistant|>The unique flow dynamics in pediatric patients.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What happens to the bileaflet valves during forward flow?</s><|assistant|>They are open and there are two lateral orifice jets on sides of the leaflet facing the wall and a central orifice jet between the leaflets</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What happens to the bileaflet valves during reverse flow?</s><|assistant|>They are closed and there is leakage flow at the hinges and the b-datum plane</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What effect do smaller transverse angles have on shear stresses in mechanical heart valves?</s><|assistant|>Smaller transverse angles produce lower shear stresses.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What happens to wall shear stresses when larger opening angles are used in mechanical heart valves?</s><|assistant|>Increased wall shear stresses.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Why were studies on adult mechanical valves not directly applicable to pediatric-sized valves?</s><|assistant|>They have different hemodynamic conditions and performance.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the leading cause of death in the United States?</s><|assistant|>Chronic Kidney Disease</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the diagnosis process for CKD like for most people?</s><|assistant|>It's not simple and easy for most people to perform or have someone perform for them.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Where are tests to diagnose CKD often conducted?</s><|assistant|>In hospital settings.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the μ PAD device and what problem does it aim to solve?</s><|assistant|>It's an inexpensive and compact device that aims to provide diagnosis tests for patients, covering the void in the system.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the increasing need for in patients with certain conditions?</s><|assistant|>new methods of monitoring the condition that will allow the affected patients to monitor it independently and at their own leisure.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is one of the most used techniques for µPAD?</s><|assistant|>Colorimetric detection.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>How is the colorimetric detection result determined?</s><|assistant|>by the movement of the analyte solution, where it reacts to the specific reagents to produce a color change.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>How was the device's effectiveness evaluated?</s><|assistant|>By testing the sensitivity and detection limits of the color change in the device against various saline creatinine solutions and blood samples of known creatinine concentrations.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What was developed to simplify the work of future researchers?</s><|assistant|>A method of determining the concentration of creatinine in porcine blood samples.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is essential for evaluating the performance of the device?</s><|assistant|>The concentration of creatinine in porcine blood samples.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the title of the research paper?</s><|assistant|>Characterizing the Growth of Blood Clots Near Mechanical Heart Valves</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What department is the paper from?</s><|assistant|>Biomedical & Chemical Engineering Department, Charles W. Davidson College of Engineering</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Who advised the authors of the paper?</s><|assistant|>Dr. Alessandro Bellofiore</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and its impact on health?</s><|assistant|>CKD is a global health problem with increasing prevalence, often leading to kidney failure if undiagnosed.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>How is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) categorized?</s><|assistant|>It is categorized into stages based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the progressive nature of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?</s><|assistant|>It is a progressive loss of kidney function over time.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the effect of adding sodium dodecyl sulfate to the reagent in Jaffe creatinine assays?</s><|assistant|>The addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate to the reagent eliminates bilirubin and total protein interference with Jaffe methods.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the impact of exogenous interferences on Jaffe creatinine assays?</s><|assistant|>Exogenous interferences can affect Jaffe creatinine assays, but the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate to the reagent can eliminate these interferences.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the purpose of adding sodium dodecyl sulfate to the reagent in Jaffe creatinine assays?</s><|assistant|>The purpose is to eliminate bilirubin and total protein interference with Jaffe methods, making the assays more accurate.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the state-of-the-art technology that paper-based microfluidic devices have evolved into?</s><|assistant|>affordability, easy accessibility, and notable properties</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What type of settings are paper-based microfluidic devices especially suitable for?</s><|assistant|>research settings conducting diagnostics or reactivity tests</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>How do multi-channel paper-based microfluidic chips improve blood diagnostics?</s><|assistant|>They can detect certain elements in blood samples in a more efficient, fast-paced, and cost-effective manner.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is a major drawback of fabricating paper-based microfluidic chips?</s><|assistant|>The fabrication process is lengthy and precise.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What type of microfluidic chips are commonly used as diagnostic tools?</s><|assistant|>Microfluidic chips designed for synthesis</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is a drawback of using expensive materials for microfluidic chips?</s><|assistant|>They require expensive machinery to fabricate into microfluidic chips</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What type of microfluidic devices are suitable for environments with limited resources?</s><|assistant|>Paper-based microfluidic analytical devices</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are the advantages of using certain devices in POC and research settings?</s><|assistant|>affordability, characteristics/properties, and fabrication process</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are the limitations of these devices in a laboratory setting?</s><|assistant|>multiple fabrications and use factors that can affect a study's deliverables and results</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Why are multiple chips made simultaneously for these devices?</s><|assistant|>to be efficient, stay within the research timeline, and process a myriad of diagnostics chips</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the purpose of the study presented in the paper?</s><|assistant|>The study aims to design and validate an in-vitro pulsatile flow environment for blood clot growth characterization near bileaflet MHVs through fluid mechanics.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the key focus of the study in relation to Mechanical Heart Valves (MHVs)?</s><|assistant|>The study focuses on characterizing blood clot growth near bileaflet MHVs.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What type of flow environment is designed and validated in the study?</s><|assistant|>The study designs and validates an in-vitro pulsatile flow environment.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What materials are often selected for the construction of MHVs?</s><|assistant|>Pyrolytic carbon, titanium alloys, and cobalt-chromium alloys</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What can be added to these materials to improve their performance?</s><|assistant|>Coatings to improve hemocompatibility</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the purpose of the proposed research in the context of mechanical heart valves (MHVs)?</s><|assistant|>To fill the gap in understanding thrombus formation near MHVs by developing the ThromboGenicity Tester (TG)</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Why is standardized testing important in evaluating thrombogenic potential?</s><|assistant|>It ensures comparability across studies and reduces variability.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is a major concern associated with mechanical heart valves (MHVs)?</s><|assistant|>A high risk of thromboembolism, necessitating lifelong anticoagulant therapy.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>How is the mechanical heart valve positioned in the open position during systole?</s><|assistant|>Its leaflets are perpendicular to the ground.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What effect does gravity have on the mechanical heart valve during counterclockwise motion?</s><|assistant|>It aids the closure of the MHV.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What does the designed system ensure for the mechanical heart valve?</s><|assistant|>Physiological orientation.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>How many people are diagnosed with heart valve disease each year, according to the Centers for Disease Control?</s><|assistant|>more than 5 million people</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the purpose of the novel trileaflet mechanical heart valve designed in this paper?</s><|assistant|>to achieve natural flow</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the title of the paper and the degree of the authors?</s><|assistant|>Design and Evaluation of a Novel Trileaflet Mechanical Heart Valve to Achieve Natural Flow, B.S. Biomedical Engineering</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What issues were encountered when importing the MHV into COMSOL?</s><|assistant|>The issues involved the opening and closing mechanism of the MHV in COMSOL.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Why was it difficult to open or close the MHV in COMSOL?</s><|assistant|>The file was saved as a single part instead of an assembly.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What was the solution to the issue in COMSOL?</s><|assistant|>Go back into SOLIDWORKS and manually open or close the MHV, then save the MHV as a file.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>How do the leaflets need to be prepared for import into COMSOL?</s><|assistant|>They need to be shut and saved from SOLIDWORKS.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What change is necessary for simulating a diastolic environment in the model?</s><|assistant|>The inlet and outlet boundaries need to be changed.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>How can the pressure from the aorta side be simulated in COMSOL?</s><|assistant|>By applying the inlet boundary on the aorta side.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is notable about the simulation outputs of the trileaflet design compared to a previous senior project?</s><|assistant|>Their simulation outputs clearly demonstrate a more well-defined and centered jet flow.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is observed in the flow asymmetries and variability in peak velocity positions?</s><|assistant|>Further refinement and validation are required.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What was simulated using a reversed pressure gradient in the diastolic phase?</s><|assistant|>The diastolic phase was simulated using a reversed pressure gradient.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the main goal of the design of mechanical heart valves (MHVs)?</s><|assistant|>to reduce the risk of thrombosis formation</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is a bi-leaflet MHV?</s><|assistant|>the current clinical standard</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are some of the variables that can be configured within the simulation framework?</s><|assistant|>inlet and outlet conditions, velocity profiles, pressure conditions, MHV geometry, and material properties</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What was the intended purpose of the model?</s><|assistant|>to serve as a generalized platform for simulating various MHV designs and flow conditions</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the model's foundation intended to provide?</s><|assistant|>a robust foundation for future investigations and iterative design improvements</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the purpose of the research paper?</s><|assistant|>To compare lateral flow assay and paper-based microfluidic point of care devices for indicating chronic kidney disease.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the focus of the research?</s><|assistant|>Chronic kidney disease and point of care devices for its indication.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Who are the authors of the research paper?</s><|assistant|>Morgan Mah, Shivani Konduru, and Shannon Cao.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is a critical aspect of managing a persistent disease that commonly progresses to critical stages without notice?</s><|assistant|>Constant monitoring and early detection is critical.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>How do traditional diagnostic methods measure a patient's creatinine concentration?</s><|assistant|>Using lab tests and a chemical reaction between creatinine and picric acid.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is used to assess patient kidney performance in traditional diagnostic methods?</s><|assistant|>Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the advantage of paper-based microfluidic assays over lateral flow assays in terms of cost?</s><|assistant|>Paper-based microfluidic assays are lower in cost due to the methods by which they are created.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the benefit of using inkjet printing for fabricating paper-based microfluidic assays?</s><|assistant|>Inkjet printing allows for multitasking fabrication with minimal material, making the testing low-cost and efficient.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What process is inkjet printing a part of in the context of microfluidic assays?</s><|assistant|>Inkjet printing is a process of microfluidic assay fabrication.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the purpose of the alkaline picrate solution in the LFA device?</s><|assistant|>It is used to display colorimetric change and measure creatinine.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are the three components of the microfluidic paper-based analytical device?</s><|assistant|>Filter paper, membrane paper, and a plastic sheet.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the main objective of the project mentioned in the paper?</s><|assistant|>Detecting thrombosis onset in micro-hemodynamic vessels (MHVs) through changes in valve closing sound.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the name of the setup used to test thrombogenicity?</s><|assistant|>Thrombogenicity Tester (TGT)</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the purpose of data processing and analysis in the project?</s><|assistant|>To determine detection metrics and sound signature classification.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the goal of this project?</s><|assistant|>To bridge the gap between heart valve sounds and thrombotic events by evaluating the detection of thrombosis onset through changes in mechanical heart valve closing sound.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What would be the benefits of this tool?</s><|assistant|>Earlier detection, reduced reliance on imaging, and potentially reduced patient morbidity and healthcare costs.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the long-term goal of this research?</s><|assistant|>Improving quality of care for patients living with mechanical heart valves.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What does the observed proportion of successful trials suggest about the method for clot detection?</s><|assistant|>It is statistically significant.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the purpose of 25-Minute Tests in the experimental protocols?</s><|assistant|>To confirm whether a sound change can be used as a prompt to terminate a test.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What was observed in most of the successful trials of the 25-Minute Tests?</s><|assistant|>An abrupt amplitude drop or altered waveform envelope corresponding with clot initiation.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What digital signal processing techniques could improve classification accuracy in the SJSU CardioLab paper?</s><|assistant|>Fourier transform, wavelet analysis, and machine learning-based pattern recognition.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What could the tools from digital signal processing enable in the SJSU CardioLab paper?</s><|assistant|>Automated detection and alert systems capable of distinguishing between normal function and various stages of clotting with high specificity.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What kind of testing is recommended in the SJSU CardioLab paper to further validate the results?</s><|assistant|>Testing with larger sample sizes and under varied physiological conditions—including varying flow rates, temperatures, and valve mode.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What PDMS ratio does SJSU CardioLab use in MCL?</s><|assistant|>Sylgard 184 PDMS at 10:1 base to curing agent, cured 48 hours at room temperature for transparent PIV test sections.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are TGT blood sampling times in SJSU CardioLab?</s><|assistant|>Blood sampled at 0, 20, 40, and 60 minutes using Arduino Uno controlled stepper motor with 150mL fresh whole blood.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are normal TAT values in CardioLab TGT?</s><|assistant|>Normal TAT below 8 ng/mL. Above 15 ng/mL is high thrombogenic risk. Measured by Heska Element HT5 analyzer.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What creatinine level indicates CKD in uPAD test?</s><|assistant|>Normal 0.6-1.2 mg/dL. Borderline 1.2-1.5. Stage 2 CKD above 1.5 mg/dL using Jaffe reaction with picric acid.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What heart valve does SJSU CardioLab use?</s><|assistant|>27mm St. Jude Medical Regent bileaflet MHV at 70 bpm and 5 L/min cardiac output in Mock Circulatory Loop.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What PIV laser does CardioLab use?</s><|assistant|>Time-resolved PIV with green laser 532nm for flow visualization inside Mock Circulatory Loop test sections.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is normal wall shear stress in CardioLab PIV?</s><|assistant|>Normal below 5 Pa. Between 5-10 Pa needs monitoring. Above 10 Pa is high thrombogenic risk threshold.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What equipment is in SJSU CardioLab TGT?</s><|assistant|>Arduino Uno, stepper motor, motor driver, 48V power supply for controlled rotation during blood thrombogenicity testing.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is Jaffe reaction in CardioLab CKD research?</s><|assistant|>Creatinine reacts with picric acid producing orange-red color proportional to concentration. RGB values from uPAD photos calculate creatinine mg/dL.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are three research pillars of SJSU CardioLab?</s><|assistant|>Pillar 1 MHV: MCL PIV TGT. Pillar 2 CKD: microfluidic uPADs Jaffe reaction. Pillar 3 FSI: COMSOL simulations.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What COMSOL method does CardioLab use?</s><|assistant|>Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian ALE mesh for FSI. Blood modeled at 1060 kg/m3 and 0.0035 Pa.s viscosity.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What hematology analyzer does CardioLab use?</s><|assistant|>Heska Element HT5 hematology analyzer for TAT PF1.2 free hemoglobin and platelet count in TGT experiments.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are normal PF1.2 values in TGT?</s><|assistant|>Normal Prothrombin Fragment 1.2 below 2.0 nmol/L. Elevated values mean increased thrombin generation and thrombogenic risk.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What tubing is in CardioLab MCL?</s><|assistant|>Tygon flexible tubing connects pump test sections and flow components in the cardiovascular simulation system.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What cardiac output is used in CardioLab MCL?</s><|assistant|>70 bpm and 5 L/min cardiac output at 80-120 mmHg blood pressure to simulate physiological heart conditions.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What does CardioLab uPAD measure?</s><|assistant|>Creatinine concentration using Jaffe colorimetric reaction. RGB from detection zone calculates creatinine mg/dL for CKD staging.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is thrombogenicity and how does CardioLab measure it?</s><|assistant|>Blood clotting tendency. Measured by exposing blood to MHV in TGT device and measuring TAT PF1.2 hemoglobin platelets at 0 20 40 60 minutes.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is normal free hemoglobin in TGT?</s><|assistant|>Normal free hemoglobin below 20 mg/L. Above 50 mg/L indicates significant hemolysis during mechanical heart valve testing.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is normal platelet count in CardioLab TGT?</s><|assistant|>Normal platelets above 150 thousand per microliter. Below 150 indicates platelet activation and thrombogenic risk.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the MCL flow loop material?</s><|assistant|>Sylgard 184 PDMS transparent silicone sections with Tygon tubing. Blood analog is glycerin water mixture or porcine blood.</s>