<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is aortic stenosis?</s><|assistant|>A type of heart valve disease that describes the stiffening of the aortic valve as a result of accumulating calcium deposits in the area.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the primary effect of a stiff and unyielding aortic valve?</s><|assistant|>Disrupting normal blood flow in the heart.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the purpose of novel hinge designs in mechanical heart valves?</s><|assistant|>To possibly reduce clotting.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What will be the outcome of having more high-quality research on flow in heart valves?</s><|assistant|>Product designers will be able to identify new valve designs that reduce non-physiological flow, and therefore reduce the risk of clotting.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What will be the result of increased innovation in mechanical heart valves?</s><|assistant|>A greater variety of novel valve geometries will be able to be tested.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What type of model is shown in Figure 4b?</s><|assistant|>The clear resin model</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Why is the clear resin model not suitable for this application?</s><|assistant|>It requires a high refractive index solution to enable PIV</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What was the previous project status of this current project?</s><|assistant|>This project was already in progress as part of a Senior design project.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Who were the previous group members of this project?</s><|assistant|>Nikitah Fernandes and Sunayana Pai.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Why was the silicone valve housing unsuccessful?</s><|assistant|>The housing was too flexible to successfully hold leaflets.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are the potential side effects of CAD devices?</s><|assistant|>Hemolysis and thrombosis, which can cause CAD malfunction, injury, and potentially even death.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Why is intense testing necessary for CAD devices?</s><|assistant|>To ensure reliability, safety, and efficiency, and to obtain approval from administrations such as the FDA.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are some challenges associated with in vivo experiments on animals or patients?</s><|assistant|>They are typically cost-intensive, especially when used to iterate the device being tested.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are the compliance values for arterial and pulmonary venous compliance in the study?</s><|assistant|>6.74 mL/mmHg for pulmonary venous compliance and 6.74 mL/mmHg is not specified for arterial compliance, but another study used 1 mL/mmHg for the pulmonary arterial chamber.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>How many times greater is vein compliance compared to arterial compliance?</s><|assistant|>Vein compliance is roughly 24 times greater than the compliance of arteries.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are the compliance values used in another study for the systemic venous, pulmonary arterial, and systemic arterial chambers?</s><|assistant|>10 mL/mmHg for the systemic venous chamber, 1 mL/mmHg for the pulmonary arterial chamber, and 5 mL/mmHg for the systemic arterial chamber.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is a pressure reading of 90/60 mmHg indicative of?</s><|assistant|>Hypotension, where there is not enough force of blood against the vessel wall.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are a few common causes of low blood pressure?</s><|assistant|>Allergic reactions, dehydration, standing up too quickly, or a side effect from a prescription medication.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the potential risk of leaving hypotension untreated in severe cases?</s><|assistant|>Death or multi-organ failure.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is valvular heart disease (VHD)?</s><|assistant|>A condition where one or multiple valves of the heart cannot properly function.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are some factors that induce valvular heart disease (VHD)?</s><|assistant|>Infections, old age, or other cardiac-related conditions.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What does this project investigate?</s><|assistant|>The potential use of 3D printed rigid polymeric heart valves.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are the challenges and limitations of using PyC MHV for rapid prototyping?</s><|assistant|>The high fabrication cost of PyC MHV, costs starting at $3,000, poses challenges and limitations in rapid prototyping.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What manufacturing method is used to cut out components of MHVs from PyC?</s><|assistant|>CNC machining, a manufacturing method where pre-programmed computer software is given directions to precisely control a given tool.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What process is used to create a smooth surface on the MHV device?</s><|assistant|>Vapor depositioning, which involves evaporating the surface of the device.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What type of filament was used for printing the polycarbonate components?</s><|assistant|>PolyMax PC filament from Polymaker (PC02001)</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What was used to prevent the parts from warping during the printing process?</s><|assistant|>Vision Miner Nano Polymer Adhesive</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the purpose of calculating the average effective orifice area (EOA) in the SJSU CardioLab paper?</s><|assistant|>To evaluate the valve's ability to allow for unimpeded blood flow during systole.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the purpose of determining the regurgitant fraction in the SJSU CardioLab paper?</s><|assistant|>To assess the valve's ability to prevent backflow during diastole.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the equation used to calculate the effective orifice area (EOA)?</s><|assistant|>EOA (cm^2) = Q_RMS (mL/s) / 51.6 * ΔP (mmHg) / ρ (g/cm^3)</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are some medical conditions that can lead to the deterioration of heart valves?</s><|assistant|>Rheumatic disease, endocarditis, and congenital heart valve disease.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What can happen to a compromised heart valve?</s><|assistant|>It can not close and open properly, leading to stenosis or regurgitation.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is often used as a long-term solution to restore proper valve function and maintain efficient blood flow?</s><|assistant|>Mechanical heart valves.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>How was the valve connected to the base of the monoleaflet mechanical heart valve?</s><|assistant|>It was connected by offsetting the valve and the base by a few millimeters.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Why was the shape of the rod with the leaflet changed?</s><|assistant|>It was changed to reduce friction.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What software was used to create all design iterations of the monoleaflet mechanical heart valve?</s><|assistant|>SolidWorks 2023, a professional-grade computer-aided design (CAD) software.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is shown in Figures 17-20 of the paper?</s><|assistant|>Velocity gradients and streamline of the flow during 70 BPM at 180 PP.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What happens during early systole when the leaflet opens?</s><|assistant|>A large amount of forward flow, but also a large amount of regurgitation in the middle of the valve.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What does the streamline show during early systole?</s><|assistant|>Less vortexes and large amounts of back flow hitting the back of the leaflet.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>According to the CDC, what accounted for 57,937 deaths in 2022?</s><|assistant|>nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What can be used today to quantify color change?</s><|assistant|>a compact smartphone or tablet's camera</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the limited portion of the visible spectrum captured by smartphone cameras?</s><|assistant|>approximately 400 to 700 nm</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is a key difference between smartphone cameras and spectrophotometers?</s><|assistant|>spectral resolution and the range of the visible spectrum measured</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>How does thermal printing enable the fabrication of PADs?</s><|assistant|>It enables rapid fabrication at low cost</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is still needed to be managed in order to enable reliable colorimetric analysis in PADs?</s><|assistant|>Interference of extraneous substances</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>How does PAD technology address environmental variations?</s><|assistant|>It maintains precision, leveraging AI to interpret subtle color shifts effectively and deliver reliable quantifications.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the impact of PAD technology on medical testing?</s><|assistant|>It democratizes medical testing, making it feasible to monitor conditions like chronic kidney disease in resource limited settings.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the significance of PAD technology in the broader field of personalized medicine?</s><|assistant|>It positions this approach as a transformative tool, due to its portability and ease of use combined with the widespread availability of smartphones.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What method was used to study the flow characteristics of pediatric-sized mechanical heart valves?</s><|assistant|>Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What was the primary goal of the study?</s><|assistant|>To investigate the effects of valve design on blood flow patterns</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are the drawbacks of a supra-annular position for a mechanical heart valve?</s><|assistant|>Higher levels of anticoagulant drugs, heart block, reduction of left atrial volume and compliance, compression of the circumflex coronary artery, and aneurysm formation.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are some unique conditions in pediatric patients that affect mechanical heart valves?</s><|assistant|>Higher heart rates and more hemodynamic conditions.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is a result of the supra-annular position of a mechanical heart valve?</s><|assistant|>Enables the placement of a larger valve.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What happens during forward flow in a bileaflet valve?</s><|assistant|>There are two lateral orifice jets on sides of the leaflet facing the wall and a central orifice jet between the leaflets.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What happens during reverse flow in a bileaflet valve?</s><|assistant|>There is leakage flow at the hinges and the b-datum plane.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What effect do smaller transverse angles have on shear stresses in mechanical heart valves?</s><|assistant|>Smaller transverse angles produce lower shear stresses.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What happens to wall shear stresses in mechanical heart valves with larger opening angles?</s><|assistant|>Increased wall shear stresses.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Why were adult mechanical valves used in studies instead of pediatric-sized valves?</s><|assistant|>Because they have different hemodynamic conditions and performance.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is one of the leading causes of death in the United States?</s><|assistant|>Chronic Kidney Disease</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the diagnosis process for CKD like for most people?</s><|assistant|>It's not simple and easy.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Where are tests to diagnose CKD often conducted?</s><|assistant|>In hospital settings.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the μ PAD device designed to do in the healthcare system?</s><|assistant|>To cover the void in the system by providing diagnosis tests.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the increasing need for in patients with certain conditions?</s><|assistant|>new methods of monitoring the condition that will allow the affected patients to monitor it independently and at their own leisure.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is one of the most used techniques for µPAD?</s><|assistant|>Colorimetric detection.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>How is the color change in colorimetric detection determined?</s><|assistant|>visually to determine the creatinine levels.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>How was the device's effectiveness evaluated?</s><|assistant|>By testing the sensitivity and detection limits of the color change in the device against various saline creatinine solutions and blood samples of known creatinine concentrations.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What method was developed to simplify the work of future researchers?</s><|assistant|>A method of determining the concentration of creatinine in porcine blood samples.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the purpose of evaluating the performance of the device?</s><|assistant|>Evaluating the performance of the device is essential for evaluating the performance of the device, specifically through determining the concentration of creatinine in porcine blood samples.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the title of the research paper?</s><|assistant|>Characterizing the Growth of Blood Clots Near Mechanical Heart Valves</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What department is the paper from?</s><|assistant|>Biomedical & Chemical Engineering Department, Charles W. Davidson College of Engineering</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Who advised the authors of the paper?</s><|assistant|>Dr. Alessandro Bellofiore</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and its impact on health?</s><|assistant|>CKD is a global health problem with increasing prevalence, often leading to kidney failure if undiagnosed.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>How is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) categorized?</s><|assistant|>It is categorized into stages based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What was administered to the sample in the experiment?</s><|assistant|>25 uL of 1 mg/dL creatinine</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What were the null and alternative hypotheses for the T-test?</s><|assistant|>Null hypothesis: μ₁ - µ₂ = 0, Alternative hypothesis: μ₁ - µ₂ ≠ 0</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are the notable properties of paper-based microfluidic devices?</s><|assistant|>affordability, easy accessibility</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Where are paper-based microfluidic devices ideal for use?</s><|assistant|>point-of-care sites and research settings</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are paper-based microfluidic devices used for?</s><|assistant|>diagnostics or reactivity tests</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the advantage of using multi-channel paper-based microfluidic chips in blood diagnostics?</s><|assistant|>They can detect certain elements in blood samples in a more efficient, fast-paced, and cost-effective manner.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the drawback of the fabrication process of a single paper-based microfluidic chip?</s><|assistant|>It is lengthy and precise.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What type of microfluidic chips are commonly used as diagnostic tools?</s><|assistant|>Microfluidic chips designed for synthesis</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Why are microfluidic chips made from expensive materials not desirable for Point of Care (POC) environments with limited resources?</s><|assistant|>Because they require expensive machinery to fabricate</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What type of microfluidic devices are developed as an alternative to expensive microfluidic chips?</s><|assistant|>Paper-based microfluidic analytical devices</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Why are POC and research settings using the devices mentioned in the text?</s><|assistant|>Due to their affordability, characteristics/properties, and fabrication process.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are the limitations of these devices in a laboratory setting?</s><|assistant|>They have multiple fabrications and use factors that can affect a study's deliverables and results or cause a laboratory backup.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Why are multiple chips made simultaneously for these devices?</s><|assistant|>To be efficient, stay within the research timeline, and process a myriad of diagnostics chips.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the main focus of the SJSU CardioLab paper?</s><|assistant|>The main focus of the SJSU CardioLab paper is the design and validation of an in-vitro pulsatile flow environment for blood clot growth characterization near bileaflet MHVs through fluid mechanics.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the name of the college of engineering where the project was conducted?</s><|assistant|>The project was conducted at the Charles W. Davidson College of Engineering.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the title of the senior design project II where the paper was submitted?</s><|assistant|>The title of the senior design project II is BME 198B.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What types of materials are often selected for Mechanical Heart Valves (MHVs)?</s><|assistant|>Durable materials like pyrolytic carbon, titanium alloys, and cobalt-chromium alloys.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Why is careful evaluation of hemodynamic performance necessary for MHVs?</s><|assistant|>The design of MHVs inherently creates regions of high shear stress, which can activate platelets and promote thrombus formation.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What conditions must simulation setups accurately replicate to effectively evaluate the hemodynamic performance of MHVs?</s><|assistant|>Physiological conditions, including pulsatile flow, pressure, and shear stresses.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the main motivation behind the proposed research in the paper?</s><|assistant|>Understanding thrombus formation near Mechanical Heart Valves (MHVs) is still limited due to inadequacies in current in-vitro testing systems.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the proposed research aiming to achieve?</s><|assistant|>Developing the ThromboGenicity Tester (TG) to fill the gap in current in-vitro testing systems.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Why is standardized testing important in the context of the paper?</s><|assistant|>Standardized testing ensures comparability across studies and reduces variability in evaluating thrombogenic potential.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>How is the mechanical heart valve positioned in the system?</s><|assistant|>Its leaflets are perpendicular to the ground when in the open position during clockwise rotation or systole.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>How does gravity affect the mechanical heart valve during systole?</s><|assistant|>Gravity does not interfere with valve function during systole.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the benefit of the designed system's configuration?</s><|assistant|>It facilitates straightforward setup procedures, streamlined experimentation protocols, and simplified cleaning processes.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>How many people are diagnosed with heart valve disease each year, according to the Centers for Disease Control?</s><|assistant|>More than 5 million people</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the main goal of the novel trileaflet mechanical heart valve designed in this paper?</s><|assistant|>To achieve natural flow</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>Who advised the authors of this paper?</s><|assistant|>Alessandro Bellofiore P.H.D.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What issue occurred when importing the MHV model into COMSOL?</s><|assistant|>The opening and closing mechanism of the MHV could not be simulated due to the file being saved as a single part instead of an assembly.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>How was the issue with the MHV model in COMSOL resolved?</s><|assistant|>By manually opening or closing the MHV in SOLIDWORKS, depending on the validation process, and then saving the MHV as a file.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What change was necessary in the model to simulate a diastolic environment?</s><|assistant|>Changing the inlet and outlet boundaries</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>How was the pressure from the aorta side simulated in the diastolic environment?</s><|assistant|>By applying the inlet boundary on the aorta side</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What improvement was observed in the jet flow when comparing the results from the novel trileaflet design to a previous senior project?</s><|assistant|>A more well-defined and centered jet flow.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What characteristics were observed in the velocity field of the novel trileaflet design?</s><|assistant|>Greater uniformity and alignment with physiological expectations.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is required for the diastolic phase simulation?</s><|assistant|>A reversed pressure gradient.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the purpose of designing leaflets' shape and the opening and closure mechanism of the valve in MHVs?</s><|assistant|>to reduce the risk of thrombosis formation</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the effect of MHVs on blood due to their mechanical properties compared to tissue and blood?</s><|assistant|>relatively high shear on the blood</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What type of variables can be configured within the simulation framework?</s><|assistant|>a wide range of variables—such as inlet and outlet conditions, velocity profiles, pressure conditions, MHV geometry, and material properties</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the intended purpose of the model according to the text?</s><|assistant|>to serve as a generalized platform for simulating various MHV designs and flow conditions</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the significance of constant monitoring and early detection in managing a certain disease?</s><|assistant|>It is critical to effectively manage the subject's condition.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the traditional method used to measure a patient's creatinine concentration?</s><|assistant|>Lab tests using colorimetric detection.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the purpose of calculating estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values?</s><|assistant|>To assess patient kidney performance.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the advantage of paper-based microfluidic assays over lateral flow assays?</s><|assistant|>Paper-based microfluidic assays are lower in cost.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the result of using inkjet printing for microfluidic assay fabrication?</s><|assistant|>Minimal material usage and low-cost testing.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the purpose of the diagnostic pad in the LFA device?</s><|assistant|>To display colorimetric change and measure creatinine</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the purpose of the project described in the paper?</s><|assistant|>Detecting thrombosis onset in microvascular heart valves (MHVs) through changes in valve closing sound.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the name of the device used to test thrombogenicity in the project?</s><|assistant|>Thrombogenicity Tester (TGT)</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the goal of this research project?</s><|assistant|>To bridge the gap between heart valve sounds and thrombotic events by detecting thrombosis onset through changes in mechanical heart valve closing sound.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What would be the benefits of a tool that can detect thrombosis onset through heart valve sounds?</s><|assistant|>Earlier detection, reduced reliance on imaging, and potentially reduced patient morbidity and healthcare costs.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the long-term goal of this research?</s><|assistant|>Improving quality of care for patients living with mechanical heart valves.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What proportion of successful trials supports the rejection of the null hypothesis for clot detection?</s><|assistant|>The observed proportion of successful trials supports rejection of the null hypothesis.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the purpose of the 25-Minute Tests?</s><|assistant|>These were designed to confirm whether a sound change could be used as a prompt to terminate a test.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is observed in most of the successful trials during the 25-Minute Tests?</s><|assistant|>an abrupt amplitude drop or altered waveform envelope corresponding with clot initiation.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What digital signal processing techniques can improve classification accuracy in the SJSU CardioLab paper?</s><|assistant|>Fourier transform, wavelet analysis, and machine learning-based pattern recognition.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What could the additional digital signal processing techniques enable?</s><|assistant|>Automated detection and alert systems capable of distinguishing between normal function and various stages of clotting with high specificity.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is recommended for further testing in the SJSU CardioLab paper?</s><|assistant|>Larger sample sizes and under varied physiological conditions—including varying flow rates, temperatures, and valve mode.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What PDMS ratio does SJSU CardioLab use in MCL?</s><|assistant|>Sylgard 184 PDMS at 10:1 base to curing agent, cured 48 hours at room temperature for transparent PIV test sections.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are TGT blood sampling times in SJSU CardioLab?</s><|assistant|>Blood sampled at 0, 20, 40, and 60 minutes using Arduino Uno controlled stepper motor with 150mL fresh whole blood.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are normal TAT values in CardioLab TGT?</s><|assistant|>Normal TAT below 8 ng/mL. Above 15 ng/mL is high thrombogenic risk. Measured by Heska Element HT5 analyzer.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What creatinine level indicates CKD in uPAD test?</s><|assistant|>Normal 0.6-1.2 mg/dL. Borderline 1.2-1.5. Stage 2 CKD above 1.5 mg/dL using Jaffe reaction with picric acid.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What heart valve does SJSU CardioLab use?</s><|assistant|>27mm St. Jude Medical Regent bileaflet MHV at 70 bpm and 5 L/min cardiac output in Mock Circulatory Loop.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What PIV laser does CardioLab use?</s><|assistant|>Time-resolved PIV with green laser 532nm for flow visualization inside Mock Circulatory Loop test sections.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is normal wall shear stress in CardioLab PIV?</s><|assistant|>Normal below 5 Pa. Between 5-10 Pa needs monitoring. Above 10 Pa is high thrombogenic risk threshold.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What equipment is in SJSU CardioLab TGT?</s><|assistant|>Arduino Uno, stepper motor, motor driver, 48V power supply for controlled rotation during blood thrombogenicity testing.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is Jaffe reaction in CardioLab CKD research?</s><|assistant|>Creatinine reacts with picric acid producing orange-red color proportional to concentration. RGB values from uPAD photos calculate creatinine mg/dL.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are three research pillars of SJSU CardioLab?</s><|assistant|>Pillar 1 MHV: MCL PIV TGT. Pillar 2 CKD: microfluidic uPADs Jaffe reaction. Pillar 3 FSI: COMSOL simulations.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What COMSOL method does CardioLab use?</s><|assistant|>Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian ALE mesh for FSI. Blood modeled at 1060 kg/m3 and 0.0035 Pa.s viscosity.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What hematology analyzer does CardioLab use?</s><|assistant|>Heska Element HT5 hematology analyzer for TAT PF1.2 free hemoglobin and platelet count in TGT experiments.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What are normal PF1.2 values in TGT?</s><|assistant|>Normal Prothrombin Fragment 1.2 below 2.0 nmol/L. Elevated values mean increased thrombin generation and thrombogenic risk.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What tubing is in CardioLab MCL?</s><|assistant|>Tygon flexible tubing connects pump test sections and flow components in the cardiovascular simulation system.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What cardiac output is used in CardioLab MCL?</s><|assistant|>70 bpm and 5 L/min cardiac output at 80-120 mmHg blood pressure to simulate physiological heart conditions.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What does CardioLab uPAD measure?</s><|assistant|>Creatinine concentration using Jaffe colorimetric reaction. RGB from detection zone calculates creatinine mg/dL for CKD staging.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is thrombogenicity and how does CardioLab measure it?</s><|assistant|>Blood clotting tendency. Measured by exposing blood to MHV in TGT device and measuring TAT PF1.2 hemoglobin platelets at 0 20 40 60 minutes.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is normal free hemoglobin in TGT?</s><|assistant|>Normal free hemoglobin below 20 mg/L. Above 50 mg/L indicates significant hemolysis during mechanical heart valve testing.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is normal platelet count in CardioLab TGT?</s><|assistant|>Normal platelets above 150 thousand per microliter. Below 150 indicates platelet activation and thrombogenic risk.</s>


<|system|>You are CardioLab AI for SJSU Biomedical Engineering. Expert in MCL PIV TGT uPAD CKD FSI mechanical heart valves.</s><|user|>What is the MCL flow loop material?</s><|assistant|>Sylgard 184 PDMS transparent silicone sections with Tygon tubing. Blood analog is glycerin water mixture or porcine blood.</s>