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🚀 We pretrained a language model from scratch on an inference-only NPU, with real backpropagation.
🤗 Model: FINAL-Bench/VKORE-46M-NPU 📝 Technical write-up: https://huggingface.co/blog/FINAL-Bench/backpropagation-on-an-inference-only-npu-pretraini
"NPUs are inference-only, you can't train on them." We built a counterexample: VKORE-46M-NPU, trained from scratch on a first-gen (2025) inference NPU, 32 chips, no pretrained weights. A 46M decoder-only model (RoPE · SwiGLU · RMSNorm · GQA), char-level, TinyStories.
📏 Why trust it: a falling-loss curve proves nothing. So we trained the same model under identical init, data, and schedule on the NPU and on a GPU reference. · Loss trajectories correlate at 0.99 · Throughput converged to a comparable level The NPU backward pass and optimizer updates do numerically the same work as the GPU, not an approximation that merely trends down.
🧩 One accelerator now covers pretraining · LoRA · inference · quantization. We call this layer VKORE: "CUDA for NPUs."
⚖️ Public: weights, model card, NPU-vs-GPU comparison. Private (patent-pending, paper to follow): the core training technique. 46M char-level is toy scale on purpose: it proves the training path, not model quality. Larger models and real data are next.
Feedback from folks working on custom autograd backends and low-precision training kernels on non-GPU accelerators is very welcome. 🙌
🤗 Model: FINAL-Bench/VKORE-46M-NPU 📝 Technical write-up: https://huggingface.co/blog/FINAL-Bench/backpropagation-on-an-inference-only-npu-pretraini
"NPUs are inference-only, you can't train on them." We built a counterexample: VKORE-46M-NPU, trained from scratch on a first-gen (2025) inference NPU, 32 chips, no pretrained weights. A 46M decoder-only model (RoPE · SwiGLU · RMSNorm · GQA), char-level, TinyStories.
📏 Why trust it: a falling-loss curve proves nothing. So we trained the same model under identical init, data, and schedule on the NPU and on a GPU reference. · Loss trajectories correlate at 0.99 · Throughput converged to a comparable level The NPU backward pass and optimizer updates do numerically the same work as the GPU, not an approximation that merely trends down.
🧩 One accelerator now covers pretraining · LoRA · inference · quantization. We call this layer VKORE: "CUDA for NPUs."
⚖️ Public: weights, model card, NPU-vs-GPU comparison. Private (patent-pending, paper to follow): the core training technique. 46M char-level is toy scale on purpose: it proves the training path, not model quality. Larger models and real data are next.
Feedback from folks working on custom autograd backends and low-precision training kernels on non-GPU accelerators is very welcome. 🙌
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