File size: 33,870 Bytes
9bbba62
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
from __future__ import annotations

import copy
import json
import logging
import re
import tempfile
from pathlib import Path

import numpy as np
import pytest
import torch

from sentence_transformers.sentence_transformer.modules import Pooling
from sentence_transformers.sparse_encoder.model import SparseEncoder
from sentence_transformers.sparse_encoder.modules import Router, SparseAutoEncoder, SpladePooling, Transformer
from sentence_transformers.util.similarity import SimilarityFunction


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    ("texts", "top_k", "expected_shape"),
    [
        # Single text, default top_k (None)
        (["The weather is nice!"], None, 1),
        # Single text, specific top_k
        (["The weather is nice!"], 3, 1),
        # String text, specific top_k, expect a non-nested list
        ("The weather is nice!", 8, 8),
        # Multiple texts, default top_k (None)
        (["The weather is nice!", "It's sunny outside"], None, 2),
        # Multiple texts, specific top_k
        (["The weather is nice!", "It's sunny outside"], 3, 2),
    ],
)
def test_decode_shapes(
    splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder, texts: list[str] | str, top_k: int, expected_shape: int
) -> None:
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model
    embeddings = model.encode(texts)
    decoded = model.decode(embeddings, top_k=top_k)

    assert len(decoded) == expected_shape

    if isinstance(texts, list):
        if len(texts) == 1:
            assert isinstance(decoded[0], tuple) or isinstance(decoded, list)
            if top_k is not None:
                assert len(decoded) <= top_k
        else:
            assert isinstance(decoded, list)
            for item in decoded:
                assert isinstance(item, list)
                if top_k is not None:
                    assert len(item) <= top_k


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    ("text", "expected_token_types"),
    [
        ("The weather is nice!", str),
        ("It's sunny outside", str),
    ],
)
def test_decode_token_types(splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder, text: str, expected_token_types: type) -> None:
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model
    embeddings = model.encode(text)
    decoded = model.decode(embeddings)

    # Check the first item in the batch
    for token, weight in decoded:
        assert isinstance(token, expected_token_types)
        assert isinstance(weight, float)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    ("text", "top_k"),
    [
        ("The weather is nice!", 1),
        ("It's sunny outside", 3),
        ("Hello world", 5),
    ],
)
def test_decode_top_k_respects_limit(splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder, text: str, top_k: int) -> None:
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model
    embeddings = model.encode([text])
    decoded = model.decode(embeddings, top_k=top_k)

    assert len(decoded) <= top_k


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    ("texts", "format_type"),
    [
        ("The weather is nice!", "1d"),
        (["The weather is nice!"], "1d"),
        (["The weather is nice!", "It's sunny outside"], "2d"),
    ],
)
def test_decode_handles_sparse_dense_inputs(
    splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder, texts: list[str] | str, format_type: str
):
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model
    # Get embeddings and test both sparse and dense format handling
    embeddings = model.encode(texts)

    # Test with sparse tensor
    if not embeddings.is_sparse:
        embeddings_sparse = embeddings.to_sparse()
    else:
        embeddings_sparse = embeddings

    decoded_sparse = model.decode(embeddings_sparse)

    # Test with dense tensor
    if embeddings.is_sparse:
        embeddings_dense = embeddings.to_dense()
    else:
        embeddings_dense = embeddings

    decoded_dense = model.decode(embeddings_dense)

    # Verify both produce the same result structure
    if format_type == "1d":
        assert len(decoded_sparse) == len(decoded_dense)
    else:
        assert len(decoded_sparse) == len(decoded_dense)
        for i in range(len(decoded_sparse)):
            # Sort both results to ensure consistent comparison
            sorted_sparse = sorted(decoded_sparse[i], key=lambda x: (x[1], x[0]), reverse=True)
            sorted_dense = sorted(decoded_dense[i], key=lambda x: (x[1], x[0]), reverse=True)
            assert len(sorted_sparse) == len(sorted_dense)


def test_decode_empty_tensor(splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder) -> None:
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model
    # Create an empty sparse tensor
    empty_sparse = torch.sparse_coo_tensor(
        indices=torch.zeros((2, 0), dtype=torch.long),
        values=torch.zeros((0,), dtype=torch.float),
        size=(1, model.get_embedding_dimension()),
    )

    decoded = model.decode(empty_sparse)
    assert len(decoded) == 0 or (isinstance(decoded, list) and all(not item for item in decoded))


@pytest.mark.parametrize("top_k", [0, -1, -5])
def test_decode_invalid_top_k(splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder, top_k: int) -> None:
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model
    embeddings = model.encode("Hello world")
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="top_k must be a positive integer"):
        model.decode(embeddings, top_k=top_k)


def test_decode_invalid_input_type(splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder) -> None:
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Expected torch.Tensor"):
        model.decode([1, 2, 3])


def test_decode_invalid_ndim(splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder) -> None:
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model
    tensor_3d = torch.zeros(2, 3, 4)
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Input tensor must be 1D or 2D"):
        model.decode(tensor_3d)


def test_decode_batch_with_empty_sample(splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder) -> None:
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model
    vocab_size = model.get_embedding_dimension()
    # Create a batch where the first sample has values but the second is all zeros
    indices = torch.tensor([[0, 0], [1, 5]])  # both non-zero entries in sample 0
    values = torch.tensor([1.0, 2.0])
    batch_sparse = torch.sparse_coo_tensor(indices, values, size=(2, vocab_size))

    decoded = model.decode(batch_sparse)
    assert len(decoded) == 2
    assert len(decoded[0]) == 2  # sample 0 has 2 non-zero entries
    assert decoded[1] == []  # sample 1 is empty


@pytest.mark.parametrize("top_k", [None, 5, 1000])
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "texts",
    [
        ("The weather is nice!"),
        (["The weather is nice!"]),
        (["The weather is nice!", "It's sunny outside", "Hello world"]),
        (["Short text", "This is a longer text with more words to encode"]),
    ],
)
def test_decode_returns_sorted_weights(
    splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder, texts: list[str] | str, top_k: int | None
) -> None:
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model
    embeddings = model.encode(texts)
    decoded = model.decode(embeddings, top_k=top_k)

    if isinstance(texts, list):
        for item in decoded:
            weights = [weight for _, weight in item]
            assert all(weights[i] >= weights[i + 1] for i in range(len(weights) - 1))
    else:
        weights = [weight for _, weight in decoded]
        assert all(weights[i] >= weights[i + 1] for i in range(len(weights) - 1))


def test_inference_free_splade(inference_free_splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder):
    model = inference_free_splade_bert_tiny_model
    dimensionality = model.get_embedding_dimension()

    query = "What is the capital of France?"
    document = "The capital of France is Paris."
    query_embeddings = model.encode_query(query)
    document_embeddings = model.encode_document(document)

    assert query_embeddings.shape == (dimensionality,)
    assert document_embeddings.shape == (dimensionality,)

    decoded_query = model.decode(query_embeddings)
    decoded_document = model.decode(document_embeddings)
    assert len(decoded_query) == len(model.preprocess(query, task="query")["input_ids"][0])
    assert len(decoded_document) >= 50

    assert model.max_seq_length == 512
    assert model[0].sub_modules["query"][0].max_seq_length == 512
    assert model[0].sub_modules["document"][0].max_seq_length == 512

    model.max_seq_length = 256
    assert model.max_seq_length == 256
    assert model[0].sub_modules["query"][0].max_seq_length == 256
    assert model[0].sub_modules["document"][0].max_seq_length == 256


def test_inference_free_splade_max_active_dims_routing(inference_free_splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder):
    model = inference_free_splade_bert_tiny_model
    query = "What is the capital of France?"
    document = "The capital of France is Paris."

    # Encode without max_active_dims — baseline
    query_emb = model.encode_query(query)
    doc_emb = model.encode_document(document)

    # Encode with max_active_dims — should route to the same sub-modules
    query_emb_mad = model.encode_query(query, max_active_dims=50)
    doc_emb_mad = model.encode_document(document, max_active_dims=50)

    # The non-zero indices of the max_active_dims result should be a subset of the baseline
    query_baseline_indices = query_emb.coalesce().indices()[0]
    query_mad_indices = query_emb_mad.coalesce().indices()[0]
    assert set(query_mad_indices.tolist()).issubset(set(query_baseline_indices.tolist()))
    assert query_emb_mad._nnz() <= 50

    doc_baseline_indices = doc_emb.coalesce().indices()[0]
    doc_mad_indices = doc_emb_mad.coalesce().indices()[0]
    assert set(doc_mad_indices.tolist()).issubset(set(doc_baseline_indices.tolist()))
    assert doc_emb_mad._nnz() <= 50


def test_encode_advanced_parameters(splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch):
    """Test that additional parameters are correctly passed to encode"""
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model

    encode_calls = []

    def spy_encode(*args, **kwargs):
        encode_calls.append((args, kwargs))

    monkeypatch.setattr(model, "encode", spy_encode)
    # Call with advanced parameters
    model.encode_query(
        "test",
        normalize_embeddings=True,
        batch_size=64,
        show_progress_bar=True,
        max_active_dims=128,
        chunk_size=10,
        custom_param="value",
    )

    # Verify all parameters were passed correctly
    _, kwargs = encode_calls[0]
    assert kwargs["normalize_embeddings"] is True
    assert kwargs["batch_size"] == 64
    assert kwargs["show_progress_bar"] is True
    assert kwargs["max_active_dims"] == 128
    assert kwargs["chunk_size"] == 10
    assert kwargs["custom_param"] == "value"


def test_csr_max_active_dims_passed_to_forward(csr_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch):
    model = csr_bert_tiny_model
    assert isinstance(model[-1], SparseAutoEncoder)
    assert model[-1].k == 16

    # Verify that max_active_dims is passed to SparseAutoEncoder.forward()
    forward_calls = []
    original_forward = model[-1].forward

    def spy_forward(*args, **kwargs):
        forward_calls.append(kwargs)
        return original_forward(*args, **kwargs)

    monkeypatch.setattr(model[-1], "forward", spy_forward)

    model.encode("Hello world", max_active_dims=5)
    assert len(forward_calls) == 1
    assert forward_calls[0]["max_active_dims"] == 5

    # Without max_active_dims, the model's default max_active_dims is used
    forward_calls.clear()
    model.encode("Hello world")
    assert len(forward_calls) == 1
    assert forward_calls[0]["max_active_dims"] == model.max_active_dims


def test_max_active_dims_set_init(splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder, csr_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder, tmp_path):
    splade_bert_tiny_model.save_pretrained(str(tmp_path / "splade_bert_tiny"))
    csr_bert_tiny_model.save_pretrained(str(tmp_path / "csr_bert_tiny"))

    # Load the models with max_active_dims set
    loaded_model = SparseEncoder(str(tmp_path / "splade_bert_tiny"))
    assert loaded_model.max_active_dims is None
    loaded_model = SparseEncoder(str(tmp_path / "splade_bert_tiny"), max_active_dims=13)
    assert loaded_model.max_active_dims == 13

    loaded_model = SparseEncoder(str(tmp_path / "csr_bert_tiny"))
    assert loaded_model.max_active_dims == 16  # Based on the SparseAutoEncoder's k value
    loaded_model = SparseEncoder(str(tmp_path / "csr_bert_tiny"), max_active_dims=13)
    assert loaded_model.max_active_dims == 13


def test_detect_mlm():
    model = SparseEncoder("distilbert/distilbert-base-uncased")

    assert isinstance(model[0], Transformer)
    assert model[0].transformer_task == "fill-mask"
    assert isinstance(model[1], SpladePooling)


def test_default_to_csr():
    # NOTE: bert-tiny is actually MLM-based, but the config isn't modern enough to allow us to detect it,
    # so we should default to CSR here.
    model = SparseEncoder("sentence-transformers-testing/stsb-bert-tiny-safetensors")
    assert isinstance(model[0], Transformer)
    assert isinstance(model[1], Pooling)
    assert isinstance(model[2], SparseAutoEncoder)


def test_sparsity(splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder):
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model

    # Check that the sparsity is applied correctly
    embeddings = model.encode_query(["What is the capital of France?", "Who has won the World Cup in 2016?"])
    sparsity = model.sparsity(embeddings)
    assert isinstance(sparsity, dict)
    assert "active_dims" in sparsity
    assert "sparsity_ratio" in sparsity
    assert sparsity["active_dims"] < 100 and sparsity["active_dims"] > 0
    assert sparsity["sparsity_ratio"] < 1.0 and sparsity["sparsity_ratio"] >= 0.99

    # Also check with dense tensors
    dense_sparsity = model.sparsity(embeddings.to_dense())
    assert dense_sparsity == sparsity, "Sparsity should be the same for dense and sparse tensors"

    # Check that 1-dimensional embeddings work correctly
    sparsity_one = model.sparsity(embeddings[0])
    sparsity_two = model.sparsity(embeddings[1])
    assert (sparsity_one["active_dims"] + sparsity_two["active_dims"]) / 2 == sparsity["active_dims"]


def test_splade_pooling_chunk_size(splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder):
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model

    # The chunk size defaults to None, i.e. no chunking
    assert model.splade_pooling_chunk_size is None
    # But we can chunk the pooling to save memory at the cost of some speed
    model.splade_pooling_chunk_size = 13
    assert model.splade_pooling_chunk_size == 13
    assert isinstance(model[1], SpladePooling)
    assert model[1].chunk_size == 13


def test_intersection(splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder):
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model

    # Test intersection with a single text
    query = "Where can I deposit my money?"
    document = "I'm sitting by the river."
    query_embeddings = model.encode_query(query)
    document_embeddings = model.encode_document(document)
    query_sparsity = model.sparsity(query_embeddings)
    document_sparsity = model.sparsity(document_embeddings)

    # Let's check that the intersection is a tensor and has the correct shape
    intersection = model.intersection(query_embeddings, document_embeddings)
    assert isinstance(intersection, torch.Tensor)
    assert intersection.shape == (model.get_embedding_dimension(),)

    # Check that the intersection sparsity is less than both query and document sparsities
    intersection_sparsity = model.sparsity(intersection)
    assert (
        intersection_sparsity["active_dims"] < query_sparsity["active_dims"]
        and intersection_sparsity["active_dims"] < document_sparsity["active_dims"]
    )

    # Test with multiple texts
    query = "Who has won the World Cup in 2016?"
    documents = ["The capital of France is Paris.", "Germany won the World Cup in 2014."]
    query_embeddings = model.encode_query(query)
    document_embeddings = model.encode_document(documents)

    intersection_batch = model.intersection(query_embeddings, document_embeddings)
    assert isinstance(intersection_batch, torch.Tensor)
    assert intersection_batch.shape == (len(documents), model.get_embedding_dimension())

    decoded_intersection_batch = model.decode(intersection_batch)
    assert len(decoded_intersection_batch) == len(documents)


def test_encode_with_dataset_column(splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder) -> None:
    """Test that encode can handle a dataset column as input."""
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model
    from datasets import Dataset

    # Create a simple dataset with a text column
    dataset = Dataset.from_dict({"text": ["This is a test.", "Another sentence."]})

    # Encode the dataset column
    embeddings = model.encode(dataset["text"], convert_to_tensor=True)

    # Check the shape of the embeddings
    assert embeddings.shape == (2, model.get_embedding_dimension())


def test_encode_numpy_1d_string_array(splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder) -> None:
    """Regression test for #3718: encoding a 1D numpy string array should produce one embedding per element."""
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model
    texts = np.array(["Access Management", "Press Coordination", "Financial Reports"])
    embeddings = model.encode(texts, convert_to_tensor=True, save_to_cpu=True)
    expected = model.encode(texts.tolist(), convert_to_tensor=True, save_to_cpu=True)
    assert embeddings.shape == (3, model.get_embedding_dimension())
    assert torch.allclose(embeddings.to_dense(), expected.to_dense())


def test_encode_numpy_2d_string_array(splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder) -> None:
    """Encoding a 2D numpy string array should match encoding the equivalent nested list."""
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model
    pairs = np.array([["what is AI?", "AI is artificial intelligence."], ["what is ML?", "ML is machine learning."]])
    embeddings = model.encode(pairs, convert_to_tensor=True, save_to_cpu=True)
    expected = model.encode(pairs.tolist(), convert_to_tensor=True, save_to_cpu=True)
    assert embeddings.shape == (2, model.get_embedding_dimension())
    assert torch.allclose(embeddings.to_dense(), expected.to_dense())


def test_encode_numpy_empty(splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder) -> None:
    """Encoding an empty string ndarray should return an empty tensor, like ``encode([])``."""
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model
    embeddings = model.encode(np.array([], dtype=str), convert_to_tensor=True, save_to_cpu=True)
    expected = model.encode([], convert_to_tensor=True, save_to_cpu=True)
    assert embeddings.numel() == 0
    assert torch.equal(embeddings.to_dense(), expected.to_dense())


@pytest.mark.parametrize("convert_to_tensor", [True, False])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("convert_to_sparse_tensor", [True, False])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("save_to_cpu", [True, False])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("max_active_dims", [None, 64, 128])
def test_empty_encode(
    splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder,
    convert_to_tensor: bool,
    convert_to_sparse_tensor: bool,
    save_to_cpu: bool,
    max_active_dims: int | None,
):
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model
    embeddings = model.encode(
        [],
        convert_to_tensor=convert_to_tensor,
        convert_to_sparse_tensor=convert_to_sparse_tensor,
        save_to_cpu=save_to_cpu,
        max_active_dims=max_active_dims,
    )

    if convert_to_tensor:
        assert isinstance(embeddings, torch.Tensor)
        assert embeddings.numel() == 0
        if save_to_cpu:
            assert embeddings.device == torch.device("cpu")
        else:
            assert embeddings.device == model.device

        if convert_to_sparse_tensor:
            assert embeddings.is_sparse
        else:
            assert not embeddings.is_sparse
    else:
        assert embeddings == []


def test_get_model_kwargs(splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder) -> None:
    """Test that get_model_kwargs returns the correct keyword arguments."""
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model

    # Check that the forward kwargs are as expected, i.e. no extra forward kwargs
    # for this basic model
    forward_kwargs = model.get_model_kwargs()
    assert forward_kwargs == []
    with pytest.raises(
        ValueError,
        match=re.escape(
            "SparseEncoder.encode() has been called with additional keyword arguments that this model does "
            "not use: ['normalize']. As per SparseEncoder.get_model_kwargs(), this model does not accept "
            "any additional keyword arguments."
        ),
    ):
        # There is no "normalize" argument, this should crash
        model.encode("Test sentence", normalize=True)
    # This should run fine
    model.encode("Test sentence")
    model.encode_query("Test sentence")

    # If one of the modules has additional forward kwargs, they should be included
    model[0].forward_kwargs = {"foo"}
    model[1].forward_kwargs = {"bar", "baz"}
    assert set(model.get_model_kwargs()) == {"foo", "bar", "baz"}
    with pytest.raises(
        ValueError,
        match=re.escape(
            "SparseEncoder.encode() has been called with additional keyword arguments that this model does "
            "not use: ['normalize']. As per SparseEncoder.get_model_kwargs(), the valid additional keyword"
            " arguments are: "
        )
        + r"\[('foo'|'bar'|'baz'|, ){5}\].",
    ):
        # There is no "normalize" argument, this should crash
        model.encode("Test sentence", normalize=True)
    # This should run fine
    model.encode("Test sentence")
    model.encode_query("Test sentence")
    with pytest.raises(
        TypeError,
        match=r"(Transformer\.)?forward\(\) got an unexpected keyword argument '(foo|bar)'",
    ):
        # This would run fine, except the model can't actually accept these arguments (we monkeypatched the modules'
        # forward_kwargs for this test, after all). The model does send the args down to the underlying modules, though!
        model.encode("Test sentence", foo=True, bar=False)

    # And also if we have a Router in place
    query_pooling_copy = copy.deepcopy(model[1])
    query_pooling_copy.forward_kwargs = {"query_arg"}
    document_pooling_copy = copy.deepcopy(model[1])
    document_pooling_copy.forward_kwargs = {"document_arg_1", "document_arg_2"}
    model[1] = Router.for_query_document(
        query_modules=[query_pooling_copy],
        document_modules=[document_pooling_copy],
    )
    assert set(model.get_model_kwargs()) == {
        "foo",
        "task",
        "query_arg",
        "document_arg_1",
        "document_arg_2",
        "modality",
    }
    with pytest.raises(
        ValueError,
        match=re.escape(
            "SparseEncoder.encode() has been called with additional keyword arguments that this model does "
            "not use: ['normalize']. As per SparseEncoder.get_model_kwargs(), the valid additional keyword"
            " arguments are: "
        )
        + r"\[('foo'|'task'|'query_arg'|'document_arg_1'|'document_arg_2'|'modality'|, ){11}\].",
    ):
        # There is no "normalize" argument, this should crash
        model.encode("Test sentence", task="query", normalize=True)
    # This should run fine
    model.encode("Test sentence", task="document")
    model.encode_query("Test sentence")
    with pytest.raises(
        TypeError,
        match=r"(Transformer\.)?forward\(\) got an unexpected keyword argument '(foo|document_arg_1)'",
    ):
        # This would run fine, except the model can't actually accept these arguments (we monkeypatched the modules'
        # forward_kwargs for this test, after all). The model does send the args down to the underlying modules, though!
        model.encode("Test sentence", task="document", foo=True, document_arg_1=12)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("similarity_fn_name", SimilarityFunction.possible_values())
def test_similarity_score(splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder, similarity_fn_name: str) -> None:
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model
    model.similarity_fn_name = similarity_fn_name
    sentences = [
        "The weather is so nice!",
        "It's so sunny outside.",
        "He's driving to the movie theater.",
        "She's going to the cinema.",
    ]
    embeddings = model.encode(sentences, convert_to_sparse_tensor=False)
    scores = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
    assert scores.shape == (len(sentences), len(sentences))
    diag = np.diag(scores.cpu().numpy())
    if similarity_fn_name == "cosine":
        np.testing.assert_almost_equal(diag, np.ones(len(sentences), dtype=float), decimal=4)
    elif similarity_fn_name in ("euclidean", "manhattan"):
        np.testing.assert_almost_equal(diag, np.zeros(len(sentences), dtype=float), decimal=4)
    else:  # dot product - self-similarity of non-zero sparse vectors is positive
        assert (diag > 0).all()

    pairwise_scores = model.similarity_pairwise(embeddings[::2], embeddings[1::2])
    assert pairwise_scores.shape == (len(sentences) // 2,)


def test_similarity_score_save(splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model
    assert model.similarity_fn_name == "dot"

    model.similarity_fn_name = "cosine"
    model.save(str(tmp_path))
    loaded_model = SparseEncoder(str(tmp_path))
    assert loaded_model.similarity_fn_name == "cosine"


def test_similarity_fn_name_set_via_enum(splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder) -> None:
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model
    model.similarity_fn_name = SimilarityFunction.COSINE
    assert model.similarity_fn_name == "cosine"
    model.similarity_fn_name = SimilarityFunction.DOT
    assert model.similarity_fn_name == "dot"


def test_similarity_fn_name_constructor_overrides_saved(splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
    splade_bert_tiny_model.similarity_fn_name = "cosine"
    splade_bert_tiny_model.save(str(tmp_path))
    model = SparseEncoder(str(tmp_path), similarity_fn_name="dot")
    assert model.similarity_fn_name == "dot"


def test_prompts(splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder, caplog: pytest.LogCaptureFixture) -> None:
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model
    assert model.prompts == {"query": "", "document": ""}
    assert model.default_prompt_name is None
    texts = ["How to bake a chocolate cake", "Symptoms of the flu"]
    no_prompt_embedding = model.encode(texts, convert_to_sparse_tensor=False, save_to_cpu=True)
    prompt_embedding = model.encode(
        [f"query: {text}" for text in texts], convert_to_sparse_tensor=False, save_to_cpu=True
    )
    assert not np.array_equal(no_prompt_embedding, prompt_embedding)

    query = "query: "
    # Test prompt="query: "
    model.prompts = {"query": "", "document": ""}
    assert np.array_equal(
        model.encode(texts, prompt=query, convert_to_sparse_tensor=False, save_to_cpu=True), prompt_embedding
    )

    # Test prompt_name="..."
    model.prompts = {"query": query, "document": ""}
    assert np.array_equal(
        model.encode(texts, prompt_name="query", convert_to_sparse_tensor=False, save_to_cpu=True), prompt_embedding
    )

    caplog.clear()
    # Test prompt_name="..." & prompt="..."
    with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING):
        assert np.array_equal(
            model.encode(texts, prompt=query, prompt_name="query", convert_to_sparse_tensor=False, save_to_cpu=True),
            prompt_embedding,
        )
        assert len(caplog.record_tuples) == 1
        assert (
            caplog.record_tuples[0][2] == "Provide either a `prompt`, a `prompt_name`, or neither, but not both. "
            "Ignoring the `prompt_name` in favor of `prompt`."
        )

    with pytest.raises(
        ValueError,
        match=re.escape(
            "Prompt name 'invalid_prompt_name' not found in the configured prompts dictionary with keys ['query', 'document']."
        ),
    ):
        model.encode(texts, prompt_name="invalid_prompt_name")


def test_save_load_prompts() -> None:
    with pytest.raises(
        ValueError,
        match=re.escape(
            "Default prompt name 'invalid_prompt_name' not found in the configured prompts dictionary with keys ['query', 'document']."
        ),
    ):
        SparseEncoder(
            "sparse-encoder-testing/splade-bert-tiny-nq",
            prompts={"query": "query: "},
            default_prompt_name="invalid_prompt_name",
        )

    model = SparseEncoder(
        "sparse-encoder-testing/splade-bert-tiny-nq",
        prompts={"query": "query: "},
        default_prompt_name="query",
    )
    assert model.prompts == {"query": "query: ", "document": ""}
    assert model.default_prompt_name == "query"

    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(ignore_cleanup_errors=True) as tmp_folder:
        model_path = Path(tmp_folder) / "tiny_model_local"
        model.save(str(model_path))
        config_path = model_path / "config_sentence_transformers.json"
        assert config_path.exists()
        with open(config_path, encoding="utf8") as f:
            saved_config = json.load(f)
        assert saved_config["prompts"] == {"query": "query: ", "document": ""}
        assert saved_config["default_prompt_name"] == "query"

        fresh_model = SparseEncoder(str(model_path))
        assert fresh_model.prompts == {"query": "query: ", "document": ""}
        assert fresh_model.default_prompt_name == "query"


@pytest.mark.parametrize("sentences", ["Hello world", ["Hello world", "This is a test"], [], [""]])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("convert_to_tensor", [True, False])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("convert_to_sparse_tensor", [True, False])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("prompt_name", [None, "query", "custom"])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("prompt", [None, "Custom prompt: "])
def test_encode_query(
    splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder,
    sentences: str | list[str],
    convert_to_tensor: bool,
    convert_to_sparse_tensor: bool,
    prompt_name: str | None,
    prompt: str | None,
    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
):
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model
    model.prompts = {"query": "query: ", "custom": "custom: "}

    encode_calls = []

    def spy_encode(*args, **kwargs):
        encode_calls.append((args, kwargs))

    monkeypatch.setattr(model, "encode", spy_encode)
    model.encode_query(
        sentences=sentences,
        batch_size=32,
        convert_to_tensor=convert_to_tensor,
        convert_to_sparse_tensor=convert_to_sparse_tensor,
        prompt_name=prompt_name,
        prompt=prompt,
    )

    if prompt_name:
        expected_prompt_name = prompt_name
    elif prompt is not None:
        expected_prompt_name = None
    else:
        expected_prompt_name = "query"

    assert len(encode_calls) == 1
    _, kwargs = encode_calls[0]

    assert kwargs["inputs"] == sentences
    assert kwargs["convert_to_tensor"] == convert_to_tensor
    assert kwargs["convert_to_sparse_tensor"] == convert_to_sparse_tensor
    assert kwargs["prompt"] == prompt
    assert kwargs["prompt_name"] == expected_prompt_name
    assert kwargs["task"] == "query"


@pytest.mark.parametrize("sentences", ["Hello world", ["Hello world", "This is a test"], [], [""]])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("convert_to_tensor", [True, False])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("convert_to_sparse_tensor", [True, False])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("prompt_name", [None, "document", "passage", "corpus", "custom"])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("prompt", [None, "Custom prompt: "])
def test_encode_document(
    splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder,
    sentences: str | list[str],
    convert_to_tensor: bool,
    convert_to_sparse_tensor: bool,
    prompt_name: str | None,
    prompt: str | None,
    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
):
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model
    model.prompts = {"document": "document: ", "passage": "passage: ", "corpus": "corpus: ", "custom": "custom: "}

    encode_calls = []

    def spy_encode(*args, **kwargs):
        encode_calls.append((args, kwargs))

    monkeypatch.setattr(model, "encode", spy_encode)
    model.encode_document(
        sentences=sentences,
        batch_size=32,
        convert_to_tensor=convert_to_tensor,
        convert_to_sparse_tensor=convert_to_sparse_tensor,
        prompt_name=prompt_name,
        prompt=prompt,
    )

    assert len(encode_calls) == 1
    _, kwargs = encode_calls[0]

    if prompt_name:
        expected_prompt_name = prompt_name
    elif prompt is not None:
        expected_prompt_name = None
    else:
        expected_prompt_name = "document"

    assert kwargs["inputs"] == sentences
    assert kwargs["convert_to_tensor"] == convert_to_tensor
    assert kwargs["convert_to_sparse_tensor"] == convert_to_sparse_tensor
    assert kwargs["prompt"] == prompt
    assert kwargs["prompt_name"] == expected_prompt_name
    assert kwargs["task"] == "document"


def test_encode_document_prompt_priority(splade_bert_tiny_model: SparseEncoder, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch):
    """Test that proper prompt priority is respected when multiple options are available"""
    model = splade_bert_tiny_model
    model.prompts = {
        "document": "document: ",
        "passage": "passage: ",
        "corpus": "corpus: ",
    }

    encode_calls = []

    def spy_encode(*args, **kwargs):
        encode_calls.append((args, kwargs))

    monkeypatch.setattr(model, "encode", spy_encode)

    model.encode_document("test")
    _, kwargs = encode_calls[-1]
    assert kwargs["prompt_name"] == "document"

    # Remove document, should fall back to passage
    encode_calls.clear()
    model.prompts = {"passage": "passage: ", "corpus": "corpus: "}
    model.encode_document("test")
    _, kwargs = encode_calls[-1]
    assert kwargs["prompt_name"] == "passage"

    # Remove passage, should fall back to corpus
    encode_calls.clear()
    model.prompts = {"corpus": "corpus: "}
    model.encode_document("test")
    _, kwargs = encode_calls[-1]
    assert kwargs["prompt_name"] == "corpus"

    # No document/passage/corpus, should use None
    encode_calls.clear()
    model.prompts = {"custom": "custom: "}
    model.encode_document("test")
    _, kwargs = encode_calls[-1]
    assert kwargs["prompt_name"] is None