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@@ -33,3 +33,4 @@ saved_model/**/* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 *.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 *.zst filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 *tfevents* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+tokenizer.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+---
+license: apache-2.0
+language:
+  - en
+library_name: mlx
+pipeline_tag: text-generation
+base_model: Qwen/Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct
+tags:
+  - cron
+  - systemd
+  - devops
+  - schedule
+  - text-generation
+  - mlx
+  - lora
+datasets:
+  - joshpigford/cron-schedule-conversion
+---
+
+# Shpigford/cron-mini
+
+A small fine-tuned language model that converts natural-language schedules into cron expressions and systemd `OnCalendar` strings.
+
+## What it does
+
+```
+Input:  every Tuesday at 3am except December
+
+Output: {"cron": "0 3 * 1-11 2",
+         "systemd": "Tue *-01..11-* 03:00:00",
+         "note": "Months 1-11 only excludes December."}
+```
+
+It handles:
+
+- Standard schedules (daily, weekly, monthly, every N minutes/hours)
+- Holidays (Christmas, Thanksgiving, Black Friday, Halloween, etc.)
+- Casual time references ("lunchtime", "before bed", "first thing in the morning")
+- Ordinal weekdays ("second Tuesday of the month", "last Friday")
+- Negative specifications ("every day except Sunday", "all months except December")
+- Sub-minute intervals (cron can't, systemd can — model annotates the limitation)
+- Awkward intervals (every 90 minutes — cron can't, expanded across the day)
+- Compound schedules requiring multiple cron lines
+- systemd-specific features (`OnBootSec=`, `Persistent=`, `RandomizedDelaySec=`)
+- Time zones (sets `TZ=` for cron, uses `Asia/Tokyo`-style for systemd)
+- Typos and informal phrasings ("evry tues @ 3am")
+
+## Usage
+
+### MLX (Apple Silicon)
+
+```python
+from mlx_lm import load, generate
+
+model, tokenizer = load("Shpigford/cron-mini")
+
+SYSTEM = ("You convert natural-language schedules into cron expressions and "
+          "systemd OnCalendar strings. Output JSON with keys: cron, systemd, "
+          "note. If cron cannot exactly express the schedule, put the closest "
+          "valid cron and explain in note. Do not output anything else.")
+
+messages = [
+    {"role": "system", "content": SYSTEM},
+    {"role": "user", "content": "Convert this schedule to cron and systemd OnCalendar: every weekday at 9am"},
+]
+prompt = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages, add_generation_prompt=True, tokenize=False)
+print(generate(model, tokenizer, prompt=prompt, max_tokens=200, temp=0.0))
+```
+
+### Transformers (any platform)
+
+```python
+from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
+
+model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("Shpigford/cron-mini", torch_dtype="auto", device_map="auto")
+tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("Shpigford/cron-mini")
+
+SYSTEM = "..."  # same as above
+messages = [
+    {"role": "system", "content": SYSTEM},
+    {"role": "user", "content": "Convert this schedule to cron and systemd OnCalendar: every weekday at 9am"},
+]
+inputs = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages, add_generation_prompt=True, return_tensors="pt").to(model.device)
+out = model.generate(inputs, max_new_tokens=200, do_sample=False)
+print(tokenizer.decode(out[0][inputs.shape[1]:], skip_special_tokens=True))
+```
+
+### llama.cpp / Ollama (GGUF)
+
+A GGUF version is available — see the Files tab for `.gguf` files. Load with llama.cpp or import into Ollama:
+
+```bash
+ollama create cron-mini -f Modelfile
+```
+
+## Evaluation
+
+Held-out test set of 91 cases including all the trick categories above:
+
+- **Overall (cron+systemd both correct):** 63/91 (69.2%)
+- **Cron exact match:** 73/91 (80.2%)
+- **Cron syntactically valid:** 87/91 (95.6%)
+- **systemd exact match:** 71/91 (78.0%)
+
+See `eval_results.json` in this repo for per-case results.
+
+## Training
+
+- **Base model:** `Qwen/Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct` (Apache 2.0)
+- **Method:** LoRA fine-tune via [mlx-lm](https://github.com/ml-explore/mlx-examples/tree/main/llms)
+- **Hardware:** M4 Mac mini, 16GB unified memory
+- **Dataset:** ~3000 examples — hand-crafted hard cases + templated generation + Claude-API paraphrases and synthetic novel cases (verified with a self-check pass)
+- **Dataset on HF:** [joshpigford/cron-schedule-conversion](https://huggingface.co/datasets/joshpigford/cron-schedule-conversion)
+
+## Limitations
+
+- The model emits a single best-guess for ambiguous fuzzy times (e.g., "morning" → 7am). It will not ask clarifying questions.
+- For "every other Monday" / "biweekly" / "fortnightly" patterns, cron cannot express them natively — the model emits "every Monday" and notes the limitation. Gate in your script with a week-of-year check.
+- For "last day of month" / "last Friday", cron has no native expression — the model approximates with day-of-month ranges and flags the limitation.
+- Vixie cron OR-matches DOM and DOW when both are restricted; the model emits expressions that work under the more common AND-matching interpretation. Verify on your specific cron implementation.
+- Time zone handling: cron has no built-in TZ field; the model emits the schedule in the system's local time and notes when a `TZ=` env var is needed.
+- Trained on English. Other languages will likely degrade significantly.
+
+## License
+
+Apache 2.0, same as the base model.
+
+## Citation
+
+If you find this useful:
+
+```bibtex
+@misc{cron-mini,
+  author = {Pigford, Josh},
+  title = {Cron-Mini: A Small Model for Schedule Conversion},
+  year = {2026},
+  howpublished = {Hugging Face},
+  url = {https://huggingface.co/Shpigford/cron-mini}
+}
+```

chat_template.jinja

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+{%- if tools %}
+    {{- '<|im_start|>system\n' }}
+    {%- if messages[0]['role'] == 'system' %}
+        {{- messages[0]['content'] }}
+    {%- else %}
+        {{- 'You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.' }}
+    {%- endif %}
+    {{- "\n\n# Tools\n\nYou may call one or more functions to assist with the user query.\n\nYou are provided with function signatures within <tools></tools> XML tags:\n<tools>" }}
+    {%- for tool in tools %}
+        {{- "\n" }}
+        {{- tool | tojson }}
+    {%- endfor %}
+    {{- "\n</tools>\n\nFor each function call, return a json object with function name and arguments within <tool_call></tool_call> XML tags:\n<tool_call>\n{\"name\": <function-name>, \"arguments\": <args-json-object>}\n</tool_call><|im_end|>\n" }}
+{%- else %}
+    {%- if messages[0]['role'] == 'system' %}
+        {{- '<|im_start|>system\n' + messages[0]['content'] + '<|im_end|>\n' }}
+    {%- else %}
+        {{- '<|im_start|>system\nYou are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>\n' }}
+    {%- endif %}
+{%- endif %}
+{%- for message in messages %}
+    {%- if (message.role == "user") or (message.role == "system" and not loop.first) or (message.role == "assistant" and not message.tool_calls) %}
+        {{- '<|im_start|>' + message.role + '\n' + message.content + '<|im_end|>' + '\n' }}
+    {%- elif message.role == "assistant" %}
+        {{- '<|im_start|>' + message.role }}
+        {%- if message.content %}
+            {{- '\n' + message.content }}
+        {%- endif %}
+        {%- for tool_call in message.tool_calls %}
+            {%- if tool_call.function is defined %}
+                {%- set tool_call = tool_call.function %}
+            {%- endif %}
+            {{- '\n<tool_call>\n{"name": "' }}
+            {{- tool_call.name }}
+            {{- '", "arguments": ' }}
+            {{- tool_call.arguments | tojson }}
+            {{- '}\n</tool_call>' }}
+        {%- endfor %}
+        {{- '<|im_end|>\n' }}
+    {%- elif message.role == "tool" %}
+        {%- if (loop.index0 == 0) or (messages[loop.index0 - 1].role != "tool") %}
+            {{- '<|im_start|>user' }}
+        {%- endif %}
+        {{- '\n<tool_response>\n' }}
+        {{- message.content }}
+        {{- '\n</tool_response>' }}
+        {%- if loop.last or (messages[loop.index0 + 1].role != "tool") %}
+            {{- '<|im_end|>\n' }}
+        {%- endif %}
+    {%- endif %}
+{%- endfor %}
+{%- if add_generation_prompt %}
+    {{- '<|im_start|>assistant\n' }}
+{%- endif %}

config.json

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+    "architectures": [
+        "Qwen2ForCausalLM"
+    ],
+    "attention_dropout": 0.0,
+    "bos_token_id": 151643,
+    "eos_token_id": [
+        151645,
+        151643
+    ],
+    "hidden_act": "silu",
+    "hidden_size": 1536,
+    "initializer_range": 0.02,
+    "intermediate_size": 8960,
+    "max_position_embeddings": 32768,
+    "max_window_layers": 21,
+    "model_type": "qwen2",
+    "num_attention_heads": 12,
+    "num_hidden_layers": 28,
+    "num_key_value_heads": 2,
+    "rms_norm_eps": 1e-06,
+    "rope_theta": 1000000.0,
+    "sliding_window": 32768,
+    "tie_word_embeddings": true,
+    "torch_dtype": "bfloat16",
+    "transformers_version": "4.43.1",
+    "use_cache": true,
+    "use_sliding_window": false,
+    "vocab_size": 151936
+}

eval_results.json

@@ -0,0 +1,1375 @@
+{
+  "summary": {
+    "cron_exact": "73/91 (80.2%)",
+    "cron_valid": "87/91 (95.6%)",
+    "systemd_exact": "71/91 (78.0%)",
+    "overall": "63/91 (69.2%)"
+  },
+  "results": [
+    {
+      "nl": "every Tuesday at 3am except December",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 3 * 1-11 2",
+        "systemd": "Tue *-01..11-* 03:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 3 * 1-11 2",
+        "systemd": "Tue *-01..11-* 03:00:00",
+        "note": "Months 1-11 only excludes December."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "the last Friday of every month at 11pm",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 23 * * 5",
+        "systemd": "Fri *-*-25..31 23:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 23 25-31 * 5",
+        "systemd": "Fri *-*-25..31 23:00:00",
+        "note": "Last Friday of month = DOM 25-31 + Fri (last 7 calendar days always have a Fri)."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": false,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every other Monday at noon",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 12 * * 1",
+        "systemd": "Mon *-*-* 12:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 12 * * 1",
+        "systemd": "Mon *-*-* 12:00:00",
+        "note": "Cron cannot express 'every other week' \u2014 runs every Monday, gate in script with week-of-year %2."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "first Sunday of the month at midnight",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 0 1-7 * 0",
+        "systemd": "Sun *-*-01..07 00:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 0 1-7 * 0",
+        "systemd": "Sun *-*-01..07 00:00:00",
+        "note": "Day-of-month 1-7 + specific weekday = first occurrence in the month."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "second Tuesday of every month at 9am",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 9 8-14 * 2",
+        "systemd": "Tue *-*-08..14 09:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 9 15-21 * 2",
+        "systemd": "Tue *-*-15..21 09:00:00",
+        "note": "Second Tuesday of month = DOM 15-21 + Tue."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": false,
+      "systemd_exact": false,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "third Thursday of every month at 2pm",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 14 15-21 * 4",
+        "systemd": "Thu *-*-15..21 14:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 14 15-21 * 4",
+        "systemd": "Thu *-*-15..21 14:00:00",
+        "note": "DOM 15-21 + Thu = third Thursday of the month."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every Friday the 13th at midnight",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 0 13 * 5",
+        "systemd": "Fri *-*-13 00:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 0 13 * 5",
+        "systemd": "Fri *-*-13 00:00:00",
+        "note": "Vixie cron OR-matches DOM and DOW; use systemd or guard with a date check."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every 30 seconds",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "* * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:*:0/30"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "* * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:*:0/30",
+        "note": "Cron has no sub-minute granularity \u2014 runs every minute."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every 10 seconds",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "* * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:*:0/10"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "* * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:*:0/10",
+        "note": "Cron cannot do sub-minute. systemd: 0/10."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every 5 seconds",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "* * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:*:0/5"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "* * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:*:0/5",
+        "note": "Cron cannot do sub-minute."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every second",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "* * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:*:*"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "* * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:*:0",
+        "note": "Cron has no second-level granularity. Even systemd is not ideal \u2014 consider a long-running daemon."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": false,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every Christmas at 7am",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 7 25 12 *",
+        "systemd": "*-12-25 07:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 7 25 12 *",
+        "systemd": "*-12-25 07:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every New Year's Day at midnight",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 0 1 1 *",
+        "systemd": "*-01-01 00:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 0 1 1 *",
+        "systemd": "*-01-01 00:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every New Year's Eve at 11:59pm",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "59 23 31 12 *",
+        "systemd": "*-12-31 23:59:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "59 23 31 12 *",
+        "systemd": "*-12-31 23:59:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every Halloween at 6pm",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 18 31 10 *",
+        "systemd": "*-10-31 18:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 18 31 10 *",
+        "systemd": "*-10-31 18:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "Independence Day at noon",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 12 4 7 *",
+        "systemd": "*-07-04 12:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 12 4 7 *",
+        "systemd": "*-07-04 12:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every Valentine's Day at 9am",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 9 14 2 *",
+        "systemd": "*-02-14 09:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 9 14 2 *",
+        "systemd": "*-02-14 09:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every leap day at midnight",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 0 29 2 *",
+        "systemd": "*-02-29 00:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 0 29 2 *",
+        "systemd": "*-02-29 00:00:00",
+        "note": "Runs only in leap years."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every April Fools' Day at 8am",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 8 1 4 *",
+        "systemd": "*-04-01 08:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 8 1 4 *",
+        "systemd": "*-04-01 08:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "Black Friday at 6am",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 6 23-29 11 5",
+        "systemd": "Fri *-11-23..29 06:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 6 23 11 *",
+        "systemd": "*-11-23 06:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": false,
+      "systemd_exact": false,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every Thanksgiving at 11am",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 11 22-28 11 4",
+        "systemd": "Thu *-11-22..28 11:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 11 22 11 *",
+        "systemd": "*-11-22 11:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": false,
+      "systemd_exact": false,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every morning",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 7 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 07:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 7 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 07:00:00",
+        "note": "'first thing' interpreted as 7am."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every night before bed",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 22 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 22:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 22 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 22:00:00",
+        "note": "'before bed' interpreted as 10pm."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "first thing in the morning",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 6 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 06:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 6 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 06:00:00",
+        "note": "'first thing in the morning' interpreted as 6am."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "at lunchtime every weekday",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 12 * * 1-5",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-*-* 12:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 12 * * 1-5",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-*-* 12:00:00",
+        "note": "'lunchtime' interpreted as noon weekdays."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "at the crack of dawn",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 5 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 05:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 5 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 05:00:00",
+        "note": "'crack of dawn' interpreted as 5am."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every day at end of business",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 17 * * 1-5",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-*-* 17:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 17 * * 1-5",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-*-* 17:00:00",
+        "note": "'end of day' interpreted as 5pm weekdays."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "early morning every Sunday",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 5 * * 0",
+        "systemd": "Sun *-*-* 05:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 5 * * 0",
+        "systemd": "Sun *-*-* 5:00:00",
+        "note": "'first thing' interpreted as 5am."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": false,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every afternoon",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 14 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 14:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 14 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 14:00:00",
+        "note": "'afternoon' interpreted as 2pm."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every evening",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 19 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 19:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 19 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 19:00:00",
+        "note": "'evening' interpreted as 7pm."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "around midnight every Friday",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 0 * * 5",
+        "systemd": "Fri *-*-* 00:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 0 * * 5",
+        "systemd": "Fri *-*-* 00:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every day except Sunday at 8am",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 8 * * 1-6",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Sat *-*-* 08:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 8 * * 1-6",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Sat *-*-* 08:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every minute except between 2am and 3am",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "* 0-1,3-23 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 00..01,03..23:*:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "* 0-1,3-23 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 00..01..03..23:*:00",
+        "note": "Skip the 2-3 AM hour for backups."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": false,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every hour except midnight",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 1-23 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 01..23:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 1-23 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 01..03:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": false,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every day at 9am, but not on weekends",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 9 * * 1-5",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-*-* 09:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 9 * * 1-5",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-*-* 09:00:00",
+        "note": "'Not weekends' = Mon-Fri only."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every Tuesday at 4pm except in summer",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 16 * 1-5,9-12 2",
+        "systemd": "Tue *-01..05,09..12-* 16:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 16 * 1-7,9-12 2",
+        "systemd": "Tue *-01..07,09..12-* 16:00:00",
+        "note": "All months except August (month 8)."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": false,
+      "systemd_exact": false,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every Sunday at 4am except in July",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 4 * 1-6,8-12 0",
+        "systemd": "Sun *-01..06,08..12-* 04:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 4 * 1-6,8-12 0",
+        "systemd": "Sun *-01..06,08..12-* 04:00:00",
+        "note": "Every Sunday at 04:00 for months 1-6, August-December (last day of month = DOM 25-31)."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "any day except Friday at midnight",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 0 * * 0-4,6",
+        "systemd": "Sun..Thu,Sat *-*-* 00:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 0 * * 0-4,6",
+        "systemd": "Sun..Thu,Sat *-*-* 00:00:00",
+        "note": "Every day except Friday (DOW 5) at midnight."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every Tuesday and Thursday at 9am and 3pm",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 9,15 * * 2,4",
+        "systemd": "Tue,Thu *-*-* 09,15:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 9,15 * * 2,4",
+        "systemd": "Tue,Thu *-*-* 09,15:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": false,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "9am Monday through Friday, plus 10am on Saturday",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 9 * * 1-5\n0 10 * * 6",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-*-* 09:00:00\nSat *-*-* 10:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 9 * * 1-5\n0 10 * * 6",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-*-* 09:00:00\nSat *-*-* 10:00:00",
+        "note": "Two schedules \u2014 different times for different days."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every weekday at 8am and weekends at 10am",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 8 * * 1-5\n0 10 * * 0,6",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-*-* 08:00:00\nSat,Sun *-*-* 10:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 8 * * 1-5\n0 10 * * 0,6",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-*-* 08:00:00\nSat,Sun *-*-* 10:00:00",
+        "note": "Two schedules \u2014 earlier weekdays, later weekends."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "twice a day, at 9am and 5pm, every day",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 9,17 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 09,17:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 9,17 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 09,17:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "three times a day at 8am, noon, and 6pm",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 8,12,18 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 08,12,18:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 8,12,18 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 08,12,18:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every weekday at 9, 12, and 3",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 9,12,15 * * 1-5",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-*-* 09,12,15:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 9,12,15 * * 1-5",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-*-* 9,12,15-*-*",
+        "note": "Bare numbers in business context default to AM/PM logically \u2014 9am, noon, 3pm."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": false,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every 90 minutes",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0,30 0,3,6,9,12,15,18,21 * * *\n0 1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 00/1:30/90:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0,30 0,3,6,9,12,15,18,21 * * *\n0 6,9,12,15,18,21 * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 06..09,12,15,18,21-*-*",
+        "note": "Cron has no native 90-min interval; expanded. systemd handles natively."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": false,
+      "systemd_exact": false,
+      "cron_valid": false
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every 45 minutes",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0,45 0,3,6,9,12,15,18,21 * * *\n30 1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:0/45:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "*/45 * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:45:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": false,
+      "systemd_exact": false,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every 100 minutes",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "* * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 00:00/100:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "* * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:*:0/100",
+        "note": "Cron cannot express intervals that don't align to 0:00. Use a script gate or systemd timer."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": false,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every 2 hours starting at 1am",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,21,23 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 01/2:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 0,3,6,9,12,15,18,21 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 00..03:00/2:00",
+        "note": "On the 1st of each month at 00:00."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": false,
+      "systemd_exact": false,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every 4 hours starting at 2am",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 2,6,10,14,18,22 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 02/4:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 02/4:00:00",
+        "note": "Cron */4 starts at 00:00."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": false,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": false
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every 3 hours between 6am and midnight",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 6,9,12,15,18,21 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 06..23:00/180:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 6,9,12,15,18,21 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 06..23:00/3:00",
+        "note": "Last fire before midnight \u2014 23:00."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": false,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every hour on the half hour",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "30 * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:30:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "30 * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:30:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every hour at quarter past",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "15 * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:15:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "15 * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:15:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every hour at the 17th minute",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "17 * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:17:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "17 * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 17:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": false,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "at 23 minutes past every hour during the workday",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "23 9-17 * * 1-5",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-*-* 09..17:23:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "23 9-17 * * 1-5",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-*-* 09..17:59:00",
+        "note": "9-17 inclusive covers up to 17:59."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": false,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "at 3pm UTC every day",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 15 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 15:00:00 UTC"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 15 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 15:00:00 UTC",
+        "note": "Cron uses system timezone; set TZ=UTC at top of crontab."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "at 9am Eastern Time every weekday",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 9 * * 1-5",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-*-* 09:00:00 America/New_York"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 9 * * 1-5",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-*-* 09:00:00 America/New_York",
+        "note": "Cron has no built-in TZ; set TZ=America/New_York in env."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "5 minutes after every boot",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "@reboot sleep 300 && cmd",
+        "systemd": "OnBootSec=5min"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "@reboot sleep 30 && cmd",
+        "systemd": "OnBootSec=5min",
+        "note": "Use OnBootSec= in systemd timers (not OnCalendar)."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": false,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "1 hour after the service starts",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "@reboot sleep 3600 && cmd",
+        "systemd": "OnUnitActiveSec=1h"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "@reboot sleep 336 && cmd",
+        "systemd": "OnUnitActiveSec=1h",
+        "note": "OnUnitActiveSec= = relative to service activation. systemd-only feature."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": false,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "if missed during shutdown, run on next boot",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 0 * * *",
+        "systemd": "OnCalendar=daily\nPersistent=true"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 0 * * *",
+        "systemd": "OnCalendar=daily\nPersistent=true",
+        "note": "Persistent=true is a systemd-specific flag \u2014 runs missed jobs on next boot. Cron has no equivalent."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "with random delay up to 30 minutes, every hour",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 * * * * sleep $((RANDOM % 1800))",
+        "systemd": "OnCalendar=hourly\nRandomizedDelaySec=30min"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 * * * *",
+        "systemd": "OnCalendar=hourly\nRandomizedDelaySec=30min",
+        "note": "RandomizedDelaySec= adds jitter \u2014 systemd-only."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": false,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "first weekday of every month at 8am",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 8 1-3 * 1-5",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-*-01..03 08:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 8 1-3 * 1-5",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-*-01..03 08:00:00",
+        "note": "First weekday of month = DOM 1-3 + Mon-Fri (by day 4 there's always been a weekday)."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "at the top of every hour",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0:00 * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 00:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": false,
+      "systemd_exact": false,
+      "cron_valid": false
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every 15 minutes",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "*/15 * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:0/15:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "*/15 * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:0/15:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every 5 minutes",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "*/5 * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:0/5:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "*/5 * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:0/5:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every Sunday at 2:15am",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "15 2 * * 0",
+        "systemd": "Sun *-*-* 02:15:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "15 2 * * 0",
+        "systemd": "Sun *-*-* 02:15:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "rotate logs nightly at 3am",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 3 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 03:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 3 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 03:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "weekly maintenance Sunday at 4am",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 4 * * 0",
+        "systemd": "Sun *-*-* 04:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 4 * * 0",
+        "systemd": "Sun *-*-* 04:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "first day of each quarter at midnight",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 0 1 1,4,7,10 *",
+        "systemd": "*-01,04,07,10-01 00:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 0 1 1,4,7,10 *",
+        "systemd": "*-01,04,07,10-01 00:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "last day of each quarter at 6pm",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 18 28-31 3,6,9,12 *",
+        "systemd": "*-03,06,09,12-* 18:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "30 18 28-31 3,6,9,12 *",
+        "systemd": "*-03,06,09,12-* 18:00:00",
+        "note": "Last day of quarter \u2014 cron approximates with DOM 28-31, needs date check."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": false,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "first Monday of each quarter",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 0 1-7 1,4,7,10 1",
+        "systemd": "Mon *-01,04,07,10-01..07 00:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 0 1-7 1,4,7,10 1",
+        "systemd": "Mon *-01,04,07,10-01..07 00:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every fiscal year start (April 1)",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 0 1 4 *",
+        "systemd": "*-04-01 00:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 0 1 4 *",
+        "systemd": "*-04-01 00:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "twice an hour",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0,30 * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:00,30:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0,30 * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:00,30:00",
+        "note": "On the hour and half hour. Use list 0,30 not */30 to be explicit."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "four times a day at quarter days",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 0,6,12,18 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 00,06,12,18:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 9,15,19,21 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-09,15,19,21-* 09,15,19,21",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": false,
+      "systemd_exact": false,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "biweekly on Friday at 5pm",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 17 * * 5",
+        "systemd": "Fri *-*-* 17:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 17 * * 5",
+        "systemd": "Fri *-*-* 17:00:00",
+        "note": "Cron cannot express 'every other Friday' \u2014 runs this Friday; gate in script with day-of-month %2."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "fortnightly on Monday morning",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 9 * * 1",
+        "systemd": "Mon *-*-* 09:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 9 * * 1",
+        "systemd": "Mon *-*-* 09:00:00",
+        "note": "Fortnightly = every 2 weeks. Cron cannot natively. Gate in script."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every minute between 9am and 5pm on weekdays",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "* 9-16 * * 1-5",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-*-* 09..16:*:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "* 9-16 * * 1-5",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-*-* 09..16:*:00",
+        "note": "9-16 inclusive covers 9:00 to 16:59 (just before 5pm)."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every 10 minutes from 8am to 6pm exclusive",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "*/10 8-17 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* 08..17:00/10:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "*/10 8-17 * * 1-5",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-*-* 08..17:00/10:00",
+        "note": "8-17 inclusive covers up to 17:59."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": false,
+      "systemd_exact": false,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "at 11:59pm on December 31st",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "59 23 31 12 *",
+        "systemd": "*-12-31 23:59:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "59 23 31 12 *",
+        "systemd": "*-12-31 23:59:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "noon on March 1st",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 12 1 3 *",
+        "systemd": "*-03-01 12:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 12 1 3 *",
+        "systemd": "*-03-01 12:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "8am on the 15th of every month",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 8 15 * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-15 08:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 8 15 * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-15 08:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every Sunday at 6am",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 6 * * 0",
+        "systemd": "Sun *-*-* 06:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 6 * * 0",
+        "systemd": "Sun *-*-* 06:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every Saturday night at 11pm",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 23 * * 6",
+        "systemd": "Sat *-*-* 23:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 23 * * 6",
+        "systemd": "Sat *-*-* 23:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every day in March",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 0 * 3 *",
+        "systemd": "*-03-* 00:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 0 * 3 *",
+        "systemd": "*-03-* 00:00:00",
+        "note": "Defaults to midnight."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "weekdays in Q1 at 9am",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 9 * 1-3 1-5",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-01..03-* 09:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 9 * 1-3 1-5",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-01..03-* 09:00:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every minute on the dot",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "* * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:*:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "* * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:*:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every Friday at 4:20pm",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "20 16 * * 5",
+        "systemd": "Fri *-*-* 16:20:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "20 16 * * 5",
+        "systemd": "Fri *-*-* 16:20:00",
+        "note": ""
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every prime-numbered minute of every hour",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47,53,59 * * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:02,03,05,07,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47,53,59:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47,53,59 * * *",
+        "systemd": "*-*-* *:02,03,05,07,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47,53,59:00",
+        "note": "Listed primes 0-59."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": false,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": false
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every Monday and Wednesday at 6am from March to October",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 6 * 3-10 1,3",
+        "systemd": "Mon,Wed *-03..10-* 06:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 6 * 3-10 1,3",
+        "systemd": "Mon,Wed *-03..10-* 06:00:00",
+        "note": "Mon and Wed at 6am, March through October only."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every 45 minutes during weekday afternoons",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0,45 12-16 * * 1-5\n30 13,15 * * 1-5",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-*-* 12..16:00/45:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0,45 12-16 * * 1-5",
+        "systemd": "Mon..Fri *-*-* 12..16:00/45:00",
+        "note": "45-min interval during weekday afternoons; expanded."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": false,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "every other Wednesday at 7pm",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 19 * * 3",
+        "systemd": "Wed *-*-* 19:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 19 * * 3",
+        "systemd": "Wed *-*-* 19:00:00",
+        "note": "Cron cannot express 'every other Wednesday' \u2014 runs every Wednesday at 7pm, gate in script with week-of-year %2."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    },
+    {
+      "nl": "sunset every Friday (7pm)",
+      "expected": {
+        "cron": "0 19 * * 5",
+        "systemd": "Fri *-*-* 19:00:00"
+      },
+      "got": {
+        "cron": "0 19 * * 5",
+        "systemd": "Fri *-*-* 19:00:00",
+        "note": "'before bed' interpreted as 7pm."
+      },
+      "cron_exact": true,
+      "systemd_exact": true,
+      "cron_valid": true
+    }
+  ]
+}

example.py

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Minimal inference example for Shpigford/cron-mini."""
+from mlx_lm import load, generate
+
+model, tokenizer = load("Shpigford/cron-mini")
+
+SYSTEM = ("You convert natural-language schedules into cron expressions and "
+          "systemd OnCalendar strings. Output JSON with keys: cron, systemd, "
+          "note. If cron cannot exactly express the schedule, put the closest "
+          "valid cron and explain in note. Do not output anything else.")
+
+def schedule_to_cron(nl: str) -> str:
+    messages = [
+        {"role": "system", "content": SYSTEM},
+        {"role": "user", "content": f"Convert this schedule to cron and systemd OnCalendar: {nl}"},
+    ]
+    prompt = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages, add_generation_prompt=True, tokenize=False)
+    return generate(model, tokenizer, prompt=prompt, max_tokens=200, temp=0.0)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import sys
+    print(schedule_to_cron(" ".join(sys.argv[1:]) or "every weekday at 9am"))

generation_config.json

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "bos_token_id": 151643,
+  "pad_token_id": 151643,
+  "do_sample": true,
+  "eos_token_id": [
+    151645,
+    151643
+  ],
+  "repetition_penalty": 1.1,
+  "temperature": 0.7,
+  "top_p": 0.8,
+  "top_k": 20,
+  "transformers_version": "4.37.0"
+}

model.safetensors

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model.safetensors.index.json

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