submodule/sapiens/engine/mmengine/runner/checkpoint.py

# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
# All rights reserved.
#
# This source code is licensed under the license found in the
# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.

import io
import logging
import os
import os.path as osp
import pkgutil
import re
from collections import OrderedDict, namedtuple
from importlib import import_module
from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
from typing import Callable, Dict, Optional

import torch

import mmengine
from mmengine.dist import get_dist_info
from mmengine.fileio import FileClient, get_file_backend
from mmengine.fileio import load as load_file
from mmengine.logging import print_log
from mmengine.model import BaseTTAModel, is_model_wrapper
from mmengine.utils import (apply_to, deprecated_function, digit_version,
                            mkdir_or_exist)
from mmengine.utils.dl_utils import load_url
import socket

# `MMENGINE_HOME` is the highest priority directory to save checkpoints
# downloaded from Internet. If it is not set, as a workaround, using
# `XDG_CACHE_HOME`` or `~/.cache` instead.
# Note that `XDG_CACHE_HOME` defines the base directory relative to which
# user-specific non-essential data files should be stored. If `XDG_CACHE_HOME`
# is either not set or empty, a default equal to `~/.cache` should be used.
ENV_MMENGINE_HOME = 'MMENGINE_HOME'
ENV_XDG_CACHE_HOME = 'XDG_CACHE_HOME'
DEFAULT_CACHE_DIR = '~/.cache'


class _IncompatibleKeys(
        namedtuple('IncompatibleKeys', ['missing_keys', 'unexpected_keys'])):

    def __repr__(self):
        if not self.missing_keys and not self.unexpected_keys:
            return '<All keys matched successfully>'
        return super().__repr__()

    __str__ = __repr__


def _get_mmengine_home():
    mmengine_home = os.path.expanduser(
        os.getenv(
            ENV_MMENGINE_HOME,
            os.path.join(
                os.getenv(ENV_XDG_CACHE_HOME, DEFAULT_CACHE_DIR), 'mmengine')))

    mkdir_or_exist(mmengine_home)
    return mmengine_home


def load_state_dict(module, state_dict, strict=False, logger=None):
    """Load state_dict to a module.

    This method is modified from :meth:`torch.nn.Module.load_state_dict`.
    Default value for ``strict`` is set to ``False`` and the message for
    param mismatch will be shown even if strict is False.

    Args:
        module (Module): Module that receives the state_dict.
        state_dict (OrderedDict): Weights.
        strict (bool): whether to strictly enforce that the keys
            in :attr:`state_dict` match the keys returned by this module's
            :meth:`~torch.nn.Module.state_dict` function. Defaults to False.
        logger (:obj:`logging.Logger`, optional): Logger to log the error
            message. If not specified, print function will be used.
    """
    unexpected_keys = []
    missing_keys = []
    err_msg = []

    # copy state_dict so _load_from_state_dict can modify it
    metadata = getattr(state_dict, '_metadata', None)
    state_dict = state_dict.copy()
    if metadata is not None:
        state_dict._metadata = metadata

    # use _load_from_state_dict to enable checkpoint version control
    def load(module, local_state_dict, prefix=''):
        # recursively check parallel module in case that the model has a
        # complicated structure, e.g., nn.Module(nn.Module(DDP))
        if is_model_wrapper(module) or isinstance(module, BaseTTAModel):
            module = module.module
        local_metadata = {} if metadata is None else metadata.get(
            prefix[:-1], {})
        module._load_from_state_dict(local_state_dict, prefix, local_metadata,
                                     True, missing_keys, unexpected_keys,
                                     err_msg)
        for name, child in module._modules.items():
            if child is not None:
                child_prefix = prefix + name + '.'
                child_state_dict = {
                    k: v
                    for k, v in local_state_dict.items()
                    if k.startswith(child_prefix)
                }
                load(child, child_state_dict, child_prefix)

        # Note that the hook can modify missing_keys and unexpected_keys.
        incompatible_keys = _IncompatibleKeys(missing_keys, unexpected_keys)
        if hasattr(module, '_load_state_dict_post_hooks'):
            for hook in module._load_state_dict_post_hooks.values():
                out = hook(module, incompatible_keys)
                assert out is None, (
                    'Hooks registered with '
                    '``register_load_state_dict_post_hook`` are not expected '
                    'to return new values, if incompatible_keys need to be '
                    'modified, it should be done inplace.')

    load(module, state_dict)
    load = None  # break load->load reference cycle

    # ignore "num_batches_tracked" of BN layers
    missing_keys = [
        key for key in missing_keys if 'num_batches_tracked' not in key
    ]

    if unexpected_keys:
        err_msg.append('unexpected key in source '
                       f'state_dict: {", ".join(unexpected_keys)}\n')
    if missing_keys:
        err_msg.append(
            f'missing keys in source state_dict: {", ".join(missing_keys)}\n')

    rank, _ = get_dist_info()
    if len(err_msg) > 0 and rank == 0:
        err_msg.insert(
            0, 'The model and loaded state dict do not match exactly\n')
        err_msg = '\n'.join(err_msg)
        if strict:
            raise RuntimeError(err_msg)
        else:
            print_log(err_msg, logger=logger, level=logging.WARNING)


def get_torchvision_models():
    import torchvision
    if digit_version(torchvision.__version__) < digit_version('0.13.0a0'):
        model_urls = dict()
        # When the version of torchvision is lower than 0.13, the model url is
        # not declared in `torchvision.model.__init__.py`, so we need to
        # iterate through `torchvision.models.__path__` to get the url for each
        # model.
        for _, name, ispkg in pkgutil.walk_packages(
                torchvision.models.__path__):
            if ispkg:
                continue
            _zoo = import_module(f'torchvision.models.{name}')
            if hasattr(_zoo, 'model_urls'):
                _urls = getattr(_zoo, 'model_urls')
                model_urls.update(_urls)
    else:
        # Since torchvision bumps to v0.13, the weight loading logic,
        # model keys and model urls have been changed. Here the URLs of old
        # version is loaded to avoid breaking back compatibility. If the
        # torchvision version>=0.13.0, new URLs will be added. Users can get
        # the resnet50 checkpoint by setting 'resnet50.imagent1k_v1',
        # 'resnet50' or 'ResNet50_Weights.IMAGENET1K_V1' in the config.
        json_path = osp.join(mmengine.__path__[0], 'hub/torchvision_0.12.json')
        model_urls = mmengine.load(json_path)
        if digit_version(torchvision.__version__) < digit_version('0.14.0a0'):
            weights_list = [
                cls for cls_name, cls in torchvision.models.__dict__.items()
                if cls_name.endswith('_Weights')
            ]
        else:
            weights_list = [
                torchvision.models.get_model_weights(model)
                for model in torchvision.models.list_models(torchvision.models)
            ]

        for cls in weights_list:
            # The name of torchvision model weights classes ends with
            # `_Weights` such as `ResNet18_Weights`. However, some model weight
            # classes, such as `MNASNet0_75_Weights` does not have any urls in
            # torchvision 0.13.0 and cannot be iterated. Here we simply check
            # `DEFAULT` attribute to ensure the class is not empty.
            if not hasattr(cls, 'DEFAULT'):
                continue
            # Since `cls.DEFAULT` can not be accessed by iterating cls, we set
            # default urls explicitly.
            cls_name = cls.__name__
            cls_key = cls_name.replace('_Weights', '').lower()
            model_urls[f'{cls_key}.default'] = cls.DEFAULT.url
            for weight_enum in cls:
                cls_key = cls_name.replace('_Weights', '').lower()
                cls_key = f'{cls_key}.{weight_enum.name.lower()}'
                model_urls[cls_key] = weight_enum.url

    return model_urls


def get_external_models():
    mmengine_home = _get_mmengine_home()
    default_json_path = osp.join(mmengine.__path__[0], 'hub/openmmlab.json')
    default_urls = load_file(default_json_path)
    assert isinstance(default_urls, dict)
    external_json_path = osp.join(mmengine_home, 'open_mmlab.json')
    if osp.exists(external_json_path):
        external_urls = load_file(external_json_path)
        assert isinstance(external_urls, dict)
        default_urls.update(external_urls)

    return default_urls


def get_mmcls_models():
    mmcls_json_path = osp.join(mmengine.__path__[0], 'hub/mmcls.json')
    mmcls_urls = load_file(mmcls_json_path)

    return mmcls_urls


def get_deprecated_model_names():
    deprecate_json_path = osp.join(mmengine.__path__[0], 'hub/deprecated.json')
    deprecate_urls = load_file(deprecate_json_path)
    assert isinstance(deprecate_urls, dict)

    return deprecate_urls


def _process_mmcls_checkpoint(checkpoint):
    if 'state_dict' in checkpoint:
        state_dict = checkpoint['state_dict']
    else:
        # Some checkpoints converted from 3rd-party repo don't
        # have the "state_dict" key.
        state_dict = checkpoint
    new_state_dict = OrderedDict()
    for k, v in state_dict.items():
        if k.startswith('backbone.'):
            new_state_dict[k[9:]] = v
    new_checkpoint = dict(state_dict=new_state_dict)

    return new_checkpoint


class CheckpointLoader:
    """A general checkpoint loader to manage all schemes."""

    _schemes: Dict[str, Callable] = {}

    @classmethod
    def _register_scheme(cls, prefixes, loader, force=False):
        if isinstance(prefixes, str):
            prefixes = [prefixes]
        else:
            assert isinstance(prefixes, (list, tuple))
        for prefix in prefixes:
            if (prefix not in cls._schemes) or force:
                cls._schemes[prefix] = loader
            else:
                raise KeyError(
                    f'{prefix} is already registered as a loader backend, '
                    'add "force=True" if you want to override it')
        # sort, longer prefixes take priority
        cls._schemes = OrderedDict(
            sorted(cls._schemes.items(), key=lambda t: t[0], reverse=True))

    @classmethod
    def register_scheme(cls, prefixes, loader=None, force=False):
        """Register a loader to CheckpointLoader.

        This method can be used as a normal class method or a decorator.

        Args:
            prefixes (str or list[str] or tuple[str]):
            The prefix of the registered loader.
            loader (function, optional): The loader function to be registered.
                When this method is used as a decorator, loader is None.
                Defaults to None.
            force (bool, optional): Whether to override the loader
                if the prefix has already been registered. Defaults to False.
        """

        if loader is not None:
            cls._register_scheme(prefixes, loader, force=force)
            return

        def _register(loader_cls):
            cls._register_scheme(prefixes, loader_cls, force=force)
            return loader_cls

        return _register

    @classmethod
    def _get_checkpoint_loader(cls, path):
        """Finds a loader that supports the given path. Falls back to the local
        loader if no other loader is found.

        Args:
            path (str): checkpoint path

        Returns:
            callable: checkpoint loader
        """
        for p in cls._schemes:
            # use regular match to handle some cases that where the prefix of
            # loader has a prefix. For example, both 's3://path' and
            # 'open-mmlab:s3://path' should return `load_from_ceph`
            if re.match(p, path) is not None:
                return cls._schemes[p]

    @classmethod
    def load_checkpoint(cls, filename, map_location=None, logger='current'):
        """load checkpoint through URL scheme path.

        Args:
            filename (str): checkpoint file name with given prefix
            map_location (str, optional): Same as :func:`torch.load`.
                Defaults to None
            logger (str): The logger for message. Defaults to 'current'.

        Returns:
            dict or OrderedDict: The loaded checkpoint.
        """

        checkpoint_loader = cls._get_checkpoint_loader(filename)
        class_name = checkpoint_loader.__name__
        server_name = socket.gethostname().split('.')[0]
        print_log(
            f'Loads checkpoint by {class_name[10:]} backend from path: '
            f'{filename} on server: {server_name}',
            logger=logger)
        return checkpoint_loader(filename, map_location)


@CheckpointLoader.register_scheme(prefixes='')
def load_from_local(filename, map_location):
    """load checkpoint by local file path.

    Args:
        filename (str): local checkpoint file path
        map_location (str, optional): Same as :func:`torch.load`.

    Returns:
        dict or OrderedDict: The loaded checkpoint.
    """
    filename = osp.expanduser(filename)
    if not osp.isfile(filename):
        raise FileNotFoundError(f'{filename} can not be found.')
    checkpoint = torch.load(filename, map_location=map_location)
    server_name = socket.gethostname().split('.')[0]
    print(f'Done: Loaded checkpoint from {filename} on server: {server_name}')
    return checkpoint


@CheckpointLoader.register_scheme(prefixes=('http://', 'https://'))
def load_from_http(filename,
                   map_location=None,
                   model_dir=None,
                   progress=os.isatty(0)):
    """load checkpoint through HTTP or HTTPS scheme path. In distributed
    setting, this function only download checkpoint at local rank 0.

    Args:
        filename (str): checkpoint file path with modelzoo or
            torchvision prefix
        map_location (str, optional): Same as :func:`torch.load`.
        model_dir (string, optional): directory in which to save the object,
            Defaults to None

    Returns:
        dict or OrderedDict: The loaded checkpoint.
    """
    rank, world_size = get_dist_info()
    if rank == 0:
        checkpoint = load_url(
            filename,
            model_dir=model_dir,
            map_location=map_location,
            progress=progress)
    if world_size > 1:
        torch.distributed.barrier()
        if rank > 0:
            checkpoint = load_url(
                filename,
                model_dir=model_dir,
                map_location=map_location,
                progress=progress)
    return checkpoint


@CheckpointLoader.register_scheme(prefixes='pavi://')
def load_from_pavi(filename, map_location=None):
    """load checkpoint through the file path prefixed with pavi. In distributed
    setting, this function download ckpt at all ranks to different temporary
    directories.

    Args:
        filename (str): checkpoint file path with pavi prefix
        map_location (str, optional): Same as :func:`torch.load`.
          Defaults to None

    Returns:
        dict or OrderedDict: The loaded checkpoint.
    """
    assert filename.startswith('pavi://'), \
        f'Expected filename startswith `pavi://`, but get {filename}'
    model_path = filename[7:]

    try:
        from pavi import modelcloud
    except ImportError:
        raise ImportError(
            'Please install pavi to load checkpoint from modelcloud.')

    model = modelcloud.get(model_path)
    with TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir:
        downloaded_file = osp.join(tmp_dir, model.name)
        model.download(downloaded_file)
        checkpoint = torch.load(downloaded_file, map_location=map_location)
    return checkpoint


@CheckpointLoader.register_scheme(
    prefixes=[r'(\S+\:)?s3://', r'(\S+\:)?petrel://'])
def load_from_ceph(filename, map_location=None, backend='petrel'):
    """load checkpoint through the file path prefixed with s3.  In distributed
    setting, this function download ckpt at all ranks to different temporary
    directories.

    Args:
        filename (str): checkpoint file path with s3 prefix
        map_location (str, optional): Same as :func:`torch.load`.
        backend (str, optional): The storage backend type.
            Defaults to 'petrel'.

    Returns:
        dict or OrderedDict: The loaded checkpoint.
    """
    file_backend = get_file_backend(
        filename, backend_args={'backend': backend})
    with io.BytesIO(file_backend.get(filename)) as buffer:
        checkpoint = torch.load(buffer, map_location=map_location)
    return checkpoint


@CheckpointLoader.register_scheme(prefixes=('modelzoo://', 'torchvision://'))
def load_from_torchvision(filename, map_location=None):
    """load checkpoint through the file path prefixed with modelzoo or
    torchvision.

    Args:
        filename (str): checkpoint file path with modelzoo or
            torchvision prefix
        map_location (str, optional): Same as :func:`torch.load`.

    Returns:
        dict or OrderedDict: The loaded checkpoint.
    """
    model_urls = get_torchvision_models()
    if filename.startswith('modelzoo://'):
        print_log(
            'The URL scheme of "modelzoo://" is deprecated, please '
            'use "torchvision://" instead',
            logger='current',
            level=logging.WARNING)
        model_name = filename[11:]
    else:
        model_name = filename[14:]
    return load_from_http(model_urls[model_name], map_location=map_location)


@CheckpointLoader.register_scheme(prefixes=('open-mmlab://', 'openmmlab://'))
def load_from_openmmlab(filename, map_location=None):
    """load checkpoint through the file path prefixed with open-mmlab or
    openmmlab.

    Args:
        filename (str): checkpoint file path with open-mmlab or
        openmmlab prefix
        map_location (str, optional): Same as :func:`torch.load`.
          Defaults to None

    Returns:
        dict or OrderedDict: The loaded checkpoint.
    """

    model_urls = get_external_models()
    prefix_str = 'open-mmlab://'
    if filename.startswith(prefix_str):
        model_name = filename[13:]
    else:
        model_name = filename[12:]
        prefix_str = 'openmmlab://'

    deprecated_urls = get_deprecated_model_names()
    if model_name in deprecated_urls:
        print_log(
            f'{prefix_str}{model_name} is deprecated in favor '
            f'of {prefix_str}{deprecated_urls[model_name]}',
            logger='current',
            level=logging.WARNING)
        model_name = deprecated_urls[model_name]
    model_url = model_urls[model_name]
    # check if is url
    if model_url.startswith(('http://', 'https://')):
        checkpoint = load_from_http(model_url, map_location=map_location)
    else:
        filename = osp.join(_get_mmengine_home(), model_url)
        if not osp.isfile(filename):
            raise FileNotFoundError(f'{filename} can not be found.')
        checkpoint = torch.load(filename, map_location=map_location)
    return checkpoint


@CheckpointLoader.register_scheme(prefixes='mmcls://')
def load_from_mmcls(filename, map_location=None):
    """load checkpoint through the file path prefixed with mmcls.

    Args:
        filename (str): checkpoint file path with mmcls prefix
        map_location (str, optional): Same as :func:`torch.load`.

    Returns:
        dict or OrderedDict: The loaded checkpoint.
    """

    model_urls = get_mmcls_models()
    model_name = filename[8:]
    checkpoint = load_from_http(
        model_urls[model_name], map_location=map_location)
    checkpoint = _process_mmcls_checkpoint(checkpoint)
    return checkpoint


def _load_checkpoint(filename, map_location=None, logger=None):
    """Load checkpoint from somewhere (modelzoo, file, url).

    Args:
        filename (str): Accept local filepath, URL, ``torchvision://xxx``,
            ``open-mmlab://xxx``. Please refer to ``docs/model_zoo.md`` for
            details.
        map_location (str, optional): Same as :func:`torch.load`.
           Defaults to None.
        logger (:mod:`logging.Logger`, optional): The logger for error message.
           Defaults to None

    Returns:
        dict or OrderedDict: The loaded checkpoint. It can be either an
        OrderedDict storing model weights or a dict containing other
        information, which depends on the checkpoint.
    """
    return CheckpointLoader.load_checkpoint(filename, map_location, logger)


def _load_checkpoint_with_prefix(prefix, filename, map_location=None):
    """Load partial pretrained model with specific prefix.

    Args:
        prefix (str): The prefix of sub-module.
        filename (str): Accept local filepath, URL, ``torchvision://xxx``,
            ``open-mmlab://xxx``. Please refer to ``docs/model_zoo.md`` for
            details.
        map_location (str | None): Same as :func:`torch.load`.
            Defaults to None.

    Returns:
        dict or OrderedDict: The loaded checkpoint.
    """

    checkpoint = _load_checkpoint(filename, map_location=map_location)

    if 'state_dict' in checkpoint:
        state_dict = checkpoint['state_dict']
    else:
        state_dict = checkpoint
    if not prefix.endswith('.'):
        prefix += '.'
    prefix_len = len(prefix)

    state_dict = {
        k[prefix_len:]: v
        for k, v in state_dict.items() if k.startswith(prefix)
    }

    assert state_dict, f'{prefix} is not in the pretrained model'
    return state_dict


def _load_checkpoint_to_model(model,
                              checkpoint,
                              strict=False,
                              logger=None,
                              revise_keys=[(r'^module\.', '')]):

    # get state_dict from checkpoint
    if 'state_dict' in checkpoint:
        state_dict = checkpoint['state_dict']
    else:
        state_dict = checkpoint

    # strip prefix of state_dict
    metadata = getattr(state_dict, '_metadata', OrderedDict())
    for p, r in revise_keys:
        state_dict = OrderedDict(
            {re.sub(p, r, k): v
             for k, v in state_dict.items()})
    # Keep metadata in state_dict
    state_dict._metadata = metadata

    # load state_dict
    load_state_dict(model, state_dict, strict, logger)
    return checkpoint


def load_checkpoint(model,
                    filename,
                    map_location=None,
                    strict=False,
                    logger=None,
                    revise_keys=[(r'^module\.', '')]):
    """Load checkpoint from a file or URI.

    Args:
        model (Module): Module to load checkpoint.
        filename (str): Accept local filepath, URL, ``torchvision://xxx``,
            ``open-mmlab://xxx``. Please refer to ``docs/model_zoo.md`` for
            details.
        map_location (str): Same as :func:`torch.load`.
        strict (bool): Whether to allow different params for the model and
            checkpoint.
        logger (:mod:`logging.Logger` or None): The logger for error message.
        revise_keys (list): A list of customized keywords to modify the
            state_dict in checkpoint. Each item is a (pattern, replacement)
            pair of the regular expression operations. Defaults to strip
            the prefix 'module.' by [(r'^module\\.', '')].

    Returns:
        dict or OrderedDict: The loaded checkpoint.
    """
    checkpoint = _load_checkpoint(filename, map_location, logger)
    # OrderedDict is a subclass of dict
    if not isinstance(checkpoint, dict):
        raise RuntimeError(
            f'No state_dict found in checkpoint file {filename}')

    return _load_checkpoint_to_model(model, checkpoint, strict, logger,
                                     revise_keys)


def weights_to_cpu(state_dict):
    """Copy a model state_dict to cpu.

    Args:
        state_dict (OrderedDict): Model weights on GPU.

    Returns:
        OrderedDict: Model weights on GPU.
    """
    # stash metadata to put in state_dict later
    metadata = getattr(state_dict, '_metadata', OrderedDict())
    state_dict = apply_to(state_dict, lambda x: hasattr(x, 'cpu'),
                          lambda x: x.cpu())
    state_dict._metadata = metadata
    return state_dict


@deprecated_function(
    since='0.3.0',
    removed_in='0.5.0',
    instructions='`_save_to_state_dict` will be deprecated in the future, '
    'please use `nn.Module._save_to_state_dict` directly.')
def _save_to_state_dict(module, destination, prefix, keep_vars):
    """Saves module state to `destination` dictionary.

    This method is modified from :meth:`torch.nn.Module._save_to_state_dict`.

    Args:
        module (nn.Module): The module to generate state_dict.
        destination (dict): A dict where state will be stored.
        prefix (str): The prefix for parameters and buffers used in this
            module.
        keep_vars (bool): Whether to keep the variable property of the
            parameters.
    """
    for name, param in module._parameters.items():
        if param is not None:
            destination[prefix + name] = param if keep_vars else param.detach()
    for name, buf in module._buffers.items():
        if buf is not None and name not in module._non_persistent_buffers_set:
            destination[prefix + name] = buf if keep_vars else buf.detach()


def get_state_dict(module, destination=None, prefix='', keep_vars=False):
    """Returns a dictionary containing a whole state of the module.

    Both parameters and persistent buffers (e.g. running averages) are
    included. Keys are corresponding parameter and buffer names.
    This method is modified from :meth:`torch.nn.Module.state_dict` to
    recursively check parallel module in case that the model has a complicated
    structure, e.g., nn.Module(nn.Module(DDP)).

    Args:
        module (nn.Module): The module to generate state_dict.
        destination (OrderedDict): Returned dict for the state of the
            module.
        prefix (str): Prefix of the key.
        keep_vars (bool): Whether to keep the variable property of the
            parameters. Defaults to False.

    Returns:
        dict: A dictionary containing a whole state of the module.
    """
    # recursively check parallel module in case that the model has a
    # complicated structure, e.g., nn.Module(nn.Module(DDP))
    if is_model_wrapper(module):
        module = module.module

    # below is the same as torch.nn.Module.state_dict()
    if destination is None:
        destination = OrderedDict()
        destination._metadata = OrderedDict()
    destination._metadata[prefix[:-1]] = local_metadata = dict(
        version=module._version)
    module._save_to_state_dict(destination, prefix, keep_vars)
    for name, child in module._modules.items():
        if child is not None:
            get_state_dict(
                child, destination, prefix + name + '.', keep_vars=keep_vars)
    for hook in module._state_dict_hooks.values():
        hook_result = hook(module, destination, prefix, local_metadata)
        if hook_result is not None:
            destination = hook_result
    return destination


def save_checkpoint(checkpoint,
                    filename,
                    file_client_args=None,
                    backend_args=None):
    """Save checkpoint to file.

    Args:
        checkpoint (dict): Module whose params are to be saved.
        filename (str): Checkpoint filename.
        file_client_args (dict, optional): Arguments to instantiate a
            FileClient. See :class:`mmengine.fileio.FileClient` for details.
            Defaults to None. It will be deprecated in future. Please use
            `backend_args` instead.
        backend_args (dict, optional): Arguments to instantiate the
            prefix of uri corresponding backend. Defaults to None.
            New in v0.2.0.
    """
    if file_client_args is not None:
        print_log(
            '"file_client_args" will be deprecated in future. '
            'Please use "backend_args" instead',
            logger='current',
            level=logging.WARNING)
        if backend_args is not None:
            raise ValueError(
                '"file_client_args" and "backend_args" cannot be set '
                'at the same time.')

    if filename.startswith('pavi://'):
        if file_client_args is not None or backend_args is not None:
            raise ValueError(
                '"file_client_args" or "backend_args" should be "None" if '
                'filename starts with "pavi://"')
        try:
            from pavi import exception, modelcloud
        except ImportError:
            raise ImportError(
                'Please install pavi to load checkpoint from modelcloud.')
        model_path = filename[7:]
        root = modelcloud.Folder()
        model_dir, model_name = osp.split(model_path)
        try:
            model = modelcloud.get(model_dir)
        except exception.NodeNotFoundError:
            model = root.create_training_model(model_dir)
        with TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir:
            checkpoint_file = osp.join(tmp_dir, model_name)
            with open(checkpoint_file, 'wb') as f:
                torch.save(checkpoint, f)
                f.flush()
            model.create_file(checkpoint_file, name=model_name)
    else:
        file_client = FileClient.infer_client(file_client_args, filename)
        if file_client_args is None:
            file_backend = get_file_backend(
                filename, backend_args=backend_args)
        else:
            file_backend = file_client

        with io.BytesIO() as f:
            torch.save(checkpoint, f)
            file_backend.put(f.getvalue(), filename)


def find_latest_checkpoint(path: str) -> Optional[str]:
    """Find the latest checkpoint from the given path.

    Refer to https://github.com/facebookresearch/fvcore/blob/main/fvcore/common/checkpoint.py  # noqa: E501

    Args:
        path(str): The path to find checkpoints.

    Returns:
        str or None: File path of the latest checkpoint.
    """
    save_file = osp.join(path, 'last_checkpoint')
    last_saved: Optional[str]
    if os.path.exists(save_file):
        with open(save_file) as f:
            last_saved = f.read().strip()
    else:
        print_log('Did not find last_checkpoint to be resumed.')
        last_saved = None
    return last_saved