[{"text": "Titans of Investing, commonly referred to as Titans, is a collegiate program founded and led by investor Britt Harris. The program consists of a semester course, a professional fraternity, and a think tank. It is modeled on Benjamin Franklin's Junto and emphasizes \"wisdom, personal understanding, and growth\" through \"collaboration, civil discourse, and a sincere search for truth\". Its mission is to infuse \"high-achieving students\" with \"wisdom\", and instill a \"life path\" of \"success to significance\" rather than pursuing \"success after success\", which is also modeled on Franklin's \"do well by doing good.\" Titans is funded by over 80 individual and corporate sponsors. Graduates are referred to as \"Titans\", nationally recognized for \"excellence, intellect, and integrity\", and highly recruited by employers. As of Fall 2021, the alumni network consists of 700 Titans. History. Genesis. The impetus for Titans began in the spring of 2005 while Britt Harris, a Christian, was the chief executive officer of Bridgewater Associates; the largest hedge fund in the world at that time. He worked for nearly two decades in high-stakes wealth management. Seeking relief, a confluence of inquiries into the meaning of life, common good, and greatest literary works culminated in the idea of a collegiate"}, {"text": "course he called the \"Titan Series\". The initial concept was to study his \"top 10 books\" and his \"top 10 practitioners\" in each key business field (i.e., management, investing, accounting, economics, et cetera). Before resigning from Bridgewater, Harris queried 70 peers throughout business, academia, and politics for the most influential books on their careers. With a compiled list of over 200 books, Harris returned to his alma mater at Texas A&M University in the fall of 2005. Development. Throughout the 2005 fall semester and 2006 spring semester, Britt Harris recruited a select group of students from Texas A&M University to help organize, examine, and distill over 200 literary works to their core concept, then develop the course curriculum. The group, \"Titans 0\", included Cason Beckham, Will Carpenter, Jason Kaspar, Matt Ockwood, Ty Popplewell, Andrew Robertson, and Thomas Marriott who had just finished redeveloping the Aggie Investment Club. Influenced by his mentor Bob Buford, Harris infused the course with the philosophy of living a life of \"success to significance\" rather than pursuing \"success after success\". Employing the very concept of Titans (timeless wisdom), Harris modeled the course structure on Benjamin Franklin's Junto to emphasize \"wisdom, personal understanding, and growth\" through \"collaboration,"}, {"text": "civil discourse, and a sincere search for truth\". The curriculum was finished and adopted by Mays Business School as Titans Course (FINC 427) in the summer of 2006. The first class, \"Titans 1\", launched in the 2006 fall semester and graduated the first 15 Titans: Jon Boben, Andy Cronin, Scott \u201cThe Situation\u201d Deyerle, Justin Evans, Bryan Farney, Robert Fletes, Graham Gilkerson, Daniel McMaster, Payal Patel, David Phillips, Cherise (n\u00e9e Kaspar) Ratliff, Steven Smith, Michelle Stukey, Bryan Sweeney, and Xuan Yong. Growth. As Titans graduated, the collaboration and camaraderie cultivated inside the classroom continued after into the Titans Fraternity that spans 23 states and 11 countries. As of May 2019, the alumni network consists of 542 Titans from 34 classes. In September 2016, a chapter was established at the Hankamer School of Business of Baylor University. In January 2018, a chapter was established at the McCombs Business School of University of Texas at Austin. The book summaries produced by the Titans Course evolved into an acclaimed think tank called \"Titans Briefs\". Titans Briefs are freely released into the public domain. As of May 2019, the digital archive features 415 briefs. Administration. The Titans of Investing program is led by Britt Harris,"}, {"text": "who also serves as professor of the Titans Course, and operated by its students. Student positions include: The Titans Fraternity is operated by the Titans Alumni Network. The program is overseen by an advisory board consisting of Harris, alumni, Texas A&M faculty, and industry dignitaries. Membership. Membership is exclusive, but applications are open to all majors, gender, race, and religion. Each semester, 15 slots per chapter are competed for. Requirements include: resume, essays, interviews with alumni, and up to nine nominations. Membership is free courtesy of over 80 individual and corporate sponsors. Applicants are vetted for the following qualities: Course. Class is held once a week for two hours. It consists of professor led and class-directed instruction, alternating weekly. The semester course consists of: Fraternity. Titans Fraternity is a professional fraternity (not to be confused with Greek social fraternities or honor societies) that is cultivated among classmates during the Titans Course, and continued after graduation in the Titans Alumni Network. During the course, classmates engage in civil discourse and social interaction over dinner at the Titans Clubhouse. Annual dinners for all Titans are held in Austin, Dallas, Houston, New York and London. Think tank. Book summaries produced by the Titans"}, {"text": "Course developed into an acclaimed think tank called \"Titans Briefs\". Titans Briefs are freely released into the public domain. As of May 2019, the digital archive features 415 briefs. Chapters. Texas A&M University. Titans was established at Texas A&M University in August 2006. It is hosted at Mays Business School and the semester course is FINC 427/669. As of May 2019, it has graduated 28 classes consisting of 441 Titans. Baylor University. Titans was established at Baylor University in September 2016. It is hosted at Hankamer School of Business and the semester course is BU4M. As of May 2019, it has graduated 4 classes consisting of 51 Titans. University of Texas at Austin. Titans was established at University of Texas at Austin in January 2018. It is hosted at McCombs Business School and the semester course is FIN 372. As of May 2019, it has graduated 3 classes consisting of 48 Titans."}, {"text": "Marriage in ancient Greece had less of a basis in personal relationships and more in social responsibility, however the available historical records on the subject focus exclusively on Athens or Sparta and primarily on the aristocratic class. According to these records, the goal and focus of all marriages was intended to be reproduction, making marriage an issue of public interest. Marriages were usually arranged by the parents; on occasion professional matchmakers were used. Each city was politically independent and each had its own laws concerning marriage. For the marriage to be legal, the woman's father or guardian gave permission to a suitable man who could afford to marry. Daughters were usually married to uncles or cousins. Wintertime marriages were popular due to the significance of that time to Hera, the goddess of marriage. The couple participated in a ceremony which included rituals such as veil removal, but it was the couple living together that made the marriage legal. Marriage was understood to be the official transition from childhood into adulthood for women. Scholars are uncertain whether these traditions were common throughout the rest of Ancient Greece and for those in lower classes or if these records are unique to these"}, {"text": "regions and social classes. These records are also primarily focused during the classical period. There is also limited information available about marriage in the city of Gortyn in ancient times, in the form of the legal text the Gortyn code. Marriage as a public interest. The ancient Greek legislators considered marriage to be a matter of public interest. Marriages were intended to be monogamous. In keeping with this idea, the heroes of Homer never have more than one wife by law, though they may be depicted with living with concubines, or having sexual relationships with one or more women. In Plato's \"Laws\", the would-be lawgiver suggests that any man who was not married by age 35 should be punished with a loss of civil rights and with financial consequences. He proposes that when choosing a wife, men should always consider the interests of the state over their own desires. In Ancient Sparta. In Ancient Sparta, the subordination of private interests and personal happiness to the good of the public was strongly encouraged by the laws of the city. One example of the legal importance of marriage can be found in the laws of Lycurgus of Sparta, which required that criminal"}, {"text": "proceedings be taken against those who married too late (\"graphe opsigamiou\") or unsuitably (\"graphe kakogamiou\"), as well as against confirmed bachelors, that is, against those who did not marry at all (\"graphe agamiou\"). These regulations were founded on the generally recognised principle that it was the duty of every citizen to raise up strong and healthy legitimate children to the state. The Spartans considered \"teknopoioia\" (childbearing) as the main object of marriage. Because of this, whenever a woman had no children by her own husband, the state ought to allow her to live with another man. On the same principle, and to prevent the end of the family line, Spartan King Anaxandridas II was allowed to live with two wives. He kept two separate establishments: this was a case of bigamy, which, as Herodotus observes, was not at all consistent with Spartan nor indeed with Hellenic customs. The offspring were required by the government to be strong and healthy, otherwise, the parents would leave and abandon the child. In Ancient Athens. For a marriage to be viewed as legitimate in Athens, both the bride and groom had to be of free status, and after 451 BC, both had to be"}, {"text": "legitimate children of Athenian citizen families. Children of such unions would then be considered legitimate Athenian citizens when they came of age. Though the marriages were not legally recognized in Athens, wealthy metics would be considered married by those around them if they followed the same procedures and ceremonies. These couples would then act as any married Athenian couple would. In Ancient Gortyn. The Gortyn Code gives information on the law surrounding marriage in ancient Gortyn. Though the code records the law, scholar Sue Blundell reminds us we should not assume that this reflects a consistently held practice. The code seems to mostly address legality of marriages to consider the citizenship and political status of any children. Citizenship of the children of slave men and free women depended on where the children lived. Children were considered slaves if the couple lived and raised the children in the house of their father, making them property of his master. If the couple lived and raised children in the house of their mother they were considered free. Children born to two slave parents would be owned by their master. Arranged marriage. Marriage was usually arranged between the parents of the bride and the"}, {"text": "groom. A man would choose his wife based on three things: the dowry, which was given by the father of the bride to the groom; her presumed fertility; and her skills, such as weaving. There were usually no established age limits for marriage, although, with the exception of political marriages, waiting until childbearing age was considered proper decorum. Many girls were married by the age of 14 or 16, while men commonly married around the age of 30. The son-in-law and father-in-law became allies (, \"etai,\" \"clansmen\") through the exchange of gifts in preparation for the transfer of the bride. Gifts ( \"dora\") signified the alliance between the two households. The exchange also showed that the girl's family was not simply selling her or rejecting her; the gifts formalized the legitimacy of a marriage. Gifts from the betrothed wife ( \"hedna\") usually consisted of cattle. A husband might have a wife and a concubine. If the wife gave consent, children bred from the concubine would be acknowledged as heirs to the husband. This practice was mainly confined to high status wealthy men, allowing them multiple concubines and mistresses but only one wife. Marriages were also arranged through the meeting of"}, {"text": "the fathers of the young couple, basing the marriage on their interests in expanding a business or forging an alliance between the families, with little concern about what the groom thought of the situation, and no regard for what the wife wished. Selecting a spouse. Independent of any public considerations, there were also private or personal reasons (particular to the ancients) which made marriage an obligation. Plato mentions one of these as the duty incumbent upon every individual to provide for a continuance of representatives to succeed himself as ministers of the Divinity (\"toi Theoi hyperetas an' hautou paradidonai\"). Another was the desire felt by almost everyone, not merely to perpetuate his own name, but also to prevent his \"heritage being desolate, and his name being cut off\", and to leave someone who might make the customary offerings at his grave. With this in mind, childless persons would sometimes adopt unwanted children, including children who had been left to die. By Athenian law, a citizen was not allowed to marry a foreign woman, nor conversely, under very severe penalties. However, proximity by blood (\"anchisteia\"), or consanguinity (\"syngeneia\"), was not, with few exceptions, a bar to marriage in any part of"}, {"text": "Greece; direct lineal descent was. Thus, brothers were permitted to marry even with sisters, if not \"homometrioi\" or born from the same mother, as Cimon did with Elpinice, though a connection of this sort appears to have been looked on with abhorrence. There is no evidence to suggest that love ever played a significant role in selecting a legal spouse, though scholars have stated that it is likely there would have been affairs due to love. Heiresses. In Athens, in the case of a father dying intestate and without male children, his heiress had no choice in marriage. The woman was not an heiress by modern day Western standards, as she could not actually own the land, however, she could not be separated from it. This meant that any man would have to first marry her in order to own the land. She was compelled by law to marry her nearest kinsman, usually a first cousin or an uncle that was capable of fathering children. If either the heiress and/or her potential husband are married they were required to divorce, unless the father had taken the precaution of adopting his daughter's current husband as his heir before his death. Under"}, {"text": "Solon's reforms couples of this nature were required to have sex a minimum of three times per month in order to conceive a male heir. If the heiress were poor (thessa), the nearest unmarried kinsman either married her or portioned her suitably to her rank. When there were several co-heiresses, they were respectively married to their kinsmen, the nearest having the first choice (see Epikleros). In fact the heiress, together with her inheritance, belonged to the kinsmen of the family, so that in early times a father could not give his daughter (if an heiress) in marriage without their consent. This was not the case, however, in later Athenian law, by which a father was empowered to dispose of his daughter by will or otherwise; just as widows were disposed of in marriage by the will of their husbands, who were still considered their rightful guardians (\"kyrioi\"). The same practice of marrying in the family (\"oikos\"), especially in the case of heiresses, prevailed in Sparta. These women were known as \"patrouchoi.\" Leonidas married the heiress of Cleomenes I, as her \"anchisteia\", or next of kin, and Anaxandrides his own sister's daughter. Moreover, if a father had not determined himself concerning"}, {"text": "his daughter, the king's court decided who among the privileged persons or members of the same family should marry the heiress. Lin Foxhall has cited evidence of a similar tradition in ancient Gortyn, where the women were known as \"patroiokoi\". These girls would be married as young as 12 in order to produce an heir as quickly as possible. They could be claimed first by paternal uncles, and if there was no uncles to make the claim, then paternal cousins by order of age would have the next right to marry her. If still no one was able to claim her, she was free to marry who she pleased \"of the tribe from those who apply\". However, if she were to turn down the first claimant, she would owe him half of her inheritance. Dates for marriage. Ancient Greeks primarily married in winter, during the month of Gamelion, the equivalent of the month of January. Gamelion translates to \"Wedding-Month\". This was done in honour of the goddess of marriage, Hera. There were also special sacrifices made to her throughout the month. Engagement. Match-making among the ancients remained outside the dominion of political and legal regulation. This was entirely left to"}, {"text": "the care and forethought of parents, or women who made a profession of it, and who were therefore called \"promnestriai\" or \"promnestrides\". The profession, however, does not seem to have been thought very honourable or to have been held in repute, as being too nearly connected with that of a panderer (\"proagogos\"). In ancient Athens, marriages were arranged between the groom and the guardian (\"kyrios\") of the bride. The \"kyrios\" would announce that he was allowing his daughter to marry. The suitors would compete against each other for the daughter's hand in marriage. They would bring extravagant gifts or compete by song, dance, or games. When the suitor was chosen for the daughter, the suitor and the father would proceed in a process known as \"engysis\", ('giving of a pledge into the hand'), which is where the two men would shake hands and say some ritual phrases. The woman did not decide whom she would marry, only under very special circumstances, and she played no active role in the \"engysis\" process, which was not out of the norm for that time period. After the \"engysis\", the two would make a binding promise, which occurred before the marriage. In Athens the"}, {"text": "\"engysis\", or betrothal, was in fact indispensable to the complete validity of a marriage contract. It was made by the natural or legal guardian (\"kyrios\") of the bride, usually her father, and attended by the relatives of both parties as witnesses. In view of this crowd the guardian would say \"I give you my daughter to sow for the purpose of producing legitimate children.\" to which the intended groom would respond \"I take her.\" The law of Athens ordained that all children born from a marriage legally contracted in this respect should be legal \"gnesioi\", and consequently, if sons, \"isomoiroi\", entitled to inherit equally or in gavel-kind. It would seem, therefore, that the issue of a marriage without espousals would lose their heritable rights, which depended on their being born \"ex astes kai engyetes gynaikos\", that is, from a citizen and a legally betrothed wife. The wife's dowry was also settled at the espousals. In Sparta the betrothal of the bride by her father or guardian (\"kyrios\") was requisite as a preliminary of marriage, just as at Athens. Another custom peculiar to the Spartans, and a relic of ancient times, was the seizure of the bride by her intended husband"}, {"text": "(see Herodotus, vi. 65), but of course with the sanction of her parents or guardians. She was not, however, immediately domiciled in her husband's house, but cohabited with him for some time clandestinely, till he brought her, and frequently her mother also, to his home. A similar custom appears to have prevailed in Crete, where, as we are told, the young men when dismissed from the \"agela\" of their fellows were immediately married, but did not take their wives home till some time afterwards. Muller suggests that the children of this furtive intercourse were called \"parthenioi\". Marriage celebration. The ancient Greek marriage celebration consisted of a three part ceremony which lasted three days: the \"proaulia\", which was the pre-wedding ceremony, the \"gamos\", which was the actual wedding, and the \"epaulia\", which was the post-wedding ceremony. Most of the wedding was focused on the experience of the bride. In Athens specifically, most of the wedding would take place at night. Proaulia. The \"proaulia\" was the time when the bride would spend her last days with her mother, female relatives, and friends preparing for her wedding. The \"proaulia\" was usually a feast held at the bride's father's house. During this ceremony, the"}, {"text": "bride would make various offerings, called the \"proteleia\", to gods such as Artemis, Athena, and Aphrodite. \"Toys would be dedicated to Artemis by adolescent girls prior to marriage, as a prelude to finding a husband and having children. More significant as a rite of passage before marriage was the ritual of the cutting and dedication of a lock of hair.\" It is also likely that she would have offered the girdle worn since puberty to these goddesses. These offerings signified the bride's separation from childhood and initiation into adulthood. They also established a bond between the bride and the gods, who provided protection for the bride during this transition. Gamos. The \"gamos\" was the wedding day, where a series of ceremonies surrounded the transfer of the bride from her father's home to that of her new husband. It started with a sacrifice, \"proteleia\", (premarital), which was for the gods to bless the two being wed. The day's rituals began with a nuptial bath which was given to the bride. This bath symbolized purification as well as fertility, and the water would have been delivered from a special location or type of container called the loutrophoros. The bride and groom then"}, {"text": "made offerings at the temple to ensure a fruitful future life. A wedding feast at the home of the father of the bride would be attended by both families. However, men and women sat at different tables, the women would sit and wait until the men were done. The most significant ritual of the wedding day was the anakalypteria, which was the removal of the bride's veil. This signified the completion of the transfer to her husband's family. The woman consecrated the marriage by moving into the suitors living quarters. Once the woman stepped in the house the \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd (\"synoikein\", 'living together'), legalized the \"engysis\" that the suitor and the \"kyrios\" made. The day after the marriage it was typical for the friends of the bride to visit the new home. Though the reason is unknown, it is thought this may have been to ease the transition into their new life. The most important part was the marriage procession; a chariot driven by the groom bringing the still-veiled bride to his, and now her, home. They would be followed by relatives bringing gifts to the couple. The entire path would be lit by torches. The gifts given would often be"}, {"text": "painted with romantic images of marriage and newlyweds. It is likely that these images were chosen to ease the brides fear of her marriage to a man who would have often been a stranger. Upon arriving at the home they would be greeted by the mother-in-law and brought directly to the hearth of the home. At this point the couple would have been showered with dried fruits and nuts in order to bless them with fertility and prosperity. It was at this point where the groom would lead the bride to the bridal chamber and her veil would be ritually removed. Epaulia. The epaulia took place on the day following the gamos. This is when the gifts were presented by the relatives of the couple and formally carried into the house. The gifts often were to reference the new sexual and domestic role of the wife. Some common gifts were jewelry, garments, perfume, pots, and furniture. Spartan marriage. Spartan marriage lacked the ceremony of Athens. Spartan women would be willfully captured and dressed as a man, also having her hair shaved as a man would. In this attire the bride would be laid alone in the dark where a sober"}, {"text": "groom would sneak in, remove her belt, and carry her to bed. As men were required to sleep in the barracks, he would leave shortly after. This process of sneaking in would continue nightly. The bride would help this process by planning when and where it was safe for them to meet. Sometimes this process would continue for so long that couples would have children before meeting in the daylight. It is also likely that Spartan women were not married as young as Athenian women, as Spartans wanted a bride to be in her prime with a developed body, not of a slight or immature frame. In the average marriage Spartan brides were most likely around 18, grooms around 25. There is no evidence to suggest if the consent of the families was obtained before this type of marriage, but as far as sources suggest it was accepted by all Spartans. Gortyn Marriage. Little is known about marriage ceremonies in ancient Gortyn, but some evidence suggests that brides may have been quite young, and would still live in their father's house until they could manage their husband's household. Married life. In Ancient Athens. Once married, domestic life began. The domestic"}, {"text": "space and duties were divided by male and female. The women would have their space upstairs, and the men downstairs. This was to keep the women out of sight when any visitors or strangers were present in the space. Any entertainment would also happen in the men's quarters so as to make sure the women were hidden. It is thought that this seclusion of women may also have acted as a status symbol, as it was only wealthy families who could afford to have the space and staff to keep their women entirely secluded. The seclusion of women also guarantees the legitimacy to any children the woman has. In the women's space both free and slave women would mix company, working together to produce textiles. Weaving and producing textiles were considered an incredibly important task for women, and they would often offer particularly fine works to the gods. If the women wished to work outside on warm days they were able to do so in an interior courtyard. It was also important for women to be able to oversee the tasks of the household and slaves in the absence of her husband. A husband would 'train' his wife to do"}, {"text": "this properly, as men could potentially be gone for long periods of time to deal with concerns of either democratic or military importance. In Ancient Sparta. Regardless of being married, Spartan men continued to live in the barracks until age thirty in times of both peace and war. This separation of husband and wife was thought to keep their relationship passionate, as opportunities for intercourse were scarce. It was thought that children conceived from the passion this separation fostered would be more energetic and vigorous than the average child. The only goal of Spartan marriage was reproduction, and there were many cases of agreements being made for children to be conceived outside of just the husband and wife. If a husband was very old he may choose a young man to impregnate his wife on his behalf. All of these measures were taken to ensure the children were as impressive as possible, and superior to non-Spartan children. Spartan wives could not work to earn money, and were expected to support themselves from the land assigned to them that was worked by slaves or lower class workers. It is not certain if women were assigned land themselves, or oversaw the land"}, {"text": "assigned to their husbands. Spartan women would not mourn the deaths of husbands or sons who died in war, but rather take pride in their brave acts and heroic death. In Ancient Gortyan. Though the Gortyn code gives limited information on married life in Gortyn, there is some evidence that women had more independence under the law than in places such as Athens or Sparta, though they were still not significant in comparison to the legal rights of men. Foxhall has stated that this law being in place however does not mean it was necessarily common practice. The laws also did not necessarily exist for the good of women or contribute to the overall well-being of women. Husbands and wives shared the income from their joint estates, but the woman kept sole control over her own property. Unmarried women. It is unknown how common it was for women to remain unmarried in ancient Greece, as single women would not have been of interest for male historians to write about. There are lines in Lysistrata by Aristophanes which allude to sadness the women of Athens have for women who have aged and are now unable to have legitimate children due to"}, {"text": "men having been gone so long to fight the Peloponnesian War. Unmarried women would have been financially dependent on their nearest male family member. If her family was poor, this may have caused the woman to turn to sex work in order to support herself. Divorce. According to scholars, divorce did not seem to be looked down upon in ancient Greece. Any negative reputation attributed to divorce would have been due to related scandals rather than the divorce itself. In ancient Athens, both husband and wife had the power to initiate a divorce. The husband simply had to send his wife back to her father to end the marriage. For the wife to obtain a divorce, she had to appear before the archon. Though divorces instigated by the wife would have had to have been registered with the archon, he did not seem to have the power to make any decision regarding it, and would simply take record of it. The wife would likely also have needed the support of her father and family. The wife was financially protected by laws which declared her dowry was to be returned in cases of divorce. There were two additional procedures by which"}, {"text": "people other than the couple could dissolve a marriage. The first of these was divorce initiated by the father of the bride; the only example of this procedure to have survived comes from Demosthenes' speech \"Against Spudias\". This was only permitted if the wife had not borne her husband a child. Finally, if a woman became epikleros after her marriage, her closest male relative on her father's death was expected to end both his and her current marriage in order to marry her. In cases where a woman was found to have committed adultery, the husband was obliged to divorce his wife under threat of disenfranchisement. It has been suggested that in some cases, in order to avoid scandal, husbands may not have strictly followed this law, however. Upon divorce, a husband was required to pay back his wife's dowry. If he did not, he was liable to pay 18% interest annually on it. At Sparta, barrenness on the part of a wife seems to have been a ground for dismissal by the husband. In Gortyn either husband or wife had the ability to divorce the other. When initiated by the husband he owed his wife a small financial compensation."}, {"text": "Divorced wives kept their property, half of the crops from their own property, and half of what they had woven. Another common reason for marriages to end was if someone was widowed. Women were often made widows when their husbands died in war, men commonly became widowers as a result of death during childbirth. It was common for those who were divorced or widowed to be remarried."}, {"text": "The Emblem of the State Government of Maharashtra is the official seal of the Government of the Indian state of Maharashtra. Design. The emblem is a circular seal depicting a Samai diya lamp surrounded by 16 lotus blossoms. Between the Samai lamp and lotus blossoms is a motto in The motto is based on one found on the \"Rajmudra\" (royal seal) used by 17th-century Maratha king Chhatrapati Shivaji, the only difference being that the name of the monarch is replaced by the name of the state. State government banner. The Government of Maharashtra can be represented by a banner displaying the emblem of the state on a white field."}, {"text": "Kurt Lohwag (1913\u20131970) was an Austrian botanist and mycologist. The son of the Austrian mycologist Heinrich Lohwag (1884 - 1945). He was educated at the University of Vienna. For much of his career, he worked at the Hochschule f\u00fcr Bodenkultur, Vienna. He was honoured in 1970, when botanist Franz Petrak named a genus of fungi, \"Lohwagiella\", which is now a synonym of \"Niesslia\""}, {"text": "Self-Portrait in a Group of Friends is an 1824 or 1827 oil-on-canvas painting by the Italian artist Francesco Hayez, now in the Museo Poldi Pezzoli in Milan. The other people in the painting have been identified as (starting from the left): the painters Giovanni Migliara, Pelagio Palagi, and Giuseppe Molteni, and the scholar Tommaso Grossi. History. The work is mentioned in \"Prospetto delle incisioni, quadri e oggetti d'arte a un prezzo d'acquisto\" (1853) as a \"picture by Hayez in oils representing five portraits\". It was first exhibited to the public in 1883 as part of a monographic show of the artist's work, but then remained in a private collection until 1996, when it was left to its present owner on the death of Riccardo Lampugnani, who had obtained it from his grandfather Giuseppe Gargantini. Peculiar is Hayez's choice to portray himself in a self-portrait that differs significantly from the usual portraiture of the nineteenth century. It is in fact a \"portrait of friendship\", in which the painter is surrounded by four associates and companions. Grossi, Molteni, Magliara and Pelagi were all exponents of the romantic style; their identity has been known since 1983 thanks to the analysis of Fernando Mazzocca,"}, {"text": "a scholar of Hayez. In the lower left corner, the painting bears a \"1827\" written in pen, although this has traditionally not been recognized as an autograph, and the debate on the dating of the painting is still open. The painting's composition, close viewpoint, and the artist's three-quarter pose facing the observer show the influence of the \"Self-Portrait in a Circle of Friends from Mantua\" executed by Peter Paul Rubens in 1602\u20131604. From a technical point of view, the \"Self-Portrait in a Group of Friends\" is characterized by the contrast between the faces of the portrayed, meticulously defined (on Hayez's face you can even glimpse the hair behind the shaved mustache), and the \"unfinished\" treatment of the clothes and bodies of Hayez's companions."}, {"text": "Scary Nights is the ninth extended play by American rapper G-Eazy. It was released on October 18, 2019, by RCA Records. Production was handled by several record producers, including Boi-1da, Charlie Heat, Sevn Thomas, and The Rascals, among others. It features guest appearances from Gunna, French Montana, Moneybagg Yo, Ant Clemons, Preme, Dex Lauper, Miguel, and The Game. The EP charted at number 18 on the US \"Billboard\" 200. Music videos were released for \"I Wanna Rock\", \"Hit Licks\", and \"K I D S\", with the first two were directed by Daniel Cz, and \"K I D S\" were directed by Bryan Allen Lamb."}, {"text": "Jean Mercier may refer to:"}, {"text": "Sukesh Hegde is an Indian professional kabaddi player who currently plays as a raider for Bengal Warriors in the Pro Kabaddi League. Early life. Sukesh Hegde was born and brought up in Karkala. He has completed his graduation from Alva's College, Moodbidri. Career. In 2014, he started his Pro Kabaddi League journey as a raider of Telugu Titans. In 2017, Sukesh was picked by Gujarat Fortune Giants as their captain for their maiden campaign. In 2018, he was signed by Tamil Thalaivas and in 2019, he was purchased by Bengal Warriors."}, {"text": "Ida\u2013Simon are a Swedish/Finnish conceptual artist and art director-duo consisting of Ida Jonsson and Simon Saarinen. Work. Both Jonsson and Saarinen have been professionally active in design and digital marketing since 2013. In 2019, the duo created \u201cPermanent art\u201d, the first series of artworks embedded on a blockchain. The project gained international publicity due to the fact that anything stored on a blockchain is immutable and permanent. The duo described the project as \u201cinternet graffiti that is impossible to remove.\u201d Later the same year Jonsson and Saarinen created \u201cThe Bum\u201d, a web page where visitors can explore the real size of Kim Kardashian\u2019s behind. In February 2020 the duo used the data they had gathered while creating the web page to make a silicon wearable of the bum. The wearable was presented during New York Fashion Week. While some media outlets criticized the piece for appropriating Kim Kardashian, the artists defended it by stating that it's a comment on the \"hyperbolic social-media landscape, where everyone\u2019s fighting to stand out\"."}, {"text": "Cheppudira Poonacha (born 18 August 1965) is an Indian field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1992 Summer Olympics."}, {"text": "Grand Theft Horse is a 2018 graphic novel written by Greg Neri and illustrated by Corban Wilkin. The book is published by Lee & Low and is a biography of the horse trainer, Gail Ruffu. About. \"Grand Theft Horse\" tells the story of the life of Gail Ruffu and especially chronicles the events surrounding the theft or rescue of the racehorse, Urgent Envoy. Ruffu was worried that Urgent Envoy would be killed if he was raced again. She decided to take him away on Christmas Eve. The author, Greg Neri, focuses on the drama surrounding the possible injury to a beloved horse. Illustrations in pen and ink by Corban Wilkin are described as \"balancing realism with gently rounded and slightly exaggerated features that foreground emotional stakes,\" according to \"Booklist\". \"Publishers Weekly\" compares the illustration style Wilkin used in \"Grand Theft Horse\" to Will Eisner's work. The book includes photographs of Ruffu at the end of the story and also includes her \"personal plea for reforms in the horse-racing industry.\" It is written for middle school and high school readers. In 2019, \"Booklist\" named \"Grand Theft Horse\" as one of its \"Top 10 Biographies for Youth\" for the year. Reviews. \"Horn"}, {"text": "Book Magazine\" wrote, \"Intense and candid, the story underscores the risks and rewards of uncompromised activism.\" \"ForeWord Reviews\" calls the book \"an inspirational tale, demonstrating the universal moral of standing up for one's beliefs, even if there's a steep price.\""}, {"text": "Jagdev Singh Rai (8 July 1969 \u2013 18 December 2019) was an Indian field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1992 Summer Olympics."}, {"text": "Governor Allen may refer to:"}, {"text": "Harpreet Singh (born 25 February 1973) is an Indian field hockey player. He competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics and the 1996 Summer Olympics."}, {"text": "Nelson M. Oyesiku is a Nigerian-American professor of neurosurgery and endocrinology. With a specialty in pituitary medicine and surgery, currently, he is the chair of the department of Neurological Surgery and Professor of Medicine (Endocrinology) at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. he has been editor-in-chief of \"Neurosurgery\", \"Operative Neurosurgery,\" and \"Neurosurgery Open.\" He was previously chair of the American Board of Neurological Surgery, among other organizations. Early life and education. Nelson Mobalanle Oyesiku was born in Lagos, Nigeria and is a native to Abeokuta. He is the second child of Nelson and Margaret Oyesiku, and has an older sister. He grew up in Apapa, and attended Corona School. With an early interest in neuroscience, he graduated from St. Gregory's College and received his medical degree from the University of Ibadan. As a Commonwealth Scholar, he then attended the University of London in the United Kingdom, where he later obtained an MSc in Occupational Medicine as well. Then emigrating to the United States, he did his surgery internship at the University of Connecticut Hartford Hospital. He did his neurosurgical residency training and completed a Ph.D. in the neuroscience graduate program at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. During his"}, {"text": "residency training, he completed a PhD in Neuroscience as well. Career. Prior roles. He was appointed to the neurosurgical faculty in 1993 at Emory upon completion of his training. At Emory, he focused his research and laboratory on the molecular pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas. At Emory University School of Medicine, he went on to serve as the director of the Inaugural Daniel Louis Barrow Chair in Neurosurgery, as Vice-Chairman of the Department of Neurological Surgery, as Director of the Neurosurgical Residency Program, and as the Director of Laboratory and Molecular Neurosurgery and Biotechnology. He became chair of the American Board of Neurological Surgery in August 2012. In 2019, he was both the residency program director for Emory\u2019s Department of Neurosurgery and editor-in-chief of the medical journal Neurosurgery. Current roles. Oyesiku's current research includes the investigation of the development of pituitary adenomas using genome-wide association studies and whole genome sequencing methods. He is the principal investigator of the R25 NIH training grant for neurosurgery. Currently, he is the chair of the department of Neurological Surgery and Professor of Medicine (Endocrinology) at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. Research and practices. His clinical focus is on the surgical treatment of"}, {"text": "and molecular biology of pituitary tumors. As a board-certified neurosurgeon, Oyesiku has performed over 2,000 pituitary tumor surgeries. Gene expression studies. In 2001, Oyesiku and his team of researchers were responsible for performing the first studies on high throughput gene expression studies that identified unique aspects of pituitary adenoma gene expression which led to a new imaging procedure and potential targeted therapy of pituitary tumors. This molecular imaging diagnostic tool was pioneered and first utilized at Emory for patients with pituitary tumors, this imaging allows doctors to identify a key tumor marker in patients with clinically nonfunctional pituitary tumors, identifying patients for a potential new, targeted chemotherapy for clinically nonfunctional pituitary tumors. Pituitary adenomas. His laboratory contains one of the largest pituitary tumor banks connected to a clinical database to study natural history, treatment outcomes, and molecular correlations. 3D endoscopy use. He was one of the first to use 3D endoscopy in pituitary surgery, and one of few surgeons in the US and worldwide (and the first in Georgia) to utilize advanced 3-D endoscopic surgery for the resection of pituitary tumors. In 2009, Oyesiku was one of the first to use the Visionsense 3D stereoscopic vision system at The Emory"}, {"text": "Pituitary Center at Emory University Hospital, and five years later Emory became the first medical center in the country to use the same company's 3D HD stereoscopic system, utilizing its stereoscopic and endoscopic views. Publications and editing. Oyesiku has authored manuscripts, book chapters, and a book in the field of neurosurgery. He has over 180 publications in various academic journals and has served as an adhoc reviewer for several. In 2009 was named editor-in-chief of \"Neurosurgery\", the official journal of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons. He served in the role from June 2009 until September 2021. Society activities. Oyesiku has served on the board of directors of the American Board of Neurological Surgery, as chairman of the Maintenance of Certification Committee, as chairman of the American Board of Neurological Surgery, on the Board of Governors of the American College of Surgeons, and on the Advisory Council for Neurosurgery of the American College of Surgeons. He is also a member of the Residency Review Committee of Neurosurgery of the ACGME and was a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons. He has held leadership positions in the following organizations: the Congress of Neurological Surgeons, the Federation for International Education in Neurosurgery,"}, {"text": "the Georgia Neurosurgical Society, the Society of Neurological Surgeons, and the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies. Awards and titles. Oyesiku was decorated as Baa Segun-Alabe (Surgeon-in-Chief) of Egbaland by the paramount ruler of Egbaland in Abeokuta, the capital city of Nigeria's southwestern Ogun State, to honor his efforts as a good ambassador of the community. He also received the following awards and honors: Personal life. He and his wife Lola on November 17, 2019 were decorated as Surgeon-in-Chief and Queen Consort of the Surgeon-in-Chief of Egbaland. He and Omolola, a nurse and midwife, have three children."}, {"text": "Sukhjit Singh (born 13 November 1969) is an Indian field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1992 Summer Olympics."}, {"text": "\"Body Back\" is a song by American DJ and producer Gryffin featuring Swedish singer Maia Wright. It was released on October 18, 2019 from his studio album Gravity. The song co-wrote by Bebe Rexha, Lauren Christy, Gryffin, Mitch Allan, P\u00e4r Westerlund and produced by Gryffin, Mitch Allan, Mark Ralph."}, {"text": "Michael Bruce (1787\u20131861) was a British adventurer, who gained the nickname \"Lavelette Bruce\" for his part in smuggling Antoine Marie Chamans, comte de Lavalette out of France at the time of the Bourbon Restoration. He is now largely remembered as a lover of Lady Hester Stanhope. He was a Member of Parliament in 1830\u20131. Life. Born in Bombay where his father was a merchant, he was the son of Patrick Craufurd Bruce and his wife Jane Smith, and was educated at Eton College. He matriculated at St John's College, Cambridge in 1806. Later, in 1821, he was admitted to Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the bar in 1826. Bruce did not complete a degree at Cambridge, after a year or so beginning to travel in Europe. It was during his voyages in the Mediterranean and Near East that he encountered Lady Hester Stanhope, on Malta in 1810. They lived together for three years, spent on trips that included Damascus and Palmyra. They parted in 1813. Moving to Vienna and then Paris, Bruce took part in the successful plot to smuggle the Comte de Lavalette out of France: he was a supporter of Napoleon condemned by the Bourbons. When Bruce"}, {"text": "was put on trial for this offence in 1816, he received a sentence of three months. His reputation, however, was not badly sullied, and Lord Palmerston, a college friend, acted as his best man two years later. Bruce then went in for Whig party politics, as a friend of John Cam Hobhouse, but hampered by the collapse of his father's bank in 1816. In the end the Marquess of Cleveland, who had in recent years moved from the Whigs to supporting the Tory ministry, found him the seat of Ilchester in 1830. His patron then switching to support for reform, Bruce made himself conspicuous for his reluctance to do the same. He was replaced by Cleveland for the 1831 general election, and left public life."}, {"text": "Ravi Nayakar (born 22 May 1971) is an Indian field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1992 Summer Olympics."}, {"text": "My Runway () is a South Korean streaming television series directed by Heo Chan. It stars Park Ji-yeon, Kang Dong-ho, Kang Chul-woong, Ahn Bo-hyun, Hak Jin, and Jo Hye-ryung. The series aired from 20 December to 31 December 2016, consisting of six episodes. Plot. Han Seo Yeon (Ji-Yeon) is a bright, healthy, and outgoing high school student who dreams of becoming a model, but she's worried about being rejected due to her height. She then applies to a fashion show, in which Jin-wook (Kang Dong-ho), who is one of the top male models in Korea, is part of the approval board. When Han Seo Yeon and Jin-wook meet each other at the fashion model show's casting, Jin-wook harshly treats Seo Yeon because he thinks she's too short for a model, and he doesn't want to deceive her by allowing her to pass at the casting, only to be eliminated from the show at a later point for entertainment purposes, and she leaves the audition disappointed. Then, to cheer her up, her childhood friend Na-rae (Kisum) takes her to a karaoke bar to lift up her spirits. In a strange coincidence, Jin-wook, who got fired from the fashion show's approval board,"}, {"text": "is also in the bar celebrating his friend's birthday, then later an incident occurs where Jin-wook and Seo Yeon switch bodies after being electrocuted during a storm. They must find a way to switch their bodies back without getting caught by their friends."}, {"text": "Ajit Lakra (born 9 January 1966) is an Indian field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1992 Summer Olympics."}, {"text": "The Pra della Valle in Padua is an oil-on-canvas painting executed ca. 1741\u20131746 by the Italian artist Canaletto. It presents an expansive view of the Prato della Valle in Padua. It entered the collection of the Milanese nobleman Gian Giacomo Poldi Pezzoli and from there it passed its present owner, the Museo Poldi Pezzoli in Milan. History. The first written description of the work was by Emmanuele Antonio Cicogna, who mentioned it as part of Giuseppe Pasquali's collection in Venice. He also stated it \"had been engraved in copperplate by the same artist, but with variations between the painting and the print\". The Royal Library at Windsor Castle houses an etching of the same subject is one of 31 works after Canaletto in the collection of Joseph Smith, British resident in Venice, and two preparatory drawings for the paintings. Other versions also attributed to Canaletto survive in private collections and another attributed to his pupil Francesco Guardi is now in the Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de Dijon. The work was initially attributed to Bernardo Bellotto by the Museo Poldi Pezzoli's first Giuseppe Bertini in his 1881 catalogue of the collection, but modern art historians consider it to be similar enough to"}, {"text": "Canaletto's 1740s works to make a secure attribution to him. Description and style. The square is depicted when it still had the appearance of a lawn, as it is still called, that is, before the arrangements made in the 1770s with statues and canals. The painting depicts afternoon light, with a strong contrast between the east side, illuminated by the sun, and the west side in shadow. In particular, the Abbey of Santa Giustina, which constitutes the visual fulcrum of the painting, the adjacent convent, the porticoes on the eastern side and the bell tower of the Chiesa della Misericordia stand out in the sunlight, while the large building of the University College acts as a counterpoint. The numerous figures that crowd the square enliven it while maintaining a general impression of staticity."}, {"text": "The 2019\u201320 Georgia State Panthers men's basketball team represented Georgia State University during the 2019\u201320 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team's head coach was Rob Lanier, who was coaching his first season at Georgia State. The Panthers played their home games at the GSU Sports Arena in Atlanta, Georgia as a member of the Sun Belt Conference. They finished the season 19\u201313, 12\u20138 in Sun Belt play to finish in a tie for fourth place. They were the No. 4 seed in the Sun Belt tournament, where they lost to Georgia Southern. Previous season. The Panthers finished the season 24\u201310, 13\u20135 in the Sun Belt, claiming the title of SBC regular season champions. The Panthers also went on to defeat Texas State and UT Arlington to become back-to-back champions of the Sun Belt tournament. As a result, they received the Sun Belt's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament. As the No. 14 seed in the Midwest region, they lost to Houston in the first round. After losing in the NCAA tournament, it was reported that head coach Ron Hunter had been offered the head coaching position at Tulane, to which he responded that he was going to take"}, {"text": "48 hours to think about the future. On March 24, Tulane officially announced Hunter as head coach. It was later reported Hunter opted to leave Georgia State due to a disagreement between the university and Hunter over contract details regarding performance bonuses, tying them to his team's GPA, which was purported by the university to be declining year after year. On 5 April 2019, Georgia State announced the selection of Rob Lanier, associate head coach for the Tennessee Vols, to head the program at GSU. Schedule and results. !colspan=9 style=| Exhibition !colspan=9 style=| Regular season !colspan=9 style=| Sun Belt tournament"}, {"text": "Didar Singh (born 2 April 1964) is an Indian field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1992 Summer Olympics."}, {"text": "The 1995 Dallas mayoral election took place on May 6, 1995, to elect the mayor of Dallas, Texas. The race was officially nonpartisan. Ron Kirk won the election, taking a majority in the initial round of voting, thereby negating the need for a runoff to be held."}, {"text": "Loch Vaa is a body of water in Highland, Scotland. It is located between Boat of Garten and Aviemore in the Cairngorms National Park. It is used for fishing, swimming and boating and its wooden boathouse is a popular location for tourists and photographers. The loch also contains the remains of a historic crannog structure. In 2018-19 the loch was subject to a dramatic drop in water levels over a dry winter period and was not restored to usual levels until prolonged rainfall in July 2019. Description. Loch Vaa is a spring-fed freshwater loch which is said to have \"gin clear\" waters. The loch is owned by a local estate but a number of businesses have been granted rights for fishing, swimming and boating activities. The fishery is managed and the lake is stocked with brown and rainbow trout; it is also frequented by wild grebe. The loch's wooden boathouse, which is used for fishing, is surrounded by water and is a popular destination for tourists and photographers. The loch contains the remains of a crannog, a historic fortified structure constructed on an artificial island. Birch timber recovered from the Loch Vaa crannog dates it to the 13th century, though"}, {"text": "the structure may be even older - dating back to the time of the Picts or earlier Iron Age peoples. 2018/2019 water loss. Between September 2018 and May 2019 the loch suffered a dramatic drop in water levels. Over this period some of water were lost, causing the water level to fall by . By mid-September boats were unable to use the famous boathouse, which soon became accessible by dry land; the owner even considered relocating the structure. By May 2019 the loch fell to its lowest level in 750 years and archaeological experts were called in to check the historic crannog remains. The crannog was found to have been undamaged by the loss of water, which is key to prevent the remains from deteriorating, but came close with the water level just centimetres above the surviving timbers. Local councillor Bill Lobban called for a full investigation into the water level issues by public bodies. The Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) claimed that the cause was the comparatively dry winter of 2018/19 which had led to low groundwater levels in the area. There was some suspicion directed at Scottish Water which had recently drilled a new borehole at Aviemore. However"}, {"text": "they claimed that their borehole was located upstream and that the local glacial geology isolated the loch from the abstraction site. Water levels rose significantly by early July 2019 following 37 days of rain and were at a 20-year high by 2020."}, {"text": "The \"Piet\u00e0 is a 1437\u20131439 tempera on panel painting by Filippo Lippi, now in the Museo Poldi Pezzoli in Milan. It probably formed part of a small altarpiece for private devotion and draws on the low relief of the sculpture style of Donatello. It is theorised that the work was the painting Giorgio Vasari mentions as Lippi produced for Cosimo the Elder as a gift for Pope Eugene IV, who was then living in Florence."}, {"text": "The 2019\u201320 Florida Gators women's basketball team represented the University of Florida during the 2019\u201320 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Gators, led by third-year head coach Cameron Newbauer, played their home games at the O'Connell Center and competed as members of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). Preseason. SEC media poll. The SEC media poll was released on October 15, 2019. Schedule. !colspan=9 style=| Exhibition !colspan=9 style=| Non-conference regular season !colspan=9 style=| SEC regular season !colspan=9 style=| SEC Tournament"}, {"text": "Aimsir (, \"weather, season\") is a fine-dining restaurant in County Kildare, Ireland. Located in Lyons Demesne next to Aylmer Bridge on the Grand Canal, Aimsir opened in 2019 with Jordan Bailey, formerly of Maaemo, as head chef and his wife Majken Bech as manager. The restaurant was awarded two Michelin stars in its first year, then one of only four Irish restaurants to have received this accolade. The restaurant retained its Michelin stars between 2020 and 2023, but lost them in the 2024 version of the guide following Bailey's departure as head chef."}, {"text": "Ecce Homo is a subject of a series of oil on panel paintings by Andrea Solari, dating to between 1505 and 1510. Its hands show the influence of Solari's master Leonardo da Vinci and particularly his \"Lady with an Ermine\"."}, {"text": "Mohammad Esmaeil Nabibakhsh () also known as Moein Nabibakhsh is an Iranian professional Kabaddi player who currently plays as an all rounder for Gujarat Giants in the Pro Kabaddi League and represents Iran national kabaddi team in the international circuit. He was the part of Iran national kabaddi team that won gold in the 2018 Asian Games. Early life. He was born and brought up in Mazandaran province. Having gained popularity at the local level, he made his way into the Iran National Kabaddi Team. Currently he is pursuing a bachelor's degree in physical education in Shomal University. Career. In 2019, he started his Vivo Pro Kabaddi League journey after being purchased by Bengal Warriors. He was the most expensive foreign buy of the season at \u20b977.75 lakh. He made his debut against UP Yoddha and scored a super 10 in that match. He proved to be a valuable asset for his team as he continued to contributing points both in raids and defence. He is one of the few players in the PKL to register a super 10 and high five both. After the team captain Maninder Singh dislocated his shoulder and become injured in a match against Dabang"}, {"text": "Delhi. He took over the captaincy and led the team by example in the semi-final and final. And Bengal Warriors won their first ever PKL trophy."}, {"text": "Ava Grace Kolker (born December 5, 2006) is an American teen actress and singer. Kolker's roles include Ava Morgenstern on the Disney Channel series \"Girl Meets World\" (2014\u20132017), and Olive Rozalski on \"Sydney to the Max\" (2019\u20132021). In film, she portrayed Lily in \"Scary Movie 5\" (2013), Heather in \"Miss Meadows\" (2014), Boot in \"Message from the King\" (2016) and Young Elise Rainer in \"\" (2018). Kolker made her music debut with the single \"The Good Ones\" in July 2019. She subsequently released several other songs, including \"When Will It Be Tomorrow\" (2020), \"Eventually\" (2020), \"Who Do You Think You Are\" (2021), \"Ahead of Me\" (2022), and her debut EP, \"Ballerina\", consisting of six songs and released in June 2023. Early life. Kolker was born in Los Angeles, California, then moved one year to Florida. She has three sisters, Kayla Kolker, Jade Kolker and Lexy Kolker, also an actress, who is best known for playing Chloe in the 2018 horror film \"Freaks\". Career. 2011\u20132014: Early roles. Kolker began acting in 2011 at a young age, making her debut with a guest appearance on the television horror series \"American Horror Story\". A year later, she appeared in her first film, starring"}, {"text": "as Marybeth Geitzen in the comedy film \"Golden Winter\". In 2013, she was cast as Lily in the comedy horror film \"Scary Movie 5\", the final installment in the Scary Movie film series, which was commercially successful. and in the same year appeared in the drama film \"The Trials of Cate McCall\" as Augie. In 2014, she played Heather in the thriller film \"Miss Meadows\". 2015\u2013present: Breakthrough and current work. Kolker has made various guest appearances on television series such as \"Dads\", \"Sam & Cat\", and \"Black-ish\". In 2015, Kolker was cast in the recurring role of Ava Morgenstern on Disney Channel's comedy television series \"Girl Meets World\", the spinoff to \"Boy Meets World\". For the role, she received a Young Artist Award nomination. In the year following, she appeared in the horror film \"The Axe Murders of Villisca\" as Ingrid, the action film \"Message from the King\" as Boot, and the drama television film \"Sister Cities\" as Young Austin. In 2017, Kolker made guest appearances on the comedy series \"White Famous\" as Maddie, and the superhero series \"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.\" as 12-year old Robin Hinton, portraying an older version of the character who was played by her sister Lexy"}, {"text": "as an 8-year old. In 2018, Kolker was cast on the Disney Channel sitcom \"Sydney to the Max\", playing the main character of Olive. In the same year, she appeared as Young Elise Rainier in the film \"\", the fourth film in the Insidious franchise. The film was a commercial success. She also starred as Aeloo in the fantasy film \"A Fairy's Game\". In 2019, she was cast in a minor voice role in the film \"Red Shoes and the Seven Dwarfs\", which will be released theatrically in September 2020. Kolker released her debut single, \"The Good Ones\" in July 2019. In 2020, she released the follow-up singles \"Eventually\" and \"When Will It Be Tomorrow\"; the latter of which was released through Vevo. In June 2023, Kolker announced her debut EP \"Ballerina\", which was released on June 23, 2023. Discography. Singles. The last time non album single 2025"}, {"text": "Gada Kadoda () is a Sudanese Engineer and associate professor at Garden City College for Science and Technology. She teaches at the University of Khartoum, where she introduced a course in knowledge management. She has previously served as President of the Sudanese Knowledge Society. She was selected as one of the BBC 100 Women in 2019. Early life and education. Kadoda studied computer science at the University of Khartoum in 1991. She moved to the United Kingdom after graduating, where she studied information systems at City, University of London. She moved to Loughborough University for her doctoral studies, where she worked in software engineering. Research and career. As a postdoctoral researcher she joined Bournemouth University, where she worked on data mining and prediction. She moved to Imperial College London to develop data analysis and visualisation tools in 2001. Here she became interested in innovation, knowledge transfer and collaborations. In 2003 Kadoda joined the University of the West Indies as a lecturer in computer science. She has since trained as a Certified Knowledge Manager and has served as President of the Sudanese Knowledge Society. She worked with two universities, the Sudan University of Science and Technology and University of Khartoum, to"}, {"text": "introduce innovation programs that support students in their entrepreneurial efforts. She is working to convert this activity into a stand-alone UNICEF Innovation Laboratory. Kadoda was a founding member of Mehen, a training centre for women. She has called for decolonial and feminist education in Sudanese schools and universities, as well as leading anti-racist workshops. She is a member of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease and Sudan National Information Centre, as well as organising the Sudanese Equitable Futures Network. She delivered a TED talk in Khartoum in 2011. In 2014 Kadoda was selected as One to Watch by UNICEF. She was selected as one of BBC's 100 Women in 2019. Selected publications. Her publications include;"}, {"text": "Victorville Army Airfield auxiliary fields were four airfields used during World War II to support the Victorville Army Airfield pilot training near Victorville, California, and Adelanto, California. After the war the Victorville Army Airfield was renamed George Air Force Base on January 13, 1948. The airfields were built in 1941 by the United States Army Air Corps just before the war. Victorville Army Airfield covered 2,200-acre in the Mojave Desert. The US Army held a groundbreaking ceremony on 12 July 1941. The base, called Victorville Army Flying School, was ready to use before the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The Army built four runways in a triangle configuration, with one runway down the middle of the triangle. Seven hangars were built to support operation. On April 23, 1943, the base was renamed Victorville Army Airfield. Victorville Army Airfield. With the US now in the war, many pilots were needed, the first classes started in February 1942. Aircraft based at the school for training were: Curtiss-Wright AT-9, North American T-6 Texan, and Cessna AT-17 Bobcat. Bomber crews were also trained at the base in AT-11 Kansan and Vultee BT-13 Valiant. The first pilots graduated at the Victorville Army"}, {"text": "Flying School on April 24, 1942. As the war progressed new planes were added to the Victorville Army Airfield. During 1943, the following aircraft were assigned to the Victorville Army Airfield: Lockheed C-60A, Douglas C-47 Skytrain, C-53 Skytrooper troop transport, L-4 Grasshopper, Piper L-4 Grasshopper, Aeronca L-3, PT-13 Kaydet, and CG-4A glider. In March 1944 a new unit with new planes were added to the Victorville Army Airfield. The 36th Flight Training Wing brought: Bell P-39 Airacobra, Consolidated B-24 Liberator and North American B-25 Mitchell. With Victory in Europe on May 1, 1945, and Victory over Japan on September 2, 1945, the Victorville Army Airfield ended all training on October 12, 1945. Over 30,000 troops were trained at the Victorville Army Airfields during World War II. The Mojave Desert is ideal for the storage of airplanes, so the Victorville Army Airfield became a storage and storage care base of the 2756th Air Base Squadron. All types of aircraft were stored at the base, but most planes were Boeing B-29 Superfortress, used by the US till 1960. Also a stored were a number of Beechcraft AT-7 and AT-11 Kansan. For the Korean War the Victorville Army Airfield reopened on October 10,"}, {"text": "1950. The base was renamed George Air Force Base after Brigadier General Harold Huston George (1892-1942), a World War I ace pilot, killed during WW2 accident at Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia 29 April 1942. Hawes Auxiliary Airfield. Hawes Auxiliary Airfield (No 1) was an auxiliary field of the Victorville Army Air Field. Built in 1941 with four runways in a triangle shape, three 5,600 foot runways a one 4,912 runway in the center. No support structures were built as the field was only used for take off and landing training. Hawes Auxiliary Field was located near Kramer Hills, California, just south of California State Route 58, between Hinkley, California and Kramer, California at at an elevation of 2318 feet. During the Cold War, in 1965, to the south of the Hawes Auxiliary Airfield the US Air Force built a radio relay station for the Survivable Low Frequency Communications System made by Westinghouse Electric Corporation. The Hawes Radio Relay Site was called the \"USAF Survivable Low Frequency Communications System Site, Hawes\". Built at the site was a 1,200 foot guide wire radio tower. The Hawes Radio Relay Site came under the command of the nearby Edwards Air Force Base. The runways"}, {"text": "were not used and were abandoned. The radio relay site closed in 1985 and the tower removed in late 1986. The site was abandoned, with just ruins remaining, creating an attractive nuisance. In 2008 the government removed much of the attractive nuisance, with only a few small ruins remaining, there is still a faint outline of the four runways. Helendale Auxiliary Airfield. Helendale Auxiliary Airfield (No 2) was built in 1941 for training pilots from Victorville Army Airfield during World War II. No support buildings were placed at the site, as the runways were used for the take off and landing training. Helendale Auxiliary Airfield is located just south of California State Route 58 and just north of the town of Helendale, California, at at an elevation of 2508 feet. The three sides of triangle runways are 4,459 feet long. After the war, in 1948 the US Army Airfield was used as the Helendale Airport, a private airport. In 1958 there were a number of near collisions around Helendale Airport and El Mirage Field, the FAA did a study to find the cause. On March 19, 1971, a Rockwell Aero Commander 560 coming from Van Nuys, California, on a test"}, {"text": "flight crashed approaching Helendale Airport, the speed of the plane was too slow. The two aboard the plane were killed in the crash. It was found that the pilot was not familiar enough with aircraft. Helendale Avionics Facility. Helendale Avionics Facility or Lockheed Helendale Radar Cross Section Facility or Helendale Measurement Facility was built in 1983 by Lockheed Martin Skunk Works, who closed and took over the Helendale Airport. Lockheed built a radar cross-section testing facility at the site. In 1985 the Lockheed Martin Aerospace company built hydraulic system to raise planes and prototype of planes out of the ground from doors installed at the end of one of the runways. This minimized the viewing time of the prototype planes. The site is used to test stealth technology of stealth aircraft, like: the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor, Northrop Grumman X-47B and the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit. On the north side of the facility is a 70-foot tower that hold an hydraulic elevator antenna array, with different radar antennas. Planes are tested using a variety for radar frequencies. Lockheed repaved one of the four old runways for the test site and added night lighting. Lockheed Martin Skunk Works"}, {"text": "owns the site. Mirage Auxiliary Airfield. Mirage Auxiliary Airfield (No 3) was used by the Victorville Army Airfield during World War II for training pilots and crews. Mirage Auxiliary Airfield is located just north of California State Route 18 and just north of the city of El Mirage, California, at at an elevation of . To the southwest is the Grey Butte Field Airport. The US Army acquired for the airfield from the Department of the Interior which held title to the public land. The Mirage Auxiliary Airfield was built in triangle shape with four paved runways. Mirage Auxiliary Airfield was built on a dry lake bed to train pilots in take off and landing. Surrounded by the dry lake was ideal for the training of Waco CG-4 glider pilots. Gliders were taken off by the Douglas C-47 Skytrain Cargo aircraft. After the war on December 6, 1946, the Mirage Auxiliary Airfield became a civil airfield owned by William G. Briegleb, called El Mirage Field, a place for gliders and glider training. The Briegleb BG-12 and the Briegleb BG-6 were popular glider at the site in the 1950s, designed by William G. Briegleb of the Briegleb Glider Company. Many glider"}, {"text": "records were set using the El Mirage Field, called also the El Mirage Glider Port. Regional and National glider competitions were held there. In 1977 Christopher Woods, student at the California Institute of the Fine Arts Film School, shot a film about soaring called \"El Mirage\". The short documentary film is about the 43rd US Unlimited Class Soaring Nationals competitions. In May 1979 Walt Disney studios shot part of the movie \"The Last Flight of Noah's Ark\" about a fictional B-29 plane called \"Fertile Myrtle\" at El Mirage Field. One of the hangars was renamed \"Stoney's Air Service Freight\" for the Disney films. In 1985 the El Mirage Field closed to public use and was leased by General Atomics and is now used for testing drones aircraft and airborne sensors. General Atomics repaved the east\u2013west runway for it test flights. In 2002 the site was renamed El Mirage Flight Test Facility. It also became an aircraft boneyard for storage and sell of use plane parts. In 2015 General Atomics built a new east\u2013west runway parallel to the old Mirage Auxiliary Airfield. Grey Butte Auxiliary Airfield. Grey Butte Auxiliary Airfield (No 4) was a satellite airfield built in 1941 for training"}, {"text": "pilots from Victorville Army Airfield during World War II. Grey Butte Auxiliary Airfield is located north of Pi\u00f1on Hills, California, and southwest of El Mirage, California, and 25 miles east of Palmdale, California, at , at an elevation of . The Grey Butte Auxiliary Airfield was built in 1941 in triangle shape with four paved runways and center runway of . No support buildings were placed at the site, as the runways were used for the take off and landing training. Mobile lights were installed for night training. Starting in 1944 Marine aircrews used Grey Butte for training with planes from Mojave Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) this was to prepare for Aircraft carrier landings in the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II during 1944 and 1945. A few Marine planes crashed at Grey Butte Airfield during this time. Training ended on October 12, 1945. In 1948 the Army closed the Grey Butte Auxiliary Airfield and it became the Grey Butte Field Airport, a civil airport. In the later 1950s, the airport closed and became classified as an \"abandoned airport\". In 1962 Grey Butte Field Airport was used as a port for aerial firefighting. Grey Butte was home to"}, {"text": "the Borate Air Company. Two pilots, Al Adolph and Harry Bernier, along with a plane mechanic were based in out Grey Butte Field. To the south of Grey Butte Field is the San Bernardino Mountains and team had a water reservoir to support fire fighting. In 1966 McDonnell Douglas leased the Grey Butte Field for radar cross section testing of planes and a radar antenna array was installed at the west end of the airfield. In 1975 a subscale demonstrator for the Lockheed F-117 model was tested at the site. General Atomics took over the site in 2001 for research and testing of the General Atomics MQ-1 Predator and General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper. The original east\u2013west runway has been repaved and made longer to . The other three original runways have been abandoned, but remain visible. Silver Peak Light Annex. Silver Peak Light Annex was a navigational beacon light installed in May 1943 to support the training of the airfields. Built on top of Silver Peak in the Silver Peak Mountain range at an elevation of at . The Silver Light Peak Annex is six miles north of Victorville, California. Nearby is Oro Grande, California, and the Oro Grande National"}, {"text": "Trails Highway. Victorville Precision Bombing. To support the training at the airfields the Army built the Victorville Precision Bombing Range No. 1 and the Victorville Precision Bombing Range No. 2. The 20 large targets were built from Apple Valley, California, out into the desert to support bomber training in precision bombing. The target had a bullseye, surrounded by three circles with radii of , , and . For night bombing flare pots and parachute flares were used until a night lighting system was installed. Each site was and was used from 1942 to 1949. For training, M38A2 practice bombs, and M85 100-pound cement practice bombs and M47A2 100-pound sand-filled bombs were built with a small explosive charge. Victorville Precision Bombing Range Target 1 is located at in Apple Valley, California at the site of the current Walmat storage center. Victorville Precision Bombing Range Target 4 is located at in Apple Valley at Del Or Road and Laguna Seca Drive. Victorville Precision Bombing Range Target 6 is located at in Lucerne Valley, California. Victorville Precision Bombing Target No. 7 is located at on the current Fairlane Road in Lucerne Valley. Victorville Precision Bombing Target No. 7 is located at in Lucerne"}, {"text": "Valley. A faint outline of the targets can still be seen from the air."}, {"text": "Love Stories is a studio album by Brazilian jazz pianist and singer Eliane Elias. The album was released by Concord on August 30, 2019. Background. The label's site mentions that \"Love Stories\" is an orchestral album, demonstrating Elias\u2019 mastery and preeminence as a multifaceted artist\u2014a vocalist, pianist, arranger, composer, lyricist, and producer. The vocal parts are sung almost entirely in English. The album contains three original compositions as well as seven standards, including songs by Frank Sinatra and Antonio Carlos Jobim, of whom Elias is a celebrated interpreter. Reception. Kerille McDowall of \"DownBeat\" awarded the album five stars out of five and wrote, \"Elias\u2019 intoxicating vocals emote the ambient calm of a forest after a soft rain; her vibrancy is a force unto itself. With powerful artistry, her naturally prodigious talent is even stronger as the years pass\u2014a feat capable only by the true elites of the music world.\" Andrew Gilbert of \"JazzTimes\" stated \"Intimate and sweeping, \"Love Stories\" offers a vivifying reminder of the still unplumbed depths of this particular well, and demonstrates how a master of quietude can transform just about any song into a bossa nova vehicle.\" Derek Ansell writing for \"Jazz Journal\" commented, \"...a soft-focus Brazilian"}, {"text": "crooning style with the strings sweeping around her and the occasional snippet of a brass or reed solo.\" Personnel. Source:"}, {"text": "Marcel Jurca, (1921 \u2013 19 October 2001) was a prolific designer of homebuilt aircraft in France. He is best known for his Temp\u00eate and Sirocco designs. Early life. Born in Romania, Jurca was impressed by the PZL fighters which often flew over him. He learned to fly in a Grunau 9 primary glider while studying engineering. Having joined the Royal Romanian Air Force in 1940, he flew the Henschel Hs 129 in 1943-1944. He moved to France in 1948. After a period as a volunteer flying instructor on the Stampe et Vertongen SV.4, he worked in industry, including 15 years as a commercial director, and retired in 1983. He was naturalised French in 1965. Aircraft design. On moving to France, he missed having an aircraft to fly, so he created his own. His first attempt at aircraft design was the MJ-1, which he considered unsatisfactory. He then built a Jodel D-112 with the help of the A\u00e9ro-Club de Courbevoie at Saint-Cyr-l'\u00c9cole. It flew in 1954. Then, inspired by the Piel CP-40 Donald, he designed, built and flew the MJ-2. This was very successful, and he started selling plans for homebuilders. In 1965 a factory in Nancy produced an MJ-5, and"}, {"text": "Jurca started Constructions A\u00e9ronautiques Lorraines Francois-Jurca & Cie, based in Nancy, but apparently this was not a successful venture. His designs have only ever been directly sold as plans for homebuilding. Most aircraft are designed for wood construction, but some builders have used other methods, for example steel tube and fabric, especially for fuselages. He considered all his designs to be fighters (except for the MJ-54), and all are taildraggers (with the exception of the MJ-6, MJ-66 and MJ-54). In the mid 1960s, he considered that the American small P-51 Mustang replica homebuilt aircraft weren\u2019t very realistic, and noticed that the Sirocco was about the size of a Mustang. He set about designing that and other scale warbirds, but he realised that he was having to make too many compromises, particularly in their overall appearance, and moved up to scale warbird replicas. Then his American agent encouraged him to design full-size versions, particularly for the American market. Initially reluctant, he measured a real Messerschmitt Bf 109 at the Friedrichshafen airshow and realised that it could accommodate or Lycoming engines. He went on to measure the Supermarine Spitfire at the Mus\u00e9e de l\u2019air in Paris, and developed the Spitfire plans, then"}, {"text": "the Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190, followed by the Mustang, the design he was still developing on his death. Inspired by the lines of the Bf 109. Built in 1950 with a Train engine, nicknamed \u201cJurmar\u201c, but Jurca wasn\u2019t satisfied with it \u2013 there were \u201ctoo many errors of design\u201d, and it never flew. Aerobatic single-seat tailwheel monoplane inspired by the Hawker Typhoon and including several features and parts from the Jodel. First flight June 1956. Can be built with a second seat for a passenger up to 55kg. Fuselage of the MJ-2 with wings of MJ-5 and retractable gear. Only 1 built. First flight 1977. Single-seat retractable gear version of the MJ-2 with a swept fin. Aerobatic 2-seat tandem fixed or retractable gear monoplane First flight 3 August 1962. A version with wider wingspan specifically for the Australia and New Zealand markets. Tandem twin-engined project with retractable tricycle gear, comparable to the Wing Derringer \u2013 construction started in 1964 but it was never completed. scale Mustang. The prototype was built by Falconar Avia in Edmonton, Canada with a Ranger engine. First flight 31 July 1969. MJ-7 without the underbelly air scoop, designed as a single-seat trainer. scale Focke-Wulf"}, {"text": "Fw 190. First flight in the USA in 1975. scale Messerschmitt Bf 109. scale Supermarine Spitfire IX with an optional second seat. First flight 1982. 1/1 scale Hawker Sea Fury. Uncertain: scale Curtiss P-40 or scale P-40. Single-seat racer of wooden construction designed in 1971. One was started in the 1970s but was never completed. Semi-reclining seat. 2-seat project with a delta wing, retractable tricycle undercarriage and a pusher propeller, for engines from . Not built. Single-seat project based on the MJ-2 with a tapered mid-wing and fixed landing gear \u2013 not built. Construction of this strengthened version with a engine was started in Denmark but never completed. Strengthened version of the MJ-2, with a engine. Twin-fuselage Temp\u00eate project, never built. Racer/aerobatic project. Not built. Single-seat biplane project with wings based on the MJ-5. Not built. Metal version of MJ-5. Name derived from Special Sirocco . A high performance aerobatic 2-seat tandem low wing r/g monoplane with a modified fuselage from the MJ-5 and wings of the MJ-7. Light version of MJ-5 \u2013 fixed or retractable landing gear, flaps optional, with slightly staggered seats. Aerobatic side-by-side fixed or retractable undercarriage version of the MJ-2. Reluctantly designed by Jurca, who preferred"}, {"text": "fighter-style aircraft. Prototype's first flight 20 December 1991. 2-seat high-wing single-engined cargo transport aircraft. Aerobatic 2-seater: an MJ-5 fuselage with an MJ-7 wing and a fixed undercarriage. Only one built - first flight 1997. No information. 1998 four-seat version of the MJ-53 Autan. Never completed. Side-by-side version of the MJ-6. Never completed. 1/1 scale Mustang being designed when Jurca died. Never completed. scale Mustang 2-seater. Prototype built in California in 1969. 1/1 scale Focke-Wulf Fw 190. First example flew in Germany in 2006. 1/1 scale Bf 109. 1/1 scale plans published in 1988. Prototype first flown in 1994. Wooden or metal tube fuselage and wooden wings. Has been built with engines up to ."}, {"text": "Everything Will Be Fine () is a German comedy film written by Angelina Maccarone and Fatima El-Tayeb, released in 1998. \"Everything Will Be Fine\" was one of the first German films since \"Toxi\" with a Black German female protagonist. Additionally, it was the first German comedy with a non-white protagonist. The film aired on German TV and brought novelty to German film through its use of comedy to highlight racism. Maccarone drew from screwball comedy of the 1930s and took it back, made it witty, and \u201cqueered\u201d it. Additionally, \"Everything Will Be Fine\" moved away from a \u201cproblem film\u201d, one that accentuates strangeness, to a film that highlights black female protagonists who are self-sufficient and free. The film highlights different ways of being Black, Queer, and German, The black characters were not depicted as strangers or problems for the German nation through Maccarone's ability to show the \u201ceverydayness\u201d of black Germans. This is in stark contrast to \"Toxi\", a 1952 German film, that highlights Toxi, a young black German girl, as a problem. Reception. The film won the Best Feature Film Award at the 1998 Paris Lesbian and Feminist Film Festival, and the Audience Award at the 1998 Inside Out"}, {"text": "Film and Video Festival."}, {"text": "Graham Kelly may refer to:"}, {"text": "Fate was a 2006 Ugandan drama feature film directed by Cindy Magara. It was \"the first Kinna-Uganda directed by a woman\". The film tells the story of Kate Komuntale, a corporate executive in her thirties who becomes infected with HIV after marrying Ken Bagonzo, a charming but philandering intelligence officer. \"Fate\" was a low-budget, privately produced film. At the time, Magara was a student at Makerere University. Magara gained knowledge and tools to make the movie at Cine Club, a monthly Kampala film forum. She also travelled to Nairobi to find professional help, organizing workshops there to develop the professional skills of her cast and crew. Without government support, she raised money from family, friends and a bank loan. The movie premiered at Hotel Africana on July 30, 2006. It was also shown at the Zanzibar International Film Festival."}, {"text": "June Holeman (born June 11, 1943\u2013August 3, 2018) was an American professional rodeo cowgirl who specialized in barrel racing. Life. June E. Holeman was born on June 11, 1943, in Arcadia, Nebraska. Holeman was raised on her parents' ranch west of Arcadia; she never lived more than a mile away. She graduated from Arcadia High School. She married Donnie, and they had two daughters and a son. Holeman was a homemaker when she was not competing. Career. Holeman and Donnie competed together; she in barrel racing, he in calf roping. Holeman won many championships in the NCRA, NSRA, and MSRA. Later, she competed in the Girl's Rodeo Association, now the Women's Professional Rodeo Association. She won some Prairie Circuit Championships. She qualified for the inaugural RFD-TV's The American Rodeo on her horse \"Tallboy\", who she raised and trained at home. Other associations where Holeman won championships were the NE-4d, BBR, and BHA. Holeman was always involved with rodeo in some form, in her last years she was mentoring new riders. She was making plans for Cheyenne Frontier Days not long before her death. In 2005, when Holeman qualified for the National Finals Rodeo (NFR) on Sparky at age 62, she"}, {"text": "beat Martha Josey's record for oldest NFR qualifier at 60 years old. She held the record until 2016, when Mary Burger qualified at age 68. Holeman's horse, Sparky Impression, nicknamed Sparky, won the 2005 PRCA/AQHA Horse of the Year Award. Holeman received Sparky from a friend, and she started on the barrel pattern. Her friend called up Holeman and said that the horse was really fast so come see him. Holeman said the horse stood at only 14.1 hands, but he fit her style instantly. Sparky was a sorrel gelding. Holeman said, \"I got him the end of June 2001 and by the Fourth of July, we were placing at the amateur rodeos,\" Holeman said. \"He was real green but he just took to it well.\" Sparky died on October 14, 2016, age 27. Holeman died on August 3, 2018, in Lincoln, Nebraska, at 73 years of age. She last resided in Arcadia, Nebraska."}, {"text": "Head of a Female Saint is an undated oil on panel painting by Cima da Conegliano, now in the Museo Poldi Pezzoli in Milan. It depicts an unknown female saint, since there are no visible attributes that can help to her identification."}, {"text": "Kari Astala (born 26 July 1953 in Helsinki) is a Finnish mathematician, specializing in analysis. Astala graduated from the University of Helsinki with M.Sc. in 1977 and received his doctorate there in 1980 with thesis \"On Measures of compactness and ideal variations in Banach spaces\". In the 1980s and 1990s he held academic appointments at the University of Helsinki and the Academy of Finland. He was a full professor at the University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 from 1995 to 2002, a full professor at the University of Helsinki from 2002 to 2017, and an Academy Professor from 2006 to 2011 at the Academy of Finland. Since 2017 he is an adjunct professor at Aalto University. In 1994 he received the Salem Prize for solving the conjecture of Frederick Gehring and Edgar Reich (1927\u20132009) in the theory of quasiconformal mappings, applying the theory of dynamical systems. In 2003 he was involved in the solution of Alberto Calder\u00f3n's inverse problem, which has application in electrical impedance tomography. He collaborated on several papers with Frederick Gehring. In 2000 Astala was Gehring Visiting Professor at the University of Michigan. He has been on research visits at MSRI, the Mittag-Leffler Institute, the Institute for Advanced Study, and"}, {"text": "a number of other institutions. He was an Invited Speaker with talk \"Analytical aspects of quasiconformality\" at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Berlin in 1998 and at the European Congress of Mathematicians in 1996 in Budapest and in 2012 in Krak\u00f3w. In 2003 he was awarded the Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation Prize and in 2011 the Finnish Cultural Foundation Prize. From 2002 to 2006 he was President of the Finnish Mathematical Society. In 1997 he became a member of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters."}, {"text": "Theseus Killing the Minotaur is an oil-on-panel painting by Cima da Conegliano, created \"c.\" 1505, now in the Museo Poldi Pezzoli in Milan. It depicts a scene of Greek mythology, when Theseus killed the Minotaur in Crete's labyrinth. It measures by ."}, {"text": "Richard Jackson Books was an imprint at:"}, {"text": "William John Weigand (October 14, 1928 \u2013 June 27, 2021) was a Canadian politician, who served as mayor of Whitehorse, Yukon from 1991 to 1994. Weigand was originally from Edmonton, Alberta and came to Whitehorse in 1946, finding work as a civilian firefighter with the Canadian Army. He later owned and managed the Murdoch's Gem Shop franchise in Whitehorse along with Mike Scott, and worked as a real estate agent after earning a real estate certification at the University of British Columbia. He also served as chair of the Yukon Liquor Board and Yukon Utilities Board, as well as the Whitehorse Downtown Business Association and Kiwanis Club. On November 14, 1991, Weigand was elected to a three-year term as the Mayor of Whitehorse, defeating rival candidates, councilmen Gerry Thick and Art Deer. He received 1605 votes of the 4065 total votes cast, and 711 more than second-place finisher Art Deer. In 2005, Weigand and his wife Jerrine \"Jeri\" received the Yukon Commissioner's Award for Public Service. Weigand and his wife later moved to British Columbia where they were residing in 2017. Weigand died in Whitehorse, Yukon on June 27, 2021, at the age of 92."}, {"text": "Dagmara is a Polish first name. Notable people with the given name include:"}, {"text": "Abdulla Latif-zade (, ; 26 August 1890 17 April 1938) was a Crimean Tatar literary critic, poet, writer, and translator who was executed during the purge of Crimean Tatar intellectuals in the Stalin era. Born to a family of teachers in 1890, he attended a madrasah in Crimea and later studied in Istanbul before becoming a teacher himself. He taught in Yevpatoria and Simferopol. In 1917 he was elected as a delegate to the Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People, and took part in the transliteration of the Crimean Tatar language to the Latin alphabet. After graduating from the State Academy of Art Studies in 1934 he taught Western European Literature at the Crimean Pedagogical Institute until he was dismissed for being \"an ardent nationalist\" on 21 March 1937 - his use on non-Russian loanwords having made some of his students uncomfortable. He was then arrested on 28 April that year on dubious charges of counter-revolutionary activity during a purge of Crimean Tatar intelligentsia and shot on 17 April 1938. He was posthumously rehabilitated on 15 August 1957, with the lack of corpus delicti being noted in the case. Many of his colleagues and friends, including Bekir \u00c7oban-zade, were also"}, {"text": "victims of the Great Terror."}, {"text": "Gadi Pollack (; born 1969/1970) is an Israeli illustrator and author of Haredi children's books. He has over 45 published books, some of them collaborations with Baruch Chait. Biography. Early life and education. Gadi Pollack was born in Odesa to an unobservant Jewish family. His family then moved to Moscow due to his father Yona Pollack being an officer in the Soviet army. Gadi Pollack's grandfather, Moshe Yehuda Pollack, was a religious Jew who was murdered by Ukrainian peasants; his wife died of typhus while attempting to flee. Yona Pollack was raised in an orphanage in Kirgizia without any connection to Judaism. When he became eighteen, he enlisted in the Red Army as a musician. Gadi Pollack's mother was a doctor. Pollack was raised in a musical home. Everyone in his family played an instrument, and he himself took piano lessons for four years. Despite this, at the age of ten he asked his father to let him attend art school. At the age of fifteen, he unsuccessfully applied to the sculpture program in an art academy. He instead apprenticed under a local well-known sculptor for a year, after which he successfully reapplied to the Academy of Music, Theatre and"}, {"text": "Fine Arts in Kishinev in the sculpture department at the age of seventeen. Pollack studied there for about four years, after which he served in the Red army per mandatory conscription. While in the army, Gadi Pollack worked as a graphics designer and cartoonist for an army newspaper. Following his army service, Pollack returned to Kishinev and worked for an advertising agency as an artist. According to him, around this time he was first exposed to Judaism by a priest who hired him to illustrate a weekly comic based on Biblical stories. He began to study the Bible to create his comics and came up with questions that he later posed to the priest, whose answers did not satisfy him. Pollack thereafter met a group of skullcap-wearing Jewish youth. He asked them questions related to Judaism to which they gave answers that seemed reasonable to him. Following this incident, Pollack developed an interest in Judaism and gradually became observant. Illustrating and writing career. Gadi Pollack immigrated to Israel in 1993 and started to work as a graphic designer and as an animator for children's learning software. He married and started learning in a kollel. He met illustrator and asked for"}, {"text": "help in finding clients, which led Pollack to meet Baruch Chait, a composer and author of Jewish books for youth. They collaborated to make multiple books, the first book which Gadi Pollack illustrated being \"Tell Me What You Think\". Pollack has illustrated since then around 50 books, including collaborations and independent works, some of which have become very popular within the observant Jewish world, like musar literature works such as \"The Terrifying Trap of the Bad Middos Pirates\", \"The Lost Treasure of Tikun HaMiddos Island\", and others; as well as a book on the Purim story entitled \"PurimShpiel\" and a Passover Haggadah, which involved extensive research into relevant commentaries and \"midrashim\". He also wrote a series of three (as of 2020) books, known as \"A Yiddishe Kop\", which is a series of puzzles. Over 200,000 \"A Yiddishe Kop\" books were sold. Personal life. Gadi Pollack lives in Kiryat Sefer in the West Bank. He does not allow the media in interviews with him to publish photos of him to protect his anonymity. He learns every day in a kollel with fellow artist David Goldschmidt and does most of his work at nighttime."}, {"text": "Andriy Radchenko (\"\"; born 12 November 1972, Kharkiv) is a Ukrainian businessman, banker, manager of agrarian sector. He is the head of state-owned company PJSC \"Agrarian fund\", which is one of the leading operators of the agrarian market of Ukraine. Biography. Andriy Radchenko received his higher education at the universities of Kharkiv. In 1994 he graduated from the H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University (mathematics). In 1997 he graduated from the Karazin University (economics). Married. Has a son. Professional career. Andriy Radchenko started his professional activity in 1994 at JSCIB \"UkrSibbank\". He worked there until 2003 and rose from a specialist to the head of a retail business. Since 2003 Andriy Radchenko has held positions in various financial institutions: \"Finance and Credit\", \"Index Bank\", Credit Agricole SA, \"Global Ukraine\", \"Phoenix-Capital\". In 2011, Radchenko became Managing Director of \"Agro Solutions Group\". On 25 February 2015, Andriy Radchenko was appointed Chairman of the Board of PJSC \"Agrarian fund\". He and his team took the company to the 8th position of the largest taxpayers of Ukraine in the wholesale of grain, unprocessed tobacco, seeds and animal feed (2017), and to 144th position of the largest Ukrainian companies (2018). In August 2019 in Washington"}, {"text": "Andriy Radchenko held talks with lobbyists to create a land market in Ukraine."}, {"text": "Louisiana's 30th State Senate district is one of 39 districts in the Louisiana State Senate. It has been represented by Republican Mike Reese since 2020, succeeding fellow Republican John Smith. Geography. District 30 covers part of western Calcasieu Parish and all of Beauregard and Vernon Parishes along the Texas border, including Vinton, Dequincy, DeRidder, Fort Johnson South, Fort Johnson North, New Llano, and Leesville. The district overlaps with Louisiana's 3rd and 4th congressional districts, and with the 24th, 30th, 32nd, 33rd, 35th, and 47th districts of the Louisiana House of Representatives. Recent election results. Louisiana uses a jungle primary system. If no candidate receives 50% in the first round of voting, when all candidates appear on the same ballot regardless of party, the top-two finishers advance to a runoff election."}, {"text": "The 2019 Saint John's Johnnies football team represented Saint John's University in the 2019 NCAA Division III football season. The Johnnies, led by seventh-year head coach Gary Fasching, were members of the Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (MIAC) and played their home games at Clemens Stadium in Collegeville, Minnesota. The Jonnies compiled a 12\u20132 record (7\u20131 in conference games). Schedule. Saint John's 2019 schedule consisted of 5 home, 4 away, and 1 neutral-site game in the regular season. The Johnnies hosted Gustavus Adolphus, Augsburg, Bethel, Concordia-Moorhead, and Rose-Hulman. Away games were at , Carleton, St. Olaf, and Hamline. The rivalry game against St. Thomas was held at neutral-site Allianz Field in St. Paul. Players drafted into the NFL. After moving from tight end to offensive tackle, Ben Bartch began to attract attention from NFL scouts for his performance. After the 2019 season, he was invited to take part in the 2020 Senior Bowl, the only Division III player invited. After performing well there and at the NFL combine, Bartch was selected by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the fourth round of the 2020 NFL draft. He became the first player from Saint John's to be drafted since 1974."}, {"text": "Selma Terrace is a historic apartment complex in Omaha, Nebraska. It was built in 1916, and designed in the Prairie School style by architect Richard Everette. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since July 2, 2008."}, {"text": "Saint Jerome is a painting in oil and tempera on panel by Cosm\u00e8 Tura, probably of around 1470, which has been in the National Gallery in London since 1867. The work is recorded in the Constabili collection and appears in an 1851 inventory of the Barbi Cinti collection in Ferrara, where it is related to a fragment of the Crucified Christ by the same artist which at that time was in the same collection. Now in the Pinacoteca di Brera in Milan, the fragment formed part of the top-left of the \"Saint Jerome\", which was later cut down, and depicted a vision seen by the Franciscan in the right background in which the friar received the stigmata. By 1903 the fragment was owned by the art dealer Giuseppe Guetta, from whom it was acquired by its present owner at the suggestion of Adolfo Venturi."}, {"text": "Eos is an 1895 painting by the English artist Evelyn De Morgan. done in a Pre-Raphaelite style. It depicts the Greek goddess Eos, goddess of the dawn and of love, standing on a seashore, surrounded by birds and flowers and pouring water from a jug. \"Eos\" is in the Columbia Museum of Art, Columbia, South Carolina."}, {"text": "Selby Apartments is a historic three-building apartment complex in Omaha, Nebraska, built in 1942. It was designed in the Prairie School style by architect Reinholdt F. Hennig, and was built by Frank Selby. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004."}, {"text": "Kenneth D. Ridgway is a professor at Purdue University's Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences. He has been recognized by the Geological Society of America with the Randolph W. \"Bill\" and Cecile T. Bromery Award for Minorities. His research interests include sedimentary geology, basin analysis, tectonics, and petroleum geology. Ridgway identifies as a Lenape (Delaware) Indian and has been actively contributing to promoting minority student participation in the earth sciences through professional societies such as the Society for Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS), the American Indian Science and Engineering Society (AISES), and the American Geological Institute (AGI)."}, {"text": "The 2019\u201320 season is Alloa Athletic's 2nd consecutive season in the Scottish Championship. Alloa also competed in the Challenge Cup, League Cup and the Scottish Cup. Player details. \"As of 3 August 2019\""}, {"text": "Farma 11 - East vs West is the 11th season of the Slovak version of The Farm reality television show based on the Swedish television series of the same name. The show was filmed from August 2019 and premiered on September 2, 2019 on Mark\u00edza. Format. Sixteen contestants are chosen from the outside world. This year twist is East Slovakia vs West Slovakia. In each team there are eight contestant. Followed first few weeks another four contestant joined cast. After 6th week, contestants are merged into one group. In first six weeks each group nominated one person who will compete in Farmer of the Week challenge. Since week 7, the Farmer is chosen by the contestant evicted in the previous week. Nomination process. The Farmer of the Week nominates two people, one from each group as the Butlers. The others must decide which Butler is the first to go to the Battle. That person then chooses the second person for the Battle and also the type of battle. The Battle winner must win three duels. The Battle loser is evicted from the game. Ages stated are at time of contest."}, {"text": "Jean O'Brien Dickey (31 October 1945 \u2013 9 May 2018) was an American scientist. Dickey was a pioneering geodesist and particle physicist with expertise in Earth rotation. After receiving a PhD from Rutgers University, she spent much of her career at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Between 1994 and 1996, she served as President of the American Geophysical Union's geodesy section, the first woman to hold that position. Education and early career. Dickey was born on October 31, 1945, in McKeesport, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh, as the second of six children. Her father was an architectural designer for the G.C. Murphy chain of stores. Dickey attended Saint Francis University, a small liberal arts college in Pennsylvania, where she began studying engineering. She later changed her major to physics, and in her senior year, began an honors program at the U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s Argonne National Laboratory. She received her Bachelor of Science degree in 1967. She then attended Rutgers University where she received her doctoral degree in high-energy physics in 1976. In an interview, she noted that she chose particle physics because \u201cit was finding the essence, the basic building blocks of the universe. The quirks, colors and flavors.\u201d"}, {"text": "From 1976 to 1980, she was a postdoctoral researcher at the California Institute of Technology, where she used data collected from particle experiments conducted at Fermilab, a Particle accelerator laboratory outside of Chicago. There, she became an expert in analyzing large datasets, using specialized software to analyze data from particle collisions. Following her postdoctoral work, she changed her focus to studying the rotation of the Earth at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Career and research. Dickey began her 37-year tenure at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) working on the Lunar Laser Ranging experiment, studying the time required for lasers to travel between observatories on the Earth and reflectors left on the Moon by NASA astronauts in order to understand how the moon oscillates as the Earth rotates. Dickey soon shifted her focus to studying the rotation of the Earth, which does not revolve at a uniform pace. She also studied how small variations in the Moon's oscillation and Earth's rotation could impact weather, sea level rise, and space exploration. In 2007, Dickey was appointed senior research scientist at JPL. She retired from JPL ten years later in 2017. Rotation of the Earth. Dickey studied the exchange of angular momentum between the"}, {"text": "solid Earth, the atmosphere, and the oceans in order to better understand what forces and processes influence fluctuations in the way the Earth spins. Her team found that fluctuations in the length-of-day (LOD) and atmospheric angular momentum (AAM), which spike every 40 to 50 days are driven by two factors: an approximately 50-day cycle of tropical, convectively-driven waves, known as the Madden\u2013Julian oscillation, and a 40-day cycle of oscillation that results from the interaction between nonzonal air flow and the Earth's surface below. Dickey and colleagues also found that the Earth's rotation can be influenced by weather events. They compared how two different varieties of El Ni\u00f1o, which each lead to different atmospheric circulation patterns, affect planetary rotation; in one variety, the warmest surface water is found in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and in the other, the peak anomaly is found in the Central Pacific Ocean. They found that the two El Ni\u00f1os set up different areas of higher and lower atmospheric pressure, which affect Earth's rotation differently; Eastern Pacific El Ni\u00f1os lengthen the day by around 0.1 milliseconds, while Central Pacific El Ni\u00f1os lengthen the day by 0.05 milliseconds. GRACE mission. Dickey's work contributed to NASA's Gravity Recovery and"}, {"text": "Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission, which measured monthly variations in Earth's gravitational field over the course of 15 years. She chaired the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council Committee on Earth Gravity from Space in 1996 and 1997. The Committee evaluated the potential for using satellite technologies to measure the time-varying component of the gravitational field, as well as assessing the utility of collecting and interpreting such measurements in order to better understand natural hazards and advance the earth sciences. The committee's work ultimately paved the way for NASA's selection of the GRACE mission during an open competition and its subsequent launch in 2002. Earth's gravitational field is affected by changes in the masses of the ocean, the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, and the water stored in the continents. As water cycles among these areas, Earth's gravity fluctuates. Beginning in 1998, satellite data began to show an increasing oblateness\u2014or flattening from a sphere to a non-spherical ellipsoid, widening the planet's diameter\u2014in Earth's gravity field. Dickey and her colleagues sought to understand why exactly this was happening, turning their focus specifically on changes in ocean circulation, measurements of sea-surface height, and changes to sub-polar and mountain glaciers. Dickey used data collected"}, {"text": "by the GRACE Mission\u2014which was unable to monitor Earth's gravity field with unprecedented accuracy\u2014to better understand how factors like global warming, changing ocean circulation patterns, glacial ice melt, and changes to the composition of solid Earth affect the field of gravity. In one 2002 study, Dickey and her colleagues linked a tripling in the average rate of glacial ice melt to the flattening of the Earth and subsequent changes in its gravitational field. Leadership. Between 1994 and 1996, she served as President of the American Geophysical Union's Geodesy section, the first woman to hold that position."}, {"text": "The 2019\u201320 FC Erzgebirge Aue season was the 74th season in the football club's history. They competed in the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of German football, in which they finished 7th, and the DFB-Pokal, where they were eliminated in the second round. They played their home matches at the Erzgebirgsstadion, located in Aue, Saxony, Germany. Season summary. Erzgebirge Aue finished 14th in the 2. Bundesliga during the 2018\u201319 season. On 26 August 2019, Dirk Schuster was appointed as the new head coach of Erzgebirge Aue. The club finished 7th on 47 points."}, {"text": "Troxell is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}, {"text": "Stan South (born 24 July 1996) is an English professional rugby union player who currently plays for Old Glory DC of Major League Rugby (MLR) in the United States. He previously played lock or flanker for CA Brive. South began his career at Harlequins and made his professional debut against Gloucester in the Anglo-Welsh Cup in 2015. He joined Exeter Chiefs on a one-year deal in 2019, despite having initially signed for Coventry. He joined Edinburgh on loan in February 2020 as cover during the Six Nations. On 6 November 2020, South traveled to France to join Top 14 side Brive for the 2020-21 season. Feeling stuck in his European rugby career, South travelled to the United States joined Old Glory DC in Major League Rugby for the 2021 season. South was a member of the England under-20 team that won the 2016 World Rugby Under 20 Championship, starting the final in the second row."}, {"text": "The Virtus et Fraternitas Medal (Polish name: \"Medal Virtus et Fraternitas\"; Latin for \"Courage and Brotherhood\") is a Polish state decoration established on 9 November 2017. It is awarded by the President of Poland on recommendation of the director of the Pilecki Institute as a token of commemoration and gratitude to those who provided aid and assistance to Polish citizens against Soviet and Nazi Germany war crimes as well as other crimes motivated by nationalism committed between 1917\u20131990. It is also bestowed to honor individuals who voluntarily keep alive the memory of those who did not survive the war or the forced deportations, and found their graves abroad. The medal has been conceptually compared to Yad Vashem's Righteous Among the Nations Awards. Design. The medal is round and silver. On the obsverse it is inscribed \"VIRTUS ET FRATERNITATIS\" (\"virtue and brotherhood\"). In the center of the medal carved stylized image of the White Eagle. The cross is 36 mm in diameter. The Virtus et Fraternitas Medal is suspended from a purple ribbon, 36 mm wide. Symmetrically arranged along the edges of the ribbon are gold stripes each 4 mm wide, both 4 mm from the edge. Recipients. The medal was"}, {"text": "awarded for the first time on 19 June 2019. Among the awarded were: The second awarding of medals took place on June 2, 2021 at the Presidential Palace in Warsaw. They were given to the following persons: The third award ceremony of medals took place on June 15, 2022 at the Belweder Palace in Warsaw. They were given to the following persons: On 20 December 2022 were decorated: On 6 July 2023 were decorated: On 17 December 2024 were decorated:"}, {"text": "Wasswa is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:"}, {"text": "\u00dcge Qaghan (\u70cf\u4ecb\u53ef\u6c57) was the twelfth ruler of Uyghurs. His Uyghur name was probably \u00dcge (). Life. He was a younger brother of Zhaoli Qaghan and an uncle of Zhangxin Qaghan. He claimed the qaghanal title after the Yenisei Kyrgyz invasion in 841, with the support of 13 tribes. One of his first acts was to ambush the Kyrgyz escort who was guarding Princess Taihe. After capture, he had her write to Emperor Wuzong, requesting for Emperor Wuzong to recognize him as the new qaghan. He also asked for the emperor to lend him the border city of Zhenwu (\u632f\u6b66, in modern Hohhot, Inner Mongolia), in order to allow him to plan the rebuilding of the Uighur Khaganate. Emperor Wuzong responded with an edict that instructed the qaghan to remain outside Tang borders. He also requested Princess Taihe to personally return to Chang'an to report on the Uighurs' status. Among his requests, he demanded security for Manichean temples in China, retrieval of Wamosi and troops for aid. Qaghan did not follow Emperor Wuzong's orders and pillaged Tang's northern territory in earnest. He also made another request to borrow the border city of Tiande (\u5929\u5fb7, in modern Bayan Nur, Inner Mongolia),"}, {"text": "which Emperor Wuzong rejected. Emperor Wuzong further wrote a rebuking letter to qaghan and warning of consequences, again ordering him to have Princess Taihe personally report and make requests. Emperor Wuzong also mobilized the forces of the circuits on the northern border, preparing a major retributive campaign against Uighurs. In winter 842, he also had the chancellor Li Deyu write a letter in his own name, addressed to Princess Taihe, sending it to the Uyghurs remnants along with winter clothes as a gift for Princess Taihe. Also in 842, at Li Deyu's advice, Emperor Wuzong ordered Tiande's commander Tian Mou (\u7530\u725f) to stop engaging the Uyghurs, but instead entice them with food supplies and send them to Hedong Circuit (\u6cb3\u6771, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi). Also under Li Deyu's recommendation, the general Shi Xiong was sent to Tiande to assist Tian in defending against Uyghur raids. In February 843, qaghan launched an attack on Zhenwu. Tang forces, commanded by the general Shi Xiong and Zhuye Chixin, prepared a surprise counter-attack. Li Sizhong also subsequently volunteered to fight the Uyghur remnants along with soldiers from the Qibi (\u5951\u82fe), Shatuo, and Tuyuhun tribesmen; in response, Emperor Wuzong ordered two prefects, He Qingchao"}, {"text": "(\u4f55\u6e05\u671d) and Qibi Tong (\u5951\u82fe\u901a), to report to him with 6000 troops each. When Shi Xiong arrived near the Uyghur camp, he noticed that there were some special wagons lined with rugs and that the servants in those wagons were wearing red and green-colored robes that appeared to be Chinese. He sent a scout named Cai Xi to make contact and found out that these were Princess Taihe's train. He then had the scout again inform Princess Taihe of his plans to attack and asked her and her servants to remain calm and not move during the attack. At night, he made a surprise attack on qaghan's tent and his forces collapsed on 13 February 843. Wujie fled, and Shi then escorted Princess Taihe back to Tang territory. Death and succession. He fled to Heichezi (\u9ed1\u8f66\u5b50), a Shiwei tribe at first. His defeat also meant a ban on Manichaeism in China. However he was still active for next three years fleeing from Kyrgyz and Tang. He later died in 846 in a battle near Altai Mountains or perhaps assassinated by one of Wamosi's men. He was succeeded by his younger brother Enian Qaghan."}, {"text": "Rose Cottage Cave (RCC) is an archaeological site in the Free State, South Africa, situated only a few kilometers away from Ladybrand, close to the Caledon River, on the northern slopes of the Platberg. RCC is an important site because of its long cultural sequence, its roots in modern human behavior, and the movement of early modern humans out of Africa. Rose Cottage is the only site from the Middle Stone Age that can tell us about the behavioral variability of hunter-gatherers during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Berry D. Malan excavated the site between 1943 and 1946, shortly followed by Peter B. Beaumont in the early 1960s, and the most recent excavations occurred from 1987 to 1997 by Lyn Wadley and Philip Harper in 1989 under Wadley's supervision. Humans have inhabited Rose Cottage for over 100,000 years throughout the Middle and Later Stone Ages. Site formation and sediment formation processes at Rose Cottage appear to be primarily anthropogenic. Archaeological research focuses primarily on blade technology and tool forms from the Middle Stone Age and the implications of modern human behavior. Structurally, the cave measures more than deep and about . A boulder encloses the front, protecting the cave, but"}, {"text": "allowing a small opening for a skylight and narrow entrances on both the east and west sides. Archaeological excavations. The extensive excavation sequence at Rose Cottage dates to Berry Malan in the 1940s. Shortly after, Peter Beaumont excavated the cave in 1962. Both Malan and Beaumont yielded LSA and MSA materials. The most recent explorations, from 1987 to 1997, were led by Lyn Wadley. In 1989, Philip Harper also contributed to excavations involving extensive analyses of lithic assemblages under Wadley's supervision. Malan. In the 1940s, Malan began excavations at Rose Cottage Cave. He explored a vast extent of the cave and excavated in spits. Depending on the order and relative position of strata and the homogeneity of the natural sediment, some spits measured to depths of . Unfortunately, the spits distorted cultural sequence boundaries and thus complicated the correlation between collections and various excavations. Malan excavated a sizable expanse of the upper levels of the site, but only five squares (measured in yards) deep into the MSA layers. During his excavations, Malan collected MSA ochre from Rose Cottage, but only kept pieces he thought significant. Malan never analyzed his artifacts, but Wadley and Harper conducted a study of the recovered"}, {"text": "lithics more than 40 years later and observed intermittent occurrences of lithic chunks and chips. These erratic frequencies may have occurred because Malan did not methodically store all artifacts. The frequent appearance of ochre pieces in Malan's collection, specifically small fragments with no discernible evidence of use detrition, is also likely the effect of his irregular collection practices. Malans' ochre collection included 84 definite and 25 potential pieces of ochre. The oldest layers contained the highest percentage of ochre pieces, while the post-Howiesons Poort layers contained the lowest ratio. A detailed examination of scored ochre collected from the oldest MSA layers suggests unpractical scoring, but instead possible engravings. Despite the importance of the cave, Malan ceased his excavations in 1946 and performed no further explorations of the site or the collected materials. In 1952, Malan released a publication consisting of preliminary observations. He interpreted the extensive Stone Age sequence as Wilton, Pre-Wilton, MSA, and a three-phase Howiesons Poort. Beaumont. In 1962, Beaumont re-excavated Rose Cottage Cave to collect samples of charcoal for radiocarbon dating, a method not yet developed during Malan's excavations. The collected charcoal samples confirmed the antiquity of the cave and provided several dates from the LSA and"}, {"text": "MSA layers. The upper layers contained ceramics dating to 1100 BP (+/- 30). Beaumont presented an additional industrial period, the Early Later Stone Age (ELSA) industry, ranging between 29,000 BP and 40,000 BP. The ELSA correlates to strata between 1 and 3 meters deep. However, it is almost impossible to compare layers of the cave based solely on depth due to the sloping of the cave deposits. Beaumont never published his excavation results. Wadley. Lyn Wadley spent eleven years conducting large-scale excavations at Rose Cottage Cave. Wadley excavated a sizable extent of the site but dismissed her digs in the upper MSA layers to focus on LSA occupation and carry out spatial analysis. The first steps of her excavation process included clearing out and sandbagging the old sections of the collapsing cave walls. She then constructed a 20-quadrant grid and excavated to depths of about in the undamaged parts of the cave. Wadley, with the assistance of Harper, executed extensive analyses of lithic assemblages. The accumulations substantially include fine-grained opalines, which were likely washed down by mountain streams from the Drakensberg basalts into the Caledon River, located approximately 10 kilometers from the site. Wadley also collected charcoal samples intended for"}, {"text": "environmental analysis. The collected charcoal samples resulted in two unique vegetation patterns: one that corresponds to the Holocene and one to the Late Pleistocene. Site formation. Sediment peels from Rose Cottage Cave preserve unique materials and provide a record for site formation processes. A detailed examination of the sediment peels, coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, demonstrates an abundance of sand- and silt-sized quartz grains. A small gap in the cave likely allowed for the entrance of these quartz grains. In parts of the cave, sediments measure more than deep. These deposits were formed chiefly from the weathering of the sandstone walls and roof of the cave and materials washed in by rainfall. Deposits of burnt bone, charcoal, lithic fragments, fat-derived char, and ashes indicate that Rose Cottage has rich anthropogenic contributions to the formation of the site. Slow, continuous downslope creep has produced an accumulation of loose, unconsolidated sediment deposits at the base of the cave. The buildup of these remains, combined with animal and plant disturbances, has homogenized much of the sediment deposits. Evidence of well-preserved bedding and sedimentary structures containing physical remains of fire is rare but is occasionally present in the sediment peels. Clay-coated artifacts indicate"}, {"text": "the downward flow of water over the sequence, which is probable reasoning for the poor preservation of bone and ashes at Rose Cottage Cave. Sand and silt laminae and accumulations of coarse residual material left in the channel by the normal processes of the stream are observable in sediment peels dating from between 60 and 35 ka BP. These remains suggest an environment with high-energy sediment and frequent flooding, causing underlying deposits to erode and depositing newer sediment in large volumes. This environment explains the fluctuating presence of artifacts in the post-Howiesons Poort layers and implies human activity at Rose Cottage Cave during this period. Technological innovations. The Middle Stone Age dates to ages between around 96,000 and 30,000 years ago. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) for sediments and thermoluminescence (TL) for burned artifacts were used to derive these MSA ages. These ages denote approximately 60,000 years of MSA occupations at Rose Cottage Cave. During this period, blade technology and tool forms appeared at Rose Cottage Cave, suggesting episodes of ingenuity and innovation. The MSA tool assemblages include the recognizable Howiesons Poort industry (within which progressive variation is observable) and earlier and later MSA groupings. The Howiesons Poort layers are discernible"}, {"text": "by the occurrence of various backed tools (crescents and lunate segments), obliquely backed blades (truncations), backed blades, thin blades, and bladelets. Howiesons Poort industry. The Howiesons Poort pieces are a variety of small geometric blades used as inserts in composite weapons. Composite tools signify a unique model in tool production and imply a progressive cognitive state. These multi-component tools were held together with complex pastes prepared from red ochre combined with plant gum. The term ochre describes a group of rocks that are usually carbonates of iron and have partially or wholly replaced limestone. Rose Cottage Cave Howiesons Poort encompasses an evolving classification of three phases: the pre-Howiesons Poort (pre-HP) phase, the Howiesons Poort (HP) phase, and the post-Howiesons Poort (post-HP) phase. These phases exhibit considerable changes in the length, shape, and thickness of the tools throughout time. Further analysis of these phases revealed a consistent trend toward smaller flake blades and flakes. However, the pieces all exhibit the central characteristics of a \"classic\" Howiesons Poort. The Howiesons Poort technology is evidence of developed hunting technologies with possible social and symbolic connotations. Ochre evidence. No sources of ochre occur in or around Rose Cottage Cave, yet the site has an"}, {"text": "extensive record of ochre collection and use. Excavations at Rose Cottage provide evidence of ochre use for over sixty thousand years. Pieces of ochre were first collected from the cave by Malan, later followed by Harper. Ochre pieces differ in color, grain size, geological type, and hardness. Red is associated with hematite rich ochre and yellow with goethite. Much of the excavated ochre had silty or clayey grain sizes. The post-Howiesons Poort layers proved to be the most abundant in ochre pieces, but the Howiesons Poort layers had the highest ochre frequency per sediment volume. The utilization rate of ochre was highest in the pre-Howiesons Poort layers. The properties of the ochre pieces excavated from Rose Cottage Cave from the Middle Stone Age (MSA) indicate evidence of surface modifications. This evidence suggests that these early artisans did not simply color their pastes red but instead intentionally affected their physical appearance through chemical changes. Ochre use. The use of the term ochre\" instead of coloring material or pigment prevents assumptions of ochre use. New analyses of ochre groupings from Rose Cottage Cave improve our understanding of ochre use throughout the MSA. Archaeological evidence and finds of orche demonstrate use to a"}, {"text": "certain degree. People at Rose Cottage Cave used ochre for rubbing, grinding, and instances of scoring. The rubbing technique directly transfers red powder from ochre onto surfaces like animal hide and human skin. Rubbing is appropriate for purposes such as coloring, marking, or protecting skin or hide (from bacteria, insects, or the sun). Evidence suggests that early artisans purposely colored and wore suspended ochre and ochre in pierced shells. The grinding of ochre produces a red ochre powder that, when combined with water, is useful for several tasks such as cosmetics, ochre-based paint, or ochre-loaded adhesives. The kinds of ochre selected are contingent upon the time restrictions of some of the processes and techniques and the implied uses of ochre. Engraved ochre found in burials implies a potential symbolic connotation. Cultural innovations. Excavations at Rose Cottage Cave suggest evidence of cultural modernity, such as the storage of symbolic materials. Dark-grey, fine-grained deposits, proving rich in organics, are believed to be composed of decaying plant and animal materials likely discarded by occupants. Sediments from Late Pleistocene and Holocene layers show that deposits collected from inside the RCC are extremely C3 compared with deposits from outside, which are exceptionally C4. The C3"}, {"text": "sediments from inside the cave must incorporate materials brought into Rose Cottage by its inhabitants, such as edible plants, leaves for bedding, and firewood. Environment. The environment of Rose Cottage Cave is primarily a sub-humid, summer precipitation area with occasional winter rainfall. Rose Cottage lies within the Caledon River corridor (measuring about wide), which, in comparison with the surrounding areas, experiences moderately severe winter frost. The cave is positioned facing northward; consequently, it is warmed by the sun during the winter months and cool in the summer. The surrounding vegetation is mainly Cymbopogon-Themeda grassland. This veld is fecund after rain showers; however, the grazing period is only six months out of the year. The open rural plains of the cave are mainly drab grasslands strewn with patches of scrub thicket, bush, and rocky sandstone hill slopes."}, {"text": "Mirania may refer to:"}, {"text": "Potential Tropical Cyclone Seventeen-E was a tropical disturbance that caused damaging floods in Southern Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador in mid-October 2019. A tropical wave entered the Eastern Pacific Ocean during October 13\u201314, and a low-pressure area developed by October 14 to the west of Nicaragua. Convection, also known as thunderstorm activity, associated with the system increased in both intensity and extent during October 15, while the system was south of Guatemala. The National Hurricane Center initiated advisories on the system as \"Potential Tropical Cyclone Seventeen-E\" on October 16, anticipating that the system would become a tropical cyclone before reaching the southern coast of Mexico. During its existence as a potential tropical cyclone, Seventeen-E had winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a pressure of . As the storm tracked northwestward towards the coast, its structure decayed, and the chance of tropical cyclogenesis decreased markedly. The disturbance made landfall between Bahias de Huatulco and Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, during mid-day October 16 and dissipated a few hours later. A tropical storm watch was issued for the southern coast of Mexico on October 16. Torrential rainfall occurred throughout the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Guatemala, and El Salvador. The highest rainfall occurred in the"}, {"text": "state of Oaxaca, where was recorded. There, rainfall flooded and damaged roads and caused rivers to spill their banks; hundreds of homes and other structures were inundated by floodwaters. Several communities were left isolated as a result of rivers flooding roads and bridges. A river also overflowed in Ometepec, Guerrero, sending floodwaters into Talapa. Plan DN-III-E, a disaster relief and rescue plan, was activated in Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Tabasco states. Troops from the Mexican Army were called in to assist with cleanup and rescue efforts in Oaxaca. The storm left a total of 7 people dead in Central America; 6 people were killed in El Salvador and 1 in Guatemala. Nearly 2,000 people were forced to evacuate in El Salvador. There, over 100 homes were inundated and more than 100 schools were damaged. Over 100 landslides occurred and nearly 5 dozen trees fell, damaging roads and homes. Around 10 percent of the country's seasonal bean crop was destroyed. In Guatemala, the streets of several towns were flooded, and landslides and felled trees blocked roads and damaged structures. The Guatemalan government readied emergency supplies for those affected by the storm. Meteorological history. A tropical wave located in the Caribbean Sea tracked"}, {"text": "westward, crossing over Central America and entering the Eastern Pacific Ocean around October 13\u201314. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) first forecast on October 11 that a broad low-pressure area would form within the next few days. By October 14, an area of low pressure had formed to the west of Nicaragua. Atmospheric convection, also known as thunderstorm activity, increased in organization as the system tracked northwestward, located to the south of Guatemala, on October 15. At the same time, the system was elongated and lacked a defined circulation center. The NHC initiated advisories on the disturbance as \"Potential Tropical Cyclone Seventeen-E\" early on October 16 after having assessed the chance of tropical cyclone formation to be high. The NHC expected the system to become a tropical storm before reaching the southern coast of Mexico as the latter was located within a favorable environment of warm sea surface temperatures and low-to-moderate northeasterly wind shear. The system advanced towards the northwest, moving along the southwestern boundary of a mid-level ridge which was located over the Gulf of Mexico. Seventeen-E was estimated to have had maximum sustained winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a minimum pressure of during its time as a"}, {"text": "potential tropical cyclone from 00:00 UTC to 18:00 UTC on October 16. The chance of Seventeen-E becoming a tropical cyclone rapidly decreased as it approached the shoreline. Convection decreased in its extent and became less structured; the low-level circulation also decayed, with multiple swirls of low-level clouds persisting near stronger areas of convection. The system moved ashore between Bahias de Huatulco and Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, around 13:00 UTC on October 16, and dissipated by 18:00 UTC. Impact. Mexico. A tropical storm watch was issued at 03:00 UTC on October 16 for the southern coast of Mexico, from Barra de Tonala to Puerto Escondido, since Seventeen-E was forecast to become a tropical storm before moving ashore. Seventeen-E produced torrential rainfall along the southern coast of Mexico, particularly in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. A peak rainfall value of was recorded at km 51+740 in Oaxaca. Morro Mazat\u00e1n experienced of rain and fell in Uni\u00f3n Hidalgo. Heavy rainfall also occurred in the states of Chipas and Guerrero, with up to occurring in the former and in the latter. Classes were canceled in Oaxaca on October 16 while the storm was making landfall. The Uni\u00f3n Hidalgo municipal government asked the federal government to make"}, {"text": "a disaster declaration for the region. The Uni\u00f3n Hidalgo-Juchit\u00e1n highway was severely damaged by the storm. In Juchit\u00e1n de Zaragoza, at least 100 homes, as well as schools, public buildings, and a library were inundated with water up to deep, exacerbating damage from the 2017 earthquake. Seawater flooded palapas and streets in Playa Vicente. The R\u00edo de los Perros rose to a level of and spilled its banks in multiple sections. A school was closed in the city as a result of the swollen river and flooding. Near the source of the river, in the Sierra Mix-Zapoteca neighborhood, water overtopped a bridge. River currents dragged garbage and tree branches downstream, forming a dam at the bridge; the river overflowed and flooded two streets. Police closed the bridge and the flooded streets. The river also overflowed in Juchit\u00e1n's 8th section, with floodwaters submerging streets. The communities of Barrio de La Soledad, Santa Mar\u00eda, and Santo Domingo Tehuantepec were cut off after the Chapala River spilled its banks. Floodwaters topped three bridges leading to Barrio de La Soledad. The 99th Infantry Battalion of the Mexican Army was called in to assist people affected by the storm. Floodwaters inundated homes in Santo Domingo"}, {"text": "Tehuantepec and forced the closure of Highway 200 near Morro Mazatl\u00e1n. In Guelaguichi, floodwaters isolated the community and damaged homes in one neighborhood. Drainage systems collapsed in Ciudad Ixtepec, allowing water to enter homes. A sewage canal overflowed in El Pitayal, damaging the homes of 50 families. Floodwaters up to inundated homes in the Lieza neighborhood. Multiple power outages were reported in the Santiago Astata and San Pedro Huamelula communities. Floodwaters also inundated homes in Rinc\u00f3n Moreno. Plan DN-III-E, a disaster relief and rescue plan, was activated in the states of Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Tabasco after the passage of Seventeen-E. A river overflowed in Ometepec, Guerrero, sending floodwaters into the community of Talapa. A highway connecting the Ometepec and Igualapa municipalities was damaged and several streets were flooded. A vehicle was partially submerged in water; it was unknown whether people were inside it. Central America. The disturbance produced torrential rainfall over multiple countries in Central America. In El Salvador, a 24-hour rainfall total of was reported in San Vicente. Totals of and occurred in Ahuachap\u00e1n and La Libertad, respectively, for the same time period. At least six people were killed in El Salvador. In San Marcos, a 28-year-old man and"}, {"text": "a 21-year-old woman were killed after their house was buried. Likewise, a 68-year-old man and a 48-year-old woman died in Chiltiup\u00e1n after a landside buried their house. A 61-year-old fisherman and another person were killed after being swept away by river currents. One person was reported missing in the country. Heavy rainfall forced the evacuation of at least 1,850 people to 17 shelters. A landslide in Mejicanos buried three homes; however, no fatalities occurred there. The Las Ca\u00f1as river overflowed in Apopa, trapping a cargo truck, but the driver managed to escape. In Ilopango, one of the evacuated areas, at least 250 families were threatened by a deep gully. Over a hundred homes were flooded in the villages of La Ca\u00f1ada, El Icaco, and El Lim\u00f3n. At least 118 schools sustained damage, with 20 experiencing severe damage; classes were canceled for five days. The rainfall prompted authorities to issue orange alerts for municipalities near the Salvadorian coast and yellow alerts for others. After the storm, a green alert was issued at the national level. Authorities worked to clear 135 landslides and 58 felled trees, moving over of debris. At least 19 sections of road were damaged by the landslides. Bean"}, {"text": "crops sustained damage throughout the country, with 183,060 quintals or 10 percent of the seasonal production having been destroyed. In Guatemala, a peak rainfall total of was reported in Puerto de San Jos\u00e9, and occurred in Flores, Pet\u00e9n. Throughout the nation, 1 person was killed, 2 people were wounded, and 216 people were evacuated. At least 302 houses had moderate damage and 2 were severely damaged. Multiple regions in the country were left without power. Villa Nueva was placed on alert after heavy rainfall caused a significant increase in the height of the Villalobos River. Several trees were felled and several landslides occurred in the area. Over 400 schools were closed nationwide during the storm. Quetzaltenango and Sacatep\u00e9quez experienced downed trees and flooding. Floodwaters impeded traffic in Guatemala City and inundated areas in Chimaltenango. A three-car accident occurred in Ciudad de Plata, with one vehicle damaging an under construction metro line stop. Winds felled a tree near San Lucas Sacatep\u00e9quez, causing it to damage a dining room at a hotel, killing one person and injuring two more. The streets of several other towns were flooded, including Palajunoj, El Tejar, San Crist\u00f3bal, Villalobos, Escuintla, and Amatitl\u00e1n. Municipal employees worked to remove"}, {"text": "a tree that fell on a residence in Mixco. A family was evacuated from their home after a wall partially collapsed. A landslide blocked two streets in the town. Rockslides and fallen trees impeded traffic in multiple locations along the Inter-American route. In Peronia City, 27 people were evacuated after rainfall damaged three homes; the structures were at risk of falling into a ravine. A landslide damaged a home in Bosques de San Lucas Sacatep\u00e9quez. An orange alert was issued for Puerto San Jos\u00e9 as a result of flooding. At least 13 departments were placed under yellow alerts and Escuintla was placed under an orange alert. Guatemalan President Jimmy Morales stated that the country had readied 127.9 metric tons (141 US tons) of emergency supplies. The town of Nueva Concepci\u00f3n received emergency aid after the storm."}, {"text": "Out of Silence may refer to:"}, {"text": "Lana Citron (born 1969) is an Irish novelist, poet, short story writer, and screenwriter whose work has won awards. Biography. Lana Citron was born in Ireland in 1969. She was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Citron has written several novels. She has also written poetry and short stories, while her short films have won awards including The Pears Foundation Award 2012. She was also a judge for The Pears Foundation Award in 2013. One of her short films is about a young Jewish girl's Holy communion which is based on the author's own Jewish faith. A trained actress, Citron has also appeared in a variety of plays and in stand-up comedy. In 2004, she appeared in Four Queens Poker Show at the Edinburgh Festival. Citron has written for radio and magazines, and has worked for the Huffington Post. Citron has two sons and lives in Maida Vale, London."}, {"text": "The Linda A. and H. Kent Baker School of Education at American University is accredited by the Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation (CAEP) and by the Office of the State Superintendent of Education (OSSE). The school offers undergraduate, master's, and doctoral degrees, as well as a post-masters graduate certificate in \"Anti-Racist Administration and School Leadership.\" The school also runs a Center For Postsecondary Readiness and Success which \"concentrates its research, professional development opportunities, and knowledge dissemination on improving the postsecondary opportunities for students who are historically disenfranchised and underrepresented on college campuses\", and an Institute for Innovation in Education, which \"conducts educational and translational research and administers research-informed professional development initiatives to improve teaching and learning in Washington, DC and beyond.\" The School of Education is located on the 4th Floor of American University's Spring Valley Building, located at 4801 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, about one mile from the main campus. History. For many decades, the School of Education was part of American University's College of Arts and Sciences, and it became a separate and independent school on July 1, 2019. Cheryl Holcomb-McCoy, who had been the Vice Provost for Faculty Affairs at Johns Hopkins University (JHU), and a"}, {"text": "Professor of Counseling and Human Development at the JHU School of Education, was hired as the School of Education's first Dean. In 2025, Kogod School of Business graduate professor H. Kent Baker gifted American University the single largest individual donation in the university's history to the School of Education. On January 29th of that year, the Board of Trustees voted to rename the school in honor of Baker and his wife, Linda. External links. American University School of Education Video Channel"}, {"text": "Considering Lily is the second studio album by CCM duo Considering Lily, released in 1997. Considering Lily consisted of sisters Serene Campbell and Pearl Barrett at the time of this release. Critical reception. Melinda Hill of AllMusic wrote, \"Considering Lily's last release with Serene Campbell and Pearl Barrett is everything one could hope it would be.\" Tony Cummings of \"Cross Rhythms\" gives the album an 8 out of 10 and says, \"if you like the idea of nasal, little girl lost voices, across plenty of grungy guitar, and songs that speak of spiritual warfare, holiness and other vital topics, this one's for you.\" \"Crosswalk\" concludes their review with, \"While we can't always know God's plan for our lives, it's clear through the testimony of Jeanette and Pearl that God knows which people and circumstances to orchestrate. His timing and planning are perfect, and with \"Considering Lily\", the pieces truly fit.\" Production. Track information and credits adapted from the album's liner notes."}, {"text": "Enian Qaghan (\u904f\u637b\u53ef\u6c57) was the last effective ruler (\"khagan\") of the Uyghur Khaganate. Life. He was a younger brother of Wujie Qaghan and succeeded him in 846. He had 5000 Uyghur followers under his command and lived among Tatabi and depended on their chieftain Shi Shelang (\u77f3\u6368\u6717) for support. However this support ended when Zhang Zhongwu invaded Xi domains in summer of 847. After Zhang's victory over the Xi, Enian was forced to flee further to the Shiwei. In 848, apparently to try to appease Tang, Qaghan sent an emissary to pay homage to Emperor Xu\u0101nzong. When the emissary was returning to qaghan through You Prefecture, however, Zhang ordered him to kill Qaghan once he arrived back at Uyghur headquarters. When Enian heard this, he fled westward with his wife, son and 12 bodyguards, leaving his people with the Shiwei. His subsequent fate is unknown."}, {"text": "Acatl\u00e1n F\u00fatbol Club is a Mexican football club that plays in the Liga Premier \u2013 Serie A. It is based in the city of Zapotlanejo. History. The team was created in 2016 after that the Vaqueros Bellavista left the town. In the 2017\u20132018 season, Acatl\u00e1n finished as group champion. In the promotion playoffs, the team eliminated Troyanos UDEM, Tuzos UAZ, Club Hidalguense, Atl\u00e9tico Valladolid, \u00c1guilas UAS and C.D. Uruapan, to reach division final. In the final of the category, Acatl\u00e1n faced the F.C. Marina tied for 1\u20131 in the aggregate, in the penalty shootout, Acatl\u00e1n won 4\u20135 getting its first title in their history. Despite winning the promotion to the Liga Premier \u2013 Serie A, the team was not certified to participate in the division, so its franchise was relocated to Tepic, Nayarit and was renamed to Coras de Nayarit F.C. In the 2018\u20132019 season, the Acatl\u00e1n team remained, but played with the name Futcenter. In 2019, the team returned to its original name officially. In the 2023\u201324 season, the team once again won promotion to the Liga Premier \u2013 Serie A. On May 25, 2024, Acatl\u00e1n defeated Tigres de Alica F.C. to achieve promotion, finally, the team finished the"}, {"text": "season as runners-up in the Liga TDP after being defeated by Faraones de Texcoco in the national final. After the Acatl\u00e1n promotion, a group of businessmen from Tepatitl\u00e1n bought the club. The new owners of Acatl\u00e1n attempted to move the team to their city, however, the management of Tepatitl\u00e1n F.C. did not grant permission to do the movement, so Acatl\u00e1n paused its attempt to move from Zapotlanejo pending a future change of name and venue of the Tepa team. In the event of a possible future relocation, the team was internally renamed CEFOR Tepatitl\u00e1n, in addition to adopting the colors red and blue as its main identity. However, officially the team maintains the name Acatl\u00e1n F.C. in the competitions organized by the Mexican Football Federation and Liga Premier. In January 2025, the club board abandoned its intentions to establish Acatl\u00e1n F.C. in Tepatitl\u00e1n after receiving support from the local government of Arandas, Jalisco, where it had been established since the fall of 2024. As a result, the team abandoned the alternate brand of CEFOR Tepatitl\u00e1n to use a new one called Trinca Guinda F.C. In June 2025, the team returned to Zapotlanejo without explaining the reasons for the move. Reserve"}, {"text": "team that plays in the Liga TDP, the fourth level of the Mexican league system. Reserve team that plays in the Liga TDP, the fourth level of the Mexican league system."}, {"text": "The 2021 UEFA European Under-17 Championship qualifying competition was to be a men's under-17 football competition that would have determined the 15 teams joining the automatically qualified hosts Cyprus in the 2021 UEFA European Under-17 Championship final tournament. Players born on or after 1 January 2004 were eligible to participate. Apart from Cyprus, all remaining 54 UEFA member national teams entered the qualifying competition, where the original format was to consist of two rounds: Qualifying round, which would have taken place in autumn 2020, and Elite round, which would also have taken place in spring 2021. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, UEFA announced on 13 August 2020 that after consultation with the 55 member associations, the qualifying round was delayed to March 2021, and the elite round was abolished, with the 13 qualifying round group winners joining the top two seeds by coefficient ranking, Netherlands and Spain (which originally received byes to the elite round), in the final tournament. On 18 December 2020, the UEFA Executive Committee announced that the 2021 tournament was cancelled after consultation with all 55 member associations due to the pandemic. Format. The qualifying competition originally consisted of the following two rounds: After"}, {"text": "the format change, the qualifying competition consists of only one round: Qualifying round. Draw. The draw for the qualifying round was held on 3 December 2019, 09:00 CET (), at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland. The teams were seeded according to their coefficient ranking, calculated based on the following: Each group contained one team from Pot A, one team from Pot B, one team from Pot C, and one team from Pot D. Based on the decisions taken by the UEFA Emergency Panel, the following pairs of teams could not be drawn in the same group: Serbia and Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo, Russia and Kosovo, Azerbaijan and Armenia. Groups. The qualifying round was originally scheduled to be played by 17 November 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, UEFA announced on 13 August 2020 that after consultation with the 55 member associations, the qualifying round was delayed to March 2021. Times up to 27 March 2021 are CET (), thereafter times are CEST (), as listed by UEFA (local times, if different, are in parentheses). Group 1. Originally scheduled to be played between 29 October and 4 November 2020. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Group 2. Originally scheduled"}, {"text": "to be played between 22 and 28 October 2020. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Group 3. Originally scheduled to be played between 21 and 27 October 2020. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Group 4. Originally scheduled to be played between 7 and 13 October 2020. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Group 5. Originally scheduled to be played between 6 and 12 October 2020. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Group 6. Originally scheduled to be played between 7 and 13 October 2020. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Group 7. Originally scheduled to be played between 24 and 30 September 2020. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Group 8. Originally scheduled to be played between 11 and 17 November 2020. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Group 9. Originally scheduled to be played between 7 and 13 October 2020. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Group 10. Originally scheduled to be played between 11 and 17 November 2020. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Group 11. Originally scheduled to be played between 11 and 17 November 2020. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Group 12. Originally scheduled to be played between 24 and 30 September 2020. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Group 13. Originally scheduled to be played between 30 October and 5 November 2020. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Elite round. The draw for the elite round would originally be held on 9 December 2020 at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland,"}, {"text": "and the matches were originally scheduled to be played in spring 2021. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, UEFA announced on 13 August 2020 that after consultation with the 55 member associations, the elite round was abolished. Qualified teams. The following 16 teams were to qualify for the final tournament. 1 Bold indicates champions for that year. \"Italic\" indicates hosts for that year."}, {"text": "Airplane Mode is a 2019 American surreal action comedy film directed by David Dinetz and Dylan Trussell, and written by Dinetz, Trussell, Logan Paul and Jake Paul. Logan Paul portrays the main character, a fictionalized version of himself, who is put in a situation where he has to overcome his fear of flying in order to land a plane containing a group of famous social media influencers. Chloe Bridges, Stephen Guarino, Arielle Vandenberg, Kevin Heffernan, Nick Swardson, Mikaela Hoover, Chris Wylde and Erik Griffin have supporting roles in the film, and it was also the final screen credit for Beverly Polcyn, who died 16 days after the film's release, at the age of 90. Plot. YouTuber Logan Paul is videocalling his Australian girlfriend, Ariel, with whom he has an online relationship. The two attempt to have cybersex, but are interrupted from doing so, firstly by Logan's foreign exchange brother Juanpa Zurita, and secondly by Lele Pons who tries to capture Logan's face when he is masturbating. Logan's friends tell him of a convention consisting of social media influencers called \"Hashtagacon\", which is being held in Sydney, giving him a chance to finally meet Ariel. However, he has to get over"}, {"text": "his fear of flying, which was set off ten years ago when Juanpa told him to jump from a tree as part of a YouTube stunt. Logan, Juanpa and Andrew Bachelor take a taxi to the airport, and Andrew tells Logan that prankster Vitaly Zdorovetskiy will be on the same flight, as he is being extradited back to Australia to be put on trial for an incident involving dingoes. Juanpa goes to immigration where the customs officer believes that he is an illegal immigrant, and deports him back to Mexico, although Juanpa convinces him to deport him to Australia as he is desperate to lose his virginity. Logan goes through customs smoothly, but his fear of flying gets the better of him and has to be forced to get on the plane by his friends. Logan takes his seat next to a woman named Jenna, who has similar femur scars as him, and she holds his hand as the plane is about to take off. The pilots announce over the intercom that all passengers should put their smartphones on airplane mode, which they refuse to do. The phone signals causes havoc within the plane's wiring, resulting in the pilots getting"}, {"text": "electrocuted to their death. One of the flight attendants, Clarice, looks through the peephole, walks in and then immediately walks out, thinking that the pilots are having oral sex. Logan asks for Jenna's Instagram handle, but she tells him that she is not on social media, before realizing that he is part of the \"Hashtagacon\" group. Logan plays this down and says that he is actually on the flight to meet his girlfriend for the first time. Jenna asks Logan about his girlfriend and how he can love someone that he has not met. Logan tells her that Ariel is the only person that can make him snort while laughing. Jenna proves to Logan that she can do the same thing, and flings a chocolate mousse at a sleeping passenger across the aisle, making him snort as well. Jenna then goes to sleep, using Logan's shoulder as a makeshift pillow. Hours later, Clarice discovers that the co-pilots are actually dead, and gets the air marshal over to the cockpit to deal with the situation, leaving Vitaly on his own. Logan gets up from his seat and overhears the conversation in the cockpit. He opens the door and asks if everything"}, {"text": "is okay, but freaks out when he realizes that the pilots are dead. Suddenly Vitaly appears, killing the air marshal by breaking his neck, while Clarice and Logan both faint and collapse on the floor. Logan wakes up in the cockpit and goes to find Juanpa to see if he can help him, but he is incapable of doing so. Realizing that his friends would also be the same way, Logan wakes Jenna up from her sleep and gets her to go to the cockpit with him. Jenna freaks out over the situation, while Logan decides to try and find the flight attendants, who are bound and gagged in the cargo by Vitaly. However, Logan chickens out and it is only when Jenna berates him that he decides to come back. He calls the air traffic controller in Sydney, and tells him that the pilots are dead and the flight attendants are missing. The air traffic controller named Benji, suggests using the auto-pilot stick which Logan had broken in a panic, but when Logan tells him that they cannot use that, Benji cannot help them anymore and goes on a lunch break. Meanwhile, Vitaly wants to know where the emergency"}, {"text": "oxygen supply is, and proceeds to feed a dog cat food, so Clarice tells him where it is. Vitaly opens the cargo door, and says that it was dog food the whole time; it was just in a tin used for cat food. He then throws Clarice out of the plane, before saying his catchphrase, \"It's just a prank, bro!\". Vitaly opens the emergency door, and Andrew, who is more concerned with filming himself than being in his seat, is the second person to be thrown out of the plane. Nick Bateman makes an inspiring speech to the passengers and as he is a junior pilot, he will save the day or die trying. As soon as he walks through the curtain, he is stabbed in the front by Vitaly. As established in an earlier scene (for reasons which are unexplained), Logan has the ability to read the minds of gay people, and through the male flight attendant, Bruce, he prevents Jenna from using the oxygen mask, since Vitaly replaced it with chloroform. Logan and Vitaly fight each other in the plane, where it is revealed that the \"Hashtagacon\" convention is all just an elaborate prank, and Vitaly knocks him"}, {"text": "out with a fire extinguisher. When Logan comes to, Bruce tells him that Vitaly has the only parachute on board, who opens the cargo door to get rid of them. However, they are saved by Logan's pet parrot, Maverick. Bruce advises Logan to use the autopilot, to which Logan awkwardly laughs, as he had broken off the autopilot stick. Vitaly commandeers the plane, bringing it further into the sky, so he can make his escape. Jenna's hands are tied but she manages to hand Logan the autopilot stick, which he throws into Vitaly's chest, who laughs it off as a flesh wound. Vitaly's parachute is released and he is killed when he is flung backwards into the engine. Logan uses Jenna's smartphone to watch a YouTube instructional video on how to land a plane, although it too ends with the same advice Benji and Bruce had given him: use the autopilot. Benji then calls the cockpit, telling Logan that he is surprised they made it this far and that he should just land the plane on the white line, fly straight and hope that they do not explode on contact, all while insulting Logan, much to his frustration. Although they"}, {"text": "land successfully on the runway, the plane fails to stop, so Logan has to quickly watch the instruction video to slam on the brakes at the last minute. Then, the engine explodes just as Logan and Jenna are about to kiss. As everyone gets off the plane, Logan meets Benji, who he promptly headbutts. He also runs into Juanpa, who spent most of the flight getting drunk and trying to have sex with Brittany Furlan. Logan and Jenna say their goodbyes, and Logan realizes that he actually has feelings for her and not Ariel. Logan and Juanpa drive to Ariel's house, and he decides to put Juanpa in his place instead. Ariel figures out right away that Juanpa is not Logan, but decides to have sex with him anyway as he has an accent. As Juanpa is about to climax, they are caught in the act by Ariel's (adoptive) father, who chases Juanpa around the bedroom before he jumps out of the window and runs off naked. Logan arrives at the hotel room Jenna is staying in, but assumes she has made up with her \"boyfriend\", Richie. However, as Logan leaves the room, he immediately knows that Richie is gay"}, {"text": "and runs back in, kicks Richie out who is confused as to why Logan can hear his thoughts. Logan then makes out with Jenna and the two have sex. In a mid-credits scene, Juanpa is seen running across another beach (with only a couple of leaves covering his genitals) and chases after a kangaroo. Logan arrives at the house of the boy whose instructional video he watched, and kicks down the door which knocks out the boy's sister. Finally, Andrew is shown to have survived the whole ordeal, washing up on another beach and then starts making out with a sex doll. Cast. The following social media personalities play fictionalized versions of themselves: Lele Pons, Andrew Bachelor, Jeremy Jahns, Nick Bateman, Jon Paul Piques, Jimmy Carr, Vitaly Zdorovetskiy, Chris Stuckmann, David Dobrik, Alex Wassabi, Anwar Jibawi, Amanda Cerny, Kyle Myers, Lauren Elizabeth, Jerry LaBranche and Paige Ginn. Reception. Eric D. Snider of \"Crooked Marquee\" gave the film a D+, concluding, \"We may think that as a society we have done nothing to deserve the image of a lactating Nick Swardson, but we are fooling ourselves. This is who we are.\" Lawsuit. Filming for \"Airplane Mode\" began in 2016, and it"}, {"text": "was supposed to be released a year later. However, the film was shelved due to the controversy surrounding Logan Paul and his , and it was eventually released on August 2, 2019 on iTunes. In December 2020, Logan Paul was sued by the production company, Planeless Pictures, for upwards of $3 million after his suicide forest video led to the company's exclusive publishing deal with Google to be suspended. The company alleged that Paul uploaded the suicide forest video in a deliberate attempt to sabotage the film's production, claiming that Paul should have been held responsible for paying back the production company's losses. The lawsuit was settled in May 2024."}, {"text": "National Route 25 or Highway 25 is a 180,810 kilometer long Vietnamese highway linking Phu Yen on the South Central coast to Gia Lai in the Central Highland. National Route 25 begins at the Hoa An commune, Phu Hoa district of Phu Yen province and ends at Chu Se town, Chu Se district of Gia Lai province. Highway 25 intersects with National Route 14."}, {"text": "\"Love Like Candy Floss\" (stylized as \"Love like candy floss\") is a song by Japanese girl group Sweets, released as their 3rd single on February 11, 2004. Background and release. \"Love Like Candy Floss\" is a mid-pop tune composed by Bounceback, with lyrics written by Romantic High. The single was released on February 11, 2004 under Avex Trax. The song was used as the theme song in the commercial for Circle K's bakery and as a theme song on the television show \"Shiodome Style\". The song's theme was described as \"falling in love with a friend.\" Music video. The music video was filmed in Nagano, making it the first of their videos to be filmed outside of a studio, and was described as \"drama-like\", featuring Haruna following an older man. The music video was featured on the television show \"Pop Jam\" for four weeks. Reception. \"Love Like Candy Floss\" reached #26 on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart. \"CDJournal\" described the song as having a \"fantastic and magical mood\" that was \"danceable\", and that listeners can feel the \"sparkle of adolescent girls through each and every emotion expressed in their voices.\" Tokyo Girls' Style version. Background and release. Tokyo Girls' Style,"}, {"text": "who had performed Sweets' songs at concerts before, released \"Love Like Candy Floss\" as their 5th single on February 11, 2011. The song was re-arranged by Hiroshi Matsui and categorized as dance-pop. It was used as a theme song for the television show \"Music Dragon Gate\". The single was released in four different versions with different CD covers: a CD-only standard version, a standard version with an exclusive DVD, and two versions with limited edition DVDs. Reception. \"Love Like Candy Floss\" peaked at #20 on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart. \"CDJournal\" described the \"sour-sweet melody\" as \"leaving behind a refreshing echo.\""}, {"text": "CCIR 476 is a character encoding used in radio data protocols such as SITOR, AMTOR and Navtex. It is a recasting of the ITA2 character encoding, known as Baudot code, from a five-bit code to a seven-bit code. In each character, exactly four of the seven bits are mark bits, and the other three are space bits. This allows for the detection of single-bit errors. Technical details. The number of possible valid binary code values in CCIR 476 is the number of ways to choose 4 marks for 7 bit positions, and the number can be calculated using the binomial coefficient: formula_1 Thus CCIR 476 has 3 additional code points available over ITA2's 32 code points. The SITOR protocol uses the additional three code points (denoted as SIA, SIB and RPT below) for idle, phasing, and repeat requests. In addition, some of the ordinary characters are reused as control signals. Character set. In these tables, the hexadecimal code values are converted from a binary representation, with 1 being mark, 0 being space, and the most significant bit given first. The international version of ITA2 is used here; note also the added non-ITA2 codes SIA, SIB and RPT, used by SITOR."}, {"text": "Tesco Donabate Distribution Centre is a national retail distribution centre located in Donabate, Fingal, Ireland. Built for and used by Tesco Ireland for distribution of a wide range of goods, as of 2022 it is the 12th-largest building by volume in the world, with a volume of ; for comparison, this is 42% of the volume of NASA's Vehicle Assembly Building. History. The distribution centre was developed by Tesco in 2007 at a cost of \u20ac60 million and immediately sold for \u20ac120 million in a sale and leaseback deal to a consortium assembled by KPMG. It is located in the local government area of Fingal, in the traditional County Dublin, near the M1 motorway. In 2014 it was sold to a South African property fund for \u20ac129 million. In 2019 it was sold to South Korean firm KTB Investments & Securities and KTB Asset Management for \u20ac160m. The area of land on which the building was constructed previously formed part of Newbridge Demesne. Use. The facility employs over 600 people, and handles up to 1.5 million cases per week. It manages and distributes all ambient grocery (packaged and processed) and some non-food products for Tesco Ireland's network of 149 stores."}, {"text": "It is laid out in 87 aisles of 31 bays, each tall, with a storage capacity of 76,000 pallets. Staff wear arm-mounted terminals (AMTs) to monitor productivity, which attracted media criticism in 2013."}, {"text": "Pebbles, Volume 10 may refer to:"}, {"text": "The Danish collaborator trials took place in Denmark in the aftermath of World War II. Danish citizens who were accused of collaborating with the Nazis during their occupation of Denmark were put on trial. The basis for the trials was the Criminal Code supplement drawn up in the last year of the Occupation, and adopted shortly after Liberation. The Criminal Code Supplement criminalized acts that had taken place after August 29, 1943; this became one of the most serious criticisms of this law, that it retroactively applied to actions before it passed. The accused under the penal code supplement were in particular persons who had participated in German war service or had had undue financial cooperation with the occupying power. Trials were conducted at the and sentences were passed from November 1947 to November 1950. After the war, 101 men and 2 women were sentenced to death by the treason court cases during the German occupation of Denmark. Of these, the 78 judgments were upheld by both the Eastern and Western Lands and the Supreme Court. Forty-six men were executed, while 30 men and two women were pardoned by the Justice Minister and allowed to change their sentences to life"}, {"text": "in prison. Of the 32 who served life imprisonment, the last was released in 1956. All foreign nationals who had been sentenced to death were pardoned, so only Danish nationals were executed. The two women who were sentenced to death were Grethe Bartram and Anna Lund Lorentzen. Both sentences were commuted to life imprisonment and both women were released in 1956. In 2005 the Danish government formally apologized for its role in aiding the Nazis during the war."}, {"text": "Fitnat al-Wahhabiyya () is a booklet written by Ahmad Zayni Dahlan (1816/17\u20131886) the Grand Mufti of the Shafi'is in Mecca in the late years of the Ottoman Empire. Dahlan wrote this work against the Wahhabi creed and he sharply inveighed against it, and called them an evil sect. He criticised the Wahhabis for declaring Muslims to be infidels (\"kafir\") and polytheists (\"mushrik\"). He also accused the Wahhabis of extremism for killing their Muslim opponents. The book describes the history of the heretical tenets of Wahhabism in Najd and the Hijaz and the tortures of the Wahhabis inflicted upon Muslims; in which Dahlan exposed and refuted some of what he saw and witnessed from the Wahhabi extreme and terrorist acts and crimes besides their radical beliefs and misguidance in aqidah (Islamic creed). During the time that Wahhabism was rapidly spreading. He wrote:"}, {"text": "Officer 666 is a lost 1920 American silent comedy film directed by Harry Beaumont and starring Tom Moore. It is based on a 1912 Broadway play that originally starred Wallace Eddinger. Versions of the story were filmed in 1914 and 1916. This version was produced and distributed by Goldwyn Pictures."}, {"text": "The \"Rey del Ring\" (2019) show (Spanish for \"King of the Ring\") was an annual \"lucha libre\" supercard event produced and scripted by Mexican professional wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG), and took place on May 19, 2019 in Arena Naucalpan located in Naucalpan, State of Mexico, Mexico. The main event was the Eponymous IWRG Rey del Ring tournament, the sixteenth annual version of the tournament, The Rey del Ring tournament is IWRG's version of WWE's Royal Rumble, multi-man elimination event. The winner of the \"Rey del Ring\" tournament also won the IWRG Rey del Ring Championship, after the previous champion Emperador Azteca vacated the championship prior to the match. Demonio Infernal won the match and the championship by outlasting 30 other wrestlers. The show featured hree additional matches. Production. Background. The Mexican professional wrestling company International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG; at times referred to as \"Grupo Internacional Revoluci\u00f3n\" in Mexico) started their annual \"Rey del Ring\" (\"King of the Ring\") event in 2002, creating an annual event around the eponymous \"Rey del Ring\" match, a 30-man elimination match similar in concept to the WWE's Royal Rumble match although in IWRG pinfalls and submission could also lead to elimination"}, {"text": "unlike the Royal Rumble. From 2002 until the 2011 event the \"prize\" for winning the match itself was simply the prestige of outlasting 29 other competitors, but at the 2011 \"Rey del Ring\" IWRG introduced the IWR Rey del Ring Championship complete with a belt to symbolize the championship that would be awarded to the winner each year. At that point in time the \"Rey del Ring\" title became a championship that could be defended and lost or won in matches in between the annual tournaments. For the tournament the champion would vacate the \"Rey del Ring\" Championship prior to the actual \"Rey del Ring\" match itself. All \"Rey del Ring\" shows, as well as the majority of the IWRG shows in general are held in Arena Naucalpan, owned by the promoters of IWRG and their main arena. The 2019 \"Rey del Ring\" was the 17th over all \"Rey del Ring\" tournament held by IWRG. IWRG had originally announced that Silver King would be participating in the \"Rey del Ring\" match, but Silver King died from a heart attack on May 10, 2019 during a wrestling event. After Emperador Azteca had won the Rey del Ring Championship the previous year,"}, {"text": "he defended the championship only once in the interceding year, successfully defending it against Imposible on a FILLM show in September before being forced to vacated it for the 2019 tournament. Storylines. The event featured four professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers were portrayed as either heels (referred to as \"rudos\" in Mexico, those that portray the \"bad guys\") or faces (\"t\u00e9cnicos\" in Mexico, the \"good guy\" characters) as they followed a series of tension-building events, which culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. IWRG promoted the show without announcing a single participant ahead of time. External links."}, {"text": "Thimo te Duits (born 1962 in Utrecht) is a Dutch art historian, curator, author and editor, known for his numerous contributions in the field of Dutch applied art. Biography. Early career in the 1980s and 1990s. After his studies in art history, Te Duits started his career as freelance curator for the Haags Gemeentemuseum, now Kunstmuseum Den Haag. In 1986, he curated and wrote the catalog on an exhibition about glass art from abroad. In 1990 a widespread exhibition took place of modern ceramics in the Netherlands with over 70 ceramists in 21 places, among others in the museums of Delft, The Hague and Rotterdam. Te Duits wrote the catalog for this exhibition. In 1991 Te Duits curated an exhibition on Leen Quist in the Museum Boijmans van Beuningen. The same year Te Duits got associated with the Leerdam Glasmuseum, now Nationaal Glasmuseum, where he wrote an exhibition catalog on pressed glass from Leerdam. When early 1992 the old curator of the museum retired, he was appointed in his place. In the next years he initiated some remarkable exhibitions out there. Later career in the new millennium. In 1996 Te Duits had moved to Rotterdam, where he was appointed new"}, {"text": "curator of the modern applied art section of the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen. In the next years out there he curated a number of special exhibitions. In Boymans he was succeeded by Mienke Simon Thomas. In 2006 Te Duits contributed to the \"Phaidon Design Classics.\" The next year he curated and wrote the book on the 2007 Rotterdam Design Award together with Gerard Forde. In 2010 te Duits wrote another book about Olaf Stevens (1948\u2013) and Studio Olaf Stevens, a glass art and ceramics studio in Gorinchem. He wrote this work with Piet Augustijn, who with Brinkman had run a gallery at the Gorinchem city hall from 1994 that would last until 2019."}, {"text": "The \"Festival de las M\u00e1scaras\" (2019) (Spanish for \"Festival of the Masks\") was a major annual \"lucha libre\" event produced and scripted by the Mexican International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG) professional wrestling promotion held on June 26, 2019. The show was held in Arena Naucalpan, Naucalpan, State of Mexico, which is IWRG's primary venue. For the 2019 event Bombero Infernal, Cerebro Negro, Cocolores, Coco Verde, Oficial 911, Oficial AK-47, and Oficial Fierro all wore their masks again after having lost \"Luchas de Apuestas\", or \"bet matches\", in the past and thus lost the rights to wear their mask. The 2019 event also homage to Vampiro and his long career. In the main event IWRG mainstays Dragon Bane and El Hijo de Canis Lupus teamed up with Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) representative Negro Casas to defeat IWRG regulars \"Los Traumas\" (Trauma I and Trauma II) and CMLL representative Hechicero. In the semi-main event CMLL visitors \"La Nueva Generaci\u00f3n Dinamita\" (El Cuatrero, Forastero and Sans\u00f3n) defeated Capo del Norte, Capo del Sur, and Mascara Ano 2000 Jr. by disqualification. The show included five additional matches. Production. Background. The wrestling mask has always held a sacred place in \"lucha libre\", carrying"}, {"text": "with it a mystique and anonymity beyond what it means to wrestlers elsewhere in the world. The ultimate humiliation a \"luchador\" can suffer is to lose a \"Lucha de Apuestas\", or bet match. Following a loss in a \"Lucha de Apuesta\" match the masked wrestler would be forced to unmask, state their real name and then would be unable to wear that mask while wrestling anywhere in Mexico. Since 2007 the Mexican wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG; Sometimes referred to as \"Grupo Internacional Revoluci\u00f3n\" in Spanish) has held a special annual show where they received a waiver to the rule from the State of Mexico Wrestling Commission and wrestlers would be allowed to wear the mask they previously lost in a \"Lucha de Apuestas\". The annual \"IWRG Festival de las M\u00e1scaras\" (\"Festival of the Masks\") event is also partly a celebration or homage of \"lucha libre\" history with IWRG honoring wrestlers of the past at the events similar to Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre's (CMLL) \"Homenaje a Dos Leyendas\" (\"Homage to Two Legends\") annual shows. The IWRG's \"Festival de las M\u00e1scaras\" shows, as well as the majority of their major IWRG shows in general, are held in Arena"}, {"text": "Naucalpan, owned by the promoters of IWRG and is their main venue. The 2019 \"Festival de las M\u00e1scaras\" show was the 12th year in a row IWRG held the show. Storylines. The event featured seven professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers were portrayed as either heels (referred to as \"rudos\" in Mexico, those that portray the \"bad guys\") or faces (\"t\u00e9cnicos\" in Mexico, the \"good guy\" characters) as they followed a series of tension-building events, which culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Aftermath. One of the storylines from the main event centered around IWRG Intercontinental Heavyweight Champion El Hijo de Canis Lupus and Hechicero who appeared as part of a collaboration with Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. Hechicero defeated El Hijo de Canis Lupus on August 4, 2019, and afterwards made a championship challenge. The following month El Hijo de Canis Lupus retained his championship against Hechicero, defeating the CMLL challenger by disqualification."}, {"text": "Anna B\u00f8rve Jenssen (born 26 September 1975) is a Norwegian journalist and newspaper editor. She was chief editor of \"Morgenbladet\" from 2012 to 2019. Career. Born on 26 September 1975, Jenssen graduated from Norsk Journalisth\u00f8gskole in 2002. She worked for the newspaper \"Morgenbladet\" from 2002, and for \"Dagens N\u00e6ringsliv\" from 2006 to 2012. She was co-editor of the anthology \"Nesten!\" in 2004. She was appointed chief editor of \"Morgenbladet\" in 2012, taking over from Alf van der Hagen, and resigned as editor in October 2019 after internal conflicts."}, {"text": "National Route 1B is a 135 km long east-west Vietnamese highway. The starting point is in Dong Dang town, Cao Loc district, Lang Son province at the intersection of National highways 1 and 4A. The end of the route is at the crossroads near Gia Bay bridge in Thai Nguyen city. National Route 1B runs through the districts of Cao Loc, Van Quan, Binh Gia, Bac Son, Vo Nhai, and Dong Hy."}, {"text": "This article documents statistics from the 1995 Rugby World Cup, hosted in South Africa from 25 May to 24 June. Team statistics. The following table shows the team's results in major statistical categories. Hat-tricks. Unless otherwise noted, players in this list scored a hat-trick of tries."}, {"text": "Anthing is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}, {"text": "National Route 1C is a 17.3 km long road running west\u2013east in Khanh Hoa province, starting at the Ri Ri Pass in Vinh Luong Commune, Nha Trang City, and ending at Thanh T-junction, Dien town, Dien Khanh district. Route 1C was the main route of Route 1A before it was rerouted to bypass Nha Trang."}, {"text": "Nelson Tyler is an engineer and inventor. He was the designer and inventor of the PWC, Wetbike. A personal watercraft that rides like a motorcycle. He has developed gyro-stabilized camera systems for aerial use and won an Academy Award in 2005 for one designed to be used on a boat. He developed a personal rocket pack which was used at the 1984 Olympics and in subsequent stunt flights. He has developed jet packs for JetPack Aviation and is now working on an electric-powered personal air vehicle."}, {"text": "Song of Robin Hood is a 1947 picture book compiled by Anne Malcolmson, arranged musically by Grace Castagnetta and illustrated by Virginia Lee Burton. The book collects 18 ballads about Robin Hood. The book was a recipient of a 1948 Caldecott Honor for its illustrations."}, {"text": "Song of Songs 7 is the seventh chapter of the Song of Songs in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book is one of the Five Megillot, a collection of short books, together with Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes and Esther, within the Ketuvim, the third and the last part of the Hebrew Bible. Jewish tradition views Solomon as the author of this book (although this is now largely disputed), and this attribution influences the acceptance of this book as a canonical text. This chapter contains a poem in which the man describes the woman, his lover, and one or more songs in the woman's voice issued as invitations to the man. Text. The original text is written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 13 verses. Textual witnesses. Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Codex Leningradensis (1008). Some fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls: 4Q106 (4QCanta); 30 BCE-30 CE; extant verses 1\u20137). There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts"}, {"text": "of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; formula_1B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: formula_1S; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; formula_1A; 5th century). Structure. The Modern English Version (MEV) identifies the speakers in this chapter as: Biblical scholar Athalya Brenner notes that verses 1 to 10 are \"probably in a male voice\", and 11 to 14 in a female voice. However, Andrew Harper argues that the opening verses (verses 1 to 6) contain the praises sung by \"the ladies of the hareem\". Male: Third descriptive poem for the female (7:1-9; [Masoretic 7:2-10]). A voice, likely of the man, calling to the woman (\"the Shulammite\" in ) to dance, then describing her body from toe to head in a poem or \"wa\u1e63f\" (verses 2\u20137), closing with a response indicating male desire (verses 8\u20139), which is followed perhaps by a \"female retort\" (verse 10) to round off this passage. This descriptive poem by the man still belongs to a long section concerning the desire and love in the country which continues until 8:4. The man's \"wa\u1e63f\" and the other ones (; ; ) theologically demonstrate the heart of the Song that values the body as not evil but good even"}, {"text": "worthy of praise, and respects the body with an appreciative focus (rather than lurid). Hess notes that this reflects 'the fundamental value of God's creation as good and the human body as a key part of that creation, whether at the beginning () or redeemed in the resurrection (, )'. \"Your head crowns like Carmel,\" \"and your flowing hair is like purple;\" \"a king is held captive in the tresses.\" Female: Springtime and love (7:10\u201313; [Masoretic 7:11\u201314]). In this section, one song (or several songs) in a female voice, seductively invites the man to go outdoors where the woman will give herself to him (cf. 4:9-14). The invitation contains a play on words based on the man's earlier expressions, such as \"grape blossoms\" in verse 12, which is related to 2:11\u201313, and \"to see if the vines had blossomed, if pomegranates bloomed\" in verse 12, which can be related to 5:11\u201312. \"I am my beloved's, and his desire is toward me.\" Verse 10. Although similar to the line in and , here the mutual belonging to each other is not expressed, and instead, the woman refers to the previous expression of desire of the man to her, while confirming that"}, {"text": "she belongs to him (\"I am my beloved's\"). \"The mandrakes give forth fragrance,\" \"and at our doors are all choice fruits,\" \"new as well as old,\" \"which I have laid up for you, my beloved.\""}, {"text": "Sylvie Drapeau (born 1962) is a Canadian actress and writer from Baie-Comeau, Quebec. As an actress, she is most noted for her performances in \"The Sex of the Stars (Le Sexe des \u00e9toiles)\", for which she received a Genie Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress at the 14th Genie Awards; \"February 15, 1839 (15 f\u00e9vrier 1839)\", for which she won the Prix Jutra for Best Supporting Actress at the 4th Jutra Awards; and \"Juniper Tree (Le Pi\u00e8ge d'Issoudun)\", for which she received a Prix Jutra nomination for Best Actress at the 6th Jutra Awards. She has also appeared in the films \"Jesus of Montreal (J\u00e9sus de Montr\u00e9al)\", \"The Sphinx (Le Sphinx)\", \"The Barbarian Invasions (Les Invasions barbares)\", \"Borderline\", \"Nelly\" and \"Laughter (Le Rire)\", and the television series \"Jamais deux sans toi\", \"Bouscotte\", \"Fortier\", \"Jean Duceppe\", \"Nos \u00e9t\u00e9s\" and \"The Night Logan Woke Up (La nuit o\u00f9 Laurier Gaudreault s'est r\u00e9veill\u00e9)\". She has played both English and French roles on stage. As a writer, she published her debut novel \"Le Fleuve\" in 2015. She followed up with \"Le Ciel\" in 2017, \"L'Enfer\" in 2018 and \"La Terre\" in 2019. She received a Governor General's Award nomination for French-language fiction at the"}, {"text": "2019 Governor General's Awards for \"La Terre\"."}, {"text": "Revythousa () is a small, uninhabited island in the Saronic Gulf, with an area of 0.18 square kilometers. It is located 500 meters south of the coast of Agia Triada, in the bay of and 900 meters west of Salamis. Revitousa administratively belongs to Salamis since 2001. Liquefied Natural Gas Terminal Station. Since 1999, Revythousa hosts one of the most important national infrastructures in Greece, the Revithoussa LNG Terminal. It is one of the three sources of supply of the National Gas Transmission System and one of the ten similar stations operating today throughout the Mediterranean and Europe. There, cargoes of natural gas in liquid form are unloaded and received, arriving in the country by tankers. The liquefied natural gas is stored in two tanks with a total capacity of 130,000 cubic meters. Then, at the special facilities of the unit, it is converted into gas and powers the National Natural Gas System. In October 2007, DESFA completed the upgrading work of the Revithousa Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Terminal, accomplishing one of the most important investments in the country's energy infrastructure. With this upgrade, the station will now be able to receive and process up to triple the amount of"}, {"text": "natural gas and provide the National Transmission System with 5.2-5.3 billion cubic meters per year. In particular, the project included the expansion of infrastructure and enhancing the equipment to increase the gasification capacity of the plant to 1,000 cubic meters of gas per hour, from 271 cubic meters per hour."}, {"text": "Jairzinho R. Rozenstruik (born 17 March 1988) is a Surinamese professional mixed martial artist and former kickboxer. He formerly competed in the Heavyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). Rozenstruik currently holds the record for second fastest knockout in the heavyweight division against Allen Crowder at . In kickboxing, he is a former WLF Super Heavyweight Tournament Champion and a Superkombat World Grand Prix I 2013 Runner-Up. Background. Rozenstruik was born and raised in Paramaribo. His parents were football fans and named him after the Brazilian star Jairzinho. Rozenstruik played football and basketball before starting to train kickboxing at the age of seventeen in a local gym. After he competed in kickboxing, he transitioned to mixed martial arts in 2012. Martial arts career. Kickboxing. At the age of seventeen, Rozenstruik started training in a gym called Rens Project. There he started to take kickboxing lessons and soon he was discovered by Michael Babb, a coach from the Vos Gym in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Trained by Babb, he came out for the House of Legends under the supervision of Ivan Hippolyte. Rozenstruik started his combat sports career in kickboxing. He won a total of 76 matches with 64 of them by"}, {"text": "knockout out of 85 he competed in. Mixed martial arts career. Early career. In May 2012, Rozenstruik won his debut MMA fight against Evgeny Boldyrev at DRAKA MMA: Governor's Cup 7 in Vladivostok, Russia. In April 2017, after five years of focusing on his kickboxing career, Rozenstruik won an MMA match versus Engelbert Berbin during a regional promotion in Aruba. In April 2018, Rozenstruik signed a multi-fight contract with the Rizin Fighting Federation. In May 2018, Rozenstruik won his promotional debut versus Andrey Kovalev at Rizin FF \u2013 Rizin 10 by split decision. Ultimate Fighting Championship. Rozenstruik made his UFC debut on 2 February 2019, against J\u00fanior Albini, replacing injured Dmitry Sosnovskiy, at . He won the fight via TKO in the second round. Rozenstruik faced Allen Crowder on 22 June 2019, at . He won the fight via knockout in round one. This fight earned him the \"Performance of the Night\" award. Rozenstruik faced Andrei Arlovski on 2 November 2019, at UFC 244. He won the fight via knockout in round one. Rozenstruik faced Alistair Overeem, replacing Walt Harris due to the ongoing search for his missing step-daughter, on 7 December 2019, at UFC on ESPN 7. He won"}, {"text": "the fight via knockout in round five. Rozenstruik was scheduled to face Francis Ngannou on 28 March 2020, at . However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was announced the event has been postponed. The pair were rescheduled to meet on 18 April 2020, at UFC 249. However, on 9 April Dana White, the president of UFC announced that the event was once again postponed and the bout eventually took place on 9 May 2020. Rozenstruik lost the fight via knockout just 20 seconds into the first round. Rozenstruik faced Junior dos Santos on 15 August 2020, at UFC 252. He won the fight via technical knockout in the second round. Rozenstruik faced Ciryl Gane on 27 February 2021, at . He lost the fight via unanimous decision. Rozenstruik faced Augusto Sakai on 5 June 2021, at . He won the fight via knockout in the closing seconds of the first round. This win earned him the \"Performance of the Night \"award. Rozenstruik faced Curtis Blaydes on 25 September 2021, at UFC 266. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. Rozenstruik was scheduled to face Marcin Tybura on 26 February 2022, at UFC Fight Night 202. However, in mid January"}, {"text": "it was announced the bout was moved to UFC 273 on 9 April 2022. However, the bout was pulled from the card after Tybura withdrew due to an undisclosed illness. Rozenstruik faced Alexander Volkov on 4 June 2022, at UFC Fight Night 207. He lost the fight via technical knockout in round one. Rozenstruik was scheduled to face Chris Daukaus on 1 October 2022, at UFC Fight Night 211. However, for unknown reasons, the bout was moved to UFC 282 on 10 December 2022. Rozenstruik won the fight via technical knockout just twenty three seconds into the first round. This win earned him the \"Performance of the Night\" award. Rozenstruik faced Jailton Almeida on 13 May 2023, at UFC on ABC 4. He lost the bout via rear naked choke in first round. Rozenstruik faced Shamil Gaziev on 2 March 2024, at UFC Fight Night 238. Rozenstruik landed many jabs throughout the fight and won the fight by technical knockout at the end of the fourth round as Gaziev was unable to see. Rozenstruik faced Tai Tuivasa on 18 August 2024 at UFC 305. He won the fight by a split decision. Judge Howie Booth, who scored the fight 30-27"}, {"text": "for Tuivasa, was relieved of his duties midway through the event, and received widespread criticism from numerous pundits, fighters, and fans for his scorecard. 15 out of 15 media outlets scored the bout 30-27 for Rozenstruik. Rozenstruik faced former UFC Interim Heavyweight Championship challenger Sergei Pavlovich on 1 February 2025 at UFC Fight Night 250. He lost the fight by unanimous decision. On 3 February 2025, following his loss to Pavlovich, Rozenstruik was released by the UFC. Dirty Boxing. On 14 June 2025, Rozenstriuk made his debut with Mike Perry's \"Dirty Boxing\" promotion at \"DBX 2\" against Victor Cardoso and won by technical knockout in the second round. Personal life. Rozenstruik has two daughters. Legal issues. In August 2014, Rozenstruik was arrested and detained by the Dutch police on suspicion of smuggling drugs along with seven other Surinamese in the Netherlands. The group claimed they were attending a kickboxing event. After 14 days of detention, Rozenstruik was released as the authorities found seven members of the group had swallowed balls of drugs but not Rozenstruik, and he was the only kickboxer in the group. Kickboxing record (incomplete). ! style=background:white colspan=9 | ! style=background:white colspan=9 | ! style=background:white colspan=9 | !"}, {"text": "style=background:white colspan=9 | ! style=background:white colspan=9 |"}, {"text": "The Pinehouse Photography Club is a therapeutic photography club in the northern community of Pinehouse, Saskatchewan, Canada. The club uses photography to engage area youth experiencing mental health issues. History. The club was founded in 2016 by Dre Erwin, a Pinehouse primary care nurse who sought alternative treatment methods for local youth who were experiencing mental health issues. The club achieved notoriety in Canada following a 2018 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation documentary titled \"New Lens on Life\". Additional media coverage resulted in donations of cash and equipment to the club from donors across Canada. Summarizing the club's method, in 2018 Saskatchewan's Advocate for Children and Youth wrote that \"Pinehouse Lake youth have indicated that photography is a healthy outlet that helps with feeling lost or depressed. Looking at the beauty of nature through the camera lens generates appreciation for what they have, instead of focusing on the negative.\""}, {"text": "The McAllen Texas Temple is a temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in McAllen, Texas. The intent to construct the temple was announced on October 5, 2019 by church president Russell M. Nelson during general conference, concurrently with 7 others. The temple was dedicated on October 8, 2023, by Dieter F. Uchtdorf of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. The temple serves church members in southern Texas and northern Mexico. It is the fifth in Texas, joining the temples in Dallas, Houston, Lubbock, and San Antonio. The McAllen Texas Temple is the church's southernmost in the contiguous United States. As of 2019, the Latter-day Saint community in Texas had grown significantly since 1990, from over 154,000 members to more than 350,000, with nearly 700 wards and branches across the state. History. The presence of the LDS Church in South Texas dates back to the 1920s, when Dan Smith and his family were baptized, becoming some of the first members in the region. Although they did not speak Spanish, the Smith family traveled across the U.S.-Mexico border to attend services in Matamoros, Mexico. By the 1940s, the Latter-day Saint population in the area was about"}, {"text": "20 members, and in the 1950s, the Rio Grande Valley Branch was established. Over subsequent decades, church membership reached approximately 378,000 members across 78 stakes and 744 congregations by the 2020s. On December 11, 2019, the church announced that the temple would be built on a 10.6-acre site located on the northwest corner of Second Street and West Trenton Road in McAllen. Plans called for a single-story temple of approximately 25,000 square feet, with a center spire, and is 107 feet high. A groundbreaking ceremony, to signify beginning of construction was held on November 21, 2020, with Art Rascon, an area seventy, presiding. Following a public open house from August 25 to September 9, 2023, the McAllen Texas Temple was dedicated by Dieter F. Uchtdorf on October 8, 2023. Design and architecture. The McAllen Texas Temple occupies a 10.6-acre site on the northwest corner of Second Street and West Trenton Road in McAllen, a city just a few miles from the U.S.-Mexico border. With a center spire, the single-story temple covers a total area of 27,897 square feet, alongside a meetinghouse and a distribution center for temple garments and clothing. Landscaped with native Texas shrubs, palm trees, and succulents, the"}, {"text": "grounds are designed to create a peaceful setting to complement the temple's purpose as a place of worship. Exterior. The temple's exterior is inspired by Spanish colonial architecture, a style that reflects the cultural history of the Rio Grande Valley region. Constructed from beige precast concrete panels by Gate Precast in Hillsboro, Texas, the temple features a central spire reaching a height of 107 feet. This open spire design echoes traditional church bell towers, linking the structure to architectural history while creating a distinct focal point. The design includes barbed quatrefoils, shell niches, and scrolls, while motifs like citrus blossoms reference McAllen's agricultural heritage. The structure's blue, gold, and green accents, symbolizing Texas\u2019 bluebonnets, Gulf waters, and rich landscapes, harmonize the building with its regional surroundings. Art glass created by Bovard Studio in collaboration with VCBO Architecture and Holdman Studios is incorporated into windows throughout the temple, adding blue and green tones that represent natural features of Texas. Landscape architect Heffner Design Team of McAllen designed the grounds, incorporating local plants and concrete pavers, creating a visually unified and serene environment. Interior. Inside the temple, the general areas are adorned with soft-gold broadloom carpeting. Some rooms feature area rugs in"}, {"text": "shades of blues, golds, and greens. The temple's doors are made of mahogany, with antique bronze handles, adding to the elegant and sacred atmosphere within. The interior design blends both aesthetic beauty and functional reverence to create a spiritually uplifting environment for worshippers. The temple's interior blends elegance with regional motifs and high-quality craftsmanship. Its main spaces include two instruction rooms, two sealing rooms, and a baptistry, designed for key ordinances of the faith. Soft gold broadloom carpet by Mannington is used throughout, with wool rugs in celestial and sealing rooms. Blue, gold, and green rugs also highlight these spaces. Marble for various temple areas was sourced from Spain, featuring intricate scroll shapes that echo Spanish colonial patterns, particularly in the baptistry font's decorative border. VCBO Architecture and Dale Gierisch of Finessed Finishes Inc. in Springville, Utah, designed and installed decorative painting throughout the temple, including ceilings, hallways, and the celestial room. Lighting is a mix of acrylic, bronze, and crystal fixtures by Preciosa Lighting and BNA Consulting, while the temple's carved millwork and furniture reflect local motifs like citrus blossoms, exemplifying the blend of regional and spiritual symbols. The mahogany doors, finished in bronze, further add to the traditional"}, {"text": "yet refined atmosphere. Location. Situated just a few miles from the U.S.-Mexico border\u2014a line that often represents separation and division\u2014the temple's presence is intended to emphasize unity, togetherness, and transcendent faith. In a region where many families and communities span both countries, it creates connection and shared purpose. Its bilingual monument sign, with inscriptions in both English and Spanish, underscores its role in bringing together Latter-day Saints from the United States and Mexico. This dual-language design embodies the temple's mission of inclusion and service, transcending cultural and national boundaries. The temple's architectural and decorative elements include local symbolism of the culture and landscape of the Rio Grande Valley. Citrus blossom motifs, seen throughout the exterior and interior, celebrate the area's agricultural roots and its vital citrus industry. The temple's color palette of blue, green, and gold resonates with the region's natural beauty, symbolizing Texas bluebonnets, the Gulf of Mexico, and the diverse Texan landscapes. Cultural and community impact. The temple is intended to strengthen cultural and community meaning in a region with a substantial Hispanic population. Located less than 15 miles from the U.S.-Mexico border, the temple serves as a symbol of peace, unity, and outreach for Latter-day Saints in"}, {"text": "both countries. Church members who have not been able to travel north due to immigration status or south to Mexico for temple worship. The temple offers these individuals a nearby sacred space for worship and spiritual strengthening. As a landmark for Latter-day Saints in the Rio Grande Valley, the temple reflects the growth and commitment of the church community in the area. The temple fulfills a longstanding hope for a closer place of worship, reducing travel demands for those who previously journeyed significant distances to visit other temples in Texas. Temple presidents. The church's temples are directed by a temple president and matron, each serving for a term of three years. The president and matron oversee the administration of temple operations and provide guidance and training for both temple patrons and staff. Since its 2023 dedication, the first temple president has been Carlos Villarreal, with Myrna A. Villarreal serving as matron. Admittance. Prior to its dedication, a public open house was held. Like all the church's temples, it is not used for Sunday worship services. To members of the church, temples are regarded as sacred houses of the Lord. Once dedicated, only church members with a current temple recommend can"}, {"text": "enter for worship."}, {"text": "The \u00c4diz clan was the second imperial clan of the Uyghur Khaganate. Tribe. The \u00c4diz clan was originally a member of the Tiele Confederation and not a Uyghur subtribe; Chinese sources listed \u00c4diz (\u963f\u8dcc \u00c4di\u0113) as the 14th of, at least, 15 named Tiele tribes. They were living on shores of Syr Darya during the 7th century. They later migrated to near Baikal lake, and became part of Xueyantuo during the reign of Zhenzhu Khan. After their submission to the Tang dynasty, they were appointed to Jitian Prefecture (\u96de\u7530\u5dde) \u2014 one of the prefectures that the Tang dynasty established for the settlement of Tiele tribes that submitted to the Tang during the reign of Emperor Taizong in the Hequ (\u6cb3\u66f2, i.e., the Ordos Desert region). Their chieftain \u00c4die Liangchen (\u963f\u8dcc\u826f\u81e3, literally: \"Good Minister from the \u00c4diz\") and his tribal army were part of the army of Shuofang Circuit (\u6714\u65b9, headquartered in modern Yinchuan, Ningxia). His son \u00c4diz Guangyan (Li Guangyan) later adopted an imperial surname and became a general in the Tang army. He died in 826. \u00c4diz clan was also mentioned in Orkhon Inscriptions as a tribe subjugated by K\u0171l Tegin. Royal clan. The founder of the royal clan"}, {"text": "of the Uyghur Khaganate, Qutluq was initially a member of the \u00c4diz clan. He was orphaned early in childhood and adopted by the Yaglakar clan. After Qutluq Bilge's untimely death, he succeeded to the qaghanate upon election by the nobles. He didn't change his surname back to the original one, but kept the Yaglakar name, nevertheless he exiled all of the remaining princes from cadet branches to Chang'an. A son of Chongde Qaghan, Womosi was later created Prince of Huaihua (\u61f7\u5316\u738b) and was bestowed the Imperial Clan surname Li (\u674e). Wamosi's brothers Alizhi (\u963f\u6b77\u652f), Xiwuchuo (\u7fd2\u52ff\u555c), and Wuluosi (\u70cf\u7f85\u601d) were given the names of Li Sizhen (\u674e\u601d\u8c9e), Li Siyi (\u674e\u601d\u7fa9), and Li Sili (\u674e\u601d\u79ae), respectively."}, {"text": "Edmond Patrick Talbot (1884\u20131951) was a Canadian-born American politician who served as Mayor of Fall River, Massachusetts, and Sheriff of Bristol County, Massachusetts. He was the Democratic nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts in 1926. Early life. Talbot was born on April 21, 1884, in Tingwick, Quebec, to Charles and Celina Vital Talbot. The elder Talbot was a dairy farmer and Talbot was one of 14 children. In 1889 his family immigrated to the United States and settled in East Kingston, New York. In 1896 they moved to Fall River, where at the age of 13, Talbot went to work as a weaver the Davol Mills. Talbot also attended business college and worked evenings and Sundays in a drug store. In 1904 he became a licensed pharmacist in Rhode Island. However, he decided to return to Massachusetts and marry Alma Beaupre of Fall River. The couple wed on September 11, 1905, and would have twelve children together, eight of which survived childhood. That same year, Talbot was licensed in Massachusetts and purchased a pharmacy in Fall River. By 1926 he owned seven pharmacies in the city. Political career. Early work. In 1907, Talbot received his first political appointment when Mayor"}, {"text": "John T. Coughlin named him to the Fall River park commission. He remained on the board until 1915. In 1913, Talbot ran for the Democratic nomination for the Massachusetts House of Representatives seat in the 6th Bristol District, but lost by 142 votes. He ran again in 1914 and was elected by 300 votes. During his year in the legislature, Talbot served on the committee labor, proposed refunding $1 million in tax revenue to the state's manufactures, and strongly advocated municipal home rule, especially in regards to appointive power of police and licensing commissions. Mayor. In 1916, Talbot ran for Mayor of Fall River against Mayor James H. Kay, but lost by 3,600 votes. He ran again in 1920, but lost the Democratic nomination to William M. Sullivan by 243 votes. In 1922, Talbot was again the Democratic nominee for Mayor of Fall River. In the general election he faced Republican Thomas N. Ashton, who defeated Kay in the primary. Kay's defeat aided Talbot, as Kay had been able to attract a number of French-Canadian supporters who would now support Talbot. On election day, Talbot topped Ashton by 1,867 votes. He was the city's first mayor of French-Canadian descent. However,"}, {"text": "the Republicans won a majority on the board of aldermen and were able to block all of Talbot's appointments and proposals. In 1924, Talbot defeated Kay by 4,312 votes to win a second term. The Democrats won a 19 to 8 majority of the board of alderman, which gave the party control of the city for the first time in Fall River's history. During his tenure as mayor, Talbot established the infant and maternal welfare commission, which established led to the creation of six clinics and a $40,000 appropriation for prenatal care and instruction for mothers. He also advocated for the abolishment of city's police commission, which was appointed by the governor (only Boston and Fall River had police heads appointed by the governor). Run for Lt. Governor. In 1926, Harry J. Dooley and Joseph B. Ely competed for the Democratic nomination for lieutenant governor. On August 28, Dooley dropped out of the race and endorsed Ely, the candidate endorsed by party leadership, which would allow for more geographically balanced ticket. As Dooley did not exit the race before the August 13 deadline for withdrawals, his name remained on the ballot, however it was believed that Dooley's support of Ely"}, {"text": "would result in Ely easily winning the primary. Dooley ended up winning the primary, but refused the nomination as did Ely, who believed the means to be an embarrassment. Talbot was offered and accepted the nomination for lieutenant governor. Party leadership hoped that Talbot would help the ticket attract votes from the state's 75,000 to 80,000 French-speaking residents, 75% of which were believed to be Republican supporters. Talbot lost to Republican Frank G. Allen 57% to 40%. Talbot did not receive as large of a vote as expected and there was no evidence that he had been able to bring any French-Canadian voters to the Democratic ticket. Return to city government. In 1928, Fall River switched to a Plan D Charter, which replaced the mayor-alderman form of government with a city manager-city council form of government. Talbot was elected mayor by 981 votes and the \"Talbot slate\" of candidate won a majority on the council. He was defeated for reelection by councilor Daniel F. Sullivan 18,326 votes to 16,457. Talbot's slate also lost all but one seat on the council. Sheriff of Bristol County. On February 4, 1931, Governor Joseph B. Ely appointed Talbot to succeed the deceased Isaac P."}, {"text": "L. Willetts as sheriff of Bristol County. He ran for a full term in 1932, but lost to Republican Patrick H. Dupuis 51% to 49%. Later life. In 1934, Fall River switched back to a Plan A form of government and Talbot once again ran for mayor. He lost to city manager Alexander C. Murray. Talbot and Murray faced each other a second time in 1936 and Murray won again. In 1944, Talbot was the Democratic nominee for the United States House of Representatives seat in Massachusetts's 14th congressional district. He lost to Republican incumbent Joseph W. Martin Jr. 62% to 38%. In 1949, Talbot lost to incumbent Fall River mayor William P. Grant 24,588 votes to 19,393. Talbot died in 1951 in Fall River."}, {"text": "Juha Hietanen (born April 20, 1955) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey forward. Hietanen played most of his career with HPK, playing from 1973 to 1985 and from 1986 to 1987. Having played mostly in the 1. Divisioona, the team were promoted to the SM-liiga in 1983. Hietanen played 33 games during the 1983-84 SM-liiga season and notched up three assists. It would be his only season in Finland's top-tier league as HPK were relegated straight back to the 1. Divisioona. In 1985, Hietanen joined Ketter\u00e4 for one season before returning to HPK the following year in his last season before retiring. HPK have retired the number 17 in Hietanen's honour. His father Aarno Hietanen played in the SM-sarja for Tarmo between 1949 and 1959 and his son Juuso Hietanen currently plays for HC Ambr\u00ec-Piotta of the National League."}, {"text": "The Man Who Turned White is a 1919 American silent adventure film directed by Park Frame and starring H. B. Warner as a desert shiek. It was produced by Jesse D. Hampton Productions and distributed by Robertson-Cole Company and Exhibitors Mutual Distributing Company. It was rereleased in 1922 by Robertson-Cole. Preservation status. \"The Man Who Turned White\" is a lost film, but snippets or fragments exist at the Library of Congress."}, {"text": "Juniper Tree () is a Canadian drama film, directed by Micheline Lanct\u00f4t and released in 2003. Based in part on the Brothers Grimm's fairy tale \"The Juniper Tree\", the film stars Sylvie Drapeau as Esther, a depressed woman interacting with police officer Laurier (Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rick De Grandpr\u00e9) after failing in an attempt to kill herself and her children. Drapeau received a Prix Jutra nomination for Best Actress at the 6th Jutra Awards."}, {"text": "Jimmy B, born Jimmy Bangura, is a Sierra Leonean musician, filmmaker, producer and entertainer. He has been called the \"Godfather of Sierra Leone music\". Life. Jimmy B acted in the Eddie Murphy's 1988' romantic comedy \"Coming to America\" before moving to South Africa, setting up a music studio there and achieving success as a musician. After the end of the Sierra Leone Civil War in 2002, Jimmy B facilitated the release of several hip hop albums and compilations from Paradise Studio. In 2014 Bangura privately funded \"Ebola 4 Go\", a video educating people about ebola. He has presented \"The Jimmy B Show\", a radio show on Freetown's AiRadio which specializes in Sierra Leonean music. In 2019 his teenage son drowned in the United States of America."}, {"text": "This article lists the oldest extant buildings in California, including extant buildings and structures constructed during Spanish, Mexican, and early American rule over California. Only buildings built prior to 1850 are suitable for inclusion on this list, or the building must be the oldest of its type. In order to qualify for the list, a structure must: This consciously excludes ruins of limited height, roads and statues. Bridges may be included if they otherwise fulfill the above criteria. Dates for many of the oldest structures have been arrived at by radiocarbon dating and should be considered approximate. If the exact year of initial construction is estimated, it will be shown as a range of dates."}, {"text": "The History of Mar Qardagh is a Syriac martyrdom text pertaining to Qardagh, a Sasanian military leader and noble who converted from Zoroastrianism to Christianity. Though the narrative of the text is set during the reign of Shapur II (309-379 AD), it was written in the final decades of the Sasanian Empire. Publication history. The text was first edited by Jean Baptiste Abbeloos, and published in his \"Acta Mar Kardaghi, Assyriae Praefecti, qui sub Sapore II Martyr Occubit, AB 9\" (1890). The manuscript he used was an 1869 copy made in Mosul from an original medieval manuscript he had received from E. G. Khayyath, the Chaldean archbishop of Diyarbak\u0131r. The manuscript (MS Diyarbakir Syriac. 96) was dated by Khayyath to the seventh or eighth century AD. It also contains \"Acts\" of martyrs persecuted by the Sasanian Empire between the periods of the fourth and seventh century AD. The manuscript was originally stored at the church of St. Pathion in Diyarbakir but was displaced following the First World War. The manuscript was eventually transferred to Iraq where its current condition is unknown. A second edition was also being published at Berlin in the same year as Abbeloos. In his \"Die Geschichte"}, {"text": "des M\u00e2r 'Abhd\u00ee\u0161\u00f4 und seines J\u00fcngers M\u00e2r Qardagh\" (Kiel:C. F. Haesler, 1890), Hermann Feige introduced a German translation. He primarily used a mid-eighth century Syriac manuscript from Rustaqa along with variants from two late manuscripts written at Alqosh and in the nearby Rabban Hormizd Monastery. The third edition of the text was published by Paul Bedjan in his \"Acta Martyrum et Sanctorum\" (1891). His text is established upon Abbeloos's version with variants from the 1869 Mosul copy, and another from the late nineteenth century that was acquired from missionary M. Salomon of the Lake Urmia region. Joel Walker translated the text from Syriac to English, and was published in his \"The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq\". (2006). He based his translation on Abbeloos's text. Content. The following structure of the text is summarized by Philip Wood in \"The Chronicle of Seert: Christian Historical Imagination in Late Antique Iraq\" (2013). Though he refers to the text as the \"Acts of Mar Qardagh\", he is basing it off of Joel Walker's translation. The setting of the texts takes place in Melqi, Adiabene of northern Iraq during the reign of Shapur II."}, {"text": "The TNCA Serie H \"Parasol\" was a Mexican bomber and reconnaissance aircraft manufactured by the Talleres Nacionales de Construcciones Aeron\u00e1uticas (TNCA). It was a high-wing monoplane (which was very unusual at the time), which allowed better speed performance. It was one of the first aircraft models made by TNCA and was designed as a \"Technology Tester\", in order to improve the designs of subsequent models. Its design was very similar to the Morane-Saulnier L, especially the design of the landing gear, mast and the controls of the rudders, however the fuselage structure was made of metal tubes. It was powered by a 60 HP TNCA Aztatl six cylinders air cooled engine, with an An\u00e1huac propeller. The aircraft did not have fixed weapons, however side-shot machine guns could be mounted, and bombs could be carried under the fuselage. One example of the Serie H is preserved at the Mexican Air Force Museum (\"Museo Militar de Aviacion\") in Santa Luc\u00eda."}, {"text": "Leopold Wenger (4 September 1874 \u2013 21 September 1953) was a prominent Austrian historian of ancient law. He fostered interdisciplinary study of the ancient world (including law, literature, papyri, and inscriptions). Biography. Wenger was born in his maternal grandparents' castle Trabuschgen in Obervellach (Austria) in 1874. He discovered a love for the study of Latin and Ancient Greek in secondary school. He went on to study law at the University of Graz, where he became interested in ancient law. After completing his doctorate in 1897, he continued his studies at the University of Leipzig under Ludwig Mitteis. He then returned to the University of Graz to write his Habilitation. In 1902, he became associate professor at the University of Graz. He went on to teach at the Universities of Vienna, Graz, Heidelberg, and Munich. In 1935 he left Munich (and Nazi Germany) to return to the University of Vienna (where he retired early three years later). In 1936, Wenger traveled to the United States where he spoke before the Riccobono Seminar. A devoted Roman Catholic and humanist, he was at odds with the Nazi regime first in Germany and then, after the \"Anschluss\", in Austria, where he withdrew to his"}, {"text": "castle in Obervellach during World War II. Contributions. At the University of Munich, he founded the Seminar for Papyrus Research. In 1915 he also established the monograph series entitled \"M\u00fcnchener Beitr\u00e4ge zur Papyrusforschung\" (\u201cMunich Contributions to Papyrus Research\u201d) and in 1922 expanded the remit of the series to \"M\u00fcnchener Beitr\u00e4ge zur Papyrusforschung und Antiken Rechstgeschichte\" (\"Munich Contributions to Papyrus Research and Ancient Legal History\u201d) which now has over 100 volumes. In 1953, shortly before he died, Wenger also published his most well-known book \"Die Quellen des r\u00f6mischen Rechts\" (\"The Sources of Roman Law\"). Wenger had intended to write \"a history of the whole legal order of the Romans that would comprise the total of public, procedural, and private institutions in one great unit; however, he completed only this one volume of the massive project he had envisioned. Throughout his career, he wrote, edited, or co-edited thirty books and also authored 88 articles. Recognition. Wenger received honorary doctorates from Harvard University and the University of Vienna and was a member of the Bavarian Academy of Science and the Prussian Academy of Science. The legal history division of the law school of the University of Munich was renamed the Leopold Wenger Institute"}, {"text": "for Ancient Legal History and Papyrus Research in his honor in 1956, under the direction of Wolfgang Kunkel (and Wenger's large library became the core of that institute's collections)."}, {"text": "A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Goulburn on 20 July 1974 because Country Party member Ron Brewer resigned to contest the 1974 federal election for Eden-Monaro. Brewer was defeated by 146 votes, and re-contested Goulburn. Results. <includeonly> Ron Brewer () resigned to unsuccessfully contest the 1974 federal election for Eden-Monaro.</includeonly>"}, {"text": "Krivec is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}, {"text": "Elizabeth Wendell Hunter Ewing (February 5, 1841 \u2013 April 30, 1905) served as a nurse during the American Civil War, and later as president of the National Association of Army Nurses of the Civil War. Early life. Elizabeth Wendell Hunter was born February 5, 1841, in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. Career. Ewing served as an army nurse from 1862 to 1863 during the American Civil War. Her husband was wounded at Malvern Hill and she traveled with her very young son, to find him at a military hospital in Baltimore. Dorothea Dix initially refused Ewing for the Army nursing corps, but she persisted, and was enrolled in time to help her husband recover. She continued at the hospital as an army nurse for almost a year. Ewing was a delegate to the annual convention of the Woman's Relief Corps in 1893, and in 1896 she was elected vice-president of the Woman's Relief Corps at the Pennsylvania Encampment, held in Chambersburg. In 1897 and 1898 she was senior vice-president and in 1899 she was president of the National Association of Army Nurses of the Civil War. Personal life. Elizabeth Wendell Hunter married Immanuel Ewing (1830\u20131917), who owned a clothing store. They had"}, {"text": "a son born in 1861, and a daughter Gertrude born in 1872. Elizabeth Wendell Ewing died in 1905, in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, aged 64 years."}, {"text": "The 1993 World Games were held in The Hague, Netherlands, from July 22 to August 2, 1993."}, {"text": "The Atom is a lost 1918 silent film drama directed by Frank Borzage. It starred Pauline Starke and Belle Bennett. It was produced by Triangle Film Corporation and released by Triangle Studios. Reception. Variety's review of \"The Atom\" was positive, praising the cinematography and described it as \"a good program feature.\""}, {"text": "Martin Ku\u010dera (born May 25, 1978) is a Slovak former ice hockey goaltender. Early life. Ku\u010dera was born in Bratislava. He played in the 1998 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships for Slovakia. Career. Ku\u010dera played in the Tipsport Liga for HC Slovan Bratislava, MHk 32 Liptovsk\u00fd Mikul\u00e1\u0161, HK 36 Skalica and MsHK \u017dilina. He also played one season in the Elite Ice Hockey League for the Edinburgh Capitals, joining the team in 2005."}, {"text": "Recognition Music Group, formerly Hipgnosis Songs Fund Limited, is a British Guernsey-registered music IP investment and song management company founded by Merck Mercuriadis and Nile Rodgers in 2018. Focused on songs and associated musical intellectual property rights, it was founded on the premise that hit songs are long-term predictable assets unaffected by economic cycles that will increase in value as the worldwide music streaming market grows. In addition to acquiring songs and songwriter catalogues, the company manages the playlist, cover, interpolation, and synchronization revenues of its IP. Hipgnosis Songs Fund has raised \u00a31.052 billion to fund acquisitions since it was established in 2018. At the close of its first full year as a publicly traded company, its catalogue contained more than 5,000 songs; of those approximately 2,000 had been No. 1 hits somewhere in the world, and 4,000 had reached the Top 10. Five songs that are co-owned by HSF appeared in the Top 10 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 of the decade chart. In July 2020, it was reported that the Hipgnosis music rights portfolio, consisting of approximately 13,300 songs, had been independently valued at more than \u00a3760 million. As of January 2021, Hipgnosis owned or partially owned more"}, {"text": "than 57,000 songs. By December 2021, its catalogue had grown to 65,000 songs worth $2.55 billion. Hipgnosis Songs Fund was listed on the main market of the London Stock Exchange in July 2018 and transferred to the premium segment of the main market in November 2019. It was a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index since March 2020 before being taken private by Blackstone Inc. in July 2024. History. 2018: Founding, debut on London Stock Exchange. Hipgnosis Songs Fund was founded by Merck Mercuriadis, who has managed artists including Elton John, Iron Maiden, Morrissey, Beyonc\u00e9, and Nile Rodgers. Mercuriadis stated in a February 2019 interview: \"Nile [Rodgers] and I, one day, just started riffing off of these ideas of how do we change this system, how do we change what\u2019s going on today where the songwriter\u2013who provides the most important component in an artist having success\u2013is the lowest person on the totem pole?\" Mercuriadis believed that a rights and song management company with substantial assets could change the existing economics of publishing for songwriters, and in 2018 building capital by offering investors pure-play exposure to songs and associated musical intellectual property rights in place, HSF was formally founded. The company"}, {"text": "was named after Hipgnosis, the art and design group founded by Storm Thorgerson and Aubrey Powell. The Family (Music) Limited, an advisory board which included Mercuriadis, Rodgers, Starrah, The-Dream, David A. Stewart, Nick Jarjour, Bill Leibowitz, and Ian Montone was established in 2018. Rodney Jerkins joined the advisory board in July 2020. Hipgnosis Songs Fund went public in July 2018; an earlier plan to float the company in the UK had been postponed to conduct further due diligence. Its prospectus said that there was a \"unique market opportunity as technology disruption is changing the way music is consumed.\" At its July 10, 2018 launch on the British Stock Exchange, HSF raised \u00a3202m, well over its goal. Trading as SONG, it was one of two investment trust IPOs that were oversubscribed that year. After it was listed the company reported that it had acquired a 75 percent interest in its first music rights catalog from musician The-Dream for \u00a318.83 million. Among other hits, the 302-song collection included Justin Bieber's \"Baby\", Rihanna's \"Umbrella\" and Beyonce's \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\". By the end of 2018, Hipgnosis acquired the Poo Bear catalogue of 214 songs, including Justin Bieber's \"What Do You"}, {"text": "Mean?\" and the English language version of \"Despacito\"; a 37.5% stake in Chic co-founder Bernard Edwards' catalogue, which comprised 290 songs including \"Everybody Dance\", \"Le Freak,\" \"I Want Your Love\" and \"Good Times\"; the 121-song catalogue of TMS, including \"Don't Be So Hard On Yourself\" for Jess Glynne, and \"Wings\" and \"DNA\" for Little Mix; and the 121-song catalogue of Tricky Stewart, who co-wrote many of The-Dream's hit songs, including \"Me Against the Music\" (by Britney Spears and Madonna), and Mariah Carey's \"Touch My Body.\" 2019: Acquisitions, second and third raise, listing on LSE Premium segment. Prior to a second raise of \u00a3146.5 million in April 2019, Hipgnosis acquired the 182-song catalogue of Giorgio Tuinfort, including more than 15 UK Top 10 singles with David Guetta; Itaal Shur (209 songs, including \"Smooth\"), the 249-song catalogue of Johnta Austin, (\"We Belong Together\" by Mariah Carey, \"Be Without You\" by Mary J Blige); 588 songs by Sean Garrett, including \"Yeah\", Ciara's \"Goodies, and \"Check on It by Beyonc\u00e9; and the 245 song catalogue of Rico Love, including \"\"Without You\" by David Guetta. In October 2019, the company acquired Timbaland's catalogue, which included all six albums by Missy Elliott, and the five Justin"}, {"text": "Timberlake albums that Timbaland produced. The catalogue consists of 108 albums and songs with collective sales in excess of 32 million. Five songs co-owned by Hipgnosis appeared in the Top 10 on Billboard's Hot 100 of the decade chart. (The Chainsmokers ft. Halsey's \"Closer\", \"Uptown Funk\" by Mark Ronson, \"Shape of You\" by Ed Sheeran, Maroon 5 ft. Cardi B, \"Girls Like You\", and \"Despacito\" by Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee ft. Justin Bieber). In December 2019, Hipgnosis added the first four studio albums by Kaiser Chiefs, and the songwriting catalogue of Jack Antonoff to its repertoire. Hipgnosis raised \u00a349.9 million in August 2019, and an additional \u00a3233.7 million in October, bringing its \"acquisition warchest\" to nearly \u00a3650 million. As of October 2019, HSF holdings included more than 6000 songs, with hits from every decade since the 1950s, valued at \u00a31.2 billion. In November 2019 the company was admitted to the London Stock Exchange Premium Segment of the Official List on the completion of four equity fundraises since its launch in June 2018. 2020: Acquisition of Kobalt Capital, Hipgnosis Songs Group, FTSE 250 Index. In January 2020, former blink-182 guitarist Tom DeLonge sold his publishing rights to Hipgnosis. In April"}, {"text": "2020 the company acquired 70% of Mark Ronson's catalogue. On 2 July 2020, to fund new investments to build a \"pipeline of catalogs with an acquisition value of over \u00a31bn,\" Hipgnosis announced that it planned to raise an additional \u00a3200 million through issuing a new tranche of class C shares. On July 7, following the release of its FY2020 annual report\u2014which disclosed that Hipgnosis had generated \u00a365.661 million in revenue during its 2020 fiscal year\u2014the company's market capitalisation hit an all-time high of nearly \u00a31 billion. Hipgnosis exceeded its July 2020 fundraising goal of \u00a3200 million after its new share placing was oversubscribed. The company raised \u00a3236.4 million, its largest equity amount, bringing Hipgnosis' total to more than \u00a3862 million. It subsequently acquired the catalogs of Jerkins, RedOne, and Barry Manilow, bringing its portfolio to approximately 13,300 songs. In August 2020, Hipgnosis's market capitalisation exceeded \u00a31 bn. In September 2020, the company acquired the American music publisher Big Deal Music, adding 4,400 copyrights to the company's portfolio. Big Deal was renamed Hipgnosis Songs Group. Later that month Hipgnosis announced that it would issue a new tranche of ordinary shares to raise \u00a3190 million, saying that the capital would be used"}, {"text": "to acquire 50 catalogues that it had identified and exclusively secured. The target of \u00a3190 million was reached in 72 hours, raising the fund's total to \u00a31,052 bn, \u00a3392m of which was raised in two months. Hipgnosis Songs Fund acquired 100% of the 162-song LA Reid catalogue in October 2020. Reid also joined the Hipgnosis advisory board. In November 2020, Hipgnosis acquired 42 catalogues from Kobalt Music Group, comprising 1,500 songwriters and 33,000 songs, for $322.9 million. The acquired catalogues had been owned by Kobalt Capital's first fund, including Nettwerk, 50 Cent, Skrillex, The B-52s, Enrique Iglesias, and Steve Winwood. Kobalt, which is Hipgnosis' main publishing administrator, continued to represent these catalogues as well as the rest of Hipgnosis. Hipgnosis also bought a 50% stake in the publishing, neighbouring rights and recording catalogue of Rick James in November. In December 2020, HSF reached a \u00a31.25b market cap. 2021\u2013present: Valuation, Blackstone Group investment and acquisition. In January 2021, Jimmy Iovine sold his producer royalties to Hipgnosis, including 259 recordings and his movie production royalties for \"8 Mile\", which starred Eminem, and 50 Cent's \"Get Rich or Die Tryin\"'. Iovine stated that proceeds generated from the purchase would fund a new high"}, {"text": "school in Los Angeles as part of the USC Iovine and Young Academy. Hipgnosis also acquired the catalogue of Fleetwood Mac member Lindsey Buckingham, a 50% stake in the catalogue of Neil Young, all 145 of Shakira's songs, and 43 songs produced by Bob Rock. In March 2021, Hipgnosis acquired the catalogue of songwriter Carole Bayer Sager. In May 2021, Hipgnosis acquired the song catalogue of the Red Hot Chili Peppers (for its publishing business \"MoeBeToBlame Music\") for a reported $140-$150 million. Hipgnosis also acquired the catalogue of songwriter Andrew Watt. In August 2021, Hipgnosis acquired the catalogue of Fleetwood Mac member Christine McVie. On 10 August 2020, Hipgnosis acquired 100% of Chris Cornell's catalog of song rights (241 songs), including his band Soundgarden's catalog. Hipgnosis' annual report was published in July 2021, valuing the catalogue at $2.2 billion. In October 2021 The Blackstone Group, an alternative investment management company, announced that it would partner with Mercuriadis to invest $1bn US to acquire song catalogues and music rights. It also announced that Blackstone would take an ownership stake in Hipgnosis Song Management. In May 2022, Hipgnosis acquired 100% of the Justin Timberlake catalog, including the copyright, ownership, and financial interests"}, {"text": "of the writer's and publisher's share of public performance income. The worldwide administration rights to the compositions, subject to Timberlake's deal with Universal, expiring in 2025 were also acquired. In July 2022, Hipgnosis signed an international sub-publishing deal with Peermusic. French performance rights society SACEM agreed to collect digital royalties for Hipgnosis in Europe. In January 2023, Hipgnosis Songs Management acquired Justin Bieber's song catalogue. David Foster sold 100% of his writer\u2019s share of performance income for all of his songs to a separate fund owned by The Blackstone Group known as Hipgnosis Songs Capital in April. In October 2023, Hipgnosis Songs Group CEO Kenny MacPherson was placed on leave due to a lawsuit accusing him of sexual assault and battery by a former colleague, stemming from his time at Chrysalis Music. In April 2024, Blackstone made a $1.57 billion offer, outbidding Concord, to takeover Hipgnosis. The acquisition was completed in July. Rejection of proposed disposals. On 14 October 2023, in response to concerns that the share price was not reflecting the value of the company, it was proposed that the company would sell some of its catalogues in two disposals for \u00a3440 million and $25 million respectively in order"}, {"text": "to fund a share buyback of up to $180 million. The first disposal involved selling 29 music catalogues to Hipgnosis Songs Capital. Some investors criticised the proposed deal as it involved selling nearly a fifth of the portfolio to Hipgnosis Songs Capital, also managed by Mercuriadis, \"at a considerable discount\". In response to a ruling by the Copyright Royalty Board, the quarterly dividend was also cancelled on 16 October 2023, causing a further fall in the share price. Subsequently, Hipgnosis Songs Fund confirmed that Mercuriadis has an option to buy all of its rights if his investment advisory company is terminated. At a series of general meetings on 26 October 2023, shareholders voted to reject the proposed disposals and to remove the chairman, Andrew Sutch, immediately. Shareholders also voted overwhelmingly (83.2%) to reject proposals for the company to continue to operate as an investment trust for another five years. It was also noted that, if no agreement is reached with shareholders, the company will have to be wound down or sold. Mercuriadis said \"[Yesterday\u2019s] Hipgnosis Songs Fund AGM marks an opportunity to reset and focus on the future. Our conversations with shareholders have revealed a consensus that they are enthusiastic"}, {"text": "about the quality of [HSF's] iconic portfolio of songs.\" Robert Naylor was appointed chairman of the company, following the removal of Sutch, on 7 November 2023. In December 2023, Hipgnosis announced that it would delay the publication of its year-end results after finding that the company's own valuation was \"materially higher than the valuation implied by proposed and recent transactions in the sector\". In February 2024, Mercuriadis was named chairman of Hipgnosis Songs Management. It was announced that Ben Kratovsky, previously the company's president and chief operating officer, would serve as its CEO. New name and transformation. In March 2025, management rebranded Hipgnosis as Recognition Music Group. Portfolio. The portfolio includes the following songwriters:"}, {"text": "The miniature altarpiece (catalogue number WB.232) in the British Museum, London, is a very small portable Gothic boxwood miniature sculpture completed in 1511 by the Northern Netherlands master sometimes identified as Adam Dircksz (active c. 1500\u20131530), and members of his workshop. At high, it is built from a series of architectural layers or registers, which culminate at an upper triptych, whose centre panel contains a minutely detailed and intricate Crucifixion scene filled with multitudes of figures in relief. Its outer wings show Christ Carrying the Cross on the left, and the Resurrection on the right. The smaller triptych on the second level is carved in low relief and shows the Agony in the Garden in its central panel. Below this is a single, wide but low piece showing the betrayal by Judas Iscariot, followed by the lower again semicircular arcade depiction of the Last Supper, which is placed upon two registers that act as supports for the overall structure. The reverse of the altar contains two chambers, which at one time may have contained relics of saints. The craftsman's tools used for the upper triptychs were similar to those used in the production of full-scale Early Netherlandish altarpieces and employed"}, {"text": "similar iconography. Although intended for private devotion, the miniatures became highly sought after by collectors; today only some 150 examples survive, with important collections in the British Museum, Art Gallery of Ontario, and at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. The sculpture was donated to the British Museum in 1898 by Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild as part of the Waddesdon Bequest. Structure and iconography. Miniature boxwood altars became popular during the late 15th-century trend towards piety for the Passion and life of the Virgin when they were used as visual aids for private prayer. Like many miniature boxwoods of its type, it shares characteristics with full-scale altars built for churches, in this instance it resembles, and may have been modelled on, the contemporary altar, at St Bavo's Cathedral, Ghent, Belgium, where Jan van Eyck's famous \"Ghent Altarpiece\" has been held since it was created in the mid-1420s. Although the majority of boxwood miniatures are imbued with Gothic imagery, WB.232 also contains a number of Italian Renaissance influences. In this, it is similar to the smaller miniature altarpiece OA 561, a c. 1520\u20131530 boxwood sculpture now in the Louvre, which was bequeathed by Ferdinand's cousin Baron Adolph Carl von Rothschild's"}, {"text": "estate in 1901, and which may or may not be also by Adam Dircksz. Both works share a very similar architectural five-level structure, with an upper Crucifixion triptych. Both works contain highly stylized figures, which resemble a third example in the Charlottenborg Palace, in Copenhagen, Denmark. The altar comes with a leather case with gilded borders. The Louvre altar has its original Tree of Jesse case intact. Its reverse contains two empty chambers, presumably intended for relics of saints, encased in a now-lost crest of arms, which would have represented the original donor or commissioning patron. Description. Triptychs. The panels on the upper triptych are bridged by ogee (s-shaped) arches. When opened, they reveal the central panel showing the Crucifixion of Jesus in a vista populated by numerous carved figures in full relief, set against a steeply banked vaulted background. Many commentators have described the high level of detail contained in such minute panels, including by an art historian writing in 1911, who describes \"hair-like ropes binding the thieves [on the crosses], and the equally hair-like spears of the soldiers, completely detached, without any support, from the background.\" The base of the centre panel contains a number of horsemen, including"}, {"text": "one at the centre holding a lantern on a pole. Its upper arches are lined with full relief (that is detailed on both sides) tracery. The left wing shows Jesus bearing the Cross, before a distant view of the sacrifice of Isaac. The right wing depicts his resurrection, while its background vista contains a variety of biblical scenes, including his entombment. The layer below the crucifixion, also a triptych, contains further scenes from the life of Christ. The carved Latin inscriptions along the lower border of the central panel contain text inspired by the Gospel of Saint John, and reads (roughly intended as \"So God loved the world\"). The other inscription, located on the Last Supper register, is contained within a cartouche, before the central figure of Christ, reads \"1511\", making this Netherlandish boxwood miniature the only surviving work of its kind to be dated. Arcade and base. The semi-circular mid-section arcade is encircled by closing doors and depicts the Last Supper in full relief. Each bearded disciple is only 1.6 cm (0.63 inches) high, but given individual facial features, a food plate and wine flask. Judas Iscariot is the only attendee not at Jesus's side of the table and"}, {"text": "instead sits with his back from the viewer. On either side of the panel are recumbent lions holding blank shields and two pairs of wrestling cherubs designed in a Renaissance. According to art historian Dora Thornton, the cherubs are \"a curious blend with the late Gothic manner of the overall composition\". Below that again is the first of two structural bases containing recumbent, chained lions. A shield with a crest and heraldic mantling is positioned between them. Production and attribution. Because of a similarity in quality and stylistic similarities, a number of boxwood miniatures are attributed to Dircksz. The more complex miniatures must have taken decades to complete, a period equivalent to the entire career of a medieval master carver, and so the actual construction has to have involved a number of specialised artisans. Because they are so intricate and skilled, it is likely only a small number of workshops were involved in their production. As a dense hardwood with fine grain, boxwood is resistant to splitting and chipping, and thus ideal for wood carving. Miniature boxwood triptychs, diptychs, and other polyptychs are usually formed from a single block of wood with the components hinged together. Triptychs generally followed the"}, {"text": "format and style of their larger-scale counterparts, with a central panel with major saints or a biblical scene, and two smaller ancillary wings. Because of their miniature scale, magnifying glasses must have been used to produce these works. The tiny wood pieces were difficult to brace (hold in place) during carving. Domed spaces, intended to evoke church architecture, were drilled or carved. Relief components were either glued into prefixed niches, or they were bound with pegs, which were sometimes functional and obviously visible or implanted into the relief form. Because of this layered structure, the objects are often fragile. Provenance. The altar was in the possession of the Austrian banker and member of the Vienna branch of the Rothschild family, Anselm Salomon von Rothschild of Vienna in 1866. He willed part of his collection to his son Ferdinand, including a number of other boxwoods, known then as \"religious objets d'art\". Thornton and the art historians Pippa Shirley note that Ferdinand held the boxwoods in such esteem that they were placed centrally in the New Smoking Room of Waddesdon Manor. Ferninand's taste tended towards ornate and rarefied objects, and he was especially interested in miniature boxwood sculptures. He sought to acquire"}, {"text": "the Louvre altar, at the time belonging to his cousin Adolphe. Although his collection of prayer nuts was often laid open on pins behind small thin enamels, the more complex pieces were encased in protective glass cases. Ferdinand's interest in boxwood carvings is further evident in his long but unsuccessful, pursuit of the Paris miniature altar owned by his cousin; both father and son were keenly fascinated by objects of this kind. It was bequeathed, as part of the Waddesdon Bequest, to the British Museum on Ferdinand's death in 1898, marking one of the most significant acquisitions in the museum's history."}, {"text": "The Channel Squadron also referred to as the Western Squadron (1512-1649) was a series of temporary naval formations first formed in under the English Tudor Navy Royal during the sixteenth century. Later during the Interregnum a channel squadron was formed as part of the Commonwealth Navy. During the 18th century as part of the Royal Navy. The squadron was usually commanded by the Vice-Admiral in the Channel. History. Initially the English Navy had organised its fleet into sub-commands namely squadrons from at least 1205. and certainly during the 16th century. A channel squadron was operating out of Portsmouth from around 1523. By 1560 The Navy Royal had four functioning squadrons one in the Channel (Western), and the Irish Sea, Narrow Seas (Eastern) and another in the North Sea. During the Spanish Armada campaign a detached Western squadron was reassigned from the main English Fleet and sent to Plymouth under the command of Vice-Admiral Sir Francis Drake. From 1509 until 1649 Vice-Admirals commanding particular fleets or squadrons were styled so as to denote they were junior to the Lord Admiral of England these flag officers were formally appointed by the crown. From 1709 the Channel Squadron of the Royal Navy was"}, {"text": "administered and controlled out of Spithead, Hampshire, England under the command of Sir John Norris. In Command. The Vice-Admiral in the Channel was senior appointment of the Navy Royal created in 1512 as a subordinate commander to the Lord Admiral of England. The post holder commanded the Channel Squadron until 1649. The office was created in 1512 as a subordinate commander to the Lord Admiral of England. By 1560 there were four Vice-Admirals in the English Navy commanding naval formations."}, {"text": "The 1999 Dallas mayoral election took place on May 2, 1999, to elect the mayor of Dallas, Texas. The race was officially nonpartisan. It saw the reelection of Ron Kirk, who won the election by taking a majority in the initial round of voting, thereby negating the need for a runoff to be held."}, {"text": "The 2002 Dallas mayoral special election took place on January 19 and February 16, 2002, to elect the mayor of Dallas, Texas, after Ron Kirk resigned as mayor to run for the United States Senate seat up for election that year. The race was officially nonpartisan. Since no candidate secured a majority in the first round, top-two finishers advanced to a runoff election, which Laura Miller won."}, {"text": "Mary Artemisia Lathbury (August 10, 1841 - October 20, 1913) was an American poet and hymnwriter. Early life. Lathbury was born on August 10, 1841, in Manchester, New York. Her father and her two brothers were Methodist ministers. As a child, she enjoyed reading, writing, and illustrating poems that she wrote herself. She was originally an artist and also taught art in Vermont and New York schools, but later transitioned more towards religious work and writing. She was the general editor of materials for the Methodist Sunday School. Lathbury said that she became involved with Christian service full-time because God said to her, \"Remember, my child, that you have a gift of weaving fancies into verse and a gift with the pencil of producing visions that come to your heart; consecrate these to Me as thoroughly as you do your inmost spirit\". Career. Lathbury has contributed to \"St. Nicholas\", \"Harper's Young People\", and \"Wide Awake\". Her books include \"Fleda and the Voice\", \"Out of Darkness Into Light\", \"Seven Little Maids\", among others. Her hymns include \"Day is Dying in the West\" and \"Break Thou the Bread of Life\". She was known as the \"Poet Laureate and Saint of Chautauqua\". Death."}, {"text": "Lathbury died on October 20, 1913, in East Orange, New Jersey, and was buried at Rosedale Cemetery in the same city."}, {"text": "The trampoline gymnastics events at the 2009 World Games in Kaohsiung was played between 20 and 22 July. 76 gymnasts, from 18 nations, participated in the tournament. The trampoline gymnastics competition took place at Kaohsiung Arena."}, {"text": "Miguel \u00c1ngel Roig (born 25 June 1921 \u2013 14 July 1989) was an Argentine economist. He served as Minister of Economy of Argentina for a six days until his death at the beginning of Carlos Menem presidency in 1989."}, {"text": "Deepti (Nepali: \u0926\u0940\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f) is a Hindu feminine given name, which means \"the ray of hope\". It basically means \"a bright flame that blinds the eye\". In Sanskrit, Deepti, means \"light\", \"glow\", \"shine\", \"brilliant\" or \"a person who spreads light to people around\". It is also known by the spelling Deepthi/Deepthy in south India and Deepti/Dipti in north India."}, {"text": "The Simple Life is a 1919 silent film comedy short directed by and starring Larry Semon. It was produced and distributed by the Vitagraph Company of America."}, {"text": "Marianela Paco Dur\u00e1n (born 28 November 1976) is a Bolivian journalist, lawyer, and politician who served as minister of communication from 2015 to 2017. A member of the Movement for Socialism, she previously served as a plurinominal member of the Chamber of Deputies from Chuquisaca from 2010 to 2015. Biography. Marianela Paco was born in the town of Tupiza on 28 November 1976. She is the daughter of two teachers \u2013 from Cotagaita and Betanzos \u2013 and the oldest of five siblings. For professional reasons, her parents moved the family to Potos\u00ed, where they remained until she was five years old, when they moved again, this time to the municipality of Quivincha. She took intermediate and baccalaureate studies in Betanzos. In Sucre, she earned licentiates in social communication and in law, political, and social sciences at the University of Saint Francis Xavier. From 2000 to 2004 she worked at the Youth Social Ministry, and from 2005 to 2009 she was a social communicator and journalist on Aclo Foundation Radio, part of the Radio Erbol Network, notably as a news announcer in Quechua. On 23 May 2008, she reported having been the victim of attacks by groups of agitators close to"}, {"text": "former Chuquisaca governor Savina Cu\u00e9llar and the so-called Inter-institutional Committee, who mobilized in Sucre to confront the campesinos who arrived from the countryside to meet President Evo Morales. Paco claimed that they doused her with alcohol and threatened to set her on fire. Political career. In 2009, Paco was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, representing Chuquisaca Department for the MAS. There she assumed the presidency of Chuquisaca's parliamentary brigade, and became the president of the Chamber's Human Rights Commission. Her work in the Assembly focused on the defense of human rights and women's rights. She was one of the authors of the new Family Code and Family Process. She was an editor, designer, and one of the main promoters of the Law Against Racism, whose debate began in 2010. She also championed the Comprehensive Law Against Human Trafficking, the Law Against Harassment and Political Violence Against Women, and the Comprehensive Law Against Violence Against Women. In 2015, she was appointed in the government of Evo Morales. During her tenure, she positioned herself in favor of community radio and free software as instruments of technological decolonization. She initiated review and debate on the use of social networks to ensure respect"}, {"text": "for the dignity of people and reduce the vulnerability of children and adolescents. In October 2016, Paco was hospitalized several times for health reasons. She was diagnosed with microangiopathy. On 29 December 2016, she announced that she would not resign despite her illness. On 23 January 2017, G\u00edsela L\u00f3pez replaced her as Minister of Communications. Controversies. Marianela Paco usually wears a sombrero in her public appearances. This has generated criticism on social networks, which she ascribes to racist reactions. In interviews, she has explained that she has worn it since 2011 in tribute to the campesinos who were blocked from entering the plaza of Sucre in May 2008 due to their condition and attire. She also sees it as a symbol of cultural identity and political commitment. In response to the online attacks, she filed a lawsuit against 20 politicians, holding them responsible for spreading racism."}, {"text": "Enchantress was launched at Bristol in 1825. She was wrecked on 16 July 1835 at Tasmania. Career. \"Enchantress\" first appeared in \"Lloyd's Register\" (\"LR\") in 1826 with Taylor, master, Drews, owners, and trade London\u2013Rio de Janeiro. On 23 November 1832 Captain D. sailed from England for Van Diemen's Land and New South Wales. She arrived at Hobart on 30 March 1833 and at Sydney on 24 April 1833. She brought seven assisted immigrants. One of her passengers was Isaac Friedman, the first Hungarian to settle in Australia. \"Enchantress\", Captain Roxburgh, sailed for Mauritius on 11 July 1833. \"Enchantress\", Captain David Roxborough, arrived in Port Jackson from Mauritius on 16 January 1834. She was transporting one military prisoner who had been convicted of mutiny at Port Louis, Mauritius. Fate. \"Enchantress\", Roxburgh, master, was lost on 16 or 17 July 1835. She was coming from England when she hit some rocks and sank off the south-west coast of Bruny Island in the D'Entrecasteaux Channel, at the mouth of the Derwent River, Van Diemens Land. By some accounts, all on board survived. Alternatively, estimates of the number of lives lost range between 17 and perhaps 50. Captain David Roxburgh was among the survivors."}, {"text": "An Australian government website reports that as \"Enchantress\" started to sink, her captain and owner David Roxburgh, all the boys, and all but one of the passengers took to the quarter boats and reached Partridge Island. The second officer, 15 crew members, and one passenger took the longboat. The longboat became tangled in the rigging, and all aboard drowned. Next day the cutter \"Friends\" took the passengers to Hobart. Captain Roxburgh and four crew members followed in a gig. A gale on 27 February 1836, pushed wreckage from \"Enchantress\" ashore at Bruny Island. There bay-whalers recovered a few items."}, {"text": "Chuvilevsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Nizhneosinovskoye Rural Settlement, Surovikinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 227 as of 2010. Geography. Chuvilevsky is located in the valley of the Chir River, 15 km southwest of Surovikino (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novoderbenovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Yablonevy () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Lysovskoye Rural Settlement, Surovikinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 78 as of 2010. There are 2 streets. Geography. Yablonevy is located 31 km northeast of Surovikino (the district's administrative centre) by road. Lysov is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Akishin () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dyakonovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 182 as of 2010. There are 3 streets. Geography. Akishin is located in forest steppe, 10 km southeast of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Dyakonovsky 2-y is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Akchernsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Akchernskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 228 as of 2010. There are 2 streets. Geography. Akchernsky is located in steppe, 22 km south of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Dyakonovsky 1-y is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Astakhovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Bespalovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 78 as of 2010. Geography. Astakhovsky is located in northwest of Volgograd Oblast, 44 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Vikhlyantsevsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Baltinovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Bespalovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 11 as of 2010. Geography. Baltinovsky is located 48 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bespalovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Belogorsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Rossoshinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 160 as of 2010. There are 4 streets. Geography. Belogorsky is located in steppe, on the right bank of the Khopyor River, 43 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Tepikinskaya is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Bespalovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Bespalovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 528 as of 2010. There are 5 streets. Geography. Bespalovsky is located in steppe, 46 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Baltinovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Besplemyanovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dobrinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 249 as of 2010. There are 8 streets. Geography. Besplemyanovsky is located in forest steppe, 20 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Rzhavsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Bolshinsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Bolshinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 80 as of 2010. Geography. Bolshinsky is located in forest steppe, 32 km northeast of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Serkovsky is the nearest rural locality. Cultural References. Jazz Jennings real last name is Bloshinsky."}, {"text": "Bryansky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Rossoshinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 92 as of 2010. Geography. Bryansky is located 35 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Rossoshinsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Bubnovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Bubnovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,029 as of 2010. There are 18 streets. Geography. Bubnovsky is located in forest steppe, 30 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Mikhaylovskaya is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Bugrovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Saltynskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 278 as of 2010. There are 9 streets. Geography. Bugrovsky is located in steppe, 36 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Saltynsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Bulekovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Rossoshinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 101 as of 2010. Geography. Bulekovsky is located in steppe, 35 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Podgorinsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Vdovolsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Kotovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 79 as of 2010. There are 2 streets. Geography. Vdovolsky is located 2 km east of Khopyor River, 19 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Skabelinsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Verkhneantoshinsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Verkhnebezymyanovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 44 as of 2010. There are 5 streets. Geography. Verkhneantoshinsky is located 39 km of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Verkhnebezymyansky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "The following lists the number one rock singles in Canada in 2005 based on airplay from Mediabase which was published in \"Radio & Records\" magazine."}, {"text": "Verkhnebezymyansky () is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Verkhnebezymyanovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 569 as of 2010. There are 14 streets. Geography. Verkhnebezymyansky is located in forest steppe, 37 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Verkhneantoshinsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Verkhnesoinsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Rossoshinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 351 as of 2010. There are 4 streets. Geography. Verkhnesoinsky is located in forest steppe, 31 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Nizhnesoinsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Pleasant Gardens was the plantation in Rowan County, North Carolina, occupied by Joseph \"Pleasant Gardens\" McDowell (17581799). Remains of the Pleasant Gardens house are located near Marion, North Carolina. History. The land for the Pleasant Gardens estate was purchased by Hunting John McDowell, Joseph McDowell's father, in 1768. The land was originally located in Anson County until 1753, when it became Rowan County and became part of Burke County in 1777. Joseph McDowell was born on February 25, 1758, before his father purchased the Pleasant Gardens estate. In 1842, the land became part of McDowell County, named for Joseph \"Pleasant Gardens\" McDowell, who died on May 18, 1795. Recent historical analysis and research on the remaining property indicates that the Pleasant Gardens plantation house was built between 1812 and 1826 by Joseph McDowell's third son James Moffett McDowell (1791-1854). The plantation remained in this McDowell family until 1848. The plantation, currently located on U.S. 70, northwest of Marion, North Carolina, fell into disrepair in the 20th century. In the 1790 Census in Burke County, North Carolina, Joseph McDowell, Jr. is listed as head of household with two white males under the age of 16, one female, and nine slaves. After"}, {"text": "Joseph McDowell's death, his wife, Mary Moffett McDowell, married John Carson. Mary inherited part of the Pleasant Gardens estate on which John Carson built Carson House. Additional history. The following account is given in the McDowell County article, but it is unreferenced. In 1748, \"Hunting\" John McDowell received a land grant for property known today as Pleasant Gardens, including acreage originally located from Swan's Pond (Catawba County) up the Catawba River west to present-day Marion and into the region known as Buck Creek. During a hunting expedition with his friend Henry Weidner, the two came upon a lush, green valley with thousands upon thousands of acres of virgin forest. During that time, a custom when settling a dispute was to engage in a \"friendly\" wrestling match. McDowell came out the winner. After establishing residence along the Catawba River area of Pleasant Gardens, McDowell raised his family, and subsequently received two land grants. He is noted in Max Dixon's book \"The Wataugans\" as being instrumental in Jacob Brown's Purchase of one of the last remaining pieces of acreage along the Nolichucky River in Tennessee when he hosted a negotiations with the Cherokee on his farm in North Carolina. His son, Joseph"}, {"text": "McDowell, is noted in history as a significant contributor to the Battle at Kings Mountain. McDowell County is named in his honor. Today, his home stands as one of the few remaining homes in North Carolina still standing and built by its namesake."}, {"text": "Verkhnetseplyayevsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Vishnyakovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 66 as of 2010. There are 5 streets. Geography. Verkhnetseplyayevsky is located in forest steppe, 25 km northeast of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Serkovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Ashley Eriksmoen is a California-born Australia-based furniture maker, woodworker, artist, and educator. Early life and education. Eriksmoen was born in raised in southern California. Eriksmoen attended Boston College, receiving a BS in geology in 1992. She took a year off during undergraduate to study art at the Istituto Lorenzo de' Medici in Florence, Italy. Eriksmoen studied at the College of the Redwoods (now the Krenov School) from 1997 to 1998, receiving a Certificate of Fine Woodworking. She went on to receive a master's degree in Fine Arts from the Rhode Island School of Design, graduating in 2000. Career. Artist. Eriksmoen uses salvaged urban waste such as tables and chairs to create complex interwoven sculptures. She was included in a curated group exhibition in 2019 about humans and the environment titled \"I Thought I Heard a Bird\" at Craft ACT in Canberra, Australia. Her series \"Feral: Rewilding Furniture,\" made with found broken timber, personifies and animates found furniture, comparing the living and built world. She was an artist-in-residence artist at San Diego State University and is a member of the Furniture Society and part of the Studio Furniture movement. Her artwork has been published in \"500 Tables\", \"American Woodworker Magazine\", and"}, {"text": "\"With Wakened Hands\", a book on the students of James Krenov. She was awarded a Fuji Xerox Sustainable Art Award in 2014 Eriksmoen's piece \"Criogriff\" was featured in the exhibition \"Making a Seat at the Table: Women Transform Woodworking\" at the Center for Art in Wood in 2019 curated by Dierdre Visser and Laura Mays. She was also interviewed for the book \"Joinery, Joists and Gender: A History of Woodworking for the 21st Century,\" by Visser In 2021 Eriksomen won Tasmania's Clarence Prize with her furniture piece \"Following years of steady decline we are witnessing a period of unprecedented growth\". Her \"Meares Island Nurse Log\"\"\" furniture piece was selected for the 2022 Melbourne Design Fair, presented by the National Gallery of Victoria with the Melbourne Art Foundation. Her chaise, \"The Dream or: the view from here is both bleak and resplendent\" won the 2022 Australian Furniture Design Award, awarded by Stylecraft and the National Gallery of Victoria. Educator. Eriksmoen is the Head of Furniture Workshop, Convenor of Craft and Design and Senior Lecturer in the College of Arts and Social Sciences, Australian National University."}, {"text": "Vikhlyantsevsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Bespalovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 174 as of 2010. There are 4 streets. Geography. Vikhlyantsevsky is located 44 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Astakhovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Vishnyakovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Vishnyakovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 326 as of 2010. There are 9 streets. Geography. Vishnyakovsky is located in forest steppe, 21 km northeast of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Nizhnekrasnyansky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Glinkovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Saltynskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 30 as of 2010. There are 2 streets. Geography. Glinkovsky is located in forest steppe, 46 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Pervomaysky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Golovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dubovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 186 as of 2010. There are 2 streets. Geography. Golovsky is located 28 km south of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Olkhovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "The 1818 Michigan Territory general assembly referendum was held in the Territory of Michigan to determine whether a majority of the territory's freeholders favored the creation of a general legislative assembly to replace the system of governors and judges in effect at the time, as provided for by the Northwest Ordinance. The election was called by Territorial Governor Lewis Cass, and results showed a majority opposed changing the system of government. Background. The Northwest Ordinance outlined three stages of government for the Northwest Territory. The first stage consisted of a governor, a secretary, and three judges; the governor and judges together formed the legislative branch of government. The second stage called for a general assembly comprising the territorial governor, an elected house of representatives, and a five-person legislative council; this stage was to be instituted when the territory contained 5000 \"free male inhabitants of full age\" and \"satisfactory evidence [had been] given to the Governor thereof, that such is the wish of a majority of the freeholders\". The third stage was full statehood. The Northwest Territory reached the second stage in 1798. When the Territory of Indiana was split from it in 1800, the new territory reverted to the first"}, {"text": "stage, but advanced again to the second stage in 1804. Michigan Territory reverted again to the first stage when it was created from part of Indiana Territory in 1805, and the governor and judges still constituted its legislative branch in 1818. Nominally, the governor and judges formed a four-person legislative body. In practice, Judge Augustus Woodward wielded much of the power, since another of the judges, John Griffin, almost always deferred to him, so Woodward could do no worse than tie in most legislative matters and needed only one additional ally for a majority. Some residents and fellow officials found Woodward pompous and pedantic, but others, especially the French and British settlers, appreciated him as a counterbalance to the influence of newer settlers from the east coast. Governor Cass believed that advancing to the second stage would both move Michigan Territory closer to statehood and help reduce Woodward's influence, since he would remain a judge but no longer control the legislative process. Election. Governor Cass issued a proclamation on January 5, 1818, calling for a vote to determine whether a majority of freeholders supported creating a general assembly. He cited his authority under the Northwest Ordinance and the successive acts"}, {"text": "of Congress that created Michigan Territory, as well as petitions signed by 145 residents asking him to take the step. For most of the territory, Cass set the election date as February 16, 1818. For the district of Michilimackinac, then part of Wayne County, the justices of the peace were to choose a date. The proposal to move to the general assembly form of government failed. The primary argument against it involved cost. While the governor and judges were paid for by the federal government, the territory would have been responsible for the cost of the new government. Dissatisfaction with the system of government continued to grow after the failed referendum, and in 1822 hundreds of citizens petitioned Congress for a change. In 1823, Congress authorized the creation of the Michigan Territorial Council."}, {"text": "Little Jerusalem Badlands State Park is a state park in Logan County, Kansas, United States. It is owned by The Nature Conservancy and located about south of Oakley and a similar distance north of Scott City. The park features of Smoky Hill Chalk badlands with many narrow canyons in white rock likened to the walls and narrow winding streets of ancient Jerusalem. Little Jerusalem Badlands State Park is open year-round during daylight hours only. Visitors are not allowed off-trail unless accompanied by park staff on a guided tour. See also. Nearby Smoky Hill Chalk natural monuments:"}, {"text": "David Epley, popularly known as Doktor Kaboom, is a German/American science communicator, stage actor, and comedian. His interactive stage shows have been featured in venues like The Kennedy Center and The Orpheum Theater, and Epley has appeared on television programs like \u201cFox News\u201d, \"New Day Northwest,\" and a number of local television affiliates. His home experiment ideas have also been featured in magazines like \"Parents\". Epley is a U.S. Army veteran and was a volunteer firefighter and emergency medical technician for 5 years. Early career and education. David Epley was born in Germany and grew up in North Carolina where he attended a specialized high school, the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, to take advanced science courses like Astrophysics. In college, Epley majored in both Chemistry and Theater. He earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. His affinity for the stage lead him to an early career in street performances and festivals in the U.S. and internationally, in particular Renaissance fairs. Career. Prior to his mainstream \"Doktor Kaboom!\" stage show, Epley wrote, directed, and performed in comedy routines across the United States and Canada. In 2006, Epley developed the \"Doktor Kaboom\""}, {"text": "character as a means of combining science with art. He further refined the persona through street theatre in New York and outdoor festivals before moving on to a larger international audience. Directed by Martin Albert, \"Doktor Kaboom's Try This At Home! Vol. 1\" starred Epley as the titular character and was released in 2010. In 2014 the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts commissioned Epley to create \"LIVE WIRE! The Electricity Tour,\" which was performed at the center before traveling to stages around the U.S. and internationally. Part of Epley's message as a science communicator, which he reiterates on stage and televised appearances, is that \"science is for everybody\". Epley is a board member for Arts Northwest, a performing arts presenter and management organization in the Pacific Northwest. He lives in Seattle with his wife and two daughters."}, {"text": "The Exeed Zhuifeng or LX for export markets is a subcompact luxury crossover SUV produced by Chery under the Exeed premium brand. Overview. The design of the production Exeed LX is previewed by the Exeed LX concept car released in 2018. In July 2019, the production Exeed LX compact crossover was revealed based on the same platform as the first generation Chery Tiggo 7 while featuring restyled front and rear ends. Exeed is the premium brand of Chery marketed towards the European market, and the LX is the second model under the brand following the Exeed TX. Interior-wise, the LX designs are completely different from Tiggo 7, with the instrument panel and multimedia screen integrated as a single set. The central console is floating and houses the gearshift knob and the digital air conditioning controls. The Exeed LX has a length of , a width of , a height of , and a wheelbase of . The Exeed LX was launched on the Chinese car market in the fourth quarter of 2019 with pricing to start around 130,000 yuan ($18,950). Exeed Zhuifeng. The Exeed LX received a facelift with an additional Chinese name called the Zhuifeng (\u8ffd\u98ce) in August 2021"}, {"text": "for the 2022 model year. Powertrain. The power of the Exeed LX comes from a 1.6-litre petrol direct injection turbo engine producing and an estimated torque of . The transmission of the Exeed LX is an automated seven-speed dual-clutch transmission. A 1.5-litre petrol turbo engine producing and an estimated torque of mated to a 9-speed CVT transmission was added to the 2020 model year. Markets. Brazil. Caoa Chery in Brazil is the producer and distributor of products from Exeed, with the first Exeed model commercialized in the Brazilian market from the first quarter of 2021. The LX crossover SUV was chosen for the debut of Exeed in Brazil due to the T1X platform and other components shared with the Tiggo 7 made in An\u00e1polis. Russia. The Exeed LX was launched to the Russian market in March 2022 with a 1.5-litre petrol turbo engine producing and a CVT transmission. The four-wheel-drive version with a 1.6-litre petrol turbo engine producing and a DCT transmission was launched in December 2022."}, {"text": "A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Coogee on 20 July 1974 because the Court of Disputed Returns overturned the result of the 1973 Coogee election. Ross Freeman (Liberal) had been declared elected by 8 votes over Michael Cleary (Labor). Justice Slattery in the Court of Disputed Returns held that 25 electors had been improperly deprived of a vote and declared that the election was void. Results. <includeonly> The Court of Disputed Returns overturned the result of the 1973 Coogee election.</includeonly>"}, {"text": "Valdem\u0101rs is a Latvian masculine given name and surname and may refer to:"}, {"text": "The United States achieved independent governance with the Lee Resolution and the Declaration of Independence in July 1776. Following the American Revolutionary War, the Articles of Confederation were adopted in 1781 to establish the federal government. These were succeeded by the Constitution of the United States in 1789, which is the current governing document of the United States. Many of the institutions and customs of the government were established by the Washington administration in the 1790s. Other foundational elements of the government include the United States Code, the office of the presidency, the executive departments and agencies, Congress, the Supreme Court, and the lower federal courts. The first era of major change to the government was the Jacksonian Era in the 1830s, which saw changes to the structure of the executive branch and the abolition of the national bank. The nullification crisis in response to high tariffs was the first serious threat to the unity of the United States, with South Carolina threatening secession, but the crisis was averted. Threats of secession reemerged in response to the issue of slavery in the 1860s, resulting in the secession of 11 states to form a rival government, the Confederate States of America."}, {"text": "The states were preventing from seceding by the American Civil War and placed under military control before eventually being readmitted. The Progressive Era brought a new wave of reforms, including the direct election of senators and stronger government regulation of business. These reforms were expanded even further by the New Deal policies implemented in response to the Great Depression, which created programs such as Social Security. Following World War II, American foreign policy was dominated by the Cold War while American domestic policy was influenced by economic development and the civil rights movement. In the 21st century, the September 11 attacks caused major shifts in government structure and foreign policy. Overview and summary data. Current departments. Since the founding of the United States and in the centuries since then, numerous cabinet departments and agencies have been established as the need arose. The table below provides summary historical data for \"current\" Cabinet departments. Articles of Confederation (1776-1789). The Second Continental Congress became the first independent federal government of the United States when it declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain on July 4, 1776. It served as a provisional government and oversaw the drafting of the Articles of Confederation. The"}, {"text": "Continental Congress transitioned into the Congress of the Confederation when it adopted the Articles of Confederation on March 1, 1781, after they were ratified by all 13 states. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress served as the sole body of the legislature. Each state was to send a delegation of two to seven members as appointed by state legislatures, and each delegation was entitled to a single vote in legislative procedures. The federal government held jurisdiction over treaties, alliances, and declarations of war. Approval of these actions required at least nine states to vote in the affirmative. The states were forbidden from raising an army during peacetime, but all states were required to maintain a militia. The Articles of Confederation tasked the states with raising funds and military strength when requested by the Congress. However, the Articles included no mechanism to compel to states to provide for the federal government, and compliance was voluntary. Modifications to the Articles required the assent of all 13 state delegations, and the Congress rarely had a quorum as there was no mechanism to maintain attendance of delegates. The Congress elected a presiding officer, often referred to as the \"president\". However, this position was"}, {"text": "merely administrative and had no executive power. In the 1770s, executive power under the Articles of Confederation was primarily delegated to boards created by Congress. These included the Board of War, the Financial Administration, the Treasury Office of Accounts, and the Navy Board. The Financial Administration was later replaced by a Board of Treasury. Congress also utilized many committees for specific purposes, including foreign affairs and commerce. In 1780, Congress replaced the board system with fixed executive offices, including the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, the Superintendent of Finance, and the Secretary at War. A Secretary of Marine was also created, but its responsibilities were merged with the Superintendent of Finance before the office was ever filled. Federalist Era (1789-1801). Adoption of the Constitution (1789). State delegations met for the Constitutional Convention in 1787. While the convention was initially held to modify the existing Articles of Confederation, the eventual consensus was the drafting of a new constitution. The Constitution of the United States was drafted and ratified, and it came into force on March 4, 1789. The Constitution established a presidential system with separation of powers and three branches of government that are still in use today. Legislative power was vested"}, {"text": "in the United States Congress, a bicameral legislature consisting of an upper chamber representing each state, the United States Senate, and a lower chamber representing equally divided districts within the states, the United States House of Representatives. At the time, members of the House were directly elected while members of the Senate were chosen by state legislatures. Several powers were delegated to Congress, with a simple majority from both chambers required to pass legislation. Executive power was vested in the President of the United States and the federal officers that answer to the president. The president was delegated powers to enforce the law, engage in foreign affairs, and oversee the operations of the federal government. The president was also given veto power over Congressional legislation that requires a two-thirds majority from both chambers to overrule. Judicial power was vested in the Supreme Court of the United States, composed of judges nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate. Congress was also given the power to establish lower courts. Passage of the Bill of Rights, 1789-1791. The Bill of Rights comprises the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed following the often bitter 1787\u201388 debate over the ratification"}, {"text": "of the Constitution and written to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists, the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government by the Constitution are reserved to the states or the people. The concepts codified in these amendments are built upon those in earlier documents, especially the Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776), as well as the Northwest Ordinance (1787), the English Bill of Rights (1689), and Magna Carta (1215). Largely because of the efforts of Representative James Madison, who studied the deficiencies of the Constitution pointed out by anti-federalists and then crafted a series of corrective proposals, Congress approved twelve articles of amendment on September 25, 1789, and submitted them to the states for ratification. Contrary to Madison's proposal that the proposed amendments be incorporated into the main body of the Constitution (at the relevant articles and sections of the document), they were proposed as supplemental additions (codicils) to it. Articles Three through Twelve were ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15, 1791, and became Amendments One"}, {"text": "through Ten of the Constitution. Presidency of George Washington (1789-1797). The first actions of the new government did not immediately take place following the Constitution's adoption, as not enough members of Congress had arrived to form a quorum. The electoral votes for president and vice president were counted on April 6, 1789, and George Washington was inaugurated the first president on April 30. The Washington administration marked the beginning of the First Party System with the development of the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party. Several disputes over the Constitution persisted following its ratification, and ten amendments were made in 1791, which became the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights established several rights that the federal government cannot infringe, including rights to freedom of speech and expression, the right to keep and bear arms, rights of due process, and states' rights. The three executive departments that existed under the Articles of Confederation were reestablished during Washington's presidency as the Department of State, the Department of War, and the Department of the Treasury. The office of Attorney General was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 to serve as Washington's legal counsel. In 1791, Washington began holding joint meetings with"}, {"text": "the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Attorney General, who together became known as the presidential cabinet. The Department of State's responsibilities were divided between foreign affairs, such as consuls to other nations, and domestic affairs, such as legislative records and the Great Seal. These were initially divided between the Home Office and the Foreign Office, but the two offices were consolidated in 1790. The Continental Army, Continental Navy, and Continental Marines were disestablished at the end of the Revolutionary War and replaced by the First American Regiment as a minimal peacetime army. The Continental Army was reconstituted as the Legion of the United States in 1792 in response to the American Indian Wars, which in turn became the United States Army in 1796. Construction of a Naval fleet was authorized by the Naval Act of 1794, and construction began on six frigates. The president was given authority over state militias under certain circumstances by the Militia Acts of 1792 and 1795. During Washington's presidency, the Department of War developed to include several new administrative offices. The Department of the Treasury was established with the offices of Comptroller, Auditor, Treasurer, Register, and"}, {"text": "assistant to the Secretary. The department adopted the policy of debt assumption and began issuing treasury securities, while tariffs were levied to fund government activity. Excises were also applied, but there were much more controversial, causing the first major insurrection in the Whiskey Rebellion. The Revenue-Marine was established within the Department of the Treasury in 1790 to serve as an armed customs enforcement service, and the Post Office was established in the department under the Postal Clause of the Constitution. The First Bank of the United States, the country's first central bank, was established in 1791, and the Philadelphia Mint, the first United States Mint, was established in 1792. The federal judiciary, the office of the Attorney General, district attorneys, and marshals were established by the Judiciary Act of 1789. Washington nominated John Jay to be the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and he was sworn in on October 19, 1789. The original Supreme Court consisted of six justices in total. The Supreme Court made its first landmark case in 1793 with \"Chisholm v. Georgia\", ruling that states did not have sovereign immunity from citizens in other states. This resulted in the ratification of the Eleventh Amendment in"}, {"text": "1794, granting sovereign immunity in federal courts to the states. The number of members of the House of Representatives was capped at 105 by the Apportionment Act of 1792, and the Senate began holding sessions open to the public in 1794. The first federal criminal code was established by the Crimes Act of 1790, and the site of Washington, D.C. was chosen to be the location for the nation's capital in 1790 by the Residence Act. The United States established early foreign relations during this period, with Jay Treaty, Pinckney's Treaty, the Treaty of Tripoli, and the Treaty of Greenville, codifying relations with Great Britain, Spain, Tripoli, and the peoples of the Northwest Territory, respectively. Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee were all admitted as states during Washington's presidency. Role of US Marshals. Federal marshals were by far the most important government officials in territorial jurisdictions. The marshals thus provided local representation for the federal government within their districts. They took the national census every decade through 1870. They distributed presidential proclamations, collected a variety of statistical information on commerce and manufacturing, supplied the names of government employees for the national register, and performed other routine tasks needed for the central government"}, {"text": "to function effectively. The office of United States Marshal was created by the First Congress. President Washington signed the Judiciary Act into law on September 24, 1789. The Act provided that a United States Marshal's primary function was to execute all lawful warrants issued to him under the authority of the United States. The law defined marshals as officers of the courts charged with assisting federal courts in their law-enforcement functions. Six days after signing the act into law, President Washington appointed the first thirteen U.S. Marshals, for each of the then extant federal districts. From the nation's earliest days, marshals were permitted to recruit special deputies as local hires, or as temporary transfers to the Marshals Service from other federal law-enforcement agencies. Marshals were also authorized to swear in a posse to assist with manhunts, and other duties, ad hoc. Marshals were given extensive authority to support the federal courts within their judicial districts, and to carry out all lawful orders issued by federal judges, Congress, or the President. Federal marshals are most famous for their law enforcement work, but that was only a minor part of their workload. The largest part of the business was paper work\u2014serving writs"}, {"text": "(e.g., subpoenas, summonses, warrants), and other processes issued by the courts, making arrests and handling all federal prisoners. They also disbursed funds as ordered by the courts. Marshals paid the fees and expenses of the court clerks, U.S. Attorneys, jurors, and witnesses. They rented the courtrooms and jail space, and hired the bailiffs, criers, and janitors. They made sure the prisoners were present, the jurors were available, and that the witnesses were on time. Presidency of John Adams (1797-1801). Upon taking the office of president, John Adams chose to retain Washington's executive cabinet. The Department of the Navy was established in 1798, and the Secretary of the Navy was added to the cabinet. The United States Marine Corps was established within the Department of the Navy in 1798. The federal government officially moved to Washington, D.C. in 1800, during which time the Library of Congress was established as the national library. Foreign policy of the United States was shaped by the XYZ Affair in 1798 and the resulting Quasi-War with the French First Republic. The Logan Act was passed in 1799 to prevent unauthorized negotiations with foreign governments. The Marine Hospital Service was established within the Revenue-Marine in 1798. The"}, {"text": "Department of War underwent several reforms in anticipation of war with France, including the establishment of an Apothecary General and other medical officers in 1799. The Provisional Army of the United States was also briefly maintained at this time, but it was dissolved in 1800. In 1798, the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts were passed to mitigate what the Federalists saw as a rising threat of rebellion from the Democratic-Republicans amid the Quasi-War. These laws made it more difficult to immigrate to the United States, gave the president authority to order imprisonment or deportation of non-citizens, and made it a crime to criticize the government or the president in a way that was deemed to be false. These laws were widely criticized, and they were repealed or allowed to expire at the end of Adams' term. Only the \"Alien Enemy Act\" is still in effect today. Jeffersonian Era and Era of Good Feelings (1801-1825). Presidency of Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809). The influence of the Federalist Party was greatly diminished after the 1800 United States elections, and the federal government came to be controlled by the Democratic-Republican Party. Thomas Jefferson replaced Federalist department heads with members of his own party, but he"}, {"text": "resisted calls from his party to establish a spoils system and fill all appointments with political allies. Jefferson advocated strong republicanism and egalitarianism in government with emphasis on agrarianism. Jefferson's political ideology became known as Jeffersonian democracy, and these ideas dominated the federal government for decades. Following the competitive presidential elections of 1796 and 1800, it became apparent that the Constitution's mechanism for presidential elections was insufficient. Under the previous system, every elector cast two votes, and the individual with the second most votes became the vice president. The Twelfth Amendment was ratified in 1804 to modify the presidential election process so that the elections of president and vice president are held separately. Developments in the judicial branch resulted from attempts by the Democratic-Republicans to limit the influence of Federalist judges that had been appointed by President Adams. The Judiciary Act of 1802 established a system of six circuit courts, with one corresponding to each Supreme Court justice. This was superseded by the Seventh Circuit Act of 1807, which created a seventh circuit court and added a seventh justice to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court's power in government affairs increased significantly in 1803 after it asserted the power of"}, {"text": "judicial review by American courts in \"Marbury v. Madison\". The Supreme Court also issued multiple rulings describing the nature of federal power during Jefferson's presidency. It ruled that the president can not ignore laws passed by Congress in \"Little v. Barreme\" in 1804, and it ruled that federal courts supersede the decisions of state governments in \"United States v. Peters\" in 1809. Foreign policy was dominated by the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. The United States sought a neutral stance between France and the United Kingdom. Increasing hostilities by the United Kingdom, such as the Chesapeake\u2013Leopard affair, resulting in a federal policy of banning exports with the Embargo Act of 1807. The ban was reduced to just France and the United Kingdom in 1809 with the Non-Intercourse Act. The United States also engaged in the First Barbary War during Jefferson's presidency. The Democratic-Republicans were skeptical of standing armies and sought to reduce the country's military. Three major laws affecting American military policy were passed by the Jefferson administration. The Military Peace Establishment Act codified the structure of the military as well as establishing the United States Military Academy and the Army Corps of Engineers, the Insurrection Act of 1807 authorized the"}, {"text": "president to use military force to suppress insurrection in the United States, and the Militia Act of 1808 provided federal funding for state militias to serve as an alternative to a federal standing army. The Office of Indian Trade was established within the Department of War in 1806 to regulate trade with Native American tribes. In 1803, the Senate ratified the Louisiana Purchase, doubling the size of the United States, and Jefferson authorized the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore the new land. Ohio was admitted as a state the same year. In 1804, Samuel Chase became the first and only Supreme Court justice to be impeached. The government's first scientific agency, the Survey of the Coast, was established in 1807 as part of the Department of the Treasury. Embargo Act. Foreign policy was dominated by the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. The United States sought a neutral stance between France and the United Kingdom. Increasing hostilities by the United Kingdom, such as the Chesapeake\u2013Leopard affair, resulting in a federal policy of banning exports with the Embargo Act of 1807. The ban was reduced to just France and the United Kingdom in 1809 with the Non-Intercourse Act. The United States also"}, {"text": "engaged in the First Barbary War during Jefferson's presidency. The Embargo Act of 1807 was a general trade embargo on all foreign nations that was enacted by the United States Congress. As a successor or replacement law for the 1806 Non-importation Act and passed as the Napoleonic Wars continued, it represented an escalation of attempts to coerce Britain to stop any impressment of American sailors and to respect American sovereignty and neutrality but also attempted to pressure France and other nations in the pursuit of general diplomatic and economic leverage. In the first decade of the 19th century, American shipping grew. During the Napoleonic Wars, rival nations Britain and France targeted neutral American shipping as a means to disrupt the trade of the other nation. American merchantmen who were trading with \"enemy nations\" were seized as contraband of war by European navies. The British Royal Navy had impressed American sailors who had either been British-born or previously serving on British ships, even if they now claimed to be American citizens with American papers. Incidents such as the \"Chesapeake\"\u2013\"Leopard\" affair outraged Americans. Congress imposed the embargo in direct response to these events. President Thomas Jefferson acted with restraint, weighed public support"}, {"text": "for retaliation, and recognized that the United States was militarily far weaker than either Britain or France. He recommended that Congress respond with commercial warfare, a policy that appealed to Jefferson both for being experimental and for foreseeably harming his domestic political opponents more than his allies, whatever its effect on the European belligerents. The 10th Congress was controlled by his allies and agreed to the Act, which was signed into law on December 22, 1807. The embargo proved to be a complete failure. It failed to improve the American diplomatic position, highlighted American weakness and lack of leverage, significantly (and only) damaged the American economy, and sharply increased domestic political tensions. Both widespread evasion of the embargo and loopholes in the legislation reduced its impact on its targets. British commercial shipping, which already dominated global trade, was successfully adapting to Napoleon's Continental System by pursuing new markets, particularly in the restive Spanish and Portuguese colonies in South America. Thus, British merchants were well-positioned to grow at American expense when the embargo sharply reduced American trade activity. The embargo undermined American unity by provoking bitter protests, particularly in New England commercial centers. Support for the declining Federalist Party, which intensely"}, {"text": "opposed Jefferson, temporarily rebounded and drove electoral gains in 1808 (Senate and House). The embargo simultaneously undermined Americans' faith that their government could execute laws fairly and strengthened the European perception that the republican form of government was inept and ineffectual. Replacement legislation for the ineffective embargo was enacted on March 1, 1809, in the last days of Jefferson's presidency. Tensions with Britain continued to grow and eventually led to the War of 1812. Most historians consider Jefferson's embargo to have been ineffective and harmful to American interests. Even the top officials of the Jefferson administration viewed the embargo as a flawed policy, but they saw it as preferable to war. Appleby describes the strategy as Jefferson's \"least effective policy\", and Joseph Ellis calls it \"an unadulterated calamity\". Others, however, portray it as an innovative, nonviolent measure which aided France in its war with Britain while preserving American neutrality. Jefferson believed that the failure of the embargo was due to selfish traders and merchants showing a lack of \"republican virtue.\" He maintained that, had the embargo been widely observed, it would have avoided war in 1812. Presidency of James Madison (1809-1817). James Madison was an ally of President Jefferson and"}, {"text": "retained much of his predecessor's policy. However, the United States ended its policy of neutrality between France and the United Kingdom when it declared war against the United Kingdom, beginning the War of 1812. The United States government was briefly dislocated from Washington D.C. during the war when the capital was captured and burned by British forces in 1814. The American military was insufficient and unprepared for a major war. Secretary of War William Eustis pushed for reforms to military tactics and readiness, but Eustis was considered to be unqualified and his attempts to lead the Department of War were unsuccessful, leading to his resignation several months into the war. Eustis' successor John Armstrong Jr. was similarly forced to resign in disgrace following the Burning of Washington. The Department of War saw major expansion throughout the war as a result, and it underwent several iterations throughout the 1810s. Conversely, the Department of the Navy was regarded as highly successful during the War of 1812. Following the end of the war, the Navy was updated with the establishment of the Board of Navy Commissioners and the construction of ships of the line. Economic policy of the United States moved toward protectionism"}, {"text": "with the Tariff of 1816. While tariffs had previously been implemented to raise funds, this tariff was passed to limit imports from other countries, a trend that would continue through the 1820s and 1830s. The First Bank of the United States had its charter expire in 1811, so the Second Bank of the United States was established as the country's national bank in 1816. In the interim period without a national bank, state-charted banks became increasingly common and states began issuing their own banknotes, which had no formal backing. Following the War of 1812, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander J. Dallas was praised for reorganizing his department, emphasizing internal revenue. The Supreme Court reasserted its authority by claiming jurisdiction over state courts in matters of federal law in \"Martin v. Hunter's Lessee\" in 1816. Two additional states were admitted during the presidency of James Madison: Louisiana was admitted in 1812, and Indiana was admitted in 1816. Presidency of James Monroe (1817-1825). During the presidency of James Monroe, political parties briefly became less relevant in federal politics. The Federalist Party ceased to be a major party, and most government officials coalesced under a single party for a period called the Era"}, {"text": "of Good Feelings. Opposition to the Democratic-Republican Party was so minute that Monroe effectively ran for reelection virtually unopposed. The Monroe administration saw the American economy disrupted by the Panic of 1819, the first financial crisis faced by the United States. In response, the government reformed how it sold lands with the Land Act of 1820 and the Relief Act of 1821. Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams codified early American foreign policy in the Monroe Doctrine. Under this policy, the United States would oppose any European interference in the Americas as well as any attempts to establish new colonies in the Western Hemisphere. Monroe also continued the process of restoring relations with the United Kingdom following the War of 1812 and fought the First Seminole War in Florida before buying Florida from Spain. The African Slave Trade Patrol was created in 1819 to assist in the fight against the Atlantic slave trade. Following the disestablishment of the Office of Indian Trade, Secretary of War John C. Calhoun established the Bureau of Indian Affairs without Congressional authorization. Calhoun also established the rank of Commanding General of the United States Army as part of his reforms to improve the"}, {"text": "Army's efficiency. The Supreme Court further defined the powers of states versus the federal government in three landmark cases. It ruled that the Necessary and Proper Clause grants implied powers and that the states cannot pass laws that interfere with federal programs in \"McCulloch v. Maryland\", it extended this ruling to criminal charges in \"Cohens v. Virginia\", and it ruled that states cannot regulate interstate commerce due to the Commerce Clause in \"Gibbons v. Ogden\". Five states were admitted during the presidency of James Monroe: Mississippi in 1817, Illinois in 1818, Alabama in 1819, Maine in 1820, and Missouri in 1821. The admission of Missouri served to exacerbate the issue of slavery in the United States. Sitting between the northern states and the southern states, the status of Missouri as a slave state or a free state was hotly debated in Congress. The Missouri Compromise was eventually reached. Jacksonian Era (1825-1849). Presidency of John Quincy Adams (1825-1829). The Era of Good Feelings ended following the 1824 United States presidential election, and the Second Party System began with the fracture of the Democratic-Republican Party. Supporters of John Quincy Adams formed the National Republican Party and supporters of Andrew Jackson formed the"}, {"text": "Democratic Party. Adams maintained the Monroe Doctrine that he had helped develop in the previous administration, and the United States aligned itself with Latin American countries, strengthening ties and negotiating trade agreements. The Post Office established a dead letter office in 1825 to address dead letter mail. The protectionist Tariff of 1828 was a highly controversial development in American economic policy that placed high duties on several imports, and it was criticized for its disproportionate impact on the economies of southern states. Presidency of Andrew Jackson (1829-1837). The presidency of Andrew Jackson represented a major turning point for American government. Jackson believed in a rotation in office system, in which no one individual was allowed to serve in government for too long. Upon taking the presidency, he replaced a large portion of federal officers, which Jackson's opponents criticized as filling the government with political allies, essentially creating a spoils system. Political opponents of Jackson, including the National Republicans, the Anti-Masonic Party, and anti-Jacksonian Democrats, coalesced to form the Whig Party, which would be a major force in American politics for the next two decades. Federalism was more clearly defined by the Supreme Court with the decision of \"Barron v. Baltimore\""}, {"text": "in 1833, ruling that the Bill of Rights does not apply to state governments. The United States government faced a major challenge from the nullification crisis in 1832. The Tariff of 1832 was passed, and while it was a reduction of the controversial Tariff of 1828, its passage still resulted in conflict. The government of South Carolina declared its intention to nullify the tariff, which would result in a constitutional crisis and threaten the union. The federal government prepared for an escalation of the conflict with the Force Bill, but the crisis was averted after a compromise was made in the Tariff of 1833. Following this incident, the United States moved away from protectionism. Several parts of government saw major reforms during Jackson's presidency. The Post Office was raised to a cabinet level department during Jackson's administration. The Bureau of Pensions was established in 1832. The Survey of the Coast was briefly transferred from the Department of the Treasury to the Department of the Navy in 1834, but it was returned to the Department of the Treasury and renamed the United States Coast Survey in 1836. The judicial branch was expanded with the Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837,"}, {"text": "creating two new circuit courts and adding two new justices to the Supreme Court, bringing both to a total of nine. The Department of State was reformed into a system of bureaus, going through several iterations before a system of four bureaus was established in 1834: the Diplomatic Bureau; the Consular Bureau; the Home Bureau; and the Keeper of the Archives, Translator, and Disbursing Agent. The Commissioner of Patents was established in 1836. The Jackson administration was hostile to indigenous populations, most notably initiating the forced displacement of approximately 60,000 Native Americans in what became known as the Trail of Tears. Included in this displacement was the Second Seminole War waged between the United States and the Seminole people. The Supreme Court ruled on tribal sovereignty early in Jackson's administration in 1832 in \"Worcester v. Georgia\", but this did little to prevent the removals. Congress also recognized the Bureau of Indian Affairs as an official government bureau in 1832. Jackson was heavily involved in the monetary policy of the government. He was a strong opponent of national banks, seeing them as inherently corrupt, and in 1832 he vetoed a bill that would renew the bank's charter. This triggered the Bank"}, {"text": "War, a major political dispute over the future of the national bank in the United States. Jackson transferred the national bank's funds to state banks, and he allowed its charter to expire in 1836. Jackson also influenced monetary policy through his policy of Specie Circular, requiring federal land to be purchased directly with silver and gold rather than banknotes. Jackson's monetary policies are often cited as a major cause of the Panic of 1837. Two states were admitted during Jackson's presidency: Arkansas in 1836 and Michigan in 1837. Presidency of Martin Van Buren (1837-1841). Martin Van Buren was a strong supporter of President Jackson and saw to the continuation his policies, particularly in regard to economic policy and the forced displacement of Native Americans. The Panic of 1837 began after hard currency reserves were depleted and banks began refusing the redemption of banknotes. The Van Buren administration worked to establish an Independent Treasury to replace state and national banks. The United States saw diplomatic conflict with the United Kingdom follow border disputes with Colonial Canada, leading to the bloodless Aroostook War in 1838. Tensions also rose with Mexico as the United States maintained relations with and considered annexation of the"}, {"text": "Republic of Texas, which Mexico claimed as its own territory. In 1838, the United States Mint opened new branches in Charlotte, North Carolina; Dahlonega, Georgia; and New Orleans, Louisiana in addition to its primary location in Philadelphia. Postmaster General John Milton Niles ended postal service on Sundays, a policy that still exists in the modern Post Office. In 1839, Congress established an agricultural division within the Patent Office. Presidencies of William Henry Harrison and John Tyler (1841-1845). The sudden death of President William Henry Harrison one month into his term resulted in a constitutional crisis. As the first instance of a president dying in office, it was unclear what role Vice President John Tyler was to play. Tyler determined that he was to assume the presidency in full, setting the \"Tyler precedent\". Though not everyone initially recognized him as president, his actions would set the standard procedure for presidential vacancies. The federal government was in disarray for much of Tyler's presidency due to intraparty fighting, in large part because of Tyler's disagreements with the Whig Party platform and his extensive use of the presidential veto. Tyler's hostility toward Congress resulted in the first impeachment proceedings against a president, but the"}, {"text": "impeachment ultimately never went past the House. The United States worked to improve relations with the United Kingdom following several major disputes in the late 1830s. The Webster\u2013Ashburton Treaty resolved the border dispute between Maine and Canada, and Tyler developed a plan to address the Oregon boundary dispute that was adopted shortly after the end of his presidency. The Treaty of Wanghia established ties between the United States and China in 1845. The Independent Treasury System was abolished during Tyler's presidency, and the use of treasury notes increased significantly. The Department of the Navy was greatly expanded under Secretary of the Navy Abel P. Upshur. The United States Naval Observatory was established, steamships were adopted, and the Board of Navy Commissioners was replaced with a bureau system. Florida was admitted as a state in 1845. Presidency of James K. Polk (1845-1849). The Democratic Party's platform of manifest destiny reached its pinnacle under the direction of James K. Polk, directing westward expansion, justifying the Texas annexation, leading the United States into the Mexican\u2013American War. By the end of Polk's term, the country had claimed most of the present-day Southwestern United States. The United States Naval Academy opened in Annapolis, Maryland in"}, {"text": "1845, the Independent Treasury was reestablished in 1846, and the Smithsonian Institution was established in 1846 as the United States National Museum. The United States Life-Saving Service was established under the Department of the Treasury in 1848. The Department of the Post Office began issuing federally endorsed postage stamps in 1847, requiring payment before shipments rather than after. Texas was admitted as a state following its annexation in 1845, Iowa was admitted in 1846, and Wisconsin was admitted in 1848. Department of the Interior. The Department of the Interior was established in 1849 by consolidating the Department of the Treasury's United States General Land Office, the Department of War's Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Department of State's Patent Office, and military pension offices. A large number of governmental functions were assigned to the Interior Department, simply because at that time there was a lack of specialized agencies to handle many vital government functions. The Interior Department carried out the US Census, managed hospitals and universities, and also handled a number of other roles and processes that were not necessarily directly related to each other. In the 1880s, the department's role had greatly expanded, and it handled the pensions for military"}, {"text": "veterans. The Interior Department was occasionally referred to as \"Mother of Departments.\" When the Department of Agriculture was founded in 1882, it originated from the agricultural division of the Patent Office within the Interior Department. In 1884, The Bureau of Labor was created within Interior, and later became the Department of Labor in 1888. In 1903 various components of Interior Department, including the Census Bureau, were combined with the Labor Department to form the Department of Commerce and Labor, which split into two cabinet departments in 1913. The Interstate Commerce Commission reported to the Secretary of the Interior for the first two years of its life, 1887\u201389, before becoming an independent agency. In 1930 the Bureau of Pensions went to the new Veterans Administration, which became the Department of Veterans Affairs in 1989. In 1977 several Interior functions helped form another new cabinet agency, the Department of Energy. Antebellum and Civil War Era (1849-1865). Presidencies of Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore (1849-1853). The issues surrounding slavery and the Mexican Cession became the primary concern of the federal government going into the 1850s. Zachary Taylor attempted to avoid the issue during his brief time as president, and his successor Millard Fillmore"}, {"text": "enforced the terms of the Compromise of 1850. This compromise included provisions that determined the boundaries of western states and territories, the status of slavery in newly claimed land, and the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 that raised tensions regarding slavery between the north and the south. Settlement of the west also prompted the Donation Land Claim Act and the California Land Act of 1851. Potential conflict with the United Kingdom was resolved with the Clayton\u2013Bulwer Treaty in 1850, addressing how the two countries were to interact with Central America. Relations between the United States and France were strained following a diplomatic incident involving the French ambassador and President Taylor, and the United States discouraged French annexation of Hawaii under President Fillmore. Tensions briefly rose with Spain when some Americans called for annexation of Spanish-controlled Cuba. Fillmore also organized the Perry Expedition that would lead to open relations with Japan over the following decades. Coinage was reformed with the Coinage Act of 1853, reducing the amount of silver in American currency. This bill has been identified as a major step toward abandoning bimetallism and adopting the gold standard. The Department of the Interior took shape during the administrations of Taylor"}, {"text": "and Fillmore, having been created just days prior to Taylor's inauguration. The department was widely criticized as being an opportunity for political patronage. California was admitted as a state in 1850 as part of the Compromise of 1850. Presidency of Franklin Pierce (1853-1857). The presidency of President Franklin Pierce effectively marked the end of the Second Party System. The Third Party System began to form with the Democratic Party losing influence, the Whig Party disappearing, and the Republican Party becoming a major political force. The Republican Party was established in response to the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act of 1854, which essentially repealed the Missouri Compromise and triggered violent conflict over the issue of slavery in the Kansas Territory. These issues were further exacerbated by the caning of Charles Sumner in the Senate Chamber. The executive branch saw reforms under the Pierce administration that established a predecessor to the civil service system that would later be implemented. The Army and the Navy were significantly expanded during the Pierce administration, including the formation of the United States Camel Corps in 1856. The United States ended its recognition of foreign currencies as legal tender with the Coinage Act of 1857, instead requiring it to be"}, {"text": "converted into American currency. The Statistical Office was established within the Department of State in 1854. The Gadsden Purchase took place in 1854, bringing the Contiguous United States to its present-day boundaries. The Guano Islands Act was also passed, establishing claims on several uninhabited islands. Conflict between the United States and the United Kingdom over Central America escalated, culminating in the Bombardment of Greytown. Tensions with Spain also rose due to the \"Black Warrior\" Affair and the publication of the Ostend Manifesto. In Japan, the United States ended the country's period of isolation with the Convention of Kanagawa. Presidency of James Buchanan (1857-1861). Two days after the inauguration of James Buchanan, the Supreme Court delivered its ruling in \"Dred Scott v. Sandford\", ruling that the rights guaranteed by the Constitution did not apply to people of African descent. Buchanan was criticized for doing little to address the increasingly urgent issue of slavery. Other incidents, such as the raid on Harpers Ferry, further escalated the slavery debate and divided the country. Following the election of Abraham Lincoln at the end of Buchanan's term, 11 states declared their independence from the United States, establishing the unrecognized country of the Confederate States of"}, {"text": "America in 1861. The Mountain Meadows Massacre took place in 1857. Further provoking Anti-Mormonism in the United States, Buchanan ordered the Army to occupy the Utah Territory and remove Mormon leader Brigham Young from the position of the territory's governor. The resulting conflict set off the Utah War. American foreign policy continued to focus on Central America in the late 1850s, working to limit British influence in the region. The United States also strengthened ties with China through the Treaty of Tientsin. The Buchanan administration was criticized for its deep corruption, patronage, and bribery. The Covode Committee found widespread corruption in the administration, finding that the Buchanan administration was to that point the most corrupt in American history. The Panic of 1857 began following the failure of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company. This too served divide the North and the South, as the North was disproportionately affected and both blamed the other for the recession. At the end of his presidency, Buchanan signed the Morrill Tariff into law, starting a new period of protectionist tariffs in the United States. The Government Printing Office was established in 1861. Three states were admitted during the presidency of James Buchanan: Minnesota"}, {"text": "in 1858, Oregon in 1859, and Kansas in 1861. Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865). The American Civil War began in 1861 between the United States and the breakaway Confederate States. The Confederacy ratified the Constitution of the Confederate States in 1861, establishing a presidential system similar to the United States. Many Congressmen from Southern states left the United States Congress to serve in the Confederate States Congress, and many more were expelled from the United States Congress. No government officially recognized the Confederacy as a legitimate state, and it was considered to be an illegal sedition within the United States. The Confiscation Act of 1861 allowed the federal government to confiscate any property that could help the South in the Civil War, including slaves. It was supplemented by the Confiscation Act of 1862 that explicitly gave the president the power to emancipate slaves. Slavery was made illegal in Washington D.C. the same year with the Compensated Emancipation Act. Lincoln used his power of emancipation to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, legally ordering the end of slavery in the South when it came into force on January 1, 1863. As the Civil War ended, the Freedmen's Bureau was created to facilitate reconstruction."}, {"text": "On April 15, 1865, Lincoln became the first president to be assassinated. The first military draft in the United States was established with the Militia Act of 1862 and the Enrollment Act. To further the war effort, Lincoln was given authority by Congress to suspend habeas corpus in 1863. Hundreds of citizens were detained by the United States government for expressing sympathies toward the Confederacy for fear that they were spies. American foreign policy during the Civil War was designed to prevent other countries from interfering on behalf of the Confederacy. The United Kingdom and France both maintained tacit relations with the Southern states, but neither recognized the Confederacy or aligned with it over the United States. The Navy first began using hospital ships during the Civil War. The Civil War prompted significant reform to the government revenue system. The first federal income tax was established by the Revenue Act of 1861. It was modified to be a progressive tax by the Revenue Act of 1862, and a Commissioner of Internal Revenue was established to enforce tax collection. The income tax was then increased by the Revenue Act of 1864. The United States began using demand notes in 1861 and"}, {"text": "United States Notes in 1862. The Bureau of Engraving and Printing was established under the Department of the Treasury in 1862 the facilitate the production of banknotes. A new national bank system was established in 1863 with the National Bank Act, and legislation to prevent defrauding of the government was passed in the False Claims Act the same year. The treasury also began printing the phrase In God We Trust on coins in 1864. The Department of Agriculture was established in 1862, though it consisted of only eight employees and was not given cabinet status. The Morrill Act of 1862 established land-grant universities in the United States, the National Academy of Sciences was founded in 1863, and the Yosemite Grant was approved in 1864, setting aside what would eventually become Yosemite National Park. This would be the first time that park land was set aside by the federal government specifically for conservation and tourism. In the judicial branch, the Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 created a tenth circuit court and added a tenth Associate Justice to the Supreme Court. West Virginia was admitted as a state in 1863 to remain in the union after the secession of Virginia, and Nevada"}, {"text": "was admitted as a state in 1864. Reconstruction Era (1865-1877). Presidency of Andrew Johnson (1865-1869). As the Civil War ended, the primary issue was the readmission of rebellious states. In 1865, President Andrew Johnson granted pardons to most Confederates. Four Reconstruction Acts were passed between 1867 and 1868 established the procedures for reconstruction and readmission. The states that attempted to secede were put under the jurisdiction of five military districts. In order to be readmitted as states, they would have to draft new constitutions guaranteeing universal male suffrage and they would have to ratify the pending Fourteenth Amendment. Tennessee had previously complied with the government and been readmitted in 1866, so it was exempt from the acts. The remaining states were gradually readmitted over the following two years. Two of the three Reconstruction Amendments were passed during the Johnson administration. The Thirteenth Amendment was ratified in 1865, making slavery illegal in the United States in all cases except as punishment for a crime. The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868, defining the right to citizenship, guaranteeing rights of due process and equal protection to all citizens, adjusting the method of apportionment of representatives to reflect the end of slavery, disqualifying"}, {"text": "insurrectionists from holding office, and addressing debt incurred by acts of insurrection. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was also passed as the first civil rights law in the United States, affirming that all citizens are protected equally under the law. Johnson had been a Democrat elected as part of a unity ticket, and his presidency resulted in conflict with Congress, which was controlled overwhelmingly by Republicans. 15 bills were vetoed by Johnson only for Congress to override the veto, the most of any presidency. The Tenure of Office Act was passed in 1867 over President Johnson's veto to limit the president's power by forbidding him from removing certain executive officials. Johnson ignored the law, resulting in the first impeachment trial of a United States president, during which Johnson was acquitted by a single vote. With the threat of France supporting the Confederacy alleviated, the United States facilitated the end of the French-controlled Second Mexican Empire, restoring democracy to Mexico. The Expatriation Act of 1868 was passed to affirm the right of a citizen to renounce their citizenship, and it was passed in response to foreign countries claiming that American immigrants still owed their home country allegiance. The office of"}, {"text": "Examiner of Claims was established in the Department of State in 1868 to oversee claims by American citizens against foreign countries. The federal judiciary was restructured with the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866, modifying the boundaries of the circuit courts and requiring that the number of Supreme Court justices be reduced from ten to seven. In 1866, the Supreme Court ruled that the Lincoln administration's use of military tribunals for citizens was unconstitutional in \"Ex parte Milligan\". In 1868, the Supreme Court ruled that all citizens have a right to move between states without penalty in \"Crandall v. Nevada\". In 1865, the House Committee on Appropriations and the House Committee on Banking and Currency were established, taking on some of the responsibilities of the House Committee on Ways and Means. In addition to the readmitted rebellious states, Nebraska was admitted in 1867 over Johnson's veto. The Alaska Purchase was completed in 1867, transferring ownership of Alaska from Russia to the United States. Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877). The Fifteenth Amendment was ratified in 1870, legally guaranteeing that race cannot be a barrier to voting. Following the amendment's ratification, white supremacist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan used violence"}, {"text": "to prevent African-Americans from voting. In response, Congress passed the Enforcement Acts and the Civil Rights Act of 1875 to give the federal government the power to intervene in electoral violence and other acts of racial discrimination. The Amnesty Act was passed in 1872, permitting former Confederate troops to seek office under the Fourteenth Amendment. The Grant administration became notorious for being corrupt and scandal-ridden. The Whiskey Ring, the Star Route scandal, the Sanborn incident, the Trader post scandal, the Black Friday gold panic, and many other scandals and acts of corruption by the Grant administration marred the administration's reputation. The Cr\u00e9dit Mobilier scandal, having taken place during previous administrations, came to light during the Grant administration, further perpetuating the image of a corrupt federal government. Grant himself was uninvolved in most of these scandals and often unaware that they were taking place. In an effort to fight corruption, Grant established the United States Civil Service Commission to regulate appointment of federal employees. Following unsuccessful efforts in 1830 and 1846 to make Attorney General a full-time job, Congress conducted an inquiry into the creation of a \"law department\" headed by the Attorney General and composed of the various department solicitors"}, {"text": "and United States attorneys. The Department of Justice was established in 1870, including the office of Solicitor General. The Weather Bureau was established in the same year. The office of Surgeon General was established in 1871 to lead the Marine Hospital Service. The Post Office Act of 1872 established the Department of the Post Office as a cabinet level department. The Comstock Act was passed in 1873, banning anything that could be interpreted as obscene or sexual from the post, as well as contraceptives and abortifacients. Monetary policy of the 1870s centered on addressing the economic fallout of the Civil War and the introduction of paper money, as well as the Panic of 1873 and the resulting Long Depression. In anticipation of a sudden influx of silver into the market, the Coinage Act of 1873 ended the status of silver as legal tender. This controversially moved the United States away from the bimetallism system and toward a pure gold standard. Backlash to the shift emerged with the free silver movement, and the status of bimetallism would be a major political issue for decades. The Specie Payment Resumption Act further cemented the gold standard in 1875 by attaching the fiat United"}, {"text": "States Notes to the gold standard. The United States did not engage in any major wars under the Grant administration, although there were brief skirmishes, such as a military conflict with Korea in 1871. Grant began the process of annexing Santo Domingo in 1869, but resistance from the rest of the federal government prevented the annexation from being undertaken. Between the United States and the United Kingdom, conflict remained regarding the \"Alabama\" Claims of the Civil War. The two countries resolved the issue with international arbitration in 1872, and the United Kingdom agreed to compensate the United States, setting an early standard for international law. Increased focus on developing and populating the Western United States arose during the 1870s. The General Mining Act of 1872 granted mining privileges for prospectors on federal lands. The Timber Culture Act of 1873 and the Desert Land Act of 1877 incentivized the development of land with afforestation and irrigation, respectively. Yellowstone National Park was established as the world's first national park in 1872. The Naturalization Act of 1870 set standards for the country's naturalization process, and the Page Act of 1875 banned the entry of Chinese women into the United States, effectively ending the"}, {"text": "country's century-long policy of open borders. The Judiciary Act of 1869 reversed plans to reduce the Supreme Court to seven justices by setting the number to nine. The Supreme Court ruled that the Bill of Rights is not applicable to state governments in \"United States v. Cruikshank\", though this was overturned by future decisions. New Year's Day, Independence Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas were established as the first four federal holidays in 1870. Colorado was admitted as a state in 1876. Gilded Age (1877-1897). Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881). The presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes began with the Compromise of 1877. The results of the 1876 presidential election were contested in four states, leaving no candidate with a majority of electoral votes. It was agreed that the contested states would be resolved in Hayes' favor on the condition that he end the military occupation of the Southern states as president. This is credited as a major factor of the white supremacist Redeemers taking power, creating the Solid South voting bloc that would last for nearly a century. The debate over patronage and the spoils system also became more prominent under the Hayes administration, as President Hayes sought to do away"}, {"text": "with them in favor of civil service reform. The Half-Breed faction of Congress advocated for this civil service reform while the Stalwarts became a major political force in opposition to it. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 took place early in Hayes' presidency. After it began to threat the security of the nation, Hayes ordered federal troops to end the strike. In response, the president's power to use the military in domestic conflict was curtailed by the Posse Comitatus Act in 1878. Bimetallism was briefly reestablished in 1878 with the Bland\u2013Allison Act, which ordered the creation of millions of dollars in silver coins. The United States Coast Survey was renamed the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1878 to reflect its growing involvement in geodesy. The United States Geological Survey was established as part of the Department of the Interior in 1879. The Department of the Post Office saw major reforms in 1880 to address corruption uncovered during the Star Route scandal. The first Supreme Court ruling on religious liberties was delivered in 1879 when the court ruled that religious duty is not justification for a crime in \"Reynolds v. United States\". The Supreme Court also delivered a landmark"}, {"text": "ruling in \"Strauder v. West Virginia\", ruling that excluding jurors based on race infringes on the right to due process. Washington's Birthday was established as a federal holiday in 1879. Presidencies of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885). James A. Garfield had run for president with Chester A. Arthur as a running mate to appease the Stalwart faction that opposed civil service reform. Following Garfield's assassination, Arthur committed to continuing work on reform. In 1883, the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act ended the spoils system and established a permanent civil service system in the federal government. The establishment of the Civil Service Commission marked a shift in government toward commission oversight in government rather than oversight by individual executives. The Immigration Act of 1882 implemented a tax on immigration and limited the types of immigrants that were welcome. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 expanded a previous ban on immigration of Chinese women, barring all people of Chinese descent from immigrating to the United States. The government had accumulated a large surplus going into the administrations of Garfield and Arthur. Multiple large spending projects were undertaken, including the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1882 and the construction of"}, {"text": "new protected cruisers and battleships that formed the beginning of the modern Navy. The Depression of 1882\u20131885 took place gradually during Arthur's presidency, peaking with the Panic of 1884. In 1883, the Supreme Court found that the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments can't be applied to private citizens in a collection of cases known as the \"Civil Rights Cases\", overruling parts of the Civil Rights Act of 1875. First presidency of Grover Cleveland (1885-1889). Following the November 1885 death of Grover Cleveland's vice president, Thomas A. Hendricks, as well as the previous vacancy in that office during the Arthur administration, coupled with Garfield's lengthy incapacity and death, Congress determined that the Presidential Succession Act needed updating. A revised version was passed in 1886 that replaced Congressional leadership in the line of succession with members of the cabinet. The process of counting electoral votes was also updated with the passage of the Electoral Count Act in response to the contested election of 1876. The Department of Agriculture was raised to cabinet status in 1889 and the office of Commissioner of Agriculture was reformed as the Secretary of Agriculture. The Marine Hospital Service was reorganized into a commissioned corps in 1889 that would"}, {"text": "eventually be known as the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps. Regulation of transit was a priority during Cleveland's first term. Congress passed the Passenger Vessel Services Act of 1886 to disincentivize cabotage in the United States.The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 was passed to regulate rail companies. This Act also established the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), the first independent regulatory agency created by the US government. The agency's original purpose was to regulate railroads (and later trucking) to ensure fair rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and to regulate other aspects of common carriers, including interstate bus lines and telephone companies. Congress expanded ICC authority to regulate other modes of commerce beginning in 1906. Throughout the 20th century, several of ICC's authorities were transferred to other federal agencies. The ICC was abolished in 1995, and its remaining functions were transferred to the Surface Transportation Board. Policy regarding Native Americans turned from tribal sovereignty toward accepting Native Americans in United States society. The Dawes Act granted Native Americans the right to individually hold land, and the Supreme Court decision of \"United States v. Kagama\" established Native Americans as part of the legal system of the United States. The first Board of Fortifications"}, {"text": "was established in 1885 to upgrade American coastal defenses. Other foreign policy at the time primarily regarded access to waters and fishing rights, particularly off the coast of Canada and in the Bering Strait. Legally, the United States rendered itself accountable to certain civil claims through the Tucker Act of 1887. In 1886, the Supreme Court ruled in \"Yick Wo v. Hopkins\" that laws enforced in a discriminatory manner violate the Fourteenth Amendment, even if the law does not explicitly mention race. Memorial Day was established as a federal holiday in 1888, at the time called Decoration Day. Presidency of Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893). Economic policy under Benjamin Harrison was affected by the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which increased the amount of silver in the federal treasury, and the McKinley Tariff, which raised tariff rates. The United States also developed its antitrust law with the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. The Dependent and Disability Pension Act of 1890 established pensions for veterans. The General Revision Act of 1891 reversed previous resource management policies and granted the president the power to set aside forest reserves as national forests, and the Shoshone National Forest was separated from Yellowstone to become the first national"}, {"text": "forest in the United States. The United States and Germany engaged in a military standoff during the Samoan crisis in 1889, but a tropical storm ended the conflict by destroying most of the participating Naval ships. The \"Baltimore\" crisis risked military action with Chile in 1891, but the two countries worked to settle the dispute. The United States supported Hawaiian constitutionalists in the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1893, and the Republic of Hawaii was established in its place. Regarding immigration, the United States moved further away from its previous policy of open borders with the Immigration Act of 1891 and the Geary Act of 1892, which established new limitations on the immigration process. The United States Board on Geographic Names was established under the Department of the Interior in 1890 to set uniform standards for the names of municipalities in the United States. The United States courts of appeals were established by the Judiciary Act of 1891 to serve as an intermediate court system between the district courts and the circuit courts. Six states were admitted during Harrison's time in office, more than any other presidency: Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Washington were admitted in November 1889"}, {"text": "under the Enabling Act of 1889, while Idaho and Wyoming were admitted in July 1890. Second presidency of Grover Cleveland (1893-1897). The Panic of 1893 triggered an economic depression in the United States. The issue of bimetallism was still a major factor in American economic policy, and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act requiring silver in the treasury was repealed in 1894. The Wilson\u2013Gorman Tariff Act of 1894 lowered tariffs and replaced them with a federal income tax, but the Supreme Court ruled the income tax unconstitutional in \"Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.\" the following year. The landmark Supreme Court case \"Plessy v. Ferguson\" was decided in 1896, when the court ruled that the doctrine of separate but equal permitted racial segregation in the United States under the Fourteenth Amendment. Cleveland once again found Hawaii to be a major issue in his second term, and much of American foreign policy considered how to address the country. The Tea Importation Act of 1897 expanded the federal government into food safety by preventing the import of contaminated tea. The Copyright Office was established as a separate agency under the Library of Congress in 1897. Labor Day was established as a federal"}, {"text": "holiday in 1894. Utah was admitted as a state in 1896. Progressive Era and World War I (1897-1921). Presidency of William McKinley (1897-1901). The election of William McKinley is seen as the starting point of the Fourth Party System, in which the Republican Party held significant power in federal politics. In 1898, President McKinley led the United States to war with Spain in the Spanish\u2013American War. In addition to guaranteeing Cuban independence, the war resulted in the United States taking control of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines, as well as increasing its influence in the Caribbean. The United States also annexed Hawaii the same year. After the United States took control of the Philippines, it become a party to the ongoing Philippine Revolution, triggering the Philippine\u2013American War in 1899. In its interactions with Europe, the United States negotiated the Nicaragua Canal with the United Kingdom, and it participated in the Tripartite Convention with the United Kingdom and Germany to determine the fate of Samoa. In 1899, the United States established the Open Door Policy with European powers, discouraging them from colonizing or exerting undue influence over China. American foreign policy under William McKinley is credited with establishing the United"}, {"text": "States as a great power. Economic debates during McKinley's presidency continued to revolve around tariffs and bimetallism as well as the recovery from the Panic of 1893. The Dingley Act of 1897 restored the high tariffs that had been reduced in 1894, and the Gold Standard Act of 1900 effectively ended bimetallism in the United States, establishing the gold standard as the exclusive monetary system of the United States. The War Revenue Act of 1898 raised taxes to fund the Spanish\u2013American War. The United States enacted its first environmental law with the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899. In 1898, the Supreme Court ruled in \"United States v. Wong Kim Ark\" that children born to foreign residents on U.S. soil are American citizens. In 1900, the Supreme Court ruled in \"The Paquete Habana\" that international customary law is integrated into federal American law. Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909). The administration of Theodore Roosevelt heavily prioritized competition law and fair practice in business, prosecuting and breaking up several companies for competition law violations. In 1905, the Supreme Court ruled that the federal government has the power to regulate monopolies in \"Swift & Co. v. United States\". The Hepburn Act gave the"}, {"text": "administration additional powers to regulate monopolies and trusts. The Food and Drug Administration was established as the first consumer protection agency, and the Federal Meat Inspection Act granted the Department of Agriculture the power to regulate and inspect meat. Following the Panic of 1907, the Aldrich\u2013Vreeland Act created the National Monetary Commission to investigate federal banking policies in the United States compared to those of major European countries. The United States Department of Commerce and Labor was created in 1903 by splitting several offices from the Department of the Treasury, including the Bureau of Immigration, Bureau of Navigation, Light House Board, Steamboat Inspection Service, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Bureau of Standards. The Department of the Interior's Bureau of Statistics and the independent United States Fish Commission were also moved into the new department, and the Bureau of Corporations and the Bureau of Census were created underneath the department. The Roosevelt administration also prioritized natural conservation. The Bureau of Reclamation was created under the Department of the Interior in 1902, and the United States Forest Service was created under the Department of Agriculture in 1905. The Antiquities Act of 1906 granted the president the power to establish national monuments from federal"}, {"text": "lands, and Roosevelt established Devils Tower as the country's first national monument. Roosevelt's policies of corporate regulation, consumer protection, and natural conservation were branded together as the Square Deal. American foreign policy under Roosevelt was dictated by Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy and the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. These policies detailed the administration's involvement in Latin American affairs and the establishment of a modernized Navy to enforce decisions in the region, and they were developed following the Venezuelan crisis in which several major European powers attempted to intervene in Venezuelan affairs. In 1903, the United States supported Panama in its movement for independence and made an agreement with the new country to build the Panama Canal. In addition to the Panama Canal Zone, the United States also negotiated the leasing of Guant\u00e1namo Bay from Cuba. In 1905, the Roosevelt administration intervened diplomatically in the Russo-Japanese War. President Roosevelt personally mediated the Treaty of Portsmouth ending the war, earning him the Nobel Peace Prize. With Roosevelt's foreign policy, as well as increasing recognition of the United States as a great power, the United States military was deemed insufficient. The Roosevelt administration prioritized the expansion of the Navy. To demonstrate improvements"}, {"text": "in the country's Naval power, Roosevelt authorized the Great White Fleet to tour the world. The militia was also reformed in the United States by the Militia Act of 1903, which established the National Guard. In 1908, the Division of Militia Affairs was established to oversee the National Guard. In response to the assassination of President McKinley by an anarchist, the Immigration Act of 1903 banned anarchists from immigrating to the United States. It also banned epileptics, beggars, and sex traffickers. The Immigration Act of 1907 and the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 further restricted immigration to the United States. The Expatriation Act of 1907 also established ways that citizens can retain or relinquish their citizenship. The Tillman Act of 1907 was the first campaign finance law in the United States, making it illegal for companies to donate to political campaigns. Oklahoma was admitted as a state in 1907. Law enforcement. In 1896, the National Bureau of Criminal Identification was founded, which provided agencies across the country with information to identify known criminals. The 1901 assassination of President William McKinley created a perception that the United States was under threat from anarchists. The Departments of Justice and Labor had been keeping"}, {"text": "records on anarchists for years, but President Theodore Roosevelt wanted more power to monitor them. The Justice Department had been tasked with the regulation of interstate commerce since 1887, though it lacked the staff to do so. It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage until the Oregon land fraud scandal at the turn of the 20th century. President Roosevelt instructed Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to organize an autonomous investigative service that would report only to the Attorney General. Bonaparte reached out to other agencies, including the U.S. Secret Service, for personnel, investigators in particular. On May 27, 1908, Congress forbade this use of Treasury employees by the Justice Department, citing fears that the new agency would serve as a secret police department. Again at Roosevelt's urging, Bonaparte moved to organize a formal Bureau of Investigation, which would then have its own staff of special agents. The Bureau of Investigation (BOI) was created on July 26, 1908. Attorney General Bonaparte, using Department of Justice expense funds, hired thirty-four people, including some veterans of the Secret Service, to work for a new investigative agency. Its first \"chief\" (the title is now \"director\") was Stanley Finch. Bonaparte notified the Congress"}, {"text": "of these actions in December 1908. The bureau's first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the \"White Slave Traffic Act\" or Mann Act, passed on June 25, 1910. (In 1932, the bureau was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation.) Presidency of William Howard Taft (1909-1913). As Roosevelt's chosen successor, William Howard Taft continued Roosevelt's Square Deal program. The Mann\u2013Elkins Act of 1910 strengthened government control over railroad rates, and the Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 regulated pesticides for consumer safety. The Bureau of Mines was created under the Department of the Interior in 1910. In 1913, the Department of Commerce and Labor was split into two departments, with the old department being renamed the Department of Commerce and a separate Department of Labor being created. The Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of Immigration were moved into the Department of Labor, and the Children's Bureau was created under the new department. The Department of State was expanded in 1909, with the introduction of many new offices and divisions to conduct relations and commerce in several regions of the world. President Taft implemented the policy of dollar diplomacy to"}, {"text": "leverage influence in foreign affairs through economic rather than military means. Foreign affairs under the Taft administration focused on upheaval in several Latin American countries. Conflict with Nicaragua resulted in occupation of the country in 1912. Conflicts of the Mexican Revolution spilled into the United States as the Border War, and upheaval in Cuba resulted in deployment of U.S. Marines for military support. Close relations were also maintained with Panama during the construction of the Panama Canal. The Federal Corrupt Practices Act was enacted in 1910 and amended in 1911, establishing spending limits and public disclosure of spending in political campaigns. The Lloyd\u2013La Follette Act of 1912 offered protections to government employees from unjust removals, particularly in regard to whistleblowers. The Defense Secrets Act of 1911 criminalized the disclosure of government secrets. The powers of the Speaker of the House were reduced in 1910, and the House of Representatives was capped at 435 members with the Apportionment Act of 1911. Following the retirement of the President pro tempore of the Senate in 1911, the Republican Party could not decide who would hold the position, resulting in a system of rotating the holder of the office. New Mexico and Arizona were"}, {"text": "admitted as states in 1912. The Sixteenth Amendment was ratified in 1913, permitting the federal income tax and overruling the 1895 Supreme Court decision of \"Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.\" Presidency of Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921). The presidency of Woodrow Wilson was dominated by World War I. While the war started in 1914, the United States did not formally enter the war until 1917, declaring war on Germany in response to attacks on American ships. Joining the Allies, the United States waged war against the Central Powers until Allied victory in 1918. American involvement in the war resulted in contentious domestic disputes. The Selective Service Act of 1917 granted the president the power to enforce conscription against American citizens, while the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 criminalized interference with or criticism of the war effort. Conscription was upheld in the \"Selective Draft Law Cases\", and the Espionage Act was upheld in \"Schenck v. United States\". The railroads were also nationalized during the war as the United States Railroad Administration. Following the war, the American Relief Administration was established to provide humanitarian aid to the people of Europe. Prior to American entry into the war,"}, {"text": "the United States military was expanded and reformed. The Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps, the predecessor to the country's air force, was created in 1914. The War Risk Insurance Act created the Bureau of War Risk under the Department of the Treasury in 1914. The Revenue Cutter Service and the U.S. Life-Saving Service were merged to create the United States Coast Guard under the Department of the Treasury in 1915, while the United States Shipping Board was established in 1916. The National Defense Act of 1916 expanded military reserves and upgraded the Division of Militia Affairs into a bureau as the Militia Bureau. The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) was a federal agency founded on March 3, 1915, to undertake, promote, and institutionalize aeronautical research, due to the expansion of the role of military aircraft, as part of the changing nature of warfare during World War I. In addition to the World War, the United States also engaged in conflicts in the Western Hemisphere under the Wilson administration. The Border War with Mexico escalated, resulting in several attacks on American border towns. In response, the United States occupied the Mexican city of Veracruz and launched the Pancho Villa Expedition."}, {"text": "Following upheaval in Haiti, the United States occupied the country to end the conflict in 1915. The United States similarly occupied the Dominican Republic in 1916. The United States began the shift from tariffs to income tax as the primary method of generating revenue with the Revenue Act of 1913 and the Revenue Act of 1916. The Federal Reserve was established in 1913. The Board of Mediation and Conciliation was established in 1913. Further developments were made to antitrust law, including the establishment of the Federal Trade Commission and the passing of the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914. Following the proliferation of the automobile in American society, the Federal Aid Road Act of 1916 authorized the first federally funded highway. Three amendments to the Constitution were ratified during Wilson's presidency. The Seventeenth Amendment was ratified in 1913, allowing citizens to elect their senators directly. The Eighteenth Amendment was ratified in 1919, banning alcohol in the United States and beginning the era of Prohibition with the Volstead Act. The Nineteenth Amendment was ratified in 1920, guaranteeing women's suffrage in the United States. The federal government created its first drug policy with the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914. The National Park"}, {"text": "Service was established under the Department of the Interior in 1916. The United States purchased what would become the United States Virgin Islands from the Netherlands in 1917. Standardized time zones and daylight saving time were established in 1918. Following a rise in left-wing terrorism, the Palmer Raids were conducted to seek out and deport socialists in 1919 and 1920. During the 1920 United States census, the one-drop rule was adopted for racial classifications. Roaring Twenties (1921-1929). Presidency of Warren G. Harding (1921-1923). Warren G. Harding prioritized balancing the budget during his administration, resulting in the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921. This act established the Bureau of the Budget under the Department of the Treasury and the General Accounting Office in Congress. The Emergency Tariff of 1921, the Revenue Act of 1921, and the Fordney\u2013McCumber Tariff of 1922 were passed to fund the government. The federal government was heavily influenced by a group Harding's associates during his presidency, known as the Ohio Gang. This group infamously engaged in corruption and malfeasance, most notably as part of the Teapot Dome scandal. In 1921, President Harding invited delegations from the world's great powers to attend the Washington Naval Conference in Washington"}, {"text": "D.C. Several disarmament agreements were made, including the Four-Power Treaty, the Nine-Power Treaty, and the Washington Naval Treaty, which prevented an arms race following World War I and maintained peaceful relations between the world's great powers through the 1920s. Immigration to the United States was restricted by the Emergency Quota Act of 1921, which implemented the National Origins Formula. The Sheppard\u2013Towner Act of 1921 provided regulation and funding for maternity and childcare issues, introducing both welfare and women's issues as responsibilities of the federal government. The Cable Act of 1922 was passed to give women rights independently of their husbands. The Supreme Court clarified the procedures for ratifying constitutional amendments in \"Dillon v. Gloss\". Presidency of Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929). During the presidency of Calvin Coolidge, the United States developed the Dawes Plan and the Kellogg\u2013Briand Pact in an attempt to alleviate issues that resulted following World War I. The Rogers Act of 1924 merged the diplomatic service and the consular service into a single United States Foreign Service under the Department of State. The Immigration Act of 1924 established the United States Border Patrol and applied restrictions to immigration, including a total ban of immigration from Asia. The United States"}, {"text": "granted citizenship to Native Americans with the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924. The U.S. Board of Tax Appeals was established in 1924. The Public Buildings Act of 1926 provided funding for federal buildings to be constructed throughout the United States. The United States Numbered Highway System was established in 1926. The United States Navy was expanded with the Cruiser Act of 1929, authorizing the construction of 19 cruisers and one aircraft carrier. The Supreme Court ruled that the president has the power to unilaterally remove officials of the executive branch in \"Myers v. United States\", the vagueness doctrine was established in \"Connally v. General Construction Co.\", and the legislative branch was confirmed to have the power to delegate authority in \"J. W. Hampton, Jr. & Co. v. United States\". The Judiciary Act of 1925 defined what cases would be heard by the Supreme Court. The Federal Arbitration Act of 1925 established a legal system of arbitration that allows for dispute resolution outside of the courts. The U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System was established in 1925. Great Depression and World War II (1929-1945). Presidency of Herbert Hoover (1929-1933). The presidency of Herbert Hoover was defined by the Great Depression that"}, {"text": "began after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 during his first year in office. Protectionist tariffs were significantly expanded by the Smoot\u2013Hawley Tariff Act, which has been attributed as a major factor contributing to the Great Depression. President Hoover issued the Hoover Moratorium in 1931, freezing debts related to World War I in response to the Great Depression. The Glass\u2013Steagall Act of 1932 expanded the powers of the Federal Reserve in an attempt to mitigate the depression. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was established in 1932 to create the first public works projects to help the unemployed, and the Federal Home Loan Banks were established the same year to provide housing assistance. Labor rights were expanded through the Davis\u2013Bacon Act of 1931 and the Norris\u2013La Guardia Act of 1932. Other reforms also took place during Hoover's presidency. The Federal Farm Loan Board was reformed into the Federal Farm Board by the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929, and the Laboratory of Hygiene was reformed into the National Institute of Health by the Ransdell Act of 1930. In response to the Lindbergh kidnapping, the act of kidnapping across state boundaries was made a federal crime by the Federal Kidnapping Act., giving federal agencies,"}, {"text": "such as the FBI, jurisdiction to investigate kidnappings. The Reapportionment Act of 1929 reformed how seats of the House of Representatives were delegated to each state. The Supreme Court ruled that symbolic speech was protected under the First Amendment in \"Stromberg v. California\", and it ruled that prior restraint was forbidden under the First Amendment in \"Near v. Minnesota\". The Twentieth Amendment was ratified in 1933, adjusting the schedule for sessions of Congress and inauguration of presidents. Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945). Franklin D. Roosevelt was president for 12 years, longer than any other president. During this time, he presided over much of the Great Depression and World War II. Roosevelt's presidency established the New Deal coalition and marked the beginning of the Fifth Party System. The policies of the Roosevelt administration are also credited with codifying modern liberalism in the United States. Roosevelt developed a domestic policy program to address the Great Depression, marketing it as the New Deal. The New Deal was a series of programs, public works projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted 1933 and 1936. It produced a significant increase in the size and number of federal programs and agencies, such as the Civilian Conservation"}, {"text": "Corps (CCC), the Civil Works Administration (CWA), the Farm Security Administration (FSA), the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA), the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and the Social Security Administration (SSA). They provided support for farmers, the unemployed, youth and the elderly. The New Deal included new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and efforts to re-inflate the economy after prices had fallen sharply. New Deal programs included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term of Roosevelt's presidency. Many of these programs were challenged in court, and some were upheld while others were struck down. Many of these cases set a precedent for the large scope of the Commerce Clause. Nazi Germany began invading neighboring countries, resulting in the start World War II in 1939. The United States maintained neutrality at the onset of the war, providing limited assistance to the Allies through programs such as the Lend-Lease program. Following the Attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the United States joined the war alongside the Allies against the Axis powers. The War Powers Acts increased the power of the president and the scope of the executive branch. The G.I. Bill"}, {"text": "of 1944 was passed to provide benefits for veterans of the war. While at war with Japan, Roosevelt ordered the internment of Japanese Americans, which was upheld by the Supreme Court in \"Korematsu v. United States\". In response to increasing violent crime, the National Firearms Act was passed in 1934 to regulate machine guns and other weapons as the country's first federal gun control law, and the law was upheld as constitutional in \"United States v. Miller\". The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 reversed the process of integrating Native Americans into the United States, and the Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943 legalized immigration from China for the first time in over 60 years, permitting 105 Chinese citizens to immigrate to the United States each year. In relations with Latin America, Roosevelt instituted the Good Neighbor policy that reduced involvement with Latin American countries. The Federal Radio Commission was replaced by the Federal Communications Commission in 1934, which was given expanded responsibilities over interstate telephone and wire communication. The National Archives and Records Administration was established in 1934, and the National Cancer Institute was established in 1937, Fannie Mae was established in 1938. The powers of the Food and Drug"}, {"text": "Administration were greatly expanded by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, allowing the agency to regulate a variety of potentially hazardous products. In 1940, the Weather Bureau was transferred from the Department of Agriculture to the Department of Commerce, and the Civil Aeronautics Authority was merged into the department. The Twenty-first Amendment was ratified in 1933, ending Prohibition in the United States. In 1936, the Supreme Court ruled in \"United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.\" that the president has plenary power over the foreign relations of the United States. In 1944, the Supreme Court ruled that children have rights independently of their parents in \"Prince v. Massachusetts\". Law enforcement. In 1933, the BOI was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition and rechristened the Division of Investigation (DOI); it became an independent service within the Department of Justice in 1935. In the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). J. Edgar Hoover served as FBI director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, and FBI. He was chiefly responsible for creating the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory, or the FBI Laboratory, which"}, {"text": "officially opened in 1932, as part of his work to professionalize investigations by the government. Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure. His proved to be a highly controversial tenure as Bureau director, especially in its later years. After Hoover's death, Congress passed legislation that limited the tenure of future FBI directors to ten years. Early homicide investigations of the new agency included the Osage Indian murders. During the \"War on Crime\" of the 1930s, FBI agents apprehended or killed a number of notorious criminals who committed kidnappings, bank robberies, and murders throughout the nation, including John Dillinger, \"Baby Face\" Nelson, Kate \"Ma\" Barker, Alvin \"Creepy\" Karpis, and George \"Machine Gun\" Kelly. Other activities of its early decades focused on the scope and influence of the white supremacist group Ku Klux Klan, a group with which the FBI was evidenced to be working in the Viola Liuzzo lynching case. Earlier, through the work of Edwin Atherton, the BOI claimed to have successfully apprehended an entire army of Mexican neo-revolutionaries under the leadership of General Enrique Estrada in the mid-1920s, east of San Diego, California. Hoover began using wiretapping in the"}, {"text": "1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers. In the 1927 case \"Olmstead v. United States\", in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping, the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure, as long as the FBI did not break into a person's home to complete the tapping. After Prohibition's repeal, Congress passed the Communications Act of 1934, which outlawed non-consensual phone tapping, but did allow bugging. In the 1939 case \"Nardone v. United States\", the court ruled that due to the 1934 law, evidence the FBI obtained by phone tapping was inadmissible in court. After \"Katz v. United States\" (1967) overturned \"Olmstead\", Congress passed the Omnibus Crime Control Act, allowing public authorities to tap telephones during investigations, as long as they obtained warrants beforehand. The New Deal. The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States of America between 1933 and 1939. Major federal programs agencies included the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), the Civil Works Administration (CWA), the Farm Security Administration (FSA), the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA) and the"}, {"text": "Social Security Administration (SSA). They provided support for farmers, the unemployed, youth, and the elderly. The New Deal included new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and efforts to re-inflate the economy after prices had fallen sharply. New Deal programs included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs focused on what historians refer to as the \"3 R's\": relief for the unemployed and for the poor, recovery of the economy back to normal levels, and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression. The New Deal produced a political realignment, making the Democratic Party the majority (as well as the party that held the White House for seven out of the nine presidential terms from 1933 to 1969) with its base in progressive ideas, the South, big city machines and the newly empowered labor unions, and various ethnic groups. The Republicans were split, with progressive Republicans in support but conservatives opposing the entire New Deal as hostile to business and economic growth. The realignment crystallized into the New Deal coalition that dominated presidential elections into the 1960s while the opposing"}, {"text": "conservative coalition largely controlled Congress in domestic affairs from 1937 to 1964. While Roosevelt's main goal was to increase employment, he also recognized the need for a support system for the poor. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration, started in 1933, addressed the urgent needs of the poor. It spent a stunning 500 million dollars on soup kitchens, blankets, employment schemes, and nursery schools. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration was shut down in 1935, and its work taken over by two completely new federal agencies, the Works Progress Administration and the Social Security Administration. FERA was involved with a broad range of projects, including construction, projects for professionals (e.g., writers, artists, actors, and musicians), and the production of consumer goods. They also focused on giving food to the poor, educating workers, and providing nearly 500,000 jobs for women. The fifteen landmark pieces of legislation passed by Congress during the Hundred Days are: Some of the key agencies established during the early period of the Roosevelt Administration include the following: Post-War Era (1945-1963). Presidency of Harry S. Truman (1945-1953). Harry S. Truman was inaugurated in the final days of World War II. The Allies ended the war in the European Theater following"}, {"text": "the Battle of Berlin in May 1945. In August 1945, Truman ordered the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ending the war in the Pacific War. President Truman remains the only person to ever order an atomic bombing as an act of war. The end of World War II brought the beginning of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Korean War began in 1950 as a proxy war between the two countries following the invasion of South Korea. As the Cold War began, American foreign policy shifted toward the Truman Doctrine, with a focus on containment of Communism. The United States was a founding member of the United Nations, the Organization of American States (OAS), and NATO in the 1940s. The United Nations was created as a diplomatic body to facilitate negotiations and agreements between countries, the OAS was created to strengthen relations with Latin America as allies in the Cold War, and NATO was created as a military body to directly oppose the Soviet Union. The Marshall Plan was undertaken in 1948 to provide billions of dollars in support for the war-torn countries of Western Europe. The Cold War triggered the second red"}, {"text": "scare, resulting in a period of anti-Communist investigations in Congress. The House established the House Un-American Activities Committee as a standing committee in 1945 to investigate those suspected of having allegiances to other countries. Senator Joseph McCarthy began a series of investigations in the Senate, and his practice of wide, unsubstantiated accusations became known as McCarthyism. The United States military structure was reorganized with the National Security Act of 1947, which created the Department of Defense. The Department of War was renamed as the Department of the Army, and the Department of the Air Force was established. The three departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force were then placed under the Department of Defense. The National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency were also created by this act, but they remained separate from the Department of Defense. The Military Selective Service Act of 1948 reformed the Selective Service System. The Uniform Code of Military Justice was passed in 1950 as the governing law of the United States military. The United States Atomic Energy Commission was established in 1946 to address the nuclear technologies developed during World War II. The National Institute of Mental Health was established in 1949"}, {"text": "in response to post-traumatic stress disorder among veterans. The National Science Foundation was established in 1950. The Hobbs Act of 1946 made robbery and extortion federal crimes when they affect commerce, giving the government a means to prosecute racketeering. The Taft\u2013Hartley Act of 1947 restricted labor unions from engaging in unfair labor practices. Following threats of a steel strike in 1952, the government seized the country's steel mills to ensure that production continued. Truman argued that it was in his power as president to do so, but the Supreme Court ruled against him in \"Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer\". Congress was reformed by the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946. Among other provisions, this bill streamlined the system of United States congressional committees, increased staff support, expanded congressional oversight of the executive branch, and required lobbyists to register. The Administrative Procedure Act of 1946 established the modern framework for administrative departments and agencies of the United States government, defining the regulatory powers of these organizations and designating the federal courts as oversight bodies. The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 updated the presidential line of succession, restoring Congressional leadership in the list among other changes. The Twenty-second Amendment was ratified"}, {"text": "in 1951, restricting the president to a maximum of two terms in office. Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961). The presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower saw the end of the Korean War and the beginning of American involvement in Vietnam as the Cold War escalated between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Communist Control Act of 1954 banned Communist organizations in the United States as antithetical to American government. When direct military conflict was deemed unnecessary, the United States used covert means to combat Soviet influence, providing support to movements that were combating Communist-influenced governments. The Cold War triggered the Space Race, beginning in 1955 when both nations pledged to launch artificial satellites. In 1958, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) was replaced by NASA, and the Civil Aeronautics Authority was replaced by the Federal Aviation Agency. The Civil Rights Movement of the mid-20th century began to see its first major victories in the 1950s. The Supreme Court delivered several rulings against racial segregation during this period, including \"Brown v. Board of Education\". The Civil Rights Act of 1957 provided federal support to enforce desegregation, and the Civil Rights Act of 1960 did so for voting rights."}, {"text": "The United States reduced financial support for Native American tribes in the 1950s, instead incentivizing Native Americans to seek employment in urban areas with the Indian Relocation Act of 1956. The Internal Revenue Code was reformed by the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. The United States began the large scale development of federal highways throughout the United States with the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 to facilitate transit and national defense. The Small Business Administration was established in 1953. The Air Force Academy was established in 1954, and the Amundsen\u2013Scott South Pole Station was established on the South Pole by the Navy in 1956. In 1957, the Supreme Court ruled that obscenity is not protected speech in \"Roth v. United States\". In 1960, the Supreme Court ruled that it is unconstitutional to draw electoral districts in a way that disenfranchises African Americans in \"Gomillion v. Lightfoot\". Alaska and Hawaii were admitted as states in 1959. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The Federal Security Agency (FSA) was established on July 1, 1939, under the Reorganization Act of 1939, P.L. 76\u201319. The objective was to bring together in one agency all federal programs in the fields of health, education, and"}, {"text": "social security. The first Federal Security Administrator was Paul V. McNutt. The new agency originally consisted of the following major components: (1) Office of the Administrator, (2) Public Health Service (PHS), (3) Office of Education, (4) Civilian Conservation Corps, and (5) Social Security Board. By 1953, the Federal Security Agency's programs in health, education, and social security had grown to such importance that its annual budget exceeded the combined budgets of the Departments of Commerce, Justice, Labor, and Interior and affected the lives of millions of people. Consequently, in accordance with the Reorganization Act of 1949, President Eisenhower submitted to the Congress on March 12, 1953, Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953, which called for the dissolution of the Federal Security Agency and elevation of the agency to Cabinet status as the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The plan was approved on April 1, 1953, and became effective on April 11, 1953. The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) was created on April 11, 1953, when Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953 became effective. HEW thus became the first new Cabinet-level department since the Department of Labor was created in 1913. The Reorganization Plan abolished the FSA and"}, {"text": "transferred all of its functions to the secretary of HEW and all components of the agency to the department. The six major program-operating components of the new department were the Public Health Service, the Office of Education, the Food and Drug Administration, the Social Security Administration, the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, and St. Elizabeth's Hospital. The department was also responsible for three federally aided corporations: Howard University, the American Printing House for the Blind, and the Columbia Institution for the Deaf (Gallaudet College since 1954). Unlike statutes authorizing the creation of other executive departments, the contents of Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953 were never properly codified within the United States Code, although Congress did codify a later statute ratifying the Plan. Today, the Plan is included as an appendix to Title 5 of the United States Code. The result is that HHS is the only executive department whose statutory foundation today rests on a confusing combination of several codified and uncodified statutes. The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare was renamed the Department of Health & Human Services (HHS) in 1979, when its education functions were transferred to the newly created United States Department of Education under the Department"}, {"text": "of Education Organization Act. HHS was left in charge of the Social Security Administration, agencies constituting the Public Health Service, and Family Support Administration. In 1995, the Social Security Administration was removed from the Department of Health & Human Services, and established as an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States Government. Presidency of John F. Kennedy (1961-1963). John F. Kennedy served as president during a period of rising tensions in the Cold War. These tensions were exacerbated by the recent Cuban Revolution and the Bay of Pigs Invasion, culminating in the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, which threatened nuclear warfare between the United States and the Soviet Union. The United States also sent troops to support South Vietnam in the Vietnam War. The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 established the Agency for International Development to institute programs of foreign aid. The Peace Corps was established in 1961. The United States Navy SEAL teams were established in 1962. In 1963, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union negotiated the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. The Twenty-third Amendment was ratified in 1961, guaranteeing the right to vote for citizens of Washington D.C. In 1962, the"}, {"text": "Supreme Court ruled that the federal judiciary has the power to oversee redistricting in \"Baker v. Carr\". The Equal Pay Act of 1963 wrote equal pay for equal work into law, shrinking the adjusted gender pay gap. The Community Mental Health Act of 1963 reformed mental healthcare in the United States. The Department of the Post Office began using ZIP Codes in 1963. Civil Rights Era (1963-1981). Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969). Lyndon B. Johnson oversaw the implementation of the Great Society domestic program, which sought to expand government programs to improve quality of life in the United States. Major strides were made in civil rights under this program, with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 making it illegal for the government and for businesses to discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, and national origin, and these protections were extended to voting with the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Other major civil rights achievements include the Older Americans Act of 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, and the Civil Rights Act of 1968. These measures were highly controversial in the South, and they're credited with fracturing"}, {"text": "the New Deal coalition, ending the Solid South, and establishing the framework of the Sixth Party System. The War on Poverty included several reforms to assist the poor in the United States. The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 created the Office of Economic Opportunity, the Community Action Program, the Volunteers in Service to America, and the Job Corps. The Food Stamp Act of 1964 created the food stamp program to feed the poor. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, the Higher Education Act of 1965, and the Bilingual Education Act of 1968 implemented far-reaching education reforms and made education more accessible for the poor. The Department of Housing and Urban Development was established in 1965, and the Model Cities Program was established in 1966. The Corporation for Public Broadcasting was established in 1967. The Great Society and the War on Poverty also affected other areas of government policy, including health, transportation, and the environment. The Clean Air Act of 1963 established federal oversight in air quality law. The Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act of 1966 set national regulations on cigarettes. Medicare and Medicaid were created by the Social Security Amendments of 1965. The Highway Beautification Act of 1965"}, {"text": "established regulations to promote health and the environment around national highways. The Environmental Science Services Administration was established in 1965. The Child Nutrition Act was passed in 1966. The National Wild and Scenic Rivers System and the National Trails System were established in 1968. The Revenue Act of 1964 reduced income taxes at every level, and the Revenue and Expenditure Control Act of 1968 increased taxes while cutting spending. The Kennedy half dollar was minted in 1964, and the Coinage Act of 1965 reduced the silver content in coins to address a coin shortage. The Freedom of Information Act was passed in 1967 to increase the transparency of the United States government. Congress authorized the use of military force in Southeast Asia with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution of 1964, allowing the United States to enter the Vietnam War. Under President Johnson, American involvement in Vietnam and Laos would escalate in an effort to prevent takeovers of the countries by Communist dictators, prompting opposition and anti-war protests. The United States also participated in the Dominican Civil War in 1965. The Twenty-fourth Amendment was ratified in 1964, making poll taxes unconstitutional. The Twenty-fifth Amendment was ratified in 1967, addressing presidential succession"}, {"text": "and the filling of vacancies in the vice presidency. In 1963, the Supreme Court ruled that the Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to free legal counsel for individuals charged with a felony in \"Gideon v. Wainwright\". In 1964, the Supreme Court ruled that the Congressional districts within a state have to have similar populations in \"Wesberry v. Sanders\". Columbus Day was established as a federal holiday in 1968, and it along with Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Labor Day, and Veteran's Day were set to always fall on a Monday as part of the Uniform Monday Holiday Act. New environmental functions. In May 1964, the U.S. Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Science and Technology, Dr. Herbert Holloman, established a special committee to review the environmental science service activities and responsibilities of the United States Department of Commerce. The committee recommended that the Department of Commerce consolidate various scientific efforts scattered within and between the Weather Bureau, Coast and Geodetic Survey, and National Bureau of Standards by establishing a new parent agency \u2013 the Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) \u2013 which would coordinate the activities of the Weather Bureau and Coast and Geodetic Survey and bring at least some of their efforts,"}, {"text": "along with some of the work done in the National Bureau of Standards, together into new organizations that focused scientific and engineering mission support for shared areas of inquiry. ESSA was established on 13 July 1965 under the Department of Commerce's Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1965. Its creation brought the Weather Bureau and the Coast and Geodetic Survey, as well as the Central Radio Propagation Laboratory that had been part of the National Bureau of Standards, together under a single parent scientific agency for the first time. Although the Weather Bureau and Coast and Geodetic Survey retained their independent identities under ESSA, the offices of Director of the Weather Bureau and Director and deputy director of the Coast and Geodetic Survey were abolished. These offices were replaced by a new Administrator and Deputy Administrator of ESSA. Transportation Department and agencies. In 1964 and 1966, public pressure grew in the United States to increase the safety of cars, culminating with the publishing of \"Unsafe at Any Speed\", by Ralph Nader, an activist lawyer, and the report prepared by the National Academy of Sciences entitled \"\".In 1966, Congress held a series of publicized hearings regarding highway safety, passed legislation to make"}, {"text": "the installation of seat belts mandatory, and created the U.S. Department of Transportation on October 15, 1966. In 1967, the new U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) combined major federal responsibilities for air and surface transport. The Federal Aviation Agency's name changed to the Federal Aviation Administration as it became one of several agencies (e.g., Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, the Coast Guard, and the Saint Lawrence Seaway Commission) within DOT. Prior to the creation of the Department of Transportation, its functions were administered by the under secretary of commerce for transportation. In 1965, Najeeb Halaby, administrator of the Federal Aviation Agency (predecessor to the Federal Aviation Administration, FAA), suggested to President Lyndon B. Johnson that transportation be elevated to a cabinet-level post, and that the FAA be folded into the DOT. The idea of having a federal department of transportation was first proposed by former President Woodrow Wilson in 1921\u201322. At the same time, a new National Transportation Safety Board took over the Civil Aeronautics Board's (CAB) role of investigating and determining the causes of transportation accidents and making recommendations to the secretary of transportation. CAB was merged into DOT with its responsibilities limited to the regulation of commercial"}, {"text": "airline routes and fares. The FAA gradually assumed additional functions. The hijacking epidemic of the 1960s had already brought the agency into the field of civil aviation security. In response to the hijackings on September 11, 2001, this responsibility is now primarily taken by the Department of Homeland Security. The FAA became more involved with the environmental aspects of aviation in 1968 when it received the power to set aircraft noise standards. Legislation in 1970 gave the agency management of a new airport aid program and certain added responsibilities for airport safety. During the 1960s and 1970s, the FAA also started to regulate high altitude (over 500 feet) kite and balloon flying. Legislation signed by President Lyndon Johnson earlier on September 9, 1966, included the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act and Highway Safety Act that created the National Traffic Safety Agency, the National Highway Safety Agency, and the National Highway Safety Bureau, predecessor agencies to what would eventually become NHTSA. Once the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) came into effect, vehicles not certified by the maker or importer as compliant with US safety standards were no longer legal to import into the United States. Congress established National"}, {"text": "Highway Traffic Safety Administration in 1970 with the Highway Safety Act of 1970. In 1972, the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act expanded NHTSA's scope to include consumer information programs. Presidency of Richard Nixon (1969-1974). Richard Nixon oversaw the conclusion of the Vietnam War and the easing of Cold War tensions through a policy of d\u00e9tente, resulting in the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and the first Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. In response to Vietnam, Congress passed the War Powers Resolution in 1973 to limit the president's power to use military force. In 1974, the Nixon administration was implicated in the Watergate scandal, leading President Nixon to become the first and only American president to resign from office. The Department of the Post Office was abolished in 1970 and replaced by the United States Postal Service. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health were established in 1970. Amtrak was established in 1971. The Legal Services Corporation was established in 1974. Monetary policy under the Nixon administration effectively ended the gold standard and converted the United States to a fiat currency. The alternative minimum tax was created in 1969, and the president was given"}, {"text": "the power to establish price controls in 1970. Many environmental advances were made under the Nixon administration, including the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970. Other environmental accomplishments include the National Environmental Policy Act of 1970, the Environmental Quality Improvement Act of 1970, the Clean Water Act of 1972, and the Endangered Species Act of 1973. President Nixon started the war on drugs, including the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 and the Controlled Substances Act. He also started the war on cancer. In 1969, the United States became the first country to put humans on the Moon. Congressional procedure was reformed with the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970, and federal elections were reformed by the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971. The Supreme Court ruled that free speech includes endorsement of violence in \"Brandenburg v. Ohio\" and speech by public school students in \"Tinker v. Des Moines\". The Lemon Test and the Miller Test were created to evaluate the First Amendment in \"Lemon v. Kurtzman\" and \"Miller v. California\", respectively. The Twenty-sixth Amendment was ratified in 1971, guaranteeing that the minimum voting age could be no higher than 18 years old. The Consumer Product"}, {"text": "Safety Commission was created in 1972 through the Consumer Product Safety Act, to promote the safety of consumer products by addressing \"unreasonable risks\" of injury (through coordinating recalls, evaluating products that are the subject of consumer complaints or industry reports, etc.); developing uniform safety standards (some mandatory, some through a voluntary standards process); and conducting research into product-related illness and injury. In part due to its small size, the CPSC attempts to coordinate with outside parties\u2014including companies and consumer advocates\u2014to leverage resources and expertise to achieve outcomes that advance consumer safety. New environmental agencies and regulations. Beginning in the late 1950s and through the 1960s, Congress reacted to increasing public concern about the impact that human activity could have on the environment. Senator James E. Murray introduced a bill, the Resources and Conservation Act (RCA) of 1959, in the 86th Congress. The bill would have established a Council on Environmental Quality in the Executive Office of the President, declared a national environmental policy, and required the preparation of an annual environmental report. The 1962 publication of \"Silent Spring\" by Rachel Carson alerted the public about the detrimental effects on the environment of the indiscriminate use of pesticides. In the years"}, {"text": "following, similar bills were introduced and hearings were held to discuss the state of the environment and Congress's potential responses. In 1968, a joint House\u2013Senate colloquium was convened by the chairmen of the Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Senator Henry M. Jackson, and the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, Representative George P. Miller, to discuss the need for and means of implementing a national environmental policy. In the colloquium, some members of Congress expressed a continuing concern over federal agency actions affecting the environment. The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) was modeled on the 1959 RCA bill. President Nixon signed NEPA into law on January 1, 1970. The law created the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) in the Executive Office of the President. NEPA required that a detailed statement of environmental impacts be prepared for all major federal actions significantly affecting the environment. The \"detailed statement\" would ultimately be referred to as an environmental impact statement (EIS). On July 9, 1970, Nixon proposed an executive reorganization that consolidated many environmental responsibilities of the federal government under one agency, a new Environmental Protection Agency. This proposal included merging pollution control programs from a number of departments,"}, {"text": "such as the combination of pesticide programs from the United States Department of Agriculture and the United States Department of the Interior. After conducting hearings during that summer, the House and Senate approved the proposal. The agency's first administrator, William Ruckelshaus, took the oath of office on December 4, 1970. EPA's primary predecessor was the former Environmental Health Divisions of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS), and its creation caused one of a series of reorganizations of PHS that occurred during 1966\u20131973. From PHS, EPA absorbed the entire National Air Pollution Control Administration, as well as the Environmental Control Administration's Bureau of Solid Waste Management, Bureau of Water Hygiene, and part of its Bureau of Radiological Health. It also absorbed the Federal Water Quality Administration, which had previously been transferred from PHS to the Department of the Interior in 1966. A few functions from other agencies were also incorporated into EPA: the formerly independent Federal Radiation Council was merged into it; pesticides programs were transferred from the Department of the Interior, Food and Drug Administration, and Agricultural Research Service; and some functions were transferred from the Council on Environmental Quality and Atomic Energy Commission. Upon its creation, EPA inherited 84"}, {"text": "sites spread across 26 states, of which 42 sites were laboratories. The EPA consolidated these laboratories into 22 sites. In July 1970, the Department of Commerce Reorganization Plan No. 4 proposed the creation in 90 days within the Department of Commerce of the new National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), consisting of ESSA; the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the marine sport fishing program of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife; the Office of Sea Grant Programs from the National Science Foundation; the mapping, charting, and research functions of the U.S. Army's U.S. Lake Survey; the U.S. Navy's National Oceanographic Data Center; the Marine Minerals Technology Center from the Department of the Interior's United States Bureau of Mines; the U.S. Navy's National Oceanographic Instrumentation Center; and the Department of Transportation's National Data Buoy Project, although it did not follow the Stratton Commission's recommendation to include the U.S. Coast Guard in NOAA. One basis for this plan was the findings of the Stratton Commission. Accordingly, on 3 October 1970, ESSA was abolished as part of Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970, and it was replaced by NOAA. Under NOAA, the National Weather Service continued to operate as such, while the"}, {"text": "Coast and Geodetic Survey was disestablished and its functions were divided under various new NOAA offices. The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries of the United States Department of the Interior\u2032s United States Fish and Wildlife Service was transferred to NOAA, and its fisheries science and oceanographic research ships joined the hydrographic survey ships of the former Coast and Geodetic Survey fleet to form the new NOAA fleet. In the 1970 reorganization that created NOAA, the ESSA Corps was resubordinated to NOAA, becoming the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps, known informally as the \"NOAA Corps.\" Like its predecessors, the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps and ESSA Corps, the NOAA Corps became one of the then-seven (now eight) uniformed services of the United States, and carries out responsibilities similar to those of the ESSA Corps. Presidency of Gerald Ford (1974-1977). Gerald Ford served as the only president not elected to the office of the presidency or vice presidency, having instead been appointed as vice president through the Twenty-fifth Amendment. As president, Gerald Ford continued many of his predecessor's policies. In response to the Watergate scandal, many changes were made to increase government accountability. These include the Presidential Recordings and Materials"}, {"text": "Preservation Act of 1974, the Privacy Act of 1974, the Foreign Assistance Act of 1974, and the Government in the Sunshine Act of 1976. The Federal Election Commission was established in 1974, and the powers of the president in a national emergency were codified in the National Emergencies Act of 1976. Stagflation and the 1973\u20131975 recession had begun shortly before President Ford took office, and much of the administration's domestic policy involved addressing economic issues. The Tax Reduction Act of 1975 and the Revenue Adjustment Act of 1975 were passed to ease the country's economic struggle. Presidency of Jimmy Carter (1977-1981). Jimmy Carter was president during the 1979 oil crisis and the resulting recession. The Federal Reserve was reformed by the Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977. The U.S. Mint began minting the Susan B. Anthony dollar in 1979. The Torrijos\u2013Carter Treaties established an agreement to return the Panama Canal to Panama at the end of the century. The United States government defined unofficial relations with Taiwan under the Taiwan Relations Act of 1979. In 1979, the U.S. embassy in Iran was attacked and those inside were taken hostage for 444 days in the Iran hostage crisis. The Department of"}, {"text": "Energy was established in 1977. In 1980, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare was renamed the Department of Health and Human Services, and the United States Department of Education was established as a separate department. The offices of inspector general in various departments were standardized under the Inspector General Act of 1978. The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 abolished the U.S. Civil Service Commission and replaced it with the Office of Personnel Management, the Merit Systems Protection Board, and the Federal Labor Relations Authority. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court was established in 1978. Reagan Era (1981-1993). Presidency of Ronald Reagan (1981-1989). The United States government saw significant reforms under the presidency of Ronald Reagan. Tax cuts and deregulation were prioritized, moving away from the New Deal principles that had been popular in the mid-20th century. The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982, the Garn\u2013St. Germain Depository Institutions Act, and the Tax Reform Act of 1986 all served this end. The War on Drugs was greatly expanded under President Reagan, with laws such as the Aviation Drug-Trafficking Control Act of 1984, the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 and the Anti-Drug"}, {"text": "Abuse Act of 1988 being passed. The United States began operating under the Reagan Doctrine during the 1980s, building up the American military and taking a hardline stance against the Soviet Union. The United States provided financial support for groups fighting Communist governments, and the United States military invaded Grenada in 1983 to end a military dictatorship. The United States entered into its first free trade agreement when it agreed to the Israel\u2013United States Free Trade Agreement in 1985. The Canada\u2013United States Free Trade Agreement was established in 1988. The federal government expanded its power over the states with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, requiring states to pass legal drinking age laws or be penalized with reduced federal funding. The Department of Defense was reformed by the Goldwater\u2013Nichols Act of 1986. The Veterans Administration was reformed into the cabinet level Department of Veterans Affairs in 1988. The National Archives and Records Administration was made into an independent agency in 1985. Martin Luther King Jr. Day was established as a federal holiday in 1986. Presidency of George H. W. Bush (1989-1993). The Cold War ended under the presidency of George H. W. Bush, as the Soviet Union was dissolved in"}, {"text": "1991. Following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the United States government lobbied the United Nations to intervene. In 1991, the United States led a coalition of countries in the Gulf War, freeing Kuwait from Iraqi occupation. The United States also undertook an invasion of Panama to overthrow the dictatorship of Manuel Noriega in 1989. The United States government expanded civil rights protections to Americans with disabilities with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The United States underwent an economic recession in the early 1990s. Post-Cold War Era (1993-2009). Presidency of Bill Clinton (1993-2001). The United States underwent an economic boom in the 1990s. Bill Clinton oversaw the reduction of the deficit and the creation of a budget surplus in the United States. The Canada\u2013United States Free Trade Agreement was superseded by the North American Free Trade Agreement in 1994, including Mexico in the agreement. The Internal Revenue Service was reformed by the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998. Internet taxes were banned by the Internet Tax Freedom Act of 1998. The Gramm\u2013Leach\u2013Bliley Act of 1999 deregulated the finance industry. Efforts to reduce crime under the Clinton administration included the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act of 1994,"}, {"text": "the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, and the Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban of 1997, which established strong federal gun control, defined several new federal crimes, and required states to establish sex offender registries. The United States led a NATO intervention during the Kosovo War to repel a Yugoslavian invasion of Kosovo. The don't ask, don't tell policy was established within the Department of Defense, affording some rights to closeted gay and lesbian service-members while banning openly gay and lesbian people from serving. The Defense of Marriage Act of 1996 denied recognition of same-sex marriage. President Clinton became the second president to be impeached in 1998 following the Clinton\u2013Lewinsky scandal. Presidency of George W. Bush (2001-2009). The September 11 attacks occurred during the presidency of George W. Bush, prompting major government reorganization, security reforms, and the war on terror. The Patriot Act greatly expanded the government's anti-terrorism measures, including expansions of government surveillance and legal justifications to treat suspects as terrorists. The Aviation and Transportation Security Act of 2001 created the Transportation Security Administration, and the Homeland Security Act of 2002 created the Department of Homeland Security. In response to the attacks, the United States invaded"}, {"text": "Afghanistan in 2001 and overthrew the Taliban government that harbored Al-Qaeda. The United States also invaded Iraq in 2003 to overthrow dictator Saddam Hussein. Other responses to terrorism include the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 and the Protect America Act of 2007. Several tax cuts were passed under the Bush administration. The No Child Left Behind Act reformed education in 2002, and Medicare Part D was established in 2003. Near the end of Bush's presidency, the 2008 financial crisis began, triggering the Great Recession. The Economic Stimulus Act of 2008, the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008, and the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 were passed in response, and the Troubled Asset Relief Program was established to limit the economic burden of the recession. Present Era (2009-present). Presidency of Barack Obama (2009-2017). Barack Obama presided over the Great Recession and the War on Terror that began in the Bush administration. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and the Dodd\u2013Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 were passed in response to the Great Recession. The United States ended its occupation of Iraq in 2011, but military action continued to combat the"}, {"text": "Islamic State. The Affordable Care Act of 2010 reformed healthcare in the United States. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action was established in 2015 to prevent nuclear proliferation. First presidency of Donald Trump (2017-2021). Donald Trump oversaw the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The Taxpayer First Act of 2019 reformed the Internal Revenue Service. The North American Free Trade Agreement was superseded by the United States\u2013Mexico\u2013Canada Agreement in 2020. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic shut down much of the United States. The Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020, the Families First Coronavirus Response Act, the CARES Act, and the Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act were passed in response. The federal government was shut down twice during the Trump presidency, including the longest shutdown in American history at 35 days. The 2019 National Defense Authorization Act, which was signed into law in 2018, directed the re-establishment of U.S. Space Command as a sub-unified combatant command under U.S. Strategic Command; however, in December 2018, the Trump administration directed that U.S. Space Command instead be a newly established, full unified combatant command, with full responsibilities for space warfighting, which at the time, was under the authority"}, {"text": "of U.S. Strategic Command. President Trump became the third president to be impeached and the first president to be impeached a second time, following the Trump\u2013Ukraine scandal and the 2021 United States Capitol attack, respectively. Operation Warp Speed was a public\u2013private partnership initiated by the United States government to facilitate and accelerate the development, manufacturing, and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics. The first news report of Operation Warp Speed was on April 29, 2020, and the program was officially announced on May 15, 2020. At the end of February 2021, Operation Warp Speed was transferred into the responsibilities of the White House COVID-19 Response Team. Presidency of Joe Biden (2021-2025). The COVID-19 pandemic continued under the presidency of Joe Biden, and the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 was passed in response. The United States ended involvement in Afghanistan in 2021. United States foreign policy under the Biden administration was shaped by the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine."}, {"text": "Circle Country, previously known as Circle, is a free ad-supported streaming television (FAST) service owned by Gray Media as part of its PowerNation Studios division. The network's programming consists of country music oriented shows, western films and rural/blue collar themed material, featuring a mix of original and off-network shows sourced from Opry Entertainment Group (the owner of the Grand Ole Opry, and Gray Media's former joint venture partner in the channel's previous incarnation as an over-the-air digital subchannel). Previously before 2024, the network was available primarily through the digital subchannels of broadcast television stations, as well as an ad-supported video-on-demand channel on Peacock and Stirr, along with national carriage on Dish Network and Sling TV. Cable television and IPTV providers were offered either the network's local affiliate, or the network's national feed on their systems. Circle ended the OTA portion of the channel on December 31, 2023. Streaming of the channel remained available under the Circle Country name. Many of the OTA stations replaced Circle with one of several networks under the new Gray/Lionsgate/Warner Bros. Discovery joint venture Free TV Networks, which is led by broadcasting veteran Jonathan Katz. Opry's programming rights will be utilized on several new AVOD ventures"}, {"text": "by Opry and NBCUniversal, which took a 30% minority stake in Opry Entertainment in 2022. Programs from the Circle Network continue to be available through various streaming providers on the Circle Country network after the OTA service ended. Background. Circle Country was Opry Entertainment Group's fourth entry into television network ownership. From its founding in 1983 until 1997, OEG's parent company (Ryman Hospitality Properties), known then as the Gaylord Entertainment Company, was owner of The Nashville Network (TNN). Gaylord later bought a second country music-oriented cable network, Country Music Television (CMT), in 1991. Gaylord Entertainment sold both networks to the CBS Cable unit of CBS Corporation in 1997 for $1.55 billion feeling that the two then-country networks could grow faster as part of a larger media company. Gaylord, however, retained CMT International. Gaylord Cable Networks took its stakes in TV Argentina and CMT International to launch the MusicCountry channel in Mexico and Argentine in 2000. Then on September 1, 2000, the company launched the MusicCountry service in Europe. Gaylord would subsequently rebrand CMT channels in Australia, Brazil, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Asia-Pacific region's areas to the MusicCountry brand. History. Towards the end of the 2010s, Ryman Hospitality Properties was looking"}, {"text": "to venture back into television, with its Opry Entertainment unit already having co-produced the dramatic series \"Nashville\", along with the end of its partnerships to carry the Opry with CMT, then Great American Country, as their managements both shifted away from music programming and towards a more generic and broad-based focus on Southern culture. In 2018, Ryman had settled on a broadcast television network and began pursuing starting one as they felt country music fans are underserved. Ryman tested nine potential shows via a sizzle reel with excellent responses from focus group sessions. Ryman and Gray Television announced a joint venture between Gray and Ryman's subsidiary, Opry Entertainment Group on April 24, 2019 to launch a broadcast television network in early 2020 and an online streaming service later. The planned network would feature the \"Grand Ole Opry\" archives and performances from the Grand Ole Opry House and other Ryman-owned music venues. On October 17, 2019, the joint venture partners would confirm that Gray-owned stations would be among the network's charter affiliates; they would also reveal on that date the network's name \u2014 Circle, which is a nod to the iconic 6-foot wooden section of stage at the Opry House (and"}, {"text": "that section's original home, Ryman Auditorium) on which various country stars have performed. On December 16, 2019, Circle's formal launch date of January 1, 2020 was announced for Circle, along with a roster of 16 new programs for the network. Additionally, CBS Television Stations was also announced as joining in Circle's list of charter affiliates, bringing major markets to the network's initial list of stations to 56 affiliates covering 50% of the country. As of October 2020, Circle has 99 affiliates reaching 62.61% of U.S. TV households. On November 10, 2023, it was announced that Circle as an over-the-air network would cease its broadcast operations on December 31, 2023, as Gray transitions to a new partnership for its digital subchannel networks, Free TV Networks, with Lionsgate and Warner Bros. Discovery. The final regular program to air on Circle as a OTA network was the movie \"Rio Lobo\". The channel continues streaming via the Circle Country network, with select programming such as \"Coffee, Country & Cody\" as well as \"Opry Live\". In addition, \"Opry Live\" and \"The Song\" will continue to be offered over-the-air via the syndication market. Programming. Previously, Circle (as OTA sub-channel) provided up to 20 hours of programming"}, {"text": "to its owned-and-operated and affiliated stations on weekdays from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. Eastern Time and on weekends from 11:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. Eastern Time. The remaining vacated hours were occupied by paid programming. Circle featured programming geared toward both fans of the country music genre and rural audiences, a similar demographic targeted by competing country music-oriented multicast networks Heartland (which, incidentally from 2012 until 2013, used The Nashville Network moniker once used by Ryman's original cable network venture) and The Country Network. Circle Country's programming primarily features a mix of original and acquired series with a country music or Southern lifestyle-centric format. Circle previously broadcast two simultaneous feeds: one for digital distribution, and the other for terrestrial distribution. The terrestrial feed (which typically appeared as a digital subchannel of a major network affiliate station in numerous markets around the United States) aired classic movies and off-network syndicated programming, while the digital feed (distributed over streaming services such as Peacock and Roku) features more company-owned music-based programming. Those feeds converged for live programming, such as the daily simulcast of WSM Radio morning show \"Coffee, Country & Cody\" and Grand Ole Opry broadcasts, as well as during regular timeslots"}, {"text": "of Circle-produced original programming. As of 2024, the terrestrial feed is no longer available, but the digital (aka streaming) feed remains available as Circle Country, with classic movies being added with the original programming. As the network was under development, Circle Media developed several original productions for the network's inaugural programming slate\u2014aiming to make it one of a handful of digital multicast services that carry original programming, and one of the few (alongside the Live Well Network, which reduced its national distribution outside of sister networks ABC's owned-and-operated stations in January 2015, and its rebrand Localish) to offer a large original content slate. On December 11, 2019, Circle Media announced that it had greenlit 16 original programs slated to debut on the network in Circle's first five months of operation, including a simulcast of WSM Radio's \"Coffee, Country & Cody\" (which had previously aired on competing country music-oriented multicast network Heartland), and the music and interview series \"The Dailey and Vincent Show\" which moved from the show's prior four-year home, RFD-TV. and several docu-series (including \"Craig's World\", a reality program centering on country artist Craig Morgan; \"Fandom\", focusing on the artist-fan relationship in country music; \"Upstream\", a fishing/interview program hosted"}, {"text": "by Elizabeth Cook; and several Grand Ole Opry-focused series such as \"Opry Debut\"). Among the initial offerings were all surviving episodes of \"Hee Haw\". Affiliates. Previously, Circle had current or pending affiliation agreements with 96 television stations in 96 media markets encompassing 39 states, covering 62.60% (or a total population of 195,620,130 residents) of all households in the United States that own at least one television set. It is also carried as a live channel on NBC's streaming service Peacock, and on Vizio's Free Streaming Channels platform on their current generation of smart TVs. Before its launch, Circle Media actively sought affiliation agreements with various television station owners to make the Circle network widely available throughout the United States. The network launched with clearance rate of, at minimum, 50% of overall American television households, in part due to affiliation agreements with stations owned by network co-parent Gray Television (initially encompassing 56 of the group's stations, with no clearance in approximately 15 other small-sized markets with a Gray-owned station) and CBS Television Stations, which provided Circle broad clearance in the 25 largest U.S. markets (including New York City, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Boston, Miami\u2013Fort Lauderdale and Dallas\u2013Fort Worth) through the"}, {"text": "group's independent stations. Circle was not available over-the-air in the network's headquarters of Nashville when it launched, but added a digital subchannel of WSMV-TV on January 31, 2020; WSMV-TV was previously owned alongside Ryman's Opry properties from 1950 until 1981, and was briefly affiliated with Heartland, which at launch utilized the trademark of The Nashville Network. Gray purchased WSMV's parent company, the Meredith Corporation, on May 3, 2021."}, {"text": "Melodie und Rhythmus was a German countercultural magazine founded in East Berlin in November 1957 as a music magazine. The magazine initially focused on dance and easy listening music in the German Democratic Republic, and slowly expanded its content to pop and rock until its discontinuance in 1991. Between 2004 and 2022, \"Melodie und Rhythmus\" adopted a similar approach but it gradually shifted towards socio-political issues. History. From its launching to the 1990 German reunification, \"Melodie und Rhythmus\" remained one of the most popular magazines in East Germany with a circulation of 270,000 copies in 1989, only limited by the amount of paper. Its first issue expressed the intention of supporting music that reflected East Germany's socialist idiosyncrasy, in contrast to the \"dance music from the capitalist West\", including its \"excesses \u00e0 la rock and roll.\" Among the first artists featured in the magazine were the Schlager singers Jenny Petra and Helga Brauer. \"Melodie und Rhythmus\" existed in varying black-and-white formats, covering several music events and reflecting the lifestyle of the country. In 1974, it established a colored outfit and, in December of that year, the Puhdys were its first modern rock band featured; eventually, \"Melodie & Rhythmus\" would become"}, {"text": "the main publication to report the developing \"Ostrock\" movement. Since the 1980s, it started to include Western artists with photographs, greatly increasing its popularity. After the reunification, \"Melodie und Rhythmus\" was acquired by the Berlin-based company Henschel-Verlag which discontinued it in February 1991 due to the flood of Western German music magazines. In 2004, \"Melodie und Rhythmus\" was brought back by journalist Christian Hentschel and musician Tino Eisbrennen. For this relaunching, its content mixed coverage of well-known international stars and artists from the former Socialist Bloc which are not popular in the Western media, trying to \"fill a gap\", according to \"Der Tagesspiegel\". In June 2006, \"Melodie und Rhythmus\" started getting published by Heimat-Verlag, and in 2008, by Verlag 8. Mai, an imprint which also owns the newspaper \"junge Welt\". In 2010, \"Melodie und Rhythmus\" switched to publishing every two months. In 2014, under editor-in-chief Susann Witt-Stahl, the magazine adopted an increasingly political approach, more specifically left-wing anti-imperialist. In the second quarter of 2017, \"M&R\" changed its focus from a pop-critical magazine to discussing the political and socio-economic issues regarding cultural events. In January 2018, \"Melodie und Rhythmus\" entered a hiatus due to financial difficulties. However, after more than forty"}, {"text": "artists and musicians campaigned for its survival, the magazine got more than 1,200 new subscribers and several major ads, announcing its comeback in June 2018."}, {"text": "Zach Brock (born August 2, 1974) is an American jazz violinist and composer. He has been a member of Snarky Puppy since 2007 and has worked with Stanley Clarke, Phil Markowitz, and Dave Liebman, as well as leading his own groups. Early life. Brock was born and raised in Lexington, Kentucky. His parents, Dan and Jenny Brock, were active in the local music scene and met as members of the Lexington Singers. His education began early with Montessori School, and he started learning violin through the Suzuki method. He graduated from Bryan Station High School in 1992 before attending Northwestern University\u2019s Bienen School of Music where he majored in Violin Performance as pupil of Dr. Myron Kartman. At Northwestern he met Erin Harper who later became his wife and the mother of their twin daughters. As stated in the title of one of his albums, Brock's musical career, \"Almost Never Was.\" During his sophomore year at Northwestern, while bicycling through a busy intersection, he was struck by a hit-and-run driver. Bystanders rushed to prevent him being hit again, since he was unable to stand or walk. He suffered compound-complex fractures of the femur, fibula, and tibia of his left leg,"}, {"text": "with the patella shattered into eight pieces. More than three years of surgeries and rehabilitation from the accident set back his formal studies. However, while Northwestern did not then offer a course of study for jazz violin, Brock was allowed to audit jazz classes while completing his degree. Despite the delay, he graduated in 1999. Career. Brock began performing professionally and recording while still a student at Northwestern, His first recordings were with the band Spazztet which also featured guitarist Aaron Weistrop. The band's first album \"Beautiful Impatience\" was later reissued under Spazztet and Weistrop's name and their second album \"Silent Films\" was released as Spazztet. For several years after the turn of the century, Brock led and recorded with his quartet, Zach Brock and the Coffee Achievers, releasing three albums between 2003 and 2007. Around 2008 Brock became a member of two different bands with which he continues to be associated. He has recorded with Matt Ulery's Loom based in Chicago on seven albums. He was on three albums with Snarky Puppy, then working in and from Dallas and on the verge of international stardom. He departed Snarky Puppy in 2011 for other projects, including touring with Stanley Clarke,"}, {"text": "but he returned to the band in 2016 and continues to be one of now Brooklyn-based band's most frequent performers, including on two of the band's Grammy Award winning albums. In addition to his other activities, Brock was a Boyer Artist-in-Residence at Temple University in Philadelphia and remains as an adjunct faculty member at The New School in NYC. Discography. As leader. With Snarky Puppy With Eric Doney With Phil Markowitz With Triptych (Zach Brock, Matt Ulery, Jon Dietemyer) With Matt Ulery"}, {"text": "Governor Thomas may refer to:"}, {"text": "The 2003 Dallas mayoral election took place on May 3, 2003, to elect the mayor of Dallas, Texas. The race was officially nonpartisan. It saw the reelection of Laura Miller, who won the election by taking a majority in the initial round of voting, thereby negating the need for a runoff to be held."}, {"text": "Harrisburg Bureau of Police is a medium-sized city police force in South Central Pennsylvania serving the City of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. In 2021, Harrisburg had the eighth largest police department in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania by total law enforcement employees. Since 2003, the Bureau has achieved and maintained its annual status of an Accredited Agency under the Pennsylvania Chiefs of Police Association Accreditation Program. It is one of only 131 agencies across the state to voluntarily apply for and earn the accreditation. History. Records show that the first police force was loosely assembled in Harrisburg city in 1861, with an unknown number of non-uniformed \"Constables\" making their money from fees of those arrested. Under former Mayor John Augustus Fritchey, the Police Department was formally reorganized in 1888 with official uniforms and 26 men placed on salary. That year, police call boxes were installed (and later booths). Alvin W. Weikert was appointed Chief of Police by the Mayor in 1889; the Chief worked dayshift while the Lieutenant assumed acting control for nights. The first police station was held inside the former Masonic Hall (more commonly referred to at the time as the Exchange Building) on Walnut St & 3rd St, but moved"}, {"text": "locations many times in the next decades, finally relocating to the first floor and basement of the Old City Hall building at 423 Walnut Street after its conversion from the Technical High School in 1929. Following the completion and opening of the Vance C. McCormick Public Service Center on June 17, 1982, the Bureau of Police relocated to its current day headquarters. Since the 1970s through today, the Bureau sometimes participates with local Universities to allow researchers to conduct research and publish articles regarding their policing methodologies. In the mid 2000s, a substation opened at 15th & Drummond Streets in the Allison Hill neighborhood. Following a period of its disuse, it was reconstructed from a modular building in 2018 at a cost of $1 million (funded primarily through grants). However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Allison Hill Police Substation was not reopened to the public until July 2020. In 2021, the Bureau's officers were overwhelmingly white despite patrolling a majority minority city, and in an ongoing problem it struggled to recruit minority officers in what was called a \"perception problem\" with the occupation. Vehicles. In the past, HBP operated an all Chevrolet fleet. The fleet consisted of Chevrolet Caprice"}, {"text": "PPV sedans and Chevrolet Tahoe PPV SUV used for K-9 patrols. In 2016, HBP revealed new Ford patrol vehicles as well as a new paint scheme, ditching the dark blue with yellow lettering for a more traditional black and white cars. Originally, the new scheme was only on new vehicles being introduced, while older Chevy units retained the old colors (until entirely withdrawn from service three months later). Currently, the department utilizes a mix of Ford Police Interceptor Utility, Ford Police Interceptor Sedan, Chevrolet Tahoe PPV, and Ford Transit Prisoner Transport vehicles moving now to an all-black color scheme. Agency structure and Divisions. Agency structure. The Bureau is organized under the Harrisburg Department of Public Safety, along with the Bureau of Fire, Bureau of Codes, Office of Health, and Office of Parking Enforcement. The current Police Commissioner is Thomas Carter. The current Deputy Chief of Police is Kenny Young. Historically, 3 Captains lead the Uniformed Patrol, Technical Services, and Criminal Investigation Divisions. In 2020, the force was reorganized to include a Community Services Division to house the community needs more cohesively outside of the Uniformed Patrol Division. Fallen officers. As of 2025, seven Harrisburg Bureau of Police officers lost their"}, {"text": "lives on duty:"}, {"text": "Small Child Fountain, also known as Baby Fountain, is a fountain and sculpture by Mary E. Moore, installed in Boston's Public Garden, in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. The fountain features a bronze sculpture of a nude boy, cast in 1929, that measure approximately 2 ft. 4 in. x 21 in. x 17 in. It rests on a granite base. The work was surveyed as part of the Smithsonian Institution's \"Save Outdoor Sculpture!\" program in 1993."}, {"text": "Perz is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}, {"text": "Gorsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dobrinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 515 as of 2010. Geography. Gorsky is located in forest steppe, 9 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Gorsko-Popovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "The following lists the number one rock singles in Canada in 2006 based on airplay from Mediabase which was published in \"Radio & Records\" magazine."}, {"text": "Gorsko-Popovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dobrinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 8 as of 2010. Geography. Gorsko-Popovsky is located in forest steppe, 12 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Gorsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Sophia Elizabeth Thoreau (June 24, 1819 \u2013 October 7, 1876) was an American editor. As the sister of Henry David Thoreau and his close collaborator, she was responsible for the posthumous publication of many of his well-known works. Life. Sophia Thoreau was born in Chelmsford, Massachusetts, on June 24, 1819, the youngest of four children in the Thoreau family. Sophia attended Phoebe Wheeler's dame school and Concord Academy, where she studied Latin. She was an active supporter of abolitionism and various other causes. Sophia was also known as an artist, gardener, naturalist, and teacher. Following the death of her father, John Thoreau, she handled his business interests. After Henry David Thoreau died in 1862, Sophia Thoreau served as the primary editor of his posthumously published works, \"Excursions\" (1863), \"The Maine Woods\" (1864), \"Cape Cod\" (1865), and \"A Yankee in Canada\" (1866). She also chose the editor for the publication of Thoreau's journal. Sophia Thoreau's influence on the posthumous publication of Henry David Thoreau's work was often overlooked and attributed instead to Ralph Waldo Emerson and William Ellery Channing. Sophia Thoreau died in Bangor, Maine, on October 7, 1876. A daguerreotype of Sophia Thoreau dating to 1855 has been held by"}, {"text": "the Concord Museum since 2017."}, {"text": "Spirit is an album by the American jazz trumpeter Malachi Thompson recorded and released by the Delmark label in 1983. Reception. AllMusic reviewer Scott Yanow stated: \"This is a varied advanced jazz set by trumpeter Malachi Thompson ... the strong band plays five originals that cover a lot of different moods ... Worth exploring\". Track listing. \"All compositions by Malachi Thompson, except where indicated.\""}, {"text": "Arsen Khanamiryan (; 27 January 1968 \u2013 1 June 2016), also cited in some sources as Arsen Chanamirian, was an Armenian footballer who played as a forward. Biography. Khanamiryan played football in the lower Russian divisions with SKA Rostov-on-Don, being teammates with notable Russian footballer Oleg Veretennikov. After a season Khanamiryan and had a short stay with Russian team Druzhba Maykop before returning to his homeland. Back in Armenia, Khanamiryan initially joined Lori, before joining ASS-SKIF Yerevan, with whom he played for 3 seasons. He is most well known for his time playing in Poland. Less for his footballing ability, but for his antics and his dedicated following from Armenian merchants living in Poland. He first arrived in Poland to join Lechia Gda\u0144sk in 1995. Khanamiryan made his debut against Amica Wronki, and played a total of 5 games for Lechia in the II liga. In the summer of 1995 he joined Jagiellonia Bia\u0142ystok. Khanamiryan was recommended to the club by Armenian merchants, and was picked to play for Jagiellonia against Wis\u0142a Krak\u00f3w. Due to the player having no kit the team provided the player with new boots and equipment in the form of a deposit, with the club taking"}, {"text": "his passport until the deposit was paid off. Khanamiryan scored on his debut against Wis\u0142a, and played the following game against Petrochemia P\u0142ock. Due to the club struggling to find housing arrangements the player and his wife stayed in the locker room. The player disappeared from Jagiellonia, taking with him valuable equipment from the club. While it is not totally known where Khanamiryan went after his time with Jagiellonia it was later known he had at least another two passports on him. After his retirement Khanamiryan ran a taxi company called \"Football\" in the Armenian capital, Yerevan. Khanamiryan had three children. On 1 June 2016 Khanamiryan was stabbed, later dying in hospital. It was discovered that his murderer, Vahram Veranyan, had been having an affair with Khanamiryan's wife."}, {"text": "LP1 is the only solo studio album by the English singer and songwriter Liam Payne. It was released on 6 December 2019 through Hampton Records and Capitol Records. The album mixes pop and trap music with hip hop and R&B production, and serves the only studio album before his death on October 16, 2024, and draws influences from Usher and Justin Timberlake. \"LP1\" was preceded by three singles: \"Strip That Down\", \"Get Low\" and \"Bedroom Floor\", and spawned four further singles, post-release: \"Familiar\", \"Stack It Up\", \"All I Want (For Christmas)\" and \"Live Forever\". Reviews for the record were mixed, according to review aggregator Metacritic, with critics noting how Payne lacked a distinct identity amid the various genres he adopted throughout the track listing. Background. Following the release of his single \"Bedroom Floor\" in October 2017, Payne told Hits Radio that his album would be released in January 2018, saying he had worked with Ed Sheeran and that he \"didn't really want to nail [him]self down so there's some dark pop on there, some super urban tracks and a lot of trap music\". In May 2018, Payne told \"Good Morning America\" that the album was to be released on 14"}, {"text": "September 2018, and that there was \"a good mix of beautiful people on my album, which is amazing\". However, in August 2018, Payne announced that he had delayed the release of the album and that he would be releasing his debut EP \"First Time\" (2018) to make up for it. In September 2019, following the release of \"Stack It Up\", MTV said Payne had \"spent much of 2019 in the studio\". The same month, Payne revealed to Australian radio station Nova 96.9 that the album was finished, that he was \"proud\" of it and it is \"exactly the way I'd want my first album to sound\". He also stated that it is \"very hip-hop and R&B-orientated, with lots of artists that I like \u2013 an Usher and Justin Timberlake reference throughout\". On 18 October 2019, Payne formally announced the album, its title and that it would be released on 6 December 2019. This is the only solo studio album Payne released before his death in 2024. Music and lyrics. \"Strip That Down\" is a trap and hip hop-influenced pop and R&B track. Payne croons over \"pulsating\" synth-bass and chants with minimalist production style. Lyrically, the song contains themes of wealth,"}, {"text": "celebrity appeal and newfound career independence. While talking about the song, Payne said: \"It just sets a few things straight, but then also the chorus is more about stripping back the music. I like to hear it loud sometimes, but sometimes you got to strip it back.\" For the concept of the song, Payne stated that they contemplated what Timberlake would release as his debut solo single in 2017. \"Familiar\" is a Latin, Latin pop and R&B song. According to \"Billboard\", the song \"combines Latin vibes with a summery, R&B sound\". The lyrics are about impressing a love interest in a nightclub. \"Get Low\" is a quick-spaced tropical dance, club-pop song that contains light percussion and a lead tropical house synth line. Amid sexually-charged lyrics, Payne talks to a potential lover over \"buoyant\" synths on the chorus. Singles. A number of singles were released ahead of the album including: \"Strip That Down\" featuring Quavo, \"Get Low\" with Zedd, \"Bedroom Floor\" and \"Familiar\" with J Balvin. \"For You (Fifty Shades Freed)\" with Rita Ora from the \"Fifty Shades Freed\" soundtrack, \"Polaroid\" with Jonas Blue and Lennon Stella from Blue's debut studio album \"Blue\" and the Christmas track \"All I Want (For"}, {"text": "Christmas)\" are also included as bonus tracks. \"Stack It Up\" featuring A Boogie wit da Hoodie was released as the lead single from the album on 16 September 2019. The song \"Live Forever\" featuring electronic music DJ trio Cheat Codes was also released simultaneously alongside the album on 6 December 2019. Critical reception. \"LP1\" was met with mixed to negative reviews. According to Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 44 out of 100, which indicates \"mixed or average reviews\" based on seven reviews. It was the worst reviewed album with seven reviews or more of 2019 on the site. Helen Brown of \"The Independent\" wrote \"he's got a nice set of pipes. He gets the songs across. But without imposing any personality on them he's just, well, a singing six-pack\" and that \"it's all fine: shiny and efficient pop, smelling of body oil and new car upholstery. But Payne treats each track like a rental car. He gives each song a spin and hands the keys back like a good lad without leaving a trace,\" ending the review by stating \"he's gone from One Direction"}, {"text": "to One Dimensional\". Mark Kennedy, writing for ABC News, called the album \"embarrassing\" while writing that the album \"never really gets off the ground, a collection of monotonous club songs that often sound like warmed-over Justin Bieber rejects.\" He further criticised Payne's decision to add \"offerings [that] are more than two years old\" and the fact that Payne only co-wrote four songs, although he did compliment \"Stack It Up\". Laura Snapes of \"The Guardian\" opined that it is a \"terrible pop album, but very effective contraception\". Michael Cragg, also of \"The Guardian\", called the album \"genre-ticking anonymity\" and \"occasionally painful yet weirdly Payne-less.\" El Hunt of \"NME\" felt Payne was \"so focused on ticking boxes that he forgets to have fun\" and that it \"shows a more grown-up side to the former One Direction member, and cherry-picks from pretty much every genre that's in vogue right now. The problem is that it doesn't tell us much about Liam Payne\" while particularly talking down on \"Both Ways\". Hunt did, however, note that the album \"can be fun when it does loosen up a little more\", naming \"Familiar\", \"Heart Meet Break\", and \"Bedroom Floor\" as standout tracks. Rawiya Kameir of \"Pitchfork\" was"}, {"text": "critical, calling Payne \"another pop star flailing to find his identity amid trend-hopping production and half-baked lyrics\" and that \"listening to \"LP1\", you almost feel sorry for Payne. It's maybe more pathetic to have failed not for risking too much, but after seeming to have tried so little.\" Neil Z. Yeung of AllMusic wrote that Payne \"tackles hip-hop and electronic genres but struggles to distinguish himself from the crop of similar-sounding contemporaries\" and that a majority of the songs \"sound more like a streaming playlist set to shuffle\" while adding that the album is \"front-loaded with mostly forgettable trifles\" and \"saved by this bountiful back-end, which plays like an early prediction of a potential greatest-hits collection\" while advising Payne to \"find a more distinctive vision and a team who can better utilize his strong vocals.\" Yeung also added that the album's best tracks include featured artists, particuraly praising \"For You\" as the album's best track while also complimenting \"Familiar\", \"Get Low\", and \"Stack It Up\". Writing for \"The Times\", Will Hodgkinson called the album \"dull\" but praised Payne's \"strong voice\". A.D. Amorosi, writing for \"Variety\", opined that \"the writing and singing aren't strong enough and come across as C-level Timberlake"}, {"text": "material\" while ending the review by saying \"during 'Home with You', one of Payne's better singles not included on this album, the singer claims: 'Too many cooks in the kitchen / Too many fools here listening / Why don't we find somewhere quiet, quiet.' Liam Payne should have taken his own advice.\" Lauren Murphy of \"entertainment.ie\" called the songs \"indistinguishable\" and the album \"a wasted opportunity\" and \"dull\", noting that the album \"sounds like a collection of songs \u2013 not a cohesive album\". Thomas Green, writing for the \"i\", stated that \"One Direction's devoted fans will love this, but nobody else will\" while commenting that the album \"should make lots of money. Not much else about it seems to matter to Payne.\" He also opined that the second half of the album, \"stacked with tunes he's released over the last three years\" is \"more enjoyable\" than the newer releases. The album specifically received heavy criticism from critics and the general public for fetishising bisexual women in the track \"Both Ways\". Some reviews were more positive, with Rachel McGrath of the \"Evening Standard\" opining that Payne \"finds the perfect middle ground\" and writing that the album is \"perfectly packaged hits that"}, {"text": "see him reaffirm his love for hip-hop, dabble with reggaeton and even croon a Christmas track.\" Markos Papadatos of the \"Digital Journal\" penned that the album was \"incredible\", calling it \"worth the wait\" and \"all heart and soul, and it is highly recommended for all.\" Commercial performance. \"LP1\" peaked at number 17 on the UK Albums Chart. It left the Top 50 the next week and spent a further five weeks in the bottom half of the Top 100. The album debuted and peaked at number 111 on the US \"Billboard\" 200. Credits and personnel. Credits adapted from the album's liner notes."}, {"text": "Thomas James DePaso (born February 22, 1956) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) who played for the Cincinnati Bengals. He played college football at Penn State University."}, {"text": "Mira Nakashima-Yarnall (born 1942) is an architect and furniture maker. She is the daughter of George Nakashima and is now the President and Creative Director of George Nakashima, Woodworker. Early life and education. Nakashima was born in 1942 in Seattle, Washington. When Mira was six weeks old, during World War II, she was sent with her parents to the Minidoka War Relocation Center in Idaho. During their internment, her father George learned woodworking under master carpenter Gentaro Hikogawa. In 1943 the family was sponsored by architect Antonin Raymond for release from the camp, and they relocated to New Hope, Pennsylvania. An image from 1945 shows the Nakashima family gathered for dinner in their Pennsylvania home. Nakashima was interested in studying music or languages, but her father urged her to follow in his footsteps and study architecture. She attended Harvard University and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1963. She went on to receive a master's degree in architecture from Waseda University in Tokyo. Woodworking career. Nakashima began her woodworking career in 1970 when her father offered her a job in his furniture making workshop and built her a home across the road. Of working with her father, Nakashima states"}, {"text": "\"I was pretty much the understudy... I can't count the number of times I was fired while Dad was alive. It was very good discipline.\" Over time, Nakashima learned to build all of her father's designs. When George died in 1990 she took over the furniture making business, continuing to produce his designs as well as her own. Nakashima picked up right where her father left off, continuing his tradition as well as exploring some new possibilities. In addition to the foundational philosophies of George Nakashima to create forms that are reminiscent to the trees, Mira Nakashima instilled the importance of collaboration among the woodworkers and artisans work. In 2003, Nakashima published a book titled \"Nature, Form & Spirit: The Life and Legacy of George Nakashima\" which coincided with a documentary film and an exhibit of George Nakashima work at the Mingei International Museum in San Diego. In 2001, Nakashima held an exhibition at Moderne Gallery in Philadelphia showcasing her father's original work alongside new works created under her supervision. \"The Keisho Collection: Continuity and Change in the Nakashima Tradition\" was the first catalogue of works designed and produced by Mira Nakashima and was meant to show the new direction"}, {"text": "in the Nakashima Studio. Work from the Keisho collection have been exhibited at Mingei International Museum in San Diego, the Sun Valley Center for the Arts in Idaho, and the Japanese American National Museum in Los Angeles. In 2003, she designed and produced chairs for the Concordia Chamber Players, which are now sold as the Concordia Chair in the Nakashima line. She displayed work at the Moderne Gallery again in September 2013, in an exhibition titled \"Nakashima Woodworkers: An Evolving Legacy.\" In 2019 she curated a show at the Michener Art Museum titled \"Nakashima Looks: Studio Furniture at the Michener.\" The exhibition featured her own work alongside work by Wharton Esherick, Isamu Noguchi, Harry Bertoia, Phillip Lloyd Powell, Paul Evans, and No\u00e9mi Raymond. A piece that was displayed at the exhibition titled \"Tsuitate Sofa,\" exemplifies Nakashima's intricate approach to woodworking, while still keeping true to her father's sense of design. In 2020, she collaborated with architect John Heah to produce furniture for the Connaught Grill in London. In 2007, Mira Nakashima was featured in a LANDSCAPE episode of Craft in America on PBS. In 2010, she was interviewed by oral historian James McElhinney, for the Archives of American Art's Nanette"}, {"text": "L. Laitman Documentation Project for Craft and Decorative Arts in America. Nakashima and her studio were featured in Nick Offerman's 2016 book \"Good Clean Fun\". On March 11, 2023, Nakashima gave a public lecture at the Gardner Center for Asian Art and Ideas at the Seattle Asian Art Museum as part of their 2022\u20132023 Saturday University Lecture Series. When asked what kind of legacy she would like to leave behind to the next generation of woodworkers, Nakashima offered a summation of her artistic philosophy: \"Harvest materials sustainably and replant as many trees as possible. Know and respect the woods local to your area and use them whenever possible... Do not imitate forms, but create your own. Remember that less is more; don\u2019t complicate things just to be different.\" The highest known auction record for Mira Nakashima's work was set in 2018 at the Freeman's design auction when a Claro walnut dining table and set of eight Conoid chairs in the studio's signature style sold for $150,000. Personal life. Her daughter, Maria, is an architect living in Winnipeg."}, {"text": "The 2019\u201320 IUPUI Jaguars men's basketball team represented Indiana University\u2013Purdue University Indianapolis in the 2019\u201320 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Jaguars, led by interim head coach Byron Rimm II, played their home games at Indiana Farmers Coliseum in Indianapolis, Indiana as members of the Horizon League. They finished the season 7\u201325, 3\u201315 in Horizon League play, to finish in last place. They lost in the first round of the Horizon League tournament to UIC. Previous season. The Jaguars finished the 2018\u201319 season 16\u201317 overall, 8\u201310 in Horizon League play, to finish in a three-way tie for sixth place. In the Horizon League tournament, they were defeated by top-seeded Wright State in the quarterfinals. They received an invitation to the CIT, where they were defeated by Marshall in the first round. Offseason. In August 2019, Jason Gardner resigned as head basketball coach at IUPUI following an arrest for OWI in Indianapolis. Assistant coach Byron Rimm II was named interim head coach for the season. Rimm then hired Brian Burton to round out the coaching staff for the season. Schedule and results. !colspan=12 style=| Exhibition !colspan=12 style=| Non-conference regular season !colspan=9 style=| Horizon League regular season !colspan=12 style=| Horizon League"}, {"text": "tournament Source:"}, {"text": "KVOS v. Associated Press, 299 U.S. 269 (1936), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held an association of newspapers cannot sue collectively to raise their projected damages above the minimum damages required for federal jurisdiction when only individual newspapers are parties to unfair competition."}, {"text": "David John Klug (born May 17, 1958) is a former professional American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) who played for the Kansas City Chiefs. He played college football at Concordia College (MN)."}, {"text": "Triton Babies Fountain is a fountain and sculpture by Anna Coleman Ladd, installed in Boston's Public Garden, in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It features a bronze sculpture, cast in 1922, that depicts a boy and girl and measures approximately 2 ft. 3 in. x 19 in. x 39 in. The statue rests on a granite base measuring approximately 2 ft. 6 in. x 18 in. x 31 in. The work was surveyed as part of the Smithsonian Institution's \"Save Outdoor Sculpture!\" program in 1993. A contemporary news item refers to the sculpture, a gift from Mrs. Boylston Beal, as \"two Cupids, about life size\"."}, {"text": "Gibbs v. Buck, 307 U.S. 66 (1939), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court had two main holdings. First, an association of copyright holders, ASCAP, may sum their collective costs to meet the damages threshold for federal jurisdiction. Second, a motion to dismiss allegations that raise \"grave doubts about the constitutionality\" of legislation should be denied."}, {"text": "Brisket is a popular Ashkenazi Jewish dish of braised beef brisket, served hot and traditionally accompanied by potato or other non-dairy kugel, latkes, and often preceded by matzo ball soup. It is commonly served for Jewish holidays such as Hanukkah, Passover, Rosh Hashanah, and Shabbat. It is commonly found in Jewish communities worldwide, though it is most commonly associated with Jews in the United States, where it has been considered the most important and iconic Jewish main course since the early 20th century. Overview. In traditional Jewish cooking, brisket is most often slow cooked in an oven for many hours at a low temperature, which helps tenderize the otherwise-tough meat. Brisket is especially popular as a holiday main course, usually served at Rosh Hashanah, Passover, Hanukkah, and on Shabbat. For reasons of economics and kashrut, it was historically one of the more popular cuts of beef among Ashkenazi Jews. History. Brisket has been eaten by Ashkenazi Jews in Europe for special occasions such as Passover, since at least the 1700s. Brisket is tough, but cheap, and if cooked for many hours at a low temperature it becomes tender. Brisket became popular among Ashkenazi Jews due to its low cost; farmers"}, {"text": "would sell the expensive cuts and keep the cheaper ones. Ashkenazi Jewish refugees brought shtetl cooking with them, and introduced brisket to the general American population. Brisket then went on to become one of the most important foods in Jewish cuisine and culture, especially in America. Preparation. Brisket is prepared in a wide variety of ways by Ashkenazi Jews. Brisket is cooked for several hours at a low temperature and is cooked with a flavorful sauce and root vegetables. It is commonly seasoned or cooked with a sauce, such as chili sauce or ketchup, or even Coca-Cola, and vegetables such as onions, garlic, potatoes and carrots are added and the brisket is then cooked for several hours in an oven. In modern times a slow cooker has also become a popular cooking method for brisket. One of the most common ways brisket is prepared in American Jewish cuisine is called a sweet-and-sour brisket and consists of a brisket cooked in a sauce containing crushed tomatoes, seasonings, brown sugar, vinegar, and beef or chicken stock. Another preparation of brisket is marinated and cooked with a sauce containing brewed coffee. Uses. Brisket is commonly eaten on its own, or alongside pareve kugel"}, {"text": "(potato or noodle), or matzah ball soup. The leftovers of brisket are traditionally used in a variety of ways, such as in cholent, chamin, and other soups or stews, as well as in sandwiches."}, {"text": "Buck v. Gallagher, 307 U.S. 95 (1939), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court had two main holdings. First, American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) members have a common and undivided interest in the right to license in association through the Society free of the state statute. Second, the lower court should have allowed ASCAP members the opportunity to price the cost of complying with the statute and the value of the copyrights affected by it."}, {"text": "Blanche Luela Altizer Smith (July 16, 1928 \u2013 December 30, 1998) was inducted into the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame in 1976. Life. Blanche Luela Altizer was born on July 16, 1928, into a Southern Texas ranching family. She was the older sister of the ProRodeo Hall of Fame calf and steer roper Jim Bob Altizer. She married Floyd E. \"Bud\" Smith, and they had two sons, Olie and Jimmy. When their parents died, Olie and Jimmy carried on the ranch and rodeo tradition and live in the Sonora, Texas, area. Blanche's nephew Mack, Jim Bob's son, was a professional rodeo stock contractor for many years as the owner of Bad Company Rodeo. Her niece Sherry, Jim Bob's daughter, was a professional rodeo cowgirl who competed in the Women's Professional Rodeo Association (WPRA). Career. Smith competed in professional calf roping with much success, becoming a champion several times. She competed at major rodeos in Texas, many times competing against men. She also competed as a barrel racer and as a team roper. In another vein, she served as secretary and timer. Later, Smith was first one of the association secretaries and then one of the founding directors of"}, {"text": "the Girls Rodeo Association (GRA) in 1948. Additionally, she served as the Team/Tying/Cow Milking Director. The GRA later became the Women's Professional Rodeo Association (WPRA). The GRA was officially formed on February 23, 1948, by 23 women who met with this intention at the San Angelus Hotel in San Angelo, Texas. Smith was one of the officers elected that day. The GRA lobbied to increase the amount of prize money for the barrel racing event as one of their first actions. One of the first rodeos to agree to these terms was the West of the Pecos Rodeo by adding money for the event by four places. Another action the GRA took was to adopt the clover leaf pattern, which is still in use, and minimal rule changes were made. Death. Smith died on December 30, 1998."}, {"text": "Marsh v. Buck, 313 U.S. 406 (1941), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held General statements that the law will be enforced if enacted are not threats against entities subject to the law."}, {"text": "The World War II Memorial by John Francis Paramino is installed in the Back Bay Fens in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It was completed during 1947\u20131949, copyrighted in 1948, and erected in 1949. The bronze and granite war memorial features an allegorical statue of winged female figure of Victory. Behind her is a wall with 27 bronze plaques listing the names of people who died in World War II. The work was surveyed as part of the Smithsonian Institution's \"Save Outdoor Sculpture!\" program in 1993."}, {"text": "Deshabandu Wimala de Silva (2 June 1920 \u2013 15 April 2007) was a prominent Sri Lankan educationist and social activist. She was a former chancellor of the University of Sri Jayawardenepura and founding principal of Devi Balika Vidyalaya, which is now one of the leading national schools in Sri Lanka in terms of academic achievement. During her lifetime, she was widely known for her research and efforts on raising issues and concerns regarding the gender inequality in Sri Lanka. Career. She graduated from the University of Ceylon in 1942 at the age of 22 and won scholarship for postgraduate studies at the Institute of Education in London. In the same institute, she obtained her Teacher's Diploma in 1949. Wimala founded the Devi Balika Vidyalaya at the age of 32 in 1953 and served as the head principal of the school for over ten years. She initiated it as a government collegiate school, which was the first school to be introduced in Sri Lanka as a government collegiate school. During her tenure as the founding principal of Devi Balika Vidyalaya, the school became one of the important leading education institutes in the country. She also notably worked with prominent human rights"}, {"text": "activist Jezima Ismail who also served as a teacher at the Devi Balika Vidyalaya. She also served as President of the Sri Lanka Federation of University Women on three different time periods. In 1980, she became the first Sri Lankan to be elected to the Council of the International Federation of University Women. She was appointed as the chancellor of University of Sri Jayawardenapura in 1983 and became Sri Lanka's first female university chancellor. She took charge as university chancellor in 1984 and served in the position until 1989. She was honoured with the national prestigious title of Deshabandu by the Government of Sri Lanka in 1986 for her key services and contributions to the development of national education. In 1998, she also received Zonta Award from the Zonta International."}, {"text": "NBLxNBA is a series involving clubs from the National Basketball League (NBL) of Australia and New Zealand and the National Basketball Association (NBA) of the United States and Canada. The series started in 2017 for each league's 2017\u201318 season, and each season includes between two and seven games. The games have always been held in the U.S. and Canada, and typically are held during September and early October. Seasons. 2017\u201318 season. In 2017 the NBL announced that the Brisbane Bullets, Melbourne United and the Sydney Kings would compete in games against three NBA teams in the inaugural NBLxNBA series. Despite losing all three games (including a one-point thriller), the series was marked as a success for the NBL as it brought in much higher television ratings than the teams were used to, and it showed how competitive the league is. The series also drew the attention of multiple high-profile NBA players, including Australian Ben Simmons who expressed his interest in competing in a future NBLxNBA game. 2018\u201319 season. The NBL announced a second series on 27 June 2018, with five of their eight clubs travelling to the United States of America to complete in seven games. The clubs which didn't"}, {"text": "complete were the Brisbane Bullets, Cairns Taipans and Illawarra Hawks. The Adelaide 36ers reached the highest score by the NBL teams and fell one point short of the elusive 100 points milestone, but the NBL teams failed to record a victory for a second year in a row. 2019\u201320 season. On July 4, 2019, it was announced that the Adelaide 36ers, Melbourne United and the New Zealand Breakers would play the Utah Jazz, Memphis Grizzlies, Oklahoma City Thunder, Los Angeles Clippers and Sacramento Kings in the 2019 edition of NBLxNBA. The series was pushed closer towards the start of the NBA season, which meant the Adelaide 36ers and New Zealand Breakers missed the beginning of the NBL season, and Melbourne United missed a fortnight of the early rounds of the season. Despite the NBL losing streak continuing, this series marked the first time an NBL team reached the 100 point mark against an NBA team. This happened in both Melbourne United games against the Los Angeles Clippers and Sacramento Kings. 2022\u201323 season. After a 3-year hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was announced that the Adelaide 36ers would take on the Phoenix Suns and Oklahoma City Thunder in October"}, {"text": "2022. The series saw the first NBL win over an NBA team, with the 36ers beating the Suns 134\u2013124 in Arizona on 3 October 2022. 2023\u201324 season. In August 2023, it was announced that the Cairns Taipans and New Zealand Breakers will compete in the series in October 2023. The Taipans took on the Washington Wizards and the Toronto Raptors in their NBLxNBA series debut, while the Breakers played the Portland Trail Blazers and Utah Jazz. 2024\u201325 season. On 10 July 2024, the New Zealand Breakers announced their series of NBLxNBA games against the Utah Jazz and the Oklahoma City Thunder. A third game against the Philadelphia 76ers was later added on 23 September. 2025\u201326 season. On 11 March 2025, the National Basketball Association, National Basketball League and the Victoria State Government announced that the New Orleans Pelicans would play two exhibition games at Rod Laver Arena in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia against Melbourne United and the South East Melbourne Phoenix as part of the NBA x NBL: Melbourne Series. This will mark the first time an NBA team has played in Australia, and the first time that the South East Melbourne Phoenix have played against an NBA team."}, {"text": "Hypoxis hygrometrica, known as the golden weather-grass, is a small herbaceous plant. It is found in south eastern Australia."}, {"text": "The Jaz Life is an album by the American jazz trumpeter Malachi Thompson, recorded in 1991 and released by the Delmark label the following year. \"Mystic Trumpet Man\" is a tribute to Miles Davis. Reception. The \"Chicago Tribune\" called the album \"spirited and bluesy,\" writing that Thompson \"is a real talent.\" AllMusic reviewer Michael G. Nastos stated: \"these six compositions are not only life-affirming, but acknowledgments to such important icons as John Coltrane, Art Blakey, Miles Davis, and some of their important sidemen, who have inspired Thompson during his struggle with a rare lymphomatic cancer ... Thompson really hits the note consistently with this band of modern mainstream jazz masters performing at their best. Recommended.\" Track listing. All compositions by Malachi Thompson except where noted"}, {"text": "A. B. M. Ashraf Uddin is a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and a former member of parliament for Lakshmipur-4. Career. Uddin was elected to parliament from Lakshmipur-4 as a Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate in 2001 and 2008. He chaired the parliamentary standing committee on fisheries and livestock ministry."}, {"text": "The women's individual pursuit competition at the 2019 UEC European Track Championships was held on 18 October 2019. Results. Qualifying. The first two racers raced for gold, the third and fourth fastest rider raced for the bronze medal."}, {"text": "The Boy and Bird Fountain by Bashka Paeff is installed in Boston's Public Garden, in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. The original fountain was cast in 1934, then later recast in 1977 and 1992. It features a bronze sculpture of a nude boy holding a bird, resting on a granite base. The work was surveyed as part of the Smithsonian Institution's \"Save Outdoor Sculpture!\" program in 1993."}, {"text": "Governor Cook or Cooke may refer to:"}, {"text": "Negro Sinful Songs (or Negro Sinful Songs Sung by Lead Belly) is a 1939 album by Lead Belly, produced by Alan Lomax. On April 1, 1939, Lead Belly had a recording session with Musicraft Records. There were a total of 14 takes, with 10 of them being selected for the album. \"Negro Sinful Songs\" was originally released as a five-disc collection of 10\" 78 rpm records, catalog number Musicraft Album 31. The first song on the album, \"Frankie and Albert,\" had to be split into two parts due to play time constraints of 78 rpm discs (each side could hold about three minutes of sound). Originally, both halves of the song were issued on the first disc of the album, on side A and B. At some point after the first pressing, the second half of the song was moved to side A of the second disc. This was done to accommodate automatic record changers, which could easily move from one disc to another but not flip discs. \"Looky, Looky, Yonder,\" \"Black Betty,\" and \"Yallow Women's Door Bells\" were recorded as one continuous take and therefore have the same matrix number. The same goes for \"Ain't Goin' Down to the"}, {"text": "Well No Mo'\" and \"Go Down Old Hannah.\" As well as, \"Poor Howard\" and \"Green Corn.\" Each matrix number was given its own side of a record. In 1994, Document Records released digital remasters of these songs on the album \"Leadbelly: Complete Recorded Works 1939\u20131947 in Chronological Order, Volume 1: 1 April 1939 to 15 June 1940\", catalog number DOCD-5226."}, {"text": "\"Que Tire Pa Lante\" (contraction of \"Que Tire para Alante\", syncopic form of \"Que Tire para Adelante\") (English: \"Pull Forward\") is a song by Puerto Rican rapper Daddy Yankee and was released through El Cartel Records on October 18, 2019. The song features cameos by fellow artists Anuel AA, Bad Bunny, Darell, Natti Natasha, Wisin and Lennox. It samples \"A Who Seh Me Dun\" by Cutty Ranks (1996). Background and promotion. Yankee announced the song and revealed the cover art on his social media on October 17, 2019. He described it as a reggaeton record out of 1970s in combination with the year 5000. He went on to post several videos teasing the song in the next hours. Yankee promised the song to be a \"global hit\" upon release. On October 17, the rapper performed the song on the Latin American Music Awards of 2019 in Los Angeles. Jessica Roiz of \"Billboard\" described the track as a combination of \"old-school reggaeton and \u201890s dembow beat\". Music video. A music video for \"Que Tire Pa Lante\" was released through Daddy Yankee's YouTube channel on October 18, 2019, and was directed by Marlon Pe\u00f1a. It shows Yankee and several other people invading"}, {"text": "a desert town and having a street dance competition."}, {"text": "Governor Higgins may refer to:"}, {"text": "Stacked is the debut album by American rapper Kash Doll. It was released on October 18, 2019, by Republic. It features the singles \"Ice Me Out\" (later remixed by 2 Chainz), \"Kitten\", \"Ready Set\" and \"Mobb'n\". The album features guest appearances from Big Sean, Lil Wayne, Summer Walker, Teyana Taylor, Trey Songz and LouGotCash. The album sold approximately 8,600 units in its first week of release, in the US. The album reached number 14 on Billboard's Top Rap Albums chart. It debuted at number 76 on the US \"Billboard\" 200. Track listing. Adapted from Apple Music."}, {"text": "The women's omnium competition at the 2019 UEC European Track Championships was held on 18 October 2019. Results. Points race and final standings. The final ranking is given by the sum of the points obtained in the 4 specialties."}, {"text": "The men's omnium competition at the 2019 UEC European Track Championships was held on 18 October 2019. Results. Points race and final standings. The final ranking is given by the sum of the points obtained in the 4 specialties."}, {"text": "Abul Kalam Azad is a Bangladeshi businessman, former freedom fighter in the Liberation War of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Awami League politician and the former Member of Parliament of Rangpur-6. Career. Azad was elected to parliament from Rangpur-6 as a Bangladesh Awami League candidate in an April 2009 by-election. Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina was elected from here and two other constituency, she choose to represent Gopalganj-3 which triggered by-elections in Rangpur-6 and Bagerhat-1."}, {"text": "League of Assassins is a fictional group of supervillains appearing in comic books published by DC Comics. League of Assassins may also refer to:"}, {"text": "Governor Patton may refer to:"}, {"text": "Brigadier General (Retd) SK Abu Bakr is a Bangladesh Awami League politician and a former member of parliament for Narail-2. Early life. Abu Bakr was born on 6 July 1942. Career. Bakr was elected to parliament from Narail-2, as a Bangladesh Awami League candidate in 2008."}, {"text": "Monjur Kader Kuraishi (; b. 30 June 1953) is a Bangladesh Awami League politician and a former member of parliament for Netrokona-3. Early life. Monjur Kader Kuraishi was born on 30 June 1953 to a Bengali Muslim family in Netrokona, Bengal Presidency (now Bangladesh). Career. Kuraishi was elected to parliament from Netrokona-3 as a Bangladesh Awami League candidate in 2008."}, {"text": "American College of Acupuncture & Oriental Medicine (ACAOM) is a for-profit educational institute in Houston, Texas."}, {"text": "The National Hockey Centre, is a Hockey ACT owned outdoor field hockey stadium located in Lyneham, a northern suburb of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. It offers three international standard water-based hockey pitches which are used for both international and domestic competition, as well as training activities. The stadium is home to the Canberra Chill men's and women's hockey teams in Hockey Australia's premier domestic league, the Sultana Bran Hockey One League. Facilities. Pitches. The National Hockey Centre features three international level synthetic pitches. These include the main pitch, \"Carter Field\" and two secondary pitches, \"Powell Field\" and \"Watt Field\". Carter Field and Powell Field were named in honour of Graham Carter, a member of the ACT Sport Hall of Fame, and Katrina Powell, a former Hockeyroo. Amenities. The main building, which sits between the three pitches, houses an array of amenities, including men's and women's change-rooms, both fully equipped with showers and ice-baths, for rehabilitation purposes. Function rooms. The National Hockey Centre is home to 'Pick Up Stix Kitchen and Bar', a public sports-bar and caf\u00e9. In addition to this, the caf\u00e9 can also host large functions, with a choice of private function rooms housed within the complex. Hockey. International"}, {"text": "events. The National Hockey Centre has only played host to one major international tournament, the 2005 Women's Champions Trophy. In addition to this, the complex has hosted a number of international test\u2013matches, being the home ground for Australia's men's and women's hockey teams, the Kookaburras and Hockeyroos. Domestic competitions. The centre has played host to many , from Under\u201313 level to the Australian Hockey League and Hockey One. Some of these include:"}, {"text": "The 2019 AFF Beach Soccer Championship is the third edition of the AFF Beach Soccer Championship, the premier regional beach soccer championship. This edition will features three of the members of the ASEAN Football Federation (AFF) and two invited teams inside Asia. Organised by the AFF, the tournament takes place between 13 and 17 November in Chonburi, Thailand, featuring five teams. Vietnam are the defending champions. Teams. A total of 5 teams enter the tournament. Group stage. All times are local time: ."}, {"text": "Ziad Abdullah (Arabic: \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647) is a Syrian film critic, author and screenwriter. Early life and career. Ziad Abdullah was born on 20 August 1975 in Latakia. He studied English literature at Tishreen University, Latakia. Since 1995 he has been publishing poetry, articles and translations. In 2000 after completing his graduation he moved to Dubai, United Arab Emirates and founded Oxygen, an online cultural magazine in Arabic Language. From 2005 to 2012 as a film critic, he reviewed many films from the international arena of the Arab cinema world. During this period, he also wrote for journals and magazines such as Al Akhbar, Al Hayat, Al Bayan, Alaraby, and Al Faisal, and was also a jury member of the Al Khaleej Film Festival 2007. He founded Oxygen magazine in 2005. In 2011, Ziad joined Dubai International Film Festival as a programmer and developing manager and worked on the project Top 100 Arabic Films (DIFF). Since 2016 he has been working with the Sharjah Art Foundation. As a columnist, Ziad also contributes in notable news papers such as The New Arab, Al Akhbar (Lebanon), Al-Hayat and Emarat Al Youm, Filmography. As a screenwriter Ziad wrote story of American educational children's television"}, {"text": "series Sesame Street and Beep (short film 2011) which was also selected for Oran International Arabic Film Festival."}, {"text": "Song of Songs 8 (abbreviated as Song 8) is the eighth (and the final) chapter of the Song of Songs in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book is one of the Five Megillot, a collection of short books, together with Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes and Esther, within the Ketuvim, the third and the last part of the Hebrew Bible. Jewish tradition views Solomon as the author of this book (although this is now largely disputed), and this attribution influences the acceptance of this book as a canonical text. This chapter contains dialogues between the woman and the daughters of Jerusalem, the woman and her brothers, then finally, the woman and the man, the \"bride\" and the \"bridegroom\". Text. The original text is written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 14 verses. Textual witnesses. Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Codex Leningradensis (1008). There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; formula_1B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK:"}, {"text": "formula_1S; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; formula_1A; 5th century). Structure. The Modern English Version (MEV) identifies the speakers in this chapter as: Kugler and Hartin treat verses 5 onwards as an appendix. The Jerusalem Bible treats verse 7b onwards (from \"Were a man to offer all the wealth of his house to buy love ...\") as \"appendices\". Female: Springtime and love (8:1\u20134). This female passage is the last part of a long section concerning the desire and love in the country which runs from chapter 6 until verse 4 here. It consists probably or possibly of more than a single song, describing the woman's wish that her lover to be her brother, so that they can be together in her 'mother's house' (verses 1\u20132; cf. ); they embrace (verse 3; cf. ) and another appeal to the daughters of Jerusalem (verse 4). \"Oh, that you were like my brother,\" \"Who nursed at my mother\u2019s breasts!\" \"If I should find you outside,\" \"I would kiss you;\" \"I would not be despised.\" Verse 1. For \"like my brother\", or \"as my brother\" in the King James Version, the International Standard Version notes that the Hebrew text lacks the preposition \"like\". Andrew"}, {"text": "Harper argues that the word 'as' \"should probably be omitted, as the accidental repetition of the last letter of the preceding word\". \"I charge you, O daughters of Jerusalem,\" \"do not stir up or awaken love\" \"until it pleases.\" Verse 4. The names of God are apparently substituted with similar sounding phrases depicting 'female gazelles' (, ') for [God of] hosts ( '), and 'does of the field'/'wild does/female deer' (, \" ha-\") for God Almighty (, \" \"). Chorus: Search for the couple (8:5a). Verse 5 opens the last section or epilogue of the book, speaking about the power of love which continues to verse 14 (the end of the book). Verse 5. [Friends of the Woman] \"Who is that coming up from the wilderness,\" \"leaning upon her beloved?\" [The Woman] \"Under the apple tree I awakened you.\" \"There your mother was in labor with you;\" \"there she who bore you was in labor.\" Female: The power of love (8:5b-7). There are two fragments of the female voice in this part (verse 5; cf. , ) and verses 6-7 containing her declaration of love which 'might have constituted a suitable end for the whole book'. \"Set me as a"}, {"text": "seal upon your heart,\" \"as a seal upon your arm;\" \"for love is strong as death,\" \"passion fierce as the grave.\" \"Its fires of desire are as ardent flames,\" \"a most intense flame.\" Brothers: Their younger sister (8:8-9). These two verses form a part describing how the woman's maternal brothers decide to keep their sister's virginity, when necessary. However, they do that in disparaging way, which recalls their maligning attitude in chapter 1. Female: Her defense; Solomon's vineyard (8:10\u201312). As a response, the woman answers her brothers mockingly. When in \u2013 she \"ineffectually complained\" about her brothers' antagonism towards her, here she can stand up for herself and has found her peace. \"My vineyard, my very own, is before me;\" \"you, O Solomon, may have the thousand,\" \"and the keepers of the fruit two hundred.\" Male: Listening (8:13). No doubt that this part contains the words of the man addressing the bride that 'it is delightful to him to hear her voice'. \"You who dwell in the gardens,\" \"The companions listen for your voice\u2014\" \"Let me hear it!\" Verse 13. The man (or the bridegroom) calls upon his bride (the Shulammite) to let his companions, that is 'his friends who"}, {"text": "may have come to congratulate him on his bride's safe return', hear her voice. In the community of Sephardic and Oriental Jews, the congregation in traditional synagogues goes back and recites verse 13 after reciting verse 14 to avoid ending a reading in a negative note. Female: Departure (8:14). The very last verse: the woman's voice calls to her male lover to run, like a gazelle or deer, to \u201cthe distant nevernever land of the perfume hills\u201d. With that, \u2018the love's game can begin afresh, suspended in timelessness and moving cyclically\u2019. \"Make haste, my beloved,\" \"and be like a gazelle or a young stag\" \"on the mountains of spices!\" Verse 14. This verse is almost identical to and just like in the situation of the earlier verse, it implies another meeting and prolongs \"indefinitely the moment of young and love\"."}, {"text": "Governor Gilmer may refer to:"}, {"text": "Governor Gilmore may refer to:"}, {"text": "Basketball at the 2019 Military World Games was held in Wuhan, China from 19 to 25 October 2019."}, {"text": "was a Japanese novelist. She was considered \"the female Shintaro Ishihara\". Biography. Born Kunie Nemoto (\u90a6\u679d\u6839\u672c), Iwahashi was born in Hiroshima. Her mother and father were both teachers and Christians. The family evacuated from Hiroshima to Saga, Kyushu two months before the atomic bombing of Hiroshima in 1945. Iwahashi's career began when she gained attention for her writing while attending Ochanomizu Women's College. Her short story \"Gyakukoosen\" was one of these early works. It was adapted into a movie by the Nikkatsu film studio. Iwahashi graduated in 1957 with a degree in pedagogical sociology. The same year, she was employed as a special feature writer for a magazine. Personal life. She married in 1957 and had one daughter. Iwahashi's husband died of cancer in 1983."}, {"text": "Dharmana Krishna Das is an Indian politician from Andhra Pradesh who served as the 9th Deputy Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh and Minister of Revenue in Chief Minister Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy's government. Krishna Das was elected to the legislative assembly from Narasannapeta in the 2019 general elections."}, {"text": "Cherukuvada Sri Ranganadha Raju is the Ex-Minister of Housing in Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy's government of Andhra Pradesh, India. He was elected to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly from Achanta constituency in the 2019 assembly election."}, {"text": "Nobuchika Terado (born September 9, 1980) is a retired Japanese kickboxer. He was the 2009 AJKF and RISE Bantamweight champion, the 2011 ISKA Bantamweight and 2012 Super Bantamweight champion, as well as the 2016 Krush Super Bantamweight champion. Combat Press ranked him as a top ten bantamweight between April and June 2018. Kickboxing career. On August 25, 2007, Terado challenged Arashi Fujihara for the AJKF Bantamweight title. The fight ended in the fourth round, as Terado's corner decided to throw in the towel, following a series of body shots which downed their fighter. Terado took part in the AJKF Bantamweight tournament held on January 4, 2009, to determine the new champion. He beat Nasu and Shota Takiya by unanimous decision in the semifinals and finals respectively. Two months later he won the M-1 Bantamweight title with a second-round TKO of Hiroki Maeda. Terado won the RISE Bantamweight title with a second-round TKO of TOMONORI at RISE 60. He was scheduled to make his first title defense against Makoto Kushima at RISE 68. Terado won the fight by unanimous decision. At Krush 11, on August 14, 2011, Terado was scheduled to fight Kieran McCaskill for the ISKA World Super Bantamweight title."}, {"text": "He won the fight by unanimous decision. Terado fought a rematch with Shota Takiya at Krush 15 for the Krush Super Bantamweight title. He lost the fight by a first-round knockout. Terado fought Andy Howson at Krush 21, for his second ISKA title, the ISKA World Super Bantamweight title. He knocked Howson out in the second round. On May 12, 2013, Terado fought Takeru Segawa at Krush 28 for the Krush Featherweight title. Takeru won the fight by unanimous decision. Terado fought for a Krush title for the third time in his career at Krush 64, when he fought Ryuji Horio for the Krush Super Bantamweight strap. Terado won the fight by unanimous decision. Terado successfully defended his title twice before retiring, knocking out Charles Bongiovanni at Krush 69, and winning an extra round decision against Kenji Kubo at Krush 82. Titles and accomplishments. Awards Kickboxing record. ! style=background:white colspan=9 | ! style=background:white colspan=9 | ! style=background:white colspan=9 | ! style=background:white colspan=9 | ! style=background:white colspan=9 | ! style=background:white colspan=9 | ! style=background:white colspan=9 | ! style=background:white colspan=9 | ! style=background:white colspan=9 | ! style=background:white colspan=9 | ! style=background:white colspan=9 | ! style=background:white colspan=9 | ! style=background:white colspan=9 | !"}, {"text": "style=background:white colspan=9 |"}, {"text": "The Men's Basketball tournament at the 2019 Military World Games was held in Wuhan, China from 19 to 26 October. Preliminary round. Group A. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Group B. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude>"}, {"text": "Bryce Street (born 25 January 1998) is an Australian cricketer. In April 2016, he was awarded a rookie contract with Queensland ahead of the 2016\u201317 season. He made his first-class debut on 18 October 2019, for Queensland in the 2019\u201320 Sheffield Shield season. Two weeks before his first-class debut, Street made the highest individual total in Second XI cricket in Australia, scoring 345 runs against Victoria. He made his List A debut on 31 October 2019, for Queensland in the 2019\u201320 Marsh One-Day Cup. On 4 November 2019, Street scored his maiden first-class century, with 115 runs against Western Australia. Street was upgraded to a full contract with Queensland ahead of the 2020\u201321 season. In December 2021, Street represented Australia A against the England Lions, scoring an unbeaten 119 in the second innings of the first-class match between the two sides at Ian Healy Oval."}, {"text": "The Women's Basketball tournament at the 2019 Military World Games was held in Wuhan, China from 19 to 26 October. Preliminary round. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude>"}, {"text": "Riverside is a neighborhood in Baltimore, Maryland, United States that lies just to the south of the city's Federal Hill, Baltimore. The neighborhood is centered around Riverside Park (Baltimore) and includes the Baltimore Museum of Industry. The southwest portion of Riverside corresponds to the Port Covington district under major development, which currently houses The Baltimore Sun, the Under Armour Waterfront HQ Campus, as well as the Cruise Maryland Terminal of the Port of Baltimore. Riverside is registered as Riverside Historic District (Baltimore, Maryland) on the National Register of Historic Places."}, {"text": "Eunoe abyssorum is a scale worm first described in 1885. The type locality is in the Great Australian Bight, which is south of mainland Australia. Description. Number of segments 35\u201340; elytra 15 pairs. Violet-coloured prostomium. Anterior margin of prostomium with an acute anterior projection. Lateral antennae inserted ventrally (beneath prostomium and median antenna). Notochaetae distinctly thicker than neurochaetae. Bidentate neurochaetae absent."}, {"text": "Animal Rising (formerly Animal Rebellion) is a British animal activist movement with the stated aim of compelling social change towards animal rights and a plant-based food system. They justify their actions with the impact of animal agriculture on climate change, species extinction and ecosystem breakdown. Animal Rising use civil disobedience methods that have frequently resulted in its members being arrested. Their methods include graffiti, destruction of property, blockading and preventing food distribution, trespassing onto livestock industry premises, and blockading streets. The movement states on its website that it is nonviolent and focuses its actions on systems, not individuals. The targets of their actions have included dairy and other livestock companies, horse racing courses, the British royal family, government offices, supermarkets, and restaurants. The organisation was founded in June 2019 as Animal Rebellion, as a sister organisation to Extinction Rebellion, an emerging and headline-making movement at the time. It had 12 founding members, including Daniel Kidby, Dora Hargitai, and Alex Lockwood, and by autumn 2019 grew to a size of 100 organisers. In April 2023, Animal Rebellion changed its name to Animal Rising to take a \"firm\" step away from the Extinction Rebellion movement and prioritize animal rights issues. Animal Rising"}, {"text": "pledged to \"take direct action to see an end to animal suffering in all its forms\". Demands. As of early 2023, Animal Rebellion made two demands of the United Kingdom government: Protests. 2019-20: Extinction Rebellion protests and abattoir blockades. From 7 October to 19 October 2019, Animal Rebellion organised a wave of civil disobedience in London and Berlin, in parallel to Extinction Rebellion protests. Animal Rebellion protested in front of the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and the German Ministry of Food and Agriculture, at Smithfield meat market, the largest UK meat market, and Billingsgate Fish Market, and at an abattoir in Farnborough, Hampshire, leading to several dozen arrests for obstruction of traffic and \"obstruction or disruption of a person engaged in lawful activity\". They reported that the abattoir protest was to highlight the role the farming industry plays in the climate crisis, as well as animal welfare issues and the conditions for abattoir workers. In 2020, Animal Rebellion staged protests in the UK, Ireland and the Czech Republic in September. This included the blockade of a pig slaughterhouse near Manchester, England. In London, they vandalised the Trafalgar Square fountain by dying the water red, resulting"}, {"text": "in two arrests and a bill for the council to clean the water. This was to protest the use of crown lands for hunting and animal agriculture, as well as the Queen's attempts to have her land exempted from an initiative to cut carbon emissions. In October, Animal Rebellion protested in Berlin (Germany) and Auckland (New Zealand). 2021: Meat and dairy factory blockades. Animal Rebellion protesters blocked the entrance of a Tnuva dairy logistics centre in Petah Tikva, Israel, in February 2021. Similarly, Animal Rebellion blocked the entrances of four McDonald's UK distribution centres in May 2021, demanding the fast-food chain go entirely plant-based by 2025. An Animal Rebellion spokesperson said that what others call sustainable meat is insufficient to mitigate the climate crisis. Continuing their attack on McDonald's, the group blocked the entrance to the OSI Food Solutions factory in Scunthorpe, England in July 2021. The factory is the \"only UK factory that makes McDonald\u2019s burgers\", Animal Rebellion stated. Like the protest in May, they demanded the chain change their menu to entirely plant-based food by 2025. On 28 August 2021, they coordinated a protest with Camp Beagle at Smithfield Market in London. During that month, they also held"}, {"text": "a \"McSitin\" at Leicester Square, dyed the fountain in front of Buckingham Palace red and blocked the trucks of Arla's biggest UK dairy processing plant which is in Aylesbury. During the annual UN Climate Change conference COP26 in October 2021, Animal Rebellion protesters climbed the Home Office building. 2022: Dairy dumping. On 2 June 2022, Animal Rebellion in London disrupted the trooping the colour parade, running into the Mall and throwing themselves in front of the procession, in a renewed protest against the royal family's support of animal agriculture. Two days later, six female protesters ran onto the course of the Epsom Derby horse race before its start. The action was on the anniversary of Emily Davison's famous suffragette protest at the same derby 109 years earlier. In both cases, the activists were removed by police officers and were arrested. On 8 August 2022, the protesters stormed the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), and occupied the national headquarters. They refused to leave the building, blocking the front doors and hosting impromptu workshops until the RSPCA agreed to declare its support for transitioning to a fully plant-based food system. In June 2022, a group of protesters"}, {"text": "stormed Harrods and another store in London. They took cartons of milk and emptied them in the stores. In early September 2022, Animal Rebellion declared it would disrupt dairy supplies during September. On 3 September, activists blocked access to milk at supermarkets in four cities. On 4 September, activists disrupted fresh milk supplies at four M\u00fcller and Arla distribution centres. In mid-October 2022, activists from Animal Rebellion held protests by pouring milk on the floor in various stores and supermarkets across Britain, including Harrods, Marks and Spencer, Waitrose and Fortnum & Mason. In November 2022, Animal Rebellion members joined Just Stop Oil in a protest on the M25 motorway in the UK. Also in November 2022, they occupied Gordon Ramsay's three-star Michelin restaurant in Chelsea, London. 2023-24: Attempted horse race blockades and halt on direct action. On 14 February 2023, Animal Rebellion blocked London's Westminster Bridge in a Valentine's Day protest. This led to the arrest of five Animal Rebellion protesters. One additional person was arrested for bodily assaulting the protesters. In early April 2023, it was revealed that Animal Rebellion planned to disrupt the 2023 Grand National horse race at Aintree Racecourse. Animal Rebellion then renamed itself Animal Rising."}, {"text": "On April 15, Animal Rising blocked the Grand National at Aintree. They delayed the race by 15 minutes, leading to the arrest of 118 activists for delaying the race and for public order offences. A spokesman for Aintree Racecourse stated that \"their actions could endanger the horses they purport to protect, as well as jockeys, officials and themselves\". The next day, trainer Sandy Thomson told the BBC that the 14-minute delay caused by protesters was to blame for the death of racehorse Hill Sixteen. However, the British Horseracing Authority, which condemned the protests, could not find a \"direct parallel\" between the delay caused by the protests and Hill Sixteen's death. Animal Rising spokesman Ben Newman argued that the protests were meant to stop the race to prevent the deaths of horses, and to start a dialogue about our broken relationship with animals. He also stated that the public does not blame the group for the horse's death. Following Hill Sixteen's death, the RSPCA called for reforming the size of the field, noting that only 17 of the 39 horses completed the race that day. Animal Rising stated they planned to target other major horse racing events. The group attempted to"}, {"text": "disrupt that year's Epsom Derby but failed, with only a single individual making it onto the track before being removed without impacting the races. Plans to disrupt the Royal Ascot were abandoned by the group. In April 2024, the group stated it wouldn't attempt to disrupt the 2024 Grand National, and that it would be indefinitely suspending similar actions. In June 2024, protestors attached posters depicting Wallace, of \"Wallace and Gromit\", with a caption, to the glass case of a recently unveiled portrait of King Charles III in protest against the conditions in \"assured farms\" accredited by the RSPCA, of which the King is a patron."}, {"text": "Adjehi Nonma Baru (born 10 December 1991) is an Ivorian professional basketball player. He also represents the Ivory Coast national basketball team. He played college basketball for College of Charleston Cougars men's basketball College career. Baru played college basketball for Charleston Cougars from 2011 to 2015. In his freshman year, he averaged 7.8 points and 6.3 rebounds per game, while in his sophomore year he averaged 9.3 points and 8.3 rebounds per game. In his junior year he averaged 8.97 points per game, 7.5 rebounds per game and 1.4 blocks per game, and in his final season he averaged 7.44 points per game, 0.78 assists and 0.56 blocks. Professional career. Baru went undrafted in the 2015 NBA draft. In the 2015\u201316 season, he played for Xuventude Baloncesto of LEB Plata, the third division of the Spanish basketball league. He played for the Danish Basketball league side SISU BKin the 2016\u201317 season. He then played for the Bulgarian league side BC Beroe in the 2017\u201318 season. In the 2018\u201319 season, Baru joined B\u00e1squet Coru\u00f1a, where he averaged 3.1 points and 2.9 rebounds per game. On 2 March 2020, Baru signed with Ferrovi\u00e1rio de Maputo of the Basketball Africa League (BAL). He"}, {"text": "played with them in the 2021 BAL season in May 2021, and helped the team reach the quarterfinals. Since 2021, Baru played for Khane Khouzestan in the Iranian Basketball Super League. In October 2022, Baru was on the roster of Burundian club Urunani for the 2023 BAL qualification games. He had 8 points and 9 rebounds in his debut against ABC. The following year, in October 2023, Baru played for the ABC Fighters in the 2024 BAL qualification. National team career. Baru represents the Ivory Coast national basketball team. He participated in the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup where he averaged 3 points, 2 rebounds and 1 assist per game."}, {"text": "Lift Every Voice is an album by the American jazz trumpeter Malachi Thompson recorded and released by the Delmark label in 1983. Reception. Allmusic reviewer Ron Wynn stated \"Malachi Thompson merges hard bop, free, African rhythms, and gospel stylings on this release. ... Thompson deserves high praise not just for trying something different, but succeeding\". Track listing. All compositions by Malachi Thompson except where noted"}, {"text": "Crovan may refer to:"}, {"text": "August \u0160vagrovsk\u00fd, also Augustin or Gustav (14 March 1847, Roudnice nad Labem - 27 June 1931, P\u00edsek) was a Czech art patron and collector. Biography. His father was a Master butcher, but became rich by opening a steam sawmill and transporting wood along the Elbe to Germany. He attended the Business Academy in Prague and, after his father's death in 1866, joined with his brothers to operate the sawmill. Due to the after effects of the financial panic and his tendency toward generous philanthropy, the business did not do well. In 1868, he began to be active in liberal political causes and provided wood for the construction of the National Theater, at cost. Many small, liberal journals owed their existence to his donations. He was also a major supporter of the local library. He welcomed numerous celebrities as guests to the family estate in Bechl\u00edn; including Jan Neruda and Bed\u0159ich Smetana. In 1872, Neruda invited him to a meeting that found the writer, Karel Sabina, guilty of being a police informant. The role he played in the meeting is not clear, although he later said that he was not informed of its purpose in advance. In 1880, he sold his"}, {"text": "share of the company to his younger brother, Max. In 1882, he was re-registered as the owner, but chose to leave Roudnice, possibly as the result of a political dispute (he supported the Young Czech Party), and seek other employment. Unable to do so in Bohemia, he spent several years in other countries; mostly France. As a result of his stay there, he became interested in art and, upon his return, decided to provide assistance to young Czech painters. He lived quite frugally; donating most of his resources to them. At first, he worked as a government clerk, then as a manager for the Kratochv\u00edl company, a supplier of hops. One of his favorite artists was Anton\u00edn Slav\u00ed\u010dek, whom he met and befriended in 1903. Milo\u0161 Jir\u00e1nek also received support that was crucial to his career. Their paintings formed the basis of a collection that was later donated to Roudnice. As early as 1904, he laid the foundations for what would become the , by donating nine paintings to the city. In 1910, he donated 225 more. In addition to his favored artists, his donations came to include works by Zdenka Braunerov\u00e1, Anton\u00edn Chittussi, Adolf Liebscher, Max \u0160vabinsk\u00fd and Josef"}, {"text": "M\u00e1nes. He died, single and childless, during a summer vacation. A street in Roudnice has been named after him."}, {"text": "Reinholdt F. Hennig (1902\u20131961) was an American architect based in Omaha, Nebraska. He designed Safeway Inc. stores in Iowa and Nebraska, as well as many buildings in Omaha, Nebraska, including the Selby Apartments which were listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in part for their architecture and their association with Hennig. He was born in South Dakota but grew up in Nebraska. He received no formal architecture degree, but entered private practice in Omaha in 1924. He became one of Omaha's most prolific architects. In 1945 he became design and construction manager for Safeway grocery stores in Nebraska and Iowa. Hennig was greatly influenced by Frank Lloyd Wright's Usonian designs. Hennig designed 13 homes in Omaha, three of which can be called \"French fairytale cottages\", following upon a request by a World War II veteran to visit and copy a house he had encountered in France. Works by Hennig include: He died of a heart attack. His remains are buried in Forest Lawn Memorial Park, in Omaha."}, {"text": "Coup 53 is a 2019 British documentary about the 1953 Iranian coup d'\u00e9tat to overthrow Iranian prime minister Mohammad Mosaddegh, co-written and directed by Taghi Amirani and co-written and edited by Walter Murch. Production. The film, directed by Taghi Amirani, was edited and co-written by Walter Murch. Amirani devoted several years of sleuthing to research the story behind the 1953 coup. The film describes the departure of Amirani's family from Iran to England and then follows Amirani as he uncovers the evidence of the plot hatched by British and US intelligence, led by the CIA's Kermit Roosevelt Jr. Central to the documentary is a series of clips in which actor Ralph Fiennes reads from a transcript of an interview with MI6 agent Norman Darbyshire, who admitted to plotting the coup (codenamed \"Operation Ajax\") together with the CIA. Cast. People interviewed by the makers of \"Coup 53\" include: The documentary also draws on footage from an episode of the 1985 UK TV documentary series \"End of Empire\", produced by Granada Television. Release. \"Coup 53\" world premiere was at the 2019 Telluride Film Festival, and it also played the 2019 BFI London Film Festival. At the 2019 Vancouver International Film Festival, It"}, {"text": "was released to the general public on 19 August 2020 with an online release in the US, UK, Canada and Ireland through 118 theaters using the platform Eventive. In mid-September 2020, \"Coup 53\" was pulled from its digital distribution platforms. \"Coup 53\" became available again on digital platforms on 18 December 2020. Reception. \"Coup 53\" has received universally positive reviews from critics. As of July 2022, of the reviews compiled on Rotten Tomatoes are positive, with an average rating of . This puts Coup 53 in an elite group of only 112 films in all cinema history to have gained an 100% rating (with forty or more positive reviews and no negatives). The website's critics consensus reads: \"Rife with the political intrigue promised by its title, \"Coup 53\" is a spellbinding documentary with the heart of a thriller.\" The critical aggregator Metacritic awarded the film a score of 80 indicating \"generally favorable reviews\" Coup 53's positive reviews began with Todd McCarthy's Telluride Film Festival review in The Hollywood Reporter on September 4, 2019, in which he said the film is \"passionate and fearless, enormously benefitting from the involvement of the peerless film editor Walter Murch, and has the air of"}, {"text": "something that grew from an impudent home movie into a magnum opus.\" During the 2019 BFI London Film Festival where Coup 53 had its British and European Premiere Allan Hunter of Screen Daily called the film \"as compelling as a John Le Carr\u00e9 novel or a Costa-Gavras classic\" with \"pulse-racing discoveries\" and that director \"Taghi Amirani's forensic focus and expert storytelling create a vital docu/drama with the potential to reach far beyond history buffs and conspiracy theorists\". Upon the film's commercial release on 19 August 2020, Ann Hornaday of \"The Washington Post\" gave the film four out of four stars and wrote: \"It's a nonfiction film that functions precisely as all documentaries should: as a piece of doggedly investigative, personally transparent reporting, and as simply great storytelling, full stop.\" Later, Hornaday included Coup 53 in her list of best documentaries of 2020. In \"Empire\", Ian Freer wrote: \"Part political drama, part history lesson, part gripping spy thriller, \"Coup 53\" gives what has been relegated to a small footnote in Iran's story the big, expansive, dramatic treatment it deserves.\" In his NPR Fresh Air review, John Powers said: \"An exhilarating... historical documentary that unfolds with the pace and complexity of a"}, {"text": "thriller.\" Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote \"This powerful and authoritative documentary by the Iranian filmmaker Taghi Amirani is as gripping as any thriller.\" \"Thrills and chills as spectacular Fiennes reveals a very British coup,\" said Charlotte O'Sullivan in the London Evening Standard. \"This unclassifiable yarn...feels like a thriller.\" She added: \"Coup 53 is stranger than fiction and a terrifying reminder that the past never goes away.\" Joe Morgenstern of \"The Wall Street Journal\" called Coup 53 \"a formidable achievement\" adding \"As history lessons go, this is a powerful one in which a wealth of interviews and stunning graphics have been pulled together, with extraordinary attention to detail, into an intricate but lucid whole.\" Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph called Coup 53 \"A labour of love, the film is premium detective work. Taghi Amirani's documentary, years in the making, unearths an astonishing confession from a British intelligence officer.\" From Tara Brady of The Irish Times: \"A maddening, gripping portrait of how imperialism works. Coup 53 is almost as concerned with the film-making process \u2013 the lists, the dead ends, the searching \u2013 as much as it is with political history.\" Making Coup 53 The New York Times Critic's Pick"}, {"text": "critics Ben Kenigsberg said: \"It takes a certain kind of documentary to make sifting through old papers look exciting, but in Coup 53, the director Taghi Amirani sets an expectation of suspense early on. Across time and space, a single, consistent story emerges. For a narrative shrouded in subterfuge, that's a considerable achievement. Both as a detective story and as a deep dive into a world event whose consequences linger, it is bracing, absorbing filmmaking.\" Comparison to John le Carr\u00e9's work. Larushka Ivan-Zadeh in The Times gave the film 5 stars and said \"Ralph Fiennes appears, lending a wry le Carr\u00e9 air to proceedings as an enigmatic MI6 agent with an explosive testimony. The sheer level of granular detail could overwhelm without Amirani's boundless to-camera energy. He transforms sifting through dusty plastic bags and filing cabinets into a thrilling detective case.\" Danny Leigh's review in The Financial Times said \"This is not some dry piece of historical revision. Amirani's passion is palpable from the start and he peppers his film with twists and reveals that would make John le Carr\u00e9 smile.\" \"It's like taking a swim in John le Carr\u00e9's brain\" said Dave Calhoun in his Time Out review titled"}, {"text": "\"Shadowy spies and questing journalists abound in this taut, compelling doc\". Marc Savlov in The Austin Chronicle wrote \"Coup 53 is a historical documentary that plays more like All the President's Men had it been written by John le Carr\u00e9 with a dash of Costa-Gavras and Manchurian Candidate by John Frankenheimer.\" Savlov went on to say \"a spellbinding rabbit-hole of a movie, rife with outsized characters and conspiracies galore, but also and perhaps, more importantly, an eye-opening window onto the U.S. and Iran's current state of mutual enmity.\" Awards. \"Coup 53\" won the Audience Award for Most Popular International Documentary at the Vancouver International Film Festival. The film received a nomination for Best Documentary, in the British Independent Film Awards. Coup 53 was nominated for the Grierson Award for Best Feature Documentary at the 2019 BFI London Film Festival. The film won Best Documentary at the MIFF Awards in Italy in December 2020. The film won the Audience Award at the 14th edition of Cin\u00e9ma V\u00e9rit\u00e9 Festival in Iran in December 2020. The film won the Crystal Phoenix Award for best documentary at the 39th Fajr Film Festival in Iran in February 2021. Walter Murch's editing won the Best Edited"}, {"text": "Documentary award at the United Nations Association Film Festival in October 2021. Controversy. In August 2020, before the film's digital release, a controversy arose around a key claim in \"Coup 53\" concerning MI6 spy Norman Darbyshire. Granada TV producers publicly challenged a claim reported in \"The Observer\" on August 2, 2020, that an interview with Darbyshire had been filmed for \"End of Empire - Iran\" but subsequently removed from the programme under pressure from the UK government In a letter to \"The Observer\" on August 16, producer Mark Anderson and researcher Alison Rooper stated that Darbyshire had refused to be filmed and that the interview transcript quoted in \"Coup 53\" was an off the record research interview Their letter pointed out that in 1985 an article published in \"The Observer\" the day before \"End of Empire - Iran\" was due to be broadcast on Channel 4 confirmed this. It stated that the MI6 agent did not appear in the Granada programme \"as he declined to be filmed to protect his anonymity\". On August 18, more doubts emerged over \"Coup 53\" censorship claims when \"Correspondent World\" suggested one of the film's key interviewees was now unsure about his testimony. The day"}, {"text": "after \"Coup 53\"'s virtual release on August 19, 2020, through 118 theatres in the UK, US, Canada, and Ireland using the video-on-demand (VOD) platform Eventive. The film received over forty 100% positive reviews from the mainstream press including Washington Post, The Telegraph, New York Times, Wall Street Journal, NPR, The New Yorker, The Financial Times, The Guardian, etc. Excerpts of these were posted on \"Coup 53's\" official website with links to the original full reviews. The day after Coup 53's virtual release, \"End of Empire\" producers Norma Percy, Mark Anderson, and Alison Rooper issued a 13-point press release which was published on the website \"Correspondent World\" outlining how \"Coup 53\" misinterprets the evidence and accusing \"Coup 53\" of using clever editing to \"wrap the coup story around a false narrative...calling into question our professional integrity.\" The press release pointed out that \"Coup 53\"'s film makers had failed to show them a cut of the film after its completion in 2019 despite several requests, adding that \"If they had done so we would have provided them with the evidence that Darbyshire never agreed to be filmed; that the cameraman is misremembering the identity of the official who spoke very openly; that"}, {"text": "Mossadegh\u2019s grandson is muddling Darbyshire with Sam Falle; and that Granada TV itself shared the Darbyshire interview with \"The Observer\" as pre publicity for our programme.\" The press release was followed by a written request to Amirani from \"End of Empire\" producers, including renowned executive producer Brian Lapping, urging him to re-edit his film to remove \"untrue claims that we were and still are party to a coverup/censorship in a broadcast documentary.\" Denial of Access to Archive and Demand for Changes to \"Coup 53\". On 14 September 2020, ITV archive, who had inherited the archive of the \"End of Empire\" series, refused to extend the use, previously granted, of fourteen minutes of archive footage used in \"Coup 53\". The reason given was that the use of the relevant archive material damaged the reputation of Granada TV, the producing entity. As a result, Amirani and Murch had to pull their film from distribution after a month to avoid copyright infringement. In an email to the 118 partner cinemas Amirani said \"I have some sad news. Due to an archive licensing issue that has been brought to our attention today, we must withdraw the film from all public screenings until the issue"}, {"text": "is resolved with the copyright holder.\" The next day on 15 September 2020, the producers of \"End of Empire\" sent Murch and Amirani twelve pages of redactions to be made in \"Coup 53\", implying that if these changes were made, they would drop the threat of a lawsuit. \"End of Empire - Iran\" producers state that Norman Darbyshire would not agree to go on the record, to be filmed or named, despite the clear recollections in three separate interviews over a four-month period with \"End of Empire's\" cameraman Humphry Trevelyan; and that Darbyshire therefore never appeared in any version of \"End of Empire - Iran\" despite the recollections of historical adviser Hedayat Matine-Daftary, who said that Darbyshire's testimony was in an early version of the film, but was removed \"because the British Government had not allowed him to do it.\" \"End of Empire - Iran\" producers claim that the \"off-the record\" audio-only research interview Alison Rooper conducted with Darbyshire was important to their work in which they clearly show MI6's role in the coup. They deny that the British Government forced them to remove Darbyshire's testimony from the programme. Murch however has stated in several interviews that no MI6 agent,"}, {"text": "speaking off-the-record in a deep-throat manner, would allow himself to be recorded, and that therefore it is likely that at the time of recording Darbyshire was speaking freely on-the-record. Murch says: \"If an agent allows a recording to be made, he is by definition on the record.\" \"End of Empire's\" suggested redactions in their 12-page document included removing all of cameraman Trevelyan's three interviews, all of adviser Matine-Daftary's interviews, all of journalist Nigel Hawkes's interview, and large sections of the interviews with \"End of Empire\" researcher Alison Rooper and author Stephen Dorril. Amirani and Murch refused to make these changes. Legal Wrangling and Fair Use. Three months of legal activity followed, with Amirani and Murch exploring the avenue of Fair Use of those fourteen minutes. In November 2020, The Observer reported that Baroness Helena Kennedy had been asked to mediate between the \"Coup 53\" filmmakers and the \"End of Empire\" program-makers, but the negotiations had broken down. Amirani and Murch told \"The Observer\" that they faced \"a painful choice between a long legal battle or making expensive changes to important elements of their film\" in order to regain the right to license footage from \"End of Empire - Iran\". They"}, {"text": "chose the legal route by engaging some of the UK's top media lawyers. During this period \"End of Empire\" did not instruct solicitors and did not issue any formal legal notice against Amirani and Murch. In late November 2020 Matrix Chambers and the law firm Carter-Ruck acting on behalf of Amirani and Murch sent ITV Archive opinion letters showing that the threat of \"End of Empire's\" lawsuit had no legal merit. On December 14, ITV Archive reissued the original license giving access to the disputed archive. Amirani and Murch also agreed to include text and voice-over stating the \"categorical\" position of End of Empire that Darbyshire was never filmed, and that Humphry Trevelyan, having met with the producers of \"End of Empire\" in September 2020, claimed to be the victim of false memory and that he mistook Samuel Falle for Norman Darbyshire. \"Coup 53\" Returns to Distribution. \"Coup 53\" went back into VOD distribution on December 18, 2020, where it is available worldwide through Vimeo on Demand and Coup 53's official website. Without a studio or distributor backing, \"Coup 53\" went on to qualify for the BAFTA in six categories including Outstanding Debut by a British Director, Best Documentary and"}, {"text": "Best Editing. It also qualified for American Academy Awards in three categories, including Editing, Best Feature Documentary and Best Picture. In response, the producers of \"End of Empire - Iran\" produced a website and video to summarize their critiques, addressing BAFTA members not to vote for \"Coup 53\". They challenge the suggestions made by one of the interviewees (Hedayat Matine-Daftary) that they censored the key interview with MI6 agent Norman Darbyshire to downplay MI6's role in the coup. The \"End of Empire - Iran\" production team and other website contributors object to \"Coup 53's\" suggestions that the Darbyshire transcript was \"leaked\" to The Observer journalist Nigel Hawkes or \"discovered\" by the makers of \"Coup 53\", as the \"End of Empire - Iran\" producers in fact openly shared the transcript and all other evidence with both Hawkes in 1985 and with Amirani in 2014. However, the Darbyshire transcript found by \"Coup 53\" was given to Amirani by Hedayat Matine-Daftary, the historic advisor on \"End of Empire \u2013 Iran\". The cut-up transcript is unique because it is the only original document with Darbyshire's name typed on it, including handwritten notes by the \"End of Empire\" production team. A note on page one"}, {"text": "seen at 17 minutes 38 seconds into the film says: \"Excellent - if we want the coup in detail - & even if not!\". Amirani and Murch point out that in 1985 Darbyshire was still alive, and because then, as now, the British Government has still not admitted involvement in the Coup of 1953, this leaking of the memo was highly dangerous, since in the memo Darbyshire, though unnamed, admits to involvement in the kidnapping, torture, and murder of an Iranian general (Mahmoud Afshartous). In a cover letter from Hawkes to Stephen Dorril, dated September 7, 1985, Hawkes writes that \"I've no doubt we can work it out.\" This is seen in \"Coup 53\" at 51 minutes 41 seconds. Website contributors also claim that the film gives insufficient credit for extensively using \"End of Empire \u2013 Iran\" footage and for its pioneering research uncovering British involvement in the coup. However, in \"Coup 53\", Murch can be seen and heard praising Alison Rooper for the depth of her research. She is clearly captioned as Alison Rooper \u2013 Researcher \"End of Empire\" at 23 minutes and 52 seconds in the film. In addition, there are at least eleven on-screen references to \"End"}, {"text": "of Empire\" in \"Coup 53\" and a credit to ITV Archive as stipulated in their own license agreement. Veracity of Darbyshire Transcript. The veracity of the audio transcript with Norman Darbyshire is not in dispute. \"End of Empire\" researcher Alison Rooper has stated in her 16 August 2020 letter to The Observer that the transcript is an accurate record of the Darbyshire interview. Later, Alison Rooper states that the transcript can be seen online at The National Security Archive website On 17 August 2020, two days before the release Julian Borger of The Guardian wrote on article based on the release of the Darbyshire transcript by the producers of \"Coup 53\" to The National Security Archive Subsequent Retractions of Testimony. Several contributors to \"Coup 53\" have criticized the film and its use of their contributions. Cameraperson Humphry Trevelyan has retracted his statements in the film, saying that upon meeting with the \"End of Empire\" producers, a year after the film's European premiere at the London Film Festival, reviewing his memories and evidence, he has \"had to reach the conclusion that my memory of my involvement in a filmed interview with Darbyshire was erroneous\". Trevelyan states that he filmed only one"}, {"text": "interview for the Iran episode at The Savoy Hotel, which was with Sir Sam Falle. Murch and Amirani point out that Trevelyan also filmed Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh for the Iran episode at the Savoy Hotel (Slates 19\u201321 on 15 February 1983). The Shuckburgh interview was not used in the Iran episode of \"End of Empire\", but the transcript of his interview plus production notes can be seen in the \"End of Empire\" collection kept at the Bodleian Libraries in Oxford Author Stephen Dorril, who is interviewed in \"Coup 53\", has called the film \"essentially fraudulent\" for its suggestions that it has uncovered suppressed information about Darbyshire, noting that he has discussed Darbyshire in print since 1989, and suggesting Amirani misled Dorril about evidence of a filmed interview with Darbyshire. Author and \"End of Empire\" researcher Cate Haste asked to be removed from Coup 53's credits. Support for \"Coup 53\" from Filmmaking Community and Others. In his book author Tariq Ali includes a section about the 1953 coup in Iran which was signed off by Winston Churchill. In writing about this story Tariq Ali devotes pages 379\u2013380 to \"Coup 53\" and its battles with \"End of Empire\". His conclusion is \"The"}, {"text": "secretiveness of Ml6 is not a secret, and whatever happened then or since has their pawprint on it.\" In a post screening Q&A on 23 September 2022 at the Irish Film Institute Documentary Festival Taghi Amirani said that \"the attacks by \"End of Empire\" on Coup 53 had not only made the film stronger but attracted the support of some of the most distinguished and respected filmmakers in the world including Michael Moore, Errol Morris, Chris Terrio, Paul Hirsch, Mike Leigh, Werner Herzog, Oliver Stone and David Puttnam."}, {"text": "Bala Loca (originally Entero Quebrado) is a Chilean television series created by Marcos de Aguirre and David Miranda and produced by Filmosonido for Chilevisi\u00f3n. \"Bala loca\" means \"stray bullet\". The series revolves around an investigation by a disabled journalist, Mauro Murillo (Alejandro Goic), and features a cast with both established actors including Alfredo Castro, Aline Kuppenheim, Julio Milostich, Catalina Saavedra, Pablo Schwarz, Ingrid Isensee, as well as younger actors such as Fernanda Urrejola, Mario Horton and Lucas Bolvar\u00e1n. The production was the recipient of the annual grant from Chile's National Television Council in 2014. It premiered on television on July 4, 2016. The first season ended on September 4, 2016, with a double episode. Plot. The main protagonist is Mauro Murillo (Alejandro Goic). After fighting the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, he became a celebrity journalist, a fact which some of his colleagues still do not forgive. At the peak of his career, he suffered a car accident that left him in a wheelchair. The rejection of his latest project by a television executive is causing him to reflect on his career. In addition to his career problems, Mauro also deals with his separation from \u00c1ngela (Aline Kuppenheim), a journalist"}, {"text": "who works at a newspaper; an abandoned teenage son, Daniel (V\u00edctor Quezada), who begins to struggle with changes as a teenager; and a sexually dissatisfied girlfriend, Valeria S\u00e1nchez (Fernanda Urrejola), a younger woman who has a communications consulting company. At fifty years old, the only possibility he sees of changing his situation is to invest the profits from his past ten years of stardom doing celebrity journalism, and to establish an online journalism site that fearlessly confronts the powerful of Chile. He clings to the possibility of working with Patricia Fuenzalida (Catalina Saavedra), a widely respected professional journalist who writes an independent blog, a platform she uses to unmask corrupt entrepreneurs. However, she rejects him again and again, disenchanted with his lack of professional ethics. In the midst of his desperate attempts to change her mind, she dies in a strange assault on a supermarket. Mauro's instinct tells him that something else is hiding behind the supposed stray bullet (\"bala loca\") that ended the journalist's life. Thus, he turns to Oscar (Mateo Iribarren), Patricia's husband, to help him discover what the journalist was investigating. Finally it is V\u00edctor (Nicol\u00e1s Dur\u00e1n), her son, who gives him the folders holding the murdered"}, {"text": "journalist's investigation. Thus, Eugenio 'Coco' Aldunate (Alfredo Castro), a powerful businessman who owns a health insurance company, becomes the main suspect. The magnate maintains political ties with Juli\u00e1n Torres Becker (Marcial Tagle), a liberal and progressive senator from the PPD who is a close friend of Murillo. Aldunate is also the main suspect of Nelson Iturra (Pablo Schwarz), a police investigator who takes the case of the reporter's death. Mauro assembles a new team: Gabriela Vuskovic (Trinidad Gonz\u00e1lez), an experienced journalist and a demanding leader; Antonia Serrano (Ingrid Isensee), a journalist who worked at the newspaper with Murillo's ex-wife, but left her comfortable job to do more challenging journalism; Andr\u00e9s Villanueva (Mario Horton), a journalist with technology skills, highly committed to justice and truth; and Alejandra Mujica (Manuela Oyarz\u00fan), a young professional with a reporter's nose, whose tenacity makes her a daring investigator. Mauro announces the premise on which their new \"EnGuardia.cl\" website is founded: Is it possible that in today's Chile a journalist is killed for investigating the powerful? Production. In 2014, the series produced by Filmosonido was awarded the grant of the National Television Council of Chile, worth CLP$437,914,700 (US in 2014), for its production. Recording occurred from"}, {"text": "January 11 to April 23, 2016."}, {"text": "\"So Good\" is a song by American singer, Dove Cameron. It was released through Disruptor and Columbia on November 1, 2019. Background. In an interview with \"Entertainment Tonight\", Dove Cameron stated that the track was \"one of [her] favorite songs that [she's] done\". Cameron also described the song as a \"feel good track with an edge\". Critical reception. Mike Nied from \"Idolator\" wrote that \"There's something so euphoric about how she wholeheartedly embraces the feel-good vibes that is bound to speak to listeners\", and that the song was \"Relatable and gorgeously produced\". Music video. The music video for the song was released on the same day as the track. The video displays Cameron on a rotating platform for the duration of the video, while Cameron is decorated in a variety of flowers using prosthetic glue. As the video progresses, each look builds off of one another as Cameron is covered in more florals. In February 2022, this music video was deleted from her YouTube channel, along with all other songs Cameron had released prior to Boyfriend. Reception. Writing for \"Entertainment Tonight\", Zach Seemayer described the video as \"mature, ethereal and surreal\". Appearances. The song makes an appearance in the 2020"}, {"text": "film After We Collided. Another song of Cameron's, \"We Belong\", was used for the film's trailer."}, {"text": "\"Ludens\" is a song by British rock band Bring Me the Horizon. Produced by the band's vocalist Oliver Sykes and keyboardist Jordan Fish, it was released as the fifth single of the soundtrack ' on 6 November 2019, and was featured as the first single from the group's 2020 commercial release '. Promotion and release. On 1 October 2019, it was revealed that the video game \"Death Stranding\" was getting an official soundtrack album titled \"\" after Scottish band Chvrches released their song \"Death Stranding\" as its lead single. Along with the announcement of the album, the track listing was revealed, which included the band's \"Ludens\". On 4 November, the band shared a photo of a floppy disk-like device with the numbers 06.11.19 written on it. The next day, they revealed that \"Ludens\" would be on BBC Radio 1 with Annie Mac in promotion of the single. Composition and lyrics. \"Ludens\" has been described by critics as being an electronic rock, pop rock, electropop, and a metalcore song. The song was written by the band's lead vocalist Oliver Sykes and keyboardist Jordan Fish, initially for the video game \"Death Stranding\" and its soundtrack ', but is also featured on the"}, {"text": "band's commercial release '. Sykes and Fish wrote and recorded the song in less than a week, with Sykes attributing the short deadline to \"legal shit\" with Sony and Kojima. Sykes requested an extension or an option to submit a placeholder demo instead, but both requests were declined. The song was created while the band was touring in Europe, with Sykes and Fish setting up temporary studios in hotel rooms. \"Ludens\" is the name of Kojima Productions' company icon and mascot. The tagline of Kojima Productions is 'From Sapiens to Ludens'. The Latin word 'Ludens' simultaneously refers to play and practice. More to it, the game character Die-Hardman wears a carbon skull mask with Ludens text on the forehead. However, the character is not present in \"Death Stranding\". When asked about the identity of the mascot, Hideo Kojima responded: Sykes has stated that musically the song was inspired by the 1999 film \"The Matrix\" and the nu metal and industrial metal that was featured on its official . According to Sykes, the song's lyrics are centred around the human race and its ability to adapt while also tying into the themes of \"Death Stranding\". The song's lyrics were partly inspired"}, {"text": "by environmental activist Greta Thunberg while lyrically, it is also a political song, as Sykes told \"NME\": Physical releases of \"Post Human: Survival Horror\" bear a different lyric in the second verse of the song. This alternative version of the song replaces the line \"names can dig so many graves, you won't know where to stand\" with the more graphic and potentially controversial line \"names will make me blow the brains out of all the kids in class\". Initially, only the physical release contained the original line, however, in May 2025 the digital version of the song available on streaming services were updated to include this line. Commercial performance. \"Ludens\" entered the UK Singles Chart on 15 November 2019, peaking at number 75 for a solitary week. It, however, fared much better on the Scottish Singles Chart, peaking at number 53 and staying on the chart for three consecutive weeks. It simultaneously entered the UK Downloads and UK Singles Sales chart, both peaking at 45 for three total weeks on the charts respectively. \"Ludens\" debuted and peaked on the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart at number 2, being denied the top spot by Queen's \"Bohemian Rhapsody\". The song spent"}, {"text": "a total of seven consecutive weeks on the chart. Music video. The music video for \"Ludens\" was released shortly after the single was initially streamed. Directed by Sykes himself, it features the band playing to a relatively small crowd while they mosh to the music and protest, with footage from \"Death Stranding\" being shown throughout the video. In the behind the scenes video for the song's music video, Sykes states:"}, {"text": "Molvig is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}, {"text": "Snarumselva is a river in Buskerud county, Norway. It flows north to south from Kr\u00f8deren, a lake in Kr\u00f8dsherad municipality, to Geithus, a village in Modum municipality, where it joins the Drammenselva river. The total length of Snarumselva is about and the total altitude loss is about . There are two hydroelectric power plants along Snarumselva, both located on natural waterfalls. The first is Ramfoss Power Plant, located on Ramfoss approximately south of the head of the river at Kr\u00f8deren. The second, Kaggefoss Power Plant, is located on Kaggefoss, approximately two kilometres north of the terminus at Geithus. The portion of the river that runs from Kaggefoss to the terminus at Geithus is also sometimes called Kista. Ramfoss. Ramfoss Power Station utilizes a fall of . Operation began on July 27, 1961, and the plant was expanded June 20, 1970. The power plant is operated by Midt Nett Buskerud AS and is owned by Modum municipality (36.35%), Kr\u00f8dsherad municipality (18.17%), Sigdal municipality (9.48%) and Buskerud county (36%). Kaggefoss. The Kaggefoss waterfall is tall, at above sea level. The terrain nearby mostly consists of closed broad-leaved deciduous forests. Kaggefoss Power Plant (\"Kaggefoss kraftstasjon\") is located on the falls. It became operational"}, {"text": "in 1951 and was upgraded in 1999. The power station belongs to EB Power AS, a subsidiary of Energy Buskerud."}, {"text": "Mohamed Jamaaluddin (Al-shaykh Muhammadh Jamal al-Din) is an important 16th century scholar and immigrant to Maldives who settled in Vaadu island in the Huvadu atoll of Maldives. He is also referred to as Jamal-al-Din Huvadu or as Vaadu Dhanna Kilegefaanu meaning \"Scholar from Vaadu island\". He is known for teaching and advancing other scholars in the region of Maldives. Maldivian chronicler Hassan Taj Al-Din references Al-shaykh Muhammadh Jamal al-Din as an foreigner who immigrated to Maldives and lists his origin as Hadramawt. He mentions that Al-shaykh Muhammadh Jamal al-Din immigrated to Maldives in the time of Sultan Muhammadh (Muhammad Thakurufaanu Al Auzam, 1573\u20131585). Al-shaykh Muhammadh Jamal al-Din's most famous students include: Other educators from his teaching legacy:"}, {"text": "Rise of da Moon is the fourth studio album by American hip hop group Black Moon. It was released on October 18, 2019 via Duck Down Music. Produced entirely by Da Beatminerz, it features guest appearances from Smif-N-Wessun, Method Man and Rock. The album was preceded by the only single, \"Creep Wit Me\", which was released on June 14, 2019 with an accompanying music video, as well as the music video for \"Black Moon Rise\", which was released on September 20, 2019."}, {"text": "The John G. Logue House is a building in the Museum District area in Houston, Texas. The building, named after lawyer John G. Logue, the owner, was designed by William Ward Watkin and constructed in 1923. At one time Rice University's Shepherd School of Music held its classes at the Logue House. The Federation of Italian-American Organizations of Greater Houston obtained it in 1988 and the building houses the organization's offices and the Italian Cultural and Community Center (ICCC). Because of the latter, the building itself is also known as the \"Italian Cultural Center\". The center hosts cultural events such as movie nights and wine tastings as well as Italian language and culture classes. In 1998 the National Park Service (NPS) listed the Logue House on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). It is in proximity to Montrose."}, {"text": "Christelle Aqu\u00e9r\u00e9buru is a Togolese filmmaker. She is founder-director of the film school Ecole de cin\u00e9ma au Togo (ECRAN), and director of the audio-visual production company African Dreams. Life. Christelle Aqu\u00e9r\u00e9buru gave up work with a maritime multinational to establish ECRAN in 2009. ECRAN has taught over 100 students and produced 20 films and documentaries. The work of one ECRAN student, Essi N\u00e9vam\u00e9 Akpandza, was nominated in the School Films category at the 2013 FESPACO. Aqu\u00e9r\u00e9buru is married with three children. Benian Melifa and Owan"}, {"text": "New Standards is an album by the American jazz trumpeter Malachi Thompson recorded and released by the Delmark label in 1993. Reception. Allmusic reviewer Steven McDonald stated \"\"New Standards\" takes on a nice variety of material ... The playing is entertainingly upbeat, keeping the music interesting even when Thompson and the band go off into improvisational wilds. Thompson's trumpet work is outstanding, entertaining and listenable without condescending to the production of light and fluffy jazz\"."}, {"text": "Pedro Livio Cede\u00f1o is a Santo Domingo Metro station on Line 1. It was open on 22 January 2009 as part of the inaugural section of Line 1 between Mam\u00e1 Ting\u00f3 and Centro de los H\u00e9roes. The station is between Los Ta\u00ednos and Manuel Arturo Pe\u00f1a Batlle. This is an underground station, built below Avenida M\u00e1ximo G\u00f3mez. It is named to honor Pedro Livio Cede\u00f1o."}, {"text": "James France (* 1930 in Brussels \u2013 31 August 2020) was a British-Danish businessman and historian of art and monasticism. Business career. James France's father was an English producer of design furniture, Charles William Fearnley France (1897\u20131972); his mother was Ren\u00e9e Mauricette France (1898\u20131981). The family moved to Denmark in 1936. James studied at Oxford University, graduating with a Master of Arts degree. He entered the family business (for which, among others, Finn Juhl had designed products) in 1957. The firm was sold in 1966, at which point France started a chain of toy stores. He wrote a book about his father's firm, \"France & S\u00f8n\", in 2016. Historian of the Cistercian Order. France returned to scholarship after retiring; his interest in the Cistercian Order had begun at Oxford. He wrote books on the Cistercians in Scandinavia (1992) and monks of the same order in medieval art (1998). He received a doctorate in 2002 from the University of Roskilde, having written a dissertation on \"The Medieval iconography of St Bernard of Clairvaux c. 1135 - c. 1530.\" It was published in 2007 as \"Medieval images of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux\". 2012 saw the publication of a book on Cistercian lay"}, {"text": "brothers. France was made a Fellow of the \"Society of Antiquaries of London\" in 1998."}, {"text": "Kim Byung-chul (; born 30 December 1938) is a South Korean businessman and professor. He is best known for donating many relics of Gaya confederacy and Silla to the museum of Yonsei University. Biography. He was born in Pyongyang in North Korea which was very famous for Christianity, He graduated from the Department of Political Science at Yonsei University in 1963. After completing his MBA and PDC(Professional Doctoral Certificate) at the Drexel University, he was a professor at Seokyeong University. He served as CEO of Korea Optical Industry Co., Ltd. and CEO of Century Optics, and is the Chairman of Sunil Co. Ltd., Wooil Co.Ltd., Darim Co. Ltd., and Smarttech Co.Ltd. On 13 May 2016 he donated 1,803 Silla Pagoda and Relics to Yonsei University Museum."}, {"text": "\"All Dat\" is a song by American rappers Moneybagg Yo and Megan Thee Stallion. It was released on October 10, 2019, as the lead single from the former's third studio album, \"Time Served\" (2020). It is his first single as a lead artist to chart on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, peaking at number 70. Music video. A video for the song was released on October 10, 2019. It shows Moneybagg and Megan getting \"close\" and \"comfortable\" on the compound of their seaside mansion that overlooks a beautiful ocean."}, {"text": "Somebody's Knocking is the eleventh studio album by American singer Mark Lanegan (credited to \"Mark Lanegan Band\"). It was released through Heavenly Recordings on October 18, 2019. Critical reception. \"The Guardian\" wrote that the album \"is limited to trying to re-create the mood of Manchester in the 1980s ... you can\u2019t help but laugh at the brazenness of it.\" \"Clash\" called it \"probably the most cheerful album Lanegan has released under his own name, despite still sounding like Joy Division at their moodiest.\" Charts. r"}, {"text": "Straight Songs of Sorrow is the twelfth and final studio album by American singer Mark Lanegan. It was released through Heavenly Recordings on May 8, 2020. The album was inspired by writing his memoir \"Sing Backwards and Weep\", which was published April 28, 2020. It's his first solo album credited to simply Mark Lanegan, as opposed to Mark Lanegan Band, since 2013's \"Imitations\", and the first one credited to Mark Lanegan that doesn't feature former collaborator Mike Johnson."}, {"text": "Primrose Path is the debut full-length album by Welsh post-hardcore band Dream State, released on 18 October 2019 through UNFD. It was produced by Dan Weller and opened at number 100 on the UK Albums Chart. It's also the final record to feature Charlotte-Jayne \"CJ\" Gilpin, Rhys Wilcox and Jamie Lee who all parted ways with the band following its release. Singles. On 6 March 2019, the first single from the album \"Hand in Hand\" was released. The second single, \"Primrose\", was released on 10 July 2019. This was followed by the third single \"Open Windows\" and an official announcement of the album on 20 August 2019. On 8 October 2019, just ten days before the release of the album, a fourth single \"Twenty Letters\" was released on BBC Radio 1. A fifth and last single and music video from the album was released on 21 June 2020 for the song \"Are You Ready to Live?\". Personnel. Dream State Production"}, {"text": "Trade unions in Uganda have existed since the 1930s. For much of Uganda's history trade union activities have been greatly shaped by national politics and by events external to the country's labour movement. The experiences of trade unions in Uganda fall into four periods: during the British colonial period (to 1962), from independence to the rise to power of Idi Amin (1962-1971), the Idi Amin dictatorship (1971-1979) and through to the present. Uganda Protectorate. The first unions emerged with the formation of the Uganda African Motor Drivers' Association in 1939. The Uganda Trade Union Congress (UTUC), founded in 1955, was the country's first national centre. Independence. As trade unions grew in the late 1950s and early 1960s, workers from outside Uganda became involved. This was especially the case of Kenyan workers fleeing British repression during the Mau Mau Uprising. The newly independent government was fearful of the infusion of Kenyan workers who were perceived to be militant and framed trade union law in ways which were considered more draconian than during the colonial period. For example, non-Ugandans were banned from holding any position within a trade union. Trade unions in contemporary Uganda. During the second decade of the 21st Century,"}, {"text": "NOTU emerged as the largest national trade union. While initially struggling to be relevant and undergoing significant internal divisions between 2000 and 2010, by 2018 the confederation had absorbed unions which had broken away from rival COFTU and increased membership through organising. Between 2010 and 2018, NOTU's membership grew by more than three times and represents more than 90% of organised workers in Uganda. The growth is largely attributed to the organization of informal workers."}, {"text": "Ding Yi (Chinese: \u4e01\u31e0; born 1962) is a Chinese contemporary artist currently based in Shanghai. He is a pivotal figure in the development of geometric abstraction in China, and is currently a professor at the Shanghai Institute of Visual Arts. Early life. Ding Yi grew up during the Cultural Revolution. He studied in the art program at your middle school, and the art education he received in Shanghai was in general not systematic. The uniquely nonlinear curriculum included making bricks for bomb shelters, drawing propaganda posters, performing in public spaces, and studying design and Chinese ink painting. He studied decorative design at the Shanghai School of Arts and Crafts from 1980 to 1983, and then went on to major in Chinese ink painting in the art program of Shanghai University from 1986 to 1990. He also took part in a number of art exhibitions in 1985 and 1986. Career. Ding Yi's enduring method of incorporating crosses into his work emerged in the late 1980s. He executed a series of painting experiments called \"Appearance of Crosses\", in which the artist adopted the shapes of x and + as a recurring motif with the intention of combining painting and design into a"}, {"text": "single form of expression. The cross, whether a + or an x, is a motif that the artist has declared as a formal mark without meaning, while the context of this work is the industrial-paced development of the urban environment in post-socialist China. His perennial idiom \u2014-- the grid \u2014-- speaks to a context in place and time, through its association with the frenetic communications networks and distinctive fluorescence of the contemporary city. Style. The majority of his work features repetitions of the sign superimposed in different layers, colors, and rotations; the tiny, manually painted symbols cover the entire surface of large canvases, requiring a painstaking amount of precision and technical skill. By applying extremely rational design elements, Ding sought to \u201cmake painting that was not like painting,\u201d and for the past thirty years he has exclusively and relentlessly executed abstract paintings with shapes of small cross. The majority of his work features repetitions of the plus sign superimposed in different layers, colors, and rotations; the tiny, manually painted symbols cover the entire surface of large canvases, requiring a painstaking amount of precision and technical skill. Museum collections. His works are included in the collections of:"}, {"text": "Mark Campbell is a New York-based librettist and lyricist whose operas have received both a Pulitzer Prize in Music and a GRAMMY Award. Mark began writing for the stage as a musical theatre lyricist, but turned to libretto-writing after he premiered \"Volpone\", his first full-length opera in 2004 at Wolf Trap Opera Company. Mark has written 40 opera librettos, lyrics for 7 musicals and text for 6 song cycles and 4 oratorios. His best-known works are \"Silent Night\", \"The Shining\", \"The (R)evolution of Steve Jobs\", \"As One\", \"Later the Same Evening\", \"Stonewall\", \"Elizabeth Cree\" and the musical \"Songs from an Unmade Bed\". His operas have been produced by most of the prominent opera companies in the U.S., including Atlanta Opera, Arizona Opera, Austin Opera, Boston Lyric Opera, Central City Opera, Chicago Opera Theatre, Cincinnati Opera, Des Moines Metro Opera, Ft. Worth Opera, Houston Grand Opera, Hawaii Opera Theatre, Lyric Opera of Kansas City, Michigan Opera Theatre, Minnesota Opera, New Orleans Opera, New York City Opera, Opera Colorado, Opera Memphis, Opera Parall\u00e8le, Opera Philadelphia, Pensacola Opera, Pittsburgh Opera, Portland Opera, San Diego Opera, San Francisco Opera, Santa Fe Opera, Seattle Opera, Urban Arias, Utah Opera, Virginia Opera, Washington National Opera and"}, {"text": "West Edge Opera. As an educator, Mark has established libretto-writing programs at the American Opera Project, Washington National Opera's American Opera Initiative, American Lyric Theatre and the University of Colorado's New Opera Workshop. In 2022, he created the Campbell Opera Librettist Prize, the first and only award for opera librettists in the history of the art form (administered by OPERA America). In 2022, he co-created, with his \"As One\" collaborators, the True Voice Award to help with the training of transgender and non-binary singers (administered by Washington National Opera's Cafritz Young Artist's Program). Libretto mentorship programs. Mark Campbell has created or helped create opera libretto-writing programs with the following organizations. American Lyric Theatre The American Opera Initiative University of Colorado New Opera Workshop Opera Philadelphia's Composer in Residence Program The John Duffy Institute for New Opera"}, {"text": "Margaretha Wilhelmina Francina (Mienke) Simon Thomas (born 1954) is a Dutch art historian, curator and author, working as a senior curator at Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam. She is known for her works on the development of Dutch applied art and design. Life and work. Simon Thomas studied at the Design Academy Eindhoven from 1972 to 1976, and continued for some time in the history of art and design at Utrecht University. Later in 1996 she obtained her PhD in this direction at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam under Carel Blotkamp with a dissertation on ornaments and ornament theories in the Netherlands between 1850 and 1930. At the end of the seventies Simon Thomas started as a freelancer. She participated in the Industry & Design exhibition at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam from 1985 to 1986. in 1986 she published a book about the furniture designer Cornelis van der Sluys. In 1993 Simon Thomas started as a curator at Museum Boijmans van Beuningen, where she grew to be the main curator as successor of Thimo te Duits. She then continued to write about Dutch design and its development. For example, she wrote general books about the Dutch packaging industry, Art"}, {"text": "Deco in the Netherlands, and some biographical works about designers such as Jaap Gidding, Jacob Jongert and Johan Thorn Prikker."}, {"text": "The 2019\u201320 season is Aquila Basket Trento's 25th in existence and the club's 7th consecutive season in the top flight of Italian basketball. Overview. Trento reached the Top16 of the EuroCup Basketball and ended the round with no wins. The 2019-20 season was hit by the coronavirus pandemic that compelled the federation to suspend and later cancel the competition without assigning the title to anyone. Trento ended the championship in 9th position. Kit. Supplier: Spalding / Sponsor: Dolomiti Energia Players. Current roster. <section begin=roster/> <section end=roster/> Depth chart. <section begin=depthchart/> <section end=depthchart/>"}, {"text": "Lady Liberty Hong Kong () was a statue that was created during the 2019\u20132020 Hong Kong protests, designed by users from the LIHKG forum. Created in August 2019, the statue was publicly displayed in multiple locations before being hauled to the top of Lion Rock, intended as the statue's \"final resting place\"; however, the statue was vandalised and removed by unknown assailants the next day. Inception. In August 2019, a design team came up with nine design proposals for the statue. An online vote was held on LIHKG, leading the team to select the \"Goddess of democracy\" design, which was modelled after a female demonstrator whose eye was allegedly ruptured by a bean bag round shot by the police. The team launched a crowdfunding campaign, which successfully raised a total of in 6 hours, surpassing its goal. Roughly was spent on the statue, and the remaining was donated to the 612 Humanitarian Relief Fund in support of the protest movement. The team involved in the production included: Design concept. The design concept of \"Lady Liberty Hong Kong\" was inspired by a typical demonstrator's outfit: a yellow helmet, eye mask and a gas mask; the right hand holds an umbrella, while"}, {"text": "the left hand holds a banner with the slogan \"Liberate Hong Kong, Revolution of our times\", a commonly used slogan in the protest movement. The team has stated the statue symbolised \"the unparalleled bravery of Hongkongers in voicing out amidst [the] rain of bullets and tear gas in the prolonged anti-extradition bill movement\". Exhibition. The statue was first publicly displayed at the Chinese University of Hong Kong on 31 August. The statue was also displayed at the \"Anti-Abusive and Anti-authoritarian Rally\" held at Chater Garden on 6 September and was temporarily moved to the University of Hong Kong afterwards. On 13 October, the statue was hauled to the top of Lion Rock by a team of 32 volunteers, including 16 professional climbers. The organisers had intended Lion Rock as the statue's \"final resting place\", as \"a symbolic gesture to infuse a refreshed mindset for the fight for democracy.\" However, on the next morning, the statue was toppled and vandalised with red paint by unknown assailants."}, {"text": "Abu Talha (born 30 October 1939) is a Jatiya Party (Ershad) politician and a former member of parliament for Natore-1. Career. Talha was elected to parliament from Natore-1 as a Jatiya Party candidate in 2008. He is the vice-chairman of the Jatiya Party. In 2017, the Anti-Corruption Commission sued him for evading 18 million taka in taxes."}, {"text": "Natee Utarit (, born 9 April 1970) is a contemporary artist from Bangkok, Thailand. He has participated in group and several solo exhibitions in East Asia and Europe. Utarit's artworks have been described as involving the relationships between historical arts such as Renaissance art from the Western world and postcolonialism. Commentators state that Utarit questions the world of contemporary art through his aesthetics skills, creating metaphors on all his artworks. Biography. Natee Utarit was born in 1970 in Bangkok. He graduated from Silpakorn University majoring in Graphic Arts (Fine Arts) at the Painting and Sculpture Faculty. Utarit has received the Art Game Changer Award from Asia Society. Professional career and exhibitions. Natee's works have been described as a combination of philosophy, beliefs, religious views, history, knowledge of various elements from various centuries, and experimentation (on connecting between his artworks and historical cultures from the Western world). The artist also uses photographs as a communication tool, creating a visionary view presenting cultures and an informative background on the relationships between Western and Eastern cultures, respectively. According to one analysis, Natee's works can be regarded as finding newer perspective by creating a figurative which differs from the original / tradition views. With"}, {"text": "that, the artist's use of sociopolitical and religious points of view to craft up his works of art, reflecting both contemporary points of view and hidden messages for the audience to comprehends through various visuals and forms. Natee's works include \"Optimism is Ridiculous: The Altarpieces\", from solo exhibitions in both museums and art institutions."}, {"text": "Buddy Bolden's Rag (subtitled [100 Years of Jazz]) is an album by the American jazz trumpeter Malachi Thompson, recorded and released by the Delmark label in 1995. Reception. AllMusic reviewer Alex Henderson stated: \"On \"Buddy Bolden's Rag\", Thompson and his band Africa Brass salute Bolden in an unconventional way; instead of playing traditional New Orleans jazz, they provide inside/outside post-bop that acknowledges Crescent City brass bands as well as avant-garde and AACM jazz. Thompson looks back on jazz's early history but does so without being the least bit dogmatic about it, and the result is a very enriching and unpredictable CD\". Track listing. All compositions by Malachi Thompson except where noted Personnel. Guests:"}, {"text": "The Online Harms White Paper is a white paper produced by the British government in April 2019. It lays out the government's proposals on dealing with \"online harms\", which it defines as \"online content or activity that harms individual users, particularly children, or threatens our way of life in the UK, either by undermining national security, or by reducing trust and undermining our shared rights, responsibilities and opportunities to foster integration\", but excluding harm to businesses, harm from data breaches, and harm caused by activity on the dark web, all of which are dealt with by other government initiatives. The government's proposed solution to these problems is to introduce a wide-ranging regime of Internet regulation in the United Kingdom, enforcing codes of practice on Internet companies, which would be subject to a statutory duty of care, and the threat of punishment or blocking if the codes are not complied with. Following the abandonment of the proposed UK Internet age verification system in October 2019, the Culture Secretary Nicky Morgan stated that the government would seek to follow the White Paper's approach to regulation as an alternative."}, {"text": "Francis Watson (born 29 September 1995) is a professional Australian rules footballer who played for the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League (AFL). Early life. Watson grew up in the small East Kimberley community of Balgo, Western Australia. Watson started off at Claremont and played in the Colts WAFL premiership side in 2013. He made his West Australian Football League debut for Claremont in 2015, and played 19 senior games for Claremont over the 2015 and 2016 seasons. Due to his Indigenous background, the Fremantle Dockers sought permission to register him in the club's Next Generation Academy, but the application was rejected by the Australian Football League on the ground that he had not resided in the Kimberley during the relevant period. Watson was then eligible to sign with any club as a \"Category B\" rookie, and joined West Coast in November 2016. AFL career. Nearly three years after joining West Coast, Watson made his AFL debut as a late inclusion in their 13-point victory over Melbourne in round 18 of the 2019 AFL season. He came in at the expense of premiership captain Shannon Hurn with a calf injury moments before the game. Watson was delisted at"}, {"text": "the conclusion of the 2020 AFL season after just two games for the club."}, {"text": "The International Relations and Trade Select Committee (Malay: Jawatankuasa Pilihan Khas Hubungan dan Perdagangan Antarabangsa; ; Tamil: \u0bae\u0bb2\u0bc7\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe \u0b9a\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0b9a \u0b89\u0bb1\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b95 \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd) is a select committee of the Malaysian House of Representatives, which scrutinises the Ministry of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs, Ministry of International Trade and Industry and Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It is among four new bipartisan parliamentary select committees announced by the Minister in the Prime Minister's Department in charge of legal affairs, Liew Vui Keong, on 17 October 2019 in an effort to improve the institutional system. Membership. 14th Parliament. As of December 2019, the committee's current members are as follows:"}, {"text": "The Science, Innovation and Environment Select Committee (Malay: Jawatankuasa Pilihan Khas Sains, Inovasi dan Alam Sekitar; ; Tamil: \u0bae\u0bb2\u0bc7\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd, \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bc2\u0bb4\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bc1) is a select committee of the Malaysian House of Representatives, which scrutinises the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI). It is among four new bipartisan parliamentary select committees announced by the Minister in the Prime Minister's Department in charge of legal affairs, Liew Vui Keong, on 17 October 2019 in an effort to improve the institutional system. Membership. 14th Parliament. As of December 2019, the Committee's current members are as follows:"}, {"text": "The Human Rights and Constitutional Affairs Select Committee (Malay: Jawatankuasa Pilihan Khas Hak Asasi Manusia dan Hal Ehwal Perlembagaan) is a select committee of the Malaysian House of Representatives. It is among four new bipartisan parliamentary select committees announced by the Minister in the Prime Minister's Department in charge of legal affairs, Liew Vui Keong, on 17 October 2019 in an effort to improve the institutional system. The creation saw the portfolio of human rights being moved from the previous Rights and Gender Equality Select Committee, now known as the Gender Equality and Family Development Select Committee. Membership. 14th Parliament. As of December 2019, the Committee's current members are as follows:"}, {"text": "Marie-Marguerite Brun (25 June 1713 in Coligny \u2014 10 July 1794 in Besan\u00e7on) was a French lexicographer and poet. Biography. Born as Marie-Marguerite de Maison-Forte, she took the name Brun in 1730 when she married the subdelegate of Besan\u00e7on, who later became the King's Prosecutor to the financial office of Besan\u00e7on. She regularly invited writers at her home. In 1753, she released \"Essay d'un dictionnaire franc-comtois\" (a dictionary of the Franc-Comtois language) with Mr. Petit-Benoist. In 1773, she earned an honourable mention in the Acad\u00e9mie Fran\u00e7aise prize contest for her poem \"L'Amour maternel\". In 1774, she published another poem, \"L'Amour des Fran\u00e7ois pour leur roi\"."}, {"text": "The 1991\u201392 VfB Stuttgart season was the 71st season in the club's history and the 15th season since promotion from 2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd in 1977. Stuttgart won the league, the second Bundesliga title for the club and the fourth German championship. The club also participated in the DFB-Pokal and UEFA Cup, where it reached quarter-finals and second round respectively."}, {"text": "Enric Juliana Ricart (born 1957) is a Spanish journalist and political commentator. Biography. Born in Badalona in 1957, he became a journalist at a young age, joining the Barcelona-based daily newspaper ' in 1975, later working for ', TVE and \"El Pa\u00eds\". A member of the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC) in his youth, he also was a member of the editorial office of the weekly party magazine \"Treball\". He was hired by \"La Vanguardia\" in 1991. From 1997 to 2000, he was destined as correspondent to Italy. He was appointed as deputy-editor of \"La Vanguardia\" in 2000, also becoming the newspaper's delegate to Madrid in 2004."}, {"text": "EgyptSat-A or MisrSat A is Egypt's third Earth observation satellite following the EgyptSat 1 launched in 2007 and EgyptSat 2 launched in 2014. This satellite was built by the Egyptian National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences Jointly with Russian RKK Energia while the imaging payload was developed by OAO Peleng and NIRUP Geoinformatsionnye Sistemy in Belarus."}, {"text": "Cratichneumon culex is a species of the parasitic wasp of the family Ichneumonidae. The species was first described by M\u00fcller in 1776. Description. \"Cratichneumon culex\" can reach a length of (excluding antennae). As usual in Incheumonidae these solitary parasitic wasps have an elongated abdomen and very long antennae. The body is black, while the legs are reddish or reddish with white markings and the antennae are partially white. Distribution and habitat. This species can be found in most of Europe. It lives in hedge rows. Biology. This species is a pupal parasitoid. Adults parasite the pupae of the winter moth \"Operophtera brumata\". Other recorded hosts are \"Semiothisa\" species and \"Bupalus piniarius\" (Geometridae), \"Tethea or\" (Drepanidae), \"Notodonta dromedarius\" (Notodontidae), \"Dasychira pudibunda\" (Lymantridae) and \"Panolis flammea\" (Noctuidae). These wasps are mainly active in the late summer. They search for their prey in the soil. The females lay eggs into pupae with the ovipositor."}, {"text": "Puru Raaj Kumar (born 30 March 1970) is an Indian actor who works in Hindi films. He is the son of actor Raaj Kumar and is married to Croatian model Koraljika Grdak. Early life and education. Puru Raaj Kumar was born in Bombay, Maharashtra, India to a Kashmiri Pandit father, Raaj Kumar and Gayatri (original name Jennifer), an Anglo-Indian. Raaj Kumar was an actor, and Jennifer an air hostess. Puru was a student of Gettysburg College where he majored in economics, psychology and theatre. Career. Kumar's first film \"Bal Bramhachari\" was released in 1996, where his co-star was Karisma Kapoor. In 2000, he did \"Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai\" where he played a negative role, and \"Mission Kashmir\". In the following years his releases included \"Khatron Ke Khiladi\" (2001), \"Dushmani\" (2002), \"LOC Kargil\" (2003). After several flops at the box office, Kumar was not able to establish a strong footing in Bollywood. He acted in \"Jaago\" in 2004. After more than two years, his film \"Umrao Jaan\" (2006) was released. His latest film was \"Action Jackson\" (2014) where he played the role of ACP Shirke. Personal life. Kumar married Croatian model, Koraljika Grdak on 14 October 2011 in Zagreb. Legal"}, {"text": "Troubles. On 17 December 1993, Kumar ran his car over eight people who were sleeping on a pavement in Bandra, Mumbai. Three people died in this accident. It is also said that he was drunk at that time and was arrested for this incident. Later, he was released. It is said that the matter was settled out of court and he had to pay fine for this mishap."}, {"text": "Sir Ignazio Gavino Bonavito GCMG (1792 1865) was the chief justice of Malta from 1839 to 1853."}, {"text": "The 2019\u201320 Sydney FC W-League season was the club's twelfth season in the W-League, the premier competition for women's association football in Australia. Players. Squad information. (on loan from Washington Spirit) (on loan from Houston Dash) (on loan from Houston Dash)"}, {"text": "Cliff Jacobson is an American canoeist, author and outdoorsman. He is best known for his books on camping and canoeing. Early life. Jacobson was born in Chicago, Illinois. He started canoeing at the age of 11, in northern Michigan. In 1962, he received his bachelor's degree in forestry from Purdue University. Later, he worked as an outfitter and canoe guide for the Science Museum of Minnesota. He is also a retired teacher of environmental science at Hastings Middle School. Jacobson was an artillery officer (2nd and 1st. Lt.) in the U.S. army from 1963 to 1965. He was stationed in Bayreuth, Germany. In 2003, Jacobson received the Legends Of Paddling Award from the American Canoe Association. He was awarded the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award by the Boy Scouts of America in 2009. He is a member of the Outdoor Writers Association of America."}, {"text": "Bhupatgad Fort is a fort in Palghar district in the Jawhar taluka in Maharashtra state of India. Location. The fort is located about 130 km from Thane. The nearest town is Jawhar. This fort lay about 30 km East of the Jawhar town on northern spur of hills that run east from Jawhar. The Fort is situated near the villages Kurlod and Zaap. Places to see. This fort can be reached after an easy trek of one hour from the base village Kurlod or Zaap. There are no proper fortifications or bastions left on the fort except for two entrance gates in ruined state . There are few rock cut water cisterns and statues of Mhasoba and Hanuman on the fort. History. Very less history of this fort is known. This fort was important to keep watch over the Trimbak-Wada trade route. This fort was in the Jawhar princely state till 1947. References."}, {"text": "Grigoryevsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dobrinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 43 as of 2010. There are 2 streets. Geography. Grigoryevsky is located in steppe, 33 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Olkhovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Gromlenovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Iskrinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 43 as of 2010. Geography. Gromlenovsky is located in steppe, 54 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Rozovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Dobrinka () is a rural locality (a stanitsa) and the administrative center of Dobrinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,883 as of 2010. There are 19 streets. Geography. Dobrinka is located in forest steppe, 19 km southeast of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Gorsko-Popovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Dolgy () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Okladnenskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 560 as of 2010. There are 8 streets. Geography. Dolgy is located in steppe, 36 km southeast of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zelyony is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Dolgovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Akchernskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 274 as of 2010. There are 9 streets. Geography. Dolgovsky is located in steppe, 22 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Dyakonovsky 1-y is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Dubovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Dubovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 942 as of 2010. There are 9 streets. Geography. Dubovsky is located in steppe, 33 km south of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Golovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Kazim Kazimzade (; 10 August 1913, Baku \u2013 4 October 1992, Baku) was a Soviet and Azerbaijani painter. People's Artist of the Azerbaijan SSR, recipient of the Stalin Prize and the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. Biography. Kazim Kazimzade was born on August 10, 1913, in Baku. Since school years, Kazimzade showed interest in the visual arts. In his formation as an artist, one of the main roles was played by his teacher, a famous graphic artist, an employee of the magazine \u201cMolla Nasraddin\u201d Emir Hajiyev. He studied at the Technical School of Art in Baku in 1933\u20131936. In the early 40s, he took part in the Great Patriotic War. From 1942 to his death, he was director of the National Art Museum of Azerbaijan. In 1943, Kazim Kazimzade was awarded the title of Honored Art Worker of the Azerbaijan SSR and in 1950 he was awarded the Stalin Prize. Since 1952, Kazimzade was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and since 1954 - a full member of the Soviet Committee of the International Council of Museums. In 1960, the artist graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. In 1965, he"}, {"text": "was awarded the title of People's Painter of the Azerbaijan SSR, the Order of the Red Banner of Labour and medals. Kazim Kazimzade created mainly in the genre of book illustration and easel graphics. In the first period of his work he illustrated the poems of the classic of Azerbaijan poetry Nizami Ganjavi \"Eskandar-nameh\" (\"The Book of Alexander\"), \"Makhzan ol-Asrar\" (\"Treasury of secrets\") (1940), \"Layla and Majnun\" (1947), \"Khosrow and Shirin\" (1948), as well children's books \"Fitne\", \"The Magic Ring\", \"Iskender and the Shepherd\". Kazimzade also illustrated the works of poets such as Mahsati, Khaqani, Qatran Tabrizi, Khatai and Hafez. In a series of paintings \"On the Ways of the Front\" the artist reflected the horrors of World War II. Among the paintings on a military theme \u201cDestroyed Fascist Tank\u201d, \u201cAt Rest\u201d, \u201cLetter from Mother\u201d are distinguished. Political posters and caricatures also occupied a significant place in the artist\u2019s work. Collaborating since 1952 with the satirical magazine \"Kirpi\" (\u201cHedgehog\u201d), Kazimzade created the series of paintings on historical and everyday topics (\u201cHistorical revolutionary events in Baku\u201d, \u201cMedical workers\u201d, \u201cLife of H. Abovyan\u201d, \u201c416th division in battle\u201d, \u201cIn Free Cuba\u201d, \u201cIraq Paintings\u201d). He also created costumes for opera and drama performances, as"}, {"text": "well as for films. The author of plot carpets dedicated to Joseph Stalin (1949) and Vladimir Lenin (1957). The artist also had a series of works \u201cOur children\u201d (\u201cI am listening to you\u201d, \u201cI will paint a picture\u201d, \u201cBefore the performance\u201d). In addition to his works, Kazimzade created portraits of the Azerbaijani writer and enlightener Abbasgulu Bakikhanov, poet Ali Fazli and folklorist Abulgasim Huseynzade. Collaborating with artists such as Azim Azimzade, Emir Hajiyev, Salam Salamzade, Sadig Sharifzade, Ismayil Akhundov, Maral Rahmanzadeh, took part in the creation of such series of paintings as \"Dress warmer, going to the front\", \"Friendship of the peoples of the Caucasus\". Kazim Kazimzade died on October 4, 1992, in Baku."}, {"text": "Dubrovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Iskrinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 103 as of 2010. Geography. Dubrovsky is located in steppe, 44 km west of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Rozovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "The 17 October Protests, commonly referred to as the 17 October Revolution or Hirak or Thawrah (), were a series of civil protests in Lebanon that began after the Lebanese cabinet announced financial measures on 17 October 2019. These national protests were triggered by planned taxes on gasoline, tobacco, and VoIP calls on applications such as WhatsApp, but quickly expanded into a country-wide condemnation of sectarian rule, the stagnation of the economy, unemployment (which reached 46% in 2018), endemic corruption in the public sector, legislation that was perceived to shield the ruling class from accountability (such as banking secrecy) and failures of the government to provide basic services such as electricity, water, and sanitation. The protests created a political crisis in Lebanon, with Prime Minister Saad Hariri tendering his resignation, not demanding any new governmental needs of being the prime minister and echoing protesters' demands for a government of independent specialists. A cabinet headed by Hassan Diab was formed in 2020 but also resigned in the wake of the 2020 Beirut explosion. Calling for a complete regime change, it was known by its most famous slogan; (). Background. Political background. According to \"The Economist\", Lebanon's dysfunction and mismanagement which followed"}, {"text": "the protests originated in the country's sectarian political system codified by the Taif agreement, which took place in 1989. The Taif agreement enshrines a sect-based political system, where political authority is allocated based on the religious affiliation of the public servant. This system is perceived as exploited by the current Lebanese politicians, many of whom are Lebanese Civil War-era sectarian warlords who still occupy positions of power and enjoy amnesty against accountability. Lebanon consists of various religious factions with 18 different sects. The 18 officially recognized religious groups include four Muslim sects, 12 Christian sects, the Druze sect, and Judaism. The outbreak of the protests was attributed to the accumulated crises within the preceding weeks in Lebanon. First, in Chouf and Saadiyat, among other places, fires propagated, scorching nearby homes and placing many people in danger. A large portion of greenery was burnt down as a result. The Lebanese government failed to employ its planes to extinguish the fires and had to rely on Cypriot aid. Moreover, the prices of both oil and bread had been increasing as well as the rates of unemployment and poverty nationwide. Since all of these issues were due to a lack of proper governance,"}, {"text": "the Lebanese people voiced out their opinions over the negative situation. Furthermore, Lebanese citizens were facing many problems in the preceding years, electricity cuts since 1975, and so obtaining 24-hour electricity in Lebanon has since been dependent on obtaining a deal with the country's \"generator mafia\", which operates a ring of contraband gasoline power generators that contribute to the high level of air pollution in Lebanese cities. Lebanon has also not had access to drinking water except through purchased bottled water from private companies since the 1975\u20131990 Lebanese Civil War. Finally, the country suffers from deficient sanitation and sewage infrastructure, which led to the 2015 \"garbage crisis\" that sparked the 2015\u20132016 Lebanese protests. Days before the protests began, a series of about 100 major wildfires in Chouf, Khroub and other Lebanese areas displaced hundreds of people and caused enormous damage to Lebanese wildlife. The Lebanese government failed to deploy its firefighting equipment due to lack of maintenance and had to rely on aid from neighboring Cyprus, Jordan, Turkey and Greece. Protests started taking place in small numbers around Beirut towards the end of September. Impetus for the revolutionary movement was apparent years before the protests began and was visible in"}, {"text": "Lebanon's arts and culture scene, as evidenced by pop artist Ragheb Alama's song \"Tar Al Balad\" in December 2018 and rock singer-songwriter IJK's song \"Chedd Halak\" in June 2019. Economic background. Since 1997, successive governments maintained a pegged exchange rate between the Lebanese pound and United States dollar. Forecasts for the Lebanese economy worsened over the 2010s and by 2019 GDP per capita reached its lowest since 2008 and the debt-to-GDP ratio reached its highest since 2008 at 151%. As a result, international credit rating agencies downgraded the rating of government bonds. The combination of an economic downturn in the import-dependent country with the continuation of its dollar peg saw an increase in the government's budget deficit and reliance on using foreign exchange reserves from the nation's central bank to keep the currency peg. A subsequent dollar shortage in late 2019 further affected the economy, as import businesses and citizens became unable to acquire dollars at the official rate and a black market emerged. The coalition government led by Saad Hariri responded with an austerity program of general tax increases and spending reductions, with the aim to reduce the government deficit while maintaining the peg against the U.S. dollar. The"}, {"text": "reduction of the national deficit as a condition of a package of US$10.2 billion of loans and US$860 million of grants agreed in 2018 with the World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and Saudi Arabia. On 1 October, the Central Bank of Lebanon announced an economic strategy that promised to provide dollars to all those companies in the business of importing wheat, gasoline, and pharmaceuticals, so that they could continue their imports. This was considered a short-term solution by economic analysts. In a cabinet session held on 17 October, the government proposed strategies to increase state revenue for 2020. There were 36 items to be discussed, including the increase of Value Added Tax (VAT) by 2pp by 2021 and an additional 2pp by 2022, making it reach a total of 15%. Additionally, the media reported there were plans of a US$0.20 charge on Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) calls, such as ones made on FaceTime, Facebook and WhatsApp. The final session of the budget draft was to be held on 19 October, but was canceled upon the agreement of Prime Minister Saad Hariri and President Michel Aoun. 2019 protests. Beginning. On 17 October 2019, approximately 150 civil activists"}, {"text": "were protesting against the new proposed taxes in and around downtown Beirut, blocking important streets after the first call to protest that was made by Lihaqqi (\u0644\u0650\u062d\u0642\u0651\u064a) . As the Minister of Higher Education Akram Chehayeb and his convoy passed by the area, protesters assembled around his car. One of his bodyguards shot stray bullets into the air, which further enraged the protesters, but no injuries were reported. Walid Joumblatt, the leader of the Progressive Socialist Party, stated that he had spoken to minister Chehayeb- in fact, this minister represents the party in the Lebanese government- and so requested the bodyguards be handed over to the police, as all people are \"under the law\". A large number of protesters began appearing in Martyrs Square, Nejmeh Square, and Hamra Street, as well as many other regions around Lebanon. As the protests grew bigger, Prime Minister Saad Hariri called a snap cabinet meeting at the request of President Michel Aoun for midday on 18 October. An announcement was also made by Minister of Higher Education Akram Chehayeb that all schools and universities, public or private, would remain closed the next day. The Minister of Telecommunications Mohamad Choucair announced that the \"WhatsApp tax\""}, {"text": "idea had been scrapped at around 11:00PM. Protesters saw the \"WhatsApp tax\" as the last straw, socially, politically and economically, against the entire political class, which was deemed corrupt and in need of immediate ousting. Protesters in Nabatiyeh and Tripoli, on 18 October, vandalized the offices of the Hezbollah, Amal Movement, and Free Patriotic Movement political parties in an expression of disillusionment and in protest against perceived government corruption. Other protesters aimed to enter the Serail, which includes the Lebanese Parliament building, but were stopped by the use of tear gas from the Internal Security Forces. protesters created roadblocks on the major roads of the country, using burning tires and trash cans to stop access. Civil servants announced a strike with immediate effect through League of Public Sector Employees, arguing that the proposed reforms would \"undermine the rights of employees and pensioners in particular\". A cabinet meeting was due to be held in the afternoon, but ministers of the Lebanese Forces announced that they would not attend. The leader of the Forces, Samir Geagea, called for the resignation of the Prime Minister, due to the \"resounding failure to halt the deterioration of the [country's] economic situation\". After this announcement, the"}, {"text": "cabinet meeting was canceled by the Prime Minister. Leader of the Progressive Socialist Party, Walid Jumblatt, called for a \"calm and peaceful\" move against President Michel Aoun's mandate, and organized rallies in Aley, Bhamdoun, and Baakline to voice their opinions. Pierre Issa of the National Bloc voiced a similar opinion, calling for a \"government of specialists, a government reduced from public safety\". However, he criticized the involvement of political parties within the protests and argued it should remain something for the citizens to do. In the evening, Prime Minister Saad Hariri addressed the nation, giving his \"partners in government\" 72 hours to support the reforms. If they did not come to an agreement, he suggested he would take a \"different approach\". He tweeted \"72 hours...\" right after the delivered speech. First week: 19\u201324 October. Lebanese national Hussein Al-Attar was shot and killed during a protest on 19 October 2019. Former MP Mosbah al-Ahdab's bodyguards fired on protesters, no one was killed, but four were injured. The General Secretary of Hezbollah, Hassan Nasrallah, addressed the nation in the morning, speaking against the imposed taxes. However, he indicated that Hezbollah was against the government resigning and instead asked citizens to divert blame"}, {"text": "from Hariri's cabinet to the previous government, which was also to blame for the state of the economy. As the protests carried on throughout the day, there were reports of Amal Movement militants harassing and opening fire on protesters in Tyre. Protests were held around major European cities, as well as in North America and Australia, showing solidarity with the protesters in Lebanon. Due to the mounting pressure from protesters, the Lebanese Forces announced their resignation from the cabinet. Samir Geagea, their leader, had previously blamed his opponents for \"obstructing the necessary reforms,\" but since declared his \"lack of confidence in the current cabinet.\" His party held four seats within the government: Minister of Labor Camille Abou Sleiman, Minister of Administrative Development May Chidiac, Deputy Prime Minister Ghassan Hasbani, and Minister of Social Affairs Richard Kouyumjian. On 20 October, hundreds of thousands of protesters gathered in locations throughout the country, making it the largest demonstrations since 2005. Gunfire was heard outside the Tripoli office of Firas Al-Ali, an associate of Hariri. None were injured with the clash, and security forces were quick to act. At 6:00 pm, protesters across the country united to sing the national anthem together. On 21"}, {"text": "October, a general strike was called across the country demanding an end to the country's economic problems. Some protesters began clearing away demonstration debris in Beirut after a social media call to keep the streets tidy and clear. In the afternoon, an emergency cabinet meeting was held. After the meeting, Prime Minister Hariri held a press conference in which he announced various economic reforms including halving the salaries of legislators and members of parliament, reducing the deficit by about US$3.4 billion in 2020 with the help of the Lebanese central bank and the banking sector, distributing financial aid to families living in poverty and giving US$160 million in housing loans. These proposals were unsuccessful at quelling protests. At night, several motorcyclists hoisting Hezbollah and Amal Movement were recorded heading towards the protests in central Beirut but were intercepted by the Lebanese Army. Soon thereafter, Hezbollah and the Amal Movement denied any involvement with the motorcyclists. Hariri met on 22 October with ambassadors from the United States, Russia, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, and the European Union, along with representatives from China, the United Nations, and the Arab League. Hariri discussed planned reforms and stressed the importance of peaceful expression"}, {"text": "from the protesters. The representatives, who form the International Support Group for Lebanon, expressed support for economic reforms and protection of protesters, but urged the leaders of Lebanon to engage in open dialogue with the country's citizens. On 23 October, Hariri held a meeting with the ministerial committee in charge of financial and economic reforms, discussing a draft law on the recovery of public money and requesting suggestions on it from the Supreme Judicial Council within ten days. In the evening, Hariri also held a meeting with members of the Progressive Socialist Party to discuss the latest developments in the country. Sheikh Akl of the Lebanese Druze community called for government dialogue to safeguard the rights of liberty, security and stability. President Michel Aoun addressed the population on 24 October, stating his willingness to hold a dialogue with the protesters and find the best solution forward. He supported Hariri's reforms but did confirm a need to \"review the current government\" within the \"state institutions\", and not through protesting. Hariri supported this review through Lebanon's \"constitutional mechanisms\", but the protesters rejected any calls for dialogue until the government has resigned. Second week: 25\u201331 October. Despite calls for dialogue from President Aoun,"}, {"text": "protests and road blocks continued on 25 October 2019. Small scuffles broke out in central Beirut between protesters and Hezbollah supporters. One protester was injured. A report by Standard & Poor's downgraded its credit assessment of Lebanon to \"CreditWatch negative\" due to the government's low creditworthiness and economic pressures relating to the reforms. The country's banks remained closed. Hezbollah supporters again clashed with protesters in downtown Beirut, chanting in support of Hezbollah's General Secretary, Hassan Nasrallah. Nasrallah held a speech in the evening, calling his supporters to leave the streets. Within this speech, he praised the protesters for achieving economic reforms, but suggested that they were being exploited by local and foreign agents to start a civil war within the country. Nasrallah also strongly suggested that the protests are part of an Israeli and American plot. A security meeting was held on 26 October in Yarzeh to discuss how the safety and free movement of protesters could be ensured. Lebanese Forces leader Samir Geagea once more criticized the lack of response from the government towards the protesters' concerns. Meanwhile, thousands of Lebanese gathered in over thirty cities around the world on 26 and 27 October including Sydney, Paris, Houston and"}, {"text": "London in a show of support. Tens of thousands of individuals took part in a \"human chain\" which was held on 27 October at the coastlines from the Northern city of Tripoli to the southern city of Tyre \u2013 encompassing \u2013 organized with the intention to show the unity of the Lebanese people. The Maronite Patriarch Bechara Boutros al-Rahi during a Sunday sermon in Bkerk\u00e9 considered that the people are living their positive and reformist revolution. Pope Francis addressed the Lebanese people expressing their struggle in the face of challenges and social, moral and economic problems of the country, expressing he's praying that Lebanon can continue to be a place of peaceful coexistence, and urging the Lebanese government to listen to the concerns of the people. Black-clad Hezbollah and Amal Movement supporters attacked protesters in Beirut on 29 October, tearing down and setting fire to the tents set up by the protesters, throwing plastic chairs, and beating anti-government protesters. Many among the angry mob chanted: \"God, Nasrallah, and the whole Dahyeh,\" in reference to the southern suburb that is a stronghold of the Iranian-backed militant group. They also chanted, \"Shia, Shia\", as a reverential reference to the country's Shiite Muslim"}, {"text": "sect. The Hezbollah and Amal Movement supporters also attacked TV crew members and destroyed live broadcasting equipment for the MTV (Lebanon) and Al Jadeed television channels, claiming that they were upset at the roadblocks and insults to their leader. Public squares across Beirut filled with protesters shortly after. Prime Minister Saad Hariri announced his resignation in a televised address on the afternoon of 29 October. Several hours after the resignation of the Prime Minister, celebrations swept the nation with demonstrators cautiously welcoming the resignation celebrated through fireworks, songs, and releasing flagged colored balloons. On 30 October, tear gas was fired at protesters in the northern district of Akkar by the Lebanese Army trying to reopen the roads. Protesters also blocked roads in the southern city of Sidon and Bekaa Valley. In Central Beirut, dozens of protesters blocked the \"Ring Bridge\" while a big crowd returned to Tripoli's al-Nour Square to protest. The Lebanese Army intervened in many regions to prevent escalation. Later that evening a statement released from the Presidential Office said that Lebanese President Michel Aoun will address the nation the next day. President Aoun delivered a speech on 31 October in which he spoke about Lebanon's economic and"}, {"text": "financial crisis. He also spoke about his commitment to fighting corruption, ensuring political stability, eliminating terrorists, and the return of Syrian refugees within the country. He also promised the new government will be made up of specialists instead of political loyalists. Protesters took to the streets and blocked roads across the country almost immediately after President Aoun's address to the nation, demanding early parliamentary elections and the formation of a technocratic government. Demonstrators shut off roads in cities nationwide \u2013 including Sidon, Bekaa, and Khaldeh \u2013 with burning tires or by the sheer volume of protesters. In Tripoli, thousands of protesters started to gather at Al-Nour Square while in Beirut, protesters blocked the George Haddad highway which connects the waterfront road to the \"Ring Bridge\". The Lebanese Army and riot police were deployed across the country in an effort to reopen the roads. Third week: 1\u20137 November. Lebanon's banks reopened on 1 November 2019, after two weeks of closure, the longest bank closure in the nation's history. \"Unofficial\" capital controls were imposed by individual banks to prevent a bank run, with personal withdrawals being limited to US$3,000 per week or per month depending on individual banks. Corporate banking activity was"}, {"text": "similarly heavily restricted, and international bank transfers from Lebanon were halted almost completely, subject to manual per-transfer approval. Hezbollah's Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah offered a public speech in which he stated that Hezbollah feared a government overthrow, due to the consequent \"vacuum\" Lebanon would experience. Nasrallah's then-latest speech was perceived to be unclear on whether Hezbollah supported or opposed the nationwide revolutionary movement. Nasrallah again shed doubt on the motivations of the protesters during his speech, implying that they were being manipulated by foreign influences. As Lebanese schools universities remained closed during the protests, public teach-ins and debates, organized by secular political groups and advocacy organizations (Beirut Madinati, Libaladi, Lihaqqi and others) were offered in Beirut. On 3 November, thousands of Lebanese Free Patriotic Movement supporters attended a protest in support of President Michel Aoun, the founder of the party. During the protest, FPM leader Gebran Bassil made a personal statement for the first time in over 13 days. Bassil claimed \"We should block roads for MPs who refuse corruption-combating laws, politicians who escape accountability and judges who do not implement the law.\" He also demanded lifting banking secrecy on political officials' accounts and insisting accountability, as well as a"}, {"text": "return of misused or stolen public funds. In the afternoon, tens of thousands of anti-government protesters flooded the streets across Lebanon in a \"Sunday of unity\". Protesters gathered for the third consecutive Sunday since mass anti-government demonstrations began on 17 October, filling the streets and central squares of major cities including Beirut, Tripoli and Tyre. Dozens of main roads were closed by burning tires, mounts of sand, and by the sheer amount of protesters, despite an ongoing threat of violence from political-party opposition. Acts of violence from party rivals consisted around Lebanon, such as the attacks on protesters in Beirut blocking public roads. These attacks were presumed to be affiliated with Hezbollah. A candlelight vigil was held on 4 November in Baalbek in memorial of those who have perished in the Lebanese protest, while physical tensions from road blocking persisted in Beirut. On 5 November, some students of American University of Science and Technology in Beirut showed attendance in protest and were met with harsh engagement from soldiers of the Lebanese Armed Forces. General Directorate of General Security officers were recorded verbally threatening students that were recording the protests. Protesters in Nabatieh, shut down companies such as OGERO, Liban Post,"}, {"text": "Banque du Liban and several banks despite state-exerted political pressure towards the protesters in this region. Protesters were present outside electrical company buildings, frustrated with decades of inconsistent power and common outages. Thousands of students across Lebanon protested on 6 November in front of universities and schools refusing to attend classes until their demands are met. Several student-led movements have been organized since the start of the protests, in demand of a financial student contract, the reversal of the decision to charge tuition fees to the dollar currency in some universities, independent student councils in each university, and a well-funded Lebanese University. On the national scale, they have been asking for social, political, and economic reform, in hopes of finding respectable job prospects after graduation without nepotism or sect bias. Pension and retirement plans are also being demanded, as well as proper health care coverage. In the afternoon, protesters began to gradually grow across Lebanon and started protesting by the thousands in front of key governmental and private institutions and forced some of them to close their doors. Fourth week: 8\u201314 November. It was reported on 9 November 2019 that the dollar-rationing policies implemented by Lebanese banks were at risk"}, {"text": "of causing major shortages and price hikes in gasoline, petrol, food, and other vital supplies. Suleiman Haroun, the head of the Lebanese Syndicate of Hospitals, said that medical stocks in the country \"will not last more than a month\" unless a solution is found. During the weekend, news spread of a planned parliamentary legislative session on 12 November that would include a proposed general amnesty law, which could grant current and past members protection against prosecution for crimes such as corruption and misuse of public funds. In response, protesters called for a general strike to be held on the same day, and published a list of demands which included bolstering guarantees for a speedy trial, working towards a solution for the economic crisis, guaranteeing the independence of the judiciary, and investigating the misuse of public funds. On 11 November, the Lebanese Federation of Syndicates of Bank Employees called for a general strike for its 11,000 members over \"concerns for safety\". This strike is unprecedented in the country's history and its impact is unclear. No end date was specified for the strike, and a general closure of all Lebanese banks may very well be the result. Riad Salameh, the governor of"}, {"text": "Lebanon's central bank (Banque du Liban) gave a press conference in which he denied the possibility of capital control on the Lebanese economy, assured that a \"haircut\" on large accounts is not a possibility, and repeated that the central bank's priority remains on economic stability and confidence in the Lebanese pound. When asked about the strike by the bank staff union announced earlier in the day, Salameh claimed to have not yet heard of it. A few minutes after Salameh's press conference, Speaker of Parliament Nabih Berri appeared on live television to announce that the following day's parliamentary session had been delayed until 19 November 2019, possibly as a response to protests called for during the weekend against the proposed general amnesty bill that was due to be discussed. Berri claimed the postponement was for \"security reasons\". In the afternoon, Hezbollah Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah gave a speech in which he made strong overtures towards a corruption investigation to be led by Lebanon's judiciary, offering for Hezbollah to collaborate fully with any such investigation and calling for a \"strong, independent judiciary\" to equally investigate all Lebanese parties without reservation. Nasrallah also called for banking secrecy and any prior amnesty for public"}, {"text": "representatives to be lifted, \"dating back to 1992\". On 12 November, speaker of Parliament Nabih Berri was reported to have sent resigned Prime Minister Saad Hariri a pot of Leben, a traditional Lebanese dairy product, along with a note that promised \"eternal enmity\" if Hariri refused to form a new government. Hariri thanked Berri for the Leben but excused himself as having ceased eating all kinds of milks and cheeses due to lactose intolerance, concluding that \"indeed, the state of the country itself requires a new political diet or \"regime\", so to speak\". The unusual exchange was covered in Lebanese media. President Michel Aoun gave a live interview at 8:30 pm, during which he rejected calls for a fully technocratic government, warned against a run on the bank further damaging the economic sector, and called for an immediate end to the protests to prevent a \"catastrophe\". Aoun accused protesters of \"stabbing the nation with a dagger\" and accused protesters that blocked roads of \"violating international law\". Aoun also stated that \"anyone who cannot find faith in the current Lebanese government can leave Lebanon and live somewhere else\". Aoun's interview proved exceedingly unpopular with the protest movement, which began blocking an"}, {"text": "unprecedented number of arterial roads in Beirut and across Lebanon before the interview was even concluded including Qob Elias, \"Ring Bridge\", Dahr el Baidar, Jiyyeh, Nahr el Kalb, Neemeh, Beddawi, Abdeh, Mahmara, Braqil, Madina Riyadiyya, Verdun, Jal el Dib, Hasbaya, the Palma highway, Aley, Cola, Dawra, Sayyfi, Corniche al Mazraa, and Sassine. Alaa Abou Fakhr, a Lebanese national, was shot and killed in Khalde at the ensuing protests. Protesters began appearing in the early morning of 13 November near the heavily fortified Baabda Presidential Palace to express dissatisfaction with President Aoun's speech a few hours earlier and picked up in pace as the day progressed. Activist and protester Khaldoun Jaber was released on 14 November after being detained by the Lebanese army in Baabda the previous day in mysterious circumstances. Jaber was shown to have marks of physical abuse upon his release, which he claimed were due to torture by the army during his detention. Jaber also claimed to have been exposed to psychological abuse. During his detention, Jaber was not given access to a lawyer with even the location of his detention being kept secret. The reason for his arrest was unclear, with some sources claiming it was due"}, {"text": "to attempting to cross a security perimeter during the previous day's protest near Baabda Palace. Fifth week: 15\u201321 November. As the protests continue nationwide, Sleiman Haroun, the president of the Syndicate of Private Hospitals, threatened to have 15 November 2019 as a day of closure to all patients except the ones who have dialysis, chemotherapy treatment, and emergency care, unless some immediate action is taken by the authorities in the government. Haroun said the strike has nothing to do with the current protest and his purpose was to \"raise awareness\" and highlight the fact that the government has not been paying its full dues to the hospitals since 2011 and owes them a total of $1.3 billion as of today. Since no direct response was received, all hospitals in Metn, Akkar and Nabatieh areas went on strike that day; doctors along with the hospital's medical teams and staff were on the streets \"breathing their last breath\". Currency and payment issues are causing additional burdens on hospitals. Hospitals are running out of medical supplies and equipment because they are 100% reliant on imported supplies and equipment. Due to the shortage of US currency in Lebanon, banks have not been able to"}, {"text": "transfer funds in US dollars to the companies who import these supplies. Suppliers now have to turn to exchange houses in order to get their US dollars, which end up charging significantly higher rates than the official rate of $1 to \u00a3L1,507.5, only if they had any dollars to sell. Suppliers have also not been paid by the hospitals as a result of the situation. If this continues, hospitals will only have one month before they run out of their current shelf stock. Hospitals have received no payment since the beginning of 2019 and salary reductions are being considered in many hospitals if the situation does not improve. Beirut Bar Association elections were held on 17 November. The independent candidate, Melhem Khalaf, won the majority vote (2,341 votes) to become the BBA's Council president and the first independent candidate to win against politically affiliated candidates in decades. Khalaf's contenders were Nader Gaspard, Saadeddine Al Khatib, and Ibrahim Moussallem. Pierre Hanna, who was backed by the Lebanese Forces, Progressive Socialist Party and the Future Movement, as well as twelve other candidates who either dropped out or were not voted in, competed for council positions.Parliament was set to hold two sessions in"}, {"text": "the morning of 19 November, including a legislative session that was opposed by protesters, due to it timetabling a controversial amnesty law that was perceived as potentially granting amnesty to crimes committed by the political class, such as misappropriation of public funds or corruption. The sessions were originally planned for 12 November but were already once postponed due to protests. 58 out of 128 Members of Parliament were boycotting the session, but that number was not sufficient to prevent a quorum. A human chain was planned around the Lebanese Parliament to prevent Members of Parliament from entering the premises and to thereby force the session to be postponed. Protesters began gathering early in the morning. Convoys for some Members of Parliament were recorded shooting live bullets or speeding into crowds in an attempt to disperse protesters. Many protesters were gravely injured. At around 11:20am, the Secretary-General of the Lebanese Parliament Adnane Daher confirmed to local media that both parliament sessions were postponed indefinitely. This was perceived as a victory by protesters. Lebanese banks reopened for the first time since 11 November after the Lebanese Federation of Syndicates of Bank Employees ended its strike. President Michel Aoun gave a speech on"}, {"text": "21 November, on the eve of Lebanese Independence Day, in which he called for an end to protests and \"hateful language on the streets\" and promised an \"anti-corruption cabinet\". Protesters expressed dissatisfaction with the speech by resuming the closing of roads. Sixth week: 22\u201328 November. Lebanon's 76th Independence Day was celebrated on 22 November 2019 with the nation's first-ever civil parade, which was organized by civil society groups in Beirut's Martyr's Square. An invite-only private military parade had been held in the early morning by the Lebanese government, and the civil parade was intended as a rebuke against the government organized by the \"true Lebanese\": the parade had \"battalions\" representing different groups from Lebanese society, including cooks, schoolteachers, retired military personnel, pharmacists, engineers, women's rights activists, bankers, athletes, performance artists and more. The civil parade coincided with a program of festival activities organized by independent groups, which included dancing and heat lantern lighting. Marches were held across the Beirut region in the morning, all arriving to the civil parade in central Beirut. On 23 November, five youths, including children aged 12 and 15, were detained by Lebanese military intelligence after taking down a banner that supported the Free Patriotic Movement,"}, {"text": "which is the party of President Aoun. Their detention was reported to the media by their families, and the children were released past midnight after the intervention of volunteer lawyers. A protest was held on 24 November outside the United States embassy in Lebanon to express opposition to U.S. interference in Lebanon. The protest came after Hezbollah accused the United States in meddling with and delaying the formation of a new cabinet, and after comments made by U.S. ambassador Jeffrey Feltman in which he said that \"reactions to [Hezbollah] by Lebanese leaders and institutions fortunately coincide with U.S. interests\". Around noon, another protest was held across the Lebanese coastline to draw attention to the high level of environmental pollution in Lebanon. Right before midnight, pro-government Hezbollah and Amal Movement supporters violently clashed with protesters in the \"Ring\" bridge and Jal el Dib areas, demanding an end to road blocks imposed by protesters. This came after protesters apparently physically assaulted two people after suspecting them of being Hezbollah supporters. The Hezbollah/Amal supporters burned civil society tents, trashed cars, and caused damage to public and private property. The Lebanese army intervened with tear gas and flash grenades hours later, dispersing one of"}, {"text": "the most violent evenings since the beginning of the protests. At around noon on 25 November, Hussein Chalhoub and his sister-in-law Sanaa al-Jundi died after their car hit a makeshift roadblock used by protesters to cut off access to the Jiyyeh highway. This inflamed tensions between protesters and pro-government Hezbollah/Amal Movement supporters. J\u00e1n Kubi\u0161, the United Nations Special Coordinator for Lebanon, issued multiple statements on Twitter warning against escalating confrontation between protesters and Hezbollah/Amal Movement supporters. Later in the afternoon, pro-government Hezbollah and Amal Movement supporters began roving around Beirut, Tyre and other cities on mopeds and motorbikes, shouting taunts and provocations at protesters. Some physical clashes ensued, and the confrontations continued to occur sporadically until later in the evening. Resigned Prime Minister Saad Hariri formally announced on 26 November that he would not run again for the position. Meanwhile, businessman Samir Khatib announced that he was \"ready to form a new government\", and seemed to accrue some level of endorsement from political parties. President Michel Aoun announced that binding consultations to designate a new Prime Minister would be held on 28 November. Overnight, clashes occurred all around Lebanon. In Baalbek, Hezbollah/Amal Movement supporters destroyed protester's tents and also their"}, {"text": "sound system. In Bikfaya, Free Patriotic Movement (the party of sitting President Michel Aoun) supporters organized a protest in front of the home of former president Amin Gemayel. They clashed with Kataeb Party (Gemayel's party) supporters, which led to injuries and the destruction of private property until the Lebanese army intervened. Clashes also occurred in Chyah and Ein Rummaneh. The Lebanese Red Cross claimed that dozens of people were injured including one female FPM activist injured to the head, while the Lebanese army said that at least 16 people were detained for their involvement in the clashes. On 27 November, Lebanon's Syndicate of Gas Station Owners announced that an open-ended strike would begin the next day to highlight the \"size of the losses sustained by the sector due to the presence of two-dollar [rates] in the Lebanese market.\" Hundreds of Lebanese mothers led a \"mother's march\" in Chyah to protest against sectarian violence on 26 November between youths. Sources at the Lebanese Ministry of Finance claimed to local media that the Lebanese Central Bank was scheduled to repay US$1.5 billion in Eurobond debt which matures on 28 November, putting to rest speculation that Lebanon could default on its debt. However,"}, {"text": "Lebanon still has outstanding Eurobond debt due in 2020, and media sources noted that the path towards refinancing necessary to handle that debt is unclear without a cabinet. A protest occurred in front of the Lebanese Central Bank and other government administrative and judiciary institutions. Arab League ambassador Hossam Zaki formally expressed \"readiness\" to help solve the political and economic crisis in Lebanon for the first time since the beginning of the protests. Seventh week: 29 November \u2013 5 December. On 29 November 2019, protests occurred in front of the Lebanese Central Bank and some other judiciary and administrative government buildings and institutions, with the aim of preventing public sector employees from entering these institutions. Multiple media sources claimed that Hezbollah had asked President Michel Aoun to delay binding parliamentary consultations, which were scheduled for 28 November, under the hope that resigned Prime Minister Saad Hariri would revert his decision not to lead the next cabinet. Protesters gathered on 3 December across the country in response to businessman Samir Khatib's nomination as possible new prime minister. Several cases of suicide were being linked to deteriorating living conditions in Lebanon, most prominently the death of 40-year-old Naji Fleity in Arsal. According"}, {"text": "to local media, Fleity committed suicide because he was unable to provide for his family after losing his job. His suicide sparked a large outcry of anger online. Protesters resumed blocking roads on 4 December following politicians' apparent consensus on designating Samir Khatib as the next prime minister. Eighth week: 6\u201312 December. On 7 December 2019, about a thousand people marched in Beirut to protest sexual harassment in Lebanon. A man self-immolated during the protest and survived, with his motives being unclear. The protest came after days of prolonged controversy surrounding a personal trainer in Beirut who was accused by over fifty women of sexual misconduct. Reports of women journalists being attacked also began to surface around this time. The Coalition For Women In Journalism, which has a special focus on women journalists, documented several attacks. \"Covering large protests in many parts of the Middle East has always been so hard for women journalists \u2014 we remember the many terrible incidents that happened during the Arab Spring. Following which over the years we have seen many journalism support organizations and others in the industry to train and equip women reporters to be able to take precautions on the ground. But"}, {"text": "the scope of these attacks are now changing and diversifying.\" the organization's founding director Kiran Nazish said. \"Unfortunately this is an ever more precarious situation and it is important to point out to Lebanese authorities that they have a responsibility to protect the press. Not doing so or doing the opposite is rather reckless,\" Kiran added. On 8 December, Samir Khatib withdrew as candidate for prime minister after failing to get enough backing from the Sunni Muslim parties in parliament. With Khatib's withdrawal, Saad Hariri became the only candidate for prime minister once again. Protesters then gathered outside parliament to condemn Hariri's candidacy and demand an independent candidate. Following days of heavy rainfall, a house collapsed on 10 December in Tripoli, killing two adult siblings. Protesters, claiming that the house collapsed due to consistent municipal negligence, stormed the Tripoli municipal police office and demonstrated outside the house of the mayor. They smashed windows, set a room on fire, and damaged a car. The army intervened to stop the violence. In Jounieh, four protesters were detained after attempting to block roads. They were released the same evening after another protest blocked the Jounieh highway. In Beirut, protesters organized demonstrations outside the"}, {"text": "houses of current and former public works ministers. While attempting to reach the home of former public works and transportation minister Ghazi Zaiter, they were blocked at Rue Verdun by men dressed in uniforms of the Internal Security Forces. Cars were vandalized as the men dragged protesters out to beat them; a dozen people including reporter Paula Naufal were hospitalized for their injuries. Protesters in Tripoli resumed blocking roads on 11 December. Ninth week: 13\u201319 December. Riot police used tear gas against groups of men that attacked protesters' camps in Beirut on 14 December. In the evening, protesters in central Beirut attempted to reach Nejmeh Square, chanting slogans against Saad Hariri, who was expected to be named prime minister by 20 December, and Gebran Bassil. The protesters were met with violence, tear gas and rubber bullets by the Lebanese internal security forces. At least 46 people were hospitalized with injuries according to the Lebanese Red Cross and Lebanese Civil Defense. In Beirut, protesters clashed with security forces on 15 December for the second night in a row near Nejmeh Square. According to the Lebanese Civil Defense, 46 people were treated for injuries and another 14 were hospitalized. A group of"}, {"text": "counter-protesters, themselves supporters of Amal and Hezbollah, also briefly clashed with protesters until the army intervened. Roads were blocked in northern Lebanon on 16 December. At noon, President Aoun delayed scheduled parliamentary consultations, where Saad Hariri was widely expected to be renamed prime minister. This was because Hariri was now no longer being supported by the main Christian parties in parliament. At night, protesters gathered close to Saad Hariri's Beirut residence to reject his reappointment. A separate group of protesters descended upon Beirut as well, expressing outrage at a month-old video of an ex-pat insulting several Shi'a religious leaders. Amal and Hezbollah released statements asking the men to fall back, but these calls were not immediately heeded. Protest encampments in several places, including Beirut, Saida and Nabatieh, were ransacked and destroyed during the night. At least two cars in Beirut were set on fire. On 18 December, Hariri announced that he did not want to be reappointed prime minister, calling on the president to designate a new Prime Minister immediately. Later that day, Al Jadeed claimed that the remaining candidates for Prime Minister were now Tammam Salam (the 34th Prime Minister, 2014\u20132016), jurist Nawaf Salam (former representative of Lebanon to"}, {"text": "the United Nations), Khaled Mohieddin Qabbani (former Minister of Justice, 2005\u20132008) and academic Hassan Diab (former Minister of Education, 2011\u20132014). Diab was the apparent favorite, because he had the support of Hezbollah and Amal. Protests continued in Nabatieh and Kfar Remen despite threats of retaliation by Hezbollah and Amal supporters. Cement walls and blocs were erected around Beirut's central district, blocking off streets leading to and from Riad Al Solh Square as well a parliament. Parliamentary consultations took place on 19 December and Hassan Diab was designated as the next prime minister to succeed Hariri. The announcement of Diab becoming prime minister was immediately followed by street protests and road blocks in Tripoli and Beirut. Near Beirut's Nejme Square, hundreds of protesters sang an anti-Diab chant. Tenth week: 20\u201326 December. Road blocks in response to Diab's Prime Ministership continued across the country on 20 December. Schools were closed in Tripoli. On 22 December, thousands protested against Diab's nomination on Beirut's Martyrs' Square, many of them coming from the north of the Beqaa Valley. Protests in Beirut continued on 23 December with a lower turnout. Later that day, hundreds of people shared a Christmas dinner benefiting the poor on Martyrs' Square."}, {"text": "On 24 December, it was reported that tourism fell by 80% because of the protest movements. Additionally, 265 restaurants and cafes closed their doors in the last two months. Eleventh week: 27\u201331 December. A group of pro-Hariri Sunni Muslims protested on 28 December 2019 in front of the new Prime Minister Diab calling for him to resign. On 29 December, protests continued asking for Hassan Diab's resignation although he is still continuing consultations to form the government. Killing of Alaa Abou Fakhr. On the evening of 12 November 2019, Alaa Abou Fakhr, a Lebanese national, was shot and killed in Khalde at the ensuing protests. Abou Fakhr's death appeared to have been unprovoked, as he was unarmed and attending the protest with his wife and child. The Lebanese Army released a statement saying that his death occurred as an accident after a soldier fired shots purely with the intent to clear a path for an army convoy and that the soldier had been referred to military court for a trial. However, during Abou Fakhr's funeral ceremony the next day, his wife, who was present with Abou Fakhr during his shooting, claimed that he was killed by Lebanese military intelligence. Abou"}, {"text": "Fakhr's death was the first to be caused by the Lebanese army. A video circulating on social media appeared to show a plainclothes man who drove a civilian automobile shooting Abou Fakhr at close range. Abou Fakhr was a member of the Municipal Committee of Choueifat as a representative of the Lebanese Progressive Socialist Party. Walid Jumblatt, the party's leader, appeared among protesters to call for calm after mounting animosity towards the Lebanese army, urging that \"the state is our only refuge or else we will descend into chaos\". Abou Fakhr's death triggered a substantial increase in protest activity, with reported clashes with army forces and additional roads being barricaded in protest. Tributes and candlelight vigils were held for Abou Fakhr across Lebanon and were attended by thousands of protesters, who came to perceive him as symbolizing a martyr for the revolutionary movement. Abou Fakhr's family received condolences from virtually every Lebanese political faction. On 13 November 2019, the Lebanese Army announced that the suspected killer, First Adjutant Charbel Hjeil, had been referred to the military judiciary to await trial after the conclusion of the army's interrogation process. A massive funeral procession was held in the evening with tens of"}, {"text": "thousands of attendees, with Abou Fakhr's coffin carried throughout Beirut. On 21 November 2019, the Lebanese Army announced that First Adjutant Charbel Hjeil was charged with the murder of Alaa Abou Fakhr. The Colonel on the scene, Nidal Daou, also received unspecified charges. Sources claimed that Daou and Abou Fakhr were acquainted prior to the murder, implying a personal motive. The investigation was then slated to continue on 25 November 2019. 2020 protests. Protests resume. After weeks of relative calm, mass protests resumed across the country on 14 January 2020. Highways and major roads were blocked in Beirut, Tripoli, Akkar, Sidon, and Zahle by protests and burning tires. In Beirut, protesters clashed with security forces outside the Central Bank. Protests also took place outside Hassan Diab's house for failing to form a government. President Michel Aoun blamed obstacles in the delay of formation of a new government. School and university students participated in some of the demonstrations. On 15 January, protesters gathered in front of the Helou police barracks in Beirut demanding the release of more than 50 protesters who were arrested the night before. During the protest, riot police fired tear gas and practiced excessive violence to separate protesters."}, {"text": "Additionally, an estimated number of 15 protesters were dragged into the barracks. The Lebanese Media reported that there have been more than 30 injuries as a result of the clashes that happened between the protesters and the riot police. The Lebanese Army also arrived at the scene later on that night. It was reported by the Red Cross that the wounded people on Wednesday had reached 45, according to \"DW\". According to Reuters, Lebanon's Minister of Interior has issued a statement criticizing the violence and urging the protesters to remain peaceful. As the Lebanese protests enter its fourth month on 17 January, protesters blocked several main roads across Lebanon, including a vital road connecting central Beirut's east and west. Hundreds of protesters were said to have also gathered outside the Lebanese central bank and close to the parliament, the Times of Israel added. On Friday morning, the roads were also blocked in second city Tripoli by protesters, but later in the day the roads were cleared, according to France 24. Human Rights Watch has urged authorities to free detainees that haven't been charged with a recognizable crime and that the Ministry of Interior should quickly hold security officers responsible for"}, {"text": "the excessive use of force on protesters. HRW also claimed that protesters and media officials had been struck by riot police, according to Al Jazeera. Escalation of violence and arrest of journalists. In an attempt to break up gatherings of anti-government protesters attempting to reach Martyr's Square on 18 January, dozens of people have been injured as security forces used water cannons and tear gas to dissipate the protesters. Furthermore, demonstrators have been spotted at Martyr's Square throwing rocks, fireworks and Molotov cocktails at security forces, as well as shining lasers at them to interrupt series of tear gas rounds, CNN reported. In the evening, President Aoun summoned in the armed forces to the streets in order to safeguard private property, as well as peaceful protesters, ABC News reported. About 30 people were said to have been detained due to Saturday's unrest, the state-run National News Agency stated, though the detainees were later released. More than 60 wounded people are believed to have received treatment, while at least 40 people have been rushed to the hospitals, the Lebanese Red Cross stated. In total, Reuters reported that more than 370 people had been injured in the day's protests. On 19 January,"}, {"text": "an American freelance journalist, Nicholas Frakes, was arrested on the allegation of sending footage of anti-government protests to the Israeli newspaper Haaretz, according to The Washington Post. However, Haaretz Newspaper has rejected any connection to Nicholas Frakes, arguing that the live video feed of the anti-government protest uploaded on their Facebook account was from Reuters, the Jerusalem Post added. The committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) claimed that since 14 January, journalists reporting anti-government protests in Beirut have been arrested, attacked or molested by police officers, according to the International Business Times. According to France 24, In light of this week's World Economic Forum, the expected participation of Lebanon's outgoing foreign minister Gebran Bassil triggered a strong public protest, demanding the cancellation of his invitation. However, Bassil maintains that the protesters who chanted against him do not make up the majority of Lebanese and that he believes the people of Lebanon want change, but he argued that he's not leaving until voters drive him out in elections, according to \"The Washington Post\". The former foreign minister further claimed that he came to Davos \"on his own expenses\". As of 21 January, there has been an increase in the number of injured"}, {"text": "people in the Lebanese protests to more 540, according to \"The Times of Israel\". New government formed. On 21 January, Prime Minister Diab announced the formation of a new cabinet of 20 ministers, despite public outrage and protests against the Cabinet of Hassan Diab. According to CNN, during an interview with Lebanon's state news agency, Diab portrayed the newly appointed ministers as \"technocrats\" who he believes would operate without loyalties to political parties. However, the cabinet members themselves were unable to hide their partisan allegiances. Even before the new cabinet was unveiled, several groups of protesters had gathered in the streets of Beirut, obstructing a main street in the center of the capital, according to France 24. The Times of Israel added that the protesters made an effort to take down barbed wire near the parliament building and throw rocks at security forces, who in return used tear gas and water cannons. Some protesters maintained that they would remain in the streets, till their claims for a technocratic government and early elections were met, according to Al Jazeera. According to VOA, despite the fact that the newly formed ministers are experts and academics, protesters are still accusing political groups of"}, {"text": "participating in forming the new cabinet. On 22 January, as Lebanon's new government convened, protesters in the capital gathered to discredit the meeting, smashing windows and breaking down security blockages encircling the parliament building. Amnesty International, based on evidence collected, has accused the Internal Security Forces of using rubber bullets unlawfully at close range, besides beatings, water cannons and tear gas in an attempt to disperse protesters on the weekend, which has left hundreds wounded. 25 January marked the 100th day since the protests began. Protesters gathered in Beirut and breached several security barriers around the central government building. On 27 January, the Lebanon Parliament passed a 2020 budget, amid the debilitating financial crisis. The state budget came as the protests outside the Parliament in Beirut were held back by the security forces. Four people had been injured and taken to the hospitals in Beirut, with 8 other people sustaining minor injuries, the Lebanese Red Cross announced. The state-run National News Agency stated that only 70 out of the 128 members of parliament attended Monday's vote, with 49 lawmakers in favor of passing the budget, 13 against and 8 abstaining. According to Al Jazeera, analysts argue that the endorsed 2020"}, {"text": "budget barely attempts to resolve Lebanon's financial and economic crisis. According to SBS News, the parliament budget committee chairman Ibrahim Kanaan stated that the purpose of the new budget is to lower the deficit of gross domestic product to around 7%. Experts warned that the direction in which Lebanon is heading could ignite more instability, as the newly formed government is not expected to convince Lebanese protesters to end their demonstrations against the ruling elite, according to VOA. February protests. On 2 February, a protest was held outside the United States embassy in Beirut, by hundreds of Lebanese and Palestinians, in opposition to the US plan for ending the Israeli\u2013Palestinian conflict. Protesters were gathered on a road leading to the US embassy, northeast of Beirut, waving Palestinian flags, with some of the protesters chanting \"Death to America! Death to Israel! We will die and Palestine survive,\" according to France 24. It was reported by the VOA News that around noon, security forces used what seemed to be pepper spray to stop some of the protesters who had removed the barbed wire and reached a metal fence set up by security forces. At least three protesters were said to have been"}, {"text": "carried away in the process of the struggle. According to Arab News, 24 hours prior to the protest, employees of the US embassy were advised to stay clear of the area of the protests. However, in an attempt to prove to the government that the Lebanese people are united in their quest for political change, protesters were also reported to have gathered in Tripoli, the country's poorest city on Sunday, according to Al Jazeera. According to the Middle East Monitor, in a statement issued by the Lebanese Information Minister Abdul Samad on 6 February, he disclosed that the new government of Lebanon has agreed to the approval of a new policy statement, which is believed to include a clause calling for the return of refugees back to their various countries. On 10 February, women's groups at the local level in Lebanon, including other alienated groups, are demanding for their rights to be honored by the Lebanese government, Al Jazeera reported. On Tuesday, the Lebanese parliament held a nine-hour session, in which the legislators passed a vote of confidence, supporting the newly formed cabinet by the Lebanese government, and its financial rescue plan. Protesters attempted to disrupt the meeting from holding"}, {"text": "by throwing stones at security forces and tried to block the path leading to the parliament. The parliament meeting was attended by 84 members of parliament, with 63 of them voting in support of the government, France 24 added. In an attempt by protesters to evade security checkpoints, they started to form up at various points in Beirut, but some lawmakers reportedly spent the night in the parliament ahead of the meeting, in order to avoid being prevented by protesters. On 14 February, former Prime Minister Saad Hariri delivered his first speech after leaving office in October, urging that he is not leaving Lebanon, but mapping out a new future in politics with his party. In response to Lebanon's request for technical assistance from the IMF earlier in February, hundreds of protesters have gathered around Lebanon's central bank and parliament on 15 February, in rejection of the request. The World Bank has warned Lebanon against the risk of implosion if they fail to adopt a new system of governance that is more genuine and transparent compared to the old one. Lebanon's Prime Minister Hassan Diab hosted the speaker of the Iranian Parliament Ali Larijani on 17 February, as Iran expresses"}, {"text": "readiness to assist Lebanon with its ongoing crisis. The Iranian speaker added that, considering Lebanon has made it all the way past the creation of a new government, Iran is now ready to assume their responsibility, which involves working with Lebanon, according to the Tasnim News Agency. According to \"The New York Times\", several Lebanese are considering emigration as a solution to the ongoing deepening crisis in Lebanon which has no end date, with some in possession of a second passport already, which will pave way for them to leave the country without any difficulty. During the G-20 Summit in Riyadh on 23 February, Saudi Arabia's finance minister divulged Saudi's plan of assisting Lebanon with its financial crisis, once there is assurance that Lebanon has put in place a solid reform plan. Also during the summit, the finance minister of France has expressed his country's willingness to provide Lebanon with any form of financial support if need be. Furthermore, the Lebanese government is trying to set up an emergency economic plan that will improve the country's conditions, amid fears of acquiring aid from the international community. Several migrant workers in Lebanon are paying the price for the country's financial crisis,"}, {"text": "as the access to hard currency has been limited, France 24 reported. March protests. Lebanon recorded its first case of COVID-19 on 21 February. On 28 February, the Lebanese Government implemented the first of many measures aimed at combating the virus, closing all educational institutions starting 29 February. Due to religious restrictions guarding the country's system of protection, Lebanon's Prime Minister Hassan Diab stated on 2 March, that the government has become unable to protect the Lebanese citizens. Lebanon's huge debts have cast doubts on the ability of Lebanon to meet repayment due by 9 March, as several members of parliament reject paying the $1.2bn Euro-bond, regardless of the consequences, the speaker of parliament disclosed on 4 March. On 5 March, Lebanese came out in hundreds near banks in Southern Lebanon, to protest against the regulations stopping them from withdrawing their funds. However, the Lebanese parliament is believed to have passed a bill to ensure that banking secrecy has been lifted, Justice Minister Marie-Claude Najm stated. Lebanon's minister of information also added that the law is expected to be applicable to members of parliament, ministers, as well as public officials. As the exchange rate of US dollar-Lebanese pound reached \u00a3L2,600"}, {"text": "on Thursday, hundreds of demonstrators took to the streets in Antelias and Beirut, demanding for the government to find a solution, as well as to hold early elections. Considering the current economic situation in Lebanon, a judge has reportedly halted an order of assets freezing of 20 banks, including their directors. The judge explained the reason for suspending the order, stating that he wants to first learn how the order could affect Lebanon's current economic position. On 7 March, Prime Minister Hassan Diab said that Lebanon would default on a Eurobond repayment and pursue restructuring its debt. The country has never before defaulted. Lebanon's government debt is about 170% of its yearly gross domestic product. Several Analysts have added that only the IMF's support could be the solution to Lebanon's financial crisis after the default. However, hundreds of protesters have reportedly continued their rally which commenced earlier on Thursday, in several cities across the country including Sidon, as they criticise against the financial policies and poor standard of living in the country. On 9 March, Prime Minister Hassan Diab announced that Lebanon had defaulted on a $1.2 billion Eurobond, for the very first time in the history of the country."}, {"text": "On 10 March, the restriction on deposits due to shortage of foreign currency was reduced by a public prosecutor, as he consented to rules for commercial banks, targeted at defending depositor's rights. The decision was verified by an official at the office of the public prosecutor, even though no additional comment was given. Amid fears of the further spread of coronavirus in Lebanon, on 15 March, the government decided to put in place a state of emergency, leaving its crippling economy in a stalemate. The decision was reached after several hours of an emergency cabinet meeting which resulted to the closure of its land borders, seaports and Rafic Hariri International Airport in Beirut. According to Reuters, the closure which commenced on Wednesday, is expected to be in place until 29 March, so as to enable the state of health emergency that has been set up, to tackle the virus effectively. On 23 March, the Lebanese government decided to stop paying back all debts in foreign currencies, in light of the fall in foreign currency reserves and worsening financial and economic crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused many businesses to be closed down, including a severe impact on the foreign sector,"}, {"text": "which influenced the government's new decision. The Lebanese finance ministry added that the country is planning on reaching reasonable understanding with its creditors immediately. On 27 March, camps in Martyrs Square in central Beirut, which has been mostly occupied by protesters since October 2019, were reportedly cleared by Lebanon's security forces, according to the National Post. The security forces engaged the Martyrs Square in the evening after the Lebanese cabinet had imposed a curfew. The decision to remove the camps was made amid growing concerns over the further spread of coronavirus, according to the Lebanese government. However, protesters claimed that the police neither informed or gave them a notice, instead, they instructed them to quickly vacate the protest site. A protester added that there were only about 50 to 60 of them remaining when the security forces invaded the camps, as most of the protesters had evacuated the camps following the closure of seaports and airport of Beirut by the Lebanese government on 18 March, according to the Al-Monitor. Activists and journalists in Lebanon have expressed their concerns on the suspicion that the Lebanese government might be using the COVID-19 pandemic as an excuse to make its powers even stronger."}, {"text": "April protests. On 2 April, some activists and journalists defied the lockdown that was issued by the cabinet on 15 March to prevent the widespread of COVID-19, protesting against the closure of banks which led to the arrest of six activists and a journalist by the Lebanese security forces. The small group of protesters gathered in front of the Al-Mawarid Bank's Hamra branch in west Beirut, with some people putting on surgical masks and others without, Al-Arabiya added. President Michel Aoun on 6 April, urged the international community to provide Lebanon with financial support as they battle to survive the ongoing economic crisis, alongside the COVID-19 pandemic. The president made the call during a meeting of the International support group for Lebanon, in which he particularly asked the governments of the International community to make available $11 billion which they had pledged for during a conference in Paris, April 2018. Aoun also maintained that the country is solely relying on the financial aid which is to be dedicated in executing infrastructure projects, as they have gone into an unforeseen economic recession. On 7 April, just a day after security forces stopped an escape attempt in Tripoli's prison in northern Lebanon,"}, {"text": "heavy protests erupted amid fears of the spread of coronavirus. At least four inmates were reportedly injured when security forces fired rubber bullets in an attempt to disperse the crowd. According to CNN, American citizens living in Lebanon have rejected the offer made by the US government to return them back to the US, due to the drastic increase in the number of COVID-19 cases in America. The offer was given to both citizens and permanent residents on a chartered flight at the cost of $2,500 for each individual. On 21 April, several protesters in Lebanon returned to the streets again in large car convoys, gathering around the complex where MPs convened in order to pass several laws on Tuesday. Many protesters were sighted waving Lebanon's flag while putting on protective gear like medical masks and hand gloves as a preventive measure against the Coronavirus. Due to the worsening economic condition, COVID-19 lock-down and the Lebanese government's inability to enact policies that would curb the situation, protesters were threatening to resume protests nationwide, Xinhuanet reported. Prime minister Hassan Diab disclosed after the session that the reforms plan by the government is scheduled to be discussed next week. On 27 April,"}, {"text": "large clashes in Tripoli between the army and protesters resulted in one protester being killed. 40 troops were injured, and many banks in Tripoli were set on fire or had their windows smashed due to the currency's rapid devaluation. Molotov cocktails had been thrown at an army vehicle and at least 5 banks in the city in the previous days, and heavy gunfire was heard. The next day, all banks in Tripoli announced their temporary closure until security has been restored, as they have been the targets attacks and rioting. Protests also took place in Sidon on 27 April. On 28 April, large protests erupted in Tripoli for a 2nd consecutive night, along with other demonstrations in Beirut, Sidon, Nabatieh, Bekaa Valley, and Akkar, in defiance of the lockdown to contain COVID-19 in Lebanon. Over a dozen banks and cash machines across the country were either torched with Molotov cocktails or vandalized. The military expressed regret over the killing of a protester the night before and opened an investigation into the death. A funeral procession for the deceased protester in Tripoli took place. On 29 April, small protests continued for the third night. In the northern city of Tripoli, protesters"}, {"text": "lobbed fireworks and stones at soldiers who pushed them back with rubber bullets. In the southern city of Sidon, demonstrators set a central bank building ablaze with petrol bombs for a second night. After a series of protests that turned into violence, the government of Lebanon on 30 April, approved the long-awaited plan to save the country's economy from the brink of collapse. Prime Minister Hassan Diab maintained that the Lebanese government intends to use the plan in applying for an IMF programme that would facilitate the revival of the economy which is projected to be in crisis for the next five years. Following minor amendments, the approval of the plan was unanimously agreed by the government during the cabinet meeting at the presidential palace in Baabda, according to SBS. However, Diab assured that the plan is subject to the option of having minor changes to it. May protests. Protesters in Lebanon on 1 May, rejected the government's rescue plan which was announced on Thursday, as hundreds of protesters gathered outside the Central bank in Beirut and across the country. The protesters condemned the government's approach towards tackling the economic crisis which plummeted their local currency, leading to inflation and"}, {"text": "increased prices of goods. Outside a private bank, struggles reportedly erupted between security forces and protesters, as at least one protester was sighted being stroked and taken away by security forces, according to Daily Sabah. Lebanese banks have also shown their lack of support for the government to seek help from the IMF, claiming their counsel wasn't asked for. The banking association of Lebanon urged for the rejection of the plan by members of parliament, maintaining that it does not need to be passed, as it infringes on private property rights. They added that the plan has no specific time for implementation, also lacking the ability to proffer solutions to the high rate of inflation, possibly leading to hyperinflation. However, it is believed that the IMF may possibly confer with the Lebanese banks on the rescue plan before proceeding further, according to Arab News. The United Nations on 8 May 2020, reported that the journalists covering popular demonstrations in Lebanon are at the highest risk of contracting COVID-19, as many of those protesting do not abide by the safety measures advised for preventing the spread of the novel virus. The issue was first addressed by Joyce Akiki, a prominent Lebanon-based"}, {"text": "reporter for MTV channel in her velfie (or a video selfie). On 14 May, the director of cash operations for the Lebanese central bank, Mazen Hamdan was arrested based on the suspicion of being involved in currency manipulation. The order for the director's arrest was issued by A Lebanese financial prosecutor, Ali Ibrahim. Although the prosecutor's office is yet to release a statement, security sources have confirmed that Hamdan is being held in detention while awaiting an investigation, according to Reuters. Following the arrest of Mazen Hamdan, Lebanon's Prime Minister Hassan Diab demanded for the allegations regarding the Lebanese pound to be looked into further, maintaining that the people of Lebanon are entitled to an explanation as to why the exchange rate has plummeted, Daily Sabah added. June protests. On 2 June, protesters in Lebanon took to social media to share preventive measures with protesters who gathered in several cities across the United States, over the murder of George Floyd, an unarmed black man in Minneapolis, Minnesota, by a white police officer. The Lebanese protesters further provided the US protesters with a list of items to carry along while demonstrating, as well as how to prevent themselves from the excessive"}, {"text": "use of force by security forces. The hashtag #Americarevolts in Arabic language which trended on Twitter was used by several protesters in Lebanon as a sign of solidarity. On 4 June, In anticipation of the intended protest scheduled for Saturday by the civil movement, the period of general mobilization in Lebanon was extended to 5 July by the Lebanese Council of Ministers. The Lebanese aren't denied their right to protest, so far as they wear protective gear, avoid shutting down roads, starting violence with security forces, or destroying properties, the minister of Information Abdel-Samad stated. He added that the decision regarding the extension was reached in line with the recommendation of the Higher Defense Council. Prime minister Hassan Diab, despite his support for peaceful protests, expressed his fears and cautioned the people of Lebanon against taking advantage of the situation by turning it into violence. On 6 June, several protesters returned to the streets for the first time since the COVID-19 lockdown was put in place. The protests reportedly turned violent when some anti-government protesters and supporters of the Iran-backed Shiite Hezbollah movement began to throw stones at each other, according to DW. As the thousands of protesters gathered in"}, {"text": "Beirut's Martyrs' Square clashed, the army was forced to intervene and stand in between the two groups. According to a statement by the Lebanese Red Cross on Twitter, 37 people were injured during the violence that erupted, with the majority of the victims treated at the scene. On 11 June, fresh violence erupted in Lebanon's capital Beirut, after the Lebanese pound significantly depreciated against the US dollars as angry protesters took to the streets. Several roads were shut down across Lebanon by anti-government protesters, consequently clashing with security forces who used tear gas to disperse the crowd. According to CNN, protests also reportedly broke out in southern cities of Saida and Nabatieh, as well as the northern city of Tripoli, where demonstrators threw Molotov cocktails and stones at the city's central bank building. Following the series of heavy clashes that rocked Lebanon on Thursday, Prime Minister Hassan Diab called for an emergency cabinet meeting on Friday, in an attempt to discuss solutions to the country's financial crisis. BBC reported that President Michel Aoun disclosed that the central bank is expected to start injecting US dollars into the market, so as to stabilize the plummeted exchange rate. On 12 June, the"}, {"text": "demonstration which started late Thursday evening, entered its second night, with security forces firing rubber bullets and tear gas after clashing with protesters in Beirut and northern Lebanon's Tripoli. Many public properties, shops, were destroyed by the protesters. On 13 June, some Lebanese protesters in Beirut's Martyrs' Square were sighted wearing black with their faces colored in white, while moving around with a coffin covered with the Lebanese. As the protests in the capital and other cities across Lebanon reached its third consecutive day, hundreds of demonstrators rallied through the streets of Lebanon demanding for the Diab's government to quit. After 100 days in power, the government led by prime minister Hassan Diab was considered inadequate to alleviate the economic crisis. On 18 June, Henri Chaoul, a top advisor for Lebanon's Minister of Finance in the International Monetary Fund negotiations resigned. Chaoul's publicly posted resignation directly placed blame on the government and ruling elite stating \"Whilst the IMF has confirmed the quantum of these losses, the establishment (the political class, the monetary authorities, and the financial sector as a whole) has opted to dismiss the magnitude of these losses that impose themselves as an incontestable reality and has embarked on"}, {"text": "a populist agenda\". During the day, protesters blocked the main highway in Jounieh connecting the city to Beirut. Clashes and violence between protesters and security forces occurred over the arrest of activist Michel Chamoun after he had criticized president Michel Aoun on social media. This comes a few days after a new order allowed the right to sue people who insulted the presidency on social media. Violence erupted as Chamoun was being transported from the serail in Jounieh to another detention center. One Internal Security Forces officer was injured in the clashes. On 22 June, a female activist, Kinda El-Khatib, was charged with the crime of \"dealing with the enemy [Israel]\" and visiting occupied Palestinian territories, after she was taken from her home in Akkar on 18 June. On 25 June, protests erupted across Lebanon amidst deteriorating economic conditions in the country, with several protesters shutting down various roads in Lebanon. Several demonstrators reportedly gathered at the Palace of Justice in Beirut, calling for the immediate release of protesters who were detained earlier this week on the allegations of destruction of properties. According to Al Jazeera, the Lebanese pound on Thursday plummeted to a new rate of more than \u00a3L7,000"}, {"text": "to the dollar on the black market. Following the protests that erupted, President Michel Aoun on Thursday held a national meeting with Lebanon's top politicians, in fear of further escalation of the protests into a civil war. During a television interview with Al Manar on 28 June, Lebanon's Interior Minister, Mohamed Fahmi, acknowledged killing two people during the 15-year civil war in Lebanon. Fahmi claimed that he was protected by the current President Michel Aoun who was then a senior officer in the army. He also revealed that an incident occurred with the two people he killed, who were part of a very powerful group. The interview with the minister has raised doubts regarding the relationship between Prime Minister Hassan Diab's assumed technocratic government and the current political elite comprising the likes of President Aoun. On 29 June, two weeks after Henri Chaoul's resignation, the Finance Ministry Director-General and negotiator with the IMF, Alain Bifani, submitted his resignation. At a press conference, Bifani cited the reasons for resigning were that negotiations were at a \"dead end\" and that the risk level has reached a point where he could no longer stay silent. Bifani continued, \"We waited a long time for"}, {"text": "a chance to achieve serious change and we tried to anticipate what we have reached today. We struggled to avoid the worst, but the forces of darkness and tyranny came together to impede what we did\". In a phone call interview with France 24, Bifani blamed the elite interest groups for allowing negotiations to reach a dead-end stating \"This is one of the very few cases when the IMF is seen on the side of social justice against political elites in cahoots with private interests, banks, and big depositors \u2013 the few who have over $10 million each [in bank deposits] and don't want to contribute to a fair solution.\" An investigation was launched by Lebanon's security forces into a claimed missile attack that was supposedly fired close to former Prime Minister Saad al-Hariri's convoy on 17 June. A missile reportedly went off 500 metres away from the ex-prime minister's convoy while he was visiting the eastern Bekaa Valley. To note, the report was first published by a foreign news station, the Saudi-owned TV station Al-Hadath, and there is no other reference of the attack. July protests. On 3 July, with the continuing collapse of the Lebanese economy and hardship,"}, {"text": "two men were believed to have killed themselves in Lebanon, according to the Daily Star. A note, a Lebanese flag and a copy of spotless criminal record were discovered on the busy street in Beirut where the first victim, a 61-year-old man from the eastern region of Hermel shot himself. As security workers were taking away the body in a white coffin and clearing the scene, his relative blamed the government for the hard times that brought about the suicide of the victim. However, the second body, a man said to be a driver, was discovered by security forces at his residence near Saida, in southern Lebanon. On 6 July, following the deepening economic crisis and regular power shortages in Lebanon, protesters took to the streets on Monday, shutting down roads and burning tires in the capital Beirut. In the Sanayeh area of Beirut, protests were also held by drivers outside the headquarters of the Interior Ministry, as they demanded for reduction of fuel prices and other charges. According to Arab News, security forces detained the Lebanese activist Pierre Hashash, further beating up two others among the protesters who came out to demonstrate against the detention of Hashash. On 10"}, {"text": "July, several Lebanese protesters alongside supporters of the Hezbollah group gathered outside the US embassy in Awkar, to protest against Washington's involvement in Lebanon, as well as express support for the Hezbollah group. The protesters threw stones at the security forces outside the embassy and made attempts to remove the barbed wire which was standing between them and the security forces. They also set American flags ablaze and ridiculed the US dollar bills, describing the US as supporters of terrorism. However, the riot police managed to quell the protest by leading the gathering away from the US embassy. August protests. On 3 August, Lebanon's Foreign Minister Nassif Hitti reportedly tendered his resignation to the Prime Minister Hassan Diab, describing his fear of the country turning into a failed state due to the government's inability to enact reforms. The appointment of a new minister or caretaker has not been made yet, pending the acceptance of his resignation. According to VOA News, after the previous visit of the French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian to the capital Beirut, he was criticized by Prime Minister Hassan Diab, which Hitti found to be disappointing. The Lebanese Foreign Minister also maintained that Diab's government had"}, {"text": "not expedited carrying out the reforms that International donors required. However, it is believed that Diab accepted the minister's resignation instantly and has already begun evaluating alternatives for a suitable replacement, his office stated according to France 24. Later in the afternoon on Monday, it was reported that President Michel Aoun's diplomatic adviser Charbel Wahbi, had been named as Hitti's successor. On 4 August, dozens of Lebanese protesters attempted to force their way into the energy ministry's headquarters in Beirut, following power outages that left several areas in darkness. Security forces with batons managed to break up the crowd which had already made it past a barbed-wire fence. The protesters wanted to prepare a sit-in at the energy ministry, as one protester maintained that they will not vacate the premises until electricity is made available. Beirut explosion protests. On the night of , protests against the government resumed, following the explosion in Beirut two days prior that killed 218 people and wounded more than 7,000. The protesters gathered near the parliament building calling for the resignation of Lebanese government officials. The health ministry disclosed that despite search and rescue experts taking over the search for remaining survivors, at least 21"}, {"text": "people were still missing. The protests turned violent, with officers using tear gas, and several people were wounded. 17 ambulances were dispatched by the Lebanese Red Cross to the protest site in order to assist those who were wounded. That same day, Emmanuel Macron arrived in Beirut. He was the first foreign head of state to do so since the blast. He promised France would donate to relief efforts and urged Lebanon's leaders to implement reforms. More than 60,000 signed a petition to reintegrate Lebanon as a French colony for 10 years, but Macron rejected the idea and told the Lebanese people that it was up to them to fix their country. On 8 August 2020, thousands of protesters stormed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bustros Palace) during demonstrations. Security forces opened fire and clashed with the protesters, wounding more than 238 people, sixty-three of whom were taken to hospital; Saudi news channel Al-Hadath confirmed that a policeman was killed in an accident. Protesters also broke into the Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Energy, and Association of Banks. They also broke into the offices of the ministries of housing and transport, the US News added. A Human"}, {"text": "Rights Watch investigation documented security forces employing metal pellets in multiple instances against protesters in the August 8 demonstration. All security forces have rejected the claims. In response to the protests and calls for the termination of his government, Prime Minister Diab promised to hold early elections, maintaining that his government would stay for two months until major parties can make a decision. On 9 August, as the protests entered their second day, the fire reportedly broke out at the entrance of the parliament square, when angry protesters attempted breaking into the building. The broadcast was shown live on Lebanese TV, with security forces using tear gas to disperse hundreds of anti-government protesters gathered outside the building. By Sunday, three ministers stepped down following the explosion. The Lebanese Information Minister Manal Abdel Samad described Diab's government as a failure in terms of meeting the demands of the people of Lebanon. Also, Environment Minister Damianos Kattar lamented that the regime is incompetent and has missed chances for ensuring reforms. On 11 August, findings by Amnesty International suggested that Lebanese security forces had applied unlawful use of force against protesters, during protests after the explosion in Beirut. Medical documents also showed evidence"}, {"text": "that protesters were targeted with live rounds and rubber bullets. Medics were also reportedly attacked on the scene, as they were attending to the wounded during the clash. On 26 August, Human Rights Watch revealed that excessive use of force and live ammunition was applied against anti-government protesters by Lebanese security forces during demonstrations that took place after the Beirut explosion. They also added that some protesters were aimed at directly with tear gas, hitting some in the neck and head. Following these findings, HRW called for an independent investigation into the misconduct carried out by the Lebanese security forces. Lebanese security forces fired metal pellets at least two Lebanese protesters in early September, adding to a growing suspicion that police are employing previously unused tactics that impose serious and possibly deadly injuries. As Lebanon turned 100 years old on September 1, 2020, riled protesters gathered to demand justice for those impacted by the port blast. They flung rocks and attempted to mount over the walls around Lebanon's heavily guarded Parliament in Beirut as law enforcement agents successfully shot tear gas and rubber bullets in order to scatter the crowd. The protest was the first significant rally since August 8,"}, {"text": "which left thousands of anti-government protesters injured as they were met with tear gas, rubber bullets, and live ammunition from security forces. During the protests, at least two protesters were said to have been injured as a result of metal pellets used by the Lebanese security forces, according to Al Jazeera. On 3 September, 30 days after the devastating Beirut explosion, a rescue dog reportedly smelled something that the Chilean rescue thought might possibly be a heartbeat. A piece of equipment was deployed which was said to have picked up a pulse of 18 to 19 beats per minute, though rescuers say that despite the possibility of the pulse meaning someone is alive or in a coma, it could also be just an object producing a signal. Rescue teams dug through the rubble for hours, but unfortunately, they had to temporarily suspend the operation due to the fear that the building could collapse. Separately, the army revealed that four containers with 4.3 tonnes of ammonium nitrate were discovered outside Beirut's seaport, according to the BBC. The military disclosed that army experts had been invited in order to carry out an inspection of the containers with the dangerous chemical. However, the"}, {"text": "details of the owners or source of the chemicals was not disclosed, the Times of Israel added. On 10 September, a huge fire reportedly broke out at Beirut's port which was believed to have originated from a warehouse where oil and tires were kept, the Lebanese army disclosed. The cause of the fire was not yet confirmed, CNN added. Although the fire was not yet extinguished, it was brought under control by the Lebanese civil defense fighters, with no casualties reported. However, the head of Lebanon's Red Cross George Kettaneh, stated that some people were experiencing shortness of breath. On 12 September, the Lebanese Army reportedly clashed with anti-government protesters near the presidential palace in the suburb of Baabda. In an attempt to break up the gathering of protesters, the Lebanese soldiers were said to have fired rubber bullets and live rounds in the air, in order to prevent the protesters from reaching the presidential palace. The protesters criticized the lack of accountability by the authorities to look into the August 4 explosion that devastated the capital, as some of them held up black versions of the Lebanese flag as a sign of mourning those killed in the blast. Anti-government"}, {"text": "protesters were also reported to have clashed with rival protesters backing President Michel Aoun, Arab News added. Several Lebanese soldiers were said to have been wounded as a result of stones and tree branches thrown at them by some protesters. On 15 September, following Beirut's August 4 explosion, a third fire erupted again in a Zaha Hadid-designed shopping centre in Beirut. Firefighters were able to bring the situation under control, as they managed to extinguish the flames, according to the Lebanese Civil Defense. The cause of the fire is yet to be determined, Al Jazeera added. So far, no casualties have been reported during the incident. On 27 September 2020, Gebran Bassil's party said he was infected with a \"mild\" case of COVID-19 as cases continued to surge throughout Lebanon. On 9 October 2020, a fuel tanker exploded, leaving at least four people dead and twenty injured. The blast occurred after the tank caught fire in the Tariq-al-Jdide district. On 1 February 2021, fresh evidence revealed by Amnesty International suggested that the Lebanese security forces applied unlawful use of force and excessive tear gas to disperse protesters during the 2020 Beirut explosion protests in Lebanon. Resignations. As of August 10"}, {"text": "Lebanon's Prime Minister Hassan Diab and his cabinet resigned, and became interim prime minister until a new government is formed. Diab made the announcement while he was delivering a speech on Monday evening, blaming the country's ruling class for hindering reform plans. Following his speech, he proceeded to the presidential palace where President Michel Aoun approved the resignation of his cabinet. Despite the stepping down of Diab's government, Lebanese protesters have maintained that they would still not stop the demonstrations, VOA News reported. On 31 August, Mustapha Adib, Lebanon's ambassador to Germany since 2013 was named as the new Prime Minister of Lebanon. His nomination came just the same day as the French President Emmanuel Macron's second planned visit to Lebanon within a month, to discuss various needs for reform. According to Lebanon's sectarian-based power-sharing system, Adib being a Sunni Muslim, makes him qualified to become Lebanon's PM. Adib's name was said to have emerged following a meeting between an influential group of previous PMs of Lebanon on Sunday, according to Al Jazeera. After Mustapha Adib's nomination as new Prime Minister-designate, he urged for the formation of a new government and the implementation of immediate reforms, in order to reach"}, {"text": "an understanding with the IMF. The 48-year-old little-known diplomat was able to acquire 90 votes out of the 128-member parliament of legislators. 17 MPs were said to have voted for other candidates, with about a dozen other MPs either failing to be present or voting for no one, Al Jazeera added. On Monday also, French President Emmanuel Macron visited Lebanon for the second time since the August 4 explosion which destroyed almost half of Beirut. Upon Macron's arrival at the Beirut International airport, he urged for the immediate establishment of a new cabinet. According to Macron, after his meeting with Lebanese leaders on Tuesday, they vowed to set up a new government within two weeks. On 26 September, Mustapha Adib stepped down after failing to form a cabinet. His decision to step aside came after conducting a meeting with President Michel Aoun. Despite Adib's resignation, President Aoun has maintained that he remains obligated to ensure that Macron's initiative is still on course. According to DW, Adib particularly encountered a deadlock while nominating who would occupy the position of Finance Minister, as Lebanon's main Shiite groups, Hezbollah and Amal, both want to keep the position. Following Mustapha Adib's resignation, French President"}, {"text": "Emmanuel Macron on 27 September, blamed Lebanon's leaders for being unable to establish a new government and described their failure as a betrayal. He added that he was embarrassed with the Lebanese political leaders during his news conference in Paris, stating that they had no regard for the commitments dedicated to France and the entire international community. He has also issued a warning to the Shiite group Hezbollah, which was held responsible for delaying the process of forming a new government, saying that the Iran-backed movement should not overestimate its powers. While ruling out the establishment of sanctions, the French President said he would allocate another four to six more weeks for Lebanon's political class to implement France's plans for economic and political reform. October protests. On 17 October 2020, protesters gathered in Beirut and across Lebanon to celebrate the revolution's first anniversary. Roads were blocked as well as many gatherings amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The protesters waved the Lebanese flags, as they gathered in the epicenter of last year's rallies, Martyrs' Square. Also, dozens of protesters were said to have marched past the central bank, including the parliament building, after which they gathered near the port that was destroyed"}, {"text": "in the August 4 explosion. Despite arguing to proceed with the revolutionary movement, the Lebanese protesters have demanded President Michel Aoun step aside. However, during Aoun's address to the public, he maintained that he was not going to step down, and promised to see to the creation of a new cabinet. On 19 October 2020, the General Director of the General Directorate of General Security Abbas Ibrahim tested positive for COVID-19 while in the United States. The Wall Street Journal reported that he had met national security adviser Robert C. O'Brien at the White House the week before to discuss American citizens held in Syria. The General Directorate of General Security said in a tweet that he was in good health. On 23 October 2020, he returned to Beirut. On 22 October, Hariri was appointed Lebanon's Prime Minister. His appointment came after gaining the support of the majority of members of the parliament who met with President Aoun on Thursday, Reuters reported. December. Mass student protests hit Lebanon as university students were angry about tuition payments and student loan and tuition hikes. They lit fires and came in their thousands in Beirut and a sea of flags was seen. Riot"}, {"text": "police clashed with protesters demanding the end of the government. Soon, they fired tear gas and water cannon as protesters threw eggs and stones. Arrests were made and stone throwing ended. Peaceful demonstrations continued after the clashes. There are no immediate reports of casualties in the unrest so far, according to Al Jazeera. 2021 protests. January protests. On 25 January, following the extension of a nationwide total lockdown by two weeks by the Lebanese authorities to curb the rising number of COVID-19 cases, angry protesters took to the streets, which led to heavy clashes with security forces. In Lebanon's northern city of Tripoli, eight people were reportedly wounded during the clashes, including three members of the Internal Security Forces. On 26 January, as the anti-lockdown protests entered their second night, protesters threw rocks and broken glasses at army personnel, who responded with rubber bullets and tear gas. Tripoli's main square was shut down by the demonstrators, a military vehicle was also set ablaze, as well as targeting government buildings. According to the Lebanese Red Cross, the number of wounded people in Tripoli had reached at least 45 people, during the overnight clashes between the security forces and angry protesters. On"}, {"text": "Tuesday, the daily recorded number of COVID-19 deaths in Lebanon was said to have hit a new record with the number reaching 73, according to the ABC News. On 27 January, the Lebanese caretaker Prime Minister Hassan Diab called on the protesters to engage in peaceful demonstrations and avoid the destruction of government facilities, as well as clashing with security forces. According to Al Jazeera, protesters rallied for their third consecutive night in Tripoli as it turned into riots. Police accordingly fired Live ammunition to disperse protesters. Many people were left wounded in the clashes. Reports have shown that one protester Omar Tayba, 29, was killed as a result of a bullet wound, making him the first fatality of the anti-lockdown protests. On 28 January, following the death of one protester in the northern city of Tripoli, protesters returned to the city's main square, despite a 24-hour curfew being imposed by the Lebanese authorities in an attempt to tackle the rise in COVID-19 fatalities. So far, the number of injured people were said to have reached at least 220 people, alongside 26 police officers, according to Deutsche Welle. On 31 January, according to the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund"}, {"text": "(UNICEF), at least 70 children were wounded in Lebanon's northern city of Tripoli since the beginning of anti-lockdown protests last week. The organization called on the Lebanese security forces, including the protesters, to make sure that children are protected, by preventing their participation in all acts of violence. March 2021. On 2 March 2021, the Lebanese pound hit a new record against the dollar at L.L.10.000 to one dollar. Some areas in Lebanon have been reported to be experiencing power cuts for more than 12 hours a day because of the delay in the provision of fuel shipments, which has been caused by a shortage of hard currency. During the protests, protesters burnt tires and shut down several roads. Northern Tripoli's Abdul Hamid Karami Square was also closed by protesters, including Zahle Square in central Lebanon. On 4 March, protesters returned to the streets, criticizing their leaders for being unable to create a new government. Protesters in Furn al-Shebak and Jal el Dib blocked main roads connecting Beirut to other cities by burning tires. On 6 March, caretaker Prime Minister Hassan Diab threatened to stop performing his duties in an attempt to mount pressure on the Lebanese politicians to establish"}, {"text": "a new government. He also called on them to set aside their differences and create a new government, in order to prevent the country from rapidly escalating into more violence. On the same day, a small gathering of protesters were reported to have gathered outside the central bank in Beirut, requesting for their deposits to be made accessible. Subsequently, the protesters were said to have walked to the parliament building to express their agitations. On 8 March, protesters continued to burn tires to shut down main roads, managing to shut down roads from Jal el-Dib, al-Dawra, and Zouk, to Beirut. Amnesty International called on the Lebanese authorities to immediately cease charging protesters and activists with terrorism-related accusations. Furthermore, Lebanon's Attorney General Judge Ghassan Oweidat instructed the country's top security forces and officials, including the Internal Security Forces (ISF) to go after perpetrators behind illicit foreign currency speculation and alteration with the Lebanese currency. On Monday also, following several days of protests and road blockades in the streets of Lebanon, President Michel Aoun called on security forces to clear out the roadblocks set up by protesters. On the other hand, the Lebanese army chief General Joseph Aoun has emphasized the right"}, {"text": "to peaceful protest, as he cautioned the military personnel to avoid being dragged into the country's political stalemate. On 10 March, following calls made by President Aoun to clear out obstructions, the Lebanese army disclosed that they had commenced the clearing out of the roadblocks which had been set up for several days by the Lebanese protesters. On March 12, more than 1000 protesters started from the Interior Ministry in Hamra and headed towards the Parliament. This protest was considered as the largest in weeks. On 13 March, the Lebanese currency reportedly hit a new record slide amid weeks of protests, with a black market rate of \u00a3L12,500 to the US dollar. Following the currency's decline, stores were said to have suspended selling goods, while businesses decided to shut down their doors, according to Arab News. A small group of protesters gathered near the parliament building in the afternoon, hurling stones at security forces who responded with tear gas, in an attempt to break up the crowd. Some demonstrators also attempted to force their way in by trying to penetrate a metal gate connecting to the legislature. After the anger among the Lebanese, President Michel Aoun and Prime minister-designate Saad"}, {"text": "Hariri held immediate talks in the presidential palace. After that, on March 17, the President told Hariri that he should form a government immediately and that if he's unable to do so \"he should make way for those who are\". Aoun also maintained that inaction was no longer a choice for the PM-designate Hariri, as he must choose between stepping down or forming a government. On March 20, on the eve of Mother's Day, a group of women protested and went from Bechara Al Khoury towards Beirut and the port shouting and crying due to the crisis in the country. On March 22, and after several meetings between Prime Minister-designate Saad Hariri and President Aoun, Hariri said that the demands of the President were \"unacceptable\", therefore Lebanon witnessed a failure to form a new government which will worsen the crisis. According to Hariri, President Aoun presented him with a line-up granting his team a third of all cabinet seats, which would enable them to have veto power over decision making in the Lebanese government. Harir was said to have been criticized by Aoun for disclosing his proposed government with the media, because the distribution of the ministries was unjust which"}, {"text": "was his reason for not agreeing to the line-up, according to Al Jazeera. After the meeting which only lasted for just 35 minutes, another date for a new meeting between Hariri and Aoun could not be confirmed. On 23 March, central streets in Beirut were closed by protesters, following the outcome of the political meeting between the Lebanese prime minister-designate Saad Hariri and President Michel Aoun. On March 28, the Lebanese Communist Party arranged a protest in the capital Beirut amid a worsening economic and living situation in Lebanon. Despite tight security, the protesters gathered in front of the Central Bank, then moved to the Government Palace while holding banners demanding various basic social amenities. On March 29, the parliament approved $200 million in emergency funding to avoid the national power cut that might hit the country by the end of March. Former energy minister and member of parliament, Cesar Abi Khalil maintained that it is expected to make electricity sufficient for about two months. On March 30, families of students studying abroad protested against Lebanese banks and tried to raid a closed bank while staff worked inside. Their protest was because their children were expelled from their universities because"}, {"text": "the parents couldn't send them money due to the rise of the exchange rate of the dollar. Separately, a report by Human Rights Watch (HRW) suggested that during the lockdown and worsening economy protests in Lebanon's Tripoli, demonstrators were allegedly tortured by the Lebanese military intelligence. Apart from the torture of detainees, the HRW also added that others were forcefully abducted by the military. April 2021. In April 2021, The US undersecretary of state for political affairs, David Hale, visited Lebanon and met President Michel Aoun. After the meeting, Hale issued a warning against \"those who continue to obstruct progress on the reform agenda.\" May 2021. On 14 May, Lebanese protesters reportedly gathered near the border fence with Israel in order to show support for Palestinians during its present conflict with Israel. As the angry demonstrators were trying to cross the border fence, a Lebanese protester was said to have been shot and killed as a result of shelling by Israeli security forces. According to Al-Monitor, two other Lebanese protesters were also wounded. President Michel Aoun criticized the use of force applied by the Israeli forces when they started firing at the group of protesters. June 2021. On 21 June,"}, {"text": "protesters took to the streets, following newly adopted measures to tackle fuel smuggling into Syria. The protesters burnt tires and metal bars, shutting down a highway linking Lebanon and Syria, Alarabiya news reported. Security forces were said to have stopped gasoline smugglers from driving through the legitimate crossing, which led to the blockage of the Masnaa crossing by the smugglers. In Lebanon's eastern Bekaa region, the customs authorities stated that it would impose the use of permits for vehicles going into Syria, in an attempt to curb fuel smuggling. However, the protesters blocking the highway are urging for the permit to either be binding on everyone going to Syria or canceled completely. On 26 June, protesters clashed with security forces in Lebanon's Tripoli and other cities, as the Lebanese currency plunges to a record low. In Tripoli, several protesters were reportedly wounded during the clashes. The Lebanese army however maintained that 10 soldiers were wounded after protesters hurled stones at troops and also threw stun grenades at them. On 28 June, several roads were shut down by the Lebanese protesters, ahead of the fuel prices hike that is expected to be announced by the energy ministry on 29 June. On"}, {"text": "29 June, fuel prices were hiked by more than 35 percent by the Lebanese energy ministry, following the cutting down of subsidies last week. The delay by the Lebanese central bank in opening credit lines to fund fuel imports, was described by fuel importers as the reason behind the crisis, the Arab News added. On 30 June, the situation in the northern city of Tripoli worsened, with a child dying who was on oxygen, as a result of power cuts and shortage of diesel for the generators. Following the use of live ammunition, armored vehicles had to be deployed to the streets by the Lebanese Army, in order to restore calm to the city. July 2021. On 9 July, protests were held in Lebanon's capital Beirut, as families of victims of the 2020 Beirut explosion mount pressure on parliament to punish officials. Prior to the protest, caretaker Interior Minister Mohammed Fahmi, denied a request by the judge investigating the explosion to question the head of the General Security Agency, Maj.-Gen. Abbas Ibrahim, according to the JPost. The protesters demanded the immunity of three legislators be lifted, in line with the request made by the judge looking into the blast at"}, {"text": "the Beirut port. The Lebanese army and parliamentary guards were said to have clashed with some of the families of victims who tried to force their way into the headquarters of Speaker Nabih Berri in Beirut. On 15 July, Lebanon's Prime Minister-designate Saad Hariri, reportedly stepped aside, after a brief meeting the Lebanese President Michel Aoun at Baabda Palace, according to Al Jazeera. Hariri described his reason for stepping down due to failure to reach an agreement with Aoun after their 20-minute meeting. He also disclosed to reporters that President Aoun had rejected the cabinet selection he had submitted in less than 24 hours. Following the news of Hariri's resignation, some protesters, mostly Hariri's, were said to have shut down roads in the capital Beirut, including the burning of tires, as they denounced the worsening economic situation. On 25 July, Lebanese billionaire and former PM Najib Mikati received backing from Lebanese Sunni leaders to become Lebanon's prime minister-designate. Mikati also received support from Speaker Nabih Berri, Amal Movement, with Hezbollah's backing expected to follow. On 26 July, in an effort to appointing a new PM-designated, President Michel Aoun began discussions with the country's parliamentary bloc earlier in the morning, at"}, {"text": "the Baabda Palace. On Monday also, the Lebanese Tycoon Najib Mikati, was said to have met with the Lebanese President Michel Aoun, and he is also expected to gain a majority of support from the parliamentary bloc. Later on Monday, Najib Mikati was confirmed by the Lebanese parliament as Lebanon's new prime minister-designate. During the parliamentary consultation with the Lebanese president, the two-time prime minister was said to have secured a majority of the votes from MPs. The US and France also welcomed the new appointment made by the Lebanese government, the Deutsche Welle added. Following Mikati's appointment, he urged for unity, in order to start reviving the country's crippling economy. August 2021. On 4 August, dozens of Lebanese rallied in the capital Beirut, to mark the first anniversary of the 2020 Beirut explosion. At least six people were reported to have been injured, as protesters clashed with security forces near the parliament. Just a day before the anniversary protests, Human Rights Watch (HRW), blamed the Lebanese authorities for hindering the investigation into the blast, according to the TRT World. Meanwhile, during an international donor conference that was held on the first anniversary of the massive Beirut port explosion, French"}, {"text": "President Emmanuel Macron blamed Lebanese politicians for the economic woe in Lebanon. Macron also called for support, while pointing out that the COVID-19 pandemic has left the Lebanese people in a more dire condition, including the lack of medicines. On 9 August, three men were killed in Lebanon, amid tensions over fuel shortages. According to a statement by the Lebanese army, one of the men was killed in northern Lebanon's Dinniyeh region during a dispute over fuel, while the two others were killed in Tripoli. In Tripoli, reports suggested that the dispute escalated to the extent of throwing a hand grenade, including the exchange of fire, Al Jazeera added. On 12 August, angry Lebanese protesters shut down roads across Lebanon, following the central bank's move to end fuel subsidies. One protester was seriously wounded in the southern village of Zahrani, after being run over by a motorist, according to ABC News. On 15 August, a fuel tanker exploded in northern Lebanon's Akkar District, killing 20 people and wounding at least 79 people more. Reports from the National News Agency suggested that the explosion was a result of a fuel container blowing up, that was seized by the army. More than"}, {"text": "200 people were believed to have been at the scene when the incident took place. According to Deutsche Welle, the Lebanese Health Minister Hamad Hassan has stated that the government would sponsor the medical treatment of those affected by the explosion. Also, Kuwait has offered to sponsor the treatment for the burn victims of the blast, the Kuwait Red Crescent Society (KRCS) stated. September 2021. On 16 September, an arrest warrant was issued for the former public works minister Youssef Finianos, by the leading judge investigating the 2020 Beirut explosion. According to Al Jazeera, the warrant was issued after Finianos failed to show up for questioning. The leading judge Tarek Bitar also charged three former top government officials alongside Finianos, with endangerment, which saw to the deaths of over 200 people in the Beirut blast. Meanwhile, the EU has demanded the establishment of a resolution within the UN framework, to look into the devastating Beirut Port blast. During a vote, 571 out of 681 members of the European Parliament supported the resolution which is aimed at approving sanctions on Lebanese officials who were involved in corruption or were responsible for hindering the investigation into the blast. The EU also urged"}, {"text": "for humanitarian aid to be distributed directly to the people requiring assistance, considering the extreme mishandling of relief funds provided to Lebanon in the past. October Tayouneh clashes. On October 14, 2021, a protest in Beirut, led by the Amal Movement, Hezbollah and the Marada Movement, demanded the resignation of the lead judge probing the 2020 Beirut port's explosion. As the protest went on and the situation got more violent when protesters began to shout sectarian slogans, destroy property and harass passersby in the region of Tayouneh, snipers from roofs started shooting against the protestors in the streets, giving start to the clashes between Shia militants and armed civilians that killed 7 people and wounded 32 more. Hezbollah accused the Lebanese Forces, a Christian political group; the group denied the accusation. The gunfight included assault rifles and rocket-propelled grenades. Some of the deceased include a militant who had previously fought in Syria under Hezbollah. 2022. Riad Salemeh trials. In February 2022, a subpoena was issued by Judge Ghada Aoun after Riad Salameh failed to show up to court for questioning, while his whereabouts were unknown after a raid in his office and 2 homes, as part of an investigation for"}, {"text": "alleged misconduct and corruption. This sparked controversy with another security agency that was accused of protecting him from trial. Later in March 21, Salameh along with his brother Raja were charged for illicit enrichment by Ghassan Oueidat but also failed to attend for questioning. His brother, Raja Salameh spent a month in detention but was released on May 22 while on a record bail of 100 billion LBP. On June 21, 2022, his home was raided again by Lebanese security forces. Role of women in the October Revolution. Feminist movements have been widely recognized for their significant role in driving social change and advocating for gender equality globally. The October 17 Revolution in Lebanon was characterized by the substantial participation of women, which underscores the country's legacy of feminist activists, as well as the participation of other marginalized groups such as the LGBT movement and migrant workers. UN Women estimates indicate that during the initial phase of protests, women constituted at least half of the protest population in Beirut and Tripoli, and one-third in Baalbek and Nabatieh, showcasing a remarkable gender parity that is de facto unseen in many revolts across the Middle-Eastern and North Africa region. This level of"}, {"text": "participation serves to illustrate Lebanon's active civil society and the enduring legacy of feminist activism. Driven by grievances related to governance, corruption, and economic challenges, women from diverse backgrounds emerged as key figures in shaping and sustaining the movement. In the years preceding the October uprising, Lebanon witnessed the emergence of a feminist public sphere, where women's organizations and groups played a cruicial role in highlighting issues of gender inequality. Through lobbying efforts and activism, feminists pushed for legal reforms to address institutional inequalities and provide platforms to foster solidarity. In drawing upon past movements such as the 2011 protests against sectarianism and the 2015 garbage crisis protests, women entered the October Revolution with a wealth of experience in grassroots activism. What distinguished the October uprising was its wide-ranging audience, offering feminist activists unprecedented opportunities to address national issues in highly networked and media-savvy environments. Campaigns aiming to criminalize domestic violence and sexual harassment gained traction, shedding light on systemic challenges faced by women. These efforts succeeded in raising awareness about women's experiences in intimate relationships and within families, amplifying their voices nationally. Activists, mobilizers and organizers. Women in the protests have taken on diverse roles, encompassing the leadership of"}, {"text": "political organization, the planning of rallies and marches, the writing of articles, and the generation of messaging through slogans and signs. Women have also been engaged in a range of activities within public discussions pertaining to a variety of issues, including political reforms, environmental concerns, and the necessity of a unified personal status law. In addition, women have organized public educational sessions and created environments conducive to women's safety, as evidenced by the establishment of a camp in downtown Beirut. Additionally, they have extended support to protesters by offering practical assistance, including cooking, distributing supplies, providing legal aid and leading initiatives for waste management at protest sites. These demonstrations have not only created new avenues for dialogue on women's rights and political participation, especially in regions with conservative gender norms, but have also facilitated increased access to public spaces for women, notably during nighttime. Consequently, they have cultivated increased societal acceptance of their involvement in politics. Intersectional advocacy. Women's involvement in the protests marks a turning point for gender equality, challenging entrenched patriarchal norms and discriminatory laws. Some of the questionable practises that are used on marginalized minorities consist of hymen and anal exams. Where the role of medical evidence"}, {"text": "is used to oppress and control bodies. Moreover, they have embraced an approach including feminism and intersectionality, addressing multiple forms of oppression, with the objective of promoting social justice and inclusivity as noted by Sarah Boukhary, the Interim MENA Co-director of WILPF. Feminist groups engage in advocacy efforts such as organizing vigils for marginalized groups and protesting against racism and homophobia, while also addressing systemic issues like the Kafala system, refugee exploitation, and LGBTQ+ discrimination. The Kafala system particularly affects female migrant workers in Lebanon, subjecting them to exploitation and inequality due to unclear contracts and institutional structures. Women have been instrumental in pushing for reforms to Lebanon's sectarian system, aiming to achieve equal rights in citizenship and inheritance. Lebanon's legal system comprises 15 sectarian personal status laws, which allow for discrimination based on gender and religion, affecting marriage, nationality rights, and child custody. A Human Rights Watch report revealed significant gender disparities in divorce and childcare access among women of all religious backgrounds. Additionally, women's political representation remains disproportionately low, with only 3% of Parliament being women following the 2018 elections. Tactics. The active involvement of women in Lebanon during the uprising showcased a departure from solely traditional non-confrontational"}, {"text": "methods, as they adeptly employed both confrontational and non-confrontational approaches. While confrontational tactics like marches and protests directly challenged the status quo, non-confrontational methods such as boycotts and petitions provided indirect yet impactful avenues for advocacy. Although the prevalence of violence against women was not as high as that against men, it did occur and affected some women. This manifested as instances where women were beaten or attempted to breach barriers blocking access to key locations. The symbolic act of Malak Alaywe Herz kicking an armed bodyguard on the revolution's first night emerged as a powerful metaphor against the corrupt and patriarchal political system. It resonated with those involved in the uprising and became an iconic image of resistance. These findings challenge previous research that assigned specific tactics and roles to women and men, as corroborated by feminist activists on the ground. Despite employing diverse tactics, women predominantly engaged in peaceful conflict resolution. This was evidenced by their participation in organized marches in Tripoli and Baalbek, which aimed to address politico-sectarian tensions. They also led rallies, blocked roads, and de-escalated violence. Additionally, they played a pivotal role in providing a physical buffer between protesters and security forces during moments of"}, {"text": "heightened tension. By utilising platforms such as WhatsApp to swiftly coordinate and assemble at protest sites and form a human barrier to prevent the escalation of violence, they also played with gendered norms to mitigate violence. For instance, older women strategically invoked the concept of motherhood when engaging with soldiers, using phrases like \"Don't harm us, I could be your mom,\" to appeal to their sense of compassion and discourage violence. Additionally, women act as informal mediators, negotiating access at roadblocks and diffusing conflicts between armed forces and protesters. Women-led unity marches in Beirut, Jal Al-Deeb, and Tripoli followed nights of violence, leading to a significant decrease in politicized violence for nearly two weeks. These efforts align with global trends suggesting that women's active involvement reduces the likelihood of armed conflict in protests. Public reaction. While local and international media extensively covered women's participation in the protests, some reports sensationalized their involvement, labeling the uprising as \"female-led\" or a \"women's uprising\", feminist activists expressed concerns about this representation, fearing it could reinforce gender divides and overshadow the broader concerns shared by all participants. Female participants faced notable backlash, often being objectified and subjected to derogatory comments, contradicting the movement's aim"}, {"text": "to combat such behavior. For example, an Arab newspaper titled an article on feminist protests as \"Lebanese babes: all beautiful women are revolting.\" Furthermore, demonstrators against the Kafala system were subjected to racist and sexist remarks by bystanders, which underscores the interconnected systemic challenges in Lebanon. Post-revolution status of women in Lebanon. In the aftermath of Lebanon's 2019 October Revolution, women's progress has been impeded by a series of crises, including the global pandemic of 2020, the economic collapse, and the Beirut Port explosion. These events had a disproportionate impact on women, resulting in increased gender-based violence, higher unemployment rates, and a decline in overall safety. The UNHCR's report indicates that the COVID-19 pandemic led to an increase in gender-based violence, with 54% of women reporting an increase in abuse and harassment, while almost 44% reported a decline in their sense of safety at home. The economic crisis has led to a projected surge in female unemployment rates, with women's unemployment expected to increase by 63%. The August 4 Beirut Port blast further compounded these challenges, threatening employment opportunities and exacerbating the risk of gender-based violence and harassment, particularly among displaced women. Consequently, Lebanon experienced a 13-place decline in the"}, {"text": "World Economic Forum's 2023 gender equality ranking, with the country now ranking 132nd out of 146 countries. The cessation of recognition of foreign civil marriages by the General Directorate of Personal Status in September 2022, for instance, represents a regression in women's rights, as documented by Human Rights Watch in 2024. Despite a notable increase in female candidates in the 2022 parliamentary elections, women continue to be underrepresented in political leadership. With only 6.4% of parliamentary seats held by women, as per UN Women Lebanon's 2022 report, achieving gender parity remains a significant challenge in the country's political landscape. General analysis and reactions. In contrast to the 2005 Cedar Revolution, in which support for the main sides of the political conflict were aligned with political parties and the Sunni\u2013Shiite Muslim sociological and religious divide in Lebanon, the 2015\u20132016 Lebanese protests started to include criticism of leaders within the anti-Hezbollah community. The 2019 protests bypassed this sociological divide further, as they were part of a genuine grassroots movement that has not been directed by any political party, cross-sectarian in a broader sense than those of 2015 and taking place across Lebanon, rather than only in Beirut. The protests are an existential"}, {"text": "threat to the Lebanese government and political elite and a revolution. The 2019 society-wide nature of the protests has its seed in the 2015\u20132016 protests. Although these protests were not conclusive and did not achieve their main goal of dismantling the political system as intended, they were beneficial on many levels. Aftermath. Despite the relaxation of the civil disorder upon Lebanese government formation in September 2021, the country continued experiencing economic and civil difficulties. The Lebanese energy market practically collapsed upon fuel shortage and on October 9, the country plunged into a 24-hour national blackout, as power plants ran out of fuel. The security situation deteriorated on October 14, as militant clashes erupted in Beirut between the pro-Hezbollah camp and their opposition, resulting in 6 deaths. The violence erupted during a protest organized by Hezbollah and its allies against the lead judge probing 2020 explosion in the city's port. The location of the clashes was the Justice Palace, located along the former front line between Muslim Shiite and Christian areas. By January 2022, \"BBC News\" reported that the crisis in Lebanon had deepened further, with the value of the Lebanese pound plummeting and a scheduled general election expected to be"}, {"text": "delayed indefinitely. The same month there was a general strike across the country by the public transportation and labour unions. In politics. Many reformist groups emerged during the 2018 Lebanese general elections standing against the 9-year ruling and mostly repeat deputies in parliament and sought for change. Most notable of the group was the Kuluna Watani alliance. The alliance gathered with a new Political Party (\"Sabaa\") and 10 different campaign and groups, most of which are connected to campaigns started in the protest movements of 2015 or the municipal elections of 2016. The alliance included in addition to Sabaa which is a nationwide secular Political Party few local political groups, namely Libaladi in Beirut 1 and Lihaqqi in Mount Lebanon 4. Speaking at inauguration event, Charbel Nahas, whose party Citizens within a State joined the Koullouna Watani lists at a later stage, said the purpose of the lists was to provide an alternative to the \"corrupted\" power in Lebanese politics. The Shiite Taharror movement was also established in the wake of the protests. 2022 elections. During the 2022 Lebanese general elections, many activists and previous organizations expressed intent to run with goals of replacing the political class and reforming the"}, {"text": "country. These organizations include, Citizens in a State which ran under the Qadreen lists, Shamaluna which ran in the North III district and the Mada network which was made out of multiple smaller reform groups. Many older and tradition parties joined October 17 lists such as the historic National Bloc Party and the Lebanese Communist Party and other larger parties claimed to be members of the movement like the Kataeb party, the Independence Movement and the Popular Nasserist Organization (PNO). In total, these candidates received 237,667 votes (13.14%) and won 13 seats which formed a new reformist bloc in the Lebanese parliament. 2022 speakership elections. Along with many others, it was in nature for October 17 MPs to opt out on voting for long-time speaker Nabih Berri. For the deputy speaker the MPs voted for newly elected MP Ghassan Skaff however he still lost to long-time politician Elias Bou Saab. The 2 secretaries of parliament were elected immediately after the Deputy Speaker. Although not constitutionally required, it was decided that the secretaries would be attributed to one Maronite Christian and one Druze. The election process of the 2 deputies had large debate particularly by opposition MPs. It was suggested that"}, {"text": "each MP votes for both preferences in the same ballot and that the positions should not be based on religion. However, it was decided that voting would take place on the basis of one name per ballot. As a result of this Firas Hamdan, an opposition MP, who was one of few candidates for the Druze secretary, withdrew his candidacy in protest of the sectarian electoral procedure. Disagreements. The newly formed bloc continuously faced disagreements with each other, like voting on the premiership and the presidency, failure to create common grounds with other parliamentary blocs and failing to unite with the parliament opposition. This led to the withdrawal of 2 MPs from the bloc, Michel Doueihy of Osos Lebanon and Waddah Sadek of Khatt Ahmar, both citing political tensions."}, {"text": "Dyakonovsky 1-y () is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Akchernskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 451 as of 2010. There are 10 streets. Geography. Dyakonovsky 1-y is located on Akchernya River, 20 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Akchernsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Dyakonovsky 2-y () is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Dyakonovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 904 as of 2010. There are 10 streets. Geography. Dyakonovsky 2-y is located in steppe, 8 km southeast of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kamenka is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Yegorovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dobrinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 36 as of 2010. There are 2 streets. Geography. Yegorovsky is located in steppe, 28 km of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kudryashyovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Zaburdyayevsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dobrinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 200 as of 2010. There are 6 streets. Geography. Zaburdyayevsky is located in step, 26 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kudryashyovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Sir Paolo Dingli GCMG was the chief justice of Malta from 1854 to 1859."}, {"text": "Zakhopyorsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dobrinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 1 as of 2010. Geography. Zakhopyorsky is located in the valley of the Khopyor River, 14 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Gorsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Zelyony () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Okladnenskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 46 as of 2010. There are 2 streets. Geography. Zelyony is located in forest steppe, 31 km southeast of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Dolgy is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Coin Master is a casual mobile game that incorporates mechanics from village building, slot machines, and social interaction. The game was developed by Tel Aviv, Israel-based company Moon Active. It could be argued whether the game falls into the social casino category or not. \"Coin Master\" has been downloaded over 300 million times worldwide. It was also in the top-grossing mobile games in the UK (since February 2019) and Germany (since June 2019). Gameplay. The objective of \"Coin Master\" is to win coins based on chance to upgrade items in order to build up villages and progress through the levels. \"Coin Master\" can be found under the 'Adventure Game' category in the app stores, but uses gambling mechanics. The main focus of the game is to build and improve villages, with every village being an individual level. In order to build villages or attack the villages of other players, users must spin a slot machine to win coins. The number of hourly spins are limited to five (but it gets extended as level progress), but additional attempts and items can be purchased through in-app purchases. Some free spins are gifted by \"Coin Master\" through links on their social channels and"}, {"text": "by subscribing to their email newsletter. Coins are acquired by spinning and winning, attacking another player's village, or raiding another player's fortune. A maximum of five shields, as well as the pet Rhino, can be used to defend villages. When a player's village is attacked, the game also allows \"revenge\" so a player can launch a counterattack. The player needs to upgrade 5 items in every village in order to progress to the next level. , there are 570 levels in the game. Each village has its own unique theme. Coins are used to upgrade village items and when players upgrade all 5 items on the village, the game will progress to the next level with a new village. The coins earned from the slot machine increase slightly as the levels progress. Card collecting. Another feature in the game is the 'Card Collection'. Cards can be collected and traded to complete card sets, which usually rewards the player with spins and pet experience. Chests with collectible cards inside them can be collected using coins, during raids, rewarded for reaching the next level or bought through in-app purchases. Cards differ in value and there are several rarities. There are unofficial online"}, {"text": "social groups of fans that are dedicated purely to card trading. Pets. \"Foxy\", \"Tiger\", and \"Rhino\" are the three pets that are designed to help players collect more coins each in their own unique way. Pets can be raised by obtaining treats for them and raising their XP (experience points) by using XP potions. Foxy gives the player extra coins for a raid up to 119% of player's raid value. Tiger gives the player extra coins for attacks. These extra coins can get up to 410% of the attack value. Rhino protects player's village from attacks. This pet protects up to 70% of the attacks on their village. Additionally, pets need to be kept awake with treats. For each treat they stay awake (usable) for 4 hours. They can stay awake for longer periods of time with multiple treats. Gifts. Players can gift each friend one Spin every 48 hours, and they can do the same for one. As long as the Spin bar is empty, they can collect up to 100 Spins every day. Gifting Spins to friends will not decrease the player's own inventory, but to collect 100 spins every day, one needs to have 200 active friends"}, {"text": "on Facebook. VIP status. VIP is a special status that gives extra benefits to players like extra spins, coins, exclusive events, a private Facebook group, and a permanent player ID. It was rumored that VIP status is given to players who spend a specific amount of money in the game depending on the country they play from, but people have accused Moon Active of not being transparent enough with the process. Commercial. \"Coin Master\"s main revenue comes from in-app purchases and microtransactions. The app made 59.15 million US dollars worldwide in July 2023 data. The application has now generated more than 3.5 billion US dollars in player spending over its lifetime. The US, UK, and Germany are the top spenders, contributing over 85% of its net revenue. Specific data on in-app purchase conversion rates or average spending per player is limited. According to the website OMR, Moon Active earned until October 2019. Investors. The company has investors from the tech industry, such as Gigi Levy-Weiss, the former CEO of the Gibraltar based online casino company 888 Holdings. Advertisements. Jennifer Lopez, Khlo\u00e9 Kardashian, Eugenio Derbez, Kris Jenner, and Scott Disick have featured in advertisements for \"Coin Master\". Other celebrities who have"}, {"text": "participated in advertisements for the game are Ben Higgins, Chris Harrison, Rae Sremmurd, Terry Crews, Emily Ratajkowski, Cardi B, Joan Collins, David Schwimmer, Dieter Bohlen, the Spice Girls, Thalia and Chayanne. Awards. \"Coin Master\" was ranked in the \"top 20 of the acclaimed Top 50 Developers/Top 50 Mobile Game Makers\" list from PocketGamer.biz, published October 1, 2019. The game has also received countless mentions in industry publications regarding its continuous stance of 1st place in the weekly/monthly roundup lists of Top Grossing games on both the App Store and Google Play in 2019. Use in scamming. \"Coin Master\" has been used as part of \"human verification\" scams. As part of the scam, a malicious website prompts the user to \"prove they are not a robot\" by playing other games or installing applications, with the end goal of receiving in-game currencies. Many websites claim to give free spins for \"Coin Master\", but some ask users to download risky apps, putting their privacy at risk. Others promise cheap spins or coins for payment without delivering anything. Criticism. Coin Master has been widely criticized for using designs and characters appealing to children, resembling games such as Township in order to supposedly lure them"}, {"text": "into using gambling-like elements (like a slot machine and betting) and spending real-life currency on items and mechanics within the game. In an article about the game published by Pocket Gamer.co.uk in February 2018, the website called the game a \"slot machine masquerading as a game\". In Germany, the game has particularly been criticized for its apparently harmful mechanics and negative effects on children. The State Media Authority of North Rhine-Westphalia (Landesmedienanstalt Nordrhein-Westfalen) warned about the game and its advertising campaign in August 2019. A group of media outlets reported on the game in the following months, including Saarl\u00e4ndischer Rundfunk, OMR and Der Spiegel. The federal youth protection initiative Schau Hin! also deals with the mobile game and noted that youth protection advocates see Coin Master as a \"gateway drug to gambling\". The game further came into public attention in Germany after German journalist and comedian Jan B\u00f6hmermann criticized the game in his late night show on German public television channel ZDF. B\u00f6hmermann voiced his opinion that \"Coin Master\" is marketed to children and adolescents despite corresponding denials, citing among other things such as the child-friendly look of the game and advertising from popular influencers like Pietro Lombardi. In collaboration"}, {"text": "with the Commission for the Protection of Minors in the Media (KJM), the State Media Authority of North Rhine-Westphalia filed a lawsuit against Moon Active. The focus of the legal proceedings was to determine that the game, in its existing version, could no longer be distributed within Germany. These proceedings were formally concluded on Friday, April 3, 2020. The resolution was facilitated by the substantial cooperation of the app's operator in adhering to German youth protection standards. The modifications implemented by Moon Active include the introduction of \"double age verification\" and the restriction of minors from accessing the app. Additionally, the app now features a clear instruction on how to disable in-app purchases. Furthermore, the marketing strategy that previously employed influencers as brand ambassadors has been discontinued in Germany, underscoring that the game is not intended for children. This case is notable for being the first instance in which a German media authority took legal action against a developer located outside of Europe."}, {"text": "Babanrao Bhikaji Pachpute is an Indian politician from Bharatiya Janata Party. He represents the Shrigonda (Vidhan Sabha constituency) in the district of Ahmednagar, Maharashtra. His Son Vikram Babanrao Pachpute is MMLA from Shrigonda since 24 November 2024. Early life. Babanrao Pachpute was born in a farmer's family in the village of Kashti, Shrigonda, Maharashtra. He is the son of Bhikaji Pachpute and Tulsabai. Since his primary education he was considered amongst the brightest students in the class. He participated extensively in extra-curricular activities such as elocution, debate and sports competitions. Family obligations deterred him from pursuing further education. But he managed to get admission into New Arts College, Ahmednagar. Along with education, he started participating in body building championship tournaments came first in Ahmednagar district and was honored with the 'Ahmednagar shree' award. His amicable nature won him many friends. While pursuing legal studies, National Emergency was declared and he actively participated in the non-co-operation movement and rose as a prominent figure in Shrigonda. Political career. 1 January 1977 was his political debut. In the non-cooperation movement during emergency he raised the voice against the government. He inaugurated a branch of 'Janata Party' in Shrigonda. On 9 September 1977, he"}, {"text": "was elected as Local Body Member (Panchayat Samiti). In 1979 he established 'Shetkari Sanghatana' and was elected as member of legislative assembly in 1980. He fought for farmers' rights, started a huge movement in 1981. Babanrao Pachpute has filed nominations and has been a candidate for the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly elections nine times out of which he has won seven times. His followers give credit of this success because of the various socio-economic and educational welfare schemes he has implemented in his home turf of Shrigonda. He has been recognized as the candidate who has fought the elections every time on a different election symbol. In the assembly elections of 2019, he won and the lotus bloomed for the first time in the Shrigonda Constituency. Maharashtra's Legislative Assembly elections journey of Babanrao Pachpute:"}, {"text": "Sir Antonio Micallef GCMG was the chief justice of Malta from 1859 to 1880."}, {"text": "The H B Allen Centre is the graduate centre of Keble College, one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. Background. The H B Allen Centre is named for Heather Barbara \"Mickie\" Allen, founder of the H B Allen Charitable Trust. Ms. Allen was a descendant of the founder of Beefeater Gin, James Burrough, and also donated to RNLI for lifeboats in Padstow. The trust contributed a \u00a325 million capital grant to assist with construction and fitting out of the new site. Construction. The centre was built on the site of the former Acland Hospital. Part of the old hospital, the Sarah Acland House, is a Grade II listed building, and a significant challenge in construction was preserving this structure. The H B Allen Centre was officially opened on 3 October 2019 (a year behind schedule) by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge. Facilities. The centre includes accommodation for 230 full-time graduates, as well as common area including two multipurpose rooms, laundry facilities, a gym, a caf\u00e9, and lecture theatre."}, {"text": "Sir Vincenzo Frendo Azzopardi was the chief justice of Malta from 1915 to 1919."}, {"text": "A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Coogee on 8 May 1948 because of the death of Lou Cunningham (). The Labor candidate was his widow Catherine. Results. <includeonly> Lou Cunningham () died.</includeonly>"}, {"text": "Fred Baker (1874 \u2013 6 March 1936) was an English architect working in Lincoln, Lincolnshire. Life. Fred Baker was articled to the Lincoln architects Michael Drury in 1890 and to William Watkins from 1891 to 1895. He was then an assistant to the Lincoln architects William Scorer, J. H. Cooper and William Watkins. In 1910 he qualified as LRIBA and had set up his own practice in Lincoln by 1918 and continued working until 1935. Most of the work he undertook was in housing development in Lincoln. His son was Tom Baker, Director of Lincoln Libraries, Museum and Art Gallery, until 1974."}, {"text": "Harry Street (1919-1984) was a well known British jurist and legal scholar. He spent much of his life at the University of Manchester. His work was wide-ranging but most notably included work on civil liberties and the law of torts. \"Street on Torts\" is, as of 2018, in its 15th edition."}, {"text": "Ballybeg, an anglicisation of the Irish language name \"Baile Beag\" () meaning \"Little Town\", is a fictional town in which Irish playwright Brian Friel set many of his works. Several of Friel's plays, including \"Philadelphia Here I Come!\", \"Translations\" and \"Dancing at Lughnasa\", are set in the fictional County Donegal town. Friel's Ballybeg is partially based on the real village of Glenties, close to where he lived."}, {"text": "Abdulaziz Al-Shahrani (; born 30 October 1994) is a Saudi Arabian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Al-Diriyah. Career. Al-Shahrani plays mostly as an attacking midfielder, but can also be deployed as a winger. He began his senior career as a member of his hometown club Abha in the Saudi Second Division, departing two seasons later to join local rivals and Saudi First Division club Damac. He made his debut for the first team on 13 September 2017 in the league match against Al-Nahda coming off the bench in the 53rd minute. He scored his first goal for the club in the same match, scoring the equalizer in the 55th minute. On 22 January 2018, Al-Shahrani ruptured his ACL was ruled out for the remainder of the 2017\u201318 season. He ended his first season at the club making 14 appearances and scoring 3 goals. He made his return to the first team in the first match of the 2018\u201319 season against his former club Abha. In his second season at the club, Al-Shahrani made 18 appearances and scored 3 goals before leaving the club mid-season. On 22 January 2019, Al-Shahrani signed a 4-year contract with Pro League"}, {"text": "club Al-Ahli. After making no appearances for Al-Ahli, Al-Shahrani rejoined Damac on loan until the end of the 2019\u201320 season. On 23 October 2020, Al-Shahrani joined Damac on a permanent deal. On 27 January 2022, Al-Shahrani joined Ohod on loan until the end of the 2021\u201322 season. On 20 July 2024, Al-Shahrani joined Al-Diriyah."}, {"text": "Zotov () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Khopyoropionerskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 33 as of 2010. Geography. Zotov is located 61 km northeast of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kriushinsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Iskra () is a rural locality (a settlement) and the administrative center of Iskrinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 970 as of 2010. There are 13 streets. Geography. Iskra is located in steppe, 61 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kolesniki is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Kamenka () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dyakonovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 51 as of 2010. Geography. Kamenka is located on the left bank of the Kamenka River, 10 km southeast of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. 2-y Dyakonovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Sir Michelangelo Refalo (1 March 1876 \u2013 20 December 1923) was a Maltese lawyer who was chief justice of Malta from 1919 until his death in 1923 from influenza. He is buried at the Santa Maria Addolorata Cemetery in Paola, the largest burial ground of Malta."}, {"text": "Kolesniki () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Iskrinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 29 as of 2010. Geography. Kolesniki is located in steppe, 63 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Iskra is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Kotovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Kotovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 953 as of 2010. There are 19 streets. Geography. Kotovsky is located in steppe, 15 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Popov is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Krasny () is a rural locality (a khutor) in and the administrative center of Krasnyanskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 416 as of 2010. There are 10 streets. Geography. Krasny is located in steppe, 22 km east of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kukhtinsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Krasnyansky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Bolshinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 162 as of 2010. There are 3 streets. Geography. Krasnyansky is located in forest steppe, 21 km north of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Nizhnekrasnyansky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Krepovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Krepovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 356 as of 2010. There are 6 streets. Geography. Krepovsky is located in steppe, 8 km northeast of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Uchkhoz is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Krivovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dobrinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 4 as of 2010. There are 3 streets. Geography. Krivovsky is located in the valley of the Khopyor River, 25 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Sazonovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Kriushinsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Khopyoropionerskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 783 as of 2010. There are 9 streets. Geography. Kriushinsky is located in steppe, 57 km north of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Povorino is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Gabriel N\u00fa\u00f1ez may refer to:"}, {"text": "The Lakeland Renegades are an American Rugby league football team based in Lakeland, Florida who play in the Southern Conference of the USA Rugby League. They were founded in 2019."}, {"text": "Kudryashyovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dobrinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 153 as of 2010. There are 4 streets. Geography. Kudryashyovsky is located in steppe, 28 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Yegorovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Robert Pope (born 1978) is a British veterinarian, athlete, author and charity fundraiser. He is an elite distance runner, with a number of successes at the marathon and ultramarathon distances. In 2016 he began a 422-day, 15,700-mile run comprising more than 4 complete crossings of the United States, and became the first person to trace the route run by Tom Hanks' fictional character in the film \"Forrest Gump\". He has raised approaching \u00a3100,000 for the charities Peace Direct and the World Wildlife Fund. Early life and education. Pope was born and grew up in Croxteth, Liverpool. He attended St. Edward's College, Liverpool. From 1996 to 2010 he attended the Royal Veterinary College, London, gaining a BVetMed(Hons.), a BScVetPath(Hons.) and finally a PhD in Veterinary Medicine. He has since worked as an emergency veterinarian. Competitive running career. At age 37, Pope became the Australian Marathon Champion at the 2015 Australian Athletics Championships with a time of 2:29:59. He subsequently won the Liverpool Rock'n'Roll Marathon in both 2015 and 2016, the latter with a personal best time of 2:27:13. Pope holds the Guinness World Record for the fastest marathon dressed as a film character, set for running the 2018 London Marathon in"}, {"text": "a time of 2:36:28 (finishing 82 overall) while dressed as Forrest Gump. In 2019, Pope competed in the 6-day Marathon des Sables ultramarathon, covering 156 miles (250 km) across the Sahara Desert while carrying all food. He finished 14th overall. \"Forrest Gump\" run and charity fundraising. In 2016, Pope quit his job as an emergency veterinarian and began his Forrest Gump run which would see him run across the United States of America more than four complete times, in a bid to recreate the 15,300-mile route run by Tom Hanks' fictional character. On May 11, 2018, after 422 days of running, he became the first person to complete this route, as well as the first person to cross the US four times on foot. Pope is estimated to have run 15,607 miles (approximately 600 marathons), made more than 24 million total steps and averaged 37 miles a day. Included in these totals are the New York, Boston, Manchester, Brighton and London marathons, completed during various breaks within the 422-day period. His first act on completion of his run was to propose to his girlfriend, Nadine Strawbridge, who was waiting with their newborn daughter, Bee. Pope sought sponsorship for the Forrest"}, {"text": "Gump run, raising nearly \u00a338,000 for the charities Peace Direct and the World Wildlife Fund. In recognition of his charitable efforts, Pope attended Prince Charles' 70th birthday celebrations. Pope's self-penned book recounting of his American run, \"Becoming Forrest: One Man's Epic Run Across America\", was published by Harper Collins in 2021."}, {"text": "Fagara () is a 2019 Hong Kong family drama film written and directed by Heiward Mak, adapted from Hong Kong chick lit writer Amy Cheung's novel \"ngo5 dik1 oi3 jyu4 ci2 maa4 laat6\" ().The film is distributed by Media Asia Film and produced by Ann Hui and Julia Chu, starring Sammi Cheng, Megan Lai and Li Xiaofeng. Plot. After her father died, a Hong Kong girl discovers she has two hitherto unknown sisters, one in Taiwan and one in China. To settle her father's debt, she must reunite with them to run the family's hot pot restaurant. While the androgynous Taiwan sister is plagued by her toxic relationship with her mother, the fashionista sister from China is trying to fend off her grandmother's pressure to get married. Meanwhile, she is striving to unshackle herself from her ex-boyfriend in order to start a new relationship. Reception. Critical reception for the film was mostly positive, with critics and audience praising Mak's storytelling and the performance of the cast, especially Cheng's. Edmund Lee of \"South China Morning Post\" gives the film a 4.5 out of 5 stars, calling it \"an astonishingly assured return to form for director Heiward Mak, and already a front-runner"}, {"text": "for next year\u2019s Hong Kong Film Awards\". \"The Hollywood Reporter\"'s Elizabeth Kerr commends writer-director Mak for her work, writing: \"It would all be treacly, weepy nonsense were Mak not to maintain a light touch, and, especially, if the three leads weren\u2019t so engaging.\" Commenting on the performances of cast, Scott Marks of the \"San Diego Reader\" writes that \"Fagara\" \"is a film told from a feminist point-of-view by three smart, strong, and self-reliant actresses who bring plausibility to their characters.\" Richard Yu of \"The Cinema Escapist\" calls it a \"touching family drama\", but suggests that \"the story and characters would have received a more in-depth treatment in the form of a multi-part television series instead of a two hour movie\". Similarly, Richard Gray writing for \"The Reel Bits\" awards the film 4 out of 5 stars, calling it an \"excellent character-based drama that never falls into the trap of sentimentality.\""}, {"text": "Kukhtinsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Krasnyaynskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 22 as of 2010. There are 2 streets. Geography. Kukhtinsky is located in steppe, 21 km east of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Krasny is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Charles-Louis-Joseph Hanssens, known under the name Hanssens the elder (4 May 1777 \u2013 6 May 1852), was a Belgian violinist, composer, conductor and theatre director. His brother Joseph-Jean Hanssens (c1770-1816) was also a conductor. His son was the cellist, conductor and composer Charles-Louis Hanssens (1802-1871). Life. Hanssens was born in Ghent. After studying violin in his hometown, Hanssens went to Paris to study harmony with Henri Montan Berton. Back in Ghent, he directed the Theatre of Rhetoric, then followed Mademoiselle Fleury's troupe to Holland. Called back to Ghent as conductor, he held this position until 1825, then succeeded Charles Borremans as conductor of the orchestra of La Monnaie in Brussels. In 1826, he was one of the founders of the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d'Apollon with his friend, the composer Joseph-Fran\u00e7ois Snel. In 1827, King William I of the Netherlands chose him to conduct the court music and appointed him inspector of the Royal Music School of Brussels the following year. After a few years of eclipse, he took over the direction of the Monnaie orchestra in 1835, was dismissed in 1838 and returned a third time in 1840. From 1840 to 1847, he shared the direction of La Monnaie theatre with Louis"}, {"text": "Jansenne, Charles Guillemin and Louis Van Caneghem. After he left the stage, he died from apoplexy at age 75 in Brussels. Work. Hanssens composed the operas \"Alcibiade\", \"La partie de trictrac ou la belle-m\u00e8re\", \"Les dots\" and \"Le solitaire de Formentera\" as well as a number of religious works such as masses, motets and a cantata. He also wrote the occasional work \"Le vingt quatre ao\u00fbt\" for Willem I's birthday. His \"Grande fantaisie no. 6\" on different motives was popular in The Hague in the 1850s and often conducted by ."}, {"text": "Loshchinovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Iskrinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 432 as of 2010. There are 9 streets. Geography. Loshchinovsky is located in steppe, 53 km west of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Rozovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Luchnovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dubovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 131 in 2010. There are four streets. Geography. Luchnovsky is located in steppe, south of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Buratsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Lysogorsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Bubnovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 90 as of 2010. There are 2 streets. Geography. Lysogorsky is located on the right bank of the Khopyor River, 30 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Mikhaylovskaya is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Thomas Meyer zu Schlochtern (born 1946) is a Dutch art historian and curator, who came into prominence as director of the Arti et Amicitiae and as curator at Rotterdamse Kunststichting in the 1990s. Biography. Education and early career. Born in Amsterdam in 1946, Meyer studied art at the Gerrit Rietveld Academie in Amsterdam and the Ateliers '63 from 1968 to 1972. From 1972 to 1974 he studied another two years art history, criticism and conservation at the KU Leuven. In 1977 Meyer started as staff member (Education) at the Van Abbemuseum. In 1980 he was one of the founders of the artists' initiative De Fabriek in Eindhoven. In 1986 Meyer was assistant director of the International Sculpture Exhibition Sonsbeek 86 Arnhem. In 1987 he was appointed director of Arti et Amicitiae. In 1990 he moved to the Rotterdamse Kunststichting RKS (Arts Council Rotterdam). That year with Jan van Adrichem for Boymans and Ove Lucas for the CBK Rotterdam they curated the exhibition in the former Holland America Line head office, now Hotel New York, called \"Rotterdam Assorti.\" In 1993 Meyer for the RKS curated the exhibition \"Verwantschaften\" in the Rotterdam Kunsthal. In 1996 he coordinated for the RKS the first"}, {"text": "European Manifesta exhibition in Rotterdam. Later career. From 1999 to 2006 Meyer was manager and curator at for the Centrum Beeldende Kunst Rotterdam (CBK), and another five years he was curator of international projects for the CBK, such as Paramaribo SPAN with Surinam. After another year (2010 to 2011) Meyer was advisor for the Andr\u00e9 Volten Foundation, and then he continued as freelance curator, researcher and writer. Among others Meyer lectured about contemporary German painters as Penck, Immendorff, Kiefer, L\u00fcpertz, Baselitz. He interviewed deviant artist Reynaldo Chirino for a project by Bik Van Der Pol. He was among the first to participate in the Artist in the World project by Andr\u00e9 Smits. In 2014 he published a book about Yubi Kirindongo, a rebellious artist from Cura\u00e7ao."}, {"text": "The 1980 Special Honours in New Zealand were two Special Honours Lists, published on 1 August and 24 October, respectively, in which New Zealand's incoming and outgoing governors-general and the outgoing vice-regal consort were honoured."}, {"text": "Tom Czyz is an American former homicide detective, police officer, and SWAT team operator. He is the founder and chief executive officer of Armoured One, a safety and security company with its focuses on active shooter training, security assessments, security glass and security film. He is an active shooter expert who advises and conducts training programs for teachers and administrators at schools K-12, universities and businesses across the country. Tom is the son of Pastor Randy and Maryann Czyz who pastor Word of Life Assembly of God in Baldwinsville, New York. Early life. Tom was born in Syracuse, New York and currently lives in Baldwinsville. He is a graduate of Baker High School in Baldwinsville, NY. Tom grew up in downstate NY in Highland Falls. Tom's father was a chaplain at West Point, NY for the Army. Career. Tom started his career as a police office for the Baldwinsville Police Department. In 2009 he transferred to the Onondaga County Sheriff's Department as a major crimes detective and SWAT Team Operator. He served for a total 18 years before medical retiring from an injury on duty. He is now a retired major crimes detective and SWAT Team operator. On December 14,"}, {"text": "2012, Tom founded Armoured One with a team of active shooter experts from SWAT Team members, elite military personnel, and federal agents which include the Secret Service, FBI and Homeland Security. Tom and his team evaluates the security of schools, sells UL Shooter Attack Certified glass and window film plus he delivers active shooter training for schools. The idea of Armoured One came up when he realized after the Sandy Hook attack in 2012 that he could not keep his own kids safe while they were at school. His team travels across the country and teaches faculty and staff on what to do in the event of a school shooting. Books. In September 2024, Tom published the book \"Staying One Step Ahead: Ending the Story of Active Shooter in America\u2019s Schools\", a guide aimed at improving school safety and response protocols. Tom brings extensive experience from the world of active shootings, including independent investigations at over sixty school shootings since 2012. In the book, he shares the unvarnished truth about how schools and law enforcement can protect children and staff."}, {"text": "Abraham Johannes de Smit van den Broecke (Aardenburg, 13 May 1801 \u2013 Oost-Souburg, 1 January 1875) was a career officer of the Royal Dutch Navy and a conservative minister for the navy. Early life. Abraham Johannes de Smit van den Broecke was born on 13 May 1801. His parents were Abraham van den Broecke (1768\u20131840), mayor of Aardenburg and Adriana Jacoba de Jonge (1777\u20131835). Abraham's eldest brother Servaas (1798\u20131863) would become a notary like his father. The second brother Jacobus Cornelis (1799\u20131870) would become famous as a medical doctor. The third older brother Hendrik (1800\u20131866) became a merchant. A younger brother Philippus made career as a lawyer. At age 13 Abraham went to the Kweekschool voor de Zeevaart in Amsterdam in 1814. This was a boarding school for naval education. It's remarkable that Abraham was sent to the navy so young instead of going to university like his brothers. Early on he would succeed in making everybody refer to him by the double name \"De Smit\" van den Broecke, using his third given name as part of a new family name. This instead of simply being named Van den Broecke like his more successful brothers. Career in the navy. Early"}, {"text": "service. In August 1815 Abraham van den Broecke joined the navy as a midshipman. In 1826 he was mentioned as A.J. de Smit van den Broecke, 'extraordinary lieutenant 2nd class'. In 1828 he was a regular lieutenant 2nd class. In December 1832 he commanded \"gunboat no. 79\" near Vlissingen. On 5 April 1834 De Smit van den Broecke became a lieutenant 1st class. In 1835 he was on the ship \"Snelheid\", making a visit to New York. He had a few lines describing him in an American newspaper. In July 1839 De Smit van den Broecke served on the steam vessel \"Cerberus\" and temporarily commanded her near Hellevoetsluis. On 1 October 1840 lieutenant 1st class De Smit van den Broecke got his first official command of a ship when he was appointed as commander of the \"Cerberus\". On 13 September 1842 he became commander of the steam vessel \"Bromo\". Commanding the warship Bromo in the East Indies. In 1844 de Smit van den Broecke sailed to the Dutch East Indies in command of the \"Bromo\". In March 1845 an experiment with using coal from Banjarmasin instead of European coal was held on board the \"Bromo\". On 6 December 1845 he"}, {"text": "became a captain lieutenant. In June 1846 De Smit van den Broecke was in the Dutch intervention in northern Bali (1846). Here he commanded the landing division, and a record of his actions was published. On account of the expedition against Bali De Smit van den Broecke became a knight 3rd class in the Military Order of William in December 1846. In January 1848 De Smit van den Broecke sailed the \"Bromo\" towards home, and in May 1848 he arrived in Hellevoetsluis. Commanding on the North Sea. On 1 April 1849 de Smit van den Broecke became commander of the steam vessel \"Cycloop\". In May the \"Cycloop\" sailed to London. On board were Prince Henry of the Netherlands (1820\u20131879), his ADC Ridder van Rappard, VA Lucas and Lt-Colonel Rigot de Bignins. They all visited a ball in Buckingham Palace with about 1,900 invites. In May 1850 the \"Cycloop\" conducted spring maneuvers near the coast, shooting with cannon and hand weapons. On 16 April 1851 de Smit van den Broecke changed to the new steam vessel \"Gedeh\". After making a trial run on 28 May 1851, he sailed from Vlissingen to London on 29 May. In London Prince Henry came on"}, {"text": "board again, and on 11 June they arrived back in Hellevoetsluis. After some uneventful cruises in the North Sea and along the coast, de Smit van den Broecke was promoted by seniority to captain on 1 January 1852. In January 1852 de Smit van den Broecke was to sail the \"Gedeh\" to the West Indies in order to collect the crew of the unfit brig \"Amphitrite\". However, before the \"Gedeh\" sailed again, De Smit van den Broecke resigned the command and became inactive on 1 February. Commanding the frigate Doggersbank. In January 1852 There was a rumor that captain de Smit van den Broecke would get the command of the heavy frigate \"Doggersbank\", a ship more fitting for a captain. This appointment indeed took place on 24 February, effective 1 April. On 13 June 1852 the \"Doggersbank\" tried to leave Nieuwediep for Vlissingen, but was blown back. A few days later she was towed to Vlissingen. The mission of the \"Doggersbank\" was to make a cruise to the Canaries as an exercise trip for 40 midshipmen. On 23 June she left Vlissingen, and on 8 July she was in A Coru\u00f1a, from whence the Reales Astilleros de Esteiro were visited."}, {"text": "On 2 August the \"Doggersbank\" arrived back in Nieuwediep from the Canaries. In September the \"Doggersbank\" was the flagship of a squadron under RA Bouricius together with the frigate \"Prins van Oranje\", the corvette \"Sumatra\" and the \"Gedeh\". The squadron arrived in Gibraltar on 10 October. It left from there in mid October and sailed to Cadiz. From there the two frigates sailed home on 6 November, and arrived back in Nieuwediep on the 18th. Meanwhile de Smit van den Broecke had been appointed in the 1852 commission for Naval affairs. It had been appointed on 14 February 1852 to advise the minister for the navy about 'some naval affairs'. In it were Prince Henry as LA and president, R.A. S.R. van Franck, captain de Smit van den Broecke, captain-lts C.J. Berghuis and B.G. Escher, lieutenants 1st class J.C. Pieterse and H. Camp, Chief-Engineer A.E. Tromp, engineer 2nd class H.G. Jansen, and administrative officer J.E. Kempe. The commission had to answer a lot of questions. The most important question was whether the navy should use screw-propulsion. This question was answered in the affirmative, and led to the construction of the first big Dutch warships with screw propulsion. In late January"}, {"text": "1853 de Smit van den Broecke took the \"Doggersbank\" on a cruise to the Mediterranean. She first left Nieuwediep for Malta, where she arrived on 8 February. On 15 February the \"Doggersbank\" left Malta, and on 19 February she reached Smyrna (Turkey). She next sailed to Istanbul, but had to visit Scio after losing sails and anchors. In mid-March she reached Istanbul, from whence she was to return to the Netherlands in mid-April. In fact she returned to Smyrna, and from there reached Alexandria on 27 April. From there she sailed to Malta, and left there on 30 May. On 29 June De Smit van den Broecke arrived back in Den Helder on board the \"Doggersbank\". On 5 August he sailed her to Vlissingen, where she would be cleaned of an infection causing Gas gangrene in very minor wounds. On 6 October 1853 the \"Doggersbank\" arrived back in Nieuwediep. At the end of 1853 de Smit van den Broecke made a second trip to the Mediterranean on board the \"Doggersbank\". After the \"Doggersbank\" had been loaded with a half year's provisions, the planned trip was postponed. On 1 November 1853 de Smit van den Broecke finally sailed her out of"}, {"text": "Texel for the Mediterranean. On 25 November 1853 she reached Malta. Here she was joined by the \"Prins van Oranje\", and together they left for Messina and Naples on 17 December. On 2 February 1854 both arrived in Genoa. On 25 February she arrived in Malta. On 7 March she left Malta for Smyrna, arriving there on 21 March. On 12 June the \"Doggersbank\" stranded near Smyrna. In mid August she arrived back in Malta. On 10 October 1854 the \"Doggersbank\" arrived in Vlissingen, from whence she continued to Texel. By 10 December 1854 De Smit van den Broecke was known to have been placed on the Guard ship \"Rijn\" in Nieuwediep. Political career. Interest in politics. Already in November 1848 de Smit van den Broecke had got a lot of votes to become a candidate for the House of Representatives. One can therefore assume that next to being interested in politics, he did have some charisma. However, he declined to be on the list. Instead he continued his career in the navy. Minister of the Navy. In early January 1855, only a few week after returning to the Netherlands with the \"Doggersbank\", rumors that De Smit van den Broecke"}, {"text": "would become the next minister of the navy became public. On 8 February 1855 De Smit van den Broecke became minister for the navy instead of minister of war lt-general Forstner van Dambenoy, who had held the office ad interim. Plan 1855. In early May 1855 de Smit van den Broecke presented the final budget for 1855, proposing to raise the budget by 2,116,645 guilders to 7,575,963 guilders. Of the budget increase 1,457,157 was earmarked for materiel, construction and repair of ships. The final budget was presented together with a memo called 'Stelsel voor de Nederlandsche Marine', translated as 'Plan 1855'. According to the previous minister and many members of the House of Representatives, the navy had been in serious decline for years. There was also a feeling that several ministers for the navy had spent money on very different priorities, and that without prioritization and consistent planning the navy would not recover. The memo was called a 'stelsel' or system, and was a plan also meant to alleviate these worries. Plan 1855 was an overall plan for the fleet at home and in the East Indies. In times of peace the fleet would consist of 4 screw steam frigates"}, {"text": "with auxiliary power of 400 hp, 50 guns and 500 men, to be stationed in the Netherlands. The standard fighting warship for the East Indies would be a screw corvette of 250 hp, 12 30-pounders and 125 men, of which 17 were needed. For policing the many outposts in the Indies 15 sloops of 100 hp, 12 guns and 85 men were required. These would be supplemented by small paddle ships that would navigate rivers and shallow waters. For times of war 16 more screw frigates, 5 screw corvettes and 3 more sloops should be kept in reserve. Naval construction would not adhere to plan 1855 for more than a few years. Five years later the concept of auxiliary steam power was outdated. The first sloops were built with 119 hp. They would soon be found to be too expensive for their designated tasks and so a class of sloops significantly lighter than 100 hp was built. Furthermore the concept of nominal hp did not give a good indication of power. Finally the advent of the Ironclad warship during the Battle of Kinburn (1855) would soon make the wooden warship obsolete. Nevertheless the plan was successful in securing funds and"}, {"text": "political consensus to start and continue regular construction of a respectable fleet of screw steam ships. On 19 December 1855 de Smit van den Broecke was promoted to rear admiral effective 1 January 1856. Willemsoord Dry Dock II, end of his ministry. By early 1856 the Dutch navy had a serious problem with dry dock capacity. Hellevoetsluis Dry Dock was too small for the screw corvettes and old sailing frigates. Vlissingen Navy Drydock could be used for these, but was not fit for the screw frigates of Plan 1855. Willemsoord Dry Dock I could be perhaps be used for these screw frigates, but then only by unloading them. The acute problem was that Willemsoord Dry Dock I was out of order since 1849. Despite doubts about the suitability of the grounds, De Smit van den Broecke's predecessors had spent much money in a failed attempt to repair it. In April 1856 De Smit van den Broecke then proposed a budget law requesting 200,000 guilders for a new dry dock in Willemsoord, the later Willemsoord Dry Dock II. The reason for the new dry dock was that all exisintg dry docks were too small for the new screw frigates. The house"}, {"text": "of representatives wanted the minister to buy a floating dock, partly out of worry that a dug-out dry-dock would lead to a repetition of the problems of the existing leaky Willemsoord Dry Dock I. (Which would later indeed prove to be the case.) After the minister refused to withdraw the bill, it was refused by 38 to 14 votes. De Smit van den Broecke then tendered his resignation to the king, but was persuaded to remain in office for the moment. On 23 June 1856 Donker-Curtius, De Smit van den Broecke and two more ministers were dismissed. On 1 July the cabinet Van Hall-Donker Curtius fell, and was replaced by the Cabinet Van der Brugghen. De Smit van den Broecke stayed on as minister for the navy ad interim, but did not take part in the meetings of the council of ministers, and could no longer be considered a minister. He was replaced by J.S. Lotsy on 1 August. Family. On 14 September 1838 De Smit van den Broecke married Catharina Christina Abrahams. They got a son on 16 March 1843. On 31 May 1849 they got a daughter."}, {"text": "Paklay is two different Filipino braised dishes from the Mindanao and Visayas Islands characterized by julienned ingredients. They are eaten with rice or served as \"pulutan\" (side dishes) with alcohol. In Mindanao and Central and Eastern Visayas, it refers to a dish made from various beef, pork, or goat tripe with julienned ginger, bamboo shoots (\"labong\"), carrots, bell pepper, \"siling mahaba\" chilis and tomatoes, garlic, onions, and black pepper, among other ingredients. It is commonly slightly soured with fruits like pineapple, tamarind, or unripe starfruit. Among the Hiligaynon people of Western Visayas, on the other hand, it refers to saut\u00e9ed bamboo shoots with fish or shrimp, tomatoes, ground pork or beef, onions, garlic, and other spices."}, {"text": "The 1985 Special Honours in New Zealand was a Special Honours Lists, dated 6 November 1985, to recognise the incoming governor-general, Sir Paul Reeves, and the outgoing governor-general and viceregal consort, Sir David and Lady Beattie."}, {"text": "\u00c5gotnes Stadion is a multi-purpose stadium located at \u00c5gotnes in Fjell, Norway, and is the home of Norwegian 1. divisjon club \u00d8ygarden and 4. divisjon (fifth tier) club Nordre Fjell. The stadium has a current capacity of 1,200 spectators. History. \u00c5gotnes Stadion was opened in 1990. Former second tier club Nest-Sotra played their home games at \u00c5gotnes until their elite licence was taken over by \u00d8ygarden FK ahead of the 2020 season. Attendances. This shows the average attendance on Nest-Sotra's home games since their promotion to the 2014 1. divisjon."}, {"text": "Thomas A. Albert (born April 12, 1985) is an American politician from Michigan. Albert is a Republican member of the Michigan Senate from the 18th district. Albert previously served as a member of Michigan House of Representatives from District 86. Early life. Albert was born in Grattan Township, Michigan on April 12, 1985, to Jim Albert, a teacher, and Edna Albert, a social worker; both are now retired. He is the youngest of five brothers. He attended elementary school in Ada Township, Michigan, and attended Belding High School. Education. In 2007, Albert earned a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science/History from University of Michigan, and in 2013, he earned an MBA in Finance at Michigan State University. Career. Albert was a member of the U.S. Marine Corps and Marine Corps Reserve. He was an investor at State of Michigan Retirement Systems. In 2013, he became an investment analyst at State of Michigan University's Bureau of Investor. On November 8, 2016, he won the election and became a Republican member of Michigan House of Representatives for District 86. Albert defeated Lynn Mason, Bill Gelineau, and Cliff Yankovich with 59.79% of the votes. On November 8, 2018, Albert won reelection. He defeated"}, {"text": "Lauren Taylor and Sue Norman with 60.0% of the votes. In 2022, Albert was elected to the Michigan Senate from the 18th district. Personal life. Albert's wife is Erica, a teacher. They have five children."}, {"text": "Sam Yot (, ) is a four-way intersection of Charoen Krung and Maha Chai Roads in the area of Wang Burapha Phirom Subdistrict, Phra Nakhon District, Bangkok, and also as the name of the surrounding its location. Originally, it was the location of one of the outer gates of the Royal Grand Palace that was built since the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I) during early Rattanakosin period. This gate made of wood named \"Pheutthibat\" (\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e15\u0e39\u0e1e\u0e24\u0e12\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e28). Later, in the reign of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V), when it was in a poor shape and transportation through the gate was extremely difficult. The king ordered a new one to be built to replace the dilapidated Pheutthibat Gate. The new gate was made of cement and had three gateways, the middle was the largest to allow passage on Charoen Krung Road, and the smaller side gateways to serve as a walkway for people to enter and exit. The summit of the three was dominated by a spire, hence came the name \"Sam Yot\", which literally means \"three-peaked gate\" by local dwellers. Not long later, when Bangkok was growing, therefore had to expand the road. The Sam Yot Gate had to be demolished"}, {"text": "according to the advice of Carlo Allegri, an Italian engineer. The demolition began around the second half of 1897. The gate was most likely located on the eastern side of the intersection. At that time, Sam Yot considered to be a very active area and also had a status as an \"amphoe\" (district) of Phra Nakhon Province (now Bangkok) as well, since it was located near a major commercial districts, Saphan Han and Woeng Nakhon Khasem. It was the location of a legal gambling den, called \"Huai Ko Kho\" (a type of Thai lottery). The Sam Yot Store was located on the south-west corner of the intersection, and the B Grimm department store was located on the south-east corner of the intersection. During the reign of King Prajadhipok (Rama VII), Sam Yot were reduced to just \"tambon\" (sub-district). Currently, Sam Yot considered as the fifth intersection of Charoen Krung Road, the first international standard road in Thailand, after Saphan Mon, Si Kak Phraya Si, Chaloem Krung, and Unakan. It is located near Wang Burapha, Sala Chalermkrung Royal Theatre, Romaneenart Park and Bangkok Corrections Museum. From here, Charoen Krung Road heads to the Damrong Sathit Bridge, more commonly known as Saphan"}, {"text": "Lek over Khlong Ong Ang on the boundary between Ban Bat Subdistrict, Pom Prap Sattru Phai District (left) and Samphanthawong Subdistrict, Samphanthawong District (right). The next intersection is S.A.B. Intersection. The area is served by the Sam Yot Station of MRT Subway, whose Blue Line runs under Charoen Krung Road, which is in Bangkok's old town zone. The design of the ticket vending machine booths is based on three peaks of the gate to unveil a perfect combination of ancient beauty and technological advancement. It opened for the first day on July 29, 2019."}, {"text": "Manuel Arturo Pe\u00f1a Batlle is a Santo Domingo Metro, Dominican Republic, station on Line 1. It was open on 22 January 2009 as part of the inaugural section of Line 1 between Mam\u00e1 Ting\u00f3 and Centro de los H\u00e9roes. The station is between Pedro Livio Cede\u00f1o and Juan Pablo Duarte. This is an underground station, built below Avenida M\u00e1ximo G\u00f3mez. It is named to honor Manuel Arturo Pe\u00f1a Batlle."}, {"text": "Clwyd County Council () was the county council of the county of Clwyd in north-east Wales, from its creation in 1974 to its abolition in 1996. It came into its powers on 1 April 1974. The county council was based at the Shire Hall in Mold. On 1 April 1996, under the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994, Clwyd County Council was broken up and replaced with the following authorities: Flintshire, Wrexham County Borough, Denbighshire and parts of Conwy. Political control. The first election to the county council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until it came into its powers on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council from 1974 until its abolition in 1996 was held by the following parties: Premises. The council was based at Shire Hall in Mold. The building had opened in 1968 as the headquarters of the original Flintshire County Council. After the abolition of Clwyd County Council in 1996 the building passed to the re-established Flintshire County Council."}, {"text": "Pinnipedimorpha is a clade of arctoid carnivorans that is defined to include the last common ancestor of \"Phoca\" and \"Enaliarctos\", and all descendants of that ancestor. Scientists still debate on which lineage of arctoid carnivorans are the closest relatives to the pinnipedimorphs, being more closely related to musteloids. Below is an overall phylogeny of the taxa covered in the article followed after a composite tree in Berta et al. (2018) and a total-evidence (combined molecular-morphological) dataset in Paterson et al. (2020):"}, {"text": "Makarovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Rossoshinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 4 as of 2010. Geography. Makarovsky is located in the steppe region, 37 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bryansky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Mikhaylovskaya () is a rural locality (a stanitsa) and the administrative center of Mikhaylovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,118 as of 2010. There are 28 streets. Geography. Mikhaylovskaya is located in forest steppe, 24 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Sadkovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Mokhovskoy () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Saltynskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 225 as of 2010. There are 10 streets. Geography. Mokhovskoy is located in steppe, 32 km north of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Firsovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Nizhneantoshinsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Verkhnebezymyanovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 140 as of 2010. There are 2 streets. Geography. Nizhneantoshinsky is located 36 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Grigoryevsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Nizhnebezymyansky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dobrinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 10 as of 2010. Geography. Nizhnebezymyansky is located in forest steppe, 25 km west of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Dobrinka is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Nizhnekrasnyansky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Mikhaylovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 80 as of 2010. Geography. Nizhnekrasnyansky is located in forest steppe, 20 km northeast of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Vishnyakovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Nizhnesoinsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Rossoshinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 31 as of 2010. Geography. Nizhnesoinsky is located 32 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Rossoshinsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Nizhnetseplyayevsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Bolshinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 269 as of 2010. There are 2 streets. Geography. Nizhnetseplyayevsky is located 23 km northeast of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Serkovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Okladnensky () is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Okladnenskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 263 as of 2010. There are 5 streets. Geography. Okladnensky is located in steppe, 20 km southeast of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Fedotovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Olkhovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dobrinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 10 as of 2010. Geography. The village is located in steppe, 34 km from Uryupinsk and 360 km from Volgograd."}, {"text": "The \"March of the Macedonian Revolutionaries\" (; ), also known as \"Rise, Dawn of Freedom\" (; ), is a Bulgarian march which was used by the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO). The march is still used by the Macedonian Patriotic Organization (MPO), as well as by VMRO-BND and the Radko Association. History. The lyrics and music of the march were written by Aleksandar Morfov, a Bulgarian military composer in 1923 at a contest by the IMRO. The proposed march was presented to the leader of IMRO, Todor Alexandrov, by the composer at the home of General Kosta Nikolov in Sofia. In the period before World War II, the march was performed as the official anthem of the IMRO. The poet Ko\u010do Racin tried to adapt the chorus of the song to the still non-standardized Macedonian language shortly before his death in 1943. The first Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia meeting, held on August 2, 1944, at the Prohor P\u010dinjski Monastery was opened with the singing of the song. After the Tito-Stalin split in 1948, the song was banned by the Yugoslav and Macedonian communist authorities as anti-patriotic and pro-Bulgarian. There is reserved attitude towards this song in"}, {"text": "North Macedonia.\"\" The MPO, VMRO-BND and the Radko Association still use the song. On August 2, 2017, during a service commemorating the Ilinden Uprising, the monks from the Saint Jovan Bigorski Monastery in Republic of Macedonia, performed the song, expressing their approval of the friendship treaty signed with Bulgaria the day before. Afterwards the song continued to be performed there on August 2, to commemorate the Ilinden Uprising."}, {"text": "Olkhovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dubovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 106 as of 2010. Geography. The village is located in steppe, 24 km from Uryupinsk and 360 km from Volgograd."}, {"text": "Kee Mar College was a private women's college in Hagerstown, Maryland. It was founded in 1853 as the Hagerstown Female Seminary under the auspices of the Lutheran church. The college conferred Bachelor of Arts (A.B.) and Master of Arts (A.M.) degrees. After a period of financial trouble, the school was sold to the Washington County Hospital Association in 1911. History. 19th century. In the 1840s, a group of civic leaders conceived the idea to improve advanced education for women in Hagerstown, Maryland. These subscribers held a general meeting to elect a board of trustees that consisted of 15 members. Ten were members of the Lutheran church (including five ministers). In 1848, a site was selected on the \"eastern extremity\" of Antietam Street. The land was purchased on July 10, 1852, for $1,400. On September 21, 1853, the Hagerstown Female Seminary formally opened. It was established under the auspices of the Lutheran church with $25,000 raised for the construction and endowment. Reverend C. C. Baugham of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod was appointed to be in charge of the seminary. In its first year, 101 students from ten states including Alabama, Pennsylvania, Illinois, West Virginia, and Ohio enrolled. In 1857, the seminary"}, {"text": "produced its first graduates. During a period of financial trouble, the board of trustees applied to the Maryland General Assembly for an act to allow them to raise funds or sell property to meet its financial obligations. The Assembly created a plan and enacted it into law before further developments were delayed by the American Civil War. Reverend W. F. Eyster succeeded Baughman as the principal in 1863. When the Confederate States Army marched through Hagerstown, the seminary sent its students home and closed for two years. During the Battle of Antietam, the campus was used as a hospital. For nine months between 1865 and 1866, Evelyn Mac and Kate Doolittle acted as principals. In 1865, a committee of the Maryland Lutheran Synod authorized the formation of a corporation of Lutherans to purchase the seminary. In 1866, two Lutherans, Charles W. Humrichhouse and J. C. Bridges purchased the seminary. Humrichhouse later became the sole owner. In 1875, Reverend Cornelius L. Keedy became president of the seminary. He purchased the institution from Humrichouse in 1878. In 1889, the school was renamed Kee Mar College. The name is based on the first three letters of Keedy's name and the first three letters"}, {"text": "of his wife's maiden name, Marburg. The college seal was a reproduction of an intaglio found in Pompeii. The original intaglio has been in the British Museum, belonged to the king of Saxony, and was in the possession of principal Margaret Barry.pg. 182 20th century. In April 1901, Keedy sold Kee Mar to Daniel W. Doub and Henry Holzapfel Jr. They incorporated the school with the name Kee-Mar College of Washington County. In 1905, president Bruce Lesher Kershner and his brother, Frederick Doyle Kershener, dean of faculty, disposed of their financial interests in the college to William C. Aughinbaugh, who became financially interested in the college. The Kershner brothers remained with the college until the close of the scholastic year. The Kershners held 49 shares of a total issue of 100. The stock was purchased at par. In 1906, William C. Aughenbaugh purchased Doub's stock, which M. P. Moller had invested in. A board of trustees, comprising chair Holzapfel, Humrichhouse, M. L. Keedy, M. P. Moller, George Oawald, and Jacob Roessner was formed to provide direction. The school closed in 1911. Kee Mar College was purchased by the Washington County Hospital Association for the reported price of $60,000. The buildings"}, {"text": "were converted for hospital purposes. Campus. Kee Mar College consisted of centrally located on high ground in Hagerstown with a view of the Cumberland Valley. From its buildings, one could view the Blue Ridge Mountains, Crampton's Gap, and South Mountain. The buildings comprised a main college building, a music hall, and a large auditorium. These were all heated by steam and lighted by gas and electricity. The campus contained of forested land containing a mix of shrubbery, evergreens, and maples. The main hall exhibited Romanesque architecture and landscaped gardens. The campus was designed by a Baltimore architect and a Philadelphia landscape gardener. The auditorium was constructed in 1894. Academics. The curriculum included the departments of philosophy, history, mathematics, natural science, and English, Latin, Greek, French, and German language and literature. The college conferred Bachelor of Arts (A.B.) and Master of Arts (A.M.) degrees. Diplomas were conferred for literary courses, music, and art. Kee Mar was known for its notable faculty members. The institution maintained a close relation with the American Society for the Extension of University Teaching. One member of its staff was an affiliated teacher. Two courses of university extension lecturers were given during the year 1905 to 1906"}, {"text": "and other lectures were frequently held. Two literary organizations, The Society of Elaine and The Society of Antigone, helped students put to into practice the knowledge acquired in the classroom. The separate departments of Kee Mar had specialized libraries containing a mix of reference books and works of general interest. Students also had use of the Old Washington County Library located nearby. Painting was taught as an allied department of the institution, and history of art was studied as a feature of the curriculum. Kee Mar hosted a collection of art reproductions brought from Italy. A series of over thirty reproductions of Sistine frescoes of the Vatican, made under the supervision of John Ruskin, was available for use by the students. A large collection of similar reproductions of drawings, namely by Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael were in position by the college. The music faculty comprised teachers from conservatories in Europe. The Margaret Barry School of Expression featured opportunities to develop aesthetic culture. Student life. Chapel services were held daily and students were expected to attend the church to which they belonged or which their parents selected on Sundays. Vespers were conducted by ministers of different denominations every Sunday."}, {"text": "For student social life, formal receptions were held during the school term and the laws of polite society observed at all times. The school's amateur theatrical productions were popular in the Hagerstown area. Kee Mar hosted an alumnae association that continued after the school's closure. In 1949, the association was still in operation. Activities included raising funds for educational scholarships for local students and annual parties."}, {"text": "Olshanka () is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Olshanskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,763 as of 2010. There are 19 streets. Geography. Olshanka is located in steppe, 4 km northeast of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Popov is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Osipovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Krasnyaynskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 28 as of 2010. There are 4 streets. Geography. Osipovsky is located 22 km northeast of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Serkovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Uro\u0161 Stefanovi\u0107 Nestorovi\u0107 also known as Uro\u0161 Stefan Nestorovi\u0107 (Buda, Habsburg monarchy, 27 December 1765 \u2013 Pest, Habsburg Monarchy, 8 August 1825) was a writer, jurist, philosopher, and pedagogue who headed all Eastern Orthodox schools in the Habsburg Monarchy. Uro\u0161 Nestorovi\u0107 is considered one of the most prominent Serbian enlighteners and educators along with Teodor Jankovi\u0107 Mirijevski, Stefan Vujanovski, Dimitrie Eustatievici and Avram Mrazovi\u0107. Biography. Uro\u0161 Nestorovi\u0107 was a well-educated polyglot Serb who graduated from a gymnasium in Pest, and earned his degrees in philosophy and law at the University of Wroc\u0142aw and University of Vienna respectively. In 1810, he was appointed by the authorities in Vienna to the post of supreme school supervisor over all non-Uniate, Eastern Orthodox adherents, including Serbian, Romanian, and Greek schools in the Habsburg monarchy. His task, upon the inspection of these schools in the Provincial and Military Frontier, which were in poor condition, was to organize these schools in a new manner, according to the latest standards, laws, and acts of the empire. Nestorovi\u0107 had to find a way to get the money to repair the old, existing facilities and build new schools, to pay the teachers, and to establish seminaries and colleges of"}, {"text": "higher education for training teachers and future priests. He managed to establish several funds that functioned in a satisfactory way while still being able to control these funds. The Serbian Orthodox Church offered substantial help in collecting money, but there was a conflict between Nestorovi\u0107 and the Archbishop Stefan Stratimirovi\u0107, the head of the church. The gathered means would have been by far greater had there been more understanding and cooperation between Nestorovi\u0107 and Stratimirovi\u0107 who had the backing of the people, owing to his lofty post. Nestorovi\u0107 was the initiator and founder of the Serbian grammar school in Novi Sad, and the first Serbian teachers' college in Szentendre while Archbishop Platon Atanackovi\u0107 was the catechist at the teachers' college and the last Serbian Orthodox Bishop of Budapest. Poet Eustahija Arsi\u0107 in a book of poems entitled \"Sovet' Meterni\" (A Mother's Advice) is dedicated in fulsome terms to Uro\u0161 Nestorovi\u0107, royal counselor and inspector of schools, praising his work in education and stressing the teaching of girls as well as boys. Works. He wrote several lectures and textbooks, though one, in particular, stands out: \"Zitije Jisusa Hrista\" (The Life of Jesus Christ), a textbook for schoolchildren, published in Pest in"}, {"text": "1812."}, {"text": "Primal is a 2019 action-thriller film directed by Nick Powell and starring Nicolas Cage, Famke Janssen, Kevin Durand, LaMonica Garrett, and Michael Imperioli. The film was shot in Puerto Rico and released in the United States on November 8, 2019. Plot. Frank Walsh is a skilled big-game hunter specializing in rare and dangerous species. He has recently caught an extremely rare white jaguar in the rain forests of Brazil by illegally tranquilizing it while sitting on a wooden platform high above in a tree. His assistant refuses to help him move the animal because of local superstition. He now expects to sell it to a zoo for a fortune. Frank books a container ship to deliver the jaguar along with other animals to the U.S. However, US Marshals also need the ship to transport a notorious political assassin and ex-special forces operative, Richard Loffler, who is being extradited in order to be brought to trial. Loffler cannot be transported by plane because he suffers from air pressure-related seizures. He is chained to a chair inside a cage. Navy Lieutenant Dr. Ellen Taylor is the doctor in charge of Loffler's medical needs. Walsh and Taylor butt heads as Taylor finds Walsh"}, {"text": "to be arrogant and dishonest and tells him so. On the way to the U.S., Loffler escapes and releases dangerous animals including venomous snakes that Walsh has captured in order to attack his captors and cause mayhem. One group of crew members escape in a lifeboat, leaving Walsh, Taylor, and several others behind on the ship. Loffler kills many onboard and takes Taylor and a young crewman named Rafael hostage, but is eventually subdued by Walsh who uses his expert skills to capture him. He then turns his prized white jaguar loose, which attacks and kills Loffler, while Walsh rescues Taylor and Rafael from a venomous viper. Reception. , on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, \"Primal\" had an approval rating of , based on reviews. Its consensus read: \"Chiefly of interest to Nicolas Cage completists and hardcore B-movie fans, this action thriller suffers from an unfortunate lack of \"Primal\" energy.\" On Metacritic, as of September 2020, the film had a weighted average score of 32 out of 100, based on 11 critical reviews, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\". D.D. Crowley from \"Nightmarish Conjurings\" wrote that: \"It\u2019s like \"Jumanji\" but with less family-friendly content and more grunting. If you\u2019re looking for a wildly"}, {"text": "fun action flick, I would highly recommend \"Primal.\" It is a hell of a good time\". \"Flickering Myth\" gave the film a rating of 3 stars out of 5. \"Film School Rejects\" appreciated the film, writing that: \"\"Primal\" at least has the added hook of killer animals which bring some thrills and allow for some fun\". Also \"The Daily Beast\" called it a fun B-movie. Noel Murray of the \"Los Angeles Times\" noted \"Alas, \u201cPrimal\u201d ends up being more exhausting than awesome. Cage and Durand chew the scenery like trenchermen; and Janssen and Imperioli are far more charismatic than their roles require. But while director Nicholas Powell is a veteran stunt coordinator, his movie is decidedly lacking in eye-popping action... Unfortunately, even by the relaxed standards of trash cinema, 'Primal' is dispiritingly tame.\" Simon Abrams in his review for \"RogerEbert.com\" gave the film 1.5 stars out of four and stated, \"So while 'Primal' is supposed to be a star vehicle for Cage, it's mostly enjoyable for its charismatic ensemble cast and incidental gonzo elements... There's sadly not much more to 'Primal' than that. You might think there doesn't need to be, but there should be an extra \"something\" given how"}, {"text": "enticing the movie appears to be (from a distance).\" Dennis Harvey of \"Variety\" wrote, \"'Primal' isn't just a title that's been used many times, it's now a movie that seems to have put several prior movies in a food processor \u2014 to results that are edible, but unsurprisingly don't taste like anything in particular, let alone induce a desire for seconds. That this mashup of too many familiar action-thriller elements doesn't emerge a generic mess is a credit to all involved. That it's passably entertaining but also instantly forgettable comes as less of a surprise.\" \"The Hollywood Reporter\"'s John DeFore added, \"...when the time comes for Cage to play great-white-hunter, viewers will likely want more. But no film involving Nicolas Cage and a blowgun with curare-tipped darts can be all bad, and Primal gives us at least a little of everything we'd want in this kind of yarn.\""}, {"text": "Pervomaysky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Saltynskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 711 as of 2010. There are 20 streets. Geography. Pervomaysky is located in forest steppe, 44 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Saltynsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "The Jensen\u2013Clark House, on Main St. in Sandy, Utah, was built around 1921. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. The listing included three contributing buildings. The property includes a one-story bungalow house, an infirmary, and a two-car garage. The house's design is influenced by Prairie School style. Main St. is also known as 8720 South in the larger street grid numbering system of the area. The house more specifically is located at 32 E. Main St., on the southwest corner of Main St.'s intersection with S. 40 East Street, in Sandy. The infirmary building is 12 feet to its west, and is visually connected by an ivy-covered fence with an arched gateway. A driveway on the edge of the property, running south along the far side of the infirmary building and then turning east, behind it, goes to the two-car garage. It is included in the National Register-listed Sandy Historic District."}, {"text": "\"Mural\" is a song by American rapper Lupe Fiasco. The song appears as the second song on his fifth studio album, \"Tetsuo & Youth\". Composition. The track is 8 minutes and 44 seconds long, with no hooks. The song contains 785 unique words. The song contains elements of \"Chanson d'Un Jour d'Hiver\", performed by Alain Mion and Cortex. Reception. The song received positive reception, highlighting Fiasco's \"lyrical skill and knowledge\", and calling it the best song on the album. The song was ranked 9 on Genius' 50 Best Rap Songs of 2015."}, {"text": "Joe Campbell (November 4, 1936 \u2013 October 2, 2005) was an American actor who appeared in the 1965 film \"My Hustler\". In the film Campbell's role was called \"Sugar Plum Fairy\". Campbell was mentioned as \"the Sugar Plum Fairy\" in the 1972 Lou Reed song \"Walk on the Wild Side\". Campbell was given that nickname by Dorothy Dean. Campbell was in a relationship with Harvey Milk from 1955 to 1962. He died on October 2, 2005. He was 68 years old."}, {"text": "Uttar Kashipur is a village within the jurisdiction of the Bhangar police station in the Bhangar II CD block in the Baruipur subdivision of the South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Geography. Area overview. Baruipur subdivision is a rural subdivision with moderate levels of urbanization. 31.05% of the population lives in the urban areas and 68.95% lives in the rural areas. In the northern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 10 census towns. The entire district is situated in the Ganges Delta and the northern part of the subdivision is a flat plain bordering the metropolis of Kolkata. Location. Uttar Kasipur is located at . It has an average elevation of . Demographics. According to the 2011 Census of India, Uttar Kasipur had a total population of 10,782, of which 5,620 (52%) were males and 5,162 (48%) were females. There were 1,498 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate persons in Uttar Kasipur was 6,705 (72.22% of the population over 6 years). Civic administration. Police station. Kashipur police station was established on 28 August 2003. It covers an area of 96.3 km2"}, {"text": "spread over parts of the Bhangar II CD block. Transport. A short stretch of local roads link Uttar Kasipur to the State Highway 3. Healthcare. Jirongachhi Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, at Jirongachhi, is the major government medical facility in the Bhangar II CD block."}, {"text": "Sri Lanka faced a spate of coordinated bombings in churches and hotels on Easter Sunday 2019. The country was earlier involved in a three-decade internal conflict between the State and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam \u2013 a proscribed terrorist organization \u2013 that ended in May 2009. The Easter attacks, the largest since the war, were carried out by extremist Islamists. The chaos surrounding the attacks was compounded by the viral spread of fake news aimed at the minority Muslim community in the country. This led to a state shutdown of social media to prevent anti-Muslim mobs from organizing in the aftermath of the attack. The government also decided to criminalize hate speech and fake news in June 2019 to prevent a reoccurrence of violence. Background. The bombs set off by Islamist militants on Easter Sunday 2019 caused widespread panic fueled by fake news and misinformation about the security situation, specifically targeting the Muslim minority in Sri Lanka. The government reacted by blocking access to social media channels which they claimed were being used by mobs to coordinate reciprocal attacks on vulnerable communities, and to spread hate speech. In the aftermath of the bombings, the origin of the perpetrators caused"}, {"text": "a general sense of unease amongst others, with regards to the Muslim community. Attempts to counter such sentiments were made by the Muslim clergy, leadership, businesses, and community, including unequivocal support for police investigations. This situation was also taken advantage of by divisive figures seeking to further political agendas by aggravating the ground situation. Anti-Muslim sentiment after the attacks. In the aftermath of the bombings, anti-Muslim riots were carried out by some elements, with mobs taking to the streets in different parts of the country, attacking Muslims. Households and businesses were attacked and destroyed in several areas, resulting in one death in Kottaramulla and the destruction of Sri Lanka's largest pasta factory in Minuwangoda. The government imposed curfews and deployed the army to quell the violence, amid criticism enough was not done to prevent these reciprocal attacks. Fake news targets businesses. Coordinated social media and trade-level fake news campaigns by ultranationalist elements also targeted Muslim-owned businesses in the aftermath of the attacks. Hundreds of fake profiles, pages, and content to spread fake news were created, all claiming Muslim business funding for terrorists and calling for the boycott of Muslim businesses and their products. The malicious posts also urged the majority"}, {"text": "of Sinhala consumers to patronise only \"Sinhala\" businesses. Customers were prevented from buying from Muslim businesses with Social Media posts recording an instance of a Buddhist monk chasing customers out of a (Muslim-owned) shop and threatening that its owners would not sell to non-Muslims. Fake news aimed at Sri Lankan businesses goes back to the year 2012 when the ultranationalist movement, Bodu Bala Sena first spread hate speech against minorities and Muslim-linked businesses in Sri Lanka. The post-Easter 2019 fake news campaigns singled out several large businesses deemed to be owned by Muslims, including local ride-hailing company PickMe and corporate giants such as Hemas Holdings. Businesses that had invested in Halal Certificates, especially sought by Muslim consumers, were also targeted. Social media and instant messengers were used to spread targeted false rumours purported to be about such entities. This took place even as the Government shut down social media to stem the spread of fake news, created and shared to induce action by the masses. Social media trends show that hate speech was already a prominent topic on platforms, even prior to the attack. However, it was post-Easter Attacks that the volume of fake news especially targeting Muslim-linked businesses increased"}, {"text": "exponentially. PickMe, a ride-hailing app, was targeted with claims that it funded terrorist organisations in Sri Lanka and was biased against non-Muslim stakeholders. Fake posts with doctored images \u2013 since deleted or taken down \u2013 were created and circulated on social media stating \"PickMe owner is an ISIS-funder\". Other Muslim businesses were wrongly accused of plotting against the Sinhala race, repeating an allegation first made in 2012. Stationery company Atlas Axillia \u2013 which was earlier acquired by publicly listed Hemas Holdings \u2013 also came under severe attack. Similar to the PickMe issue, fake news was spread online on the Atlas Axillia acquisition, saying that Muslims were buying over Sinhala businesses and using profits to fund terrorists. According to the company, there were reports of teachers warning students to not bring Atlas products into classrooms, merchants being threatened for stocking Atlas products, and the company being labelled a \"Muslim company that shouldn't be given business\" despite being owned by a publicly listed conglomerate. Companies respond to fake news. In a press conference, PickMe Chairman Ajit Gunewardene revealed that images manipulated to mislead the public in fake news campaigns were originally from an unrelated event in the UK. Joining other business leaders,"}, {"text": "he condemned the fake news campaign that was being carried out against companies. Atlas Axilia's Managing Director, Asitha Samaraweera convened the media to raise awareness on the impact fake news was having on the business and even customers. He alleged that students using Atlas stationery in schools were being discriminated against and in many cases ridiculed for their choice of product. Condemnation and consequences. The anti-Muslim misinformation campaign was denounced by national business chambers and professional associations including the Bar Association of Sri Lanka, which called for legislation to be introduced to crack down on parties involved in hate speech and generating fake news. Prominent members of the government also called for stern action to be taken against persons and companies attempting to use the 2019 Easter Bombings for personal and commercial gain. International organisations and watchdogs condemned the spread of inciteful fake news in Sri Lanka and Facebook took action against fake profiles, groups, and pages engaging in spreading misinformation. Facebook representatives met with Sri Lankan authorities to cooperate on enforcing stricter moderation on the platform to stem hate speech against Muslims. In June 2019, the Cabinet of Ministers approved an amendment to the Penal Code and Criminal Procedure"}, {"text": "Code to include the spreading of hate speech and fake news as offences punishable by law."}, {"text": "Peltis is a genus of beetles found in North America and Europe, and the sole extant member of the family Peltidae, formerly included in the Trogossitidae. Members of this genus are dark, averaging from brown, to dark brown, to black. They are small, wide, and flat-bodied with wide, ridged elytra. Fossil species of this genus are known from the Eocene aged Florissant Formation of the United States, as well as the Baltic amber of Europe. \"Peltis\" larvae feed on fungal hypae growing inside rotting wood. Larvae grow for two to three years before becoming adults. Other species considered to belong to the family include \"Juralithinus\" from the Late Jurassic Karabastau Formation of Kazakhstan, and \"Palaeoendomychus\" from the Early Cretaceous aged Laiyang Formation, China."}, {"text": "The Church of Saint-Volusien is an abbatial church in Foix, Ari\u00e8ge in southwestern France. It already existed in the 12th century and was re-built and renovated several times. History. In 1104, the Canons Regular of Saint Augustine (Augustinians) took possession of the abbey that housed the relics of saint Volusianus of Tours. They decided to build a three-nave church with a transept. In the 14th century, the Romanesque apse was replaced with a polygonal choir. During the French Wars of Religion, the abbey was destroyed and the relics were burnt. The reconstruction works started in 1609 and probably ended around 1670 when the new vault was installed. The Medieval church still has remnants of the portal and the base of the nave's walls. The church was classified as a Historic Monument in 1964. Organ. The church already had an organ in 1502, but little is known about it. The current 40-stops romantic organ was installed by Leroy-Legendre & Fermis p\u00e8re & fils in 1869 and restored by Lucien Simon and Jean-Pascal Villard in 2004. It was classified as a Historic Monument object on November 17, 1997."}, {"text": "Kathryn Emily Douglas (born October 19, 1998) is a Canadian actress. She is best known for her role as Abby Littman in the Netflix series \"Ginny & Georgia\" and as Jackie Sullivan in \"Pretty Hard Cases\". She had her first starring role in \"Spooksville\", as Sally Wilcox, for 22 episodes. Since then she has had other lead roles in film and TV series, such as \"\", \"The Girl Who Escaped: The Kara Robinson Story\", and \"Level 16\". Early life and career. Douglas was born into a family with 3 siblings, and a cousin Adam, on October 19, 1998, in Burlington, Ontario, in Canada. Douglas started acting at the age of six at the \"Great Big Theatre Company\" in Burlington, Ontario. She starred in a number of productions, including a Christmas play involving penguins, and as Tinkerbell, at the summer camp of the \"Burlington Dance Academy\". Douglas attended Nelson High School in Burlington. Throughout her early acting career, Douglas completed her education through the use of a travelling tutor. Career. Douglas began her screen acting career at the age of six in \"F2: Forensic Factor\". Douglas later played Sally Wilcox on Discovery Family\u2019s fantasy action TV show \"Spooksville\" in 2013, but"}, {"text": "it only lasted one season. Douglas starred as Young Irisa on the science fiction action TV series \"Defiance: The Lost Ones\" which premiered on SyFy in March 2014. At the age of 15, Douglas was nominated for Outstanding Performer in a Children\u2019s Series at the 41st Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards held in Los Angeles in 2014, for her role as Sally Wilcox in \"Spooksville\". Douglas starred as Naomi Malik from 2017 to 2019 in the Global Network Canadian comedy and drama TV series \"Mary Kills People\", working alongside Caroline Dhavernas. Douglas played a lead role as Vivien on the Danishka Esterhazy directed 2018 science fiction movie \"Level 16\". In 2019, Douglas was the protagonist in the drama film \"\", which recounts the true story of Lisa McVey. McVey was 17 years old and suicidal in 1984 when she was abducted, and raped for 26 hours, by serial killer Bobby Joe Long, before talking her way to freedom. Douglas received an ACTRA Award nomination for her performance, eventually losing out to Amybeth McNulty. In 2021, she starred as Abby, a friend of Ginny and part of the MANG group (Max, Abby, Norah and Ginny), in the Netflix comedy series \"Ginny"}, {"text": "and Georgia\", alongside Brianne Howey, Antonia Gentry, Sara Waisglass, and Chelsea Clark. After the Season 2 release, Ginny & Georgia was the most-watched title from January to June 2023 on Netflix, with a combined 967.2M hours viewed between Seasons 1 and 2. In May 2023, the series was renewed for a third and fourth season, the former of which was released on June 5, 2025. Douglas starred in a main role as 18-year-old Jackie Sullivan, in the first two seasons of the CBC Television female police comedy-drama television series \"Pretty Hard Cases\" from 2021 to 2022. In 2022, Douglas stars as Kate Coughlin, in the Daniel Adams-directed police protection film \"The Walk\", among a cast which includes Justin Chatwin, Terrence Howard and Malcolm McDowell. In 2023, she was the titular role in the film \"The Girl Who Escaped: The Kara Robinson Story\", which portrays the true story of how a 15 year-old girl survived the trauma of abduction, incarceration and sexual assault for over 18 hours until an opportunity to escape arose. In 2024, Douglas starred in the thriller film by Alec Tibaldi titled \"Lazareth\" opposite Ashley Judd and Sarah Pidgeon, which was released on May 10, 2024."}, {"text": "Miss Philippines Earth 2019 was the 19th edition of the Miss Philippines Earth pageant, held at The Cove in Okada Manila, Para\u00f1aque, on July 10, 2019. The pageant reverted to its original name Miss Philippines Earth after the previous year's Miss Earth Philippines. At the end of the event, Zahra Bianca Saldua, Miss Philippines-Air 2018, crowned Janelle Tee of Pasig as Miss Philippines Earth 2019. With her crowned are the court of elemental queens: Ana Monica Tan was named Miss Philippines Air, Chelsea Fernandez was named Miss Philippines Water, Alexandra Dayrit was named Miss Philippines Fire, and Karen Nicole Piccio was named Miss Philippines Eco Tourism 2021. Celeste Cortesi, Miss Philippines Earth 2018, could not attend the coronation due to an allergy. Contestants. 40 contestants representing various cities, municipalities, provinces, and communities abroad will compete for the title. Judges. The following were judges at the conclusion of Miss Earth Philippines 2019:"}, {"text": "Petrovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Petrovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 2,874 as of 2010. There are 29 streets. Geography. Petrovsky is located in steppe, on the left bank of the Kamenka River, 7 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Uryupinsk is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "The Mirandola Town Hall (; in the local dialect: \"al pal\u00e0zz cumun\u00e0l ad La Mir\u00e0ndla\" or simply \"al Cum\u00f9n\" or \"al Muniz\u00ecpi\") is a historic public building located in the city center of Mirandola, in the province of Modena, Italy. Seat of the city government until May 2012, the building is dramatically located at the end of Costituente square and is one of the most recognizable icon of the city of Mirandola, along with the castle of the Pico. History. Origins. The origins of the medieval palace are not known, despite the fact that the building is one of the most important in the socio-political-economic history of the city. It can be assumed that the palace was probably built in the mid of 15th century by Gianfrancesco I Pico, who began the first phase of urban development of Mirandola. In any case, it is certain that during the Renaissance the Countess Giulia Boiardo (mother of famous philosopher Giovanni Pico della Mirandola) had built a loggia in what was then called Palace of Merchandise (\"Palazzo della Mercanzia\") or Palace of Reason (\"Palazzo della Ragione\"). In fact, on the eastern facade of Curtatone street there is the following inscription: To build this"}, {"text": "loggia, a tax of eight quattrins was instituted for each \"biolca\" (2933.63 m\u00b2) of land owned; however, since the works cost less than expected, the advanced money was returned. In 1514 the possession of the city was returned, after a quarrel with the brothers, to Giovanni Francesco II Pico della Mirandola: the ceremony took place right under the loggia of the \"Palazzo della Ragione\". In 1573, on the occasion of a dispute between the guardians of the heirs of Ludovico II Pico, a document was read in public under the loggia of the \"Palazzo della Ragione\", opposite the square. No other evidence can be found until the 18th century, although the palace is well recognizable in the topographic maps of the 16th-17th centuries. 18th century. In 1783-1784 the southern \"portico\" of the present Giuseppe Mazzini square was built in order to house the grain market (\"gabella de' grani\"). On July 10, 1798, the marble statue of the so-called People's Madonna (\"Madonna del Popolo\", also known as the \"Madonnina\"), which was located in a niche on the northern facade and which was brought to the Cathedral of Santa Maria Maggiore. The statue was later placed on the tympanum of the Oratory"}, {"text": "of the Blessed Virgin of the Gate, from which it was temporarily removed following the 2012 earthquake. In a watercolour by Giovanni Battista Menabue depicting a conflict that occurred in the square of Mirandola on April 27, 1799 between Germans, Cisalpines and Mantuans (exposed at the Civic Museum of the Risorgimento of Modena), it can be noticed, at the center of the facade of the building, the empty niche in which the statue of the Madonna was placed. This niche was closed with the restoration works of 1868. 19th century. In 1837 the mayor, Count Felice Ceccopieri, had the clock of the square tower moved onto the roof of the town hall, installing it on a simple metal scaffolding. In the mid of 19th century the arches of the facade collapsed and some consolidation works were necessary, which later led to a greater restoration in 1868 by the engineer Felice Poppi. These consolidation works were not so effective, so that only three years later there were detachments of rubble. The municipal administration was forced to intervene urgently, entrusting the municipal engineer Alberto Vischi, who decided to demolish and completely remake all the facade, embellishing it with decorative terracotta. Being an"}, {"text": "economically very demanding intervention (the estimated expenditure amounted to 11,000 lire at the time), the administration delayed the start of work for almost 20 years until it was inevitable given the worsening situation. 20th century. On June 3, 1901, the start of the works was finally decided and officially started on June 29, 1901: the loggia was propped up, while the vertical walls were demolished and the bricks brought to Cividale, to be reused to build the new station on the Bologna-Verona railway (inaugurated in 1902). In the end, the restoration cost a total of 18,669 lire. In 1925-1930, during the Fascist period, the great internal marble staircase was built. Other restoration and consolidation works date back to 1968\u20131970 (replacement of the wooden beams of the floors with steel beams). In 1978 there were other works on the top floor. In the following years, the former apartment of the guardian located on the mid-floor housed first the registry office and then technical offices of the city administration. In 1998-1999 other works of adaptation and functional improvement of the spaces were carried out. 21st century. Following the disastrous 2012 Northern Italy earthquakes, the town hall suffered serious damage, so much so"}, {"text": "that the municipal administration was forced to build a new municipal headquarters in the western outskirts of the city. In 2013 the planning of the restoration works was started, with a cost of 625,038.23 euro. As 2019, seven years after the earthquake of May 2012, the town hall is still propped up and uninhabitable, and restoration work has not yet begun, estimated at 7,450,708 euros. Architecture. The palace has a load-bearing masonry structure with a quadrangular plan 18 m long and 14 m wide, which develops over a height of 16 m divided into four floors above ground (ground, mezzanine, first, and attic). The entire building is visually divided vertically into three parts in an east-west direction, corresponding to the three different phases of construction: the Renaissance loggia, the medieval core and the 18th century southern \"portico\". Exteriors. Northern facade (Loggia of the Pico). The front facade, also called Loggia of the Pico, is the most interesting architectural part, as it was built in Renaissance style. The facade is not perfectly aligned with the square, but is slightly oriented to the left, so that the windows of the Great Hall (\"Sala Granda\") can see directly the castle of the Pico,"}, {"text": "at the opposite side of Costituente square. The lower part of the facade consists of a high portico, with eleven columns in Verona pink marble that support frontally six round arches, two of which are deep laterally. On the inner side of some columns, under the portico, are engraved the ancient units of measure of the Mirandola district: pole (pertica), arm (braccio), foot (piede), as well as the shape of a brick and a tile. On the wall of the building there is an opening, locked by a wrought iron gate, which leads to the internal staircase that leads to the upper floors, next to the gate, there are three and two doors, respectively, to the municipal offices and the coffeehouse. There is a marble medallion with the effigy of Francesco Montanari (Colonel of Mirandola who died during the expedition of the Thousand) and some commemorative plaques of Filippo Corridoni (1898), of the partisans who died during the Resistance in the Second World War and the anniversary of the award of the title of City (1597\u20131997). The upper part of the north facade, made of exposed bricks, is decorated with four biforas with marble columns and a French window, all"}, {"text": "embellished with terracotta friezes with floral and zoomorphic motifs, similar to those of the nearby Bergomi Palace. The biforas, which have Russian-style sliding shutters that enter the cavity of the wall, are placed symmetrically and in line with the columns of the portico below. The masonry part is framed at the bottom by a double belt course and at the top by eaves, also in terracotta. The whole arrangement makes the appearance of the facade harmonious, at the centre of which is a marble balcony, surmounted by the coat of arms of the community of Mirandola. From the base of the palace starts a long walkpath called \"Listone\" (about 242 m, 4 m wide), made of porphyry cubes of the Bolognese type and that crosses longitudinally the entire Constituent square, up to the Oratory of the Madonnina. Walking along the \"Listone\", back and forth along the square, is a traditional custom of Mirandola citizenship. Clock. In 1836 the \"gabella de' birri\" was demolished and a building was built in its place that covered the view of the ancient Square Tower (also called Tower of the Hours, later demolished in 1888). The mayor of Mirandola, Count Felice Ceccopieri, decided in 1837"}, {"text": "to transfer the clock on the roof of the town hall, after resizing the dial, which was installed on a simple metal frame flush with the facade. During the restoration works at the beginning of the 20th century it was decided to create a stone clock exhibition with a new glass dial divided into 12 triangles with black and red numbers and night gas lighting. The new dial installed in 1905, however, was not appreciated because, being transparent, at night did not show well the hands that were confused with the numbering, so it was necessary to replace the glass dial with the current one. The dial of the watch, in frosted glass with Roman numerals and illuminated at night, is enclosed in a square case in hen stone (Verona tuff limestone), supported at the sides by two carved griffins. On the back of the clock there is a masonry work that ends in the double bell cell, where two bells are placed: one of them is used for the tolling of the hours, while the other bell (which now marks the quarters of an hour) was originally placed to announce to the citizens that the new notices issued by"}, {"text": "the municipal administration were posted on the court register. On the morning of May 29, 2012, the clock in the square stopped at 9:05 a.m., when the second major seismic shock (magnitude 5.8) of the 2012 earthquake The clock hands stood still for two years, until it was symbolically reactivated on May 20, 2014, on the second anniversary of the earthquake. Southern facade. The southern facade was built in a simple way by Angelo Scarabelli Pedoca between September 1783 and 1784, when it was decided to demolish the houses that supported the town hall in order to create the \"gabella de' grani\" (grain market). The facade is substantially identical to the original eighteenth century, with seven large round arches plus two lateral, supported by square brick columns. On the ground floor, there is a large doorway which leads to a corridor communicating with the entrance on the opposite side and a staircase leading to the mezzanine floor and the horizontal floor located in the middle of the first ramp of the internal staircase. On the first floor, there are six rectangular windows and a French window leading to a small terrace with a cast-iron railing. Initially, the new square was"}, {"text": "simply called \"Piazzetta Nuova\" (1786), while in 1865 it was named Piazza Montanara, in memory of the famous battle of Montanara fought on 29 May 1848 during the first war of independence. In 1930 or 1931, near the south-eastern corner of the palace, the large newspaper kiosk was built on 23 June 1906 in Belle \u00c9poque style and in wrought iron and glass, which was initially located in Modena, first in Piazza Grande (between the apse of the Duomo of Modena and the Ringadora stone) and then in Alessandro Tassoni square. Interiors. Staircase. During the Fascist period, the increase in the municipal administrative functions made it necessary to distribute the offices differently, so that in 1925-1930 it was decided to carry out various works of improvement. In particular, in the inner courtyard of the palace, on December 13, 1928, work began to create an imposing white marble staircase in eclectic and monumental style, designed by the architect Mario Guerzoni. The new-Renaissance decorations of the staircase were inspired by those of the Stanga Palace in Cremona. The courtyard and the staircase were also closed by an iron roof with yellow and blue glass (official colours of Mirandola). The work was completed"}, {"text": "on October 3, 1929, with a final expenditure of 368,351.60 lire. Yellow Hall. The Yellow Hall (\"Sala Gialla\"), so called because of the color of its walls, is located on the west side overlooking the Palace alley and is communicating with the Great Hall on one side and the mayor's office on the other side. In this room, until 2012, the City Council met and was also used for small events and meetings that did not require the large spaces of the Great Hall. Great Hall. The Great Hall (\"Sala Granda\"), as its name suggests, is the largest room in the entire building and is located above the loggia of the Pico. It was built during the works of 1928-1929, demolishing the walls that separated three distinct rooms. The room is decorated with an elegant inlaid wooden coffered ceiling, from which hang wrought iron chandeliers. Until the reopening of the castle and the civic museum, it housed the paintings of the Pico family and other paintings from the churches of Mirandola. In the hall was also placed the large painting (450x250 cm) by the Neapolitan painter Raffaello Tancredi depicting Pope Julius II during the siege of Mirandola in 1511. On"}, {"text": "July 27, 2012, the fire brigade extracted some of the paintings kept in the Great Hall, including the \"Fall of St. Paul\" by Sante Peranda, the \"Adoration of the Three Kings\" by Palma il Giovane and \"St. Agata\" by Pietro Faccini; the saved works of art were then taken to the restoration centre set up at the Ducal Palace of Sassuolo. Before the 2012 earthquake the Great Hall was used as a reception room, for municipal council meetings, civil marriages, events and conferences. In November, on the occasion of the Franciacorta market fair, the mayor met the \"prince\" with his court of ambassadors, nobles and dignitaries of the folkloristic Principality of Franciacorta, who came \"to establish diplomatic relations\" following the \"independence\" of the eastern quarter of the city, which is traditionally declared during the three days of the event. The court of nobles, however, is used to declare bankruptcy and reoccurrence on time the following year. On the occasion of the Carnival, speeches were given from the balcony overlooking the square by various people, including the Modenese masks of Sandrone with the Pavironica family. New town hall. Following the 2012 Emilia earthquake, the historic town hall in Costituente square was"}, {"text": "severely damaged and in 2019 is still unusable, as the restoration work has not yet been assigned. Pending the recovery of the historic headquarters and in order not to interrupt the administrative activity, after an initial emergency arrangement of the municipal offices in the containers of the temporary housing modules, on September 21, 2013 was inaugurated the new town hall of Mirandola, located on the western outskirts of the city, in Giovanni Giolitti street. The new town hall was built in reinforced concrete, costing 5 million euros, and has an area of 3,800 m\u00b2 and 114 offices that house about 220 employees, and was designed and built in six months, of which only 137 days for the works. In addition, other projects for the recovery of several large public buildings in the historic center of Mirandola damaged by the 2012 earthquake (including the Palace of the Fascist Militia), were to bring back the municipal offices, are also being studied. , however, restoration work of the buildings had not yet begun."}, {"text": "Podgorinsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Rossoshinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 116 as of 2010. There are 5 streets. Geography. Podgorinsky is located in steppe, 36 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bulekovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Podsosensky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Rossoshinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 50 as of 2010. There are 2 streets. Geography. Podsosensky is located in steppe, 41 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Makarovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Dwitiyo Purush is a 2020 Indian Bengali language neo -noir crime thriller film, directed by Srijit Mukherjee and produced by Shree Venkatesh Films. The film stars Parambrata Chatterjee, Raima Sen, and Anirban Bhattacharya. It is a sequel to the 2011 crime thriller, \"Baishe Srabon\". The film follows the pursuit of a new serial killer, Khoka, by Abhijit Pakrashi. It was theatrically released on 23 January 2020, as a tribute to detective writers, Agatha Christie and Arthur Conan Doyle. It soon attained a cult status owing to its shocking ending. In October 2023, \"Dawshom Awbotaar\", a prequel crossover of \"Baishe Srabon\" and \"Vinci Da\" was released, thus making \"Dwitiyo Purush\" the third installment of \"Srijit Mukherji's Cop Universe\". Plot. In 1993, during a gang war in which the police force and politicians were involved, 3 heinous murders were committed by Khoka, a teenage drug-addicted gang leader, in Chinatown. Khoka carved his name on the foreheads of his victims, i.e. a rival gang leader, a police informer and a police officer. He was captured by IPS Pranab Roy Chowdhury, the elder brother of ex-DCP Prabir Roy Chowdhury. In 2019, DCDD Abhijit Pakrashi, who is regularly haunted and traumatized by Probir Roy Chowdhury's"}, {"text": "suicide, is assigned a case by the Commissioner Dibakar Bose, to capture Khoka, who was released from prison a month ago and already committed the murder of his rival gang leader, Haroo, in exactly the same fashion and place from 1993. Abhijit is having a torrid time with his wife, Amrita, as he suspects her of having an affair with her journalist colleague, Surjo Sinha, and decides to start his investigation with a younger fellow officer, Rajat Chakraborty, much to the despair of Amrita, who was looking forward to mending their relationship. During his investigation, no possible motive or evidence is found of Khoka committing the crime. Abhijit, with the help of Surjo, retrieves the archived news footages and finds that a person named Gora, was allegedly present in all the previous murder scenes. Gora, who has now changed his name to Jimmy, runs a restaurant at China Town. Abhijit confronts him, only for Jimmy denying his involvement and also does not recall Khoka. Meanwhile, another murder of a police informer takes place in the same manner. Meanwhile Abhijit and Amrita reconciled earlier after marriage counseling, but their happiness was tinged with the high number of tragedies, which followed one"}, {"text": "after another. Rajat is trapped and murdered by Khoka in the same fashion, which drives his girlfriend, Ankita, insane. Abhijit, disoriented, gains control of his rage, captures Jimmy, and forces him to call Khoka at the old, burnt down mill in ChinaTown, for the final showdown. During the face-off, it is revealed that Khoka is actually Paltan, the then boyfriend of Khoka's, who was impersonating him all this time. It is also revealed that Abhijit is none other than Khoka, who was taken into custody in 1993 and tortured by Pranab, which led to his amnesia. The DIG Pakrashi, repentant about the police brutality, suspended Pranab. He proceeded to give Khoka a new identity as Abhijit Pakrashi and the DIG's younger brother adopted him. Paltan, coming to know about the events, tried to contact Khoka, but was captured by Bibek, a police officer from the DIG's force, and underwent torture himself to accept his new identity as Khoka, so that the real Khoka can lead a proper life. Paltan, out of his love for Khoka, accepted the new identity and served prison time, which was actually meant for Khoka, who was now leading a new life as Abhijit. After being"}, {"text": "released from jail after 25 years, Paltan tracked Khoka's whereabouts and committed the 3 murders to help Khoka remember his past, with hopes of reuniting with him. It was Paltan who got in touch with Gora, so that Abhijit can reach Paltan. Initially, Abhijit disagrees with the whole story, but finally breakdowns implying that he accepts the fact that he is the real Khoka. Paltan, realizing his memory is back, hugs and kisses him passionately, only to be shot dead by Abhijit. It is finally revealed that Abhijit had actually regained his memory after suffering from temporary amnesia, but never disclosed it to his adopted family. He pounced on the opportunity to clean his slate and became a police officer. Abhijit visits a fast food stall, which he used to frequent before 1993, as Khoka, and orders his favourite dishes, which he used to enjoy then. He then takes out a 1 rupee coin, which he collected from Paltan's body, which was actually given to Paltan by Abhijit's adoptive mother, when she mistakenly thought of Paltan as a beggar. He tosses the coin up in the air and smiles. Release. The film was released on 23 January 2020."}, {"text": "Popov () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Olshanskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 954 as of 2010. There are 19 streets. Geography. Popov is located in forest steppe, on the right bank of the Olshanka River, 6 km northeast of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Olshanka is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Provotorovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dubovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 302 as of 2010. There are 3 streets. Geography. Provotorovsky is located in forest steppe, 38 km south of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zakhopersky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "The discography of American rock band Life of Agony includes six studio albums, thee compilation albums, three live albums, one video album, ten singles, four demos and ten music videos."}, {"text": "The Sound of Scars is the sixth studio album by American alternative metal band Life of Agony. It was released on October 11, 2019, through Napalm Records and is the band's first release with drummer Veronica Bellino. \"The Sound of Scars\" is a concept album dealing with issues related to trauma recovery and healing. It is a sequel to the story told on the band's debut album, \"River Runs Red\". Releases. On November 29, 2019, a special, red/black splatter vinyl edition of \"The Sound of Scars\" was released. This Record Store Day \"Black Friday\" release was limited to 500 pieces worldwide and featured exclusive, alternate cover artwork by bassist Alan Robert. Documentary. A documentary film, also titled \"The Sound of Scars\", was released April 16, 2021. The film was directed by Leigh Brooks and includes interviews with the band members and their families. The film also includes archival footage, photographs, lost interviews, and goes over various points of the band's history, particularly Mina Caputo's gender transition. Reception. \"The Sound of Scars\" has received positive critical reviews since its release. Dom Lawson of Blabbermouth.net praised Caputo's vocals, saying \"Caputo sings every last word as if teetering on the edge of desperation,"}, {"text": "a remorseless blaze of passion and charisma that carries these songs far beyond their initial potential.\" Lawson also praised the band's musicianship and said the album \"is a welcome display of class and power from some perennially unsung champions.\" Jon Hadusek of \"Consequence of Sound\" praised the album's story line, Caputo's vocals, and mixing of genres, but said the more straightforward hardcore parts were the album's weakest moments. Hadusek said the album is a worthy successor to \"River Runs Red\"."}, {"text": "Rzhavsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dobrinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 158 as of 2010. There are 4 streets. Geography. Rzhavsky is located 21 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Besplemyanovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Rozovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Iskrinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 60 as of 2010. Geography. Rozovsky is located in the steppe, 48 km west of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Dubrovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Katie or Katy Douglas may refer to:"}, {"text": "Rossoshinsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Rossoshinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 611 as of 2010. There are 7 streets. Geography. Rossoshinsky is located in steppe, 32 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Safonovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Sadkovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Mikhaylovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 244 as of 2010. Geography. Sadkovsky is located in forest steppe, 24 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Mikhaylovskaya is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Sazonovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Rossoshinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 50 as of 2010. There are 2 streets. Geography. Sazonovsky is located 34 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Safonovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Saltynsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Saltynskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 638 as of 2010. There are 16 streets. Geography. Saltynsky is located in steppe, on the right bank of the Saltynka River, 33 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Mokhovskoy is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Santyrsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Mikhaylovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 84 as of 2010. Geography. Santyrsky is located in forest steppe, 24 km north of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Skabelinsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Safonovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Rossoshinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 137 as of 2010. There is 1 street. Geography. Safonovsky is located 31 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Rossoshinsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Jhon Jairo Espinoza Izquierdo (born 24 February 1999) is an Ecuadorian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Turkish S\u00fcper Lig club Kas\u0131mpa\u015fa and the Ecuador national team. Club career. Born in Guayaquil, Espinoza began his career with Liga Pro club Cuenca, where he made his debut on 12 December 2017. A few games into the 2018 season, Espinoza moved to Aucas. He made his debut for the club on 30 July 2018 against Independiente Valle, starting in a 1\u20130 victory. On 18 February 2020, Espinoza scored his first goal for Aucas in a 2\u20131 victory over V\u00e9lez Sarsfield in the Copa Sudamericana. Chicago Fire. On 23 November 2020, Espinoza joined American Major League Soccer club Chicago Fire. He made his debut for the club on 24 June 2021 against Atlanta United, coming on as a late substitute in the 3\u20131 victory. On 27 December 2022, it was announced that Espinoza and Chicago had mutually agreed to terminate his deal immediately, and that he would join Swiss Super League side Lugano on 1 January 2023. Lugano. On 27 December 2022, Espinoza signed a 1.5-year contract with Lugano in Switzerland. Kas\u0131mpa\u015fa. On 3 September 2024, Espinoza joined Kas\u0131mpa\u015fa in Turkey."}, {"text": "International career. Espinoza captained the Ecuadorian under-20 team at the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup, and scored the winning goal in a 2\u20131 win over the United States in the quarter-finals. Espinoza made his senior debut in 2019. In a match against Argentina on 13 October 2019 Espinoza unfortunately scored an own goal in a 6\u20131 loss."}, {"text": "Serkovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Bolshinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 180 as of 2010. Geography. The village is located in forest steppe, 36 km from Uryupinsk and 360 km from Volgograd."}, {"text": "Serkovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Krasnyaynskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 120 as of 2010. Geography. The village is located in steppe, 21 km from Uryupinsk and 350 km from Volgograd."}, {"text": "Skabelinsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Mikhaylovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 100 as of 2010. Geography. Skabelinsky is located in steppe, 22 km north of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Santyrsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Connor Donehue (born May 9, 1996) is an American-born rugby league player who plays as a or , most recently playing for the Brooklyn Kings RLFC in the NARL. Background. Donehue was born in Torrance, California. His father John, a Brazilian jiu-jitsu black belt from Australia, was living in California at the time. Donehue moved to Melbourne as a child when his father took a job with the Melbourne Storm as a defensive coach. Playing career. Donehue began his rugby league career coming through the Melbourne Storm system and eventually played for the Sunshine Coast Falcons in the Queensland Cup. In 2019 he joined the Brooklyn Kings, where they won 2019 USA Rugby League Championship final. He represented the United States in the 2019 Rugby League World Cup 9s."}, {"text": "Stepnoy () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Krasnyaynskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 11 as of 2010. Geography. Stepnoy is located in steppe, 16 km northeast of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Serkovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Studyonovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dobrinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 29 as of 2010. Geography. Studyonovsky is located 25 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Topolyovsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Babur (1483\u20131530), born Zah\u012br ud-D\u012bn Muhammad, was the founder and first Emperor of the Mughal dynasty in South Asia. Babur may also refer to:"}, {"text": "Sychevsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Vishnyakovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 63 as of 2010. Geography. Sychevsky is located in forest steppe, 29 km northeast of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Verkhnetseplyayevsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Tepikinskaya () is a rural locality (a stanitsa) in Akchernskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 403 as of 2010. There are 10 streets. Geography. Tepikinskaya is located on the left bank of the Khopyor River, 26 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Belogorsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Topolyovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dobrinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 10 as of 2010. Geography. Topolyovsky is located in steppe, 24 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zaburdyayevsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Gunavanthudu() is a 1975 Indian Telugu film directed by Adurthi Subba Rao starring Sobhan Babu, Manjula, Kantha Rao and Anjali Devi in the lead roles. The film was released on 14 November 1975. Reception. Gunavantudu had one of the biggest opening for any Telugu film at the time of its release thanks to the huge success of actor Sobhan Babu's previous films released in 1975. The film garnered highly negative reviews from both critics and audience. Yet the film managed to make good profit and was declared a Hit at the box office. It was, however, the lowest grossing Sobhan Babu film of the year 1975."}, {"text": "Uvarovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Khopyoropionerskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 122 in 2010. There are two streets. Geography. Uvarovsky is located in steppe, north of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kriushinsky is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Edwin Joseph Reyes is a Gibraltarian politician and an MP in the Gibraltar Parliament for the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD). Reyes was first elected to parliament during the 2007 Gibraltar general election after which he served as Minister for Culture and later Housing under the cabinet of Peter Caruana. Since the GDS was put into opposition following the 2011 election, Reyes has served as Shadow Minister and spokesman for education."}, {"text": "Tank leak detection is implemented to alert the operator to a suspected release from any part of a storage tank system, what enables to prevent from soil contamination and loss of product. In many countries regulated UST are required to have an approved leak detection method so that leaks are discovered quickly and the release is stopped in time. Leak detection standards in Europe. European Committee for Standardization EN 13160 shows five different classes (technical methods) of leak detection systems to be used on tanks and pipes. The number of the class indicates the effectiveness of the installed leak detection system. Class 1 being the highest and class 5 being the lowest level. Class 1. System inherently safe. Leak is detected before any liquid enters the environment. These systems detect a leak above or below the liquid level of a double wall system. Once a leak is detected, fuel can be removed from the tank before any product enters the environment. Class 2. System that monitors pressure of a liquid filling the interstitial space of a double wall system. The system alarms on any leak. However, once the tank is breached, the liquid contaminates the product or flows into the"}, {"text": "ground - in both situations contamination cannot be prevented. Class 3. Liquid/vapour sensors are placed at the lowest point in a system and detect the presence of liquid or hydrocarbon vapour within the interstitial space. Once a leak is detected an alarm will sound. The sensors cannot detect the failure of outer wall. The product may enter the environment. Class 4. The system analyses rates of change in tank contents (i.e. leakage into or out of the tank). If a leak is found when operating on a single wall system, the product will always be released to the environment before the leak is detected. For tanks there are 2 subclasses of the system. 4a System based on fuel reconciliation (measurement of amount sold through the dispenser against the amount that goes out of the tank according to the tank gauge).Any discrepancies release an alarm. 4b Detection of tank leak in quiet periods (liquid level is changing while the tank is not dispensing fuel). Class 5. In this system monitoring wells with installed sensors are located around the tank site. The sensors detect a leak from the installation. As in case of class 4, the product will always be released to"}, {"text": "the environment before the leak is detected. Leak detection standards in the USA. In the USA, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires owners and operators detect releases from their UST systems. EPA allows three categories of release detection: interstitial, internal, and external. These three categories include seven release detection methods. Leak detection methods. The ATG must be operated in one of the following modes: There are methods combining automatic tank gauges with statistical inventory reconciliation where gauge provides liquid level and temperature data to a computer running SIR software, which performs the analysis to detect leaks. SIR was born in the early 1980s. In SIR methods statistical techniques are applied to inventory, delivery and dispensed data collected over time and are used to determine whether or not a tank system is leaking. On a regular basis, information about the current tank level and complete records of withdrawals and deliveries to UST are proceeded and calculated with the use of computer program that performs a statistical analysis of received data. Replacing simple arithmetic with appropriate statistical procedures allows the leak detection capability of inventory reconciliation to be considerably improved. SIR vendors must demonstrate that they can detect leaks of 0.2 gallons"}, {"text": "per hour in order to be acceptable as a monthly leak detection method. Such solution enables not only detected tank leakage but also possible theft, over-dispensing or short deliveries. Vapour Monitoring detects fumes from leaked product in the soil around the leaked tank. It can be categorised into 2 types. Active Monitoring where special tracer chemical added to the UST are detected. Passive Monitoring measures product vapours in the soil around the UST. Special monitoring wells or sampling points must be placed in the tank backfill. A minimum of two wells is recommended for a single tank excavation. Three or more wells are recommended for an excavation with two or more tanks. Used equipment can immediately analyse a gathered vapour or only gather a sample which is then analysed in the laboratory. The system is not inherently safe - by the time the vapor sensors go to alarm, the contamination has likely already occurred. The method requires a secondary containment, it can be a double wall of the UST where the outer tank wall provides a barrier between the inner tank and the environment. Interstitial methods include the use of a hydrocarbon-sensitive sensor cables or probes connected to a monitoring"}, {"text": "console. Once the hydrocarbons is detected an alarm goes off. The other method is vacuum monitoring where vapour sensor monitors interstitial spaces of the tank. In case of the leakage the vacuum of the space begins to change. It is also possible to partially fill the interstitial space of the tank with a monitoring fluid (brine or glycol solutions ). Once the level of the fluid changes, a leak may be present. Monitoring wells are placed close to the UST and allow continuous measurements for leaked product. This methods enables to detect the presence of liquid product floating on the groundwater. The wells can be monitored periodically (at least once every 30-days) with hand-held equipment or with the use of permanently installed monitoring devices. This method cannot be used at sites where groundwater is more than 20 feet below the surface and the subsurface soil or backfill material (or both) consists of gravels, coarse to medium sands, or other similarly permeable materials. A minimum of two wells is recommended for a single tank excavation. Three or more wells are recommended for an excavation with two or more tanks. Product is released to the environment before a leak is detected. The"}, {"text": "method requires keeping the tank undisturbed (no liquid is added/subtracted) for a designated period (e.g. 36hours). The length of the testing period depends on the size of the tank and whether the method is used alone or in combination with tank tightness testing. During this period the contents of the tank are measured manually twice, at the beginning and at the end of the period. Significant changes in the volume of the tank\u2019s contents over the test period can indicate a possible leak."}, {"text": "Alfred Scopp (15 September 1919 \u2013 24 July 2021) was a Canadian actor who worked mostly in television series, including as a voice actor. He also worked in theatre, radio, and films. He was part of the voice cast for the 1964 Christmas special \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\". Scopp was the longest-lived and one of the last surviving cast members of the special. Life and career. Scopp was born on 15 September 1919 in London, England, to a Russian-Jewish father and an English mother. As a child, he and his family emigrated to Montreal, Canada. During World War II, he was part of the Royal Canadian Air Force in Newfoundland. It was during this time that he began a career in radio, working for the local station CBG (AM). In theatre, he worked in different Toronto productions, as well as working for National Film Board of Canada. He attended Lorne Greene Academy of Radio Arts after the war, along with Leslie Nielsen, Gordie Tapp and Fred Davis. He provided the voice of Socrates the Strawman in the 1960s animated television series \"Tales of the Wizard of Oz\" (1961) as well as the TV film \"Return to Oz\" (1964). He played"}, {"text": "the character role of bookseller Avram in the 1971 film \"Fiddler on the Roof\", which won three Academy Awards and was nominated in seven more categories in 1972. Scopp died in Toronto on 24 July 2021, at the age of 101."}, {"text": "Mao Yanqi (; born 29 October 1995), professionally known as Vava, is a Chinese rapper and singer from Ya'an, Sichuan. Her English stage name Vava is a synonym for \"doll\" in Chinese (), chosen as she had a \"baby face\" when she was little. Childhood and early career. Mao Yanqi was raised in a single parent household after the death of her father. While her mother worked far away from home, her grandmother helped to care for her. At the age of 16 she chose to leave school and focus on developing her talents as a performer. She traveled around performing in local bars near her home in Chengdu. Later, she began to travel around China performing. She met hip-hop producer Double G in Shenzhen city, and joined his team based in Shanghai. Rise to fame. Vava rose to fame from her performance on the first season of the iQiyi television show \"The Rap of China\". This show helped to bring underground rappers into the spotlight. During the season she rapped in both Mandarin and Sichuan dialects. In the second round, she performed \u201cLife\u2019s a Struggle\u201d but changed the lyrics to match her own childhood experiences. She was the only"}, {"text": "female to reach the top four. She released her first album \u201c21\u201d on 6 October 2017. One song from the album, \"My New Swag\" (\u6211\u7684\u65b0\u8863) was featured in the 2018 film \"Crazy Rich Asians\". Vava was also featured in \"New World\" by Krewella. She had a modeling contract with American designer Alexander Wang and the sportswear brand Kappa. In 2018, the Chinese government blocked hip-hop culture and actors with tattoos from appearing on television. As a result, VaVa was removed from a television show named \"Happy Camp\". She said being off TV gave her time to focus on making music. Her second album, \"\u6bdb\u884d\u4e03\", was released on 6 November 2019. VaVa signed with Warner Music China in August 2019. She was signed to \u79cd\u68a6\u97f3\u4e50 D.M.G., which is also known as Dream Music Group, in 2021 and she and GAI became the mentor of The New Generation Project Of Hip-Hop. In 2021, she caused controversy by dressing as Nicki Minaj and wearing blackface on the \u767d\u53d8\u5927\u5496\u79c0 television show. She became a member of The Father Of Success of The Rap Of China 2022. She released \"V-Mystery\" in 2022. Chinese hip-hop. While Vava was influenced by Rihanna and Little Simz, her biggest"}, {"text": "musical influence as a child was Jay Chou. VaVa is a strong advocate for incorporating more Chinese influences in Chinese hip-hop and rap. In her popular song \u201cMy New Swag\u201d she used several traditional Chinese instruments: pipa (\u7435\u7436), erhu (\u4e8c\u80e1), suona (\u5522\u5450), guban (\u9f13\u677f), and pitched cymbals xiaoluo (\u5c0f\u9523) and daluo (\u5927\u9523). She also incorporated an aria from the Peking opera, \"Selling Water (\u5356\u6c34)\", during the bridge, sung by opera singer Wang Qianqian. Along with other Mainland pop culture figures, VaVa has publicly taken a pro-Mainland government stance regarding Hong Kong, stating on her social media pages that she feels that Hong Kong will always be a part of China."}, {"text": "Below is a list of television series and feature films based on characters and concepts that have appeared in Boom! Studios publications, including its various imprints. This list includes live action and animated television series and films."}, {"text": "ITV strike may refer to:"}, {"text": "Polistes associus is a species of paper wasps belonging to the family Vespidae. Distribution. This species is present in central and southern Europe (Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, European Turkey, France, Greece, Italy, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Yugoslavia), in the Near East, and in the Oriental realm. Description. \"Polistes associus\" can reach a body length of about in females, of about in workers. These wasps are characterized by very light eyes, the ocelli arranged according to an equilateral triangle, with completely black mandibles and yellow lateral parts (genae) of the head. The dorsal surface of antennae is black in both sexes, with wide and deep longitudinal groove. Clypeus is uniformly yellow, markedly depressed, with a distinct longitudinal ridge and a black stripe. The sixth sternit is black. The ventral part of the last abdominal segment is reddish-brown with an apical lighter spot. The males are easily distinguishable by the combination of narrow temples and a markedly depressed clypeus. The dorsal length of the apical antennal segment is longer than in similar species. This species is very similar to \"Polistes nimpha\". For this reason the recognition of\" P. associus\" females may be problematic. Biology. These wasps parasitize other Polistes wasps of multiple species,"}, {"text": "especially \"Polistes atrimandibularis\". and they are parasitized by Strepsiptera species."}, {"text": "Akemi GmbH (stylized as AKEMI) is a company in the chemical industry which is active worldwide. Its headquarters are in Nuremberg in Germany and its core competence is the manufacturing of two-component adhesive systems. The chemical-technical specialist factory manufactures adhesives, fillers as well as cleaning and care products for the natural stone sector. In addition, it produces fillers and repair materials, sealants, protective coatings, varnishes as well as cleaning and car care products for the automotive branch. Akemi's products are manufactured at two locations within Germany, Nuremberg and Wiehl, as well as at five other sites abroad. These are located in Atlanta in the US, S\u00e3o Paulo in Brazil, Tuzla in the suburbs of Istanbul in Turkey, Bangalore and Delhi in India and Beijing in China. According to the company (2019), Akemi's products are sold in more than 100 countries. Company name. The company was founded in 1933 and was originally called \"Akema\", supposedly after the daughter of the Japanese consul in Berlin at that time. To avoid any confusion with the Achema, the \"Trade Fair for Chemical Technology, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology\", the founder, Erich H\u00f6ntsch, renamed the company Akemi in 1952. The name Akemi is protected under \"Trademark"}, {"text": "law\" and is highly recognised worldwide in the natural stone sector on account of its quality and specialised assortment: \"On account of their excellent quality and highly specialised assortment, the trade name AKEMI has become synonymous for stone adhesive.\" Company history. Erich H\u00f6ntsch founded \"Akema\" in 1933. He was a businessman from Dresden who occupied himself with chemistry in his spare time and had a laboratory in his parents' summer house. There he developed a putty in powder form which, when added to water, could be used to glue animal hairs into shaving brushes. In this way he made a name for himself and built up a firm in Dresden which also supplied the shoe and electrical industry with adhesive products. After the end of the Second World War in 1945, H\u00f6ntsch first sought refuge in Hannover and then moved to Nuremberg where he started producing adhesives again in 1948. In 1949, the company moved into a former carpenter\u2019s workshop. In 1952, he put the first adhesive based on polyester on the natural stone market and called it \"Stein- und Marmorkitt Universal\" unsaturated polyester (Universal Stone and Marble Filler). To satisfy the steadily growing demand for the products on the"}, {"text": "domestic market and abroad, he built up a distribution network and expanded his range of filler and adhesive systems. He brought out a new bonding system based on epoxy resin which was used at first for natural stone and later for cars too. After the death of Erich H\u00f6ntsch in 1970, his widow, Angelika H\u00f6ntsch, took over the business and in 1972, the company moved into new buildings. The management of the enterprise remained in the hands of Angelika H\u00f6ntsch until 1996, and was later taken over by Torsten Hamann. Torsten Hamann expanded the company's premises to 12,000 m\u00b2, extended the product range and reorganised production, dispatch and logistics. He stayed abreast of new developments at the beginning of globalisation and established production plants and distribution centres abroad. In October 2001, his son, Dirk C. Hamann, doctor of law, joined the management of Akemi. Economic data. Approximately 60% of the company's turnover is generated in the natural stone sector and 40% in the automotive sector. Akemi employs approximately 250 employees worldwide, 100 of these at its head office. The company invests 10% of its turnover in research. Adhesive and filler systems. The names of the adhesives and stone fillers usually"}, {"text": "indicate their chemical components, for instance epoxy resin adhesive, and their field of application, for example marble filler. The adhesives can be used to attain load-carrying bonds between workpieces made of natural stone and engineered quartz composite as well as other materials. The fillers are used to fill pores or imperfections in natural stone products. In the natural stone sector the most frequently implemented adhesive systems are based on epoxy resins (EP resins) and unsaturated polyester resins (UP resins) as well as acrylic resins, methacrylate resins and polyurethane systems (PUR resins). However, there are also products which are a combination of two types of resin, e.g. epoxy acrylate. For the adhesives and fillers there are also the corresponding accessories such as a wide range of colorants, cartridge (applicator) gun, mixing nozzles etc. Above all, fillers based on polyurethane and epoxy resins are manufactured for the automotive sector. Polyester adhesives and fillers. In 1952, Akemi brought out the first two-component stone adhesive and filler system on the basis of \"UP resins and named it \"Stein- und Marmorkitt Universal\" (Universal Stone and Marble Filler). It was primarily used in the construction industry. This Akemi adhesive system was ideal for the user because"}, {"text": "it was unimportant whether it was used for repair work on a horizontal surface or for filling work on a vertical surface. In addition, the adhesive could be modified, when being mixed, to match the colour tone and the texture of the materials being treated. Furthermore, the adhesive hardened fast and could be polished. The adhesive strength was considerably higher than that of previously implemented systems. The obsolete bonding technology was thereafter totally replaced. The polyester stone adhesives and fillers react and harden when mixed with a hardener and can be applied within the temperature range + 5 \u00b0C to + 30 \u00b0C. The advantage of polyester bondings is the rapid hardening, the disadvantage is their sensitivity towards moisture. Since 1983, there have also been one-component systems which harden within seconds in combination with ultraviolet lamps. These systems are implemented in the natural stone sector, mostly in stone polishing lines, and mainly for filling any imperfections. Furthermore, the adhesives and fillers are also implemented in the automotive industry. Akemi put them on the market for the first time in 1954 as fillers and primers. Epoxy resin adhesives and fillers. The epoxy resin adhesive systems are used in the natural stone"}, {"text": "as well as the automotive sectors. In the natural stone branch, these products have replaced the polyester systems as these only had a low resistance to the influences of the weather. The epoxy adhesives, however, are capable of resisting many acids and lyes and therefore the Akemi product range Akepox came into existence. The adhesive bond of the stone glues based on epoxy resin which have been developed by Akemi is very strong and weather-resistant. On account of the reaction mechanism, these two-component adhesives have to be mixed in an exact ratio, dependent upon the application area. Their application therefore requires a certain degree of know-how with regard to the correct mixing ratios, temperatures and occupational safety. Epoxy resin adhesives have the highest bonding strength of all natural stone adhesives but they harden relatively slowly. A further application area is the surface treatment of fissured and porous natural stone with highly fluid, transparent epoxy resin using the so-called \"resinating process\" (Latin: resina = resin). By means of the application of epoxy resin it was now also possible to strengthen and deep-fill fissured and porous stone which otherwise could not have been commercially utilised. This is of ecological importance, too. The"}, {"text": "industrial processes require that many factors are taken into consideration, for example, the temperature, viscosity, mixing ratios of the components as well as occupational safety measures etc. Epoxy resin systems are also used for the restoration of stone. Quartz sand in various grain sizes is mixed with epoxy resin, dyed and modelled onto the damaged areas of historically important ornamentation and sculptures. In 2003, Akemi brought out an epoxy resin filler for anti-slip strips which can be used on stairs and floor surfacing which are made of natural or artificial stone.[14] Epoxyacrylate adhesives. Adhesives based on epoxyacrylate are an alternative to the polyester adhesives and fillers because they harden very quickly, have minimal intrinsic colour and, after hardening, are suitable for use in areas where food is eaten or prepared. On account of these properties they are used indoors to bond natural and engineered stone as well as large ceramic surfaces, for instance kitchen countertops and in baths and toilets. With coloured or colour-matched products visible joints can be practically avoided. These adhesives have a high adhesive strength and the surfaces dry quickly thus allowing fast further processing. Acrylic resin adhesives. The application areas of adhesives based on acrylic resins"}, {"text": "are similar to those for the adhesives and fillers on the basis of polyester resin and epoxyacrylate. They are particularly suited for the bonding of materials made of \"solid surface\": This is a material which has a grain structure similar to granite and which, on account of its light weight, is used, amongst others, in aircraft construction and for kitchen countertops. A disadvantage is the intensive odour when applying this adhesive. Polyurethane resin adhesive. Special Polyurethane resin adhesives distinguish themselves from other reaction resin adhesives in that they have a low tendency to yellow. Akemi has developed adhesives of this kind and marketed them since 2014. They are used for the durable bonding of particularly light-coloured natural and engineered stone. They are also suitable for grouting stone surfaces. These adhesives can be used indoors as well as outdoors. Other products. Silicones. One-component silicones are mostly used as a binding agent for sealants and require atmospheric moisture to harden. During the hardening process either acetic acid or ethanol is set free. Akemi provides special, ready-made silicones for natural stone and guarantees that they do not discolour. These silicones are permanently elastic and as such are suitable for use in the construction"}, {"text": "industry. Cleaning, protection and care. Since 1984, Akemi offers cleaning and care products for natural and engineered stone as well as for automobiles. The cleaners for natural stone are either acidic, neutral, alkaline or contain solvents. These protective products are mainly based on silicone compounds or modified polymers. These products do not produce surface layers but penetrate into the substance of the stone and not only have a high water-repellent effect but are also resistant to oil. The stone surfaces are thus provided with a shield against dirt and stains. This is of particular significance for kitchen countertops. Automotive. From the technical as well the qualitative aspect, the entire range of Akemi car products is designed with the professional user in mind, e.g. auto body paintshops, car workshops, professional car cleaners, classic car restorers and coachbuilders (body-makers). The product range comprises products for repairs to cars, underbodies, exhaust systems and windscreens. Two-component PUR primers for fillers and transparent varnishes. Since the beginning of 2000 Akemi has produced primers, fillers and transparent varnishes based on polyurethane which are used, above all, in professional auto body paintshops. They are also suitable for repairing small to medium-sized damage to the paintwork. This process,"}, {"text": "which is known as spot repair, is not suitable for colour varnish. However, the two-component substances are compatible with the commercially available colour varnishes of other manufacturers. Products for industrial users. In one of the company's own laboratories, epoxy resin bondings for food areas can be developed and manufactured to meet the needs of key industrial customers in the automotive, rail, aviation and aircraft construction, container, furniture manufacturing, wood and designer furniture sectors. This also applies for the modification of orthopaedic products in the prosthesis construction sector. Training and customer care. In 2003, Akemi recognised that the diverse product range and the high technical requirements involved in their implementation made training essential for the users. The company therefore built a training centre on their premises which today offers a wide range of seminars. On request, the company also provides training courses in the companies which implement their products, i.e. the processors, and carries out seminars abroad, notably in Egypt and India. The processors are provided with telephone assistance and are also supported in the development of concepts. Due to their worldwide presence, Akemi already provided technical information on their containers in 22 different languages as early as 2008. According to"}, {"text": "the information provided by the company, safety instruction sheets are written for each specific country and are currently (2019) available in 30 different languages. As a rule, technical specification sheets are available in German, English and French and sometimes in Spanish and Russian too. Buildings. Akemi's products have already been used in numerous modern and historical edifices. Participation at trade fairs. In addition to the fair Nuremberg Trade Fair in Nuremberg, Germany, Akemi also participates at the following fairs abroad: Europe Outside of Europe"}, {"text": "Dejan Pikula (born 31 July 1969) is a Serbian chess player who holds the titles of Grandmaster (GM) (2002) and FIDE Trainer (2017). FR Yugoslavia Chess Championship winner (2001). Biography. In 2001, Dejan Pikula shared 1st place in FR Yugoslavia Chess Championship and awarded national chess champion title. In 2003, he won bronze medal in Serbia and Montenegro Chess Championship. In 2006, Dejan Pikula shared 1st place with Branko Damljanovi\u0107 in Serbia and Montenegro Chess Championship but lost the additional match for champion title. In 2007, he won Central Serbia Chess Championship. Dejan Pikula played for Yugoslavia in the Chess Olympiad: Dejan Pikula played for Serbia \"B\" team in the European Team Chess Championship: In 2002, Dejan Pikula was awarded the FIDE International Grandmaster (GM). In 2017, he became a FIDE Trainer."}]