[{"text": "Bokoni (meaning 'land of the people from the north') was a pre-colonial, agro-pastoral society found in northwestern and southern parts of present-day Mpumalanga province, South Africa. Iconic to this area are stone-walled sites, found in a variety of shapes and forms. Bokoni sites also exhibit specialized farming and long-distance trading with other groups in surrounding regions. Bokoni saw occupation in varying forms between approximately 1500 and 1820 A.D. Etymology. Bokone translates to \"northern region\", and with the class 2 prefix {Ba-} it takes the meaning \"people from the north'. In spite of inaccuracies surrounding the term 'Koni' (having been used to describe an incorrect background as Nguni in a modern ethnolinguistic sense), it is still used in reference to the communities associated with Bokoni. For comparison, in the same way that Bokoni relates to the Koni, \"Bopedi\" refers to the area or society of the Pedi people. Description. Settlement. It is thought in recent studies that the Koni are not a single ethnic entity, and should not be counted as such. Archaeological studies conducted on early Koni sites may actually study a selection of groups, bearing different origins and ethnicities, that arrived in the same region around the same time."}, {"text": "At some point between then and the more recent stages of Bokoni's history, these groups merged and formed a collective identity. It has been theorized that Roka groups made up part of this merged identity. A number of scholars note that some of the groups making up the Koni came from the east of the area, while others came from the northwest. Other academic sources note that modern Koni groups reference Swaziland (modern-day Eswatini) to be the location of their ancestral origin. Sites. Bokoni sites are found almost continuously between Orighstad and Carolina, usually along the various rivers branching out to the east and west along this 150 kilometer stretch. Bokoni communities generally consisted of centralized, large villages, found on valley hills; with smaller settlements bearing similarities surrounding them. The largest of the villages associated with Bokoni have been measured at over 5 kilometers across. There are a few notable outliers to these patterns: including clusters of sites in the nearby southern Komati Valley, and within the Crocodile Tributaries. A single cluster of sites can also be found to the west of the general Bokoni region, in the Steelpoort Valley; but these sites do not bear the same characteristics as"}, {"text": "other Bokoni sites, and have been somewhat ignored in various analyses. The Bokoni region has also been described more generally as being between the Leolu Mountains, the Spekboom River, and the Badfontein Valley. Settlements across the Bokoni region are also seen to span a considerable range of altitudes. Population estimate studies have placed the Bokoni population at the society's height to be somewhere in the range of 19,000 and 57,000 individuals. Occupational phases. Four main occupational phases have been identified in Bokoni history. All dates are A.D. Stone-walled features. Iconic to Bokoni sites and considered unique to this region of Africa is the presence of significant stone terracing and stonecrafting. Locally sourced stones both surround and compose a number of features: including homesteads, roads, and a variety of enclosures for animals; as well as other, less common features that have been seen to vary on a site-by-site and region-by-region basis. Stone terracing and walls vary greatly in form, and have been seen to range from 1.2 to well over 2 meters in height. Terracing at Bokoni sites is singularly well-preserved in comparison to other South African groups from the same time period. While similar designs in homesteads can be found"}, {"text": "in other regions, the roads and agricultural terraces found at Bokoni sites are considered completely unique. Stone-walled features at Bokoni sites were by no means static: it is thought by academics that these features would change over time to fit the needs of site occupants. The archaeological record for some sites depicts multi-layered roads, and excavations at Rietvlei have revealed cattle grazing areas placed directly on top of former agricultural terraces. It is argued that the goal was maximum efficiency in land usage. Roads. Roads found at Bokoni sites are recognized to be the longest and most complex in pre-Colonial South Africa, and have few comparable systems elsewhere in the world. Roads for this region are commonly defined by a stone wall on either side. These roads connect homesteads, and would have limited the movement of cattle throughout the area, while keeping terraced agricultural zones safe from grazing. Approaching the homesteads themselves, the roads tend to narrow to around a meter in width, limiting traveling livestock to a single-file line. In most cases, the homestead-leading paths terminate at the entrance to the central enclosure of a given homestead after appearing at entrances to larger, communal paths. These communal pathways link"}, {"text": "homesteads and terraces together over a larger area, and have been found to measure as long as or in excess of 4 kilometers each. Agricultural terracing. Terracing in Bokoni's agricultural infrastructure takes varying forms of complexity, and is the only known field-based agricultural system to have persisted since prior to, and through, Africa's colonial period. The boundary of a field may be marked with one to a few rows of simply arranged stones, or sometimes lined with considerable stone walls, usually measuring well over a meter in height. Sizes and shapes of individually marked farming plots have been seen to vary wildly in both size and shape, but common among Bokoni agricultural endeavors is the tendency to place plots on slopes as opposed to within flatter plains. While it is possible, and assumed by academics, that agriculture occurred on the plains, there are no terraces, structures, or other archaeological evidence yet found to imply that this is the case. Stone materials for the construction of terraces and other hillside stone structures have been noted to be sourced from the same hills on which they have been purposed. Terraces prove useful in the struggle against soil erosion on hillside sites. Terraces"}, {"text": "here succeed in not only organizing plots of farmland, but in making cultivation possible on the steeper slopes of the area, where soil erosion would otherwise prove problematic. In most studied cases, it seems that terrace walls were not built up all at once; after buildup of otherwise lost soils, certain sections of previously-stone rows were expanded upwards to further prevent soil loss. It is also thought that terracing was not implemented at the beginning of site occupations, but rather slowly over time to accommodate increasing populations. Homesteads. Bokoni homesteads share a degree of uniformity in their layout: central livestock kraals, surrounded by domestic spaces, in turn surrounded by an encompassing outer wall. Most of the time, a homestead will be connected with a small, individual road to a larger, communal road leading to other homesteads and other parts of the settlement. Houses have been seen to be built in the domestic spaces of these homesteads. Superstructures are assumed to have been softer materials than stone: leading to a lack of visible remains besides the stone lining where walls would have been for most sites, and fire pits for some sites. The exception to this trend are some sites featuring"}, {"text": "nearly-entire stone huts also displaying the use of corbels: usually found in outlier cluster sites to the south of the main Bokoni regions. Homesteads are notable for the role they played in the context of Koni spirituality: as the spirit world of the Koni belief system could only be reached by male heads of household through the power channeled through ties to deceased patrilineal ancestors. Clustering patterns of enclosures within homesteads have also been tied to family structure in some studies: as the homestead is developed further to accommodate an expanding familial group, the physical structure would depict ties and family size. In archaeological studies, researchers identified and separated out three distinct varieties of homesteads: In comparison to other homestead-type sites across the continent, it is generally recognized that Bokoni homestead sites are unique in their failure to follow traditional pattern conventions. This is true of not only general design, but also of such features as oppositional-oriented enclosures of the first and second homestead varieties, and directionally-oriented outer enclosures of the second and third varieties. It is thought that some of that some homestead sites display design elements of artistic patterns, such as depictions of flowers. Clusters of homesteads have"}, {"text": "been seen to vary greatly in size, with the largest known group to be at Rietvlei, composed of around 300 homesteads. Rock engravings. Generally considered to be an integral component of Bokoni homesteads, the Koni frequently created rock engravings. These were once thought to have been recognizable as detailed 'floor plans' of homesteads, but are now considered to be more interpretive in nature. These petroglyphs are known to be of high detail, and present artistically stylized depictions of structures in a manner that many other forms of South African Iron Age community engravings do. There is also an aspect of 'masculinity' argued by some to be present in the engravings of the Boomplaats area and beyond, potentially created by young male artists during cattle tending activities. Due to their classification as rock art, the Bokoni homestead engravings are protected under South Africa's National Heritage Resources Act of 1999. Society and culture. Authority figures. Across Mpumalanga, the role of chiefs between societies show frequent similarities. This extends even to terms of reference: four different terms for a chief across the region, \"kgo\u0161i\", \"kgosi\", \"inkosi\", and \"ihosi\", show remarkable likeness to one another, as well as additional evidence towards the fact that"}, {"text": "chiefdoms extend back significantly into the past for almost all cultures here. In terms of duties, group chiefs were generally responsible for society-wide dealings such as security and migration when necessitated. It is theorized that across the region over time, aligning with pressures from outside groups, chiefs developed a more defense-oriented way of thinking. This led to the development of higher-elevation stone-walled structures and, eventually, more fortified defensive structures. Location for these more strategically sound settlements has also been attributed to desire for better vantage points for hunting, or as culturally significant elevations to display dominance or leadership over other groups. The tasks of group chiefs were aided by councillors, as well as 'headmen', drawn from the diverse subgroups of each chiefdom. Both councillors and headmen were representative of their respective sub-groups ontologies and politics, and was selected based on age, rank, and skill. Group chiefs also experienced a high freedom of autonomy, as the greater Koni society saw very little centralization of power. Agriculture. Geology for this region hints at high-quality soils, retained in place by a system of stone terracing. Among cultivars found at Bokoni sites are sorghum, pearl millet, and maize. It is recognized via archaeology and"}, {"text": "by oral history that at some point in the 18th century, maize was introduced - which would end up displacing sorghum. Maize would prove easier to produce, but less valuable. Agriculture provided the primary source of food supplies for the Koni, proving exceptionally vital in a society where cattle were not a constant. Farming was usually seen as women's work, and was a job delegated to the women of a homestead. Chiefs were also responsible for the allocation of land for farming for their represented groups and individuals. Land would be split between residential, tillage, and grazing zones. The information regarding decisions of this nature was passed through chiefs to their subordinate; and from these councillors and headmen to the groups that they represented. The ability of the chief to create and distribute land in such a manner represented a method of communal land ownership. At some point in the 19th century, possibly coinciding with a brief visit by David Livingstone, missionaries introduced plows and oxen as farming technologies to various groups of the Bokoni. It is unknown whether these methods proved effective in conjunction with stone terracing in agriculture. Before this development in technologies, hoes saw extensive use in"}, {"text": "the region as the farming implement of choice. These were usually modified with bored stones as weights. Livestock. As mixed-farming communities, the Koni were heavily invested in cattle herding. Possessing vast herds of cattle was also a popular method for authority and chief figures to display their wealth. It has been noted in some instances that local warfare was more commonly associated with the goal of thieving cattle than with killing other people. Notable also was a distinct system for loaning of cattle: allowing for better distribution of wealth, and in some cases, for clients to rise economically in their groups. Cattle herding was usually a man's job. Known for their efficiency, a small group of Koni males could keep watch over and successfully herd a large number of cattle at once. In spite of the fact that cattle could be used as bride price for a wife, women were explicitly banned from interacting with cattle in some nearby areas. Their presence was deemed unsafe to cattle, and new wives in nearby southern Nguni groups could not drink milk of the herds. Hardships. The Bokoni were subject to all manner of hardship: including drought, vermin and locusts, crop diseases, and"}, {"text": "human diseases such as malaria and trypanosomiasis. Also worthy of note were human-induced hardships: warfare, raiding, and chiefly confiscation of cattle. Hardships were addressed by the Koni in a number of creative ways. Cattle-sourced fertilizer, hinted at by a lack of manure in stone enclosures, was utilized to supplement crops; and other crops were introduced for cattle grazing based on seasonal systems of rotation. Cattle were grazed at night to avoid the majority of insects, and vegetation associated with the harmful tsetse flies and mosquitoes were destroyed by means of fire and clearing. Gender roles. The Koni were noted to have distinct, but not concrete, roles associated with genders: women were generally associated with tilling, and men were associated with stock-keeping. These roles were not absolute. Societies for the most part were patriarchal, but women found ways to exercise power as royalty and occasionally, healers. The Koni were also known for age-set initiation, organizing the roles of childhood and adulthood into distinct groups based on age and rites of passage. Age-based assignments would include such activities as hunting. Women were also known for working as miners. By working at the \"Thaba T\u0161hweu\" ('White Mountain') in present-day Marble Hall, women could"}, {"text": "acquire limestone. This could be working into a fine powder, usable for make-up, face paint, and coloring for residential walls. Genders could be limited in the accessibility to certain parts of homesteads. In some places, women were not allowed to enter the byres, found at the hearts of homesteads. The realm of women was granaries - found beyond the walls of the homestead. Also found penned outside the walls here were small stock such as goats. In other parts of the region, homestead domestic compartment households were run by women. Cooking produces a unique separation of roles: most cooking, even of beef, and production of beer, was a task delegated to women, usually done inside. On certain occasions, however, beef would be roasted by men. Trade and metalworking. Resulting from a number of well-placed connections and many desirable exports, the Koni experienced great economic success throughout the occupation of the Bokoni sites. Whether or not the Koni were capable of metalworking is still a topic debated by archaeologists. Up until metalworking could be proven archaeologically, academics tended to assume that Bokoni did not engage in the activity. Common thought for a period was that while the Koni lacked access to"}, {"text": "iron, the later and nearby Pedi did. It is also thought, presently, that nearby Phalaborwa could have been a source for imported iron. Initial studies evaluating capabilities of the area were generally argued, even after the first discoveries of iron in the Koni archaeological record. In spite of initial thoughts, iron scarcity did not extend from the Later Iron Age into the Colonial era. Whether the iron was local or imported, it was clear that Bokoni peoples had access to it. Much of the Bokoni area, regions associated with later stages of occupation, are now known for their archaeological evidence of metalworking. At sites near Lydenburg, Badfontein, and Carolina, tools, facilities, coal; as well as finished products such as axes, picks, knives, spears, and hoes, were found. The Koni are still not associated with the production of copper or tin, but these materials are still found at Bokoni sites. The Koni are, for this reason, thought by many to be middlemen in a trade network, moving various metals and other items outwards and onwards towards the Delagoa Bay. Delagoa would have been one of many trade centers beginning to appear by the 1700s in the greater geographical region surrounding Bokoni"}, {"text": "- the Mpumalanga was starting to gear towards large scale economies. More recent research has unearthed the true possibilities and potentials of trading cattle, something absolutely associated with Bokoni. This may have been amplified by, and catalysing to, conflicts with Pedi herders in areas to the northeast of Lydenburg. Salt was also a common export for the Koni. This was produced from local alkaline springs, access to which could be bought by means of tithe to the residing local chief. It is thought that beads were one of the first imports to reach the region, as hinted at by archaeological evidence from the nearby 17th-19th century Ndzundza capital of KwaMaza. Beads were high sought after in Bokoni society, and were considered to be highly valuable for peoples across the Mpumalanga. Distinct values were associated with different kinds of beads, and some were, in a literal sense, worth their weight in gold. On that note, gold was another export for the region. The Koni saw no use for gold, and it is not among the items worked into different forms in the archaeological record. It was assumed for a time that much in the manner that copper and tin were not"}, {"text": "local products, ivory was not a direct export for Bokoni. Presently, it is accepted that there were considerable populations of elephants in the area, leading to considerable coastal trade in the 1600s. Ivory from elephants would have been traded for such materials as cloth and beads. Their role in various trade networks may have led to pressures from outside groups attempting to absorb Bokoni. Pottery. Most of the archaeological work regarding the region's ceramics was undertaken relatively early. Many early studies attempted to tie local forms to nearby modern groups, such as the Zulu and the Pedi. Early analysis of pottery has received some criticism from modern academics. These 'poor' methods continued on into the 1970s, argued by some to coincide with a general lack of reference to oral histories. In 1982, Collet proposed the name \"Marateng\" for the style of pottery associated with Bokoni. This is the name for a local mountain in the Badfontein region, and has been used by archaeologists in order to refer to not just the ceramics but the entire material culture package associated with the region. The name has received mild criticism, in sounding similar to the Maroteng. Pottery for this region is thought"}, {"text": "to have been developed for purposes of cooking, storage, and water. Oral histories of the Koni. Initially collected by Berlin Missionaries in the 1860s and later by local officials and academics starting around the year 1900, oral histories of the Koni and Bokoni are considered somewhat questionable, and are known for the poor collection strategies and practices associated with them. Due to lack of proper documentation, even of sources for histories, there is a great chance of historical bias in the following histories. Collection by dedicated chroniclers and anthropologists began in the 1930s, with the works of C.W. Prinsloo. His works focussed on those who, at the time of collection, resided in the areas associated with the Bokoni; those who were found to recognize the Nguni as their ancestors. Prinsloo is usually considered to have collected the most thorough oral histories of Bokoni, having learned the local language of Sekoni, and having grown up among those who identified in the early 20th century as Bakoni. Winter and Hunt also collected oral histories, in 1912 and 1931 respectively, but these were mostly from the perspectives of the Pedi. Their notes on Bokoni are not as helpful as Prinsloo's. Relative to how"}, {"text": "long they have been available for, oral histories have not been recognized until recently. Even ignored in the research of the 1970s, although perhaps associated with a very Pedi-focussed mindset at the time in regards to the region. This is noted by some scholars to be the result of vastly more information available regarding the Pedi as opposed to other groups. Early history. Mox\u00f4matsi, located just south of Machadodorp, is recognized by descendant groups to be the first site of the Koni within the greater Bokoni region. This site was occupied until frequent attacks from another local group, the Mapono, drove the Koni away and to the northeast. The next Koni occupation is associated with the site known as Mohlo-Pela, this time to the east of Machadodorp. This site is noted to be a more successful occupation, and new villages began to appear all around the greater Machadodorp region. The most famous of these new sites, and the most frequently referred to in later times, was Khutwaneg - expanded in the local language as \"Khutwaneg, Metsi a Thatha\" ('shattered water, water vapor'). Dating this period in time can be achieved through the oral histories of the nearby Pedi (at the"}, {"text": "time referred to as the Maroteng). General agreement between oral histories places the Maroteng people moving into the area from the southeast, interacting with the Koni as early as 1650 A.D. This points to potential Koni occupations of the area as early as the beginning of the 17th century. Over the next two centuries, the Maroteng and the Koni were geographic neighbors, seemingly both policed by the nearby Mongatane. This was a Baroka chiefdom to the north of both. Around 1740, the Pedi, led by chief Moukangwe, clashed with the Bokoni subgroup known as the Kgomane - likely residing just northeast of Lydenburg. This is listed as the first recorded conflict on a societal scale, and if paired with the occupational phase classification marks the beginning of Bokoni's third phase. Motivations for this conflict vary between oral histories, but there is general agreement in that the Maroteng were interested in expanding, and sought to do so after the Koni-associated death of Mohube. This was the son of the Pedi chief Moukangwe, and at the time had been acting as chief in the increasing frailty and age of his father. The Kgomane sought the assistance of the Mongatane in ceasing the"}, {"text": "violence of the Maroteng. It is thought that this catalyzed the Maroteng creation of the Pedi Kingdom, in order to oppose the alliance between the Mongatane and the Koni. Succeeding Mohube was Mampuru, who increased pressure on the Koni as the new acting leader of the Maroteng. The centerpiece of this conflict was a battle at the Koni stronghold of Kutoane, found near Badfontein. Due to the apparent existence of only one entrance into the fort, led by Koni chief Ntsuanyane, the Pedi were unable to breach the stronghold. The tide of the siege turned, however, when a traitor revealed a second entrance to Mampuru. After the refusal of his son, Nthobeng, to make an attempt at this second entrance, Moroamotshe (son of Mohube and heir to the throne) agreed to breach the entrance. This brought about the downfall of Kutoane. Incorporation and conflict with the Pedi. The actions taken by Moroamotshe (sometimes spelled Morwamot\u0161e) at Kutoane led to his rise to power over the Pedi Kingdom. During his rein, it seems that some Koni groups were incorporated into the Kingdom - although retaining their clan names and identities, common practice for South African incorporations and annexes. The Koni groups"}, {"text": "under the umbrella of the Pedi are thought to have had potent military and economic capabilities during this period. Following the death of Moroamotshe around the year 1780, however, two of his sons fought for succession of the throne. These were Thulare and Dikotope, who the latter of which would seek refuge with the Koni of Orighstad. This Bokoni group was known as the Maepa, and with Dikotope formed a military alliance with the Mongatane to combat Thulare. Shortly following Dikotope's arrival at Orighstad, Thulare learned of the to-be alliance, and struck quickly against approaching Mongatane forces. Taking the group by surprise, he claimed an easy victory. Preparing to next fight the combined forces of Dikotope and Bokoni groups, Thulare retreated to Dikotope's home, and waited. Resulting from the late arrival of Bokoni forces, Thulare was able to achieve further victories against both groups. This resulted in the demise of both Dikotope and Mo'labini (the Maepa chief). Thulare's reign would reach its peak following the combined defeat of both Bokoni and Mongatane forces. Following his death around 1820, however, significant political strige ensued. Many of Thulare's sons were each prepared to take his throne. This led to a fast-paced rapid"}, {"text": "shuffling of Pedi kings, as one would outsmart or kill another only to be done in himself. Amongst the chaos, and perhaps resulting from the assignment of region to manage from his father, Makopole left the Pedi capital to live among Bakoni of Lydenburg. His actions grew increasingly independent of the Kingdom, and was at one point referred to as a Bokoni chief as he developed the stronghold he inhabited. While acting as chief for the Koni, Makopole eventually drew the attention of Phethedi: a particularly short-lived ruler of the Pedi. Phethedi made an attempt at Makopole's fortress, and was unsuccessful. Defeat of Makopole. Makopole's fortress was later taken by Sobhuza, on the latter's second attempted attack. Sobhuza is thought to have potentially been working under Mzilikaza, and was only one of a number of raiding groups besieging the Mpumalanga between the 1810s and 1820s. Many other conflicting factions played into the chaos of the region at this point in time. These included the Ndwandwe, settling the nearby Steelpoort in the mid-1820s, and the Ndebele to the west (around 1826). Up until the Ndwandwe conquest of the Pedi between 1824 and 1825, the Pedi were another continuous threat. A less"}, {"text": "immediate, but present player was Mozambique to the south. The Bokoni, right in the middle of this, suffered immense losses. The Bokoni in southern regions were hit harder than those in the north, having no mountains to retreat into. Some of these Koni turned to raiding and cannibalism in the face of the crisis, but all were scattered. Bokoni groups resorting to cannibalism were rebranded by the rest of society as 'Makchema'. Regrouping efforts and Marangrang. After the departure of the Ndwandwe from the area around 1825, historical accounts reveal two chiefly individuals, Patane and Moss, emerging as new Bokoni chiefs. Resulting from quarreling between these two, a particularly strong commoner soldier named Marangrang (or Morangrang) rallied the Bokoni forces, deposed the two, and became the new Bokoni leader. This account is notable in listing Marangrang as a king instead of as a chief, implying a new form of identification for the Koni as a Kingdom. Marangrang was successful in defeating both cannibal Makchema groups; but also Bapeli groups to the north. It is mostly agreed that following these successes, Marangrang and followers departed the Lydenburg area for Khutwaneg, the Machadodorp-area fortress. While initially gaining seemingly-universal support from his Bokoni"}, {"text": "groups, it is noted that Marangrang was a cruel ruler. The Marangrang Khutwaneg occupation reflected the needs of its peoples in this time: located in a defensible gorge, Khutwaneg would now feature more densely packed clustered stone courtyards and other stone structures. The defensive nature of this occupation was highlighted by the pressure of all manner of external groups, most notably the nearby Zulu. Marangrang was deposed and killed by followers of Sekwati, who had returned to the north around 1828 and who would ultimately reignite the Pedi Kingdom. Some Koni groups displaced by this event would ultimately rejoin the Pedi Kingdom. By the 1830s, little remained of the Koni. The region was still populated, but lacked significant chiefdoms. Notable is another, third population of Khutwaneg by the Koni. This marks the beginning of the fourth phase of Bokoni's occupation. Koni before colonialism. When threatened by the Boer, many remaining Koni groups were subsumed quickly or abandoned the area to seek refuge among other powers. In short bursts from the 1850s through 1870s, Koni groups were known to express resistance in the face of larger regional groups' weakened authority. In 1873, Merensky noted the Bokoni village of Botschabelo: led by"}, {"text": "Phassoane, and that this village was known to interact with; and offer shelter to, Johannes Dinkwanyane - later a key figure in the outbreak of war between the Pedi and the South African Republic. Dinkwanyane, moving out to accept the offer, set up Mafolofolo, north of Lydenburg. Mafolofolo is noted by archaeologists to be significant in both its construction and cultural significance. A modern Koni site, found among the stone walls here are openings for the use of firearms. The groups here are seen to be a mixture of Koni, Pedi, and even mission workers. This site, highly fortified as a fortress, was one of the last associated with the Koni (established in the second half of the 19th century). Archaeology of Bokoni sites. History of archaeology. While there was mild interest by academics during and around 1918 regarding the region's petroglyphs, early studies of Bokoni sites between Orighstad and Carolina were undertaken starting in the 1930s. The first of these was P.W. Laidler's 1932 study: which focussed on the region's ceramics as opposed to stone features. E. C. N. van Hoepen's 1939 study was the first to actually examine the stone-walled features of four Bokoni sites, engaging enclosures, terraces,"}, {"text": "and engravings. Hoepen noted these sites to be the homesteads of polygamous Pedi and Ndzundza ancestors. Ironically, P.W. Prinsloo had already identified the Bokoni sites to be the work of the Koni people, a few years earlier. Following the work of Laidler and Hoepen, studies in this region generally froze until the 1960s, during which Revil J. Mason (frequently cited as R.J. Mason) analyzed stone-terraced settlements in the region from ground- and aerial-perspectives. Aerial photography used in Mason's 1968 study of the region yielded the discovery of nearly 1,800 settlements in the general vicinity of Orighstad. Mason's definition of a 'settlement' differed from that of other experts, as was seen in later decades of research. Mason's interest in continuing research in the area resulted the creation of the \"Iron Age Program\" at the University of Witwatersrand, which in turn increased interest in the area until Mason's departure from the university a few decades later. The 1970s saw much greater interest in these sites. Inspired by the works of Revil J. Mason, Timothy Michael Evers (frequently cited as T.M. Evers) conducted another aerial survey of the region, discovering what he later identified as 166 stone-walled sites (these 166 would have translated"}, {"text": "to around 5,000 sites, using the logic found in Mason's works). Evers also sought to analyze the patterns of construction and clustering in these sites. Beginning in the very late 1970s and continuing on through the 1980s, Dave Collet (at the time a masters student at the University of Witwatersrand) focussed on the Badfontein region to the south of areas studied by both Evers and Mason. This region was deemed significant for placement of westward-facing sloped settlements (as compared to eastern-sloping settlements seen by Evers' clustering research) in valleys. Following R.J. Mason's departure from the University of Witwatersrand, interest in the area once again froze. The most notable study of the decades following was Tim P Maggs's 1990s analysis of the previously-unconsidered settlement engravings from Hoepen's 60-year old accounts. Recent studies in the area include chemical analyses of stone terrace soil samples, as well as spatial analysis from GIS perspectives. Debate over site residents. It was once thought that the Pedi were responsible for making these sites, but radiocarbon dating has revealed that Lydenburg Bokoni sites (dated to the late 17th or early 18th centuries) seem to predate Pedi sites and the Pedi hegemony. Clusters of sites at the Komati"}, {"text": "River Valley were seen to be exceptions at the time, but are now recognized to be earlier, first-phase occupational sites of the Koni. A common belief among archaeologists, even today, is that the Koni came into the Mpumalanga from northern regions. Associated with an iconic leader of great significance, Mabula, the Koni have been argued to have moved into the area from Zimbabwe (where Mabula was buried at some prior point in time). Another common theory is that the ancestors of the Koni occupied the lowveld of the Mpumalanga - occupying sites like Phalanorwa and Bokgaga near Leysdorp - at some unspecified point in time. When this group fragmented into many smaller groups in the 15th and 16th centuries, the largest of these groups (the Bokoni) fell under the leadership of the Matlala lineage. Some groups remained here in the lowveld, while others moved west and south: gathering in settlements in the regions of present-day Ohrighstad, Lydenburg, and Middelburg. The dominant group at this point in time was referred to as the \"Matlala-a-Thaba\" ('Matlala of the Mountain'). This group, during the 17th century, saw leadership conflicts between old chief and sons Rakodi, Mathekga, Mojela. At this point in time, some"}, {"text": "splinter groups occupied defensive sites such as Makgabeng & Blouberg. Other identified hybrid defense/farming sites by the Koni are \"Ga-Chuene\" ('Chuene's Poort'), and \"Thaba-T\u0161hweu\" ('Marble Hall'), although these have been referred to in oral histories as more temporary residences, occupied during a long-term movement of offshoot Koni groups. M.H. Schoeman was the first to make a compelling case against the decades-dominant Pedi theory. Analyzing Pedi oral traditions, she found reference to the Badfontein area as a 'stronghold of the Koni', attacked by Mampuru-led Pedi. This concurred with older but less prominent reports from D.R. Hunt, who recognized the stronghold site (albeit not the other stone-walled sites) with the 18th-century Koni. Pseudoscientific theories. Bokoni sites have also been subjected to a number of pseudoscientific theories. These include Hromn\u00edk's theory that Indians and Indo-San communities built the sites, and then were displaced by modern populations. Instead of drawing from material culture, geographic proximity to India and a few loose architectural references are cited. These ideas have been mostly rejected in the present, and as a whole have become referred to by local researchers as 'the exotic theory'. Heine and Tellinger make claims of Bokoni sites to be, resulting from alignment with Great"}, {"text": "Zimbabwe and the Pyramids of Egypt, portals to other worlds. There are also a number of theories that sites are ancient observatories, frequently linked to theories of non-African construction. Early theories regarding site construction, especially those by van Hoepen in the late 1930s, attributed Bokoni to native populations of sub-saharan Africa. Present-day Bokoni. Current state of the sites. As of the present, no sites have been recognized as official heritage sites and are thus facing serious threats in terms of preservation. Many are on private land, and some of these have been destroyed to provide materials for new projects. In spite of legislation, petroglyphs are frequently damaged by visitors: touching, scratching and graffitiing; but also by the natural movements of cattle and fires as well as illegal looting operations. Current state of the Koni. While the sites of the Koni are generally considered abandoned in the modern era, the Bokoni landscape has been continuously occupied through all phases and into the present. In 1952, a Koni tribe was noted by the Pedi as being independent (resulting from political assistance) and was headed by a leader known as Maserumule. H.O. M\u00f6nnig, in 1967, noted the presence of around 50 groups that"}, {"text": "identified as Koni within the area. These groups carried totems that included the scaly-feathered finch, hyena, elephant, duiker, buffalo, crocodile, leopard, lion, and baboon. Some groups of Koni are noted to have found refuge and new lifeways at local missions, as highlighted at Botshabelo in the 2015 documentary \"Forgotten World\"."}, {"text": "Hans Jacobsen (26 December 1872 \u2013 1943) was a Danish trade unionist. Born in Aarhus, Jacobsen completed an apprenticeship as a tailor, and worked in Norway, Germany and Switzerland, before returning to Aarhus. There, he joined a local union of tailors. In 1905, he was elected as the union's president, and then in 1914 he became the full-time secretary of the national tailors' federation. In 1919, Jacobsen began working full-time for the Danish Confederation of Trade Unions, becoming a vice president in 1928 then, in 1929, its treasurer. In 1928, he became a vice president of the International Federation of Trade Unions, and also served on its executive. Jacobsen retired from all his union positions in 1940 and died three years later."}, {"text": "Hans Jacobsen may refer to:"}, {"text": "Mark Suciu (pronounced Soo-Choo) (Born August 3, 1992) is an American professional skateboarder from Saratoga, CA, based out of New York City. In 2021, Suciu was named \"Thrasher\"'s Skater of the Year. Early life and education. Mark Suciu was born on August 3, 1992, and grew up less than an hour south from San Francisco in Saratoga, California. Suciu has a brother and their father is from Romania. His father attended The University of California, Berkeley where he graduated with a Ph.D. in Engineering. After graduating high school, Suciu was skating full time until he sustained an ankle injury. After a period of time, Suciu felt that he was burned out from skateboarding and wanted to explore other facets of life. Suciu decided to attend Temple University where he studied Creative Writing and Literature. After two years of living in Philadelphia, Suciu moved to New York City to attend The New School. Skateboarding career. Suciu started skateboarding when he was six years old. He found inspiration through watching the X Games on TV, seeing local kids skating, and from his cousin who lives in Doylestown, Pennsylvania. Every summer, Suciu would visit his cousin in Pennsylvania where he was able to"}, {"text": "skate frequently in Philadelphia and Love Park. His first real skateboard was a Powell Peralta Blue & Golden Dragon Steve Caballero deck. Suciu used to compete in the eS Game of Skate contests frequently. Sponsors. As of 2021, Suciu rides for Habitat Skateboards, and has numerous other sponsors including Adidas Footwear, Spitfire Wheels, Thunder Trucks, RVCA Clothing, Jessup Griptape, and Atlas Skateshop."}, {"text": "The men's pole vault event at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games was held on 23 July at the Meadowbank Stadium in Edinburgh, Scotland."}, {"text": "The Cork Lower Intermediate Hurling Championship (abbreviated to the Cork LIHC) was a hurling competition organised by the Cork County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association for two seasons from 2020 to 2021. It was contested by the third tier intermediate clubs in the county of Cork in Ireland and was the fifth tier overall in the entire Cork hurling championship system. The Cork LIHC contained 12 clubs, divided into three groups of four. The round robin stage was followed by a knockout stage for the top two teams in each group. The final was usually played at P\u00e1irc U\u00ed Rinn. The championship was created in an effort to restructure the entire Cork hurling championship system and ceased to exist after 2021. The fifth tier championship was rebranded as the Cork Premier Junior Hurling Championship. History. Development. On 26 March 2019, three championship proposals were circulated to Cork club delegates after an expensive review process of the entire Cork championship system. A core element running through all three proposals, put together by the Cork GAA games workgroup, was that there be a group stage of 12 teams, as well as straight relegation and promotion. On 2 April 2019, a majority"}, {"text": "of 136 club delegates voted for Option A which provided for one round of games played in April and two more in August \u2013 all with inter-county players available. Prior to the restructuring there were 61 hurling teams spread across Senior (19), Premier Intermediate (16) and Intermediate (26). The plan proposed to gradually reduce the number of teams to 48 come the beginning of the 2022 championships. In order to achieve this figure, the Lower Intermediate Hurling Championship was to be in operation for 2020 and 2021. At the end of 2021, it was proposed that these additional teams be regraded to Junior and the championship be discontinued. Beginnings. The inaugural championship was scheduled to begin in April 2020, however, it was postponed indefinitely due to the coronavirus pandemic in Ireland. When the championship resumed, time constraints led to a revision of the format, with the play-offs for the second best and third best third placed teams being abolished. The knockout stage was further reduced, with the two best-ranking teams from the group stage receiving byes to the semi-finals and the other four qualifying teams contesting two lone quarter-finals. The very first matches eventually took place on 1 August 2020,"}, {"text": "with St. Catherine's claiming the very first victory after a 0-15 to 0-14 win over Tracton. Abolition. On 1 February 2022, the Cork County Board took a vote on the future of the club junior and intermediate championships. Delegates voted in favour of Option B which saw the Lower Intermediate Championship being rebranded as the Premier Junior Championship. Format. Group stage. The 12 teams were divided into three groups of four. Over the course of the group stage, each team played once against the others in the group, resulting in each team being guaranteed at least three games. Two points were awarded for a win, one for a draw and zero for a loss. The teams were ranked in the group stage table by points gained, then scoring difference and then their head-to-head record. The top two teams in each group qualified for the knockout stage. Knockout stage. Quarter-finals: Two lone quarter-finals featured the four lowest-placed qualifying teams from the group stage. Two teams qualified for the next round. Semi-finals: The two quarter-final winners and the top two highest-placed qualifying team from the group stage contested this round. The two winners from these games advanced to the final. Final: The"}, {"text": "two semi-final winners contested the final. The winning team were declared champions. Promotion and relegation. At the end of the championship, the winning team was automatically promoted to the Cork Intermediate A Championship for the following season. The two worst-ranked teams from the group stage took part in a playoff, with the losing team being relegated to the Cork Junior A Championship. Participating teams. The following 14 teams took part in the championship during its two-year run: Sponsorship. Co-Op Superstores were unveiled as the title sponsor for all of Cork GAA's hurling championships in July 2020 and provided sponsorship until the discontinuation of the championship in 2022. Managers. Managers in the Cork LIHC were involved in the day-to-day running of the team, including the training, team selection, and sourcing of players. Their influence varied from club-to-club and is related to the individual club committees. The manager was assisted by a team of two or three selectors and a backroom team consisting of various coaches."}, {"text": "Cat Law (671 m) is a hill in the southern Mounth of Scotland, north of Kirriemuir in Angus. A rounded peak, it lies above Strathmore in the south and offers excellent views across the Angus countryside from its summit. It is usually climbed from the nearby village of Balintore."}, {"text": "Andrew Underhill (April 17, 1749 - before June 14, 1794) was an American silversmith, active in New York City. Underhill was born in Cedar Swamp, New York, or Westbury, Long Island, a brother of silversmith Thomas Underhill. He married Deborah Willett on November 3, 1774, in Matinecock, New York, and worked from 1775-1788 as a silversmith in New York City. On his death, his will records property in Vendewater Street and farms and mills at New Rochelle. His works are collected in the Art Institute of Chicago, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Museum of the City of New York, and Winterthur Museum."}, {"text": "Leigh Academy Rainham is an 11\u201318 mixed secondary school and sixth form located in Rainham, Kent, England. Established in September 2021, it is a free school, and part of the Leigh Academies Trust. Background. In 2016, the United Kingdom Government announced an initiative to relieve the school place pressure in Medway. The Education and Skills Funding Agency (ESFA) managed and determined the process. There were thirteen bids and the Leigh Academies Trust won the bid to build the 1150 place free school; it was planned to be a non-selective school for students aged 11 to 19. (ISCED Levels 2\u20133). This would represent an additional capital investment of between 20\u201330 million pounds. The Leigh Academies Trust runs 25 academies in the North Kent area, incorporating many larger-than-average secondaries. In an interview, a previous chief executive, Frank Green, explained the small schools model of education as a way to prevent students from dropping out, and vertical tutor groups that allow students to be supported by older peers. The trust creates largely autonomous schools within the school- analogous to houses in former times. In its consultation documents for the school, the small school model is mentioned. The Leigh Academies Trust is a proponent"}, {"text": "of the IB (International Baccalaureate), adopting the Learner Profile, and offering an IB Middle Years Programme-compliant curriculum within its secondary schools. The school today. The school opened on the Otterham Quay Lane site in September 2021 with the first Year 7 cohort of 180 students and 45 staff. It will grow annually as more year groups join, reaching its capacity of 1150 students and 120 staff in September 2027. The Academy is a non-selective coeducational secondary setting, the only comprehensive school to offer places to boys and girls in Rainham. Pupils are not required to sit the Medway Test or a Fair Banding Test to apply for a place at the school. The school delivers the MYP curriculum to its KS3 pupils which develops life long learning skills and promotes pupils to take an active role in structured inquiry when learning new content and skills. The MYP curriculum on offer exposes pupils to a variety of global contexts and brings real world issues into the classroom. Site. Leigh Academy Rainham is situated on Otterham Quay Lane, on the eastern border of Rainham, following successful consultation and planning approval from Medway Council,building works began and the school opened in September 2021."}, {"text": "There is a single point of vehicular access from a roundabout on Otterham Quay Road. To reduce traffic, there are four dedicated school buses, with a 140-space carpark for the staff and evening events. Building. Bowmer + Kirkland was appointed as the construction partner, and employed CPMG Architects to design a standards compliant, sustainable building. It is a standard 3-storey (75m x 45m) block design with sports- facilities in a smaller attached single-storey (33m x 18m) block. The main 3 storey block has a figure eight-like structure, being built around two internal courtyards. One houses the school hall and activity studio, and is two storeys high. The other is larger and three storeys in height and is used as the dining area. The specialist teaching areas are around the hall, while the general classrooms and staff rooms are around the dining atrium. The layout of the three floors are identical, and are labelled on the plan as colleges."}, {"text": "The Strand Hotel is a historic apartment hotel at 6315-6323 S. Cottage Grove Avenue in the Woodlawn neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. Opened in 1915, the hotel offered both traditional guest rooms and long-term residences for customers who sought luxury amenities in apartment-style housing. Architects Davis & Davis designed the Classical Revival building, which has a red brick exterior with a terra cotta clad first floor, piers outlined in terra cotta, and an entablature and cornice at its roof. The hotel included a restaurant and banquet hall, the latter of which was used as a live music venue for many years. Once part of a major commercial district in Woodlawn, the hotel is now one of its few remnants and the only surviving apartment hotel building in the neighborhood. The hotel was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 29, 2013."}, {"text": "\"Princesa\" is a song by Dominican singer-songwriter, Frank Reyes. It was originally released as the fifth track for his twelfth studio album, \"Dosis De Amor\" on December 20, 2005, by J & N Records and JVN Musical Inc. It was then released in 2006 as the third single of the album. The song peaked at number 1 on the \"Billboard\" Tropical Airplay chart, Thus becoming Reyes' first number 1 hit on a Billboard charts. The song won Bachata of the Year at the 2007 Casandra Awards."}, {"text": "Sir John Leslie, Lord Newton of Birkhill and Newton (c.1595\u20131651) was a 17th-century Scottish landowner, judge, soldier and Senator of the College of Justice. He was killed during the Siege of Dundee (1651) alongside his eldest son, whilst fighting for his cousin General Leslie against the English army under General Monck. Life. He was the son of Andrew Leslie, 5th Earl of Rothes by his third wife, Janet Durie, and was born at Rothes Castle. John was half brother of Patrick Leslie, 1st Lord Lindores. He inherited Newton Castle near Blairgowrie, north of Dundee on the death of his elder brother George Leslie in 1614. The castle (more correctly a fortified house) was built around 1550 by his grandfather. John trained as a lawyer and became an advocate around 1625, probably operating in Dundee. In November 1641 he was elected a Senator of the College of Justice in Edinburgh and took the title Lord Newton. In 1645 he was made a Commissioner of the Exchequer in Scotland. Around 1646 he became a Lt Colonel in the King's Horse Guards, fighting in the Royalist army against Cromwell. This position placed him at the head of the cavalry under his cousin General"}, {"text": "David Leslie. Their similar names causes a slight confusion. In 1648 he assisted in the \"rescue\" of King Charles I of England from Carisbrooke Castle. He was deprived of office in the College of Justice in 1649 due to the Act of Classes which stipulated which professions could be a judge. He thereafter concentrated on soldiering, which was a necessary task during the then Civil War. He was probably at the Battle of Dunbar (1650). He was killed on 1 September 1651 fighting alongside his son (who was also killed) defending the city of Dundee against the English army in the closing months of the English Civil War. The lowest estimates of deaths on the side of Dundee is around 500. This was the final battle of the Civil War. Due to the circumstances of his death he is thought to be buried in a mass grave in Dundee. Family. He was married to Elizabeth Gray, daughter of Patrick Gray, 6th Lord Gray. His eldest son John Leslie was killed alongside him in the Siege of Dundee (1651). His second son Andrew Leslie (d.1669) became later known as Andrew Leslie of Quarter (in Burntisland)."}, {"text": "The Pension reform in Brazil was a proposal by the Brazilian government to amend the Constitution for the reform of the social security system of the country. By changing the country's constitution, it had to be approved in both houses of the National Congress by an absolute majority. The reform was created to combat the giant deficit in the pension system, of more than R$194 billion in 2018, and the rapid aging of the Brazilian population. The original text was delivered by the President of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro to the President of the Chamber of Deputies Rodrigo Maia on 20 February 2019 to initiate the legal rite. The reform proposal was approved by the Federal Senate on 22 October 2019, becoming law and coming into force automatically. Among other details, the reform raises the retirement age and requires more time for civil service workers to receive a maximum retirement benefit. Previous reform attempts. Until the reform was approved in 2019, other governments had tried to approve their proposals. In Brazil's most recent history, the country has been debating pension reform every ten years, in some cases the proposals have simply been shelved as extremely unpopular, in others, mini-reforms have been"}, {"text": "made, but with long-term null effects, and in one case, the reform was rejected by the Chamber of Deputies by only one vote. Already in the 1990s, the first attempts at reform predicted that with the aging of the Brazilian population over the next 20 years, the current pension system would become unsustainable, and this has proven true in recent years, with the deficit rising each year. Fernando Henrique Cardoso. The first president to try to reform Brazil's pension system was Fernando Henrique Cardoso in the year 1995, when he presented his proposal to amend the Constitution. The bill was only approved by Congress three years later, resulting in a very dehydrated reform that had almost no long-term impacts. Its main point was the minimum retirement ages of 55 years for women and 60 for men. As the first attempt in the country's history, the measure was extremely unpopular, and difficult to pass. Brazil's constitution says any amendment must be approved by an absolute majority in both houses, 308 votes in the Chamber of Deputies and 49 votes in the Senate. The main point of the proposal was rejected on the night of 6 May 1998 by the House by"}, {"text": "only one vote, the deputy Antonio Kandir of the ruling party PSDB, wrongly voted in abstention, causing the defeat of the government and the proposal. At the end of the process, Fernando Henrique only passed a law that set minimum ages of 48 (women) and 53 (men) for federal servants to retire. Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva. In Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva administration, there was a change in social security rules, centered on federal servants. A constitutional amendment restricted the possibility of full retirement to those who entered their careers until 2003. Those who joined after that had their benefits calculated according to the average of their contribution to Social Security. Retired servers now have an 11% discount. Minimum ages increased to 55 years (women) and 60 years (men). Dilma Rousseff. For the first time, the private sector workers were hit in 2015 under the Dilma Rousseff government, with the rule known as 85/95. The standard grants full retirement to workers who, summing the contribution time and age, achieve a score equal to or greater than 85 points (for women) and 95 points (for men). The sum is progressive and currently stands at 86/96 points. Dilma also implemented \"Funpresp\","}, {"text": "a federal servant's supplementary social security fund, in 2013. Those who started their careers after \"Funpresp\" have their retirement limited to the \"INSS\" ceiling (R$5,839.45), with the option to contribute to the complementary fund. Michel Temer. With the worsening of public accounts and the widening Social Security deficit, the Michel Temer government presented a broad reform proposal in December 2016. The articulation, however, sank in the face of complaints against the now former president. Jair Bolsonaro's proposal. Jair Bolsonaro won the elections with economically liberal, pro-market proposals. The Bolsonaro government's economic team, led by Minister of Economy Paulo Guedes, predicted that without the reform, Brazil would have no scope for investment in all areas of government. They also predicted that mandatory expenditures would consume 100% of the budget as early as 2022. Estimates made by the Ministry of Planning showed that expenditures that the government cannot cut (such as those with social security benefits, personnel, allowance and unemployment insurance) would jump from 91.8% in 2017 to 101.4% in 2022. That means the economic team would have no margin to make investments and would still need to cut the budget to be able to close their accounts. According to Planning projections,"}, {"text": "discretionary expenses (essentially investments), which are already small, would be reduced gradually. They would go from 8.2% in 2017 to 2.1% in 2021. By 2022, this percentage is negative, at 1.4%, in order to make room for mandatory expenditure. Minimum age and contribution time. The proposal creates a minimum retirement age. At the end of the transition period, there is no longer the possibility of retirement for contribution time. The minimum retirement age will be 62 for women and 65 for men for both private and servants. Transition rules. The proposal provides for five transition rules, four of which are exclusive to private sector workers already on the market, one specific for servers and one common rule for all. Part of the rules will apply for up to 14 years after the reform is approved. Already the retirement rule by age (with 15 years of contribution for both sexes) will be guaranteed for all who already work in the market. By the text, the insured can always opt for the most advantageous form. Civil service. The civil service also had changes. The plan has taken servers to take up to 30 years to reach the highest salaries. According to data"}, {"text": "from the Ministry of Planning, today a person starts his career as a government manager with a starting salary of R$16,993.64. In just six years, the salary of this server can reach R$20,521.98. The top of his career reaches 13 years of service: R$24,142.66. By the proposed project, the starting salary would be much lower, R$5,000, and it would only be possible to reach the highest salary after 30 years. Gradation would be slower, and the salary of R$20,521.98 would only be obtained after a period of 23 years. The expectation, with this measure, was to provide the public coffers with savings of R$18.6 billion over five years. Rural. According to the text, the minimum age is maintained at 55 years for women and 60 for men. The minimum contribution time is also 15 years for women and men. The proposal affects, besides rural workers, people who perform family economy activities, including prospectors and artisanal fishermen. Permanent disability. Under the proposal, the benefit, which today is called disability retirement and is 100% of the average contribution salary for all, is now 60% plus 2% per annum of contribution that exceeds 20 years. In the event of disability due to an"}, {"text": "accident at work, occupational or occupational diseases, the benefit calculation does not change. The changes only affect the elementary and middle school teachers. For teachers of municipal and state networks nothing changes either, since states and municipalities were left out of reform. Pension for death. Under the proposal, the value of the death pension will be lower. For both private and public sector workers, the family benefit will be 50% plus 10% per dependent, up to 100% for five or more dependents. However, the text also guarantees the benefit of at least one minimum wage in any situation. In the Chamber of Deputies, this floor is expected to be valid only in cases where the beneficiary has no other source of formal income. Those who already receive death benefits will not have their benefit changed. Dependents of employees who joined before the creation of supplementary pension will have the benefit calculated obeying the ceiling of the INSS. Benefit accrual limit. Today, there is no limit to accumulating different benefits. The proposal provides that the beneficiary will receive 100% of the highest value benefit, plus a percentage of the sum of the others. This percentage will be 80% for benefits up"}, {"text": "to one minimum wage; 60% for between one and two salaries; 40% between two and three; 20% between three and four; and 10% for benefits above four minimum wages. Out of the new rule will be the accumulation of pensions provided for by law: doctors, teachers, pensions of their own regime or of the Armed Forces with general regime. The Chamber included in this forecast amounts received as compensation for political amnesties, which may be accrued with other benefits. Salary allowance. The payment of the salary bonus continues to be paid to workers with income up to two minimum wages (R$1,996). The proposal to limit the allowance to those who earn up to R$1,364.43 was overturned through a highlight (suggestion of amendment). Family allowance and imprisonment allowance. The text defines that the beneficiaries of family allowance and seclusion allowance should have income of up to R$1,364.43. Retirement of Police and Penitentiary Agents. The proposal only targets federal police officers, federal highway police officers, federal legislative police officers, Federal District civil police officers, federal prison officers, and federal socio-educational agents; For military police officers, civil police officers and firefighters, current rules are maintained, with their own requirements determined by each state."}, {"text": "The rule maintains the minimum retirement age at 55 for newcomers, and determines at least 30 years of contribution, and 25 in the job for both sexes. A rule has also been created that provides a smoother transition option for those who are already active and about to retire. The minimum age may be 53 years for men and 52 for women, provided that the employee meets a 100% toll (additional contribution period) corresponding to the time that, on the date of entry into force of the new Social Security, will be lacking to reach the Contribution times of the Supplementary Law 1985: 30 years for men, at least 20 years in office, and 25 years for women, at least 15 years in office. Both rules provide that these police officers are entitled to full pay, which is the right to retire with benefits equal to the last salary. The text stipulating that military police officers and firefighters would have the same retirement and pension rules as the Armed Forces - which are not included in the federal government reform proposal - was left out of the text until a local supplementary law sets standards for these corporations. The government"}, {"text": "presented on March 30 the specific proposal for military pension reform, which will have another process in Congress - that is, the approval of this PEC changes nothing for them. Teachers. According to the text, teachers of basic education (kindergarten, elementary and high school) may retire with 57 years of age and 25 years of contribution; teachers, aged 60 and 25 years of contribution. For public network servers, the rules are the same, requiring at least 10 years of public service and five years in office. In the transition rules, the category will have a 5-point bonus in calculating the sum of the contribution time with age and a five-year reduction in the minimum age and minimum contribution time. In addition, a change to a device that benefits teachers nearing retirement age has been approved. The change reduces the minimum age in the 100% toll transition rule by five years. For the category, the minimum age will be 52 for women and 55 for men, with a minimum contribution time of 25 years and 30 years, respectively. For servers, minimum 20 years in public service and five years in office. Parliamentarians. The proposal provides for a minimum age of 65"}, {"text": "for men and 62 for women, and 30% of the remaining contribution time to retire under the old rules. Today the minimum age is 60 years old minimum age for men and women with 35 years of contribution. New elected members will be automatically in the general regime, with extinction of the current regime. Current and former congressmen insured from the Congressional Social Security Plan will also be hit by the reform. Magistrates. The government proposal did not specifically address the issue. But the text approved by the special commission proposes to withdraw from the Constitution the possibility of applying the disciplinary penalty of compulsory retirement. Contribution of informal workers. Previously not included in the retirement, informal workers will be specified among low-income workers, and will have a lower contribution rate to access Social Security benefits, similar to that charged to individual microentrepreneurs (MEIs). Special retirement for those exposed to harmful agents. The PEC proposes to allow special retirement for these workers by the point rule, also considering the time of exposure to these agents. For workers at higher risk, the sum should be 66 points, plus 15 years of exposure. For those with medium risk, 76 points and 20"}, {"text": "years of exposure. For low risk, 86 points and 25 years of exposure to harmful agents. The text of the Chamber also provided for the increase of one point each year from the approval of the proposal, until reaching 81, 91 and 96 points, depending on the degree of risk to which the worker was subjected. Senate overturned this increase. Continued benefit. The text allows people with disabilities and elderly people in poverty to continue to receive one minimum wage from the age of 65. The deputies approved the inclusion in the Constitution of the criterion for granting the benefit. The Senate overturned this prediction and the rule should follow as it is today: provided for in ordinary law, more easily modified than a constitutional rule. Opposition to reform. Age-based objections. For those who are against Social Security reform, the government's proposal to establish the minimum age as the sole criterion for retirement disregards the different life expectations within Brazil. For example, while states such as S\u00e3o Paulo, Distrito Federal, Espirito Santo and Rio Grande do Sul have an average of 77 years of life expectancy, in other states such as Rond\u00f4nia, Roraima, Alagoas, Piau\u00ed and Maranh\u00e3o, the average is"}, {"text": "70 years. In this sense, the minimum age of 62 for women and 65 for men proposed by the current government is very high and close to the average life expectancy of some states. In addition, increasing the minimum contribution time to 20 years for men is disregarding the Brazilian reality \u2013 marked by informal work especially for people with lower education and income - and hindering access to retirement. Today, 15% of workers cannot contribute enough to retire. Women's issues. Another argument against welfare reform is also a matter of perceived gender inequality. Contrary to the claim, critics argue raising the minimum retirement age for women is disregarding the double - even triple - journey they face. As a general rule, the minimum age for women would increase from 60 to 62 years. For rural workers, the minimum age would change from 55 to 60 years. Also, in the teacher categories, the Social Security proposal increases the minimum age of women by seven. According to the IBGE, in 2018, working women spent an average of 8.2 hours per week more than men on housework. In addition, according to Pnad data for the fourth quarter of 2018, 47% of women"}, {"text": "in the labour market are not registered - making it difficult for social security contributions. Inequality and increase poverty. One of the reasons against the reform is in the proposal of a new calculation for the \"benefit salary\". Basically, this is the initial calculation for the vast majority of social security benefits - that is, it will influence the final income the worker will receive. Thus, while under the current rule the average wage calculation uses the highest 80% worker contributions since July 1994, by the rule proposed by the PEC the average wage calculation would be from all worker wages since 1994. This means that there would be a risk that the average would be \u201cpulled down\u201d by not excluding smaller contributions. Still, by the proposal, full retirement would only be possible for women after adding 35 years of contribution and for men after completing 40 years of contribution. Income issues. Those against the New Welfare argue that reform will not end wealth privileges as it promises. This is because it is argued that the new rates do not actually reach the richest. In the private sector, it is intended to extend income brackets and increase contributions. This means"}, {"text": "that between R$3,000 to R$5,839.45, the last income bracket would impose a partial tax rate of 14% instead of 11% on the entire salary. In real terms, as the federal rate calculator shows, who earns R$5,839.45 would pay an effective rate of 11.69% - that is, R$682.55 - for the reform proposal. Under the current rule, who earns R$5,839.45, pays 11% contribution - R$642.34. Thus, those who oppose reform argue that such changes would not affect Brazil's super-wealthy. In the changes to the public sector, experts argue that taxing 22% on salaries over R$39,000 in the long run will amount to 0.4% of the total economy. History. The reform bill was entered into the Chamber of Deputies on 20 February 2019. It was passed by the Chamber on 11 July 2019 in a 379\u2013131 vote, with the support of the centre-right majority and some dissidents from the centre-left (SDD, Cidadania and some PSB dissidents), while it was strongly opposed by the majority of centre-left parties (PT, PSB, PDT, PSOL and PCdoB). The bill was passed by the Federal Senate on 23 October 2019 in a 60\u201319 vote and signed by Bolsonaro on the same day. It entered into force after"}, {"text": "its publication on the \"Di\u00e1rio Oficial da Uni\u00e3o\" some days later\".\""}, {"text": "RuPaul's Secret Celebrity Drag Race (often abbreviated as RSCDR) is an American reality competition series that premiered April 24, 2020 on VH1. A spin-off of the television series, celebrities competing for their chosen charity, mentored by fan favourite alumni of the \"Drag Race\" franchise. The first season consisted of self-contained episodes based on the format of the main series, each featuring three celebrity contestants competing in challenges to win money for their chosen charity. For its second season, the format was changed to a season-length competition focused on lip sync performances. The field of celebrities was concealed via drag personas, with their identity revealed upon elimination. Format. Both seasons of the series have featured celebrity contestants competing for charity, becoming drag performers mentored by alumni (\"Queen Supremes\") from past seasons of the \"RuPaul's Drag Race\" franchise. In its first season, each episode was a self-contained competition between three contestants, who competed in \"fan favorite\" \"Drag Race\" challenges. Similarly to the main series, each episode featured mini and maxi challenges, followed by a final lip sync round to determine the winner. The second season was retooled as a season-length competition focusing exclusively on lip sync performances, with some similarities to the"}, {"text": "music competition series \"The Masked Singer\"; the season began with a cast of nine contestants, identified only by drag personas. In each episode, the contestants give a solo lip sync performance for the judges and a studio audience. The bottom two contestants compete in a \"Lip Sync for Your Life\" round to determine who is safe, with the losing contestant eliminated and required to reveal their true identity. The last remaining celebrity at the end of the season would win $100,000 for their chosen charity. The series maintains the same judging panel as the main series, consisting of RuPaul, Michelle Visage, Carson Kressley, and Ross Mathews. Broadcast. The series was initially announced in October 2019 under the working title \"RuPaul's Celebrity Drag Race\", with the title changed prior to launch. The first season premiered on April 24, 2020, on VH1, as a four-part miniseries. In August 2021, VH1 renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on August 12, 2022."}, {"text": "The 2020 Houston Roughnecks season was the first season for the Houston Roughnecks as a professional American football franchise. They played as charter members of the XFL, one of eight teams to compete in the league for the 2020 season. The Roughnecks played their home games at TDECU Stadium and were led by head coach June Jones. Their inaugural season was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the XFL officially suspended operations for the remainder of the season on March 20, 2020. Game summaries. Week 1: vs. Los Angeles Wildcats. The Roughnecks were the only Western Conference team to win in week 1 as they started their season 1\u20130. Week 5: Seattle Dragons. With the win, the Roughnecks finished their season 5\u20130. The remainder of their games were canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic."}, {"text": "Windlestraw Law is a hill in the Moorfoot Hills range, part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. It is the highest peak of the range, and lies north of the town of Innerleithen in the Scottish Borders. A large and boggy peak, it is usually climbed from either its western slopes or the longer route from Tweeddale to the south."}, {"text": "Spaceplan is a 2017 clicker video game developed by Jake Hollands and published by Devolver Digital on May 3, 2017, for Android, iOS, macOS, and Microsoft Windows, a day earlier than its intended launch date of May 4. In the game, the player is stuck on a ship in orbit around an unknown planet, whose only power source is potatoes. The player must gather resources in order to unlock stronger tools, with which to increase their resource gathering abilities. The game received universally positive reviews from critics, who stated that its narrative sci-fi elements improved the otherwise simplistic gameplay. Reception. \"Spaceplan\" received an aggregate score of 89/100 for its iOS version. Carter Dotson of \"TouchArcade\" rated the game 100/100, calling it a \"cool and engaging experience\", and recommended it even to skeptics of the genre. Jim Squires of \"Gamezebo\" rated it 90/100, calling the game's narrative \"funny\" and \"clever\", but criticizing its short length. Christian Valentin of \"Pocket Gamer\" rated the game 4/5 stars, saying that \"while the gameplay is what you'd expect from a clicker, the game is \"uniquely enjoyable and humorous\". Lauren Morton of \"PC Gamer\" commented that it \"makes an argument for a new niche genre\"."}, {"text": "A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Kogarah on 22 October 1983. It was triggered by the resignation of sitting Labor MP Bill Crabtree who had been dropped as Minister for Police and Minister for Services. The Kogarah by-election was held the same day as the by-elections for Maroubra, Marrickville and Riverstone. All were safe Labor seats and while there was a swing against Labor in each seat (7.2% to 11.8%), all were retained by Labor. Results. <includeonly> Bill Crabtree () resigned.</includeonly>"}, {"text": "The Heart of Doreon (also known as In the Heart of Doreon and misspelled as The Heart of Dorean) is a 1921 American silent short Western romantic drama film produced by Cyrus J. Williams and distributed by Path\u00e9 Exchange. It was directed by Robert North Bradbury and stars Tom Santschi and Ruth Stonehouse. This short film was part of the \"Santschi Series\", which included the other short films \"The Honor of Rameriz\", \"The Spirit of the Lake\", \"Lorraine of the Timberlands\", and \"Mother o' Dreams\", all of which starred Santschi. An 8-minute version of the film survives, which has been released by Harpodeon. Plot. French Canadian woodsman Doreon (Santschi) is in love with Babette (Stonehouse), but she is in love with Blake (Hearn). After a fight, Doreon mistakenly believes that he has killed Blake. He later learns that Blake has survived but is wanted for murder. Doreon helps the Royal Canadian Mounted Police capture Blake, and Babette falls in love with Doreon. Production. Exteriors were filmed in the San Jacinto Mountains. Reception. The film was noted for its \"beautiful outdoor scenes.\""}, {"text": "The 1942\u201343 La Salle Explorers men's basketball team represented La Salle University during the 1942\u201343 NCAA men's basketball season. The head coach was Obie O'Brien, coaching the Explorers in his second season. The team finished with an overall record of 13\u201310."}, {"text": "Jenkins Johnson Gallery is a contemporary art gallery owned and directed by Karen Jenkins-Johnson. The gallery exhibits a spectrum of influential artists from emerging to established. There are 2 gallery spaces: one in San Francisco and a project space in Brooklyn. History of the Jenkins Johnson Gallery. In 1996, Karen Jenkins-Johnson opened Jenkins Johnson Gallery in San Francisco. In 2005, the gallery opened a second space in Chelsea, NYC. The Chelsea space operated until 2014. Jenkins Johnson Projects. In 2017, Jenkins Johnson Gallery opened a community oriented project space emphasizing curators and artists of color - \"Jenkins Johnson Projects -\" in Prospect Lefferts Gardens, Brooklyn."}, {"text": "Armando Mu\u00f1oz Calero y L\u00f3pez (15 February 1908 \u2013 8 November 1978) was a Spanish physician and falangist politician. He was a member of the Cortes Espa\u00f1olas during the Francoist dictatorship, while he also served as president of the provincial government in Madrid and as deputy-mayor of the Madrid City Council. Biography. Armando Mu\u00f1oz Calero was born on 15 February 1908 in \u00c1guilas, Murcia. A trained physician, he worked in Lorca for a time. A hardline falangist who held the post of FET y de las JONS' national's inspector of health, Mu\u00f1oz Calero joined the Blue Division siding with Nazi Germany to fight the Soviet Union in the Eastern Front of World War II. He served as a front-line surgeon in the division's medical corps. From 15 February 1943 to 14 January 1946, he presided over the managing committee (\"comisi\u00f3n gestora\") that controlled the . He chaired the Organizaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica Colegial from 1945 to 1946. He was a member of the Cortes Espa\u00f1olas from 1946 to 1952, again from 1955 to 1958 (in his capacity as National Chief of the ), and finally from 1964 to 1971 (as a member of the National Council of the Movement). He became the"}, {"text": "president of the Spanish Football Federation on 20 May 1947. He left the later office in 1950 and was replaced by . He would go on to hold the vice-presidency of the Atl\u00e9tico de Madrid in the 1960s. He died on 8 November 1978 in Madrid."}, {"text": "The 2020 Los Angeles Wildcats season was the only season for the Los Angeles Wildcats as a professional American football franchise. They played as charter members of the XFL, one of eight teams to compete in the league for the 2020 season. The Wildcats played their home games at Dignity Health Sports Park and were led by head coach Winston Moss. Their inaugural season was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the XFL officially suspended operations for the remainder of the season on March 20, 2020."}, {"text": "Liniker de Barros Ferreira Campos (Araraquara, 3 July 1995), widely known as Liniker, is a Brazilian singer-songwriter and former bandleader for Brazilian soul and Black music band . Her voice has been described as 'powerful and low-pitched' with a 'slightly raspy, soul-singer' character as well as 'versatile' with a 'recurrent falsetto' and 'easily recognisable timbre'\u2014with occasional comparisons arising towards Tim Maia. Liniker is an openly trans woman, and her music is an influence on young Brazilians facing gender discrimination, an audience which 'rarely finds itself represented in Brazilian music.' Biography. Early life and adolescence. Liniker was born in the city of Araraquara in rural S\u00e3o Paulo state. Her mother \u00c2ngela raised her as a single mother. Liniker reports how she always wanted to wear her mother's clothes: 'I was OK with myself, the city was the problem...when I came back to Araraquara, I thought I'd show them who I really was [by wearing a dress with lipstick and earrings on]. This is when my uncle confronted me, he wanted to know what was going on and gave me one of his clothes to wear so I would learn \"how to dress like a man\", to which I thanked but said"}, {"text": "I wasn't taking it. And then my mother said, \"Let Liniker be, he's an artist.\"' Having grown up in a musical family, Liniker was exposed to samba rock, as well as jazz, soul, and R&B. She started writing songs at age 16. At 18, she left Araraquara to pursue her passion for the arts, especially tap dance and drama. In 2014, she relocated to Santo Andr\u00e9 to pursue drama school, where she was encouraged by rapper to come out as trans and start wearing her signature skirts-lipstick-turban look on a regular basis. Musical career and activism. In 2015, Liniker formed the band (formerly Os Caramelows, a play on words with 'caramel' and 'mellow') with friends. Songs are entirely written by Liniker. Their first concert took place when the band was one day old. The video for the single \"Zero\" from EP \"Cru\" (\"Raw\") went viral on YouTube and peaked 1.5 million views in the space of a week. In 2016, the band released \"Remonta\" (\"Reassembling\"). They began touring around Brazil as well as internationally, having performed in Europe, Latin America, Africa and the US. Audiences were able to enjoy the music even though failing to understand their Portuguese lyrics. In"}, {"text": "2019, the album \"Goela Abaixo\" (\"Down My Throat\") was nominated for the Latin Grammy Award for Best Portuguese Language Rock or Alternative Album in 2019. The band describe their music as new Brazilian Black music or \"funzy\" (a 'nearly indescribable fusion'), highlighting Black music's deep influence throughout Latin America. In \"Goela Abaixo\", elements of Caribbean and African music, as well as verses in English and Spanish are noticeable. In it, Liniker affirms her body as 'political' and exhibits global ambitions as a representative of the African diaspora. In 2020, after 5 years active, the band have announced their separation with a farewell tour scheduled for the second semester of 2020. This however has not taken place yet due to the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the meantime, Liniker goes on with her solo career. Liniker uses her position as a well-known artist to promote social change and represent Black trans culture in a hostile social environment. She feels she has a responsibility to speak up about the violence against queer people in Brazil. However, she also expressed discontent that sometimes, especially during her transition, too much time in interviews was spent discussing her gender, and comparatively little discussing her"}, {"text": "music. In November 2022, Liniker became the first trans woman to win a Latin Grammy. She won the category Melhor \u00c1lbum de M\u00fasica Popular Brasileira (Best MPB Album) for her first solo album , which mixes lyrics in English and Portuguese languages and incorporates elements of MPB, R&B, Soul, Jazz, Reggae, beyond Samba. In her speech, she got emotional and highlighted that something historical happened in her country that day. Partnership with Johnny Hooker and \"Flutua\". In 2017, Liniker partnered up with Brazilian singer Johnny Hooker on single \"Flutua\" (\"It Floats\"). The single cover features both singers French-kissing. The song is a cry from the heart against homophobia in Brazil. As the lyrics go: 'No one will have the power/ to want to tell us how to love.' Views on queer rights. When asked if she had a message for conservative people who are against birth control, abortion and gays, Liniker replied: 'It's my body. I am free to do what I want with it. If I have this entireness, how come you want to stick your nose in it? Who do you think you are to lay down the rules I am supposed to follow? To each their own,"}, {"text": "to each body its history.' Musical influences. Liniker lists as her main musical influences , Cartola, Elza Soares, Etta James, Nina Simone, Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil, Gal Costa, Tulipa Ruiz, as well as members of her own family. Liniker was one of the featured performers in a televised musical tribute to Milton Nascimento on the Brazilian TV series Altas Horas in 2023."}, {"text": "African Women on Board (AWB) is an independent non-profit, African women-led organisation headquartered in Lagos, Nigeria, working to advance narratives and improve realities for African women and girls globally. The organisation is made up of women of African heritage from around the world. History. African Women on Board was founded by Dr. Nkiru Balonwu in 2017. The organisation started out as a network of women working together to advance the economic, social and political rights of African women. AWB's current mandate includes finding solutions to getting women into senior management, C-suite and board positions. AWB also works to include African women's narratives in global conversations so that African women's perspectives will inform policy making. AWB emphasizes recruiting allies from all backgrounds \u2013 female and male \u2013 to advance the work of making life better for African women and girls. Activities. African Women on Board's activities consist of programming and workshops to build women's capacities in their careers and businesses, and international round tables and forums to drive discussions on topical issues affecting African women. AWB formed partnerships with several organisations to broaden its impact. African Women on Board is a Ford Foundation Grant recipient, collaborating on masterclasses for women in"}, {"text": "politics, investment and financial literacy. AWB is working with the Wikimedia Foundation to profile notable African women on the platform. AWB is also partnering with the London Stock Exchange Africa Advisory Group to produce a report on activating female entrepreneurship. AWB is seeking to address the gaps in female IT and tech talent. They are partnering with reputable institutions such as the Heartland Incubation Hub of the Oluaka Institute, a government-certified computer and technical training institution, and Imaginarium, a creative design and content studio, to support training programmes for young women and girls, age five and upwards, in areas of 2D gaming, animation, web pages and computer applications. African Women on Board had its global launch at the Ford Foundation Center for Social Justice on Thursday 26 September 2019 in New York during the UN General Assembly. The event, tagged AWB@UNGA, was about fast tracking black women into leadership roles of the future."}, {"text": "DeCourcy, DeCourcey, De Courcy, or De Courcey is a surname. People with the surname include:"}, {"text": "The A' of Charlemagne is a relic purportedly gifted to the Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy by the emperor Charlemagne himself. It is a gold and silver open triangle with ornate jewels on the arms. The base is stronger and serves more of a structural purpose rather than an aesthetic purpose. The piece served a greater purpose over time as the attraction to the church became more focused on visiting the relic that Charlemagne presented to the church rather than its original function of honoring Saint Faith. The church itself was a common destination of medieval pilgrimage, and the change in purpose for these pilgrimages became highly focused on visiting this relic and attracted a different audience than before. Structure. The 'A' of Charlemagne is an open triangle made of wood that is varnished with silver-gilt. At the peak of the triangle is a circular piece that houses a large, polished gem on the frontal side. Below the gem sit two angels made by repouss\u00e9 metal working. Both angels glance upwards toward the gem, and one angel holds an object perceived to be a lamp. The rear side of the gem is molded in a similar fashion to the angels. In"}, {"text": "the early 1950s, Jean Taralon disassembled the piece for cleaning purposes and made many discoveries about the history of the work. The wood was determined to be walnut but various sections of the \"A\" dated to two distinctly different time periods. He determined the base and gem to be much older, and, therefore, the arms of the piece were considered replacements on which the gems were carefully replaced. The stark contrast between the architecture of the base and the attached arms of the piece is evident. With the exception of the angels, the base serves more of a practical purpose rather than contributing to the larger purpose of the work. The arms and the gem at the apex are more ornate and display the extravagance of Charlemagne's gift, which signifies its influence. Reliquaries are intended to house physical relics, but the \"A\" is unique in that its symbolic importance is more tightly linked to its political and economic power. For images of the 'A', see the external links below. Transforming the Abbey Church of Saint Faith. When the Abbey Church of Saint Faith declared that Charlemagne gifted to them the \"A,\" the church also welcomed the authority of Charlemagne's name."}, {"text": "A small church was legitimized by one proclamation in the beginning, but once Charlemagne was at the pinnacle of his power, the entire purpose of pilgrimages to the church changed. The relic became independent of Saint Faith and what the church was supposed to represent. Charlemagne's influence single-handedly accomplished this, and he was rewarded with a mutualistic relationship between himself and the church. The church honors this attachment, by placing him at the right hand of the Christ in its Last Judgement sculpture above the entrance. The legend of how the \"A\" ended up at the Abbey Church of Saint Faith says that Charlemagne actually founded twenty-three churches, each of which were given a letter in the order by which they were founded. By this legend, the Abbey Church of Saint Faith was given the \"A\" and thus was the first church to be founded, but there is no way to be sure because not all of the twenty-three churches received letters. Another reason to question this theory of assigning prestige by a stunning, gold relic is that whether it appears to be an \"A\" is in the eye of the beholder because there is no crossbar of the \"A.\""}, {"text": "This calls for interpretation as to why the church touts this specific relic. The answer lies in what a relic of this importance would physically produce for the church. Medieval pilgrimages were important to the success of the church because pilgrims were often expected to make offerings to the saints at their respective churches. By having a relic that pilgrims desired to see, they are able to attract a new, larger audience. Pilgrimages to the \"A\". Pilgrimages in the medieval time period had an unspoken mutual agreement between the pilgrims and the churches or abbeys to which they visited. Pilgrims were expected to make offerings to the respective patron of each church or abbey, and in return, they received the benefits of spiritual guidance and miracles, as well as some type of physical safety. The \"A\" and many other reliquaries became sources of income for the churches. Although the money was ultimately used for practical up-keep and caring for the needs of pilgrims, it became important for the reliquaries to be upheld in the highest regard in order to keep a steady income flow. The prominence generated by the \"A\" heightened the major conflict between The Abbey Church at Conques"}, {"text": "and the nearby church, Figeac. They were known to be in constant conflict with one another and they often called to their reliquaries to lament their status upon each other. By having the \"A,\" they could legitimize the belief that the reliquary is prestigious and impose this influence over pilgrims who would then become more likely to visit Conques, instead of Figeac."}, {"text": "Wuruma Dam is a rural locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Wuruma Dam had a population of 34 people. Geography. The Nogo River enters the locality from the north-west, passes through Lake Wuruma and over the spillway of the Wuruma Dam. It then runs east before turning south, where it forms part of the south-eastern boundary. Lake Wuruma is contained entirely within the locality. Wuruma Dam has the following mountains: The land use is grazing on native vegetation. History. Goomaran Creek Provisional School opened on 29 April 1931. In 1932, it became Goomaran State School. It closed on 9 May 1948. Note the spelling of the school's name varies in the sources; it also appears as Gooramam State School. The school was on the southern side of Goomaram Road (approx ). Demographics. In the , Wuruma Dam had a population of 35 people. In the , Wuruma Dam had a population of 34 people. Education. There are no schools in Wuruma Dam. The nearest government primary school is Abercorn State School in neighbouring Abercorn to the east. The nearest government secondary schools are Eidsvold State School (to Year 12) in neighbouring Eidsvold to the south"}, {"text": "and Monto State High School (to Year 12) in Monto to the north-east. However, some students in the locality may be too distant to attend either of these secondary schools; the alternatives are distance education and boarding school."}, {"text": "Dundalk entered the 2019 season as the reigning League Champions and FAI Cup holders from 2018. They had a new management team of Vinny Perth and the returning John Gill, after Stephen Kenny (the manager since 2013) had resigned to accept the Republic of Ireland U-21 manager's role. The 2019 season was Dundalk's 11th consecutive season in the top tier of Irish football, their 84th in all, and their 93rd in the League of Ireland. Season summary. The new season's curtain raiser - the President's Cup - was played on 9 February in Turners Cross (stadium) between Dundalk and Cork City, the runners-up in both league and cup the previous year. Dundalk won on a 2-1 scoreline. The 36 round League programme commenced on 15 February 2019, and was completed on 25 October 2019. Dundalk retained their title with four games to spare, sealing the title in Oriel Park with a 3\u20132 victory over Shamrock Rovers on 23 September 2019. They had already won the League Cup, defeating Derry City on penalties in the Brandywell nine days earlier. Chasing a domestic Treble, they were defeated in a penalty shoot-out in the FAI Cup final by Shamrock Rovers. But they ended"}, {"text": "the season with a comprehensive 7\u20131 aggregate victory over Northern Irish champions, Linfield, in the inaugural Champions Cup (All-Ireland) \u2013 bringing the trophy haul in Perth's rookie season to four. In Europe Dundalk entered the 2019-20 UEFA Champions League first qualifying round. After being seeded in the draw, they faced Riga, drawing the home leg in Oriel Park 0-0. The away leg in Riga was the club's 70th match in European football, which also finished 0-0. After extra-time failed to separate the sides, they won 5\u20134 in a sudden-death penalty shootout \u2013 their first in Europe, becoming the first Irish side to win a tie in that manner. They were knocked out in the second qualifying round by Qaraba\u011f when a 1\u20131 home draw was followed by a 3\u20130 defeat away in Baku, which saw them receive a bye into the Europa League Third qualifying round. Their interest in Europe for the season ended there, with a 4-1 aggregate defeat to Slovan Bratislava. Both Qaraba\u011f and Slovan subsequently reached the group stage of the Europa League. First-Team Squad (2019). Sources: Competitions. Champions Cup. \"Dundalk won 7\u20131 on aggregate.\" Europe. Champions League. \"0\u20130 on aggregate. Dundalk won 5\u20134 on penalties.\" \"Qaraba\u011f"}, {"text": "won 4\u20131 on aggregate.\""}, {"text": "Olivia is a 1983 American psychological thriller film directed by Ulli Lommel and starring Suzanna Love and Robert Walker Jr. It follows a young wife in London who is suffering from homicidal schizophrenia, stemming from having witnessed her prostitute mother's murder. She meets an American engineer and has a brief but heated romance with him, and, several years later in Arizona, he encounters a woman who resembles her but claims not to remember him. Co-written by Lommel and John Marsh, the screenplay was based on a short film Marsh had directed, which was adapted from a short story by the French writer Guy de Maupassant. Internationally, \"Olivia\" was released under the alternate titles \"Prozzie\" and \"Double Jeopardy\". In the United States, the film's distributor, Ambassador Films, released it under the alternate title \"A Taste of Sin\". Plot. In London, five-year-old Olivia witnesses her prostitute mother's murder by one of her johns, a sadomasochistic American soldier. The soldier disposes of her mother's body by throwing it into the River Thames off the London Bridge. Fifteen years later, Olivia is unhappily married to her domineering husband, Richard, who refuses to allow her to work. She is haunted by memories of her mother's"}, {"text": "death, and frequently hears her mother's voice guiding her to make decisions. While Richard is away at work one night, Olivia dresses herself provocatively and begins to walk the street as a prostitute. She is approached by a client, and returns to his home with him. There, she ties him up and recreates the scenario in which her mother was murdered before beating the man to death with a vase. Meanwhile, Michael Grant, an American engineer from Los Angeles, is visiting London to perform restoration on the London Bridge. He encounters Olivia walking beneath the bridge, and invites her to his hotel for drinks. The two share an emotional connection and have passionate sex. The next day, when Olivia returns home, Richard rapes her. Olivia and Michael continue to carry on a secret affair, but are discovered by Richard on the London Bridge. In a scuffle, Richard is thrown over the railing into the river below, and a terrified Olivia flees. Four years later, Michael has returned to the United States and is residing in Lake Havasu City, Arizona, where the dismantled pieces of the London Bridge have been reassembled to span the Colorado River. An upscale housing development has"}, {"text": "opened there and the region has begun to attract visitors. The local tourism is overseen by Jenny, a tourism ambassador who bears a striking resemblance to Olivia, but has brunette hair rather than blonde, and speaks with an American accent. Convinced that Jenny is in fact Olivia, Michael aggressively pursues her. When he implies that they have met before, she coyly denies it, but the two begin a passionate affair no less. Jenny asks Michael to meet her on the bridge one morning, where she finally reveals she is in fact Olivia. The two carry on a blissful romance, but Michael begins to notice Olivia making vague references to her mother being \"angry\" with her, and hears her talking to herself. One night, before Olivia returns home, Michael is murdered by an unseen assailant in the bathroom, who impales him through the throat with a toothbrush. Olivia returns home and gets into bed with who she believes to be Michael, only to find it is in fact Richard, who survived his fall from the bridge in London and has followed her to the United States. He beats her before implying Michael is dead. Several days later, a group of children"}, {"text": "boating in the river find Michael's corpse. Richard, meanwhile, forces himself back into Olivia's life, moving into her home and controlling her. One night in bed, as Richard attempts to initiate sex, Olivia stabs him to death with a butcher knife. She conceals his body in a steamer trunk and dumps it into the Colorado River beneath the bridge. As she watches the trunk sink into the water, Olivia reminisces of her mother reading her fairytales at bedtime, and telling her how one day she will find a prince. Production. Development. Lommel and Love devised the idea for \"Olivia\" while intending to produce a sequel to \"The Boogeyman\" (1980). John P. Marsh, who met Lommel at a party in Santa Monica, California, originally co-wrote a screenplay for a sequel to \"Boogeyman II\". While scouting locations for that project, Lommel, Marsh, and Love traveled through Mexico before passing through Lake Havasu City, Arizona, the location of the 17th-century former London Bridge which was disassembled and relocated from England to Arizona, where it was repurposed into a bridge spanning the Colorado River. Lommel, fascinated by the bridge, asked Marsh to help write a screenplay centered around it. Marsh based the screenplay on"}, {"text": "\"Streamline Duchess\", a short film he had written in college about a woman living in Eureka, California, who becomes drawn into a life of prostitution after watching local prostitutes congregate at a motel across the street from her home. Marsh had based this film on a short story by French writer Guy de Maupassant. Filming. Principal photography of \"Olivia\" took place in both the United States and England, with the London-set exteriors being filmed on location, as well as the Lake Havasu-set exteriors being filmed on location in Arizona. During the shoot, the film had the working title \"Faces of Fear\". The majority of the interior sequences were filmed in Los Angeles, many inside Lommel's home. The interior of Olivia's London residence was shot in a Los Angeles apartment that the crew had rented for one day. According to co-writer and assistant director John P. Marsh, many sequences in the film\u2014largely the interiors\u2014were completed after filming had officially wrapped, as the production had recurrently run out of funding. Release. \"Olivia\" premiered theatrically in the United States under the title \"A Taste of Sin\" on March 18, 1983, opening in New York City and Los Angeles. Critical response. Tom Sabulis of"}, {"text": "the \"Tampa Bay Times\" panned the film, calling it \"extremely amateurish filmmaking... The photography, the clothes, and the sets are every bit as tawdry as the screenplay.\" Film scholar Kim Newman wrote that \"Olivia\" is \"a clever and pointed psychological thriller... Corpses are dumped into the Thames and the Colorado rivers, and the plots of \"Vertigo\" and \"Marnie\" are played with, but finally \"Olivia\" is inescapably drawn into the fairytale world beyond the bathroom mirror where her dead mother lives.\" Home media. The film was released on Blu-ray in the United Kingdom by 88 Films in 2017. In April 2020, the American label Vinegar Syndrome released a Blu-ray and DVD combination pack of the film."}, {"text": "The Mind of Mr. J.G. Reeder is a British television series which was originally broadcast on ITV in two series from 1969 to 1971. It is based on a series of novels and short stories written by Edgar Wallace featuring the character of J.G. Reeder, who had appeared in several film adaptations in the late 1930s. Sixteen episodes were made, all but two in black-and-white. Reeder is a mild-mannered employee at the Department of Public Prosecutions with an extraordinary gift for solving complex crimes. He is played by Hugh Burden, working under the overbearing Sir Jason Toovey (Willoughby Goddard). It is set in the 1920s, when the stories were originally written, and the graphics of the opening credits reflect this Jazz Age setting. The series has been released in Region 2 DVD."}, {"text": "This article documents statistics from the 1987 Rugby World Cup, hosted by New Zealand and Australia from 22 May to 20 June. Team statistics. The following table shows the team's results in major statistical categories. Hat-tricks. Unless otherwise noted, players in this list scored a hat-trick of tries."}, {"text": "The 1986\u201387 North Dakota Fighting Sioux men's ice hockey team represented the University of North Dakota in college ice hockey. In its 9th year under head coach John Gasparini the team compiled a 40\u20138\u20130 record and reached the NCAA tournament for the eleventh time. The Fighting Sioux defeated defending champion Michigan State 5\u20133 to win the championship game at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan. Season. Early season. After a rather dismal season, North Dakota was expected to improve but not challenge for the WCHA title in 1987. The team, however, received a major boon from two players that changed their fortune. The first was from freshman goaltender Ed Belfour, a 21-year old player who had spent the past three years in relative obscurity in the Manitoba Junior Hockey League. The second was from returning sophomore Tony Hrkac who had produced well in his first campaign but spent the entire 1985\u201386 season with the Canadian National Team. The two players were instrumental in Gino Gasparini's team getting off to a fast start, winning its first 8 games and jumping out to a huge lead in the conference standings. While Belfour was establishing himself in net as one of the"}, {"text": "top players in the country, Hrkac was on an all-time scoring pace, flanked by Bob Joyce and Steve Johnson. The Fighting Sioux split a pair of weekends on the road but they used their indomitable home crowd to their advantage and finished the month of November with a 14\u20132 record (13\u20132 in conference). December slump. North Dakota began December with another road split and followed that with their first home loss of the year, losing to a middling US International squad. Though they recovered slightly in the second game of the weekend the team lost both games of its holiday weekend in New England. Having lost four of their previous five games and producing some of their worst performances of the season, it appeared that the Fighting Sioux might be sliding back to the pack but a 4-game stretch at home came at the perfect time. Winning streak. UND hosted the two Boston schools at the beginning of January and took both games, dispelling any doubts about their ability to compete with Eastern teams, then welcomed in WCHA powerhouse Minnesota. The defense returned in force, holding the Gophers to two goals in each game and allowing Hrkac to lead the"}, {"text": "Sioux to consecutive wins and seat North Dakota atop the conference standings. The Fighting Sioux continued their winning streak for another five weeks, taking 14 matches before their next loss which came on the final weekend of the regular season. UND finished with a record of 31\u20137 and won the WCHA handily, ending 7 points above Minnesota. WCHA tournament. As the top seed, North Dakota would be able to play each round of the conference tournament at home. They faced Minnesota\u2013Duluth in the quarters, easily dispatching the Bulldogs in both games. Next up was Colorado College who had upset in-state rival Denver. The Tigers fell 6\u20132 in the first game and the 4-goal advantage allowed the Fighting Sioux to get away with a sloppy effort in the rematch; CC won the second game but only by a single goal and North Dakota advanced to the championship with a 7\u20134 series win. North Dakota met Minnesota once more in the finals and again, despite possessing one of the top offenses in the country, couldn't get much past the Fighting Sioux defense. UND won both games by a 5\u20133 score and won the WCHA championship, their first in 7 years. The 36"}, {"text": "wins they had at that point set a new program record while Tony Hrkac finished with 104 points, just 6 points away from a new NCAA record. NCAA tournament. North Dakota received the top western seed, and played another home series, this time against ECAC Hockey runner-Up St. Lawrence. UND won both games to take the total-goal series 9\u20134 with Hrkac piling up the points (2 goals and 5 assists), breaking Bill Watson's record for points in a season with two games yet to play. Additionally, the Fighting Sioux tied the NCAA record for wins in a season with 38 (Michigan State, 1985). UND met 1986 Runner-Up Harvard in the semifinal at the Joe Louis Arena. Once again Hrkac was the story of the game, scoring a goal and adding three assists as the Fighting Sioux trounced the Crimson 5\u20132 to reach the championship. On defending National Champion Michigan State stood in their way but just as they had against Harvard, UND got off to a quick start; this time with was Ian Kidd who led the way with a goal and two assists in the first period. North Dakota built a 3\u20130 lead after 20 minutes while allowed only"}, {"text": "2 shots from the Spartans to reach Ed Belfour. MSU woke up in the second period, scoring twice on 8 shots, but the Sioux added another goal of their own as well as a fifth goal in the third to hold off Michigan State. The Spartans eventually scored their third of the game but it came too late to mount a comeback and North Dakota won their fifth national championship. Awards and honors. Tony Hrkac scored 12 points in four tournament games, the second-highest total ever (behind the 13 points by both Aaron Broten (1981) and Tony Amonte (1990) as of 2019) and was awarded the tournament MOP despite scoring only once in the championship match. He was joined on the All-Tournament team by Ed Belfour, Ian Kidd and Bob Joyce. Just prior to the championship game Hrkac received the Hobey Baker Award as the top Division I athlete and finished the season as the first North Dakota player to lead the NCAA in scoring. Hrkac's 116 points in an NCAA record for a single season and is 7 better than the next-highest total (as of 2019). Head coach Gino Gasparini, for leading his team to the first-ever 40-win season,"}, {"text": "was awarded the Spencer Penrose Award as the top Division I coach, also a first for North Dakota. Hrkac, Joyce and Kidd were also named to the AHCA All-American West first-team, while Belfour was a second-team All-American. All four players were also on the All-WCHA First Team with Hrkac being named as the conference Most Valuable Player and Gasparini as the Coach of the Year for the third time. Both Ed Belfour and Tony Hrkac left the program after the season to begin their professional careers. Hrkac played a long time in the NHL, amassing 371 over 758 games while Belfour finished his career with the then-3rd-most wins in NHL history (484) and was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2011. Schedule. !colspan=12 style=\";\" | Regular Season !colspan=12 style=\";\" | !colspan=12 style=\";\" |"}, {"text": "Eidsvold West is a rural locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Eidsvold West had a population of 85 people. Geography. As the name suggests, the locality is west of the town of Eidsvold. There are two mountains in the south-east of the locality: The Eidsvold\u2013Theodore Road (State Route 73) runs through the locality from east (Eidsvold) to west (Cracow). There are several state forests with the locality. Apart from these, the land use is almost entirely grazing on native vegetation. History. The name Eidsvold is the name of the pastoral run operated in 1847-48 by Thomas Archer and David Archer, using the name of the town in Norway where the Norwegian constitution was signed in 1814. Although originally from Scotland, the Archer family immigrated to Norway prior to immigrating to Queensland. Demographics. In the , Eidsvold West had a population of 68 people. In the , Eidsvold West had a population of 85 people. Education. There are no schools in Eidsvold West. The nearest government primary and secondary school (to Year 12) is Eidsvold State School in Eidsvold to the east. However, the western parts of the locality might be too distant for a daily"}, {"text": "commute and other options would be distance education and boarding school."}, {"text": "Lucyle Richards (1909 \u2013 March 3, 1995) was a champion bronc rider and a 1987 National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame inductee. Life. Richards was born in Talihina, Oklahoma, in 1909. She was raised on the family ranch. She started performing at age 13. The press often referred to her as the \"prettiest and best-dressed cowgirl in America\". She married 17 times to 17 admirers. Career. Richards was married for a while to Oklahoma Curly Roberts. In 1929, she became a rodeo star in Colonel W. T. Johnson's 1929 Dallas Rodeo in trick roping and bronc riding. Her husband, Oklahoma Curly Roberts performed in the Dallas Rodeo with her. She was known professionally at this time as Lucyle Roberts. The trade papers followed both of their activities during this period and described them frequently. In 1933, the two parted company, and went on to pursue other activities separately. In 1930, Chicago, she won the bronc riding competition. In 1934, in Boston, she won the all-around and bronc riding. Also in 1934, she competed in Tex Austin's London rodeo. After a while, she, Alice Greenough, and Pauline Nesbitt competed in the Wild Australian Stampede in Melbourne, Australia. Career. Richards traveled"}, {"text": "the country performing in rodeos as a bronc rider. In 1939, she owned and operated her own plane in order to perform acrobatic flying. Richards was a member of Colonel W.T. Johnson's Dallas Rodeo. She performed in the trick riding and bronc riding. In 1930 she won the World Champion Saddle Bronc riding in Chicago. She performed in many more rodeos. In 1941 she was arrested and charged with murder. There was a trial to determine if she murdered her intended fourth husband, Frank Y. Dew. She pled self-defense, and the jury found her not guilty after 21 hours of deliberation. In 1951, she won her last championship at 42 years of age in saddle bronc riding in the Girls Rodeo Association (GRA). In 1960, she retired at 60 years of age to become a policewoman in Yoakum, Texas. Richards died on March 3, 1995."}, {"text": "Anthony Hugh Selormey is a Ghanaian soldier and politician. He was one of the members of the National Redemption Council (NRC) which overthrew the Progress Party government of Kofi Abrefa Busia on 13 January 1972. He also served briefly in the Supreme Military Council government which followed the NRC. Early life and education. Selormey was born at Dzelukope, a town near Keta in the Volta Region. His secondary education was at the Bishop Herman College at Kpandu in the Volta Region where he graduated in 1958. Military career. In 1961, he entered the Ghana Military Academy at Teshie, near Accra and was commissioned into the Ghana Army in April 1962. He attended the Royal Armoured Corps Centre at Bovington Camp in the United Kingdom. He is reported to be the first Ghanaian soldier to undergo tank warfare training at the Armour School, Fort Knox, United States in 1967. He also did other military courses at the United States Intelligence School. He later became an instructor at the Ghana Military Academy at Teshie for three years. He rose to the rank of Major and served as the Second in Command of the Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment prior to the coup d'\u00e9tat in"}, {"text": "January 1972. Politics. Selormey is believed to be one of the core planners of the 13 January coup. Together with him were Major K. B. Agbo and Major Kwame Baah. He became the Commissioner for Information following the coup. Later that year, he was appointed Commissioner for Transport and Communications. In May 1975, he was appointed the Commissioner for Health. He continued briefly in this capacity until the National Redemption Council was replaced by the Supreme Military Council in October 1975. He was promoted to the rank of colonel at the same time."}, {"text": "The Loa Tithing Office is a historic building in Loa, Utah. It was built in 1897 by bricklayer Peter Christensen and carpenter Benjamin E. Brown as a tithing building for members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and it was designed in the Greek Revival style. It was acquired by the Daughters of Utah Pioneers in 1972. The building has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since March 28, 1985."}, {"text": "Robert Janicki (born 7 June 1997) is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder. Besides Poland, he has played in Germany."}, {"text": "The Pleasure of Being Robbed is a 2008 American drama film directed by Josh Safdie in his feature film directorial debut. It stars Eleonore Hendricks, Josh Safdie, Jordan Zaldez, Wayne Chin, and Francesca LaPrelle. It tells the story of a kleptomaniac woman who lives in New York City. The film had its world premiere in the Emerging Visions section at the 2008 South by Southwest on March 10, 2008. It was released in the United States in limited theaters on October 3, 2008. Plot. Eleonore is a lonely, free-spirited kleptomaniac woman who lives in New York City. She frequently steals others' possessions, mainly handbags and purses. While in a bar, she picks up a woman's bag and finds car keys. She bumps into her friend Josh and together they drive to Boston in the stolen car, even though Eleanore doesn't know how to drive. She drives back to New York and is arrested by NYPD after trying to steal another woman's handbag, but is let out the next morning. The film ends with her in a music and DVD store stealing a DVD and putting it into her CD player, revealing that she essentially learned nothing from her previous altercation"}, {"text": "and that she will continue to steal. Production. In 2007, Josh Safdie was hired by Andy Spade and Anthony Sperduti to create a short film featuring Kate Spade handbags. He devised a concise story about the adventures of a kleptomaniac woman. Eleonore Hendricks, who co-wrote the screenplay, portrayed the lead role. The project eventually turned into a feature film. The film was shot on 16 mm film. Release. The film had its world premiere in the Emerging Visions section at the 2008 South by Southwest on March 10, 2008. It screened in the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival on May 23, 2008. IFC Films acquired North American distribution rights to the film. It was released in the United States in limited theaters on October 3, 2008. Reception. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 27% based on 11 reviews, with an average rating of 4.1/10. Nick Schager of \"Slant Magazine\" gave the film 1 out of 4 stars, calling it \"a preeminent example of what happens when filmmaking tools become accessible to people with nothing to say.\" Laura Kern of \"The New York Times\" commented that the film \"exposes itself"}, {"text": "as a technically deficient bore with little on its agenda.\" Rob Nelson of \"Variety\" wrote, \"New York location shooting appears aptly purloined, but tech accomplishments, with muffled dialogue and fuzzy imagery, are borderline appalling even by the old-school DIY standards to which the pic pretentiously aspires.\" Olivier Pere, the 2008 Cannes Film Festival's programmer, said, \"They express something wild, intimate, and uncompromised about bohemian life in New York.\" He also stated that the film reminded him of \"neorealism and the American underground films of the '60s.\" At the 2008 Sarasota Film Festival, the film won the Independent Visions Competition award and the Heineken Red Star award."}, {"text": "A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Kogarah on 17 July 1948. It was triggered by the death of William Currey (). Results. <includeonly> William Currey () died.</includeonly>"}, {"text": "Coominglah Forest is a rural locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Coominglah Forest had \"no people or a very low population\". Geography. Except for one small valley in the east of the locality () using for grazing on native vegetation, the entire locality is within the Coominglah State Forest. Coominglah Range () is in the north of the locality. The Burnett Highway passes through the locality from the north-east (Moonford) to the north-west (Coominglah). Demographics. In the , Coominglah Forest had \"no people or a very low population\". In the , Coominglah Forest had \"no people or a very low population\"."}, {"text": "Wylie Gelber (born May 13, 1988) is an American musician, luthier, and craftsman. A founding member of the band Dawes, Gelber played bass in the band from 2009 to 2023, touring and playing on the band's first eight albums. As of 2025, Gelber runs \"Gelber & Sons,\" a Los Angeles-based studio that makes guitars, furniture, and other items. Career. Simon Dawes. Gelber dropped out of high school to tour as the bassist in the post-punk band Simon Dawes. The band broke up in 2007 when guitarist Blake Mills left. Dawes. Following the break up of Simon Dawes, Gelber and former bandmates Griffin and Taylor Goldsmith formed the folk rock band Dawes, which released its first album, \"North Hills\", in 2009. The band tours extensively and has released eight full-length studio albums. In February 2023, it was announced on social media that Gelber would be departing the lineup following the band's spring tour dates to focus on other projects, including Gelber & Sons. After playing with Dawes and Simon Dawes for 18+ years, Gelber played his final full gig with Dawes at the Theatre at the Ace Hotel Los Angeles on May 5th, 2023. Gelber & Sons. Gelber operates Gelber &"}, {"text": "Sons, a Los Angeles-based studio that makes guitars, furniture, and other items."}, {"text": "Mark Carlson (born February 5, 1969) is the Cedar Rapids RoughRiders President, Head Coach and General Manager. In 2016, he became the second United States Hockey League (USHL) coach to reach 1,000 games. Early life and education. Carlso was born in the Lawrenceville section of Lawrence Township, Mercer County, New Jersey. Carlson attended the University of Massachusetts-Lowell from 1990 until 1993. He played for the UMass Lowell River Hawks men's ice hockey. Carlson recorded his first collegiate goal on February 1, 1992, against the Chiefs. Coaching career. College. After graduating with a B.S. in Business Administration and Marketing, he assumed the role of assistant coach for the 1995\u201396 season. After his first stint with the UMass River Hawks helped lead them to the 1996 NCAA tournament, Carlson became an assistant coach and recruiting coordinator at Northeastern University. In 1999, Carlson was offered a job at Colorado College, but committed to continue working alongside Bruce Crowder at UMass-Lowell. USHL. On July 7, 1999, Carlson was named the head coach of the Cedar Rapids RoughRiders of the United States Hockey League (USHL). During the team's inaugural season in Cedar Rapids, they had no home arena and practiced at Coral Ridge Mall. The"}, {"text": "team played their first game on September 24, 1999. He signed a three-year extension at the end of the season. In his second season as head coach, the RoughRiders qualified for the USHL playoffs and won the first series. Carlson led the RoughRiders to their first Clark Cup during the 2004\u201305 USHL season. He led them to a 42-13-5 record during the regular season and a 9\u20132 record during the playoffs. As a result, he was the recipient of the 2005 USHL Coach of the Year. In 2009, Carlson was re-signed to a 10-year contract courtesy of Newco Riders, LLC., which also included ownership of the team. He was also selected to coach the 2009 U.S. Junior Select Team at the World Junior A Challenge. The following season, Carlson led the RoughRiders to the Anderson Cup and was named USHL Coach of the Year. The season set a new record for the league's best regular season record of 42-12-6. As well, the RoughRiders had the best home record in the League and set a new team high for longest home winning streak. Carlson achieved a personal milestone as well by becoming the sixth coach in USHL history to reach 400"}, {"text": "wins. After that season, Carlson was offered a coaching position at the University of Massachusetts, which he declined. During the 2015\u201316 season, Carlson became the second USHL coach to reach 1,000 games. After the RoughRiders clinched the Anderson Cup, he was named USHL Coach of the Year. Carlson continued his success with the RoughRiders and eventually became the first coach in the USHL to record 600 career wins with one team. Awards and recognitions. In January 2019, Carlson was nominated for the inaugural Darcy Haugan Memorial Award, named after Humboldt Broncos coach. Personal life. Carlson is married to Tammy and they have two sons together."}, {"text": "Early parliamentary elections were held in North Macedonia on 15 July 2020. It was originally scheduled for November 2020, but Prime Minister Zoran Zaev called early elections after the European Council failed to come to an agreement on starting talks with North Macedonia on joining the European Union in October 2019. The election date was set for 12 April, but was postponed until July due to the COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia. Background. On 17 October 2019 the European Council did not give North Macedonia and Albania a date to start European Union membership negotiations, after it was opposed by French President Emmanuel Macron. The rejection was seen as a blow to Prime Minister Zoran Zaev's government in North Macedonia. Previously, in February 2019 the country formally changed its name from Macedonia to North Macedonia to resolve a longstanding dispute with Greece that blocked it from joining the European Union and NATO, after high level talks between Prime Minister Zaev and his Greek counterpart Alexis Tsipras throughout 2018 led to the Prespa Agreement signed on 17 June 2018. In May 2019 the candidate from Zaev's SDSM party, Stevo Pendarovski, won in the presidential election in a run off vote. In"}, {"text": "response to the European Council's decision, it was announced by Zaev that early parliamentary elections would be held on 12 April 2020. The date was chosen because it was expected North Macedonia would be a full member of NATO by then. On 27 March 2020, North Macedonia officially joined NATO. Electoral system. Of the 123 seats in the Assembly of the Republic, 120 are elected from six 20-seat constituencies in North Macedonia using closed list proportional representation, with seats allocated using the d'Hondt method. The remaining three seats are elected by Macedonians living abroad, but are only filled if the number of votes exceeds that of the elected candidate with the fewest votes in North Macedonia in the previous election. If a list crosses this threshold, it wins one seat; to win two seats, a list needs to win twice the number of votes, and to win three seats the threshold is three times the number of votes. These seats were not filled in the 2016 elections due to insufficient turnout. Campaign. Both Zaev's Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (SDSM) and the right-wing opposition VMRO-DPMNE, which opposes parts of the Prespa Agreement\u2014notably the name change to North Macedonia\u2014began campaigning by"}, {"text": "early October 2019 as it seemed there would be a snap election. The SDSM campaign emphasised the party's role in the country's Euro-Atlantic integration, including resolving the dispute with Greece and securing NATO membership. The VMRO-DPMNE campaign opposes the name change and accused the government of corruption. We Can. The SDSM-led \"We Can\" coalition also included the Besa Movement, the VMRO \u2013 People's Party, the Democratic Party of Turks, the New Social Democratic Party (NSDP), the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), the Party for a European Future (PEI), the United Party for Roma Equality (OPER), the Party for the Movement of Turks in Macedonia (PDT), the Democratic Union of the Vlachs of Macedonia (DSVM), New Alternative (NA), the Party for Economic Changes 21 (PEP 21), the Party for Social and Economic Progress (POEN), the Democratic Union (DS), the Political Party \u201cDignity\u201d (PPD), the Serbian Party in Macedonia (SSM), the Democratic League of Bosniaks, the Party of Pensioners (PP), the Party for Democratic Prosperity of the Roma (PDPR), Democratic Renewal of Macedonia (DOM), United for Macedonia (OM), the Party for the Full Emancipation of the Roma of Macedonia (CERRNM), and the Union of Roma in Macedonia. SDSM-led coalition received endorsements from Jean"}, {"text": "Asselborn, the Foreign Minister of Luxembourg, as well as Michael Roth, who serves as German Deputy Minister for Europe, Pedro S\u00e1nchez (the Prime Minister of Spain), and Alexis Tsipras (the former Prime Minister of Greece). The ALDE Party endorsed the Liberal Democratic Party, and the European Green Party endorsed Democratic Renewal of Macedonia, both of which are participating in the coalition. Renewal. The VMRO-DPMNE-led \"Renewal for Macedonia\" coalition also included Citizen Option for Macedonia (GROM), the Movement for Turkish National Union, the Democratic Party of Serbs in Macedonia, the Democratic Party of the Roma, the Democratic Forces of the Roma, Macedonian Action (MAAK), the New Liberal Party, the Party of the Vlachs of Macedonia (PVM), the Party of United Democrats of Macedonia, the United Party of the Roma in Macedonia, the Workers\u2019 Agricultural Party of Macedonia, the Socialist Party of Macedonia, the Serbian Progressive Party, the Party of Democratic Action of Macedonia, the Union of Tito\u2019s Left Forces, Roma Integration Party, and Democratic Bosniak Party, as well as the independent candidates Adnan Arsovski and Adnan Kahil. Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orb\u00e1n has endorsed VMRO-DPMNE-led coalition. Albanian parties. The Democratic Union for Integration (DUI), which is the largest Albanian party in"}, {"text": "N. Macedonia and has been part of most government coalitions since the 2002 elections, announced its candidacy early on. It campaigned under the stated goal of electing an ethnic Albanian Prime Minister of North Macedonia for the first time. Its candidate for Prime Minister was Naser Ziberi, former Minister of Labour within SDSM-led government of North Macedonia. On 19 February, the Alliance for Albanians (ASh) and Alternativa announced their own electoral coalition (ASA). ASA stands in opposition to DUI and is headed by Ziadin Sela, former mayor of Struga. On 27 February, SDSM and the BESA Movement, a social-democratic Albanian party announced that they would run together, this was the first time a Macedonian and an Albanian party agreed to form a pre-election coalition. The Democratic Party of Albanians (DPA/PDSh) is the smallest Albanian ethnic party in terms of electoral power that participated in the elections. Its president and electoral list carrier is Menduh Tha\u00e7i. Conduct. Special provisions were made for 700 people who contracted COVID-19 or were in quarantine. Measures were taken to ensure that the elderly and prison inmates vote early to avoid potential exposure to the virus. The head of the election commission, Oliver Derkoski, commented that"}, {"text": "the voting day passed calmly and only sporadic instances of irregularities were reported. Local electoral observation missions also expressed satisfaction at the conduct of the polls. Ljupco Nikolovski, the secretary-general of SDSM, commended the polls, saying \"Today we had a calm, dignifying, and from health perspective, a safe day.\" A local observation mission criticized the lack of adequate mechanism for the disabled to vote. However, the opposition Alliance for Albanians and Alternativa movements, both upholding the interests of the ethnic Albanian minority, accused the BDI (another Albanian minority party) and SDSM of committing fraud to win. North Macedonia's public prosecution also received multiple complaints on election day. VMRO-DPMNE vice president Vladimir Misajlovski said that the results of the elections did not reflect the reality on ground. He blamed bribery of voters and abuse of institutions by the SDSM party to secure re-election. When vote counting began, the electoral commission's website was down for one hour. Derkoski said that it was probably due to external hacker attacks, but did not hamper actual vote counting. The unofficial results page also went down several times on and following election night. International observers described the elections as \"well-managed\". OSCE said that the elections were"}, {"text": "generally well-run and candidates could campaign freely, but legal stability was undermined by significant changes to electoral framework. They said that the authorities need to address the issues before next elections. According to OSCE, election day went smoothly, but challenges with voter registration remained. Media coverage also lacked critical assessment of party platforms. Results. The election resulted in an extremely divided parliament, with the pro-EU SDSM-led coalition winning a plurality of votes and seats. The nationalist conservative VMRO-DPMNE-led coalition came as a close second, lagging behind by only two seats and less than 1.5% of the vote. The BDI and the Alliance for Albanians\u2013Alternativa coalition, both representing the ethnic Albanian minority, saw large gains. The Left, a socialist party, entered parliament for the first time with two seats, and the Democratic Party of Albanians lost one seat. Turnout was down roughly 15 percentage points mainly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Aftermath. A coalition government was required as neither of the two largest parties hold enough seats to form a majority on their own, and mathematically, any coalition will have to include at least one of the two largest Albanian minority parties. The BDI made its participation in any coalition contingent"}, {"text": "on the nominee for Prime Minister being an ethnic Albanian, which both the SDSM and VMRO-DPMNE have refused. The BDI also had increased tensions with both the SDSM and the Alliance for Albanians coalition prior to and during the election, accusing the former of splitting the Albanian vote by allying with the Besa Movement, and being accused by the latter of committing fraud. On 18 August the SDSM and BDI announced that they had reached a deal on a coalition government as well as a compromise on the issue of an ethnic Albanian Prime Minister. Under the deal, SDSM leader Zoran Zaev will be installed as Prime Minister, and will serve in that position until no later than 100 days from the next parliamentary elections (Rotation government). At that time, the BDI will propose an ethnic Albanian candidate for Prime Minister, and if both parties agree on the candidate, that candidate will serve out the remaining term until the elections. On 30 August, a coalition of the SDSM-aligned parties, BDI, and the Democratic Party of Albanians was approved by the parliament in a 62\u201351 vote."}, {"text": "The Leeds Tithing Office is a historic building in Leeds, Utah. It was built in 1891-1892 as a tithing building for members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and designed in the Greek Revival style. It remained the property of the church until 1968. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since January 25, 1985."}, {"text": "Coominglah is a rural locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. The land use is grazing on native vegetation. In the , Coominglah had a population of 12 people. Geography. The Coominglah Range forms the north-eastern boundary of the locality. Coominglah has the following mountains: The Burnett Highway enters the locality from the north (Lawgi Dawes) and exits to the east (Coominglah Forest). The land use is grazing on native vegetation. History. \"Coominglah\" was one of four pastoral runs selected by Adolphus Henry Trevethan in July 1848 following advice from the Archer brothers. It had an estimated area of and an estimated grazing capacity of 4000 sheep. Coominglah State School opened circa December 1939 with teacher Miss Viola Petra Goodfellow. It closed circa 1947. It was on Burns Road (), now within the boundaries of neighbouring Lawgi Dawes. Demographics. In the , Coominglah had a population of 18 people. In the , Coominglah had a population of 12 people. Education. There are no schools in Coominglah. The nearest government primary schools are Monto State School in Monto to the south-east and Thangool State School in Thangool to the north-west. The nearest government secondary school is Monto State High School"}, {"text": "in Monto."}, {"text": "Selene is a rural locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Selene had a population of 27 people. Geography. Abercorn Road enters the locality from the north-west (Mulgildie) and exits to the south-west (Glenleigh). Tuturi is a neighbourhood in the north of the locality () near the former railway station of the same name. The name \"Tuturi\" was assigned by the Queensland Railways Department and is word from the Waka language, meaning \"grey box tree\". The land use is a mixture of grazing on native vegetation and crop growing. History. Originally proposed as Mulgeldie State School, Selene State School opened on 25 January 1926 under teacher Miss Hall. In June 1938, the school was relocated to new site at 261 Selene Hall Road (). It closed on 25 July 1965. The now-closed Mungar Junction to Monto railway line opened to Selene in 1927. The locality was served by two now-abandoned stations: Selene Baptist Church was officially opened by Reverend Benjamin Hewison (President of the Queensland Baptist Union) on Saturday 13 May 1933. It was on Kalpaldo Road (opposite junction with Selene Hall Road, ). In 1962, it was relocated to Monto be used as a hall"}, {"text": "for the Monto Baptist Church. The last train on the railway line was in 2008 and in 2012 it was announced the line was officially closed. Selene Public Hall was on Selene Hall Road. Having been unused for about ten years, it was relocated in February 2017 to the Monto Historical Centre at 20 Flinders Street, Monto, for use as an archive for the photographs of the Monto Historical Society. Demographics. In the , Selene had a population of 25 people. In the , Selene had a population of 27 people. Education. There are no schools in Selene. The nearest government primary school is Mulgildie State School in neighbouring Mulgildie to the north. The nearest government secondary school is Monto State High School in Monto to the north. There is also a Catholic primary school in Monto."}, {"text": "Kristian August Emil Arentzen (10 November 1823 - 30 December 1899) was a Danish writer, literary historian and educator. Biography. Arentzen was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. He was the son of Gunder August Arentzen and Marie Elisabeth Smidt. In 1841 he became a student of Det von Westenske Institut where he devoted himself to the study of Old Norse literature. In 1852 he received state support for a study trip to Iceland. He prepared for a master's conference in aesthetics, which he submitted in 1856. In 1861, he become assistant professor at Metropolitanskolen where he stayed until 1872. In 1879, he was appointed Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog. In 1857, he completed his first book of poetry \"Et Livsstadium\" followed by \"Digtsamling\" in 1862 and \"Ny Digtsamling\" in 1867. Arentzen undertook to depict the poetic age of Jens Baggesen (1764\u20131826) and Adam Oehlenschl\u00e4ger (1779-1850), a work he completed in eight volumes (\"Baggesen and Oehlenschl\u00e4ger - Litteraturhistoriske Studie, 1870-78\")."}, {"text": "The Orson Pratt House is a historic house in St. George, Utah. It was built in 1862, before Utah became a state, for Orson Pratt, a mathematician and an original member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The house was acquired by Richard Bentley in 1864. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since August 11, 1983."}, {"text": "Eidsvold East is a rural locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Eidsvold East had a population of 27 people. Geography. As the name suggests, Eidsvold East is east of the town of Eidsvold. The Red Mountain is in the south-east of the locality (), rising to above sea level. The Dalgangal State Forest is a protected area in the north-west of the locality. Apart from it, the land use is almost entirely grazing on native vegetation. History. The name Eidsvold is the name of the pastoral run operated in 1847-48 by Thomas Archer and David Archer, using the name of the town in Norway where Norwegian constitution was signed in 1814. Although originally from Scotland, the Archer family immigrated to Norway prior to immigrating to Queensland. Demographics. In the , Eidsvold East had a population of 20 people. In the , Eidsvold East had a population of 27 people. Education. There are no schools in Eidsvold. The nearest government primary schools are Eidsvold State School in neighbouring Eidsvold to the west and Mundubbera State College in Mundubbera to the south. The nearest government secondary schools are Eidsvold State School (to Year 12) and Mundubbera State"}, {"text": "College (to Year 10)."}, {"text": "Yarrol is a rural locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Yarrol had a population of 15 people. Geography. The Monto\u2013Mount Perry Road enters the locality from the south-west (Langley) and exits to the south (Mungy). There are two named peaks in the north of the locality: Most of the east of the locality is within the Bania National Park and the smaller Baywulla Creek Conservation Park. There are a number of areas of state forests, including the Yarrol State Forest in the north of the locality, the Bania State Forest in the centre and east of the locality, and the Baywulla State Forest in the south of the locality. Apart from these protected areas, the land use is grazing on native vegetation. History. Yarrol Road State School opened on 3 June 1946. In July 1948, it became Ventnor State School. It closed on 22 April 1960. It was at 1877 Yarrol Road in neighbouring Ventnor (). In 1963, local residents made an offer of \u00a3150 to purchase the school from the Department of Education and the property was transferred to the Ventnor Progress Association on 15 March 1963. Since that time, the school complex has"}, {"text": "been used as headquarters for the progress association, for religious group services, farming and pastoral bodies and fire control groups and was regularly used as a polling booth. The Ventnor Progress Association continues to own and maintain the premises In the 1992, the school buildings were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register. In June 1948, two stockmen found the charred wreckage of an aeroplane and human remains in a gully on Magpie Station at Yarro. Military equipment found at the crash site suggested it was a World War II military aircraft, which was confirmed by an investigation by the Royal Australian Air Force which determined it was a twin-engine Douglas aircraft used by the United States Army operating as a transport aircraft that had been reported missing on 1 November 1943 on a flight from Rockhampton to Brisbane with 12 people listed on the manifest. An unsuccessful search had been conducted to find the missing aircraft after its disappearance. As the weather conditions on the day had been turbulent and the engines were found at some distance from the fuselage, it was determined the aircraft had broken up in mid-air. It was subsequently established that a 13th person was also"}, {"text": "onboard when a woman came forward claiming that her husband, an American serviceman, had been reported missing at the same time, suspecting he may have been on the flight; this was confirmed by finding his signet ring and identity disk at the wreck site. Of the 13 victims, six were American, six were Australian, and one was from England. The human remains could not be individually identified, but were buried in Bundaberg War Cemetery (within Bundaberg General Cemetery) in a graveside funeral service conducted by local clergymen. The coffins were carried on trucks draped in flags with a military escort who acted as pallbearers at the cemetery. Businesses in Bundaberg were closed allowing thousands of people, despite the heavy rain, to line the streets to pay a final tribute to the dead. Demographics. In the , Yarrol had a population of 8 people. In the , Yarrol had a population of 15 people. Education. There are no schools in Yarrol. The nearest government primary schools are: The nearest government secondary schools are Eidsvold State School and Monto State High School in Monto."}, {"text": "Mungy is a rural locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Mungy had \"no people or a very low population\". Geography. Gin Gin\u2013Mount Perry\u2013Monto Road runs, through from east to north-west. Demographics. In the , Mungy had a population of 3 people. In the , Mungy had \"no people or a very low population\"."}, {"text": "Dundarrah is a rural locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Dundarrah had a population of 4 people. Geography. The Isis Highway enters the locality from the north-west (Coalstoun Lakes) and forms the western boundary of the locality, exiting to the south-east (Ban Ban / Stockhaven). The western boundary of the Mount Walsh National Park in neighbouring Stockhaven forms the eastern boundary of Dundarrah. The land use is crop growing in the west of the locality with grazing on native vegetation in other parts of the locality. History. The Dundarrah cheese factory opened in November 1914. It was the first cheese factory in the Burnett district. It no longer operates. Demographics. In the , Dundarrah had a population of 3 people. In the , Dundarrah had a population of 4 people. Education. There are no schools in Dundarrah. The nearest government primary school is Coalstoun Lakes State School in neighbouring Coalstoun Lakes to the north-west. The nearest government secondary schools are Biggenden State School (to Year 10) in Biggenden to the north-east and Burnett State College (to Year 12) in Gayndah to the west."}, {"text": "The B\u00e9rard-Jordana Agreement (French: \"Accords B\u00e9rard-Jordana\", Spanish: \"Acuerdo B\u00e9rard-Jordana\"), also called Berard-Jordan Agreement in English, was a political treaty signed by France and Spain in Burgos on 25 February 1939. Its name is based on the two principal signatories, L\u00e9on B\u00e9rard for France and General Francisco G\u00f3mez-Jordana Sousa for Spain. Background. The Spanish Civil War had begun between the left-leaning Republicans (or \"Loyalists\") and the right-leaning Nationalists on 17 July 1936, but by January 1939, it had decisively turned to favour the Nationalists, with major Republican defeats at the Battle of the Ebro in November 1938 and the Catalonia Offensive of 1938\u20131939 causing the fall of Barcelona. In the meantime, Nazi Germany advanced its foreign policy goals on France's other flank by achieving the Remilitarization of the Rhineland and the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1936 and the Anschluss of Austria and the Munich Agreement in 1938. The Spanish Nationalists, who accepted German and Fascist Italian assistance against the Republicans, did not want to be drawn into a potential conflict between Germany and France and signalled to unofficial French envoys to the Nationalist leadership that they would maintain strict neutrality in Germany's expansionist designs. The left-leaning French government of L\u00e9on Blum, which"}, {"text": "had tentatively supported the Republicans, was now faced with more than 400,000 refugees, who attempted to escape the Nationalist advance and crossed the border into France, as well as with the diplomatic prospect of Spain being ruled by Francisco Franco, who was diplomatically aligned with France's rivals: Germany and Italy. As a result, the French government was forced to clarify its relationship with Francoist Spain to deal with the refugee crisis and to prevent a Spanish military alliance with Germany and Italy that might be aimed against France. The new Francoist government in Spain, on the other hand, wanted to maximise its own political and diplomatic legitimacy by normalising the relations with France and the United Kingdom as soon as possible. The Spanish leadership was willing to grant the French request to prevent permanent German and Italian troop presence in Spain, which the Francoists had not intended to allow anyway. However, Spain in return demanded for France to deliver all goods of the Spanish Republic that were currently in France, including art collections, financial assets and military equipment. Meetings took place between the French Senator L\u00e9on B\u00e9rard and General Francisco G\u00f3mez-Jordana Sousa, Franco's leading advisor on foreign policy and later"}, {"text": "foreign minister, in February 1939. The first meeting started on 5 February, the second on 18 February. The final convention at which the treaty was signed between B\u00e9rard and Jordana started on 23 February. France accepted almost all of Spain's demands for the diplomatic relationship and could not secure any major concessions from the Spanish in return. The agreement was signed on 25 February 1939. It remained secret until the French government published it on 27 February. The French legislature voted to confirm the recognition of Franco on 24 February and in favour of \u00c9douard Daladier's desire to normalise relations with the new Spanish regime by a margin of 323 to 261. Content. The agreement contained a political declaration, a declaration of good neighbourly relations, and a declaration on the Spanish assets in France. Furthermore, Jordana gave verbal assurances on the refugee situation in France. Political Declaration. The French government recognised the Franco government as legitimate in Spain. Spain and France affirmed that they would co-operate in Morocco. Declaration of good neighbourly relations. Both governments agreed to undertake every necessary measure for the close supervision of any activity directed against the tranquility and security of the other party. The French"}, {"text": "government promised to take specific measurements to prevent subversive activities of Spanish nationals in France directed against Spain. Verbal assurances by General Jordana regarding the refugee question. The Spanish government declared its willingness to receive all refugees, without distinction between men, women and children, who had gone to France. However, the Spanish government reserved itself the right to prosecute in Spanish courts any refugees for any crimes that they might have committed. Declaration on Spanish assets in France. The French government promised to return Spanish property of the following types: Aftermath. The French and British governments recognized Franco's leadership of Spain on 27 February 1939. Philippe P\u00e9tain, who later became the leader of the collaborationist Vichy regime in France, became the French ambassador in Burgos on 2 March. He would oversee the repatriation of the Republican gold reserves and the paintings of the Museo del Prado from France to Spain. The Spanish Civil War ended on 1 April 1939 with a Nationalist victory. Franco, who was neutral in the Second World War, would remain as Spain's \"caudillo\" until his death in 1975. After the British and the French recognitions of the Franco government, the United States followed suit on 7"}, {"text": "April 1939. Spain continued its policy of diplomatic ambivalence between the western democracies and the European fascists and on 27 March 1939 joined the Anti-Comintern Pact, which had initially been formed by Germany and the Japanese Empire in November 1936. Spain was, however , ppalled by the German co-operation with the Soviet Union under the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact I August 1939 since the Soviets had supported the Spanish Republicans during the Spanish Civil War against Franco. Subsequently, the Spanish government was neutral in the Second World War on either side and denied the German aims for an Axis attack on Gibraltar, a British territory, under the German military's proposed Operation Felix. However, Spain allowed volunteers to fight in the German Wehrmacht as part of the 250th Infantry \"Blue\" Division. The entry of Spain to the Anti-Comintern Pact resulted in a Spanish buildup against the western democracies, including French Morocco, which directly went against the terms of the B\u00e9rard-Jordana Agreement. France and Spain had promised each other to maintain good neighbourly relations and to act co-operatively in both countries' Moroccan colonies in the agreement."}, {"text": "Stockhaven is a rural locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Stockhaven had \"no people or a very low population\". Demographics. In the , Stockhaven had a population of 5 people. In the , Stockhaven had \"no people or a very low population\"."}, {"text": "A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Ku-ring-gai on 13 September 1980. It was triggered by the resignation of John Maddison (). By-elections for the seats of Bankstown and Murray were held on the same day. Results. <includeonly> John Maddison () resigned.</includeonly>"}, {"text": "Malmoe is a rural locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Malmoe had a population of 37 people. Geography. The Burnett River enters the locality from the north (Grosvenor) and exits to the south (Coonambula / O'Bil Bil), forming a section of the southern boundary of the locality. Two of its tributaries, A Creek and O'Bil Bil Creek form part of the locality's south-western and south-eastern boundaries respectively. Malmoe has one mountain in the east of the locality, called Spring Hill (), which rises to above sea level. The Burnett Highway enters the locality from the north (Grosvenor) and exits to the south-east (O'Bil Bil). The land use is predominantly irrigated crop growing around the Burnett River, but otherwise is grazing on native vegetation. History. The name Malmoe is derived from the name of a pastoral run name, operated from at least 1848 by the Archer brothers, a family with connections to Scotland and Norway. It is suspected that it refers to the Swedish city of Malmo. Many of the settlers were German. The Malmoe Apostolic Church opened in 1913, part of the Apostolic Church of Queensland. It was demolished in 1969 to be replaced by"}, {"text": "a new church building in 1970. It is now within the locality of O'Bil Bil. Malmoe State School opened in August 1914. It was on the northern side of Augustines Road (). In 1925, it was relocated to a new site near the O'Bil Bil railway station. In 1928, it was renamed O'Bil Bil State School. It closed circa 1964. It was at 80 O'Bil Bil Road (). The Mungar Junction to Monto railway line opened in stages with the section from Mundubbera to Ceratodus opening on 26 April 1924, with Malmoe railway station serving the locality (). The last train on the railway line was in 2008 and in 2012 it was announced the line was officially closed; the station is now abandoned. Demographics. In the , Malmoe had a population of 37 people. In the , Malmoe had a population of 37 people. Education. There are no schools in Malmoe. The nearest government schools are Eidsvold State School (Kindergarten - Year 12) in Eidsvold to the north and Mundubbera State College (Early Childhood - Year 10) in Mundubbera to the south-east. Amenities. Despite the name, the Malmoe Apostolic Church is at 529 Augustines Road in O'Bil Bil ()."}, {"text": "One Born Every Minute Australia is an Australian observational docuseries that follows the births of expecting families as they prepare for labour at Sydney\u2019s Westmead Hospital. The show, an Australian version of the UK show by the same name, was produced by Endemol Shine Australia and aired via Network 10. The show was first aired on 22 October 2019 and concluded its first season on 10 December 2019. The show consists of one season of eight episodes, with each episode having an average duration of 49 minutes. Over an eight-week period the series was filmed in Sydney\u2019s Westmead Hospital Birthing Unit, where over 5,500 families choose to birth their babies each year. The series follows the birthing journeys of multiple women as they enter into labour, proceed into giving birth and welcome newborn babies. The show was nominated for the ASE (Australian Screen Editors) Award for Best Editing in Factual Entertainment in 2020. Content and plot. Each episode of \"One Born Every Minute\" follows a series of unrelated women and families entering Westmead Hospital to give birth. Each episode generally follows three to four families who enter the hospital while in labour. While in labour, families and doctors discuss many"}, {"text": "birth-related topics, such as birthing options and any potential birthing complications. Some background information is provided on the birth parents, as well as an overview of any previous and present pregnancies. After the mothers give birth, the series introduces the newly born child along with any other relevant post-birth information. The series explores many aspects and themes of childbirth. Moderate birthing complications such as breech births and caesarean sections are common themes within the show. Additionally, more serious themes such as congenital birth defects, heart problems and pre and post-natal birth complications are present. Production and production history. \"One Born Every Minute\" Australia premiered on 22 October 2019. The show only has one season with eight episodes, with the final episode airing on 10 December 2019. The show was produced under Australian media company Endemol Shine Australia and broadcast via Network 10 (an Australian free-to-air commercial television network). Beverley McGarvey, chief content officer for Network 10 stated, \"We have seen our audiences really embrace and enjoy an insight into the world of genuinely amazing Australians including paramedics and life-guards, so having the opportunity to now get close to the incredible and dedicated teams who help us through childbirth is not"}, {"text": "only thrilling but is a real privilege and a series we believe will be very special.\" The show is narrated by Jane Hall and directed and produced by Michael Bennett, along with producers Debbie Cuell and Sarah Thornton. The series was edited by Karen Crespo. The show used footage from over 60 fixed rig cameras set up around Westmead Hospital Birthing Unit, with the aim to capture the realities of parenthood, nurses, hospital culture and relationships. \"One Born Every Minute\" Australia is the Australian version of the UK series \"One Born Every Minute\". The original UK series was sold to several countries, where an Australian and American version of the same name, \"One Born Every Minute\", exists. Audience reception. \"One Born Every Minute\" Australia has had an overall positive response from audiences, with 97% of Google users liking the show. The show also received positive coverage from multiple Australian media outlets, such as the Sydney Morning Herald and Hit Network. The premiering episode of the series received 325,000 metro viewers, with the series receiving 454,000 national views altogether."}, {"text": "Louisiana's 34th State Senate district is one of 39 districts in the Louisiana State Senate. It has been represented by Democrat Katrina Jackson since 2020. Geography. District 34 covers a majority-black swath of North Louisiana, including all of East Carroll, Madison Parishes, and Tensas Parishes, and parts of Concordia, Morehouse, Ouachita, Richland Parishes. The district covers some or all of the towns of Lake Providence, Tallulah, Ferriday, Delhi, Rayville, Bastrop, Monroe, and Richwood. The district is located entirely within Louisiana's 5th congressional district, and overlaps with the 14th, 16th, 17th, 19th, 20th, and 21st districts of the Louisiana House of Representatives. Recent election results. Louisiana uses a jungle primary system. If no candidate receives 50% in the first round of voting, when all candidates appear on the same ballot regardless of party, the top-two finishers advance to a runoff election."}, {"text": "Composable disaggregated infrastructure (CDI), sometimes stylized as composable/disaggregated infrastructure, is a technology that allows enterprise data center operators to achieve the cost and availability benefits of cloud computing using on-premises networking equipment. It is considered a class of converged infrastructure, and uses management software to combine compute, storage and network elements. It is similar to public cloud, except the equipment sits on premises in an enterprise data center. Overview. American market intelligence firm International Data Corporation (IDC) describes CDI as \"an emerging category of infrastructure systems that make use of high-bandwidth, low-latency interconnects to aggregate compute, storage, and networking fabric resources into shared resource pools that can be available for on-demand allocation.\" These systems use what is sometimes called rack-scale architecture, which allows network operators to replace components on a rack while the entire data center behaves as a virtualized server. This allows operators to allocate compute, memory, and storage resources inside each server node on-demand, over a high speed, low latency computing fabric. The individual components can be managed as a resource pool, allowing dynamic provisioning and deprovisioning with a common application programming interface (API). No hardware configuration is required. Technology. Composability refers to the composer, which is another"}, {"text": "term for the software that allows the server resources, which include compute, storage, and RAM, to be placed into a pool to become available for applications and workloads. Disaggregation is the process of aggregating server resources with the resources of other servers in the data center. These aggregated or pooled resources can be shared by applications or workloads. The composer software controls how much of each disaggregated resource is needed from each server. The use of software APIs to provisioning the resources without having to directly program any individual hardware device is known as programmatic control. Operators can use open APIs in composable infrastructure in order to integrate third-party software and hardware with proprietary solutions."}, {"text": "Aleksandar Nikolov is a Bulgarian and Canadian theoretical computer scientist working on differential privacy, discrepancy theory, and high-dimensional geometry. He is a professor at the University of Toronto. Nikolov obtained his Ph.D. from Rutgers University in 2014 under the supervision of S. Muthukrishnan (Thesis: \"New computational aspects of discrepancy theory\"). Nikolov is the Canada Research Chair in Algorithms and Private Data Analysis. Early life and education. Aleksandar Nikolov was born in Varna, Bulgaria, to Bulgarian parents of Banat origin. After attaining primary and secondary education in Varna, he was awarded a presidential scholarship to St. Peter's University in Jersey City, NJ. There he majored in computer science, graduating as the valedictorian of his class. He later pursued graduate studies at Rutgers University, obtaining his PhD in computer science under the supervision of S. Muthukrishnan. Academic and research career. Following his doctoral studies, Nikolov joined the University of Toronto as an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science. His research interests include differential privacy, optimization, and the design and analysis of algorithms. Nikolov has made significant contributions to understanding the mathematical foundations of privacy and the development of efficient algorithms with strong theoretical guarantees. Research contributions. Nikolov's work on differential"}, {"text": "privacy has been particularly influential. He has explored various aspects of privacy-preserving data analysis, including mechanisms for ensuring privacy in statistical queries and optimization problems. His research has advanced the theoretical understanding of how to balance data utility with privacy guarantees. In addition to privacy, Nikolov has contributed to the field of optimization, focusing on algorithms for high-dimensional data and the development of efficient approximation algorithms. His work often intersects with machine learning, where he addresses problems related to data representation and complexity. Publications and citations. Aleksandar Nikolov has published numerous papers in prestigious conferences and journals. His work has been widely cited, reflecting the impact of his research on the computer science community. Some of his notable publications include contributions to conferences such as STOC (Symposium on Theory of Computing), FOCS (Foundations of Computer Science), and SODA (Symposium on Discrete Algorithms). Teaching and mentorship. At the University of Toronto, Nikolov is also recognized for his dedication to teaching and mentorship. He teaches courses on algorithms, data privacy, and theoretical computer science, inspiring a new generation of computer scientists. His approach to teaching emphasizes both the theoretical underpinnings of computer science and their practical applications. Professional activities and recognition. Nikolov"}, {"text": "is actively involved in the academic community, serving on program committees for major conferences and reviewing for top journals. His contributions have earned him recognition, highlighting his role as a leading figure in his areas of expertise. Recent work and future directions. In recent years, Nikolov has focused on developing a 21st-century framework for addressing contemporary problems in computer science. He advocates for interdisciplinary approaches that combine insights from computer science, mathematics, and other fields to tackle complex challenges. His recent initiatives aim to bridge the gap between theoretical research and practical applications, ensuring that advancements in algorithms and privacy have a meaningful impact on society. External links. Aleksandar Nikolov's Google Scholar Profile Aleksandar Nikolov's Research Page at the University of Toronto Aleksandar Nikolov's Personal Homepage at the University of Toronto Article on the Need for a 21st-Century Framework for 21st-Century Problems"}, {"text": "The Whole Truth is a 1955 thriller play by the British writer Philip Mackie. Originally written and broadcast by the BBC as a television play, it was rewritten for the stage the same year. It premiered at the Royal Lyceum Theatre in Edinburgh, before beginning a 145 performance West End run at the Aldwych Theatre. The original cast included Leslie Phillips, Ernest Clark and Sarah Lawson. Film adaptation. In 1958 it was made into a film \"The Whole Truth\" directed by John Guillermin starring Stewart Granger and Donna Reed and George Sanders."}, {"text": "Wahoon is a rural locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Wahoon had \"no people or a very low population\". Demographics. In the , Wahoon had \"no people or a very low population\". In the , Wahoon had \"no people or a very low population\"."}, {"text": "Cheltenham is a rural locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Cheltenham had a population of 10 people. Geography. Cheltenham has the following mountains (from north to south): Two sections of the Yerilla State Forest are in the north of the locality. Apart from these protected areas, the land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation. Demographics. In the , Cheltenham had a population of 17 people. In the , Cheltenham had a population of 10 people. Education. There are no schools in Cheltenham. The nearest government primary schools are Eidsvold State School in Eidsvold to the north-east and Boynewood State School in Boynewood to the east. The nearest government secondary school is Eidsvold State School (to Year 12). However, students living in the west and south of the locality may be too distant to attend these schools; the alternatives are distance education and boarding school. References. [[Category:Localities in Queensland]"}, {"text": "ESPN took full control of televising the event in 2015. When taking over, ESPN ended 47 years of coverage produced and aired by CBS. ESPN uses ESPN, ESPN2, and ABC for broadcasts, while putting outer court coverage on ESPN+. Other regions. Source"}, {"text": "Cherax albidus, commonly known as the white yabby or commercial yabby, is an Australian freshwater crayfish in the Parastacidae family, found primarily in Western Australian agricultural dams, creeks and other small bodies of water. It receives the name of the white yabby to distinguish it from \" Cherax destructor\", the common or blue yabby. Similar to the \"C. destructor\", the white yabby shares its common name of yabby with many other Australian \"Cherax\" species of crustaceans. Description. \"Cherax albidus\" is known to grow over in length. Colour in \"C. albidus\" can vary according to a number of environmental and genetic factors; colours such as a beige or coffee colour, black, and even sapphire blue are common, with the latter being the rarest of the colours found."}, {"text": "Per Berg (born 6 August 1961) is a Danish curler. He is a ."}, {"text": "Mount Lawless is a rural locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Mount Lawless had a population of 9 people. Geography. The Burnett River forms most of the eastern boundary. It drains a basin covering which is 1.9% of the total area of Queensland. Despite its name, the mountain Mount Lawless is in the far south-east of the neighbouring locality of Yenda to the north. The nearest large town is Gayndah which is distant in a direct line or by road. The land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation with some crop growing near the river. History. The area had started growing small crops, citrus orchards, grain and dairy cattle by 1905. The Gayndah area is still known for these primary industries, with irrigation, today. At the time the Burnett River Bridge was being built (1906-7), the site selected was \"said to possess considerable scenic beauty. The exact spot is on a basalt crossing, on either side of which are large lagoons, in which fish and fowl abound.\" An area of was reserved for township purposes at Mount Lawless, near Gayndah in 1909. The final stage of the Mungar Junction to Monto railway line opened"}, {"text": "from Wetherton to Gayndah via Mount Lawless on 16 December 1907 without any ceremony. It was officially opened in April 1908 by the Queensland Minister for Railways George Kerr. The locality was served by two railway stations, both now abandoned: The last train on the railway line was in 2008 and in 2012 it was announced the line was officially closed. Floods. The Burnett River Bridge is also known as the Mt. Lawless railway bridge and is not to be confused with the Burnett Railway Bridge in Bundaberg. This low-level railway bridge was built over the rapids in the Burnett River at Mount Lawless during 1906/1907. The bridge engineer said at the time that it was \"the longest bridge of its kind in Queensland ... and he felt sure that it would resist every pressure likely to be met with.\" The bridge was flooded in 1911, 1918, 1921, 1928, 1929, 1934, 1949, 1950, 1954 and 1956. It suffered major damage in the 1947 floods when nine spans () of the length of the bridge were washed away. The damage occurred from 11 February 1947 and the bridge was repaired and restricted services resumed six weeks later. The Queensland Government Irrigation"}, {"text": "and Water Supply Commission monitored a gauging station (No. 279) at the Mount Lawless railway bridge, one of several along the Burnett River and its tributaries. The construction of the Jones Weir at Mundubbera, upstream from Mount Lawless, commenced in April 1947. It was officially opened on Saturday 23 June 1951. The weir is one of the oldest concrete weirs commissioned in Queensland. Construction slowed between December 1948 and March 1949 due to flooding. Other upstream weirs followed. The 2013 floods again removed the centre spans of the bridge, despite earlier flood protection measures. Demographics. In the , Mount Lawless had a population of 12 people. In the , Mount Lawless had a population of 9 people. Heritage listing. The Official Register of Engineering Heritage Markers listed Education. There are no schools in Mount Lawless. The nearest government primary school is Gayndah State School in Gayndah to the south. The nearest government secondary school is Burnett State College, also in Gayndah."}, {"text": "The Meeting House for the New York Society of Ethical Culture is an Art Nouveau building located within the Central Park West Historic District in New York City. The building was designed by Robert D. Kohn. History. Construction for the meeting house began in 1909\u2014nearly a decade after the New York Society for Ethical Culture bought the land on Central Park West between 63rd and 64th streets\u2014and was completed in 1910. Originally, the Society had been meeting in Carnegie Hall, but decided to build a meeting house of their own. The architect of the building, and a lifelong member of the Society for Ethical culture as well as one of its presidents, Robert D. Kohn, juxtaposed the style of the meeting house with the style of the society's school that shared the same block, Ethical Culture School. The school, which had been completed in 1904, is a five-story, brick building, with large windows facing the expansive Central Park on the other side of the avenue. The school had, however, been designed by other architects: John Carr\u00e8re and Thomas Hastings. Kohn did not design the meeting house to match the school; rather, he imagined the meeting house in the Art Nouveau"}, {"text": "style, which effectively conflicted with, but also complemented, the typical image of the school. Thus, for much of the twentieth century, the meeting house has remained, effectively, the same as it had been done when it was constructed. However, in 1966, the Society for Ethical Culture, along the Y.M.C.A, which was right beside the meeting house, were approached by a developer and former chairman of the City Planning Commission, William F.R. Ballard, and offered a deal to complete the strip of buildings on the block (between 63rd and 64th) street in order to put in a forecourt because of the close vicinity to Lincoln Center. Ultimately, the project did not go through because of the flurry of protests from both the Y.M.C.A and the Society for Ethical Culture. Landmark dispute. In the late 1970s, the Society for Ethical Culture in New York attempted to annul the landmark statuses for its meeting house and school, both located on Central Park West, because they wanted to redevelop the area. The reason for this was because the land, in the over seventy years that the Society had owned it, had appreciated greatly in value, and the Society wanted to capitalize on this change."}, {"text": "The Society's leaders were not planning on using the land to advance the wealth of the organization, but rather to fund its charitable and philanthropic efforts as well as the Ethical Culture School, which was the justification for their legal action against the landmark status. Specifically, the Society argued that the landmark statuses of both buildings were inhibiting their economic agency over the land because the Society was not able to change any part of the land due to the restrictive historical landmark status. Nevertheless, in \"Society of Ethical Culture in the City of New York\" v. \"Spatt\", the court, and the judge presiding over the case, ruled in favor of keeping the landmark statuses for the meeting house and the school, effectively ruling against any of the future actions proposed by the Society. The court decided that, in reality, the Society's claims of economic hardship due to the landmark statuses was unfounded, and that it appeared that Society, instead, simply wanted to make money off of the land, without any care for the historical importance of either the school or the meeting house. 21st century. In 2001, the Society for Ethical Culture began to restore and renovate, at that"}, {"text": "point, the nearly century-old meeting house. The purpose of the renovation was, primarily, to repair the roof, and also restore the original masonry of the building. The project was undertaken by architect Walter Melvin, and the budget, for the overall restoration, was $1,022,000. The meeting house celebrated its 100th anniversary on October 23, 2010. The celebration included both a new dedication ceremony as well as a proclamation issued from the Mayor of New York, at the time, Michael Bloomberg. The proclamation declared that that date to be, within the boundaries of New York City, \"New York Society for Ethical Culture Day,\" specifically citing the great importance of the Society and its philanthropic efforts on New York culture. Architecture. The central idea of Kohn's design for the meeting house was the idea of simplicity. The exterior of the building is made of white Bedford stone, with few details carved into the stone. Besides the eight niches, the building's exterior stone is relatively simple. Above the wall that faces Central Park and Central Park West, there is a cornice, decorated more so than anything else on the exterior, that connects the meeting house to the Society's other building, the next door Ethical"}, {"text": "Culture School. Because of the plainness of the exterior wall of building, where there are no windows at the street level that peer into the inside quarters of the building, there are two inscribed tablets that name the building and describe its purpose. However, the entirety of the exterior is not undecorated: Above the main entrance, there is a relief by Estelle Rumbold Kohn, which depicts eight separate figures, arranged in a vigil. Moreover, over the side entrances of the meeting house there are four, relatively small torch-bearing figures designed and crafted by Harriet F. Clark. In the same vein as the exterior of the meeting house, the interior of the hallowed space is also plain. The meeting space has a circular arrangement: all the seats surround the center platform in a radial fashion. The center platform, itself, also is different from other religious halls because the platform is barely above the seats, indicating that the speaker, physically and figuratively, comes from where the audience sits, and is not separate and apart from the people. Moreover, the simplicity of the design translates into the details of the exterior, from the lack of finishing on the wood to the undecorated walls."}, {"text": "However, like the exterior, the interior is not entirely plain and undecorated: Inside the meeting house, there is a stained-glass window designed by Louis le Vaillant. There are also other stained-glass windows, namely the ones that face out onto Central Park West, which are the most visible to the public. The choice of a simple structure was a deliberate one on the part of Kohn; he wanted to depict a new style for both religious architecture in the city as well as the city's architectural style, as a whole. Primarily, Kohn wanted the structure to be different from other religious buildings in New York City because neither the meeting house nor the Society for Ethical were religious spaces, in reality, like that of a church or Christianity. Moreover, the plain exterior also pursued another argument of Kohn's: He wanted to pose an antithesis to the bustling modern life in the city. Since he felt that much of the city's architecture was garish and over-the-top, he designed the meeting house to be the complete opposite."}, {"text": "Wilson Valley is a rural locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Wilson Valley had a population of 20 people. Geography. The locality is loosely bounded from the north to the south-east by the Bin Bin Range. The terrain varies from above sea level with the higher elevations near the Bin Bin Range and the lower elevations in the south-west of the locality. The land use is grazing on native vegetation. History. The locality takes its name from its school, which was named Wilson Valley after Sam Wilson, described as the \"founder of the valley\" and who was then enlisted for military service in World War I. Although approval to establish the school was refused in July 1916 due to some of the students leaving the district resulting in too few students for the 18 required to establish a school, Mr J. Stines offered to building a provisional school building at his own expanse on his own land, an offer accepted by the government. Wilson Valley Provisional School opened on 4 October 1916 under teacher Mrs W. Brown junior. In June 1918, the government agreed to erect a state school building. On 1 October 1918, it"}, {"text": "became Wilson Valley State School. In 1930, a new school building was erected at the school, and in 1931, the old school building was relocated to Abercorn State School. The school closed on 14 May 1944. It was on Fowlers Road (). Demographics. In the , Wilson Valley had a population of 14 people. In the , Wilson Valley had a population of 20 people. Education. There are no schools in Wilson Valley. The nearest government primary school is Coalstoun Lakes State School in neighbouring Coalstoun Lakes to the south-east. The nearest government secondary schools are Biggenden State School (to Year 10) in Biggenden to the east and Burnett State College (to Year 12) in Gayndah to the south-west."}, {"text": "Juan Vidal (born 12 February 1977 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic), is a Dominican actor currently based in Mexico. He became known in his native country after winning the Mister Dominican Republic contest in 1995. Subsequently, he participated in the Mister World in Turkey, but he was not chosen. He studied acting and dramaturgy at the Centro de Educaci\u00f3n Art\u00edstica of Televisa. Career. He began his acting career in the United States on the CBS series \"The Guiding Light\". In 1999, he moved to Mexico, where it has become known for participating in several telenovelas of Televisi\u00f3n Azteca. His entire acting career has been mostly in Mexico, although he has also participated in several theater plays in United States and the Dominican Republic. Vidal has been the only TV Azteca actor to be recognized at the TVyNovelas Awards, although currently it does not have an exclusive contract with the network."}, {"text": "Wateranga is a rural locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Wateranga had \"no people or a very low population\". Geography. The \"Burnett River\" forms the western and northern boundaries. Demographics. In the , Wateranga had \"no people or a very low population\". In the , Wateranga had \"no people or a very low population\"."}, {"text": "Tullich Hill (632 m) is a hill in the southern Grampian Mountains of Scotland. It lies south of the village of Arrochar, between Loch Long and Loch Lomond in Argyll. An irregular, rocky hill, its most distinguished feature is the corrie on its southern slopes."}, {"text": "The following is a list of programs broadcast by independent television stations in the United States."}, {"text": "Toondahra is a rural locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Toondahra had \"no people or a very low population\". Geography. There are a number of mountains in Toondahra: History. The locality was named and bounded on 10 September 1999. Mount Barbara was named to commemorate the late Mrs Barbara Apel, of the Mimosa pastoral property. She ran her husband's property alone during World War II. Demographics. In the , Toondahra had a population of 8 people. In the , Toondahra had \"no people or a very low population\"."}, {"text": "Blue Hand is a 1925 thriller novel by the British writer Edgar Wallace. Adaptation. In 1967 it was adapted into the West German film \"Creature with the Blue Hand\", part of Rialto Film's long running series of Wallace adaptations."}, {"text": "The Pixelbook Go (codenamed Atlas during development) is a portable touchscreen laptop computer developed by Google which runs ChromeOS. It was announced on October 15, 2019 as the successor to the Pixelbook, and shipments began on October 27 for the United States and Canada. The Pixelbook Go was later made available for the United Kingdom in January 2020. Unlike preceding Google-branded Chromebook devices, the Pixelbook Go is not considerably more expensive compared to Chromebooks with similar functionality and specifications. History. An anonymous Google spokesperson told \"Computerworld\" it was \"very likely\" that a Pixelbook 2 would launch in 2019, when Google announced that it was discontinuing tablet hardware development in June 2019, following the disappointing reception to the Pixel Slate detachable tablet/laptop. A laptop codenamed \"Atlas\" during development had previously leaked as early as March 2019, and other details were gleaned by examining ChromiumOS source code. Final details, including the name and specifications, were published in September 2019, several weeks prior to the official announcement. Internally, the new Pixelbook Go used many of the same components as the preceding Pixel Slate. The two devices were developed closely together in 2018; 'Atlas' (the eventual Pixelbook Go laptop) was to be accompanied by"}, {"text": "'Meowth' (a convertible tablet), but due to supply chain issues, development of 'Meowth' was discontinued in favor of 'Nocturne' (which eventually became the Pixel Slate). Preorders were opened the same day as the announcement, October 15, 2019, and shipments for the Pixelbook Go began on October 27. The top-end version with a Core i7 processor was not available to order until December 2019. The Pixelbook Go was made available for the United Kingdom on January 15, 2020. Design. The Pixelbook Go features a touchscreen design with an aspect ratio of 16:9; however, with a conventional clamshell hinge, the device cannot be used like a tablet, unlike its predecessor, the Pixelbook. The device also features Google Assistant with a dedicated button. It runs ChromeOS and can launch Android applications natively. The laptop uses a magnesium chassis with an exterior finished in one of two colors, which Google calls \"Just Black\" and \"Not Pink\". The bottom chassis has a ribbed structure to aid grip. There is a front-facing camera capable of recording video at 1080p, 60 frames per second. Either of the computer's two USB-C ports may be used for charging; using the provided charger, charging for twenty minutes provides up to"}, {"text": "two hours of use. The battery has a claimed life of 12 hours; the UHD model comes with a larger battery. The Pixelbook drops support for the active stylus Pixelbook Pen. Response. The Pixelbook Go had generally favorable reviews; although the pricing was closer to competing computers than prior Google-branded Chromebooks, some reviewers pointed out that equivalent features and specifications could be purchased from other vendors at or below the cost of a Pixelbook Go."}, {"text": "Labidodemas rugosum is a species of sea cucumber in the family Holothuriidae. It is native to the tropical Indo-Pacific region. Description. \"Labidodemas rugosum\" has a distinctive white-pink hue. It is covered in long pinkish-white papillae. Distribution and habitat. \"Labidodemas rugosum\" is found off the coasts of Asia and Africa, in the tropical Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. Its range extends from the Red Sea, the east coast of Africa and Madagascar, to India and the Maldives, to Indonesia, northern Australia, the Philippines, Malaysia, New Guinea and other island groups in the western Pacific. \"Labidodemas rugosum\" is a reef-associated species, and is commonly found embedded in sand underneath stony corals. It lives in the eulittoral zone, between underwater. Conservation status. \"Labidodemas rugosum\" is uncommon but widespread throughout the Indo-Pacific, and not widely fished throughout its range. Due to this, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed the conservation status of this sea cucumber as least concern."}, {"text": "The 2003 Kansas City mayoral election was held February 25 and March 31, 2003 to elect the mayor of Kansas City, Missouri. It saw the reelection of incumbent mayor Kay Barnes."}, {"text": "Four Square Jane is a 1929 thriller novel by the British writer Edgar Wallace. Plot Overview. The novel is a collection of tales published in 1919 and 1920. Adaptation. In 1961 it was turned into the film \"The Fourth Square\", directed by Allan Davis as part of a long-running series of Wallace films made at Merton Park Studios. External links."}, {"text": "Plagigeyeria tribunicae is a species of freshwater gastropod belonging to the family Moitessieriidae. Distribution. This species is endemic to a cave-spring in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The species was initially collected in the cave Dejanova pe\u0107ina in Bile\u0107a, East Herzegovina, which is now entirely submerged by a man-made basin (Bile\u0107a Lake)."}, {"text": "The XXII Constitutional Government of Portugal () was the 22nd government of the Third Portuguese Republic, under the current Constitution. It was established on 26 October 2019 as a Socialist Party (PS) minority government, led by Prime Minister Ant\u00f3nio Costa, and ended on 30 March 2022. Composition. The government was composed of the Prime Minister and 19 ministries comprising ministers, secretaries and under-secretaries of state."}, {"text": "Doctor Miles Bennett Dyson is a character in the sci-fi franchise \"Terminator\". He is the original inventor of the microprocessor which would lead to the development of Skynet, an intelligent computer system intended to control the United States military, but which would later achieve sentience and launch a global war of extermination against humanity. Dyson is portrayed by Joe Morton in ' (\"T2\"), by Phil Morris in ', and by Courtney B. Vance in \"Terminator Genisys\". Fictional biography. \"Terminator 2: Judgment Day\". Miles Dyson is an expert in cybernetics at Cyberdyne Systems Corporation as the Director of Special Projects. He has a wife named Tarissa and a son named Danny. Dyson is creating a microprocessor inspired by two pieces of highly advanced technology recovered from a Terminator in the first film. Dyson is the man most directly responsible for Skynet's creation, which would lead to Judgment Day. One night at his home, Dyson is suddenly attacked by Sarah Connor, who believed that Judgment Day could be averted by killing Dyson, thereby stopping development of the microprocessor. When Sarah comes to her senses and retreats, Dyson is saved by Sarah's son, John, and the Model 101 Terminator. To convince Dyson that"}, {"text": "it is a Terminator, the machine removes skin to reveal its mechanical arm, identical to another arm held at Cyberdyne's laboratory. The group explain to Dyson the nature of Skynet and what his work would lead to. Dyson initially states that he will quit working at Cyberdyne and destroy all of his research, only for the Model 101 to explain that as long as the technology remains at Cyberdyne, Judgment Day remains inevitable. Dyson agrees to accompany Sarah, John and the Terminator to Cyberdyne to destroy his research. After unwillingly forcing their way into Cyberdyne at gunpoint, Dyson assists John to gather the technology from his laboratory. Dyson also begins preparing to decimate the lab with a bomb. Just as the bomb is ready for detonation, SWAT team officers arrive and open fire, fatally wounding Dyson. Dyson holds onto the trigger and signals for the Connors, the Terminator, and the SWAT team to leave. Dyson dies of his injuries and detonates the bomb, destroying the building with his body inside. \"Terminator Genisys\". Dyson returns in \"Terminator Genisys\", which takes place in an alternate timeline where Judgment Day was delayed to the year 2017. In this timeline, Dyson is Cyberdyne's CEO,"}, {"text": "and though he did not create Skynet directly, he is funding a project called \"Genisys\", created by his son. Danny and John Connor (now psychopathic due to being turned into a cyborg designated the T-3000 Terminator), both replace him as Skynet's creators. \"Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles\". Miles's wife, son and home appear in the pilot episode of , and although he appears in only the form of a family photograph, his part in \"Terminator 2\" is mentioned. It is revealed that the FBI believes (incorrectly) that Sarah is responsible for his death, which explains his wife Tarissa's hostility towards her after they meet again in 1999, though they manage to convince her that she is innocent of the crime. In episode 3, his grave is visited by his wife and Sarah. Sarah asks her if she knew anything about some men involved in the creation of Skynet. Tarissa mentions one man who created a form of AI called \"The Turk,\" a computer system capable of playing chess. In the photographs, Dyson is portrayed by Phil Morris. \"T2\" novels. In the \"T2\" series of novels by S.M. Stirling, set after \"Judgment Day\", Miles's brother, FBI agent Jordan Dyson, takes on"}, {"text": "the task of investigating Sarah Connor's activities, initially hunting her and John in the belief that they are responsible for his brother's death; even after Miles's wife reveals that the leader of the SWAT team that killed Miles has admitted his role in events\u2014he was dying of cancer and wanted to apologize for his mistake\u2014Jordan continues his vendetta on the grounds that Miles would never have been in Cyberdyne if it were not for Sarah. When he finally learns the truth about the Terminators, he is initially skeptical, but later comes to believe the Connors' tales, helping them battle the latest Terminator incursion into the past. Commentary. Critic Sharon Willis has noted the significance of Miles Dyson: Willis comments on Connor's speech to Dyson: Legacy. Dyson has become one of the most iconic and notable creators of artificial technology in popular culture, along with Eldon Tyrell from \"Blade Runner\" and Tony Stark in \"\". Morton ended up playing a similar role in the DC Extended Universe as Silas Stone, the father of Victor Stone/Cyborg who uses Mother Box technology in an attempt to save his son's life. Morton's portrayal of the role was revealed to have been a reference to"}, {"text": "Miles Dyson. Dyson has also been recognised as one of the most important characters in the \"Terminator\" franchise, due to his accidental creation of Skynet and his willingness to do whatever it takes to change the future, including sacrificing his own life. Dyson has also been compared to Victor Frankenstein and The Terminator to Frankenstein's Monster, where Dyson experimented with technologies beyond his understanding and inadvertently created life which turned evil, somewhat similar to how Dr. Frankenstein experimented with life beyond death and created a monster. There are noticeable differences between Dyson and Frankenstein. Dyson was unaware that his work would create Skynet, whereas Frankenstein fully intended on creating new life, but did not intend on creating a monster."}, {"text": "Surviving Christmas with the Relatives (also known as Christmas Survival in the United States) is a 2018 British Christmas film written and directed by James Dearden. It stars Julian Ovenden, Gemma Whelan, Joely Richardson and Michael Landes. It was released in the UK 30 November 2018 and was not well received."}, {"text": "A Warning is a 2019 book about the Trump administration, anonymously authored by someone described as \"a senior Trump administration official\", revealed in late 2020 to be Department of Homeland Security official Miles Taylor. It is a follow-up to an anonymous op-ed published by \"The New York Times\" in September 2018. The article, \"I Am Part of the Resistance Inside the Trump Administration\", described President Donald Trump's decision-making as uninformed and irresponsible, and said that many current members of the administration deliberately undermine his suggestions and orders for the good of the country. Publication and response. Expanding on the op-ed, the book was released on November 19, 2019, by Twelve, an imprint of the Hachette Book Group. The author received no advance payment and will donate some royalties to nonprofits. The author is represented by Javelin, a firm that has represented authors of other major Trump expos\u00e9s (\"A Higher Loyalty\", \"Team of Vipers\"). A couple of weeks before the official release of the 259-page book, several media outlets obtained pre-release book excerpts. \"The Washington Post\" reported discussions of potential mass resignation, a \u201cmidnight self-massacre\u201d, to warn the public of the gravity of the chaotic situation inside the White House. The"}, {"text": "Rachel Maddow Show covered concerns over the president's eroding decision-making capabilities, \"a toxic combination of amorality and indifference\", and discussions of removal of the president using the 25th Amendment. Other media covered the excerpt on the president's mental acuity, volatility, and that he \"stumbles, slurs, gets confused, is easily irritated, and has trouble synthesizing information\". The Trump White House responded to the book excerpts, calling the book a \"work of fiction\u201d and the author a \"coward\". Vice President Mike Pence insisted he never heard any talk about using the 25th Amendment to remove Trump from office. The Justice Department wrote a letter to the author warning that he or she might be violating one or more nondisclosure agreements by writing the book. The publisher defended the author, denied the need for a pre-publication review, challenged the government's apparent attempt to out the author's identity (as with other inner-circle whistleblowers), and said the department was just trying to intimidate them. Authorship. The Associated Press theorized that public curiosity over the author's identity might resemble the public riddle that occurred after the release of \"Primary Colors\", a roman \u00e0 clef on the Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign. In November 2019, the presumed"}, {"text": "author said they would reveal their identity at some point: \u201cTrump has not heard the last of me. There is more to come\u2026 Trump will hear from me, in my own name, before the [November] 2020 election.\u201d On February 18, 2020, then-President Donald Trump claimed that he knew the identity of the author but refused to release the author's identity to the public. On October 28, 2020, Miles Taylor announced that he is the author of the book. Reviews. Ron Elving of NPR gave the book a positive review, praising its \"sustained presence of surprisingly high-minded, intellectual discussion\". Carlos Lozada of \"The Washington Post\" panned the book, criticizing its lack of revelations and accusing it of creating more \"noise\". In her review for \"The New York Times Book Review\", Jennifer Szalai gave the book a negative review, asking, \"How can a book that has been denuded of anything too specific do anything more than pale against a formal whistle-blower complaint?\""}, {"text": "Algoid may refer to:"}, {"text": "The Marvin E. Goody Memorial by Joan Goody is installed in Boston's Public Garden, in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. The red granite and Dakota mahogany memorial was dedicated in 1984, having been funded by Friends of the Public Garden and Common. It was surveyed as part of the Smithsonian Institution's \"Save Outdoor Sculpture!\" program in 1993."}, {"text": "A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Lake Macquarie on 19 April 1969. It was triggered by the death of Jim Simpson (). Results. <includeonly> Jim Simpson () died.</includeonly>"}, {"text": "The Danger Rider is a 1924 American silent film directed by Denver Dixon, and starring Art Mix, Virginia Warwick and Dorothy Lee. It premiered on September 29, 1924, in Linton, Indiana. Reception. The \"St. Joseph Gazette\" gave the film a good review, stating that the picture \"gave the audience plenty of thrills\". The \"Missouri Valley Independent\" also enjoyed the movie, calling it a \"forceful and interesting Western picture,\" \"full of thrilling incidents and stirring action.\""}, {"text": "Marian Bille Carlson is a geneticist and the Director of Life Sciences at the Simons Foundation. She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a past president of the Genetics Society of America. Education and career. Carlson received her Bachelor of Arts degree from Harvard University. There, she spent a summer working in the laboratory of David Hubel after taking a neurobiology course and decided to become a biologist. She then attended Stanford University where she received a Ph.D. working on satellite DNA in \"Drosophila melanogaster\" under the supervision of Douglas Brutlag. She then became a postdoctoral researcher at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, working in the laboratory of David Botstein, where she began to work on yeast genetics and gene regulation. Carlson became a faculty member at Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons in 1981, and was promoted to a professor of genetics and development. In 2008, she took a position at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute before moving to the Simons Foundation in 2010. Carlson was elected to the Board of the Genetics Society of America in 1994 alongside Eric Lander. In 2001, she became president of the Genetics Society of America. Awards and honors."}, {"text": "In 1993, Carlson was named a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2004, Carlson was named a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2009, she was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences and received the Genetics Society of America Medal. In 2012, Carlson was elected to the American Academy of Microbiology."}, {"text": "John Robert Cary is a professor of physics at the University of Colorado Boulder and CEO of Tech-X Corporation, which he co-founded in 1994. Biography and education. In 1973 Cary earned a BA \"cum laude\" in physics and a BA \"cum laude\" in mathematics at the University of California, Irvine. He earned his MS in 1975 and Ph.D. in physics in 1979 at the University of California, Berkeley. Cary worked at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (1978-1980) and then the Institute for Fusion Studies at the University of Texas, Austin (1980-1984), prior to joining the faculty at the University of Colorado in 1984. At Colorado, he has served as department chair (1992-1995), center director, and faculty mentor. Research. Cary personally has worked in a wide variety of areas related to plasma and beam physics, such as nonlinear dynamics, 3D magnetohydrodynamic equilibria, magnetic reconnection, laser plasma acceleration, fusion plasma physics, but also in other fields, such as photonic structures, beam physics, computational algorithms, and electromagnetics of structures. As of this writing (October, 2020), Cary has written hundreds of scientific papers, which have collectively been cited over 10,000 times, with 18 papers having 100 citations or more. Data from one of his"}, {"text": "papers appeared on the cover of Nature, and Nature listed this work as one of the highlights of 2004. The Russian mathematician Arnold listed separatrix crossing as one of the 10 mathematical discoveries of the 1980s. Other professional work. In 1994, he co-founded Tech\u2011X Corporation, which concentrates on computational applications for science and engineering. Honors. Cary is a fellow of the American Physical Society and a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). He is also the recipient of the 2019 IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Section Particle Accelerator Science and Technology Award, the 2016 IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Section Charles K. Birdsall Award for Contributions to Computational Nuclear and Plasma Sciences, and the 2015 John Dawson Prize for Numerical Simulation of Plasmas - Lifetime. He has also won awards in visualization, include the 2007 Buneman award for Best Still Visualization, and the 2008 and 2011 Awards for Visualization of the Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computation program. Cary has chaired or served on multiple committees of the American Physical Society and the IEEE. He has served as associate editor for APS/AIP journals including the \"Reviews of Modern Physics.\" He was elected chair of the Division"}, {"text": "of Plasma Physics of the APS in 2018"}, {"text": "Xerxes: The Fall of the House of Darius and the Rise of Alexander, or simply Xerxes, is a 2018 comic book limited series written and illustrated by Frank Miller. Acting as both a prequel and sequel to the events chronicled in Miller's earlier series \"300\", a fictional retelling of the Battle of Thermopylae, the series garnered a mixed reception. Parts of the series were loosely adapted for the 2014 film \"\", a sequel to the 2006 film adaptation of \"300\". However, the comic series was not actually published until 2018, four years after the film's release. A further film adaptation of \"Xerxes\" \"Rise of Alexander\" segments, \"Blood and Ashes\", is also in development. Synopsis. Chapter One. In 490 BC, Darius I invades mainland Greece in retaliation for the Ionian Revolt's destruction of Sardis, with Athens's aid. An advance scouting party is slaughtered by a small detachment of Athenians, led by Themistokles and Aeskylos. The following day, at Marathon, General Miltiades comes up with a radical strategy to abandon the traditional phalanx and charge the numerically superior Persian force with a battle line that has been deliberately thinned in order to allow the Greeks to flank the Persians and catch them"}, {"text": "in a pincer. The strategy works, and the Persian force is slaughtered, but Miltiades orders the army to return to Athens immediately, knowing that the main body of Darius' force is headed there by sea. Chapter Two. The army returns to Athens ahead of the Persians, but Militades sees they are hopelessly outnumbered, and begs to be killed for his failure. Themistokles, however, has a plan: all the citizens of Athens, including women and the elderly, are dressed in armor and arrayed on the shore, presenting the image of a mighty army. Darius balks from landing, and decides to send a detachment of Androsians to test the Athenians. The Androsians' barges are destroyed by arrows lit with Greek fire, which acts as a diversion for Aeskylos to swim between the Persian ships, mount a cliff above Darius' flagship, and rain javelins onto the deck, killing Darius and several of his Immortals. Darius dies in his son Xerxes's arms, warning his son not to repeat his mistake, and to leave the Greeks in peace. The Persian navy retreats, but Themistokles feels no sense of triumph, believing that Xerxes's survival will come back to haunt them. Chapter Three. In 479 BC, Xerxes"}, {"text": "journeys into the desert of Najd, communing with the spirits of his ancestors and emerging as a mighty god-king. Returning to his capital, he demands that the \"perfect\" woman be found to be his wife, and he finds her in Esther of Judea, who promises all her love to the king if he will free her people. There is ambiguity as to what happens next: Xerxes either orders Zion burned to ash, \"freeing\" the Jewish people to wander homeless, or else he halts the campaign of genocide commenced by his father and saves the Jews from annihilation, who declare a national holiday (Purim) in his honor. After his ignominious defeat in Greece, Xerxes returns to Persia, but his plans for his empire are cut short by his assassination in 465 BC. Again, there is ambiguity about the exact manner of his assassination: whether he was struck down in battle, or quietly poisoned. Chapter Four. 336 BC: under Darius III, the Persian Empire is larger and mightier than ever before. But Alexander the Great conquers all of Greece and invades Persia, defeating Darius' army at Issus in 333 BC. Darius flees the battle and his wife and children are taken hostage"}, {"text": "by Alexander, who orders their lives spared. Chapter Five. 331 BC: Incensed by Alexander's refusal to return his wife and family, Darius confronts the Greeks again, at Gaugamela. Again, the Persians are defeated and Darius flees to Babylon, while the Greeks sack Susa and Persepolis. Darius is finally assassinated in 330 BC by his cousin Bessus. Alexander himself oversees Darius' funeral, saluting him as a worthy rival, while anticipating his own plans to conquer the entire known world, believing that nothing is impossible. Film adaptations. \"300: Rise of an Empire\". In June 2008, producers Mark Canton, Gianni Nunnari, and Bernie Goldmann revealed that work had begun on a sequel to the 2006 film \"300\". Based on the then-unpublished \"Xerxes\", the film \"\", directed by Noam Murro, was released on March 7, 2014. \"Blood and Ashes\". In May 2021, \"300\" director Zack Snyder revealed that, during COVID-19 lockdown, he had written a third \"300\" film subtitled \"Blood and Ashes\", adapting the Alexander the Great segments of \"Xerxes\", but Warner Bros. Pictures was not interested in it. In December 2023, Snyder revealed that he had regained the rights for \"Blood and Ashes\" from Warner Bros., and was planning to develop the film"}, {"text": "in the future."}, {"text": "The Danger Rider may refer to:"}, {"text": "The Red Lodge Communal Mausoleum is in the Red Lodge City Cemetery on Montana Highway 78 in Carbon County, Montana, near Red Lodge, Montana. It was built in 1922. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011. It is a 232-crypt community mausoleum built in the early 1920s for the citizens in and around the City of Red Lodge, Montana. It is within the Catholic Cemetery portion of the overall cemetery, which has an additional , and it is the largest structure. It was built by the Consolidated Mausoleums Company of Billings, Montana in a modified cruciform plan. It includes a chapel. It was deemed significant as \"a very well-preserved and rare example of a community mausoleum in Montana from the early twentieth century. Only two other community mausoleums are known to have been built in the state during the era, one in Billings and the other in Great Falls. Of the three, only the Red Lodge and Billings facilities retain historic integrity. / The Red Lodge Communal Mausoleum also has architectural significance as an important local expression of one of the few solely American architectural forms, the Prairie School Style. Components of the building reflective"}, {"text": "of the style include its form (i.e., a tall central mass flanked by lower subordinate wings), a heavy application of rough textured stucco on the exterior walls and horizontal rows of window rows.\""}, {"text": "An equestrian statue of George Washington by Thomas Ball is installed in Boston's Public Garden, in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. Description and history. The sculpture was commissioned in 1859, modeled in 1864, and cast and dedicated in 1869. The bronze measures approximately 22 x 6 x 15 ft, and rests on a granite base that measures approximately 16 x 8 x 15 ft. It was surveyed by the Smithsonian Institution's \"Save Outdoor Sculpture!\" program in 1993. The monument was conceived in an effort to present Massachusetts as an artistic center. The chairman of the fundraising committee for the monument, Alexander H. Rice, declared in a speech from 1859:This statue shall exhibit the resources of our own State in the production of works of its class. The artist is a citizen of Boston; the statue will be modeled here; it will also be cast in bronze at some one of the foundries of Massachusetts, and it is expected that abundant funds for defraying its cost will flow from the generosity of our own people.Over the years, the statue's sword has repeatedly been broken and stolen; to avoid continually recasting a bronze replacement, caretakers installed a fiberglass substitute."}, {"text": "Janusz Charczuk (born 20 February 1941) is a former Polish footballer who played as a forward spending his entire senior career with Lechia Gda\u0144sk. Biography. Born in Sokal, near Lviv in what was occupied Poland in 1941 his family found themselves moving to Ustka after the second world war due to the relocation of Poles. After training with the youth teams for Stal Ustka and Czarni S\u0142upsk he found himself joining the Lechia Gda\u0144sk academy when he started to study architecture at the Gda\u0144sk University of Technology in 1959. He made his Lechia debut on 13 March 1960 against G\u00f3rnik Zabrze playing a total of 15 times in his first season. In 1964 Lechia played Arka Gdynia for the first time in the Tricity Derby with Charczuk being the first ever goalscorer in the derby in a 2-1 win for Lechia. In 1968 after gaining his architect's diploma Charczuk had to choose between a career in architecture or a career in football, choosing to pursue architecture instead. In total for Lechia he played 160 times scoring 24 goals. After spending time working in Gda\u0144sk as an architect he moved with his family to the Chicago in the United States, settling"}, {"text": "in Canada in his later life. Charczuk is also a devoted Catholic and is also an artist. Some of his Catholic orientated art works have been displayed in the St. Mary's Church in Gda\u0144sk."}, {"text": "Alessio Allegria (born 28 July 1995) is a Belgian footballer who plays for Belgian side Thes Sport. Career. Allegra started his senior career with S.V. Zulte Waregem in 2013. In 2017, he signed for Shakhter Karagandy in the Kazakhstan Premier League where he made thirteen appearances and scored one goal. After that, he played for Belgian clubs K. Patro Eisden Maasmechelen and K.V.V. Thes Sport Tessenderlo, where he plays now."}, {"text": "Terak Township () is a township of Wuqia County in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Located in the middle northeast of the county, the township covers an area of 1,500 square kilometers with a population of 3,788 (as of 2017). It has 2 administrative villages under its jurisdiction. Its seat is at \"Ketkara Village\" (). Terak is located 156 kilometers away northeast of the county seat Wuqia Town. It is bordered by Artux City to the southeast, Baykurut Township to the west, Toyun Township in the northwest. It is bordered by the Kyrghyz Republic with a boundary line of 88 kilometers in the north. There are 22 mountain passes and 5 rivers connecting with Kyrgyzstan. History. \"The name \"Terak\" is from Kyrgyz language, it means \"poplar\". Terak was the 4th township of the 4th district in Wuqia County in 1950 and part of \"Toyun Commune\" () in 1958, it was formed from Toyun Commune in 1962, it was renamed to \"Xiangyang\" () from Terak in 1968 and restored the original name in 1980 and organized as a township in 1984. Brief Introduction. The township of Terak has an area of about 1,500 square kilometers with 1,030 households and a population"}, {"text": "of 3,788 (as of 2017). Its highest altitude in the territory is 4,024 meters and the lowest altitude is 2,346 meters. The township has highways to the cities of Artux and Kashi. The economy of Terak is mainly based on animal husbandry, the agronomic crops are winter wheat, highland barley and medicago, limestone is its mineral product. The township has a cultivated land of 175.3 hectares, artificial herbage Land of 273.5 hectares and the forest land of 60 hectares. Settlements. The township has 2 administration villages and 5 unincorporated villages under its jurisdiction. 2 administration villages:"}, {"text": "Curtis Fuller Meets Roma Jazz Trio is an album by trombonist Curtis Fuller which was recorded in Italy in 1982 and released on the Dutch Timeless label."}, {"text": "Rider of Mystery Ranch is a 1924 American silent film directed by Denver Dixon, and starring Art Mix. It premiered on May 3, 1924, in Chillicothe, Missouri. Production. In early April 1924 it was announced that Los Angeles distributor R.D. Lewis had acquired the distribution rights to the film after relocating from Oklahoma City. This acquisition was part of a six-picture deal for Art Mix films, which included \"Ace of Cactus Range\" and \"South of Santa Fe\"."}, {"text": "Jesse Aaron Vail II (February 21, 1928 \u2013 August 7, 2003) was an American football coach. He served as the head football coach at North Central College in Naperville, Illinois from 1956 to 1963 and at Culver\u2013Stockton College in Canton, Missouri in 1966, compiling a career college football coaching record of 41\u201337\u20132. He also served as a football coach in a number of different capacities, including as the head coach of the Joliet Explorers of the Professional Football League of America in 1965 and 1967 and at Stateville Correctional Center in 1977. He was also head coach for the Joliet Chargers when they played in the Midwest Professional Football League in 1970."}, {"text": "East Nanango is a rural locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , East Nanango had a population of 273 people. Geography. Much of the western part of the locality is within the East Nanango State Forest. The land use in the rest of the locality is grazing on native vegetation with some pockets of rural residential housing. East Nanango has the following mountains: History. Mount Stanley Road State School opened on 6 March 1925 and closed circa 1957. It was located on the north side of Mount Stanley Road (approx ). Taromeo Soldiers' Settlement State School opened in November 1934. It closed on 19 March 1944. Despite its name, the school was on the northern side of Greenwood Creek Road in present-day East Nanango (approx ). Demographics. In the , East Nanango had a population of 265 people. In the , East Nanango had a population of 273 people. Education. There are no schools in East Nanango. The nearest government primary and secondary schools are Nanango State School and Nanango State High School, both in neighbouring Nanango to the west."}, {"text": "\"Watermelon Sugar\" is a song by English singer-songwriter Harry Styles from his second studio album \"Fine Line\" (2019), included as the album's second track. Styles wrote the song with Mitch Rowland and the song's producers, Tyler Johnson and Kid Harpoon. They were inspired by the American novel \"In Watermelon Sugar\" (1968) by Richard Brautigan. \"Watermelon Sugar\" is a horn and guitar-driven funk-pop, rock song. Originally released as a promotional single from \"Fine Line\" on 16 November 2019, \"Watermelon Sugar\" was later released as the album's fourth single on 18 May 2020. The song was generally well received by music critics. The single also performed well commercially, peaking within the top ten in more than 20 countries, including the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and the United States, where it became Styles's first number-one single on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. It won the 2021 Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance, and also won Song of the Year at the 41st Brit Awards the same year. The music video for \"Watermelon Sugar\" was released on 18 May 2020, which received many positive reviews. Directed by Bradley & Pablo and filmed in Malibu, California, it features Styles alongside a plethora of people"}, {"text": "dancing on the beach and eating watermelon. Styles has promoted the single with many live televised performances including on \"Saturday Night Live\", \"Later... with Jools Holland\" and \"Today\". Background and release. \"Watermelon Sugar\" was written by Styles, Mitch Rowland, and producers Tyler Johnson and Kid Harpoon. It was originally written in September 2017 while Styles was on a day off from . They went into The Cave Studio in Nashville, Tennessee and started the session by just playing around. They eventually started throwing around some ideas and came up with the repetitive chorus melody. They had the book, \"In Watermelon Sugar\" by Richard Brautigan and thought it would sound cool as the hook. The song is rumored to be about Styles's ex-girlfriend Camille Rowe, who happens to be a fan of \"In Watermelon Sugar\". The song was first teased by Styles in a 22 October 2019 tweet writing \"Kiwi walked so Watermelon Sugar could run.\" Shortly after, it was revealed by iTunes to be the second track on \"Fine Line\". \"Watermelon Sugar\" premiered at 23:30 ET on 16 November 2019 (4:30 UTC on 17 November) as the first promotional single from \"Fine Line\", without any prior notice. It was accompanied"}, {"text": "by an audio video, showing the cover art for \"Fine Line\", except with a watermelon in the hand. The song later impacted adult contemporary radio in United States on 18 May 2020, as the album's fourth official single and was also sent to radio in Italy and Canada. Styles promoted it with a meme generator on his website that has various lyrics from the song over a watermelon-inspired background. Music and lyrics. \"Watermelon Sugar\" is a rock, funk-pop song with 1970s and soul elements. It is composed in time and the key of A minor (in the D Dorian mode), with a tempo of 96 beats per minute and a chord progression of Dm7\u2013Am7\u2013C\u2013G. The track has a structure of verse, pre-chorus, chorus, verse, pre-chorus, chorus, post-chorus, bridge, chorus, post-chorus and runs for two minutes and fifty-three seconds. Driven by guitars and horns, the song also contains brass lines, summer-inflected sonics and a simple melody, reminiscent of jazz. It opens with a strummed guitar intro where electric guitar and drum beats soon join in. Trumpets are added in the second chorus, that builds up to the bridge, featuring ecstatic horns and high notes. The song closes with a brass-led outro."}, {"text": "Styles's vocals, which were described as \"raspy\", span from D3 to A4. The song uses the metaphor of fruit and summer to describe a sexual encounter. According to Styles, the song is about the initial euphoria and excitement when one first starts seeing someone. Styles has also stated that it is about the female orgasm. He uses long notes to get this message across and the last chorus showcases Styles's higher vocal register. The song's lyrics use rhetoric and imagery. Savannah Walsh of \"Elle\" wrote about the song's meaning, asking the question \"[is he] hankering for a refreshing summer treat or [is he] talking about cunnilingus,\" while \"USA Today\"s Patrick Ryan interpreted it as \"Styles evocatively [recalling] a past fling and its sweet aftertaste.\" Critical reception. \"Watermelon Sugar\" was generally well received by music critics. Its guitar hook was praised by Charu Sinha of \"Vulture\". In a positive review from \"USA Today\", Patrick Ryan called it a \"intoxicating standout\" on \"Fine Line\", writing that it \"[encapsulates] the sultry, funky spirit of the project.\" \"NME\"s Hannah Mylrea called the song \"bombastic\" while the staff at \"DIY\" called it \"exciting\" and \"sizzling.\" In her review for \"Rolling Stone\", Brittany Spanos wrote \"the"}, {"text": "track has the singer nostalgic for 'that summer feeling,' yearning for berries and the taste of watermelon sugar\". In his review for \"Variety\", Chris Willman compared the song to Maroon 5 while Tim Sendra of AllMusic compared it to \"Awaken, My Love!\" by Childish Gambino. Writing for \"Now\", Rea McNamara compared it to Jeanette Winterson calling it \"sexual, grown-ass and tender\" as well as comparing the vocal melody to \"Sing It Back\" by Moloko. \"Paste\"s Ellen Johnson called it \"Fine Line\"s most \"traditional\" song as well as comparing its bassline to Prince. Susan Hansen of \"Clash\" wrote that it has a \"satisfying vibe\" with its sonics. In a negative review from \"Consequence of Sound\", Bryan Rolli called the song \"plodding\", while also writing it \"commits the cardinal sin of being far less interesting than its title.\" Owen Richards of \"The Arts Desk\" also gave a negative review, calling its imagery \"nonsensical,\" writing that it \"misses the mark.\" Commercial performance. In November 2019, \"Watermelon Sugar\" debuted at number thirty-five on the UK Singles Chart, giving Styles his third UK top 40 single at the time. In January 2020, it reached number seventeen on the chart before departing it the following month."}, {"text": "After its official single release in May 2020, \"Watermelon Sugar\" re-entered the chart at number thirty-five; later ascending to a new peak of four in August 2020, becoming the second highest-charting single from the album. As of October 2020, it has 936,260 sales and has been certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). In Ireland, \"Watermelon Sugar\" debuted at number twenty-four on the Irish Singles Chart in November 2019, before reaching number four on the chart in June 2020. In Scotland, the single re-entered the chart at number seventy-eight in May 2020 and later peaked at number two the following month. In Greece, it debuted at 36 on 15 February 2020, however on 29 June, it peaked at number 6. After the release of \"Fine Line\", \"Watermelon Sugar\" debuted at number thirty-eight on the ARIA singles chart in Australia; later reaching a new peak of twelve in its fifth week. After being released as an official single in May 2020, the track re-entered the chart; reaching a new peak of number six in June 2020, Harry's highest-charting single from the album. In New Zealand, the song debuted at number thirty-three and has so far peaked at number four. It"}, {"text": "has been certified platinum in both countries. In the United States, \"Watermelon Sugar\" debuted at number sixty on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart dated 30 November 2019. It peaked at number fifty-four after the release of \"Fine Line\" and officially left the chart the following month. After being released as a single, \"Watermelon Sugar\" re-entered the chart in May at number sixty-four and reached number one on the chart dated 15 August 2020; giving Styles his first number-one single, his third top-ten single, as well as his fourth top-twenty single in the US, and third from \"Fine Line\". He also became the second member of One Direction to reach number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 after Zayn Malik with his 2016 hit \"Pillowtalk\". In doing so, Styles became first British artist to top on the Hot 100 with a single that did not top the UK Singles Chart after Adele's single \"Set Fire to the Rain\" in 2012 and the first British male to match the record since Jay Sean with his single \"Down\" in 2009. The single also topped the Mainstream Top 40 chart on the issue dated 8 August 2020, becoming the singer's second single after \"Adore"}, {"text": "You\" to top the chart, remaining at the summit for seven consecutive weeks. On 7 August 2020, it was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. On the Canadian Hot 100, \"Watermelon Sugar\" debuted at number forty-six and later reached number three on the chart, becoming his second top-ten hit from the album in Canada. Music video. Background and production. The song's accompanying music video premiered on YouTube at 12:00 ET (16:00 UTC) on 18 May 2020. Styles announced the video's premiere a day prior with a teaser video showing a table on a beach, which was in a scene in the music video. It was directed by Bradley & Pablo and filmed in Malibu, California on 30 January 2020. They had tried to work with Styles for other songs on \"Fine Line\" and they eventually began working on \"Watermelon Sugar\" a week before they began filming. The video was inspired by Paul McCartney's 1960s style and was partly filmed using a 35 and 16 mm Arri SR3 camera to make some shots look vintage. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was revealed that the video had been delayed from its original release. Bradley & Pablo were"}, {"text": "worried that Columbia Records wouldn't release the video due to it looking insensitive, so they added a message at the beginning writing \"this video is dedicated to touching.\" Styles was praised by the models in the video for asking for consent to touch them while filming. Synopsis. The video opens with a message on a black background writing \"this video is dedicated to touching.\" Styles is then seen walking up to a table with a watermelon slice on a plate, where he sits down. He wears an orange crochet tank, oversized blue sunglasses, bubblegum pink nail polish and his signature \"HS\" rings. The table cloth on the table is the same material as a boat sail in the \"Adore You\" video and the sunglasses are the same ones he wore in his 2019 \"Rolling Stone\" cover. He puts the plate on the table and begins singing the opening lyrics of the song. Styles is seen running his fingers on the watermelon before taking a bite. This shot was inspired by a picture of Jack Nicholson doing the same pose. The video then cuts to Styles being surrounded by models who feed him various fruits as well as them enjoying a"}, {"text": "picnic. The models are seen wearing 1970s floppy hats and high-waisted bikinis. Styles is seen wearing a low-cut floral Hawaiian shirt with pearls and in other shots a sweater vest with a retro collared shirt. The former outfit was inspired by a picture of Paul McCartney at a party. He is also seen lying in the sand, watching the models. Later on, they take a picture, as a group, with all of them holding a watermelon slice each. Styles wears a cropped striped sweater, a skinny fringe scarf and a pair of vintage-inspired ripped jeans, all of which come from Gucci's fall 2020 collection. Reception. Michele Amabile Angermiller of \"Variety\" compared the video to Elton John's \"I'm Still Standing\" while \"Harper's Bazaar\"s Chelsey Sanchez compared it to \"Mamma Mia!\". In her review for \"Evening Standard\", Sara Feigin noticed a similarity to Styles's previous video \"Lights Up\" with the models surrounding him, while \"The Independent\"s Ellie Harrison thought the beach was the same beach used by Styles's former band One Direction's video \"What Makes You Beautiful\". Brittany Spanos of \"Rolling Stone\" and Savannah Walsh of \"Elle\" both called the video \"colorful\" and \"beachy\". Writing for \"Us Weekly\", Nicholas Hautman called it"}, {"text": "\"ultrasexy\" and \"retro-filtered.\" In her review for \"Entertainment Weekly,\" Rosy Cordero wrote \"Harry Styles is wishing he was back on the beach surrounded by beautiful people, deliciously colorful fruits, and no coronavirus.\" Carolyn Droke of Uproxx called the video \"a celebration of summer\" while Morgan Smith of \"People\" called it \"dreamy.\" Writing for \"NME\", Will Lavin described the video as \"Styles [throwing] a beach party with a group of women, who can all be seen eating watermelon throughout.\" \"Flare\"s Katherine Singh wrote \"we'll never be able to look at a watermelon the same again\" and \"[the video] is pretty much poised to be the video of summer 2020.\" Alisha Pawa of Lifestyle Asia called the video \"light-hearted\" and wrote that it \"evokes the nostalgia of better summer days.\" The music video has received over 220 million views on YouTube. In 2021, \"Rolling Stone\" named Watermelon Sugar the 98th best music video of all time. Live performances. Styles first performed \"Watermelon Sugar\" on \"Saturday Night Live\", shortly after its release and on 21 November 2019, he performed it on \"Later... with Jools Holland.\" Both performances were performed alongside \"Lights Up\". He performed it at Capital FM's Jingle Bell Ball on 7"}, {"text": "December 2019. On 13 December 2019, Styles performed the song as part of his one night only concert at The Forum in Los Angeles to celebrate the release of \"Fine Line\". He also performed the song at a secret show at the Electric Ballroom in London on 19 December 2019. On 14 February 2020, he gave a live radio performance on BBC Radio 2's \"The Zoe Ball Breakfast Show\" and on 25 February 2020, he performed it as part of his NPR Tiny Desk Concert. It was performed by Styles on \"Today\" at Rockefeller Center on 26 February 2020. Styles performed the song on 28 February 2020 at the Music Hall of Williamsburg in Brooklyn as part of a secret session with Sirius XM and Pandora. The following day, he performed it in another secret session, this time with iHeartRadio at the Bowery Ballroom in New York City. Styles opened the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards with a jazzy rendition of \"Watermelon Sugar\" on 14 March 2021. Credits and personnel. Credits adapted from the liner notes of \"Fine Line\"."}, {"text": "The Avayalik Islands are a group of islands located in the Northern Atlantic Ocean, within the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. They consist of two main islands, and at least seven smaller landmasses. It was first visited by archaeologists in 1967, when a team led by Patrick Plumet arrived for the first archaeological expedition. History. The Avayalik islands were likely settled by the Middle Dorset people in the 5th to 7th centuries AD. Archaeological studies found several structures, including a winter house roughly 3\u20134 meters on each side, with a 3-4 meter long entrance tunnel, built during the same period. Avayalik-1 is a Dorset archaeological site on one of the islands. It contains examples of indigenous yarn that were once suspected of having a medieval Norse origin. Dating the yarn at Avayalik-1 established an indigenous technique for spinning cordage from native animals like the Arctic hare and muskox. The yarn, like examples from other Dorset sites, was always used as cordage and never woven into fabric."}, {"text": "Glan Devon is a rural locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Glan Devon had a population of 219 people. Geography. The locality is immediately north of the town of Nanango. Grindstone is a neighbourhood in the east of the locality (). The Burnett Highway enters the locality from the north (Sandy Ridges) and exits to the south (Nanango). The land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation with some crop growing. History. Grindstone Provisional School opened in 1907. On 1 January 1909, it became Grindstone State School. It closed in 1957. It was located on the north side of Grindstone School Road (). The name may have been inspired a local waterhole in the shape of a grindstone. A sawmill opened near Grindstone in February 1912. Demographics. In the , Glan Devon had a population of 248 people. In the , Glan Devon had a population of 219 people. Education. There are no schools in Glan Devon. The nearest government primary and secondary schools are Nanango State School and Nanango State High School, both in neighbouring Nanango to the south."}, {"text": "South East Nanango is a rural locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , South East Nanango had a population of 344 people. Geography. Cooyar Creek forms the south-eastern boundary of the locality, while its tributary Yarraman Creek forms most of the southern boundary. The Old Yarraman Road is the western boundary. Seven Mile is a neighbourhood in the south of the locality (). History. The neighbourhood of Seven Mile is the site of the Seven Mile Diggings, a goldfield active in the late 1800s. The first report of gold found there was in March 1867 at a place described as seven miles from the town of Nanango by James Nash (who later discovered the Gympie Goldfields). Many people immediately came to try to find gold, but little gold was found. However, the goldfield continued to attract hopeful miners until around 1900. The locality was officially named and bounded on 5 March 1999. Demographics. In the , South East Nanango had a population of 294 people. In the , South East Nanango had a population of 344 people. Education. There are no schools in South East Nanango. The nearest government primary schools are Nanango State School in"}, {"text": "neighbouring Nanango to the north-west and Yarraman State School in neighbouring Yarraman to the south-west. The nearest government secondary schools are Nanango State High School in Nanango andYarraman State School (to Year 9) in Yarraman."}, {"text": "Jim Walker (born c. 1944) is a former American football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Western New Mexico University from 1976 to 1977. He played college football at Texas Tech University in the early 1960s."}, {"text": "Wilkesdale is a rural locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Wilkesdale had a population of 101 people. Geography. The Chinchilla Wondai Road (State Route 82) runs through from west to east. Demographics. In the , Wilkesdale had a population of 119 people. In the , Wilkesdale had a population of 101 people. Education. There are no schools in Wilkesdale. The nearest government primary school is Tingoora State School in Tingoora to the east. The nearest government secondary schools are:"}, {"text": "Governor Jackson may refer to:"}, {"text": "The Fourth Square is a 1961 British second feature crime film directed by Allan Davis and starring Conrad Phillips, Natasha Parry and Delphi Lawrence. The screenplay was by James Eastwood, based on the 1929 Edgar Wallace novel \"Four Square Jane.\" It is part of the series of Edgar Wallace Mysteries films made at Merton Park Studios from 1960 to 1965. Plot. Nina Stewart and her wealthy husband return to their apartment to find the police waiting for them. Their maid has been found dead, and there are signs the safe has been cracked. Nina checks the safe and reports nothing has been stolen. She goes to see her solicitor Bill Lawrence, and admits that she lied: an emerald ring given to her by millionaire playboy Tom Alvarez, with whom she is having an affair, was stolen from the safe. She says that Henry Adams, her husband's public relations officer, stole it out of jealousy, and asks Lawrence to find it. The police suspect Adams, but he is murdered. Lawrence discovers that Alvarez's estranged wife Josette is the criminal. Production. The film's sets were designed by the art director Peter Mullins. Reception. \"The Monthly Film Bulletin\" wrote: \"Briskly implausible Edgar Wallace"}, {"text": "thriller, sufficiently suspenseful to hold the interest; acting and direction, too, are quite slick considering the unassuming level of this series.\""}, {"text": "MP Creek is a rural locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , MP Creek had a population of 29 people. Geography. MP Creek Road enters the locality from the south-east (Cushnie) and exits to the west (Melrose). There are two sections of Cushnie State Forest in the north-west and centre of the locality. Apart from these protected areas, the land use is mostly grazing on native vegetation with some crop growing (mostly in the east and south-east of the locality). History. The locality name was previously written as \"Mp Creek\" until 4 July 2024 when it was officially changed to \"MP Creek\". It also is written as \"M.P. Creek\". Circa 1910, \"thousands of acres\" of Burrandowan pastoral station were resumed by the Queensland Government for closer settlement; MP Creek was part of that resumption. Demographics. In the , MP Creek had a population of 38 people. In the , MP Creek had a population of 29 people. Education. There are no schools in MP Creek. The nearest government primary schools are Tingoora State School in Tingoora to the south-east and Wheatlands State School in Wheatlands to the north-east. The nearest government secondary schools are Wondai State"}, {"text": "School (to Year 9) in Wondai to the east, Murgon State High School (to Year 12) in Murgon to the north-east and Proston State School (to Year 10) in Proston to the north-west."}, {"text": "Clemens Alois Baader, also spelled Klement Alois Baader or Klemens Alois Baader (8 April 1762 in Munich \u2013 23 March 1838 in Munich) was a German Roman Catholic theologian. Biography. He was the son of personal physician Joseph Franz von Paula Baader (1733\u20131794). He attended a high school in Munich before he studied theology at the University of Ingolstadt, where he earned a doctor's degree in philosophy (\"Dr. phil.\"). Then he was active in the consistories of Augsburg and Salzburg. He became a canon of Freising on 25 August 1787. He was appointed a member of the Academy of sciences of his native city on 30 May 1797, then of the Erfurt Academy of Sciences of Public Utility on 10 July 1797. He was called to Salzburg in 1811, then to Burghausen in 1816 and came back to his native town in on 22 March 1817. He spent his retirement in Munich and died in 1838. In 1807, he became a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities."}, {"text": "Ch\u00e2teau Shatto is a contemporary art gallery in downtown Los Angeles, California directed by co-founder Olivia Barrett. Gallery history. Ch\u00e2teau Shatto opened in downtown Los Angeles in July 2014, founded by Olivia Barrett and Nelson Harmon. The gallery presents solo and group shows, exhibiting a range of artists from emerging to established including: Judy Fiskin, Sydney de Jong, John McLaughlin, Frank J. Thomas, Audrey Wollen, Bedros Yeretzian, Fiona Connor The gallery represents: Jean Baudrillard, Body by Body, Aria Dean, Hamishi Farah, Van Hanos, Parker Ito, Helen Johnson, Jacqueline de Jong, Jonny Negron"}, {"text": "The 1903\u201304 Seton Hall Pirates men's basketball team represented Seton Hall University during the 1903\u201304 college men's basketball season. The team finished with an overall record of 2\u20133\u20131."}, {"text": "Mount McEuen is a rural locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Mount McEuen had a population of 34 people. Geography. Mount McEuen is a mountain in the south-east of the locality (), rising to above sea level. It rises to a prominent pointed peak in a shape that is volcanic in origin, making it a significant local landmark. It was used as a vantage point by surveyors in the earliest days of preparing subdivisions for closer settlement and farming. The Wondai Proston Road forms part of the north-eastern boundary of the locality. The Mondure State Forest is in the west of the locality. Apart from the protected area, the land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation with some crop growing. Demographics. In the , Mount McEuen had a population of 36 people. In the , Mount McEuen had a population of 34 people. Education. There are no schools in the locality. The nearest government primary schools are Proston State School in Proston to the north-west and Wheatlands State School in Wheatlands to the east. The nearest government secondary schools are Proston State School (to Year 10), Wondai State School (to Year 9) in Wondai"}, {"text": "to the south-east, and Murgon State High School (to Year 12) in Murgon to the east. There is also a Catholic primary school in Murgon."}, {"text": "Earl M. Wheby (December 12, 1915 \u2013 March 27, 2004) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head coach at the University of West Georgia from 1946 to 1947. He played college football at Georgia Tech and played professionally for one season for the New York Yankees of the American Association in 1941"}, {"text": "Atiba Jefferson (born July 2, 1976) is an American photographer and skateboarder. Photography career. Jefferson has photographed skateboarding extensively for over 20 years, working for skate magazines such as Slap, Thrasher, Juxtapoz, Transworld, and many others. Jefferson is currently a staff photographer for Thrasher Magazine. In addition to skateboarding photography, Jefferson works as a commercial photographer shooting portraiture and lifestyle advertisements for clients such as the NBA, Nike, and many others. In addition to skateboarding photography, Jefferson has an interest in basketball and music photography. He is also part owner of the American Football House. Jefferson was featured in the video games \"Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4\", \"Skate 2\" and \"Skate 3\"."}, {"text": "The General Motors Air Transport Section (GMATS) was a corporate air service operated by General Motors to provide fast transportation for employees that needed to travel between various GM locations. Originally named the \"Air Transport Section of General Motors Corporation\", it colloquially became known as the General Motors Air Transport Section. History. Prior to World War II, General Motors briefly owned Eastern Airlines, but sold it by 1938 to quell any monopoly concerns and smooth the way for wartime production contracts. While the sale of the commercial airline meant GM did not have access to in-house air transportation, there was still a vital need for quick transportation between GM facilities. During the company's involvement in wartime production between 1940 and 1945 many of the individual divisions acquired military aircraft to aid in production and efficiency at plants widely dispersed across North America. Harold R. \u201cBill\u201d Boyer of Grosse Pointe, Michigan, a former General Motors vice president and head of GM Cadillac Cleveland Tank Division was key in the creation of the air transport infrastructure within GM. In 1948, GM updated and consolidated the corporate aircraft under the control of Operations-Central Office Aircraft, within the Central Office Manufacturing Staff. By 1952"}, {"text": "this was reorganized into the General Motors Air Transport Section. In 1961, GMATS had a total of 36 pilots and 150 maintenance staff, and by 1965 this had grown to 27 pilots, 27 co-pilots and a total staff of 230. In 1965, Willow Run, Michigan served as the maintenance base for GMATS, with the main passenger facility at Detroit City Airport. Anderson Municipal Airport in Indiana was another major hub for GMATS, as the region had important production facilities and no regularly scheduled flights. In 1999, GM and DaimlerChrysler established a joint venture company, Automotive Air Charter, to use excess capacity of their respective corporate air services to meet demand in the charter business. In November 2008, General Motors Chairman Rick Wagoner (along with Ford and Chrysler CEO's) flew to Washington D.C. to ask for government assistance. All three were heavily criticized for flying on private jets while asking for government funding. In an attempt to hide the flight status of the air fleet GM requested (and was granted) permission to remove GM owned aircraft from tracking under the NBAA's Block Aircraft Registration Request program. As part of GM's subsequent financial collapse and bailout, the company was forced to close"}, {"text": "the corporate aviation section. This included laying off the remaining staff, relinquishing the leases on seven jets, and closing the passenger facility at Detroit Municipal Airport. GMATS helped establish the Bachelor of Science in Aviation Management degree at Eastern Michigan University. Former GMATS directors included Eugene (Gene) Zepp (ret. 1978), and Ken Emrick (ca. 1993). Fleet. Historically, GMATS flew the following equipment: Logo. The GMATS logo was painted on various GM location helipads. It can be viewed in a historic satellite view of the GM Technical Center at 42.30436,-83.02413(image from 2012, as of 2020 the helipad has been painted over), and at the former Rochester Products Division building in Rochester, NY at 43.044055,-77.651925 (image from 2002, as of 2019 the helipad has been painted over). The logo was also used on GM show cars during the 1950s and 1960s, including the Firebird II, Firebird III, and initially on the Cadillac Cyclone."}, {"text": "A statue of William Lloyd Garrison by Olin Levi Warner is installed along Commonwealth Avenue, in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It was designed in 1885, cast in 1886, installed on May 13 of that year. The bronze sculpture measures approximately 7 ft. x 4 ft. x 6 ft. 4 in., and rests on a Quincy granite pedestal designed by architect Joseph Morrill Wells that measures approximately 4 ft. 9 in. x 4 ft. x 6 ft. 4 in. The memorial was surveyed as part of the Smithsonian Institution's \"Save Outdoor Sculpture!\" program in 1993."}, {"text": "Kenneth Robb was an American football coach. He served as the head football coach at Culver\u2013Stockton College in Canton, Missouri from 1954 to 1961 and Central Missouri State College\u2014know known as the University of Central Missouri \u2014in Warrensburg, Missouri from 1963 to 1965, compiling a career college football coaching record of 36\u201355\u20137."}, {"text": "The 2007 Kansas City mayoral election was held March 2 and April 4, 2007, to elect the mayor of Kansas City, Missouri. It saw the election of Mark Funkhouser."}, {"text": "Spotts is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}, {"text": "The 1908\u201309 Seton Hall Pirates men's basketball team represented Seton Hall University during the 1908\u201309 college men's basketball season. The head coach was William Caffrey, coaching his first season with the Pirates."}, {"text": "Samuel Howard \"Big Boy\" Archer Sr. (December 23, 1870 \u2013 January 15, 1941) was an American college football player and coach and educator. He served as the head football coach at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia from 1905 to 1908 and again from 1912 to 1915, compiling a record of 35\u20132\u20135. Archer was a graduate of Colgate University, where he and George L. Hayes were the first African Americans to play for the Colgate Raiders football team in 1899. He went on to teach mathematics at Morehouse College, and served that institution in many capacities for 33 years. He was the fifth president of Morehouse from 1931 to 1937. He died in 1941 and is buried in Atlanta's South-View Cemetery."}, {"text": "Beinn Dhorain (628 m) is a mountain in the Northwest Highlands. It lies in Sutherland in the far north of Scotland, west of the village of Helmsdale.A rounded sandstone peak, it rises steeply above Glen Loth."}, {"text": "The Wittenberg Interpretation refers to the work of astronomers and mathematicians at the University of Wittenberg in response to the heliocentric model of the Solar System proposed by Nicholas Copernicus, in his 1543 book \"De revolutionibus orbium coelestium\". The Wittenberg Interpretation fostered an acceptance of the heliocentric model and had a part in beginning the Scientific Revolution. In 1543, Nicholas Copernicus changed the scientific world by publishing \"De revolutionibus orbium coelestium\". This was the first time that a heliocentric model had seriously been considered, and publicised, and resulted in a slew of opinions on how the universe may work. One such place that these debates existed was the University of Wittenberg which was home to many astronomers, astrologists and mathematicians, such as Erasmus Reinhold, Philip Melanchthon, Caspar Peucer, Georg Rheticus, and Albrecht Hohenzollern. The work of such figures became known as the Wittenberg Interpretation, which historians recognise as important in fostering acceptance for the heliocentric explanation of the universe, and the wider shift of public views over time; and the beginning of the Scientific Revolution. Philipp Melanchthon. Philipp Melanchthon entered Wittenberg studying theology, becoming a leading figure in the Lutheran reformation of the school. During this reformation, Melanchthon introduced many"}, {"text": "courses in mathematics to Wittenberg, in addition to several other universities. His teachings included Ptolemy's \"Libri de judiciis astrologicis,\" and emphasized a connection between astronomical events and God. In 1536, Melanchthon appointed Georg Joachim Rheticus and Erasmus Reinhold, two of his previous students, to chairs of Lower and Higher Mathematics. Many scholars studied under and worked alongside Melanchthon; however, Rheticus and Reinhold, in addition to Caspar Peucer, were considered the most vital members of the Melanchthon circle, also referred to as the Wittenberg circle. The men in this circle were astronomers who, under Melanchthon\u2019s leadership, thoroughly analysed Copernicus' theory, trying to refine it where deemed possible.\" Philipp Melanchthon and Copernican Theory. Prior to the Copernican theory, Melanchthon strongly agreed with the work of Aristotle and Ptolemy. Melanchthon first became familiar with Copernican theory through Rheticus\u2019 \"Narratio prima\" in 1540. He first took the stance that Copernicus' theory was absurd. Melanchthon\u2019s lectures tended to reject Copernican theory as it seemed to conflict with Scripture, and advised students to avoid it. Later lectures show that Melanchthon\u2019s views may have changed slightly, as he applauds Copernicus\u2019 lunar theory and suggests it is worth looking at. However, Melanchthon continues to recommend that his students"}, {"text": "remain concerned with Ptolemaic lunar theory, as he had been teaching up to this point. Melanchthon agrees that the Earth could possibly move and rotate like Copernicus suggests even though it does not agree with Scripture. Throughout his time studying and lecturing on Copernican theory, Melanchthon never ignores the fact that Copernicus defies Scripture, an idea which Melanchthon openly disapproves of. However, Melanchthon seems to agree that this new theory has value to the subject of astronomy and there must be something worth learning from Copernicus' theory and therefore doesn\u2019t reject it entirely. Like the members of the Melanchthon circle, Melanchthon himself does not fully accept or fully reject Copernican theory, but is instead more moderate. His moderate stance allowed others to view Copernicus' theory from an open point of view. Caspar Peucer. Caspar Peucer (1525\u20131602) entered the University of Wittenburg in 1540. There, he studied astronomy, mathematics, and medicine under the teachings of Philipp Melanchthon, Erasmus Reinhold and Georg Joachim Rheticus. Shortly thereafter, he became a professor at the university and the son-in-law of Melanchthon when he married his daughter Magdalena. Considered one of the most important disciples to carry on the teachings of Melanchthon, he eventually held a"}, {"text": "high position within the university and was able to convey the Melanchthon Circle\u2019s interpretations of the Copernican theory. Peucer is accredited with being able to effectively consolidate and institutionalize the Wittenburg Interpretation at German universities. He was able to do this by choosing to place Philippists (partisans of Melanchthon) in influential positions instead of orthodox Lutherans. This strategic placement eventually lead to a power struggle which resulted in Peucer being charged with being a crypto-Calvinist and incarcerated in 1576. After his incarceration, his work in astronomy ceased and he focused on practicing medicine. Caspar Peucer and Copernican Theory. While teaching the curriculum to entry-level natural science students the importance of teaching arithmetic, physics, and astrological teachings of Aristotle, Pliny, Sacrobosco, and Ptolemy was emphasized. An introduction to the Copernican theory was also included within the curriculum, although limited. Peucer mainly cited Copernican quantitative material in order to help explain celestial motions, even though it was different from scripture, and to discuss absolute distances of the sun, moon and earth. He also utilized Copernican data to discuss eclipses and the length of the day. In Peucer\u2019s teachings, the findings of Copernicus could not be utilized in extensive arguments because he was"}, {"text": "considered to be aligned with the theory of Aristarchus. Peucer thought that Copernicanism was offensive and should not be taught in education; however, although Peucer\u2019s views did not align with Copernican theory, he still had to teach and advised his students to consider Copernican theory because it was a scientific theory.Peucer's views on Copernican theory mirrored the views of his mentors Melanchthon and Reinhold. Between the members of the Melanchthon Circle, each instructor made up a different pedagogic element in the Wittenberg Interpretation. An element of the interpretation that all of the members could agree in teaching was that only a dedicated scholar is capable of understanding astrology and the celestial elements that drive it. Caspar Peucer was particularly determined to examine the properties of celestial \"qualitates occultae\". Notably, the members of the circle admired the teachings of Italian scholars, with Rheticus supporting the views of Girolamo Cardano, and Peucer being well read in the works of Pietro Pomponazzi. Peucer in particular supported Martin Luther's opposition of Aristotle's view on natural philosophy. He strongly believed that unusual events that did not follow the natural laws was due to divine intervention either by God or the devil. Copernicus's heliocentric theory was"}, {"text": "inspired by the research of Aristotle and firmly followed the laws of natural science without consideration for divine intervention. That being said, at the introductory level Copernican theory was not entertained extensively because Peucer and other members of the circle believed the mechanisms to be too advanced for an introduction to planetary movements. At the Masters level, Copernican theory was covered more in depth, as well as treated with the same serious consideration Ptolemaic theory received. This higher, in depth level of Copernicans theory was likely taught by pupils of Peucer. Peucer thought that the Copernican theory, heliocentric model could be interpreted in a geocentric way without changing the original hypotheses. Peucer's work \"\" states that the Copernican model could be utilized if two more spheres were added. While Caspar Peucer acknowledges that the models and theories of Ptolemy are geometrically accurate, the absence of cosmological choice and incorporation of scriptural arguments made the theories lacking. The issues Peucer had with the work of Copernicus are similar to the Church's trouble with the work of Galileo Galilei that landed him in trouble. Ironically, the ideas that got Peucer in jail were his views on Holy Communion. Erasmus Reinhold. Erasmus Reinhold"}, {"text": "was born in Saalfeld, Saxony in 1511. In 1536, Philipp Melanchthon appointed Reinhold to professor of higher mathematics, a subject which included astronomy, at the University of Wittenberg where Reinhold had previously studied. Reinhold initially became acquainted with Copernican theory through the writings of Georg Joachim Rheticus, an astronomer and colleague who also worked closely with Melanchthon at the University. Before \"De Revolutionibus orbium coelestium\" was published, Reinhold gained information regarding Copernican theory, specifically regarding the movement of the moon, from \"Narratio prima.\" This book was written by Rheticus, and provided his analysis of Copernican theory. Reinhold believed in uniform circular motion and that two equal and regular circular motions will create a motion in a straight line, an infinite opposite motion, and an unequal motion where it is slower towards the outside than it is in the center. Based on his knowledge of Copernicus\u2019s lunar theory, gained from Rheticus's \"Narratio prima\", Reinhold praised Copernican theory. This is seen in Reinhold\u2019s annotations within Peurbach\u2019s \"New Theorics of the Planets\", published in 1542. In these notes, Reinhold mentions his dissatisfaction with the lack of understanding in modern astronomy, yet also mentions how Copernicus\u2019s lunar theory restores his hope. In additional annotations,"}, {"text": "Reinhold continually mentions how new Copernican theory simplifies astronomical motion by erasing the need for an equant, an idea previously introduced by the geocentric model of the Ptolemaic system. Reinhold was very impressed by Copernicans ability to remove the equant in his theory of the cosmos. This new idea, the rejection of the equant, is the source of Reinhold\u2019s praise of Copernicus and Copernican theory, as it simplifies planetary motion and in his opinion, allows for the future of astronomy to move forward in a smoother, less confusing or cluttered manner. He believed God had allowed Copernicus to discover the movement celestial beings and remove the equant even though it was different from the scripture of the time. After the publication of \"De revolutionibus orbium coelestium\" in 1543\",\" Reinhold remained relatively neutral on the issue of a heliocentric versus a geocentric cosmos. However, he wanted to recalculate and provide clean and simple-to-read tables based on the new ideas of motion presented in \"De revolutioninus\". Reinhold did exactly this as he wrote and published the \"Prutenic Tables\". He utilized Copernicans observational data, even though he did not agree with Copernicans heliocentric cosmos, and created the tables based upon Copernicans planetary mechanisms."}, {"text": "Melanchthon thoroughly supported this new compilation of tables of motion, and even helped secure funding from Albrecht, the Duke of Prussia, for the publishing the \"Prutenic Tables.\" Georg Joachim Rheticus. Georg Joachim Rheticus, most commonly known as Rheticus, was well known for his trigonometric tables and considered a pupil of Copernicus. He was born on February 16, 1514, in Feldkirch, in present day as Austria. After his father\u2019s execution, Rheticus went on to study at the Latin school in Feldkirch, then went to Zurich where he attended the Frauenmuensterschule from 1528 to 1531. In 1533, he began his studies at the University of Wittenberg. Then in 1536, Philipp Melanchthon, an influential educator in Germany, appointed Rheticus appointed Rheticus as the chair of Lower Mathematics to teach astronomy and mathematics at Wittenberg. Two years after being appointed, Rheticus was given a two year leave of Wittenberg to study alongside other well-known astronomers at that time. His colleagues at Wittenberg described Rheticus\u2019s personality as abnormal and enthusiastic, with homosexual tendencies. They perceived Rheticus as a man who would get caught up by the fame and knowledge of older men, and would fantasize about them. This led them to believe that was the"}, {"text": "sole purpose of Rheticus asking Melanchthon for the leave of absence from Wittenberg was for Rheticus to become closer to Copernicus. Rheticus\u2019s fantasy to work with Copernicus may have been true. However, several factors suggest that Rheticus first learned of Copernicus during his travel across Germany in late 1538. After these two met, their relationship grew strong through sharing revolutionary ideas. Rheticus ended up staying with Copernicus for two and a half years. Rheticus had acquired a father figure in Copernicus and Copernicus acquired the only real student he would ever have. Rheticus and Copernican theory. Unlike the other students of Melanchthon, Reinhold and Peucer, who doubted Copernicus\u2019s theory, Rheticus praised Copernicus for asserting an \u2018absolute system\u2019 of the planets. In 1540, Rheticus wrote the \"De libris revolutionum Copernici narratio prima\", commonly known as \"Narratio prima\", an introduction to the theories of Copernicus. Along with the publication, he visited a publisher and printer in Nuremberg in order to push Copernicus to publish his work \"De Revolutionibus orbium coelestium\". Copernicus developed his heliocentric theory after realizing that the retrograde motion of the planets could be explained much better without epicycles, with the Earth orbiting the Sun rather than the other way"}, {"text": "around. Rheticus believed that the heliocentric universe should be adopted because it could explain the phenomena of the precession of the equinoxes and the change in the obliquity of the ecliptic. If the Sun was the center of the deferents of the planets, it allowed the circles in the universe to revolve uniformly and regularly, it united all the spheres into one system, and it was a simpler model with fewer explanations necessary. Rheticus also accepted Copernicans' idea of the moon moving on and epicycle rather than its movement on an equant (1). Rheticus's time visiting Copernicus allowed for his theory to become known since he was able to push Copernicus into publishing his work to be read by others. Wittenberg textbooks emphasized the problems of the Copernican theory and how it related to the calendar, lunar motion, and the rejection of the equant. The Narratio prima also contained ideas that were not found in \"De revolutionibus\" or in any of Copernicus\u2019s other writings. The book emphasized the demonstration of a system in the necessary interconnexity of the relative distance and periods of the planets, a problem in the Copernican theory that the textbooks did not mention. Rheticus claimed that"}, {"text": "a common measure was established to explain how the planets were geometrically aligned and arranged so that no immense interval was left between one and the other. His claim made three assumptions about the planetary models: that each planet is carried by a uniformly revolving sphere, that the principle of plenitude states, there are no gaps between the spheres, and that the relative planetary positions are to be measured with respect to a common unit. He wanted to eliminate the earth\u2019s projected motion which appeared as the epicycles in earth-centered planetary models, allowing for the planets to be placed continuously based on their mean periodic motions. Copernicus and Rheticus both knew that there would be backlash. One theologian, Andreas Osiander, in order to forestall censorship of Copernicus's work, wrote an anonymous preface that described the work as a pure hypothesis. Rheticus became furious and crossed out the preface in those copies of \"De revolutionibus\" that he came across. The Church also emphasized that Copernicus\u2019s theory was against scripture and believed that the world revolved around the Earth and were persistent with the Earth being in the center. Some science was frowned upon by the church because it was uncertain in"}, {"text": "the Bible, and certain knowledge of physics is not necessary to human salvation. However, knowledge of astronomy is demanded of great men by God. The Copernican theory indicates that the earth is a planet, that all planets have defects, and all are subject only to circular motions. Rheticus argues that these characteristics are not a physical problem but a mathematical one. With this claim, he aimed to shift the perspective of the Church so that the theory could be explained mathematically, which would be more acceptable since it represented direct testimony of God\u2019s Providence and God gave clues to it in Scripture. Albrecht Hohenzollern. Albrecht (Albert), Duke of Prussia was not only the first Duke of Prussia, but also a Lutheran, who believed strongly in the importance of students learning mathematics, astronomy, and other scientific topics. Religion was a very important part of Albrecht\u2019s life: his rule of Prussia was crucial to the spread of Lutheranism, as he was the first leader in Europe to rule his people under it. It is somewhat surprising that Albrecht remained so interested and invested in the sciences, as there were many debates at the time as to whether or not the new astronomical"}, {"text": "considerations went against the views of the world in the Bible. Despite these conflicts, Albrecht was a fairly well-liked ruler. His religious beliefs led to him acting as a \u201cprotector\u201d of sorts, and at various times he supported both Rheticus and Reinhold. The \"Prutenic Tables\" are named in his honor. Albrecht's Influence at Wittenberg. One reason Albrecht was able to balance his religious and scientific beliefs was his close personal relationship with Philip Melanchthon, which helped to further shape his belief in these scientific systems, causing him to even go so far as to appointment a court astrologer, Johann Carion. Albrecht was also considered a very important \u201cprotector\u201d of people like Copernicus and Rheticus. As he was a Protestant/Lutheran, these men knew that he had the power to protect them from being charged with the crime of spreading beliefs that went against the current interpretation of the Bible. In April of 1540, Albrecht\u2019s associate, Giese, sent to Albrecht a copy of Rheticus's \"Narratio prima\", which included very high praise of Prussia, and a request by Rheticus to come study and continue his work in Prussia, specifically at Albrecht's court. However, he also hinted at the fact that he wanted to"}, {"text": "be protected, as he was a Lutheran and knew that Albrecht was as well. Despite the fact that Albrecht had never heard of this new mathematician before, he obliged: he sent back a \u201clisbonino\u201d, which was a gold coin that was meant for showcasing, rather than being used as currency. This was a truly important move, as it allowed Rheticus to continue his studies and work in Prussia, and led to Rheticus's later appointment at Leipzig. Albrecht\u2019s contribution to the Wittenberg interpretation was one that had profound implications. Allowing Rheticus to come to Prussia allowed him to further his own studies, which in turn solidified the heliocentric model. Conclusion. Most of the astronomers and mathematicians at Wittenberg (Melanchthon, Peucer, Reinhold) took a more moderate stance toward the Copernican theory and only accepted parts of it to be true. This was due to the fact that most of Copernican\u2019s ideas went against the scripture at the time and having ideas that were different from the scripture were frowned upon and not easily accepted. However, Rheticus strongly supported Copernicus after visiting with him and his time studying in Prussia alongside Albrecht. Rheticus came to the conclusion that Copernican\u2019s heliocentric model made more"}, {"text": "sense than the previous geocentric model suggested by Ptolemy. His open views on the Copernican theory allowed others to be able to view the theory with an open mind. While all the teachers at the University of Wittenberg had different ideas and acceptances of the cosmos they all taught their students about both Ptolemy\u2019s cosmos and Copernican\u2019s cosmos to give their students a well-rounded education. Overall, the Wittenberg Interpretation changed the way astronomers and mathematicians viewed the heliocentric and geocentric models of the cosmos and how it was taught throughout German universities."}, {"text": "Cnestus is a genus of ambrosia beetles. One prominent species is \"Cnestus mutilatus\", the camphor shot borer. It is an invasive species that originated in Asia, and has spread over much of the Eastern United States. Description. Beetles of this genus are commonly around 3\u20134 mm in body length. Etymology. The original author did not give any indication on the etymology of the genus name. Taxonomy. Around twenty species have been described for this genus."}, {"text": "Coverty is a rural locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Coverty had a population of 107 people. Demographics. In the , Coverty had a population of 167 people. In the , Coverty had a population of 107 people. Education. There are no schools in Coverty. The nearest government primary and secondary school (to Year 10) is Proston State School in Proston to the north-east. For secondary education to Year 12, the nearest government secondary schools are Murgon State High School in Murgon to the east and Kingaroy State High School in Kingaroy to the south-east; however, due to the distances, most students in Coverty could not attend these schools and distance education and boarding school would be the alternatives."}, {"text": "Davydovskaya may refer to the following localities in Russia:"}, {"text": "Byee is a rural locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Byee had a population of 39 people. History. The district name was chosen by the Queensland Railways Department in 1915 when plans for the Murgon to Proston branch line were approved and under development. The word \"Byee\" is derived from Aboriginal origin with connotations meaning \"silver leaf ironbark tree\". The branch railway from Murgon to Proston opened on 25 February 1923, with Byee the second station on the route after Barlil, although some services to Byee functioned prior to the entire line opening as that section had been completed. A mixed service was provided three times a week between 1938 and 1964 utilising a rail motor service operated to and from Gympie. In 1924 it was reported that the local Byee storekeeper Mr. W.J.Wrigely had been appointed postmaster, and also that the telegraph and telephone office was functioning, and that land had been reserved for the purpose of building a hotel (which never eventuated) A public hall was established at Byee in 1929 on land donated by E.D. Quinlan and was funded by local donations and fundraising efforts such as a dance held in the"}, {"text": "barn of a nearby property owned by A. Sempf. The hall became a popular local venue for regular dances and social functions. The district had its own soccer and cricket teams which competed in South Burnett fixtures. Telephone infrastructure was first extended to Byee in 1923 and was based at the local railway station which itself was only new. A small village developed in Byee which included a shop, receiving depots and later, grain silos. Most business revolved around the functions of the railway. The railway line was progressively closed with Byee not serviced from 1999. The Byee railway station is now abandoned (). Demographics. In the , Byee had a population of 31 people. In the , Byee had a population of 39 people. Education. There are no schools in Byee. The nearest government primary schools are Wheatlands State School in neighbouring Wheatlands to the south and Murgon State School in Murgon to the south-east. The nearest government secondary school is Murgon State High School in Murgon to the south-east."}, {"text": "Connie Griffith (March 9, 1942 \u2013 August 15, 1998) is a 2004 National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame inductee. Griffith was known for her trick riding ability. Life. Connie Griffith was born Connie Rosenberger on March 9, 1942, in Nebraska. At age 4, she received a Shetland pony named Nellie from her father. When Griffith was a child, nearly every day she would ride her horses Toby and Nix. In her teenage years she was in a horse club. Then in her late teenage years, she competed in rodeos. Griffith attended the Denver Stock Show, and she became moved by the trick riding show she watched. It had featured many of the best performers, including trick rider Dick Griffith. On her 12th birthday, her father gave her a used Porter trick riding saddle. He also promised her trick riding lessons with Dick Griffith. The lessons occurred soon after that. Dick said she was \"a natural\". The 95 pound student had all the attributes for a successful trick rider. At 17, she became the Nebraska High School Rodeo Queen. Also at that age, she was recognized by Nebraska as the \"state's most superb horsewoman\". She was the valedictorian of her"}, {"text": "high school in Hemingford, Nebraska. Griffith attended Colorado State University while still taking trick riding lessons from Dick. Although there was a significant age difference, they were in love so they got married. Dick was a future ProRodeo Hall of Fame bull rider. Career. Griffith performed at major rodeos and horse exhibitions around the country. She even performed at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Then while raising their son Tad, she and Dick instructed students at their own trick riding school. She taught many famous female trick riders. She also trained over 100 trick horses. Two of Griffith's signature tricks were the Tad Elder Suicide Drag and the Under the Belly tricks. Griffith is the only women to perform the Tad Elder Suicide Drag in her act. She also performed the Under the Belly trick more times than any other trick rider. She was creative in making up new tricks. She was a skilled Roman Rider as well. Griffith spent 40 years as a trick rider. She and her son, Tad, brought trick riding to Las Vegas, Nevada. For eight years, they displayed their talents at the Excalibur Hotel.They performed in the King Arthur's Tournament, where Griffith performed"}, {"text": "for six years in over 6,000 performances. Death and legacy. Griffith died on August 15, 1998, at 56 years old. Dick preceded her in death on August 10, 1984. When Griffith was trick riding at a rodeo, she had an accident. Her horse Winnie stumbled while she was moving from the horse's neck to another position. Winnie somersaulted, and Connie was crushed under her. The Griffith family has been trick riding from the early 1900s, passing the torch forward ever since. Griffiths' son Tad is a third generation trick rider who is teaching his children all of the tricks that his parents taught him. \"Do it with style and a smile\" was always Griffith's motto."}, {"text": "Wyalla is a rural locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Wyalla had a population of 43 people. Geography. The upper reaches of \"Lake Barambah\" are in the north-west corner. \"Barker Creek\" flows through the locality into \"Lake Barambah\". The Burnett Highway runs through from south-west to north-west. Demographics. In the , Wyalla had a population of 37 people. In the , Wyalla had a population of 43 people. Education. There are no schools in Wyalla. The nearest government primary schools are Moffatdale State School in Moffatdale to the north and Nanango State School in Nanango to the south. The nearest government secondary schools are Nanango State High School (to Year 12) in Nanago to the south, Wondai State School (to Year 10) in Wondai to the north-west, and Murgon State High School (to Year 12) in Murgon to the north-west."}, {"text": "Kawl Kawl is a rural locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Kawl Kawl had a population of 24 people. Geography. The land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation with some crop growing. History. The locality takes its name from the former Kawl Kawl railway station (), which in turn was assigned on 18 January 1917 and is an Aboriginal word meaning \"scrub magpie\". Kawl Kawl made national news in multiple newspapers in 1924 following the suspected suicide by drinking sheep dip, of local resident Miss Nona Agnes Hilleary, aged 18 (incorrectly reported as Mona Agnes Hilleary at the time). She was said to be love sick following her father's instructions to stay away from the young man concerned. The Courier-Mail reported on 30 April 1937 that \"A cyclonic storm at Kawl Kawl station, on the Proston railway, on Wednesday night, was accompanied by heavy hail, and 2in. of rain fell in a quarter of an hour. Mr. W. Peters's residence was unroofed, and all the windows were smashed in Mr. A. Marquardt's premises. Large trees were uprooted, and crops flattened\". Demographics. In the , Kawl Kawl had a population of 18 people. In the"}, {"text": ", Kawl Kawl had a population of 24 people. Education. There are no schools in Kawl Kawl. The nearest government primary schools are Proston State School in Proston to the north-west, Cloyna State School in Cloyna to the north-east, and Wheatlands State School in Wheatlands to the south-east. The nearest government secondary schools are Proston State School (to Year 10) and Murgon State High School (to Year 12) in Murgon to the south-east."}, {"text": "Peter Andersen (born 21 December 1957) is a Danish curler. He is a ."}, {"text": "Marshlands is a rural locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Marshlands had a population of 23 people. Geography. Barambah Creek enters the locality from the south-east (Mondure / Silverleaf) and forms the north-eastern and northern boundary of the locality, before exiting to the north-west (Stonelands / Wooroonden). It is ultimately a tributary of the Burnett River. The Marshlands rural property is in the south of the locality. The land use is a mixture of crop-growing and grazing on native vegetation. HistoryDemographics. In the , Marshlands had a population of 14 people. In the , Marshlands had a population of 23 people. Education. There are no schools in Marshlands. The nearest schools are Cloyna State School in Cloyna to the north-east and Wheatlands State School in Wheatlands to the south-east. The nearest government secondary schools are Proston State School (to Year 10) in Proston to the west and Murgon State High School (to Year 12) in Murgon to the south-east. There is also a Catholic primary school in Murgon."}, {"text": "The Stony Island Trust and Savings Bank Building is a historic bank building at 6760 S. Stony Island Avenue in the South Shore neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. The building opened in 1923 for the Stony Island Trust and Savings Bank, which was founded in 1917 and had outgrown its first building. The bank was one of Chicago's many neighborhood banks in the early twentieth century; as Illinois law at the time barred banks from opening branches, smaller standalone banks provided the residents and businesses of Chicago's outlying neighborhoods with nearby banking services. Architect William Gibbons Uffendell designed the bank in the Neoclassical style, by far the most popular for bank buildings at the time. Uffendell's design features a granite exterior, a temple front with four Doric columns, and an entablature topped by a parapet. The bank folded in 1931 as the Great Depression disrupted the city's banking industry; for the remainder of the 20th century, the building was alternately used by other banks and left vacant for extended periods. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 15, 2013. It is now home to the Stony Island Arts Bank, an art gallery and library."}, {"text": "Wigton is a rural locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Wigton had a population of 5 people. Demographics. In the , Wigton had a population of 4 people. In the , Wigton had a population of 5 people."}, {"text": "Tablelands, Queensland may refer to:"}, {"text": "The Digswell Dog Show is an Australian animated series produced by Energee Entertainment in 1998. The show featured a girl named Daisy and her dog that's named Digswell. He is named Digswell because he is very good at digging. Each episode had 2 shorts in one episode that ran for 24 minutes."}, {"text": "Ficks Crossing is a rural locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Ficks Crossing had a population of 39 people. Geography. Barambah Creek loosely bounds the locality to the north-east and east, while its tribuatary Yellow Waterhole Creek loosely bounds the locality to the south-east. The Bunya Highway enters the locality from the north-east (Murgon), crossing Barambah Creek on the John Krebs Bridge (), and exits to the west (Wondai). The land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation. History. The locality presumably takes its name from the Ficks Crossing ford over Barambah Creek (). The low-level bridge was constructed over the creek at the crossing in 1917. The approaches to the bridge were carried away by flood water in 1923. In 1935, ongoing problems with the low-level bridge resulted in a request to the Queensland Government to build a high-level bridge. A weir for irrigation just upstread of the crossing was also proposed. Ficks Crossing National Fitness Camp operated at 47 Ficks Crossing Road from 1980 to 2008. The Silver Lining School in Ficks Crossing was established in 2019 with a program for young men. In 2021, a program for young women was introduced. Demographics."}, {"text": "In the , Ficks Crossing had a population of 37 people. In the , Ficks Crossing had a population of 39 people. Education. Silver Lining School is a private secondary school for boys and girls at 14722 Bunya Highway (). It is operated by the Silver Lining Foundation, an organisation dedicated to the education and training of Indigenous young people who suffer from social disadvantage to give them a sense of purpose. The school draws most of its students from neighbouring Cherbourg. In 2022, the school had 22 students in the young men's program and 13 students in the young women's program. The nearest government primary schools are Wheatlands State School in neighbouring Wheatlands to the north-west, Murgon State School in neighbouring Murgon to the east, and Wondai State School in neighbouring Wondai to the south-west. The nearest government secondary schools are Wondai State School (to Year 9) and Murgon State HIgh School (to Year 12), also in Murgon. Attractions. There is a waterhole on Barambah Creek offering opportunities for fishing, kayaking, and picnics. It is accessed from Ficks Crossing Road ()."}, {"text": "Echeveria atropurpurea is a species of succulent plant in the Crassulaceae family. It is a perennial commonly known as chapetona or siempreviva, and is a endemic to Central Veracruz, Mexico in tropical deciduous forests. It is noted for its fast growing, easy cultivation, and red to yellow flowers. It is currently threatened by habitat loss. Description. It stands roughly 77 cm tall with 7-21 cm rosette-shaped leaves that may range in coloration from green to purple. Its flowers (appearing Nov-Feb) have a dark green base with corolla pink-orange (salmon) to deep red/orange petals. It has numerous brown seeds. Taxonomy. \"Echeveria\" is named for Atanasio Echeverr\u00eda y Godoy, a botanical illustrator who contributed to \"Flora Mexicana\". \"Atropurpurea\" means \"dark-purple coloured\". This name is ostensibly due to its purple leaves and bracts."}, {"text": "Xingkong (), is a military camouflage pattern adopted in 2019 by all branches of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Introduced in 2019, the Xingkong pattern replaced the Type 07 camouflage on the Type 07 combat uniforms used by regular units. The new uniform and Xingkong camouflage were first seen in late September 2019 before the celebration ceremony for the 70th anniversary of the People's Republic of China. The Xingkong camouflage is deployed with Type 19 and Type 21 uniform series. History. Design. The new uniform is available with five different camouflage patterns and colors are no longer service-based. The uniform design incorporates fastening hoop for wrist, elbow, ankle and knee, which prevents a soldier wearing the uniform being affected by vegetation or terrain during travel. The uniform also features internal slots for elbow and knee pads. The pocket on the uniform is designed to open sideways, making it convenient to use after equipping tactical vest. The complementary tactical vest features improved structural and material design, offering better mobility, practicality, fire-resistance, and protection. Color customization for the uniform accessories is achieved with the new design. Urban, woodland, and jungle camouflage is fitted with black-colored"}, {"text": "gloves and boots, while desert and tundra have colored ones. Various camouflaged pouches and devices can be attached to the tactical vest. The new pattern offers better concealment in variable distances comparing to traditional digital camouflage, due to the utilizing of unrecognizable tiny digital grids. It has dots or stars in the fabric that are smaller than that of Type 07 digital camouflage. Fielding. According to Senior Colonel Wu Qian, Director General of the Information Office of the Chinese Ministry of National Defense, the camo's distribution to the entire PLA is going as scheduled in an October 31, 2019 announcement. The Xingkong is expected to be distributed with helmets, tactical gloves, combat vests and military boots. Variants. Five variants of pattern for Xingkong camouflage is available."}, {"text": "The TNCA B Series was a single-engine reconnaissance biplane built in Mexico by Talleres Nacionales de Construcciones Aeron\u00e1uticas (National Aircraft Construction Workshops). Design and development. In 1920, \u00c1ngel Lascurain y Osio was appointed director of TNCA. Under his direction, an airplane was built based on the structure of the TNCA Serie A, to which major modifications were made, such as larger dimensions and the adaptation of a Salmson 9-cylinder radial engine, the prototype received the registration \"1-B-72\". After successful demonstrations of this aircraft, the government authorized the construction of five more examples, which were affectionately dubbed \"puros\" (cigars), due to their wide tubular fuselages, which was the main difference compared to the TNCA Serie A. Four examples were each equipped with two Thompson 11.43 mm caliber machine guns in the rear cabin. The TNC Serie B demonstrated reliability and also the ability to land and take off on unprepared surfaces. Operational history. The first flight was made on December 7, 1920, flying the Balbuena-Pachuca-Balbuena route with Lieutenant Fernando Proal as a pilot and Colonel Reynaldo H\u00edjar as a passenger. This same aircraft made a long-distance flight between January 7 and January 17, 1921, covering the Mexico-Veracruz-Tampico-Rodr\u00edguez-\u00c9bano-Tampico-San Luis Potos\u00ed-Mexico route, making"}, {"text": "a total distance of 2,000 kilometers (1,243 milles). The six aircraft were operated by the Mexican Air Force from their base at Mexicali, in anti-smuggling flights."}, {"text": "\"Island Home\" is a musical composition that the Bailiwick of Jersey, a Crown Dependency, formerly listed as its anthem. It was written and composed by musician Gerard Le Feuvre. The song was written in 2002 and adopted in 2008 after a contest to find an official anthem for Jersey. However, in 2025 States Assembly formalised Beautiful Jersey as Jersey's local anthem. Background. Traditionally, Jersey used the British national anthem, \"God Save the Queen\" (or \"God Save the King\"), as a symbol of loyalty to the Crown. When times came for a unique individual song to be used as Jersey's anthem because many other states also used \"God Save the Queen\", Jersey had two unofficial options. The first was \"Ma Normandie\", which was designed as a reference to Jersey's historical heritage as a part of the Duchy of Normandy and was first used at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games and used as the anthem for future Commonwealth Games. The other was \"Beautiful Jersey\", which was written and performed after the liberation of the Channel Islands from Nazi occupation and had been performed annually at Liberation Day celebrations. History. In 2007, a contest was held to determine the official anthem"}, {"text": "of Jersey. A shortlist of five was drawn up from twenty-three entries. \"Ma Normandie\" was controversially excluded from the shortlist despite lyrics from it previously adorning banknotes of the Jersey pound. The justification for exclusion was that the song had no direct connection to Jersey and references France in its lyrics. The contest was judged by a panel of five judges and an audience of the public. After voting, the Bailiff of Jersey announced the contest had been won by \"Island Home\" written by Gerard Le Feuvre in 2002 from St Ouen. Le Feuvre's inspiration was to have a song that was simple for children to sing but also inspire unity. The song was inspired by the wildlife in Jersey, with the first three notes designed to imitate the lowing of a Jersey cow. The song was written in English, but Le Feuvre said he would release a J\u00e8rriais version. The song was first performed at the Jersey Opera House on Liberation Day 2008. \"Island Home\" started to be played at official events and schools in Jersey before being confirmed as the anthem. Criticism. The decision to select \"Island Home\" was controversial, as although the public voted against it in"}, {"text": "favour of \"Beautiful Jersey\", their votes were collated as one vote, with the panel members individually getting one vote each, thus the public were outvoted. The decision was intended to be ratified by the States of Jersey, however the proposal was never sent to the legislature, leading to Senators requesting in 2010 that the contest be rerun and demanding that it not be officially described as the Jersey anthem. In rugby, the Jersey Touch Rugby Association refused to use it, instead preferring to retain \"Ma Normandie\". In 2015, the Jersey Island Games team dropped it in favour of \"Beautiful Jersey\", after athletes called it \"dreary and uninspiring\". In 2025, a formal public poll was held on what Jersey's anthem should be. \"Beautiful Jersey\" came first, followed by \"God Save the King\". \"Island Home\" only gained 12 votes, behind \"Ma Normandie\". The States of Jersey formally approved this poll to make \"Beautiful Jersey\" the official anthem of Jersey instead of \"Island Home\"."}, {"text": "John Stauffer may refer to:"}, {"text": "George Vegnathan is a Fijian politician and former Member of the Parliament of Fiji for the FijiFirst Party. He served as the Assistant Minister for the Sugar Industry. He is from Vunika, Macuata, and lives in Labasa. Prior to his election, he worked as a teacher for 32 years. He also works as the executive officer for TISI Sangam in Labasa. He was elected to Parliament in the 2018 election. He is married, and has four children. In the 2022 election, Vegnathan placed 37th in the party list, garnering 360 votes, therefore being unable to qualify for a seat in Parliament, and subsequently lost his Assistant Minister portfolio."}, {"text": "Echeveria amoena is a species of succulent plant in the family Crassulaceae, endemic to semi-arid areas of the Mexican states of Puebla, Tlaxcala, and Veracruz. Description. It is a herbaceous, perennial plant with a stem up to 8 cm long. It grows in the form of a compact rosette, commonly less than 5 cm in diameter, with fleshy, obovate-oblanceolate, full-margin and accumulated apex leaves. The inflorescence is a simple, reddish zinc, 10 to 22.5 cm high, with several alternate ascending, succulent, green, reddish or pink-orange bracts. The corolla includes petals similar to bracts. Taxonomy. \"Echeveria amoena\" was described in 1875 by Charles Jacques \u00c9douard Morren, attributed to , in \"Annales de Botanique et d'Horticulture.\" \"Echeveria amoena\" also forms the hybrid \"Echeveria subalpina\" \u00d7 \"amoena\", which is considered by some authors as the species \"E. meyraniana\". \"Echeveria\" : generic name given in honor of Mexican botanical artist Atanasio Echeverr\u00eda y Godoy (1771? \u20131803) \"amoena\" : epithet Latin meaning \"pleasant\" or \"lovely\""}, {"text": "The 2015 Arizona Wildcats baseball team represented the University of Arizona in the 2015 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Wildcats played their home games for the 4th season at Hi Corbett Field. The team was coached by Andy Lopez in his 14th and final season at Arizona."}, {"text": "The Battle of La Virgen occurred on 3 September 1855, at La Virgen, Nicaragua. It was part of the Legitimist efforts to resist the newly arrived force of William Walker, who had the support of the fierce opponents of the Legitimists, the Democrats. After a hard-fought but one-sided skirmish, Walker's forces emerged victorious, giving the cause of the invading Filibuster army legitimacy, and inspiring many new volunteers to join his force. Background. Taking advantage of the conflict between the Nicaraguan Legitimists and Democrats that had erupted in 1854, William Walker and his \"Falange (phalanx)\", a force initially made up of 60 filibusters, arrived in Nicaragua under the guise of aiding the Democrats in their fight against the Legitimists. Walker quickly attacked the city of Rivas, and after being driven off by Legitimist troops, he withdrew down the coast of Lake Nicaragua, in the direction of the small town of La Virgen. Battle. During the night of the 2nd, Walker had force marched his men down the transit route that led to La Virgen, arriving late that night. Having been defeated earlier by the Democrats under General Trinidad Mu\u00f1oz in the North, the fearsome general Jos\u00e9 Santos Guardiola (the Butcher), a"}, {"text": "native of Honduras, was determined to exact his vengeance on Walker and his men. Confident in the superiority of his numbers, Guardiola stated that he would, \"drive the Filibusters into the lake and drown them and save his ammunition\". While Walker's men were preparing breakfast on the 3rd, Guardiola struck, his men pouring into the streets of the city. With the lake at their backs and no hope of retreat, Walker's men and their native allies fought vigorously, with Walker, who usually disapproved of the fighting spirit of the natives, even later giving them praise for their efforts. Nicaraguan and American fought literally shoulder to shoulder in the streets of the city, and at one point, the health of Walker even came into question after he was grazed in the throat by a stray bullet. Moments later, another bullet smashed into his coat pocket, but being filled with a package of letters, his life was saved. Walker's men mounted charge after charge against the weakening Legitimists, and after some time, the section of Guardiola's men directly across from Walker's position in the city began to flee. Instead of completely chasing them off, Walker brought his men to the aid of"}, {"text": "his native subordinates, perhaps lending credibility to the claims of his growing appreciation of his ally's fighting abilities. A troublesome column of Legitimists, led by a certain Colonel Bosque, had troubled Walker before at Rivas, and were now putting Walker's native allies under immense pressure. Walker quickly had the opposing leader shot off of his signature white horse. Thus, the final Legitimist column was routed, and Guardiola barely escaped back to Rivas with his life. Aftermath. The battle was instantly regarded as a smashing victory for the Democrats, with only two native Democratic troops found dead in the aftermath. Sixty dead Legitimists were discovered, a figure alone outnumbering Walker's entire Filibuster force. Walker captured all of Guardiola's abandoned artillery, as well as over 150 discarded Legitimist small arms. Walker dealt mercifully with the captured Legitimist prisoners, refusing to run them through with bayonets, as was the Nicaraguan custom. News of the Democratic victory reached the city of Leon, and many eager young recruits from the countryside quickly swelled Walker's ranks as he marched back to San Juan del Sur."}, {"text": "Lubick is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}, {"text": "This is a list of municipalities in Kenya which have standing links to local communities in other countries. In most cases, the association, especially when formalised by local government, is known as \"town twinning\" (usually in Europe) or \"sister cities\" (usually in the rest of the world). B. Bomet Bura E. Eldoret Esabalu G. Garissa Township K. Kabarnet Kisumu M. Marsabit Mombasa N. Nairobi Nyeri T. Taveta Thika U. Uasin Gishu W. Wajir"}, {"text": "Pipar Road Junction railway station is a railway station in Jodhpur district, Rajasthan. Its code is PPR. It serves Piparcity. The station consists of 3 platforms. Passenger, Express and Superfast trains halt here."}, {"text": "The George Carter Whitmore Mansion is a historic house in Nephi, Utah. It was built in 1898 for George Carter Whitmore, who founded the First National Bank of Nephi and served as a Democratic member of the Utah Senate from 1900 to 1908. The house was designed in the Queen Anne and Eastlake styles by architect Oscar Booth. Whitmore, his wife n\u00e9e Mary Elizabeth Hague, and their eight children, lived here until his death in 1917. It was inherited by one of his sons, George M. Whitmore. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since December 12, 1978."}, {"text": "Pipar City railway station is a railway station in Jodhpur district, Rajasthan. Its code is PCY. It serves Piparcity. The station consists of a single platform. Passenger trains halt here."}, {"text": "Moondooner is a rural locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Moondooner had a population of 45 people. Geography. The land use is grazing on native vegetation with some crop growing. Demographics. In the , Moondooner had a population of 58 people. In the , Moondooner had a population of 45 people. Education. There are no schools in Moondooner. The nearest government primary schools are Murgon State School in neighbouring Murgon to the west and Moffatdale State School in Moffatdale to the south. The nearest government secondary schools are Murgon State High School (to Year 12) in Murgon and Goomeri State School (to Year 10) in neighbouring Goomeri to the north-west."}, {"text": "Monday Night at Birdland is a live album which was recorded at Birdland in 1958 by tenor saxophonists Hank Mobley and Billy Root, trombonists Kai Winding and Curtis Fuller, and trumpeter Lee Morgan. It was first released by the Roulette label. Symphony Sid wrote the liner notes. Reception. \"Billboard\" mentioned that Monday nights at Birdland were \"when the regular bill is off and the young musicians get a chance to show their stuff\". The reviewer concluded that the album was \"A good jazz set.\" John S. Wilson referred to Fuller's contributions as \"positive evidence of outgoing vitality\", Morgan's as \"set[ting] a rip-roaring, challenging pace\", and described the recording overall as \"a really bright, swinging session\". AllMusic reviewer Michael G. Nastos wrote: \"Birdland was the focal point of the scene, and Blue Note Records provided the recording studio forum for the rising stars of the music, especially a teenage trumpeter named Lee Morgan, fresh from Philadelphia and ready to take on the world ... Emerging from the new music, trombonist Curtis Fuller, tenor saxophonist Hank Mobley, and pianist Ray Bryant are the principals on this date, with lesser-known but equally potent tenor man Billy Root ... Where the value lies in"}, {"text": "this session is the developing sound provided by Mobley, while Billy Root is the missing link between peer tenor saxophonists from Philly and the emerging John Coltrane. These Monday night sessions -- originally issued on the Roulette label -- are interesting to listen to especially if you are a fan of any of these legendary musicians. Because of the loosely associated nature of thrown-together bands, it's not an essential item, but good to refer to for perspective\"."}, {"text": "Raniwara railway station is a railway station in Jalor district, Rajasthan. Its code is RNV. It serves Raniwara city. The station consists of 2 platforms. Passenger, Express and Superfast trains halt here. Trains. The following trains halt at Raniwara railway station in both directions:"}, {"text": "Toyun Township () is a township of Wuqia County in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Located in the northeast of the county, the township covers an area of l,546 square kilometers with a population of 2,651 (as of 2017). It has 3 administrative villages under its jurisdiction. Its seat is at \"Kaklik\" (). Toyun is located 103 kilometers away northeast of the county seat Wuqia Town. It is bordered by Ulugqat and Kiziloy townships to the southwest, Baykurut and Terak townships to the southeast. It is bordered by the Kyrghyz Republic with a boundary line of 115 kilometers to the northeast and west. There are 27 mountain passes connecting with Kyrgyzstan. The \"Turugart Port\" () to Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan, is in the township and it is a national first-class port. History. \"The name \"Toyun\" is from Kyrgyz language, it means \"a place to eat full stomach\" () or \"a rich land\" (). The land is wide and the water and grass are abundant there, it was named after that. Toyun was part of the 4th district in Wuqia County in 1950 and \"Toyun Commune\" () was formed in 1958, it was renamed to \"Zhongdong\" () and restored the"}, {"text": "original name in 1980, and organized as a township in 1984. Geography. The seat of Tuoyun Township is at 2,780 meters above sea level. The average elevation of the township is above 3,300 meters. The highest altitude is 5,031 meters. The altitude of each pasture is 3,000-4,500 meters. More than 98% are Gobi desert and saline-alkali land, and the climate is extremely bad. The winter is cold and long, the annual heating time is more than 7 months, the lowest temperature in winter is as low as minus 30 degree Celsius, the summer is cool and short, the highest temperature is about 25 degree Celsius, it is windy, the mountain flood disaster occurs frequently, the annual average temperature Less than 6 degree Celsius. Settlements. The township has 3 administration villages and 5 unincorporated villages under its jurisdiction. 3 administration villages: settlements:"}, {"text": "Gustavo E. Romero is a professor of Relativistic Astrophysics at the University of La Plata in Argentina. In addition to his academic role, he serves as a Superior Researcher of the National Research Council of Argentina. Romero also holds the position of Director of the Argentine Institute of Radio Astronomy (IAR). Additionally, Romero has previously served as President of the Argentine Astronomical Society and is currently the leader of the GARRA research group and a Helmholtz International Fellow. For his professional accomplishments, Romero has been honored with several notable awards in scientific research, including an award from the Argentine Academy of Sciences, the Houssay Prize and the Konex Award 2023. Research work. Romero has worked extensively on gamma-ray, neutrino and cosmic-ray astrophysics, black holes, and scientific philosophy. He is well known for his investigations of blazars, microquasars, and unidentified gamma-ray sources. His research has received around 11000 citations in the academic literature, making him one of the most cited scientists of Argentina. In the field of philosophy, he has contributed with research on Supertask, spacetime ontology, and aesthetics. Romero is usually considered a disciple of the Argentine-Canadian philosopher and physicist Mario Bunge"}, {"text": "Chahpingah is a rural locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Chahpingah had a population of 26 people. Geography. The Great Dividing Range forms the south-western boundary of the locality. Piper Dodge Mountain is in the south-west of the locality (), rising above sea level. The locality is within the North East Coast drainage basin within the catchment of the Burnett River. The Boyne River enters the locality from the south-east (Ironpot / Mannuem) and flows north-west through the locality, exiting to the north-east (Durong). The Chinchilla\u2013Wondai Road runs along part of the northern boundary. The Diamondy State Forest is in the south-west of the locality extending into the neighbouring localities of Darr Creek and Diamondy. Apart from this protected area, the land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation with some crop growing. History. The Burrandowan Picnic Race Club was established on 27 November 1921 by 11 local men. The first race meeting was held on 13 May 1922. The first meeting was held on the 13th May, 1922 at the present site. Only grass fed horses, which had been paddocked under supervision for one month prior to the race, were eligible, and owners and"}, {"text": "jockeys had to be Club members. Membership was half a guinea, luncheon was 1/6 and afternoon tea was 9 pence. Demographics. In the , Chahpingah had a population of 29 people. In the , Chahpingah had a population of 26 people. Education. There are no schools in Chahpingah. The nearest government primary schools are: The nearest government secondary schools are: However, students in the west of Chahpingah are too distant to attend Kingaroy State High School, so for Year 12 education, the alternatives are distance education and boarding school. Amenities. Burrandowan Racecourse is on the southern side of Burra Burri Road (). Events. The Burrandown Picnic Races are held annually at the racecourse."}, {"text": "The 2019 Tevlin Women's Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the fifteenth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2019 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. It took place in Toronto, Canada between 28 October and 3 November 2019. Singles main-draw entrants. Other entrants. The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:"}, {"text": "Joseph D. Andrade is an American bioengineer, professor, educator, scientist and writer. He is distinguished professor emeritus in the Departments of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Pharmaceutics at University of Utah. Andrade's research has been focused on biomaterials and on biochemical sensors. He has supervised some 50 graduate students, written seven books, produced 125 scientific papers and holds six patents. Andrade became a Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering in 1991 and was awarded an honorary doctorate from Uppsala University in 2000. Education. Andrade entered the University of California-Berkeley in Fall, 1959, where he studied for more than two years and then dropped out. Two years later he was awarded the B.S. in Materials Science from San Jose State University, in 1965. He then attended the University of Denver, completing his Ph.D. in Metallurgy and Materials Science in January, 1969. Career. Andrade joined the University of Utah as an assistant professor in 1969. He rose through the ranks to become a distinguished professor in 2001. In 1983, he was appointed dean of College of Engineering and served until 1987. He served as chairman of the Department of Bioengineering from 1988 to 1991, interim chair of"}, {"text": "the Department of Pharmaceutics from 1998 to 1999 and the co-chair of the Department of Bioengineering from 1998 to 2000. From 1977 to 1979, Andrade was the editor-in-chief of the \"Journal of Bioengineering\". He served as the Vice President for Public Policy at the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering from 1992 to 1994 and was the program chair of the 1993 meeting, which resulted in the book, \"Medical and Biological Engineering in the Future of Health Care\". Andrade's public service and community activities include enhancing elementary school science education and informal science education. He developed the University of Utah's first video-intensive general science telecourse, \"Science without Walls: Science in Your World,\" which was broadcast throughout most of Utah on KUEN for some 20 years, ending in 2012. He contributed significantly to the genesis and establishment of The Leonardo - Salt Lake City's Science, Art, Technology Center, which opened in 2011. He continues to serve as a science advisor and on its board of directors. In 2012, Andrade retired as emeritus and distinguished professor, University of Utah. The same year, he ran as an unaffiliated candidate for Congress in Utah's District 2 on a \"Towards a Sustainable Future\" campaign."}, {"text": "Research and work. Andrade's research has been focused on biomaterials and on biochemical sensors. He is most known for formulating the minimum interfacial free energy hypothesis for biocompatibility. His early work dealt with blood-materials interactions and with approaches for enhanced blood compatibility, based largely on protein-coated, hydrogel-coated, and/or polyethylene glycol-coated surfaces. His PhD dissertation was a theoretical model of protein adsorption. Later, the theory work was expanded to include polyethylene-glycol and similar interfaces. The focus on surfaces and interfaces required analysis of and development of tools for the characterization of polymer-based interfaces, including interface electric potentials, interfacial energy, chemical composition (via X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy), and interface fluorescence analysis. The second stage of his research career focused on biochemical sensors, based initially on fiber optics and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) analysis. The biochemical sensor work used firefly luciferase bioluminescence and enzyme biochemistry for substrate specificity. He developed the University of Utah's first video-intensive general science telecourse - Science without Walls: Science in Your World - beginning in 1989. The 40 segment TV course was broadcast on KUEN TV throughout Utah for 20 years, until 2012. In the late 2010s, he began working to make clear and obvious the underlying assumptions"}, {"text": "that form the basis of the current economic system. This was the basis of his 2012 run for US Congress in Utah's Second Congressional District. He lost. He is now focused on planetary sustainability for the 21st Century. He uses online resources to distribute ideas, memes and semi-fictional writings. In April 2016, he published State Change: A Chemical Fantasy, a semi-novel in which 29 real right wing ideologs are given MDMA illegally and secretly in order to improve their objectivity, rationality, and empathy."}, {"text": "Dangore is a rural locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Dangore had a population of 35 people. Geography. The Kingaroy Burrandowan Road forms the southern boundary of the locality. Dangore Mountain is in the north-east of the locality () rising to above sea level. Dangore State Forest is in the north of the locality. Apart from this protected area, the land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation. History. Dangore was the name of an early pastoral lease, held in 1865 by R. Campbell. Demographics. In the , Dangore had a population of 35 people. In the , Dangore had a population of 35 people. Education. There are no schools in Dangore. The nearest government primary schools are Tingoora State School in Tingoora to the north-east, Crawford State School in Crawford to the east, and Kumbia State School in Kumbia to the south-east. The nearest government secondary schools are Proston State School (to Year 10) in Proston to the north, Wondai State School (to Year 10) in Wondai to the north-east, and Kingaroy State High School (to Year 12) in Kingaroy to the east. There are also Catholic and Lutheran schools in Kingaroy."}, {"text": "Ren railway station is a railway station in Nagaur district, Rajasthan. Its code is REN. It serves Ren village. The station consists of a single platform. Passenger, Express and Superfast trains halt here."}, {"text": "The 2019 RBC Pro Challenge was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the third edition of the tournament which was part of the 2019 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. It took place in Tyler, Texas, United States between 28 October and 3 November 2019. Singles main-draw entrants. Other entrants. The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: The following player received entry using a protected ranking: The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: The following player received entry as a lucky loser:"}, {"text": "Cobbs Hill is a rural locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Cobbs Hill had \"no people or a very low population\". Demographics. In the , Cobbs Hill had a population of 22 people. In the , Cobbs Hill had \"no people or a very low population\"."}, {"text": "Beginning with the 2018 tournament, an in-house operation known as Wimbledon Broadcasting Services (WBS) has served as the official host broadcaster of the tournament, replacing BBC Sport. United Kingdom. Since 1937 the BBC has broadcast the tournament on television in the UK (though 1937-39 daily broadcasts only lasted from half an hour to an hour a day). From 1946 BBC Television broadcast Wimbledon live from 2-3pm until approximately 7.30pm. With play starting on centre court after 2pm in those days, this represented a full day's play, though sometimes the coverage was shared with other sports such as cricket and racing, a practice that was to continue until 1998. From 1950 to 1958 short newsreel films of the day's play lasting between five and fifteen minutes narrated by Peter Wilson were shown late in the evening. In the early 1960s, brief highlights were shown after the day's play. It wasn't until 1964 that the BBC had a stand-alone Wimbledon evening highlights programme. One of the most notable British commentators was Dan Maskell, who commentated on the Championships from 1951 and 1991 and was known as the BBC's \"voice of tennis\". John Barrett succeeded him in that role until he retired in"}, {"text": "2006. Current commentators working for the BBC at Wimbledon include British ex-players Andrew Castle, John Lloyd, Tim Henman, Samantha Smith and Mark Petchey; tennis legends such as John McEnroe and Tracy Austin; and general sports commentators including Andrew Cotter and Nick Mullins. The matches covered are primarily split between its two main terrestrial channels, BBC One and BBC Two, and their Red Button service. This can result in live matches being moved across all 3 channels. The BBC holds the broadcast rights for Wimbledon until 2027. The coverage is presented by Clare Balding (highlights 2015\u20132022, live coverage 2023-present), Isa Guha (co-anchor of live coverage 2023\u2013present) and Qasa Alom (highlights 2023\u2013present). Previous BBC presenters include Sue Barker (guest on highlights 1993, highlights 1994\u20131999, live coverage 2000\u20132022) Des Lynam (highlights 1983\u20131989, live coverage 1991-1997 and 1999), David Vine (highlights Wimbledon Pro 1967, 1979\u20131982) John Inverdale (highlights 2000\u20132014), Harry Carpenter (live coverage 1967, 1970\u20131990, highlights 1971-1978 and 1990\u20131993), Jack Kramer (highlights 1964\u20131970), David Coleman (live coverage 1960-1966 and 1968\u20131969) and Steve Rider (1986 and 1998) The Wimbledon Finals are obliged to be shown live and in full on terrestrial television (BBC Television Service, ITV, Channel 4, or Channel 5) by government mandate. Highlights"}, {"text": "of the rest of the tournament must be provided by terrestrial stations; live coverage (excepting the finals) may be sought by satellite or cable TV. The BBC was forced to apologise after many viewers complained about \"over-talking\" by its commentary team during the TV coverage of the event in 2011. It said in a statement that views on commentary were subjective but that they \"do appreciate that over-talking can irritate our audience\". The BBC added that it hoped it had achieved \"the right balance\" across its coverage and was \"of course sorry if on occasion you have not been satisfied\". Tim Henman and John McEnroe were among the ex-players commentating. In 2024 The Spectator criticised the \"Baldingisation\" of BBC Wimbledon coverage. Wimbledon was also involved in a piece of television history, when on 1 July 1967 the first official colour television broadcast took place in the UK. Four hours live coverage of the 1967 Championships was shown on BBC Two, which was the first television channel in Europe to regularly broadcast in colour. Footage of that historic match no longer survives, however, the Gentlemen's Final of that year is still held in the BBC archives because it was the first"}, {"text": "Gentlemen's Final transmitted in colour. The tennis balls used were traditionally white, but were switched to yellow in 1986 to make them stand out for colour television. Since 2007, Wimbledon matches have been transmitted in high-definition, originally on the BBC's free-to-air channel BBC HD, with continual live coverage during the tournament of Centre Court and Court No. 1 as well as an evening highlights show \"Today at Wimbledon\". Coverage is now shown on BBC One and Two's HD feeds. Beginning 2018, all centre court matches are televised in 4K ultra-high-definition. The BBC's opening theme music for Wimbledon since 1976 was composed by Keith Mansfield and is titled \"Light and Tuneful\". A piece titled \"A Sporting Occasion\" is the traditional closing theme, though nowadays coverage typically ends either with a montage set to a popular song or with no music at all. Mansfield also composed the piece \"World Champion\", used by NBC during intervals (change-overs, set breaks, etc.) and at the close of broadcasts throughout the tournament. Commentators. Below is a list of men's singles final commentators for BBC TV. Below is a list of men's singles final commentators for ITV. Dan Maskell began commentating on the Wimbledon Championships in 1949"}, {"text": "as an expert summariser for BBC Radio alongside Max Robertson, before switching to television in 1951 with Freddie Grisewood. He would remain as the \"voice of tennis\" on the BBC until his retirement in 1991. When commenting on a particularly exciting piece of play or an outstanding shot, he sometimes used his most remembered and revered catchphrase \"Oh, I say!\". The last Wimbledon match that he commentated on was the 1991 Men's Singles final between Michael Stich and Boris Becker (which Stich won). The last tennis match Maskell commentated on for BBC Television was the 1991 Grand Slam Cup final between David Wheaton and Michael Chang. John Barrett's broadcasting career with BBC Television began in 1971. Barrett began commentating on Wimbledon men's singles finals for BBC Television at the end of the 1970s. Barrett's voice was heard on the BBC broadcast of the epic fourth set tiebreak between Borg and McEnroe in the 1980 final (this has often been shown again on TV). Barrett commentated on Wimbledon men's singles finals until 1998. David Mercer took over from Barrett for the 1999 and 2000 men's singles finals, but Barrett commentated on the 2001 and 2002 finals. From 2003, Andrew Castle commentated"}, {"text": "on Wimbledon men's singles finals instead of Barrett. Barrett announced his retirement from the BBC commentary box at Wimbledon in 2006. ITV covered Wimbledon live from 1956 to 1968, but for fewer hours each day than the BBC. Fred Perry was their lead commentator. In 1990 the short-lived British Satellite Broadcasting, on its sports channel carried extra coverage of Wimbledon for subscribers. British Eurosport showed evening highlights for a few years around the millennium and showed highlights and live coverage of finals from 2016 util 2024 with the same coverage continuing on Eurosport's successor TNT Sports. United States. In the United States, ABC began showing taped highlights of the Wimbledon Gentlemen's Singles Final in the 1960s on its \"Wide World of Sports\" series. NBC began a 43-year run of covering Wimbledon in 1969, with same-day taped (and often edited) coverage of the Gentlemen's Singles Final. In 1979, the network began carrying the Gentlemen's and Ladies' Singles Finals live. For the next few decades, Americans made a tradition of NBC's \"Breakfast at Wimbledon\" specials at weekends. Live coverage started early in the morning (the US being a minimum of 5 hours behind the UK) and continued well into the afternoon, interspersed"}, {"text": "with commentary and interviews from Bud Collins, whose tennis acumen and famous patterned trousers were well known to tennis fans in the US. Collins was sacked by NBC in 2007, but was promptly hired by ESPN, the cable home for The Championships in the States. For many years NBC's primary Wimbledon host was veteran broadcaster Dick Enberg. From 1975 to 1999, premium channel HBO carried weekday coverage of Wimbledon. Hosts included Jim Lampley, Billie Jean King, Martina Navratilova, John Lloyd and Barry MacKay (tennis) among others. ESPN took over as the cable-television partner in 2003. The AELTC grew frustrated with NBC's policy of waiting to begin its quarterfinal and semifinal coverage until after the conclusion of \"Today\" at 10 a.m. local, as well as broadcasting live only to the Eastern Time Zone and using tape-delay in all others. NBC also held over high-profile matches for delayed broadcast in its window, regardless of any ongoing matches. In one notorious incident in 2009, ESPN2's coverage of the Tommy Haas-Novak Djokovic quarterfinal was forced off the air nationwide when it ran past 10 a.m. Eastern, after which NBC showed the conclusion of the match on tape only after presenting the previous Ivo Karlovi\u0107-Roger"}, {"text": "Federer quarterfinal in full. Beginning with the 2012 tournament, coverage moved to ESPN and ESPN2, marking the second major tennis championship (after the Australian Open) where live coverage is exclusively on pay television. The finals are also broadcast tape-delayed on ABC. Since 2022, live matches returned to broadcast television as ABC aired coverage on weekends, live coast to coast. Taped coverage using the world feed is aired in primetime and overnights on Tennis Channel and is branded \"Wimbledon Primetime\". From 1968 to 1972, Bud Collins worked for CBS Sports during its coverage of the US Open tournament, moving to NBC Sports in 1972 to work that network's Wimbledon coverage. During the 2007 Wimbledon tournament, Collins announced that NBC had chosen not to renew his contract and was letting him go. Collins had covered tennis for the network for 35 years. He insisted that he had no plans to retire and would continue to cover tennis for \"The Boston Globe\". On July 8, 2007, the final day of the tournament, fellow \"Globe\" sportswriter Bob Ryan, on the ESPN TV show \"The Sports Reporters\", ridiculed NBC for this decision. He said the 78-year-old Collins \"still has his fastball\" and praised the \"Globe\""}, {"text": "for retaining Collins. Collins was hired by ESPN on August 7, 2007. He teamed with onetime NBC partner Dick Enberg on the network's Wimbledon, US Open, French Open, and Australian Open coverage. He has also covered the US Open for XM Satellite Radio. As NBC's voice of the Wimbledon Tennis Championships, the last tournament for him being in 1999 (alongside Bud Collins and, later, John McEnroe), Dick Enberg regularly concluded the network's coverage of the two-week event with thematically appropriate observations accompanied by a montage of video clips. Beginning in 2004, Enberg served as a play-by-play announcer for ESPN2's coverage of the Wimbledon and French Open tennis tournaments, adding the Australian Open the following year. Enberg came to ESPN on lease from CBS, where he already called the US Open, the one Grand Slam tournament not covered by ESPN until 2009. At the 2004 French Open, Enberg called a match per day and also provided his \"Enberg Moments\". At Wimbledon in 2004, he participated in a new one-hour morning show called \"Breakfast at Wimbledon\". ESPN asked CBS for permission to use Enberg during the summer of 2004 at both the French Open and Wimbledon. Enberg then surprised his new bosses"}, {"text": "by volunteering for the 2005 Australian Open in January 2005. \"I've never been to Australia,\" he said. \"At my age then [69], to be able to work a full Grand Slam is something I'd like to have at the back of my book.\" Enberg stopped calling the French Open after 2009 due to his Padres commitments, though he continued to call the Wimbledon and Australian Open tournaments over the next two years. In June 2011, it was reported that his ESPN contract had ended and that the 2011 Wimbledon tournament would be his final one for the network. Jimmy Connors did commentary with NBC-TV in 1990 and 1991, during its coverage of the French Open and Wimbledon tournaments. During the Wimbledon tournaments of 2005, 2006, and 2007, Connors commentated for the BBC alongside John McEnroe (among others), providing moments of heated discussion between two former archrivals. Connors returned to BBC commentary at Wimbledon in 2014. Connors has also served as a commentator and analyst for the Tennis Channel since the US Open tournament of 2009. Mary Carillo worked as both a host and analyst on HBO's Wimbledon coverage from 1996 to 1999, and on Turner Sports' coverage of Wimbledon from"}, {"text": "2000 to 2002. In May 2003, Carillo joined NBC Sports as an analyst on the network's French Open and Wimbledon coverage, having made her debut as an analyst on NBC for the 1996 Family Circle Cup tennis event. Carillo's candid and insightful commentary has earned her accolades throughout the industry, including the distinction of being called \"the sport's top analyst\" by \"Sports Illustrated\". She is known for her deep voice, quick wit and pointed sense of humor. Like her long-time friend and fellow Douglaston, Queens, New York native John McEnroe, Carillo is known for her colorful turns of speech, and is credited with coining the phrase \"Big Babe Tennis\" to describe the era in women's tennis dominated by large, powerful players such as Lindsay Davenport, Serena Williams and Venus Williams. Carillo's unabashed and opinionated style of tennis commentary has drawn criticism from several top players, notably Andre Agassi, Serena and Venus Williams, and Maria Sharapova. Nevertheless, she has been named Best Commentator by \"Tennis Magazine\" (1988\u201391), Best Commentator by \"World Tennis\" magazine (1986) and Broadcaster of the Year by the Women's Tennis Association (1981 and 1985)."}, {"text": "The Dorcen G70S is a mid-size crossover SUV manufactured by Chinese automaker Dorcen. Overview. Revealed in September 2018 in China, prices of the Dorcen G70S ranges from 119,900 yuan to 149,900 yuan. The power comes from a 2.0 liter Inline-4 turbo engine code named 4G63S4T provided by Shenyang-Mitsubishi. The 2.0 liter Inline-4 turbo engine is mated to s 8-speed automatic gearbox producing 177hp and 250Nm of torque. Design. Based on the Zotye Domy X7, the design was originally previewed as the Domy X7 S, a sportier trim of the Zotye Domy X7 mid-size crossover SUV in November 2017. The Domy X7 S features a restyled front fascia and a redesigned tailgate. As of 2018, the model was canceled and the design and platform was sold to Dorcen and renamed to Dorcen G70s."}, {"text": "Kunioon is a rural locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Kunioon had a population of 28 people. Geography. Barker Creek enters the locality from the south (Brooklands) and exits to the north-east (Barker Creek Flat). The land use is mostly grazing on native vegetation, but there is crop growing around Barker Creek and some other smaller creeks in the locality. History. Kunioon Provisional School opened on 8 June 1891. It later become Kunioon State School and closed in 1925. It reopened in 1928 and closed permanently circa December 1931. It was on the southern side of the Nanango Brooklands Road (approx ), now within the locality of Brooklands. Kunioon West Provisional School opened in 20 January 1902. On 1 January 1909, it became Kunioon West State School. It closed on 29 September 1946. It was on the north-western corner of the intersection of Goodger Gully Road, Kunioon West Road, and School Road (), now within the locality of Goodger. Demographics. In the , Kunioon had a population of 31 people. In the , Kunioon had a population of 28 people. Education. There are no schools in Kunioon. The nearest government primary schools are Nanango State"}, {"text": "School in neighbouring Nanango to the east and Coolabunia State School in Coolabunia to the north. The nearest government secondary school is Nanango State High School, also in Nanango. There is also a Catholic primary school in Nanango."}, {"text": "The 1991\u201392 Bayer 04 Leverkusen season was the 45th season in the club's history and the 13th consecutive season playing in the Bundesliga since promotion from 2. Bundesliga in 1979. Leverkusen finished sixth in the league. The club also participated in the DFB-Pokal where it reached the semi-finals, losing in penalties to Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach. Statistics. Squad statistics. !colspan=\"14\" align=center|Players that left the team during the season"}, {"text": "The 2019 Engie Open Nantes Atlantique was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the sixteenth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2019 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. It took place in Nantes, France between 28 October and 3 November 2019. Singles main-draw entrants. Other entrants. The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: The following player received entry using a protected ranking: The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: The following player received entry as a lucky loser:"}, {"text": "Gemini Man may refer to:"}, {"text": "\"Pretender\" is a song recorded by Japanese band Official Hige Dandism, released on May 15, 2019, through Pony Canyon in physical single format to serve as the theme song of the 2019 film \"The Confidence Man JP\". Upon release, it was a commercial success, and spent seven weeks at number one on the \"Billboard\" Japan Hot 100 and thirty-four weeks at number one on the streaming chart, breaking the record held by \"Marigold\". Composition and lyrics. The song is written by vocalist/pianist Satoshi Fujihara and composed in the key of A-flat major and is set in time signature of common time with a tempo of 92 BPM. \"Pretender\" features a piano, guitar, electric bass, and drums. Begins with melodic guitar arpeggios, the song is described as a sad love song about a man who thinks he is not worthy to fall in love with the woman he likes, and saying 'goodbye' as an expression of giving up. Music video. The video of \"Pretender\" was released on April 16, 2019, and directed by Takuto Shimpo. It was filmed in Taipei, showing the band performing with the night view of Taipei as the background, while theatrical scenes of local Taiwanese models and"}, {"text": "actors are inter-cut in between. On May 22, 2019, the video for the acoustic version of the song was released. It was directed by Yoshiaki Muto, features the band performing with the night view of Tokyo as the background. As of May 2022, \"Pretender\" has over 400 million views on YouTube, became their most viewed music video, while the acoustic version has over 7 million views on YouTube."}, {"text": "Shri Bhadriya Lathi railway station is a railway station in Jaisalmer district, Rajasthan. Its code is SBLT. It serves Shri Bhadriya Lathi station. The station consists of a single platform. Passenger, Express, and Superfast trains halt here."}, {"text": "Danielle Dithurbide (born 1983) is a Mexican journalist who works for Televisa. She currently hosts the \"Despierta con Danielle Dithurbide\" morning program on the company's flagship Las Estrellas network, having taken over the program in 2019. Life. Dithurbide was born in Mexico City and studied history at the Universidad Iberoamericana. However, her passion for journalism had started in high school, after she watched news coverage of the September 11 attacks on the United States. She then earned a diploma in radio and television from the School of Journalism and Art for Radio and Television (PART). From 2006 to 2010, she worked at TV Azteca, producing investigative reports and hosting news programs on Proyecto 40. Dithurbide joined Televisa in 2010, soon joining the network's investigative unit. Several reports, including a 2011 story on sexual trafficking, a 2012 piece on mental health prisons and a 2014 item on the migration of children, were recipients of the . In January 2016, Dithurbide was named the Director of International Information for Noticieros Televisa; that same year, she began hosting a morning newscast on FOROtv. Frida Sof\u00eda scandal. In the wake of the earthquake on 19 September 2017, Dithurbide became caught up in a story"}, {"text": "that turned out to be fake at one of the epicenters of the story. At the collapsed Colegio R\u00e9bsamen elementary school, she reported that a child, , was still alive in the rubble. Coverage centered for hours on the supposedly trapped child; Dithurbide reported that rescuers were \"in contact\" with her, giving her something to drink. It was later learned that there was nobody alive in the collapsed school; Dithurbide blamed an inaccurate report from Mexican Navy officials assisting in the rescue effort. As the story had gone viral on social media, Dithurbide came under heavy criticism for the false report. \"Despierta\". After Carlos Loret de Mola left Televisa television to do work exclusively on radio, Dithurbide was named his replacement on the \"Despierta\" morning program in September 2019. Dithurbide's selection meant that the majority of Televisa's news programs across its channels were hosted by women."}, {"text": "The following is a list of episodes from the 2017 series \"Wacky Races\". Series overview. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude>"}, {"text": "Indoo Ki Jawani () is a 2020 Indian Hindi-language comedy film directed by debutante Abir Sengupta and produced by T-Series, Emmay Entertainment, and Electric Apples. Distributed by AA Films, it stars Kiara Advani as a Ghaziabad woman who finds love in dating apps, alongside Aditya Seal and Mallika Dua. Principal photography of the film began in October 2019. It was initially set for cinema release in June 2020. But the release was postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic. It finally opened theatrically on 11 December 2020 amid the 50% occupancy guideline that was announced keeping in mind the pandemic's continuity. Plot. Indira Gupta a.k.a. \"Indoo\" is a girl living in Ghaziabad. She is in a relationship with Satish for the past year, who wants to have sex with her. Indoo always refuses as she thinks they should do it only after marriage. Indoo's best friend is Sonal, a knowledgeable girl. Indoo always consults Sonal and follows her advice whenever she is confused. As Indoo is beautiful, all men living nearby want to have sexual intercourse with her, including those as young as high school students and as old as her father. Meanwhile, two terrorists from Pakistan are hiding in Ghaziabad after"}, {"text": "shooting a police officer in the arm. The police issue a wanted order for them on TV channels, and as they do not know the terrorists' faces yet, the only clue given is that they are Pakistani. Sonal convinces Indoo to have sex with Satish to practice sexual intercourse and know if he has any sexual problems. Without telling Satish in advance, Indoo visits him the next day to have sex with him for the first time, only to find Satish sleeping with another married woman, Alka. Angered, Indoo breaks up with Satish. Sonal pins the blame for Satish's betrayal on Indoo for refusing to have sex with him. Sonal also persuades Indoo to have a one-night stand to practice sex. Following her advice, Indoo finds a partner on a dating app, Dinder, and fixes a date with him in her house while her family is on leave for a week. Indoo's match is Samar Khan, who is a musician from Hyderabad. Indoo is known as India to Samar since Sonal mistyped Indira while making Indoo's profile on Dinder. Though both know where the night will lead them, Indoo feels shy and nervous and keeps calling Sonal for suggestions. Samar"}, {"text": "orders dinner for them via a mobile app Gomato. Later, Samar's passport accidentally falls on the ground, which reveals him to be a Pakistani. Indoo, who happens to have seen the wanted order on TV, accuses Samar of being one of the Pakistani terrorists, but Samar denies it. They begin to argue as people from two rival countries. Indoo wants Samar to leave her house but asks him to wait till the coast is clear so that no one sees a man leaving her house. After some twists, the food that Samar ordered arrives. Indoo invites the delivery man into the house to keep an eye on the \"terrorist\" while using the bathroom. Samar grabs this opportunity to force his way out of her house. Now it's the food delivery man who remains with Indoo in her house. She is forced to wait for a chance to send him on his way while the street is empty. On his way back, Samar sees a dead body. Upon checking the corpse's ID, he realises that that person was supposed to deliver their food. He concludes that the man in Indoo's house must be a terrorist. As his phone battery is dead,"}, {"text": "Samar tries to seek help from passers-by and people in a prayer gathering near Indoo's house, but nobody listens to him. He informs to police that a local girl India is in danger and a dead body is lying nearby, but the policemen in deep sleep acknowledge that India is not a girl but a mother figure to its citizens. With no alternatives left to save Indoo, Samar returns to her house and barges in despite Indoo's refusal. Samar confronts the terrorist and reveals his deeds, but Indoo still thinks that Samar is the real terrorist and does not believe him. Samar and the terrorist fight; Indoo hits Samar with a stick and renders him unconscious. Meanwhile, the police manage to find a photo of the terrorist and publish it on TV. Indoo sits on the sofa which leads the remote to switch on the TV. She sees the TV and notices, learning that the \"delivery man\" is the real Pakistani terrorist and that Samar was trying to save her all along. She escapes and hides in the house. Unable to find Indoo, the terrorist points his gun at an unconscious Samar, threatening to shoot him if Indoo does not"}, {"text": "reveal herself. Indoo is forced to show herself while Samar wakes up at the same time. He snatches the terrorist's gun and fights with him. Ultimately, the police arrive on the scene and shoot the terrorist in this hand. The movie ends with Indoo and Samar apologizing to each other as they lean in for a kiss. Soundtrack. The film's music was composed by Rochak Kohli, Mika Singh and Badshah while lyrics written by Shabbir Ahmed, Gurpreet Saini, Gautam G Sharma, and Badshah. The song \"Hasina Pagal Deewani\" is from an original track of the same title from the same album \"Saawan Mein Lag Gayee Aag\" by Mika Singh, composed and written by Mika Singh. This is the second time the song is being recreated after 2008's film \"Woodstock Villa\" which was the same-titled sung by Mika Singh. Later the song was recreated again by Payal Dev for 2020's film \"Ginny Weds Sunny\" which was also the same title, sung by Mika Singh, Neha Kakkar and Badshah."}, {"text": "The 2019 City of Playford Tennis International II was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the third edition of the tournament which was part of the 2019 ATP Challenger Tour and the 2019 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. It took place in the City of Playford, Australia between 28 October and 3 November 2019. Men's singles main-draw entrants. Other entrants. The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: The following player received entry into the singles main draw using a protected ranking: The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: Women's singles main-draw entrants. Other entrants. The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:"}, {"text": "Another Monday Night at Birdland is a live album which was recorded at Birdland in 1958 by tenor saxophonists Hank Mobley and Billy Root, trombonist Curtis Fuller, and trumpeter Lee Morgan. It was released by the Roulette label. Reception. Allmusic reviewer Michael G. Nastos wrote: \"Birdland was the focal point of the scene, and Blue Note records provided the recording studio forum for the rising stars of the music, especially a teenage trumpeter named Lee Morgan, fresh from Philadelphia and ready to take on the world ... Emerging from the new music, trombonist Curtis Fuller, tenor saxophonist Hank Mobley, and pianist Ray Bryant are the principals on this date, with lesser-known but equally potent tenor man Billy Root .. Where the value lies in this session is the developing sound provided by Mobley, while Billy Root is the missing link between peer tenor saxophonists from Philly and the emerging John Coltrane. These Monday night sessions -- originally issued on the Roulette label -- are interesting to listen to especially if you are a fan of any of these legendary musicians. Because of the loosely associated nature of thrown-together bands, it's not an essential item, but good to refer to for"}, {"text": "perspective\"."}, {"text": "Mowbullan is a rural locality in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Mowbullan had a population of 12 people. Geography. Mowbullan is completely within and surrounded by the locality of Bunya Mountains. The town of Mount Mowbullan () is located on the north-west boundary of the locality with Bunya Mountains. The urban area is mostly within Bunya Mountains with the residential areas extending into Mowbullan. The Bunya Mountains Conservation Park is in the north-west corner of the locality, extending north into neighbouring Bunya Mountains. The south-west of the locality is used for grazing on native vegetation, with the majority of the locality being set aside or nature conservation. History. The locality takes its name from the town of Mount Mowbullan and mountain of the same time. The name comes from the Waka language words \"mau \" meaning \"head\" and \"balan\" meaning \"bald\", referring to the treeless nature of the mountain. Mowbullan Provisional School opened on 15 February 1943. It was originally located about from the sawmill in a clearing in the rainforest on land donated by grazier Allan Stirling. When the sawmill closed, the school was relocated to Danadabah where forestry workers were living. The school closed"}, {"text": "in April 1950 when there were too few students. The school building was later used as a National Parks Office. When a new office was built in 1986, the school building was shifted again and now is used as a home for chocolate wattled bats. Demographics. In the , Mowbullan had a population of 11 people. In the , Mowbullan had a population of 12 people. Education. There are no schools in Mowbullan. The nearest government primary schools are Kumbia State School in Kumbia to the north-east and Quinalow State School in Quinalow to the south. The nearest government secondary schools are Quinalow State School (to Year 10), Kingaroy State High School (to Year 12) in Kingaroy to the north-east, and Nanango State High School (to Year 12) in Nanango to the north-east."}, {"text": "Hermann Freiherr von K\u00f6nigsbrunn (1 March 1823, in Bad Radkersburg \u2013 16 February 1907, in Graz) was an Austrian landscape painter. Biography. His family had been elevated to the nobility in 1685 and obtained rights to the title of Freiherr in 1716. He studied in Graz, where he frequented the studios of the landscape painter and author, , and developed an interest in art. After that, he attended Theresian Academy in Vienna. In 1845, he graduated from there and found his first employment; as a civil servant. In 1848, he decided to pursue a career as a painter and studied with Leopold Rottmann, a lecturer at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich. In addition to his lessons, he copied landscapes created by one of the other Professors there, Eduard Schleich. After returning home for a short time, he went to Salzburg in 1850 and worked with the landscape painter, Johann Fischbach. In 1851, he became a travel companion to Franz Ritter von Friedau (1826-1888), heir to an industrial fortune, and the zoologist Ludwig Karl Schmarda. Together, they embarked on an expedition to Greece, Egypt and Ceylon. In 1865, he applied for a position at the Graz University of Technology. Although"}, {"text": "he received a majority vote from the board, , a history painter, was chosen instead. Three years later, he obtained a position as a Professor at the Styrian Provincial Art School, where he taught until 1892 and was one of the school's most popular teachers. Among his notable students there were Marie Egner, Ernestine von Kirchsberg, and Alfred Zoff."}, {"text": "Stony Range Botanic Garden is a botanic garden specialising in native Australian flora located in Dee Why, New South Wales, Australia. The garden is wheelchair accessible, has walking tracks of varying lengths and inclinations, and can be booked for functions and weddings. The garden is jointly administered by Northern Beaches Council and a voluntary advisory committee. The garden also receives support in the form of public donations, and volunteers who care for the garden. The garden also hosts an annual Spring Festival. History. Officially opened in 1961 as the Stony Range Flora Reserve, the Stony Range Botanic Garden is so named due to its location on the site of an old stone quarry. The site was revegetated and regenerated by local volunteers using local indigenous species as well as native plants from across Australia. Today, there are several microclimates within the garden: the rainforest gully, the sandstone heath, and the Federation Cascades."}, {"text": "Anusha Siriratne is a Sri Lankan female aviator and served as one of the prominent pilots in the Sri Lankan Airlines. She is the first Sri Lankan female captain of the national carrier and also led the first all-female crew in the history of Sri Lankan Airlines. Her husband Hemantha Siriratne is also a pilot, and the duo became the first husband-wife combination to work as captains at the Sri Lankan Airlines. Education. She completed her secondary education at the Holy Family Convent in Bambalapitiya. Career. She had a brief stint with the Sky Cabs as an instructor before joining the Sri Lankan Airlines as a full-time pilot. Anusha obtained her private pilot's license at CDE Aviation, and received her commercial pilot's license in Texas. She became a cadet pilot in 1998 and served as a second officer on the Lockheed L1001 Tristar fleet. She was promoted to the position of first officer in 1991. She was officially appointed as captain of Sri Lankan Airlines and became the first female to achieve the feat. She also led the first all-female crew on a flight from Colombo to Trichy on 1 November 2009."}, {"text": "Epilucina is a genus of small saltwater clams, marine bivalve mollusks in the family Lucinidae, the lucines. The only extant species is \"Epilucina californica\", found from central California to Baja California. The species in this genus were originally assigned to the genus \"Lucina\", and later erected as the genus \"Phacoides\" by William Healey Dall. Species. The only extant species is \"E. californica\". Extinct species within the genus \"Epilucina\" include:"}, {"text": "Jiaxing Catholic Church () is a Roman Catholic Church in downtown Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China. History. Jiaxing Catholic Church was originally built by French priest Louis Boscat / Bu Shijia \u6b65\u5e08\u52a0 (1848-1904) in 1902. It was the headquarters of Carmelites in Jiaxing. The current church was designed by the Italian priest, missionary of the Congregation of the Mission, Angelo-Joseph Asinelli / Han Rilu \u97e9\u65e5\u7984 (1871-1950). The construction began in 1917 and was completed in 1930 thanks to gifts from the Shanghai philanthropist Joseph Lo Pa Hong \u9646\u4f2f\u9e3f (1875-1937). During the Cultural Revolution, the Red Guards attacked the church and part of it was badly damaged. In March 2005, it was designated as a \"Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the Provincial Level\" by the Zhejiang government. In May 2013, it was listed among the seventh batch of \"Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Zhejiang\" alongside Jiaxing Vincent Abbey by the State Council of China. The restoration of the church will begin in November 2019 and is expected to be completed in December 2020."}, {"text": "Cement industry in Taiwan is the process of extracting cement material for domestic and export use. History. The cement production in Taiwan dated back in 1946 with the establishment of Taiwan Cement. Production. In 1981-2019, the monthly production of cement in Taiwan averaged 1,435,500 tonnes. The peak production occurred in December 1992 with a total production of 2,201,450 tonnes and the lowest production occurred in August 2017 with a total production of 748,640,000 tonnes. Location. All of cement mines in Taiwan and 80% of cement production facilities are located in the east coast of Taiwan. Asia Cement Corporation has facilities of 5 million tons production capacity in Taiwan and 22 million tons in Mainland China, while Taiwan Cement has 11 million tons in Taiwan and 60 million tons in the mainland. Cement plants owned by Asia Cement are located in Xincheng Township, Longjing District and Hengshan Township. Cement plants owned by Taiwan Cement are located in Su'ao Township, Xiulin Township and Hualien City. Companies. Major cement companies in Taiwan are: Economy. In 2016, Taiwan exported more than 25% of its cement production with lower price and imported 12%. Labors. Half of employees at Asia Cement Corporation are the indigenous peoples."}, {"text": "Environmental impacts. The environmental impacts of cement production in Taiwan include landscape changes and deforestation, and greenhouse gas emissions due to the energy-intensive production process."}, {"text": "Suthirat Wongtewan (), nicknamed Kung () (born 17 August 1979) is a famous Thai Likay actor, Luk thung singer and film actor. He has a popular song titled \"Kor Pen Pra Ek Nai Hua Jai Ther\" (\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e43\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e31\u0e27\u0e43\u0e08\u0e40\u0e18\u0e2d), released in 1997. Early life and career. His birthname is Suthirat Usupha and he was born on 17 August 1979, in Chai Nat Province. He is the son of Chainarong and Taweeb Usupha. He had a job as Likay actor since he was young, and he was espak muzzle player of his birthplace. He finished his secondary class from Kuru Prachasan school, and Bachelor's degree from Ramkhamhaeng University, Faculty of Political Science. He is the nephew of Jingreedkhaw Wongtewan, a famous Thai Luk thung singer, and has a younger sister named Wirada Wongtewan. He started on stage in 1997 by persuasion of Pathin Khumprasert, and recorded his first album under the jurisdiction of record label Krung Thai Music Audio named \"Khor Pen Pra Ek Nai Hua Jai Ther\" (, in English named \"Want to be the hero in your heart.\"), and became very popular. At present, he is an artist of R-Siam, and has many popular songs recorded by R-siam including, \"Rieam Rae"}, {"text": "Rae Rai\", \"Tephee Ban Prai\", etc."}, {"text": "Veronica Martha Agowa Quarshie is a Ghanaian veteran producer, director and screenwriter, known to have changed the then status quo of storylines where women were portrayed as back benchers. She changed the narrative of women from an obscure, stilted and gender imbalanced story lines to women who owned their space. Education. Quarshie had her training in movie production from the National Film and Television Institute in 1992, where she graduated with a major in Film Directing. Career. After graduating, Quarshie began her career as a film producer. She produced her first movie, \"Twin Lover\", by Piro Production in 1994. Since then she has produced several others including the award- winning Ripples and A Stab in the Dark. She has worked with big companies such as the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation, TV Africa, Film Africa Limited and Princess Films in Accra. She has served and is still serving currently on the jury of several award schemes including the Golden Movie Awards. Awards and recognition. She has won several awards for her work. Some of the awards she has won include: Works. Some of the movies she produced include: Personal life. She is married to Samuel Nai with a son."}, {"text": "The Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya () is an Islamic madrasa structure built in 1480\u20131482 by the Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Qaytbay (after whom it is named) on the western side of the Haram al-Sharif (Temple Mount) in Jerusalem. Although only a part of the original structure still stands today, it is a notable example of royal Mamluk architecture in Jerusalem. History. A first madrasa on the same site as the Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya was begun by Sultan Khushqadam in 1465. The current madrasa, however, was completely rebuilt by one of his successors, Sultan al-Ashraf Qaytbay, after whom it is named. Al-Ashraf Qaytbay was one of the last powerful and successful sultans of the Mamluk Empire which ruled from Cairo, Egypt. He was originally a mamluk purchased by Sultan al-Ashraf Barsbay (ruled 1422\u20131438) and served under several Mamluk sultans. Qaytbay succeeded Timurbugha as sultan at the age of 54, and ruled for nearly 29 years from 1468 to 1496, the second-longest reign of any Mamluk sultan (after al-Nasir Muhammad). Despite rebellions and other challenges, he is known as an effective ruler who brought long-term stability while he remained in power, and is especially notable as one of the greatest patrons of architecture in the Mamluk"}, {"text": "period, and particularly of the Burji Mamluk period which was otherwise marked by Egypt's relative decline. He is known for at least 85 structures which he built or restored in Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and Mecca, including 17 in Cairo, and this period is characterized by a refinement of the Mamluk architectural style. Qaytbay saw Khushqadam's madrasa in 1475 and apparently did not think highly of it. In 1478 CE (883 AH), he endowed a quarter of the revenues of Mulabbis to the establishment of two new institutions: the Madrasa Al-Ashrafiyya, and a mosque in Gaza. Qaytbay's new madrasa, replacing the old one by Khushqadam, was built between 1480 and 1482 CE. As Qaytbay estimated that local craftsmanship did not live up to his standards, he commissioned a team of builders and artisans from Cairo, including a Coptic architect, to work on this project. This marks a relatively rare occasion where a Mamluk sultan commissioned a construction project of such significance outside of Cairo. Just three months after the completion of the madrasa, Qaytbay then ordered the sabil (fountain house or water dispensary) to its northeast to be rebuilt, resulting in the Sabil of Qaytbay, which still stands there today. A"}, {"text": "strong earthquake destroyed much of the upper floor of the madrasa in 1496. Today, only parts of the lower stories have survived, but the original structure is known thanks to extensive contemporary documentation and modern-day investigation of its remains. Its ground floor housed the al-Aqsa Library between 1977 and 2000. The building underwent years of considerable rehabilitation in the 2000s. Since 2008, it has been repurposed as the al-Aqsa Center for the Restoration of Islamic Manuscripts (), including a restoration lab for its technicians. Architectural description. The madrasa was built on two stories on the western side of the Haram al-Sharif, facing towards the Dome of the Rock. The facade of the building is 25 meters wide and projects in front of the long arcade which runs along the western boundary of the Haram al-Sharif, which would have made the madrasa very prominent, a feature likely owed to its royal patronage. The madrasa was centered around a large rectangular courtyard similar to those built by Qaytbay earlier at his own funerary mosque-madrasa in Cairo and in other late Mamluk madrasas of the period. However, the eastern side of the courtyard was taken up by a triple-arched loggia which, thanks to"}, {"text": "its elevated position, provided an unimpeded view of the Dome of the Rock. Living quarters for students were arranged around another upper courtyard or terrace built over the adjacent Baladiyya Madrasa. According to Muj\u012br al-D\u012bn al-'Ulaym\u012b, who was a historian at that time, the madrasa was the third jewel of Masjid Bayt al-Maqdis (the Haram al-Sharif), after al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock. Environs. It is located in the western esplanade of the al-Aqsa Compound, with many other notable structures around:"}, {"text": "William Markley \"Mark\" Bellamy (born August 31, 1950) is a retired American diplomat and US government senior official. A career Foreign Service Officer, he served as United States ambassador to Kenya from 2003 to 2006 under President George W. Bush. Early life and education. Bellamy was born William Markley Bellamy in Okmulgee, Oklahoma, on August 31, 1950. He attended school in Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois and Missouri before his family moved to southern California in 1966. He was co-valedictorian of his graduating class at La Jolla High School in 1968. He earned a BA in history from Occidental College (Los Angeles) in 1972, and an MA in international relations from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University (Medford, MA) in 1975. Career. State Department Service. Bellamy's overseas assignments included Political Counselor in South Africa (1991-1993), Political Minister-Counselor in France (1993-1997) and Deputy Chief of Mission in Australia (1997-2000). From 2001 to 2003 he was Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Africa in the State Department. Ambassador to Kenya. In his role as United States Ambassador to Kenya (2003-2006), Bellamy directed security and counterterrorism programs in East Africa, oversaw the US government's largest overseas HIV-AIDS prevention and treatment"}, {"text": "program, and led international efforts to combat corruption and improve governance in Kenya. Later career. Bellamy was senior vice president of the National Defense University (2006-07). Following retirement from the Foreign Service, he was named Director of the Africa Center for Strategic Studies (ACSS), a Department of Defense regional center located in Washington D.C. From 2008 to 2012 Bellamy directed the Center's research and educational exchange programs with more than 25 African governments and militaries. In 2012, Bellamy was appointed Warburg Professor of Political Science and International Relations at Simmons University (Boston, MA). He lectured, taught and advised in this capacity until 2019 when he stepped down to join the Simmons University Board of trustees. Bellamy has been a senior adviser for Africa at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington since 2014."}, {"text": "Epilucina californica is a species of small saltwater clams in the family Lucinidae. It is found from central California to Baja California. Historical records claim that it lived from Crescent City to San Diego. The oldest known fossil record of this species is from the Miocene of Japan, indicating that it likely originated in the Eastern North Pacific and expanded before being restricted to its current range."}, {"text": "The 9th Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards (generally known as the AACTA Awards) is an awards ceremony to celebrate the best of Australian films and television of 2019. The main ceremony was held at The Star in Sydney and was televised on the Seven Network. First awards were presented on 4 December 2019. The recipient of the Longford Lyell Award was actor and filmmaker Sam Neill."}, {"text": "Xavier Alexander Crone (born 19 December 1997) is an Australian cricketer. He made his List A debut on 23 October 2019, for Victoria in the 2019\u201320 Marsh One-Day Cup. He made his first-class debut on 20 November 2021, for Victoria in the 2021\u201322 Sheffield Shield season. Crone made his Twenty20 debut for the Melbourne Stars against the Perth Scorchers at the Junction Oval on 2 January 2022, being called into the squad for the 2021\u201322 Big Bash after several members of the original squad became unavailable due to a COVID-19 outbreak."}, {"text": "Movin' In is an album by drummer Specs Powell released by the Roulette label in 1957. Track listing. All compositions by Specs Powell except where noted"}, {"text": "Weir River is a rural locality in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Weir River had a population of 19 people. Geography. The Moonie Highway enters the locality from the north (Marmadua) and exits to the north-west (Moonie). The watercourse Weir River enters the locality from the east (the locality of Cattle Creek) and flows westward through the locality, exiting to the west (Moonie). The Waar Waar State Forest is in the north-west of the locality. There are two sections of the Boondandilla State Forest in the locality, one section in the west of the locality and the other in the south-east of the locality. Apart from these protected areas, the land use is mostly grazing on native vegetation with some crop growing. Demographics. In the , Weir River had a population of 21 people. In the , Weir River had a population of 19 people. Education. There are no schools in Weir River. The nearest government primary schools are Moonie State School in neighbouring Moonie to the west, Kindon State School in Kindon to the south-east, and Cecil Plains State School in Cecil Plains to the north-east. The nearest government secondary schools are Cecil Plains State"}, {"text": "School (to Year 9) and Tara Shire State College (to Year 12) in Tara to the north-west. Students in the south of Weir River may be too distant to attend these secondary schools; the alternatives are distance education and boarding school."}, {"text": "Santipap Yaemsaen (, born 1 March 2000) is a Thai professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Thai League 1 club Chiangrai United."}, {"text": "Marmadua is a rural locality in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Marmadua had a population of 15 people. Geography. The Western railway line enters the locality from the north-east (Kumbarilla), forms the northern boundary of the locality, and then exits to the north (Weranga), but no railway stations serve the locality. The Moonie Highway enters the locality from the north-west (Kumbarilla / Halliford), briefly forms part of the north-western boundary of the locality before exiting to the south-west (Weir River). As the highway enters the locality, the Surat Developmental Road splits from it and passes through the north of Mamadua before exiting to the north (Weranga). The east, south and part of the west of Marmadua are within the Kumbarilla State Forest which extends into a number of neighbouring localities. Apart from these protected areas, the land is a mixture of crop growing and grazing on native vegetation. History. The locality name is the name of a pastoral station in the 1880s. In the 1870s, it was an outstation of the Weranga Station. By 1914, Marmadua pastoral station consisted of and was carrying approx 3500 cattle. In 1936, an artesian bore was sunk to a depth"}, {"text": "of to provide more water for the cattle. Demographics. In the , Marmadua had a population of 9 people. In the , Marmadua had a population of 15 people. Education. There are no schools is Marmadua. The nearest government primary schools are Moonie State School in neighbouring Moonie to the south-west and Tara State College in neighbouring Tara to the west. The nearest government secondary school is Tara State College (to Year 12)."}, {"text": "Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine is an assortment of cooking traditions that was developed by the Ashkenazi Jews of Central, Eastern, Northwestern and Northern Europe, and their descendants, particularly in the United States and other Western countries. Ashkenazi Jewish foods have frequently been unique to Ashkenazi Jewish communities, and they often consist of local ingredients (such as beets, cabbage, and potato). While these ingredients tended to be the same as those in local or neighbouring non-Jewish communities, the preparation methods were very different due to \"kashrut\", which was historically enforced by a law, and a history of limited interaction between Ashkenazi Jews and non-Jews. The cuisine is largely based on ingredients that were affordable to the historically poor Ashkenazi Jewish community of Europe, and it is frequently composed of ingredients that were readily available and affordable in the regions and communities of Europe in which Ashkenazi Jews lived. Some ingredients were considered less desirable than other ingredients, such as brisket, chicken liver, and artichokes, among other ingredients, and as a result, these items were rarely used by gentile neighbours of Ashkenazi Jews. Meat is ritually slaughtered in the \"shechita\" process, and it is also soaked and salted. Meat dishes are a prominent"}, {"text": "feature of Shabbat, festivals, and celebratory meals. Braised meats such as brisket feature heavily, as do root vegetables such as potatoes, carrots, and parsnips which are used in such dishes as latkes, matzo ball soup, and \"tzimmes\" (a braised fruit and vegetable dish which may also contain meat). Cooked, stuffed, and baked vegetables such as stuffed cabbage and, in some regions, stuffed peppers are central to the cuisine. Due to the lack of availability of olive oil and other fats which are commonplace in Jewish cooking, rendered fat from leftover poultry skins (\"gribenes\") called \"schmaltz\" is used in \"fleishig\" (meat) dishes, while butter is traditionally used in \"milchig\" (dairy) dishes. Since the advent of mass-produced vegetable oils (particularly in the United States and Canada) such as canola oil, many baked goods have been made with oils rather than butter, to render them pareve. History. The cuisine of the Ashkenazi Jews is reflective of their journey from Central to Eastern Europe and then to the Americas and Israel. Ashkenazi Jews are a Jewish diaspora population which coalesced in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the first millennium CE. This population progressively migrated eastward, and established population centres in the"}, {"text": "Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth (a nation which then consisted of territories currently located in parts of present-day Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, and Ukraine). Ashkenazi communities have also historically been present in the Banat, a region in central and eastern Europe that consists of parts of present-day Serbia, Romania, and Hungary. As a result, the cuisine of Ashkenazi Jews was highly regional in the past, and has also been influenced by a diverse range of European cooking traditions, including German, French, Italian, Slavic, and Ottoman cuisines. A common refrain is that the food of Ashkenazi Jews is the food of poverty. Indeed, Jews in Europe generally lived at the sufferance of the gentile rulers of the lands in which they sojourned, and they were frequently subjected to antisemitic laws that, at certain times and in certain places, limited their participation in the regular economy, or in land ownership and farming. This situation forced many Jews into intergenerational poverty, with the result being that for many Jews, only basic staples were available. Luxury items like meat and imported foods such as spices were not commonplace for anyone but the wealthy. However, the wealthy had access to imported goods like spices,"}, {"text": "olive oil, and exotic fruits, and they could eat meat more frequently. While the majority of Jews who have been living in the Western Levant and Turkey since the time of the first diaspora have been Sefardic, Mizrahi, and other non-Ashkenazi Jews, Ashkenazi communities also existed among the Jewish communities of the southern Syrian provinces in the Ottoman period (the Old Yishuv), and Turkey. Evidence of cross-cultural culinary exchange between Ottoman and Ashkenazi cuisines can be seen most readily in the food of Jews in the Banat, Romania, and Moldova, particularly pastrami and karnatzel. A stereotype of Ashkenazi food is that it contains few vegetables relative to other Jewish cuisines. While there is some truth to this allegation, it was most true in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a period during which many eastern European Ashkenazi Jews experienced particularly extreme deprivation (including in terms of the availability of food), that coincided with the advent of industrial food processing. \"Modern kitchen science\" and industrial food processing continued and accelerated into the mid-20th century in the United States, leading to a narrowing of the culinary repertoire and a heavier reliance on processed shelf-stable foods. Root vegetables such as turnips, beets,"}, {"text": "parsnips, carrots, black radish and potatoes historically made up a large portion of the Ashkenazi diet in Europe. The potato \u2013 indigenous to the Americas \u2013 had an enormous impact on Ashkenazi cuisine, though it reached most Ashkenazi Jews only in the second half of the 19th century. Other vegetables commonly eaten were cabbage, cucumbers, sorrel, horseradish, and in the Banat, tomatoes and peppers. Cabbage, cucumbers, and other vegetables were frequently preserved through pickling or fermentation. Fruits include stone fruits such as plums and apricots, apples and pears, and berries, which were eaten fresh or preserved. Raisins are also historically an integral part of Ashkenazi cuisine since the 14th century. Staple grains included barley, rye, buckwheat and wheat; barley and buckwheat were generally cooked whole by boiling the grains/groats in water, while rye and wheat were ground into flour and used to make breads and other baked goods. Dairy products were common, including sour cream, and cheeses such as farmer's cheese and brindze, and kashkaval in southeastern regions. Nuts such as almonds and walnuts were eaten as well. Mushrooms were foraged or purchased. In North America in the 20th century, Ashkenazi food became blander and less regionally-distinct than it had"}, {"text": "been in Europe, due primarily to the unavailability of certain ingredients and staple foods, the advent of industrial food processing and modern kitchen science, and poverty and pressures to assimilate. In the early 21st century, however, increased interest in heritage and food history, including that of Ashkenazi Jews, has resulted in efforts to revitalize this cuisine. Dishes. Baked goods. The \"hamentash\", a triangular cookie or turnover filled with fruit preserves (\"lekvar\"), chocolate or honey, and black poppy seed paste, is eaten on the Feast of Purim. It is said to be shaped like the hat of Haman the tyrant. The \"mohn kichel\" is a circular or rectangular wafer sprinkled with poppy seeds. \"Pirushkes\", or turnovers, are little cakes fried in honey or dipped in molasses after they are baked. Strudel is served for dessert. Kugels. Kugels are a type of casserole. They come in two types: noodle or vegetable. \"Lokshn kugl\", or noodle kugel, is usually made from wide egg noodles, eggs, sour cream, raisins, and farmer's cheese, and contains some sugar. Vegetable kugels (\"bulbenikes\") are made from chopped or shredded vegetables, onions, salt, and eggs, with oil or schmaltz.The most prominent variation of kugel is potato kugel. A regional"}, {"text": "specialty, \"kugel yerushalmi\" (Jerusalem kugel) is made from long, thin egg noodles, more sugar than a typical noodle kugel, and large quantities of black pepper. It is usually pareve, whereas noodle kugel is dairy and potato kugel may be either pareve or meat-based (if made with schmaltz). Other vegetable kugels were developed more recently, and are generally pareve. Bread and cake. The dough of challah (called \"barkhes\" in Western Yiddish, also known as koilitsh) is often shaped into forms having symbolical meanings; thus on Rosh Hashanah rings and coins are imitated, indicating \"May the new year be as round and complete as these\"; for Hosha'na Rabbah and the shabbes after pesach, bread is baked in the form of a key, meaning \"May the door of heaven open to admit our prayers.\" In Eastern Europe, the Jews baked black (\"proster\", or \"ordinary\") bread, white bread, and challah. The most common form is the twist (\"koilitch\" or \"kidke\" from the Romanian word \"\u00eencol\u0103ci\" which means \"to twist\"). The \"koilitch\" is oval and about one and a half feet. On special occasions, such as weddings, the \"koilitch\" is increased to about two and a half feet. A ladder-shaped challah is an old custom"}, {"text": "among Ukrainian Jews for Shavuot. The Torah is likened to a ladder because it serves as a means of spiritual ascent, connecting Heaven and Earth. The bagel, which originated in Jewish communities of Poland, is a popular Ashkenazi food and became widespread in the United States. Fats. Rendered chicken fat, known as \"schmaltz\", is sometimes kept ready for cooking use when needed. \"Gribenes\" or \"scraps\", also called \"griven,\" the cracklings left from the rendering process, were one of the favorite foods of the former Jewish community in Eastern Europe. \"Schmaltz\" is eaten spread on bread. Fish. With kosher meat not always available, fish became an important staple of the Jewish diet. In Eastern Europe, it was sometimes especially reserved for Shabbat. As fish is not considered meat in the same way that beef or poultry are, it can also be eaten with dairy products (although some Sephardim do not mix fish and dairy). Even though fish is \"parve\", when they are served at the same meal, Orthodox Jews will eat them during separate courses and wash (or replace) the dishes in between. Gefilte fish and lox are popular in Ashkenazi cuisine. Gefilte fish (from German \"gef\u00fcllte\" \"stuffed\" fish) was traditionally"}, {"text": "made by skinning the fish steaks, usually German or French carp, de-boning the flesh, mincing it and sometimes mixing with finely chopped browned onions (3:1), eggs, salt or pepper and vegetable oil. The fish skin and head were then stuffed with the mixture and poached. The religious reason for a boneless fish dish for Shabbat is the prohibition of separating bones from food while eating (\"borer\"). A more common commercially packaged product found today is the \"Polish\" gefilte-fish patties or balls, similar to \"quenelles\", where sugar is added to the broth, resulting in a slightly sweet taste. Strictly speaking, they are the fish filling, rather than the complete filled fish. This method of serving evolved from the tradition of removing the stuffing from the skin, rather than portioning the entire fish into slices before serving. While traditionally made with carp or whitefish and sometimes pike, gefilte fish may also be made from any large fish: cod, haddock, or hake in the United Kingdom. The combination of smoked salmon, or whitefish with bagels and cream cheese is a traditional breakfast or brunch in American Jewish cuisine, made famous at New York City delicatessens. \"Vorschmack\" or \"gehakte hering\" (chopped herring), a popular"}, {"text": "appetizer on Shabbat, is made by chopping skinned, boned herrings with hard-boiled eggs, sometimes onions, apples, sugar or pepper and a dash of vinegar. Meat. \"Holishkes\", stuffed cabbage, also known as the cabbage roll, is also a European Jewish dish that emerged from more impoverished times for Jews. Because having a live cow was more valuable than eating meat in the Middle Ages, Jews used fillers such as breadcrumbs and vegetables to mix with ground beef. This gave the effect of more meat being stuffed into the cabbage leaves. A spread of chopped liver, prepared with caramelized onions and often including \"gribenes\", is a popular appetizer, side dish, or snack, especially among Jews on the east coast of North America. It is usually served with rye bread or crackers. \"Gebratenes\" (roasted meat), chopped meat and \"essig-fleisch\" (vinegar meat) are favorite meat recipes. The \"essig\" or, as it is sometimes called, \"honig\" or \"Sauerbraten\", is made by adding to meat which has been partially roasted some sugar, bay leaves, pepper, raisins, salt, and a little vinegar. Knish is a snack food consisting of kasha, potato, spinach, or broccoli filling covered with dough that is either baked or grilled. It is sometimes"}, {"text": "eaten with a side of apple sauce. Side dishes. \"Tzimmes\" generally consists of cooked vegetables or fruits, sometimes with meat added. The most popular vegetable is the carrot (\"mehren tzimes\"), which is sliced. Turnips are also used for \"tzimmes\", particularly in Lithuania. In southern Russia, Galicia, and Romania, \"tzimmes\" are made with pears, apples, figs, prunes, or plums (\"floymn tzimes\"). \"Kreplach\" are ravioli-like dumplings made from flour and eggs mixed into a dough, rolled into sheets, cut into squares, and then filled with finely chopped, seasoned meat or cheese. They are most often served in soup, but may be fried. \"Kreplach\" are eaten on various holidays, including Purim and Hosha'na Rabbah. Soups. Several soups are characteristically Ashkenazi, one of the most common of which is chicken soup, traditionally served on Shabbat, holidays, and special occasions. The soup may be served with noodles (\"lokshen\" in Yiddish). It is often served with \"shkedei marak\" (lit. \"soup almonds\", croutons popular in Israel), called \"mandlen\" or \"mandlach\" or \"perelach\" in Yiddish. Other popular ingredients are \"kreplach\" (dumplings) and matza balls \"(kneidlach)\u2014\"a mixture of matza meal, eggs, water, pepper, or salt. Some reserve \"kneidlach\" for Passover and \"kreplach\" for other special occasions. In the preparation"}, {"text": "of a number of soups, neither meat nor fat is used. Such soups formed the food of the poor classes. An expression among Jews of Eastern Europe, \"soup mit nisht\" (soup with nothing), owes its origin to soups of this kind. Soups such as borscht were considered a staple in Ukraine. \"Shtshav\", a soup made with sorrel, was often referred to as \"green borscht\" or \"sour grass\". Soups like \"krupnik\" were made of barley, potatoes and fat. This was the staple food of the poor students of the \"yeshivot\"; in richer families, meat was added to this soup. At weddings, \"golden\" chicken soup was often served. The reason for its name is probably the yellow circles of molten chicken fat floating on its surface. Today, chicken soup is widely referred to (not just among Jews) in jest as \"Jewish penicillin\" and hailed as a cure for the common cold. There are a number of sour soups in the borscht category. One is \"kraut\" or cabbage borscht, made by cooking together cabbage, meat, bones, onions, raisins, sour salt (citric acid), sugar, and sometimes tomatoes. Beet borscht is served hot or cold. In the cold version, a beaten egg yolk may be"}, {"text": "added before serving, and each bowl is topped with a dollop of sour cream. This last process is called \"farweissen\" (to make white). Krupnik, or barley soup, originates in Polish lands; its name comes from the Slavic term for hulled grains, \"krupa.\" While non-Jewish recipes for krupnik often involve meat (beef, chicken, pork, or a mixture) and dairy (sour cream) in the same recipe, Jewish recipes for meat-based krupnik generally use chicken or (more rarely) beef broth; if made without meat, sour cream may be added. Sweets and confections. \"Teiglach\", traditionally served on Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year, consists of little balls of dough (about the size of a marble) drenched in a honey syrup. \"Ingberlach\" are ginger candies shaped into small sticks or rectangles. \"Rugelach\", \"babka\", and \"kokosh\" are popular pastries as well. In Europe, jellies and preserves made from fruit juice were used as pastry fillings or served with tea. Among the poor, jelly was reserved for invalids, hence the practice of reciting the Yiddish saying \"Alevay zol men dos nit darfn\" (May we not have occasion to use it) before storing it away. \"Flodni\", a layered sweet pastry consisting of apples, walnuts, currants, and poppy seeds,"}, {"text": "was a staple of Hungarian Jewish bakeries before World War II. Because it was easy to prepare, made from inexpensive ingredients, and contained no dairy products, compote became a staple dessert in Jewish households throughout Europe and was considered part of Jewish cuisine."}, {"text": "Sean Henry is an American musician from Connecticut. History. Sean Henry began his career making music under the name Boy Crush. He released his first demo tape album under his own name in 2015, titled \"It's All About Me\" on Double Double Whammy. Henry released his first full-length album titled \"Fink\" in 2018, also via Double Double Whammy. On November 1, 2019, Henry released his third full-length album titled \"A Jump from the High Dive\" via Double Double Whammy."}, {"text": "Halliford is a rural locality in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Halliford had a population of 4 people. Halliford's postcode is 4406. Geography. Almost all of the locality is within the Kumbarilla State Forest apart from two areas in the north of the locality which are used for grazing on native vegetation. Coal seam gas is being extracted across the north of the locality by QGC, a subsidiary of Shell. It has created conflict with local farmers. Burnett Waterhole on Wilkie Creek is in the south-west of the locality (). History. The location takes its name from an early pastoral run operated by Watson and Roebuck in 1864. Demographics. In the , Halliford had \"no people or a very low population\". In the , Halliford had a population of 4 people. Education. There are no schools in Halliford. The nearest primary and secondary schools are Dalby State School and Dalby State High School, both in Dalby to the north-east."}, {"text": "Luke Howard is an Australian composer and pianist. A piano student growing up in Melbourne, he was encouraged to develop his first improvisations by his piano teacher, Nehama Patkin. Later, he studied at the Victorian College of the Arts. His album \"The Sand That Ate the Sea\" saw him nominated for Best Original Soundtrack, Cast or Show Album at the ARIA Music Awards of 2019. It is the soundtrack of a film by Matthew Thorne that looks at the opal mining town Andamooka, South Australia. Howard fronts the Luke Howard Trio with Jonathan Zion (bass) and Daniel Farrugia (drums). Awards and nominations. ARIA Awards. The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. ! ! scope=\"row\"| 2019 ! scope=\"row\"| 2020 ! scope=\"row\"| 2022 Music Victoria Awards. The Music Victoria Awards are an annual awards night celebrating Victorian music. They commenced in 2006."}, {"text": "Drillham South is a rural locality in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Drillham South had a population of 73 people. Geography. The land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation with some crop growing. Demographics. In the , Drillham South had a population of 67 people. In the , Drillham South had a population of 73 people. Education. There are no schools in Drillham South. The nearest government primary schools are: The nearest government secondary school is Miles State High School, also in Miles."}, {"text": "Jiaxing Vincent Abbey () is a Roman Catholic Church in Nanhu District, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China. History. Jiaxing Vincent Abbey was built by French priest Bu Shijia () in 1903, during the Guangxu period of the Qing dynasty (1644\u20131911). After the establishment of the Communist State in 1949, the church put an end to religious activities. During the Cultural Revolution, the Red Guards attacked the church and Catholic books were damaged or destroyed. In March 2005, it was designated as a \"Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the Provincial Level\" by the Zhejiang government. In May 2013, it was listed among the seventh batch of \"Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Zhejiang\" alongside Jiaxing Catholic Church by the State Council of China."}, {"text": "Dalwogon (sometimes written as Dalwogan) is a rural locality in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Dalwogon had a population of 53 people. Geography. The locality is roughly bounded to the north and east by Nine Mile Creek. The Leichhardt Highway passes through the locality from south-east (Miles) to the north-east (Kowguran). The land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation with small amounts of crops. History. The name Dalwogon/Dalwogan is an Aboriginal word meaning \"turtle\". The Dalwogan railway station on the Wandoan railway line was at . The line and the station are now both closed. (The spelling of the names of the locality and the railway station slightly differ.) The railway station building was subsequently relocated to the Miles Historical Museum. In November 1917, the Queensland Government offered perpetual leases for town allotments in the Town of Dalwogon. Demographics. In the , Dalwogon had a population of 31 people. In the , Dalwogon had a population of 53 people. Education. There are no schools in Dalwogon. The nearest primary schools are Drillham State School in neighbouring Drillham to the south-west and Miles State School in neighbouring Miles to the south-east. The nearest secondary school is"}, {"text": "Miles State High School in Miles."}, {"text": "AD Singh is an Indian entrepreneur, the founder and Managing Director of the Olive Group of Restaurants. Early years. Born in Delhi in 1960, Singh moved to Mumbai at a young age and attended Cathedral and John Connon School. Soon after college, a scholarship at Lafayette took him to Pennsylvania to earn a degree that got him into the blue-chip companies TCS and Cadbury\u2019s on his return to India. Singh also worked with various NGOs, and wrote a weekly food column for The Metropolis - a part of The Times Group \u2013 in the 1990s. In 1988, he set up his first F&B venture, a boat party planning service called Party Lines. Career. Singh made his restaurant business debut in 1990 with Just Desserts, a jazz caf\u00e9 that served only coffee and desserts. He launched Olive at Union Park, Bandra in the year 2000. In 2003, Singh opened Olive Bar and Kitchen in New Delhi, which was announced as one of the \u2018Best new restaurants in the world\u2019 by Cond\u00e9 Nast Traveler. Olive won numerous awards and accolades across Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru, Goa, Kolkata, and Hyderabad. \u2013 where, in 2005, Singh opened Olive Beach. Singh has launched 15 restaurant brands"}, {"text": "throughout the country. He is credited with many \u2018firsts\u2019 in the Indian restaurant scene. Apart from India's first truly standalone restaurant Olive in Mumbai, AD has also opened India's first cocktail bar serving cocktails made with Indian ingredients - Ek Bar, and Guppy - one of India\u2019s first Japanese restaurants. India\u2019s first gastropub - Monkey Bar, SodaBottleOpenerWala- to revive the dying legacy of a Bombay Irani caf\u00e9. Charity. Singh runs a group wide initiative called \u2018Kitchens Against Hunger\u2019. Wherein Rs. 10 is added to every bill as a voluntary contribution towards alleviating hunger in children in India. Olive matches the amount to double the contribution which goes towards the cause. Personal life. Singh is married to Sabina Singh who is the Design Director of Olive Group of Restaurants, with two children Zoe Tara Singh and Zen Singh residing in Mumbai."}, {"text": "Kowguran is a rural locality in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Kowguran had a population of 62 people. History. The RAAF Area Explosives Reserve, Kowguran was established in 1942 to store explosives in a number of concrete bunkers. It was operated by 3 Central Reserve (RAAF). It was decommissioned in 1956. Demographics. In the , Kowguran had a population of 41 people. In the , Kowguran had a population of 62 people. Education. There are no schools in Kowguran. The nearest government primary schools are Miles State School in Miles to the south, Drillham State School in Drillham to the south-west, and Guluguba State School in Guluguba to the north. The nearest government secondary school is Miles State High School, also in Miles."}, {"text": "Kerala Rail Development Corporation d/b/a Kerala-Rail (stylized as Kerala-rail) is a public sector joint venture company under the ownership of the Government of Kerala for the railway infrastructure development in Kerala. The company was incorporated on 3 January 2017. The K-Rail is focused on the planning and implementation of rail line projects including surveys and preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPR). Kerala rail is also involved in procuring requisite approvals and does processing for the sanctioning of identified Projects. Proposed projects. Thiruvananthapuram\u2013Kasargode Semi High Speed Rail Corridor. The Thiruvananthapuram\u2013Kasargode Semi High Speed Rail Corridor named Silver Line is a proposed high-speed rail corridor in India that would connect the capital city of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram with Kasaragod in Kerala. Rolling stock: Vande Bharat type train set of 9 cars which is extendable to 12-15 cars in the future Passenger capacity: 625 passengers (9 car set) Seating: 2+2 seating (Executive Class), 3+2 seating (Chair Car) Signalling & communication: ETCS Level 2 with LTE Power supply & traction: From KSEBL through Solar & other Renewable Energy Proposed fare: Rs. 2.75 per km in Standard Class. Estimated project completion cost: Rs 63940.67 Crores Structure of route length: Thalassery \u2013 Mysore New Broad-Gauge Line. The"}, {"text": "proposed project is a broad gauge railway line interconnection between Thalassery of central Malabar region of Kerala and Mysore, the cultural capital of Karnataka. The Konkan Railway Corporation has conducted feasibility studies and estimated a budget of for the out of the total BG line. Nilambur \u2013 Nanjangud Railway Line. The Nilambur\u2013Nanjangud railway line also called The Golden I T Corridor or Wayanad Railway is a proposed project to establish faster interconnectivity between the two states of Kerala and Karnataka through the construction of a direct short distance broad gauge line between Nilambur in the Malappuram district of Kerala and Nanjangud in Mysore district of Karnataka. The first proposal for such a line dates back to 1881. By the successful establishment of this broad gauge line, the existing distance between Ernakulam - Mysore rail route will be reduced to from and Ernakulam - Bangalore will be reduced to from . Estimated budget for this project is . Coaching terminal complex. Kerala Rail Development Corporation Limited (KRDCL) has submitted a feasibility report to Southern Railway for the redevelopment of the marshalling yard at Ponnuruni to construct an international standard coaching terminal complex. The underutilized land here in Ponnurunni, at the heart"}, {"text": "of the city, will have the capacity to host trains, apart from having space for repair and maintenance of trains. The new terminal would become a new halt station for trains through Kottayam and will also be a terminal point for new trains that are allotted to the state. The Southern Railway has entrusted the Kerala Rail Development Corporation Ltd for preparing a feasibility report on the terminal in October 2020. The proposed terminal will also ease the long-standing traffic congestion in Kochi and accelerate the development of the railways in the state. The feasibility study says the project is technically feasible and financially viable and recommended for implementation to have higher mobility, meet the traffic growth and economic development of the State. The project can be completed over three years. The feasibility report suggests a station complex with 4 platforms, 1 pit line, 2 parcel lines, 2 stabling lines, wagon examination line in addition to retaining the existing coaching depot. The expected total investment through the project is Rs 1654 crore including the development of the railway infrastructure for Rs 325 crore. The plan is in such a way that the number of passenger platforms can be increased depending"}, {"text": "on the increasing traffic demand in the future. Sabari railway line. Sabarimala Railway is a proposed railway line from Angamaly to Erumeli, (and possible extension until punalur) near Sabarimala that had been sanctioned in the year 1998 by Indian Railways. According to a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed between the Kerala State and the Ministry of Railways on 27 January 2016, commercially viable railway projects will be identified and handed over to the Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) to be fast-tracked on a 51:49 per cent equity basis. SPV has discussed about the extension to Punalur. Kerala Rail Development corporation shows interest for constructing this new sabarimala railway line"}, {"text": "Mediahub, formerly known as MullenLowe Mediahub, is a global media planning and buying agency. It is part of the IPG Mediabrands advertising network, itself a component of multinational advertising and marketing company Interpublic Group of Companies (IPG). Launched in 2005 as part of MullenLowe Group's predecessor Mullen, Mediahub has offices in 15 cities worldwide as of 2021. John Moore is Mediahub's Global CEO. History. Mediahub launched in May 2005 in Wenham, Massachusetts as a media buying spinoff of IPG-owned Mullen, an advertising agency. Its first standalone media accounts included Match.com, Timberland, and Ask.com. One of its first notable campaigns was developing a single-sponsor campaign for Match.com with the 2006 debut season of the TBS television program My Boys. In June 2006, Mediahub was selected as the media planning and buying agency for insurance company MassMutual. In March 2012, National Geographic Channels consolidated its media and digital business at Mediahub. In November 2013, Mediahub won the advertising business of Viacom-owned network VH1. In December, Mediahub partnered with Boston-based data management firm OwnerIQ to develop programmatic advertising capabilities for more effective media buying. In August 2014, Mediahub became the agency of record for a second Viacom network, TV Land. In May 2015,"}, {"text": "IPG merged Mediahub parent Mullen with the Lowe and Partners agency, forming MullenLowe Group. Mediahub became known as MullenLowe Mediahub. In June, Mediahub added Scotts Miracle-Gro Company and Royal Caribbean as clients. In 2017, the agency took several of its creative thinkers and formed a new independent group called Radical & Disruptive Lab (R+D Lab). In January 2017, the company won the Chipotle account. In December, Mediahub expanded into Mumbai, India as Lintas Mediahub. Also in December, Mediahub became the agency of record for a third Viacom channel, MTV. In June 2018, the company was named agency of record by shoe company New Balance. In September, advertising industry publication Adweek named MullenLowe Mediahub's campaign for streaming company Netflix's series Altered Carbon as campaign of the year. The campaign, designed by R+D Lab, featured life-size human figures encased in plastic at bus stops. In October, the company announced it had won the advertising business for cloud storage and software company Dropbox. In April 2019, the company was named agency of record for Fox Sports and Fox Entertainment Group. In 2020, the company was named agency of record for prepaid wireless provider TracFone and the National Basketball Association. In September, Minneapolis-based media"}, {"text": "buying agency CompassPoint was merged with Mediahub to become Mediahub\u2019s Minneapolis office. In 2023, the company announced it was becoming part of IPG Mediabrands. Operations. Headquartered in New York, Mediahub has offices in 15 cities worldwide as of 2021, including Los Angeles, New York, London, Sydney, Singapore and Tokyo. In addition to the agency's media activities, Mediahub also operates a creative media group called Radical + Disruption Lab (R+D Lab), and develops a proprietary research and planning tool called SCOUT. John Moore is Mediahub's Global CEO; Ross Jenkins is Mediahub's Executive Director of EMEA and APAC; and Sean Corcoran is Mediahub's U.S. President. Awards and recognition. Industry publication Ad Age named Mediahub its 2019 and 2020 Media Agency of the Year, and Adweek named Mediahub its 2017 U.S. Media Agency of the Year. Industry publication Campaign US named Mediahub its 2022 Silver Media Agency of the Year."}, {"text": "Myall Park is a rural locality, north of Miles, in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Myall Park had a population of 17 people. Geography. Dogwood Creek enters the locality from the east (Hookswood) and forms the south-eastern boundary of the locality before exiting to the south (Miles). The Leichhardt Highway enters the locality from the west (Dalwogon), forms the north-western boundary of the locality, and then exits to the north-west (Kowguran). The land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation. History. Myall Park State School opened in 1922. It closed circa 1942. The school was on the western side of Myall Park Road (formerly Miles Retreat Road, ). Between January and March 2023, a number of bushfires burnt thousands of hectares of land, impacting the communities of Tara, Fairyland, Myall Park, and Montrose. Demographics. In the , Myall Park had a population of 21 people. In the , Myall Park had a population of 17 people. Education. There are no schools in Myall Park. The nearest government primary and secondary schools are Miles State School and Miles State High School, both in neighbouring Miles to the south."}, {"text": "The 2019 USAFL National Championships were the 23rd instalment of the premier United States annual Australian rules football club tournament."}, {"text": "On Tuesday, 22 October 2019, a fire broke out on the roof of the New Zealand International Convention Centre in Auckland, New Zealand. The convention centre is to become part of the SkyCity complex and was undergoing construction by Fletcher Construction, due for completion before the end of the year. The site was occupied by construction workers at the time and was not open to the public. The incident led to large scale disruption in Auckland for over 48 hours as the fire continued to burn, forcing areas of the central business district to be shut down, in part because of disruption caused by smoke that was deemed toxic. Media organisations including TVNZ were impacted by building evacuations and street closures, leading to disruptions in national broadcasts and programming. The effort to put out the blaze resulted in a large emergency service response, including mobile alerts issued by Civil Defence. By the evening of the fire, it had been classified as a \"sixth-alarm\", the highest category of response for an urban fire in New Zealand. Efforts to put out the blaze were complicated by unfavourable weather, with winds of up to 110km/h fanning flames. The fire continued to burn through"}, {"text": "to the following day, and efforts to extinguish and monitor hotspots continued through to Friday of that week. The Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency Management issued a mobile alert following the fire, warning Auckland residents to stay away from the city. On 15 January 2022 a second fire broke out on the roof of the convention center. Police and at least seven fire engines attended. Incident. Just after 1:00PM on Tuesday 22 October 2019, construction workers began to evacuate the building site of the New Zealand International Convention Centre. Approximately 100 workers were on site at the time. Fire and Emergency New Zealand were alerted to the fire via a 111 call at 1:09:37PM. The first fire appliance arrived on the scene at 1:14:03PM. An hour after the event unfolded, Auckland mayor Phil Goff reportedly claimed he and other council staff had been watching the blaze, and that it had already spread right through the western and eastern sides of the building. It was reported that people in nearby buildings claimed the heat could be felt on windows, and pedestrians began to gather on Queen Street to watch the smoke as the blaze grew bigger. The fire burned on"}, {"text": "through the night despite efforts to keep it under control. By the following evening, much of the roof had burned away. Firefighters made the decision to allow it to burn out. Approximately 30 fire appliances and over 100 fire service staff had been present at the site by this time. The fire was under control by Thursday evening, but firefighters continued to monitor hotspots in the building on Friday. Shares in Fletcher Building and SkyCity dropped hours after the incident. As to the cause of the fire, an independently peer-reviewed Fire and Emergency New Zealand report concluded the probable cause of the fire \"is believed to be an inadvertent ignition of the cardboard centre of a roll of Cap Sheet torch-on waterproofing membrane.\" Casualties. There were no deaths as a direct result of the fire. Four people were injured in the incident; three were treated for minor injuries at the scene, and another was taken to Auckland City Hospital in a moderate condition. A firefighter who suffered a medical event while at the site was taken to hospital in a serious condition, but was discharged the following day. Impact on Auckland. The fire caused widespread disruption in Auckland for two"}, {"text": "days. Streets in the central business district were closed, and evacuations of nearby buildings continued into the morning of the 23rd, including the headquarters of TVNZ, the Auckland District Court, and other central buildings. Residents were advised to avoid entering the central city due to smoke being fanned by winds. The Sky Tower was promptly closed following the fire. By the afternoon of 22 October, the full SkyCity complex had been shut down, including the casino, hotels, and carpark. Other hotels and organisations in hospitality reportedly offered to help SkyCity guests who were displaced by the closures. Among those displaced were the Great Britain Lions who were staying at the SkyCity Grand Hotel when it was evacuated. Health concerns. Smoke-related. Concerns have been raised as to the toxicity of the black smoke. Residents living in nearby apartments claimed that their apartments smelled of \"burning plastic\" and induced nausea and other symptoms. A spokesperson for the Auckland District Health Board said there had been no smoke-related hospital admissions during the first night that the fire burned, however a public health alert was issued by the Auckland Regional Public Health Service advising residents to stay away from the smoke where possible. Those"}, {"text": "who were near the site began to wear face masks. By Thursday, officials advised nearby residents to keep windows closed and shut down external ventilators in their buildings if necessary. Water pollution. Contaminated water that had collected in the basement of the building was pumped out into the Viaduct harbour. Reports indicated there were approximately 100 vehicles parked in the basement and submerged in the water. Auckland Council issued a safety warning to residents as toxicology tests were being conducted to determine if the water posed a threat to human health or sealife. Disruption of media broadcasts. On 22 October, \"1News\" continued to broadcast from its headquarters, on the same block as the fire. Just before the morning show \"Breakfast\" went to air on 23 October, they were evacuated. BBC World News aired on TVNZ 1 for 15 minutes, before \"Breakfast\" came on air, broadcasting from the streets and in a backup studio: the TVNZ BCP site, which is located under the Spark NZ building down the road from the TVNZ studios. \"1 News At Midday\" was reduced to a five minute bulletin, and \"Te Karere\" and \"1 News Tonight\" were cancelled; \"1 News at 6pm\" was a full 60-minute"}, {"text": "bulletin. On 23 October, programming returned to normal, but still from the backup studio. Lotto New Zealand could not access their studio at TVNZ or their regular draw machines, so the Wednesday 23 October draw was conducted off-air at their Newmarket headquarters using their backup random number generator. It was the first time since Lotto began in 1987 that the draw was conducted completely off-air. They returned to their normal site on 30 October. Aftermath. Political response. New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern publicly praised the firefighters that were involved in the effort, describing them as \"incredibly professional\" and insisting that it would not change plans for the APEC conference in 2021. She visited the site alongside Mayor of Auckland Phil Goff, who also praised firefighters, stating \"they have done us proud.\" Various MPs praised emergency services battling the blaze during a parliamentary meeting the day following the blaze. Former Green Party politician Russel Norman made a political criticism following the fire, writing \"always said John Key's convention centre deal stank\" in reference to former prime minister John Key's SkyCity deal in 2011. He continued, \"Today it stinks of burnt plastic, right across Auckland CBD.\" The comments received backlash for"}, {"text": "being \"inconsiderate\" of those harmed by the fire. Cost of incident. Following the incident, questions were raised as to what financial impact the fire would have, and if it would be the burden of insurers. Willis Towers Watson is acting as the insurance broker, but refused to comment to media. SkyCity Entertainment Group decided not to disclose the insurer. The cost of repair is likely to cost many millions of dollars. On 7 November 2019, SkyCity told investors that the convention centre would not be ready for conventions booked in 2021, impacting at least two dozen major conferences and ruling out the hosting of the 2021 APEC conference, which would have to find other venues. The project is estimated to cost $750 million as of April 2022."}, {"text": "Jean IV de Mauquenchy (died 1391), Lord of Blainville, also known as Mouton de Blainville, was a French soldier and nobleman. He was a Marshal of France during the Hundred Years' War. Biography. In 1370, with Bertrand du Guesclin, they defeated an English army beneath the walls of the Ch\u00e2teau de la Faigne and captured the commander Thomas de Grandison."}, {"text": "Diamondy is a rural locality in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Diamondy had a population of 72 people. Geography. The locality is bounded to the east by the ridge of the Craig Range, part of the Great Dividing Range. Glenmorriston is a neighbourhood in the south-west of the locality (). Norjinghi is a neighbourhood in the south-west of the locality (). The Diamondy State Forest is in the north-east of the locality, extending into neighbouring Darr Creek, Chahpingah and Ironpot. Apart from this, the land use is a mix of crops and grazing on native vegetation. Demographics. In the , Diamondy had a population of 47 people. In the , Diamondy had a population of 72 people. Education. There are no schools in Diamondy. The nearest primary school is Jandowae State School in neighbouring Jandowae to the south-west. The nearest secondary schools are Jandowae State School (to Year 10) in Jandowae, Kingaroy State High School (to Year 12) in Kingaroy to the north-east, and Dalby State High School in Dalby to the south."}, {"text": "The 2020\u201321 season is Buriram United's 9th season in the Thai League. (11th if including P.E.A.'s two seasons) The club will enters the season as the \"Thai League\" runners-up, and will participate in the top-level league. They will also participate in the domestic cups, FA Cup, and continental cup, AFC Champions League, which they will start at preliminary round 2 for the first time since 2013 season. This is Buriram's first season without Suchao Nuchnum, the club's former captain who played as midfielder, due to his announcement on November 26, 2019. In the league, match 5\u201330 are postponed following the coronavirus outbreak. Competitions. Thai League. Matches. Notes The matches since week 5 are postponed following the coronavirus outbreak and will be played with limited spectators following the new normal regulations. Players with no appearances are not included in the list. Includes all competitive matches. The list is sorted by shirt number when total goals are equal. Player who left the club during the season."}, {"text": "\"A Pittance of Time\" is a 2002 Canadian folk song by Terry Kelly and produced by Jefter Publishing \u2013 SOCAN. Kelly's intent in writing the song was to remind people to observe the two-minute silence on Remembrance Day, after a man in the same shop as him failed to do so. History. On 11 November 1999, Kelly was in a drug store which announced over the public address system that they would be observing the two-minutes silence at 11 a.m. for Remembrance. Kelly observed the silence but noticed a man in the queue in front of him demanding that the clerk run his shopping through during the silence. Kelly also noted that the man's daughter chastised him afterwards by saying: \"Daddy, you were supposed to be quiet through that time\". Kelly's anger about the lack of respect led him to write \"A Pittance of Time\" as a plea for people to observe the two-minute silence on Remembrance Day. Kelly recorded the song in 2002 with the lyrics being written to remind people of the sacrifices that the British Empire and Commonwealth forces made during the war for their freedom. Kelly also wrote a French language version of the song titled"}, {"text": "\"C'est Si Peu de Temps\". The song was also used as the inspiration for a campaign for Canadian shops not to put up Christmas displays until after Remembrance Day. It was led by the businessman and \"Dragon's Den\" panellist W. Brett Wilson who was inspired by \"A Pittance of Time\" and felt that the excessively early Christmas displays were disrespecting the memory of the veterans. He called for shops to wait until after 11 November before putting up Christmas displays."}, {"text": "\u00c1d\u00e1m Horv\u00e1th (born 14 July 1981) is a Hungarian chess Grandmaster (GM) (2002), Hungarian Chess Championship winner (2015), European Junior Chess Championship winner (2000). Biography. \u00c1d\u00e1m Horv\u00e1th was a multiple medalist of the Hungarian Youth Chess Championships, including gold (1996, U16 age group), silver (1995, U14 age group) and bronze (1997, U16 age group). From 1993 to 2001 he has repeatedly represented Hungary at the European Youth Chess Championship and World Youth Chess Championships in various age groups. \u00c1d\u00e1m Horv\u00e1th achieved his best result in 2000, in Avil\u00e9s, when he won European Junior Chess Championship in U20 age group. In 2007, he won the silver medal in the Hungarian Chess Championship, losing to Ferenc Berkes in the single-elimination tournament final. In 2015, \u00c1d\u00e1m Horv\u00e1th won the Hungarian Chess Championship. \u00c1d\u00e1m Horv\u00e1th is winner of many international chess tournaments, including Paks (1998), Szentgotth\u00e1rd (2001), Zalakaros (2002), Condom (2003), Hark\u00e1ny (2003, 2004), Balatonlelle (2004), Davos (2004), Balaguer (2005), Metz (2009). \u00c1d\u00e1m Horv\u00e1th played in 2006 for Hungary in the Chess Olympiad, at the second reserve board in the 37th Chess Olympiad in Turin . In 2002, he was awarded the FIDE Grandmaster (GM) title."}, {"text": "Krishnarao Patil is a Nationalist Congress Party politician from Mudal, Bhudargad Tehsil, Kolhapur district, Maharashtra. He is firstly elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly in 2004 as independence against Bajarang Desai, Indian National Congress Party former member of Legislative Assembly. He continued the Legislative Assembly till 2009 for 10 years as firstly elected member in the Radhanagari Constituency. He is chairman of Dudhganga Vedganga Cooperative Sugar Factory Ltd., Bidri, Kagal. He upgraded factory with 20 MW of electricity Production Plant. He is defeated in 2014, 2019 and 2024 candidate of Legislative Assembly from Radhanagari Vidhan Sabha constituency of Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India as a member of Nationalist Congress Party by Shivsena candidate Prakash Aabitkar."}, {"text": "Digital variance angiography (DVA) is a novel image processing method based on kinetic imaging, which allows the visualization of motion on image sequences generated by penetrating radiations. DVA is a specific form of kinetic imaging: it requires angiographic image series, which are created by X-ray or fluoroscopic imaging and by the administration of contrast media during various medical procedures. The resulting single DVA image visualizes the path of contrast agent with relatively low background noise. Between 2017 and 2019, two clinical studies have been performed to investigate the clinical usability of DVA and these studies have found that it has the potential to be used for low-dose radiographic imaging and carbon-dioxide angiography in the future. DVA is currently under development by Kinetic Health Ltd. and Semmelweis University (Budapest, Hungary). Lower extremity DSA comparison study. In 2018 Gy\u00e1n\u00f3 M. et al. compared the quality of DVA and DSA (digital subtraction angiography) images in a prospective observational crossover study, which involved the analysis of 232 image pairs of 42 patients undergoing lower limb x-ray angiography (performed by using iodinated contrast agent) between February and June 2017. Methods included the measurement of SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) and visual quality comparison. Signal-to-noise ratio. Although other"}, {"text": "factors like spatial resolution, sharpness, and object size may contribute to image quality and object perceptibility, noise places a fundamental limitation on the ability to recognize structures on low-contrast images and that was the main reason why the SNR measurement method was chosen. The results showed 2-3 times higher SNR values in the case of DVA images compared to traditionally used DSA images, which has indicated that DVA has the potential to improve the ability to view blood vessels, since a higher SNR value indicates lower noise levels. Visual comparison. Qualitative comparison has been performed by three vascular surgeons and three interventional radiologists, with about 17 years of experience on the average. In an online visual questionnaire, which showed DVA and DSA image pairs of the same anatomical regions, raters were asked to choose the image which they found to be more useful for making the diagnosis. Overall, the raters judged the kinetic images better in 69% of all images. Regarding different anatomical regions, the raters agreed that the DVA was significantly better for talocrural and popliteal regions. Conclusion. Since the SNR is proportional to radiation dose, the authors have concluded that the higher SNR values indicate that the DVA"}, {"text": "method has the ability to generate angiographic images which have the same quality as the currently used DSA, but the dose of the administered radiation and/or contrast media could be lowered to achieve the same vessel visibility. Carbon-dioxide angiography. In 2019 \u00d3ri\u00e1s V. et al. published the results of a clinical study, which investigated the feasibility of digital variance angiography (DVA) in lower extremity carbon-dioxide angiography and compared the quantitative and qualitative performance of the new image processing technique to that of the current reference standard digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Materials and methods. The study enrolled 24 patients undergoing lower limb carbon-dioxide angiography between December 2017 and April 2018 at two clinical centres in Hungary. For comparison, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of DSA and DVA images were calculated and the visual quality of DSA and DVA images were also compared by independent clinical specialists using an online questionnaire. Results. The ratio of SNR DVA /SNR DSA was calculated and the median values for the two centres were 3.53 and 4.52. During the visual evaluation 120 DSA and DVA image pairs were compared and it was judged that the DVA provided higher quality images in both centres, in 78% and 90%"}, {"text": "of comparisons. DVA images also received consistently higher individual rating than DSA images, regardless of the research site and anatomical region. Conclusion. As the authors conclude, these results have shown that in lower limb carbon-dioxide angiography DVA, regardless of the image acquisition instruments and protocols, produces higher signal-to-noise ratio and significantly better image quality than DSA, therefore this new image processing method might help the widespread use of carbon-dioxide as a safer contrast agent in clinical practice. Ongoing research projects. Several oral presentations and posters have been presented at CIRSE 2019 conference about ongoing research projects, including the study of possible application of DVA during prostatic artery embolization and the development of new algorithms for DVA to further improve image quality, which would create a 'quality reserve' and allow the reduction of radiation and contrast media dose."}, {"text": "Bradley is a civil parish in the Borough of Stafford, Staffordshire, England. It contains eight listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, one is listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The parish contains the village of Bradley and the surrounding countryside. The listed buildings consist of a church, houses, farmhouses, a cottage and a public house, the oldest of which are timber framed or have timber framed cores."}, {"text": "SS \"Fatshan\" () was a passenger ferry steamer which sank in stormy seas off Lantau Island during Typhoon Rose resulting in the loss of 88 lives. Construction and commissioning. \"Fatshan\" was ordered by the China Navigation Company as a replacement for the previous to take up its relevant duties on the ferry service between Hong Kong and Canton after 45 years of service. The ship was built at the Taikoo Dockyard's lot 262 by the Taikoo Dockyard and Engineering Company, delivered to China Navigation Company in 1933. She was powered by a four-cylinder triple expansion steam engine producing 71 nhp and displacing 2,639 gross register tons. Hong Kong Canton route with the China Navigation Company. In December 1939, \"Fatshan\" was underway under the command of Captain Whyte en route to Canton from Hong Kong when the steamer struck a submerged object which tore a large hole into the ship's hull near the engine room. Captain Whyte managed to beach the steamer on nearby Japanese-occupied Lin Tin Island, avoiding its sinking. A passing British warship, of the China Station came to the ship's rescue, transferring around 1,800 passengers and their baggage onto the gunboat. The passengers were later transferred from the"}, {"text": "warship onto of the HongKong Canton & Macao Steamboat Company. In August 1940, \"Fatshan\" was detained by Japanese authorities over Swire's refusal to pay piloting fees. The detention led to a brief diplomatic incident between British and Japanese colonial authorities before the ship was finally released in April 1941. In December 1941, \"Fatshan\" was captured by the Imperial Japanese Army after their victory in the Battle of Hong Kong and renamed as \"Nankai-201\". Japanese service. During Japanese rule of Hong Kong and until around 1942, \"Nankai-201\" continued operating as a ferry service between Hong Kong and Canton, likely with the Inland River Operations Company. In 1942, the ship was renamed as \"Koto Maru\" and began carrying out duties including troop and supply transport in the region for the Imperial Japanese Navy. On 9 August 1944, \"Koto Maru\" was spotted and reported on by agents of the British Army Aid Group as part of their Naval Section's Kweilin Intelligence Summary No. 70. The ship was recorded as having arrived at Hong Kong around 18 July from Canton and had been laid up for repairs at the Taikoo Dockyard for repairs to its stern, hull, propeller, and rudder for discharge on around"}, {"text": "1 September. The vessel was recorded as having a light grey colour scheme with armament modifications including an anti-aircraft machine gun on the bridge and was crewed by 4 Japanese, 30 Chinese and 6 Indian sailors. An earlier sketch of \"Koto Maru\" from September 1944 indicated that there was no significant changes to the ship's peacetime configuration aside from the colour scheme and light armament. Resumed Hong Kong Canton route with the China Navigation Company. In August 1945 with the reestablishment of British rule in Hong Kong, \"Fatshan\" was returned to the China Navigation Company. In January 1949, \"Fatshan\" participated in the opening of the Pearl River's Elliot Passage carrying the British delegation to officiate the ceremony. In May 1950, the Communist government passed legislation barring foreign vessels from calling at Canton. As a result, \"Fatshan\" was moved to the Hong Kong Macao route. Hong Kong Macao route with the Man On Shipping and Navigation Company. In May 1951, \"Fatshan\" was acquired by Sir Tsun-Nin Chau for the Man On Shipping and Navigation Company. At the time, \"Fatshan\" was one of the main ferry boats operating the Hong Kong to Macao route, the others being MV \"Tai Loy\" and SS"}, {"text": "\"Tak Shing\". Hong Kong Macao route with the Yu On Shipping Company. In July 1951, \"Fatshan\" was acquired from Man On by the newly formed Yu On Shipping Company (\u88d5\u5b89\u8f2a\u8239). Yu On had been founded in that same year by Yuen-Cheong Liang, Ho Yin, and Ho Tim. YC Liang had previously made use of \"Fatshan\" in 1945 when he was charged with ferrying relief supplies to Hong Kong from Macao after the end of World War II. By 1961, competing ferry services on the Hong Kong to Macao route were set up with the establishment of Stanley Ho's Shun Tak Shipping. The competition for the route further escalated in the mid to late 60's with the introduction of hydrofoil ferry services. Hong Kong Macao route with the Tai Tak Hing Shipping Company. In 1968, Stanley Ho's Tai Tak Hing Shipping Company, a Shun Tak subsidiary, acquired \"Fatshan\" together with SS \"Tai Loi\" from Yu On and continued sailing the vessel on the Hong Kong Macao route. Sinking. On 16 August 1971, \"Fatshan\" was sailing with a complement of 92 passengers and crew when she was caught in a severe storm brought about by Typhoon Rose. The vessel was forced to"}, {"text": "anchor off Stonecutters Island due to the heavy winds. During the course of the storm, the ship's anchor was broken and it was apparently struck by several drifting ships causing \"Fatshan\" to capsize and sink about offshore of Lantau Island at a depth of about of water. 88 lives were lost as a result of the sinking. Only four people survived the sinking of \"Fatshan\" and the wreck was not discovered until the tide went out and a passing ship found floating bodies. Salvage rights were sold to Lai Man Yau in September 1971 and operations to raise \"Fatshan\" took place over the course of around three months following the disaster."}, {"text": "Millfore is a hill in the Minnigaff Hills, a sub-range of the Galloway Hills range, part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. It lies northeast of Newton Stewart in Galloway Forest Park, Dumfries and Galloway. One of the less-visited of the Galloway Hills, it nonetheless provides excellent views from its summit over its neighbours and Loch Dee. Isolated from its westerly neighbours by the White Laggan glen, it is frequently climbed on its own from Clatteringshaws Loch to the east."}, {"text": "Andr\u00e1s Mih\u00e1ly [\u02c8\u0252ndra\u02d0\u0283 \u02c8miha\u02d0j] (6 November 1917 \u2013 19 September 1993) was a Hungarian cellist, composer and academic teacher. Life. Mih\u00e1ly was born in Budapest. He studied there at the Franz Liszt Academy: cello with Adolf Schiffer, chamber music with Le\u00f3 Weiner and Imre Waldbauer, and composition in private lessons with P\u00e1l Kadosa and . In 1946, he was the principal cellist of the Budapest Opera and in 1950 a professor of chamber music at the Franz Liszt Academy. He then became a musical advisor for the radio (1962\u20131978). In 1967, he founded the Budapest Chamber Ensemble, dedicated to the repertoire of contemporary music, and from 1978 to 1987 he was the director of the Budapest Opera. He was notably the teacher of all four of the original members of the Tak\u00e1cs Quartet: violinists G\u00e1bor Tak\u00e1cs-Nagy and K\u00e1roly Schranz, violist G\u00e1bor Ormai, and cellist Andr\u00e1s Fej\u00e9r. Mih\u00e1ly composed the opera \"Egy\u00fctt \u00e9s egyed\u00fcl\" (\"Together and Alone\", 1965\u201366), three symphonies (the last one 1962), a cello concerto (1963), a violin concerto, a piano concerto (1954), a concerto for wind quintet and orchestra (1955), \"Monodia\" for orchestra (1970), chamber works, piano pieces, choral music and lieder. Mih\u00e1ly died in Budapest at age"}, {"text": "75."}, {"text": "The 32nd Golden Rooster Awards honoring best Chinese language films which presented during 2018\u201319. The award ceremony was held in Xiamen, China, and broadcast by CCTV."}, {"text": "Solomon Serwanjja is a Ugandan investigative journalist and the Executive Director of the African Institute for Investigative Journalism (AIIJ). On 13 July 2021, he resigned from his position as news anchor with NBSTV ending his 13 year career on television. In 2019 Serwanjja was awarded the Komla Dumor Award, an annual award given by the BBC to celebrate African journalists. He holds a master's degree in journalism and communication from Makerere University. Life and career. Serwanjja is a United Nations Reham al-Farra Memorial Journalism fellow 2018, and has worked as a news anchor and reporter for several television stations in East Africa including NBS TV, KTN News, NTV Uganda, UBC TV. Serwanjja is married to Vivian Serwanjja and they have four children: Amani, Imani, Upendo and Asante."}, {"text": "Naiknagar is a village in Maharashtra, India. It is located in Umarga Taluka in Osmanabad district. The village resides in the Marathwada region, and falls under the supervision of the Aurangabad division. Located 85 km towards east from the district headquarters Osmanabad, the village is also 13 km from Umarga, 474 km from the state capital Mumbai and 240 km from Hyderabad.Kalaburagi city is 80 km away from the village. Solapur is 65 km away from Naik nagar. Demographics. The main language spoken here is Lambadi and the official language is Marathi. Kannada is also spoken by people in Naik Nagar. The population of this village is about 2500 and all of these people follow Hinduism Nearby villages. Murum is 3 km away Naik Nagar is surrounded by Aland taluka towards south, Lohara taluka towards north, Akkalkot taluka towards south, Tuljapur taluka towards west, Ausa taluka towards north, Basav Kalyan taluka towards west. Nearby cities. The cities near to Naiknagar are Umarga, Tuljapur, Nilanga, Solapur, Kalaburagi. Postal details. The postal head office for Naiknagar is Murum. The pin codes near Naiknagar are Dalimb - 413604, Murum - 413605, Umarga - 413606. Politics. The Shiv Sena and congress are the major"}, {"text": "political parties in Naiknagar. Education. The colleges near Naiknagar are: The schools in Naik Nagar are :"}, {"text": "Ashishim is a red lentil pancake dish of Ancient Israelite origin. According to the Talmud, it was a common dish eaten by Jews in antiquity. History. Ashishim are pancakes or fritters made with crushed red lentils, eggs, flour and sesame seeds, which are mixed together to create a batter which is then deep fried and topped with a honey syrup, similar to the Sephardic Jewish sfinj. Ashishim are mentioned numerous times in ancient Jewish texts, such as in the Torah, the Song of Songs, and in the Mishnah. A detailed recipe for making ashishim can be found in the Jerusalem Talmud."}, {"text": "Hwangto (\ud669\ud1a0), a Korean loess soil, is a yellow-coloured soil, which contains high levels of potassium chloride and calcium. Hwangto is sometimes called a 'living soil' for its medical effects. Korean loess called \u201cHwangto\u201dor \u201cthe red yellow soil or earth\u201d has been a basic element or nourishment which has cultivated Korean nature and cultural heritages. Hwangto reveals its unique natural character as a lenient and honest soil which can tolerate and accommodate various materials including even toxic character. Hwangto a special yellow soil from Korea used in purifying and cleansing treatments; it has special properties to filter out toxins and boost circulation and metabolism. Scientific aspects. A particle size analysis of the soils indicates that the residual soil consists of mainly silt and clay (approximately 95%) and that soil textures are silty clay or silt clay loam. The soil colors of the residual soil are dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) through yellowish red (5YR 4/6). The pH of the residual soil ranges from 4.3 to 5.1. The major minerals of the parent rocks were quartz, biotite, chlorite, and plagioclase. The mineralogy of the sand fraction of the residual soil was quartz, biotite, muscovite and sanidine. Five Coloured Noble Soil. Osec Hwangto;"}, {"text": "as listed in International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and commonly known as Five Coloured Noble Soil; Osec in Korean means five different colours and Hwangto is the special loess in Korea. Osechwangto contains significant amount of minerals and live enzyme and is a patented mixture of Terracotta, Loess, Bauxite, Black Soil and White Soil, and is predominately used in production of cosmetics. Ingredients for Osec Hwangto naturally matured over the period of 5,000 years with mountain rafts, pines and other plant extracts and occurs in Gyeongsangnam-do and is harvested from 400 meter highland. In Korean history and culture. Hwangto has a close connection with Korean culture and history. Records of Hwangto can be found in Shan Hai Jing and China's classic geography book; The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, which is listed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme. Dongui Bogan (1590~1610), the classical compilation of traditional Korean medicine, narrates the usefulness associated with Hwangto to cure common diseases. Koreans believe that \"Osechwangto\" has the power to heal and cure our mind and body. In preparation for the Wind God deity\u2019s start in the human world (Grandma Yeongdeung) arrival, households scattered yellow soil (loess soil) outside the gate to mark the"}, {"text": "area as sacred."}, {"text": "Beelbee is a rural locality in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Beelbee had a population of 18 people. Geography. The Dalby Kogan Road forms the northern boundary of the locality. Braemar Creek forms the north-eastern and eastern boundaries, while Braemar Boundary Road forms the south-eastern boundary. The Braemar State Forest is in the south of the locality, extending into neighbouring Weranga and Kumbarilla and beyond. Apart from this protected area, the predominant surface land use is grazing on native vegetation. However, below the surface of the entire locality, coal seam gas is being extracted by QGC. History. Braeside State School opened in 1915, but closed on 31 October 1923 due to low student numbers. It reopened on 31 January 1928 and closed permanently in 1950. It was on the eastern side of Beelbee Road (approx ). Demographics. In the , Beelbee had a population of 25 people. In the , Beelbee had a population of 18 people. Education. There are no schools in Beelbee. The nearest government primary school is Kogan State School in neighbouring Kogan to the north-west. The nearest government secondary schools are Dalby State High School in Dalby to the east and Tara"}, {"text": "Shire State College in Tara to the south-west. There are also non-government schools in both Dalby and Tara."}, {"text": "A Diving rebreather is an underwater breathing apparatus that absorbs the carbon dioxide of a diver's exhaled breath to permit the rebreathing (recycling) of the substantially unused oxygen content, and unused inert content when present, of each breath. Oxygen is added to replenish the amount metabolised by the diver. This differs from open-circuit breathing apparatus, where the exhaled gas is discharged directly into the environment. The purpose is to extend the breathing endurance of a limited gas supply, and, for covert military use by frogmen or observation of underwater life, to eliminate the bubbles produced by an open circuit system. A diving rebreather is generally understood to be a portable unit carried by the user, and is therefore a type of self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (scuba). A semi-closed rebreather carried by the diver may also be known as a gas extender. The same technology on a submersible, underwater habitat, or surface installation is more likely to be referred to as a life-support system. Diving rebreather technology may be used where breathing gas supply is limited, or where the breathing gas is specially enriched or contains expensive components, such as helium diluent. Diving rebreathers have applications for primary and emergency gas"}, {"text": "supply. Similar technology is used in life-support systems in submarines, submersibles, underwater and surface saturation habitats, and in gas reclaim systems used to recover the large volumes of helium used in saturation diving. The recycling of breathing gas comes at the cost of technological complexity and additional hazards, which depend on the specific application and type of rebreather used. Mass and bulk may be greater or less than equivalent open circuit scuba depending on circumstances. Electronically controlled diving rebreathers may automatically maintain a partial pressure of oxygen between programmable upper and lower limits, or set points, and be integrated with decompression computers to monitor the decompression status of the diver and record the dive profile. Applications. Diving rebreathers are generally used for scuba applications, where the amount of breathing gas carried by the diver is limited, but are also occasionally used as gas extenders for surface-supplied diving and as bailout systems for scuba or surface-supplied diving. Gas reclaim systems used for deep heliox diving use similar technology to rebreathers, as do saturation diving life support systems, but in these applications the gas recycling equipment is not carried by the diver. Atmospheric diving suits also carry rebreather technology to recycle breathing"}, {"text": "gas as part of the life-support system. Rebreathers are usually more complex to use than open circuit scuba, and have more potential points of failure, so acceptably safe use requires a greater level of skill, attention and situational awareness, which is usually derived from understanding the systems, diligent maintenance and overlearning the practical skills of operation and fault recovery. Fault tolerant design can make a rebreather less likely to fail in a way that immediately endangers the user, and reduces the task loading on the diver which in turn may lower the risk of operator error. Semi-closed rebreather technology is also used in diver carried surface supplied gas extenders, mainly to reduce helium use. Some units also function as an emergency gas supply using on-board bailout cylinders: The US Navy MK29 rebreather can extend the duration of the Flyaway Mixed Gas System diving operations by five times while retaining the original mixed-gas storage footprint on the support ship. The Soviet IDA-72 semi-closed rebreather has a scrubber endurance of 4 hours on surface supply, and bailout endurance at 200m of 40 minutes on on-board gas. The US Navy Mark V Mod 1 heliox mixed gas helmet has a scrubber canister mounted"}, {"text": "on the back of the helmet and an inlet gas injection system which recirculates the breathing gas through the scrubber to remove carbon dioxide and thereby conserve helium. The injector nozzle would blow 11 times the volume of the injected gas through the scrubber. History. The first attempts at making practical rebreathers were simple oxygen rebreathers, when advances in industrial metalworking made high-pressure gas storage cylinders possible. From 1878 on they were used for work in unbreathable atmospheres in industry and firefighting, at high altitude, for escape from submarines; and occasionally for swimming underwater; but the usual way to work underwater was in standard diving dress, breathing open circuit surface-supplied air. The Italian Decima Flottiglia MAS, the first unit of combat frogmen, was founded in 1938 and went into action in 1940. WWII saw a great expansion of military-related use of rebreather diving. During and after WWII, needs arose in the armed forces to dive deeper than allowed by pure oxygen. That prompted, at least in Britain, design of simple constant-flow \"mixture rebreather\" variants of some of their diving oxygen rebreathers (= what is now called \"nitrox\"): SCMBA from the SCBA (Swimmer Canoeist's Breathing Apparatus), and CDMBA from the Siebe"}, {"text": "Gorman CDBA, by adding an extra gas supply cylinder. Before a dive with such a set, the diver had to know the maximum or working depth of his dive, and how fast his body used his oxygen supply, and from those to calculate what to set his rebreather's gas flow rate to. During this long period before the modern age of automatic sport nitrox rebreathers, there were some sport oxygen diving clubs, mostly in the USA. Eventually the Cold War ended and in 1989 the Communist Bloc collapsed, and as a result the perceived risk of sabotage attacks by combat divers dwindled, and Western armed forces had less reason to requisition civilian rebreather patents, and automatic and semi-automatic recreational diving rebreathers with ppO2 sensors started to appear. General concept. As a person breathes, the body consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide. Base metabolism requires about 0.25 L/min of oxygen from a breathing rate of about 6 L/min, and a fit person working hard may ventilate at a rate of 95 L/min but will only metabolise about 4 L/min of oxygen The oxygen metabolised is generally about 4% to 5% of the inspired volume at normal atmospheric pressure, or about 20%"}, {"text": "of the available oxygen in the air at sea level. Exhaled air at sea level contains roughly 13.5% to 16% oxygen. The situation is even more wasteful of oxygen when the oxygen fraction of the breathing gas is higher, and in underwater diving, the compression of breathing gas due to depth makes the recirculation of exhaled gas even more desirable, as an even larger proportion of open circuit gas is wasted. Continued rebreathing of the same gas will deplete the oxygen to a level which will no longer support consciousness, and eventually life, so gas containing oxygen must be added to the recycled breathing gas to maintain the required concentration of oxygen. However, if this is done without removing the carbon dioxide, it will rapidly build up in the recycled gas, resulting almost immediately in mild respiratory distress, and rapidly developing into further stages of hypercapnia, or carbon dioxide toxicity. A high ventilation rate is usually necessary to eliminate the metabolic product carbon dioxide (CO2). The breathing reflex is triggered by carbon dioxide concentration in the blood, not by the oxygen concentration, so even a small buildup of carbon dioxide in the inhaled gas quickly becomes intolerable; if a person"}, {"text": "tries to directly rebreathe their exhaled breathing gas, they will soon feel an acute sense of suffocation, so rebreathers must chemically remove the carbon dioxide in a component known as a carbon dioxide scrubber. By adding sufficient oxygen to compensate for the metabolic usage, removing the carbon dioxide, and rebreathing the gas, most of the volume is conserved. There will still be minor losses when gas must be vented as it expands during ascent, and additional gas will be needed to make up volume as the gas is compressed during descent. Design constraints. The widest variety of rebreather types is used in diving, as the physical and physiological consequences of breathing under pressure complicate the requirements, and a large range of engineering options are available depending on the specific application and available budget. A diving rebreather is safety-critical life-support equipment \u2013 some modes of failure can kill the diver without warning, others can require immediate appropriate response for survival. General operational requirements include: Special applications may also require: Oxygen rebreathers. As pure oxygen is toxic when inhaled at pressure, recreational diver certification agencies limit oxygen decompression to a maximum depth of and this restriction has been extended to oxygen rebreathers;"}, {"text": "In the past they have been used deeper (up to ) but such dives were more risky than what is now considered acceptable. Oxygen rebreathers are also sometimes used when decompressing from a deep open-circuit dive, as breathing pure oxygen helps the nitrogen diffuse out of the body tissues more rapidly, and the use of a rebreather may be more convenient for long decompression stops. US Navy restrictions on oxygen rebreather use: Oxygen rebreathers are no longer commonly used in recreational diving because of the depth limit imposed by oxygen toxicity, but are extensively used for military attack swimmer applications where greater depth is not required, due to their simplicity, light weight and compact size. Mixed gas rebreathers. Semi-closed circuit rebreathers (SCRs) used for diving may use active or passive gas addition, and the gas addition systems may be depth compensated. They use a mixed supply gas with a higher oxygen fraction than the steady state loop gas mixture. Usually only one gas mixture is used, but it is possible to switch gas mixtures during a dive to extend the available depth range of some SCRs. Operational scope and restrictions of SCRs: Closed circuit diving rebreathers may be manually or"}, {"text": "electronically controlled, and use both pure oxygen and a breathable mixed gas diluent. Operational scope and restrictions of CCRs: Closed circuit rebreathers are mainly restricted by physiological limitations on the diver, such as maximum operating depth of the diluent mix while remaining breathable up to the surface, though this can be worked around by switching diluent. Work of breathing at depth can be a constraint, as there is a point where the breathing effort required to counter metabolic carbon dioxide production rate exceeds the work capacity of the diver, after which hypercapnia increases and distress followed by loss of consciousness and death is inevitable. Work of breathing is affected by gas density, so use of a low density helium rich diluent can increase depth range at acceptable work of breathing for a given configuration. WoB is also increased by turbulent flow, which is affected by flow velocity (Reynolds number). To some extent work of breathing can be reduced or limited by breathing circuit design, but there are physiological limits too, and the work of circulating the gas through the breathing loop and scrubber can be a large part of the total work of breathing. Recreational rebreathers. Some recreational diver certification"}, {"text": "agencies distinguish a class of rebreather which they deem suitable for recreational diving. These rebreathers are unsuitable for decompression diving, and when electronically controlled, will not allow the diver to do dives with obligatory decompression, thereby allowing an immediate ascent at any point of the planned dive without undue risk of developing symptomatic decompression sickness. This limitation reduces the necessity to carry offboard bailout gas, and the need for the skills to bail out with a staged decompression obligation. This class of rebreather diving provides an opportunity to sell training and certification which omits a large part of the more complex and difficult skills, and reduces the amount of equipment that the diver needs to carry. PADI criteria for \"R\" class rebreathers include electronic prompts for pre-dive checks, automatic setpoint control, status warnings, a heads up display for warnings, a bailout valve, pre-packed scrubber canisters and a system for estimating scrubber duration. While these constraints do make the recreational class of rebreather inherently less hazardous, they do not reduce the risk to the same level as open circuit equipment for the same dive profile. Atmospheric diving suits. An atmospheric diving suit is a small one-man articulated submersible of roughly anthropomorphic"}, {"text": "form, with limb joints which allow articulation under external pressure while maintaining an internal pressure of one atmosphere. Breathing gas supply could be surface supplied by umbilical, but would then have to be exhausted back to the surface to maintain internal pressure below the external ambient pressure, which is possible but presents pressure-hull breach hazards if the umbilical hoses are damaged, or from a rebreather system built into the suit. As there is a similar problem in venting excess gas, the simple and efficient solution is to make up oxygen as it is consumed and scrub out the carbon dioxide, with no change to the inert gas component, which simply recirculates. In effect, a simple closed circuit oxygen rebreather arrangement used as a life-support system. Since there is usually an adequate power supply for other services, powered circulation through the scrubber should not normally be an issue for normal service, and is more comfortable for the operator, as it keeps the face area clear and facilitates voice communication. As the internal pressure is maintained at one atmosphere, there is no risk of acute oxygen toxicity. Endurance depends on the scrubber capacity and oxygen supply. Circulation through the scrubber could be"}, {"text": "powered by the diver's breathing, and this is an option for an emergency backup rebreather, which may also be fitted to the suit. A breathing driven system requires reduction of mechanical dead space by using a mouthpiece and counterlung to form a closed loop. Architecture. Essential components. Although there are several design variations of diving rebreather, all types have a gas-tight reservoir to contain the breathing gas at ambient pressure that the diver inhales from and exhales into. The breathing gas reservoir consists of several components connected together by water- and airtight joints. The diver breathes through a mouthpiece or a full-face diving mask with a shut-off valve, the dive/surface valve, which is closed when the diver is not breathing from the unit to prevent flooding if the set is in the water. This is connected to one or two breathing hoses ducting inhaled and exhaled gas between the diver and a counterlung or breathing bag, which expands to accommodate gas when it is not in the diver's lungs. The reservoir also includes a scrubber containing absorbent material to remove the carbon dioxide exhaled by the diver. There will also be at least one valve allowing addition of gas, such"}, {"text": "as oxygen, and often a diluent gas, from a gas storage container, into the reservoir. There may be valves allowing venting of gas, sensors to measure partial pressure of oxygen and possibly carbon dioxide, and a monitoring and control system. Critical components may be duplicated for engineering redundancy. Breathing gas passage configuration. There are two basic gas passage configurations: The loop and the pendulum. The loop configuration uses a one directional circulation of the breathing gas which on exhalation leaves the mouthpiece, passes through a non-return valve into the exhalation hose, and then through the counterlung and scrubber, to return to the mouthpiece through the inhalation hose and another non-return valve when the diver inhales. The pendulum configuration uses a two-directional flow. Exhaled gas flows from the mouthpiece through a single hose to the scrubber, into the counterlung, and on inhalation the gas is drawn back through the scrubber and the same hose back to the mouthpiece. The pendulum system is structurally simpler, but inherently contains a larger dead space of unscrubbed gas in the combined exhalation and inhalation tube, which is rebreathed. There are conflicting requirements for minimising the volume of dead space while minimising the flow resistance of"}, {"text": "the breathing passages. Counterlung configuration. A pendulum rebreather only has one counterlung, on the far side of the scrubber from the single breathing hose. The diver blows exhaled gas through the scrubber, then sucks it back during inhalation. Gas flow rate through the scrubber is forced by the breathing rate of the diver. A single counterlung in a loop rebreather can be an exhalation or inhalation counterlung, or fitted between split scrubber canisters. If it is an exhalation counterlung it is inflated on exhalation, but no gas flows through the scrubber until inhalation starts, at which point the diver sucks the gas through at a rate forced by inhalation rate. If it is an inhalation counterlung, the diver must blow gas through the scrubber during exhalation, but inhales from the full inhalation counterlung, with no further flow through the scrubber. If it is between split scrubbers the diver must blow the gas through the exhalation scrubber during exhalation, and suck it through the inhalation scrubber. In all these cases there is no buffer, and peak flow rates are relatively high, which means peak flow resistance is relatively high and may be in one half of the breathing cycle or split"}, {"text": "between both halves, analogous to the pendulum configuration, but without the large dead space. A twin counterlung rebreather has two breathing bags, so the exhaled gas inflates the exhalation counterlung while starting to pass through the scrubber and starting to inflate the inhalation counterlung. By the time the diver starts to inhale, the inhalation counterlung has built up a volume buffer, so there is less flow resistance as the gas continues to flow through the scrubber during inhalation at a slower rate than if there were only one counterlung. This decreases work of breathing, and also increases dwell time of the gas in the scrubber, as it flows through the scrubber during both exhalation and inhalation. Most mixed gas diving rebreathers use this arrangement. General arrangement. Many rebreathers have their main components in a hard casing for support, protection and/or streamlining. This casing must be sufficiently vented and drained to let surrounding water or air in and out freely to allow for volume changes as the counterlung inflates and deflates, and to prevent trapping large volumes of buoyant air as the diver submerges, and of water as the diver emerges into air. The components may be mounted on a frame"}, {"text": "or inside a casing to hold them together. Sometimes the structure of the scrubber canister forms part of the framework, particularly in side-mount configuration. Position of most parts is not critical to function, but the counterlungs must be positioned so that their centroid of volume is at a similar depth to the centroid of the diver's lungs at most times while underwater, and the breathing tubes to the mouthpiece should not encumber the diver more than necessary, and allow free movement of the head as much as possible. Early oxygen rebreathers were often built without frame or casing, and relied on the harness and a strong counterlung to hold the components together. The parts of a diving rebreather (counterlung, absorbent canister, gas cylinder(s), tubes and hoses linking them), can be arranged on the wearer's body in four basic ways, with the position of the counterlung having a major effect on work of breathing. Back-mounted rebreathers. Back mount is common on the more bulky and heavier units. This is good for support of the weight out of the water, and keeps the front of the diver clear for working underwater. Back mount usually uses back or over the shoulder counterlungs, which"}, {"text": "have a centroid above the lung in most common orientations of the diver, resulting in slight negative pressure breathing. Chest-mounted rebreathers. Chest mount is fairly common for military oxygen rebreathers, which are usually relatively compact and light. It allows easy reach of the components underwater, and leaves the back free for other equipment for amphibious operations. The rebreather can be unclipped from a common harness without disturbing the load on the back. Front mounted counterlungs have a centroid which is generally slightly below the lung centroid, and result in slight positive pressure breathing for most common orientations of the diver. Side-mounted rebreathers. Sidemount allows a low profile to penetrate tight restrictions in cave and wreck diving, and is convenient for carrying a bailout rebreather. A sidemount rebreather as the main breathing apparatus can be mounted on one side of the diver's body and can be balanced weight-wise and hydrodynamically by a large bailout cylinder side mounted on the other side. Sidemount rebreathers are sensitive to diver orientation, which can change hydrostatic work of breathing over a larger range than for back or chest mount, and the resisistive work of breathing is also relatively large due to the long breathing hoses"}, {"text": "and multiple bends necessary to fit the components into a long narrow format. As of 2019, no sidemount rebreather had passed the CE test for work of breathing. Sidemount rebreathers may also be more susceptible to major loop flooding due to lack of a convenient exhalation counterlung position to form a water trap. Sidemount rebreathers usually use a form factor equivalent to a single sidemount open circuit cylinder, which mimics the streamlining of a sidemount cylinder, but has hydrostatic work of breathing variability issues if the unit isn't perfectly rigged and mounted. The work of breathing is only optimised when the diver is trimmed correctly. The KISS Sidewinder is a sidemount MCCR that reduces this problem by mounting the two relatively small scrubber canisters on both sides of the diver, connected by a single 8-litre counterlung across the diver's back, and worn with a regular sidemount harness. This configuration is claimed to provide good work of breathing in most diver orientations. A small butt-mounted transverse oxygen cylinder and standard sidemount diluent/bailout cylinders (usually two) are carried. System variants. Rebreathers can be primarily categorised as diving rebreathers, intended for hyperbaric use, and other rebreathers used at pressures from slightly more than"}, {"text": "normal atmospheric pressure at sea level to significantly lower ambient pressure at high altitudes and in space. Diving rebreathers must often deal with the complications of avoiding hyperbaric oxygen toxicity, while normobaric and hypobaric applications can use the relatively trivially simple oxygen rebreather technology, where there is no requirement to monitor oxygen partial pressure during use providing the ambient pressure is sufficient. Mixed gas rebreathers. All rebreathers other than oxygen rebreathers may be considered mixed gas rebreathers. These can be divided into semi-closed circuit, where the supply gas is a breathable mixture containing oxygen and inert diluents, usually nitrogen and helium, and which is replenished by adding more of the mixture as the oxygen is used up, sufficient to maintain a breathable partial pressure of oxygen in the loop, and closed circuit rebreathers, where two parallel gas supplies are used: the diluent, to provide the bulk of the gas, and which is recycled, and oxygen, which is metabolically expended. Semi-closed circuit rebreathers. These are almost exclusively used for underwater diving, as they are bulkier, heavier, and more complex than closed circuit oxygen rebreathers. Military and recreational divers use these because they provide better underwater duration than open circuit, have a"}, {"text": "deeper maximum operating depth than oxygen rebreathers and can be fairly simple and cheap. They do not rely on electronics for control of gas composition, but may use electronic monitoring for improved safety and more efficient decompression. An alternative term for this technology is \"gas extender\". Semi-closed circuit equipment generally supplies one breathing gas such as air, nitrox or trimix at a time. The gas is injected into the loop at a constant rate to replenish oxygen consumed from the loop by the diver. Excess gas must be constantly vented from the loop in small volumes to make space for fresh, oxygen-rich gas. As the oxygen in the vented gas cannot be separated from the inert gas, semi-closed circuit is wasteful of both oxygen and inert components. A gas mix which has a maximum operating depth that is safe for the depth of the dive being planned, and which will provide a breathable mixture at the surface must be used, or it will be necessary to change mixtures during the dive. As the amount of oxygen required by the diver increases with work rate, the gas injection rate must be carefully chosen and controlled to prevent unconsciousness in the diver"}, {"text": "due to hypoxia. A higher gas addition rate reduces the likelihood of hypoxia but wastes more gas. Passive addition semi-closed circuit. This type of rebreather works on the principle of adding fresh gas to compensate for reduced volume in the breathing circuit. A portion of the respired gas is discharged that is in some way proportional to oxygen consumption. Generally it is a fixed volumetric fraction of the respiratory flow, but more complex systems have been developed which exhaust a close approximation of a ratio to the surface respiratory flow rate. These are described as depth compensated or partially depth compensated systems. Gas addition is triggered by low counterlung volume which activates a demand valve. The simple case of a fixed ratio discharge can be achieved by concentric bellows counterlungs, where the exhaled gas expands both the counterlungs, and while the larger volume outer bellows discharges back to the loop when the diver inhales the next breath, the inner bellows discharges its contents to the surroundings, using non return valves to ensure a one-directional flow. The amount processed during each breath depends on the tidal volume of that breath. Towards the end of inhalation the bellows bottoms out and activates"}, {"text": "an addition valve, in much the way that a regulator diaphragm activates the demand valve, to make up the gas discharged by the inner bellows. This type of rebreather therefore tends to operate at a minimal volume. The fixed ratio systems usually discharge between 10% (1/10) and 25% (1/4) of the volume of each breath overboard. As a result, gas endurance is from 10 times to four times that of open circuit, and depends on breathing rate and depth in the same way as for open circuit. Oxygen fraction in the loop depends on the discharge ratio, and to a lesser extent on the breathing rate and work rate of the diver. As some gas is recycled after breathing, the oxygen fraction will always be lower than that of the make-up gas, but can closely approximate the make-up gas after a loop flush, so the gas is generally chosen to be breathable at maximum depth, which allows it to be used for open circuit bailout. The loop gas oxygen fraction will increase with depth, as the mass rate of metabolic oxygen use remains almost constant with a change in depth. This is the opposite tendency of what is done in"}, {"text": "a closed circuit rebreather, where the oxygen partial pressure is controlled to be more or less the same within limits throughout the dive. The fixed ratio system has been used in the DC55 and Halcyon RB80 rebreathers. Passive addition rebreathers with small discharge ratios may become hypoxic near the surface when moderate or low oxygen fraction supply gas is used, making it necessary to switch gases between deep and shallow diving. The depth compensating systems discharge a portion of the diver's tidal volume which varies in inverse proportion to the absolute pressure. At the surface they generally discharge between 20% (1/5) and 33% (1/3) of each breath, but that decreases with depth, to keep the oxygen fraction in the loop approximately constant and reduce gas consumption. A fully depth compensated system will discharge a volume of gas, inversely proportional to pressure, so that the volume discharged at 90m depth (10 bar absolute pressure) will be 10% of the surface discharge. This system will provide an approximately fixed oxygen fraction regardless of depth, when used with the same make-up gas, because the effective mass discharge remains constant. Partially depth compensating systems are part way between the fixed ratio and the depth"}, {"text": "compensating systems. They provide a high discharge ratio near the surface, but the discharge ratio is not fixed either as a proportion of respired volume or mass. Gas oxygen fraction is more difficult to calculate, but will be somewhere between the limiting values for fixed ratio and fully compensated systems. The Halcyon PVR-BASC uses a variable volume inner bellows system to compensate for depth. Active addition semi-closed circuit. An active addition system adds feed gas to the breathing circuit and excess gas is dumped to the environment. These rebreathers tend to operate near maximum volume. Constant mass flow gas addition. The most common system of active addition of make-up gas in semi-closed rebreathers is by use of a constant mass flow injector, also known as choked flow. This is easily achieved by using a sonic orifice, as provided the pressure drop over the orifice is sufficient to ensure sonic flow, the mass flow for a specific gas will be independent of the downstream pressure. The mass flow through a sonic orifice is a function of the upstream pressure and the gas mixture, so the upstream pressure must remain constant for the working depth range of the rebreather to provide a"}, {"text": "reliably predictable mixture in the breathing circuit, and a modified regulator is used which is not affected by changes in ambient pressure. Gas addition is independent of oxygen use, and the gas fraction in the loop is strongly dependent on exertion of the diver \u2013 it is possible to dangerously deplete the oxygen by excessive physical exertion. Demand controlled gas addition. Only one model using this gas mixture control principle has been marketed. This is the Interspiro DCSC. The principle of operation is to add a mass of oxygen that is proportional to the volume of each breath. This approach is based on the assumption that the volumetric breathing rate of a diver is directly proportional to metabolic oxygen consumption, which experimental evidence indicates is close enough to work. The fresh gas addition is made by controlling the pressure in a dosage chamber proportional to the counterlung bellows volume. The dosage chamber is filled with fresh gas to a pressure proportional to bellows volume, with the highest pressure when the bellows is in the empty position. When the bellows fills during exhalation, the gas is released from the dosage chamber into the breathing circuit, proportional to the volume in the"}, {"text": "bellows during exhalation, and is fully released when the bellows is full. Excess gas is dumped to the environment through the overpressure valve after the bellows is full. The result is the addition of a mass of gas proportional to ventilation volume, and the oxygen fraction is stable over the normal range of exertion. The volume of the dosage chamber is matched to a specific supply gas mixture, and is changed when the gas is changed. The DCSC uses two standard mixtures of nitrox: 28% and 46%. Closed circuit rebreathers. Oxygen rebreathers. This is the earliest type of rebreather and was commonly used by navies and for mine rescue from the early twentieth century. Oxygen rebreathers can be remarkably simple designs, and they were invented before open-circuit scuba. They only supply oxygen, so there is no requirement to control the gas mixture other than purging before use and removing the carbon dioxide. Oxygen feed options. In some rebreathers, e.g. the Siebe Gorman Salvus, the oxygen cylinder has two oxygen supply mechanisms in parallel. One is constant flow, and the other is a manual on-off valve called a bypass valve. Both feed into the counterlung. There is no necessity for a"}, {"text": "second stage and the gas can be turned on and off at the cylinder valve. Others, such as the USN Mk25 UBA, are supplied automatically via a demand valve on the counterlung, which will add gas at any time that the counterlung is emptied and the diver continues to inhale. Oxygen can also be added manually by a button which activates the demand valve, equivalent to the purge button on an open-circuit demand valve. Some simple oxygen rebreathers had no automatic supply system, only the manual feed valve, and the diver had to operate the valve at intervals to refill the breathing bag as the volume of oxygen decreased below a comfortable level. This is task loading, but the diver cannot remain unaware of the need to top up. Control of the volume in the loop would also control buoyancy. Closed circuit mixed gas rebreathers. Military, photographic, and recreational divers use closed circuit rebreathers because they allow long dives and produce no bubbles. Closed circuit rebreathers supply two breathing gases to the loop: one is pure oxygen and the other is a diluent or diluting gas such as air, nitrox, heliox or trimix. A major function of the closed circuit"}, {"text": "rebreather is to control the oxygen partial pressure in the loop and to warn the diver if it becomes dangerously low or high. Too low a concentration of oxygen results in hypoxia leading to unconsciousness and ultimately death. Too high a concentration of oxygen results in hyperoxia, leading to oxygen toxicity, a condition causing convulsions which can make the diver lose the mouthpiece when they occur underwater, and can lead to drowning. The monitoring system uses oxygen-sensitive electro-galvanic fuel cells to measure the partial pressure of oxygen in the loop. The partial pressure of oxygen in the loop can generally be controlled within reasonable tolerance of a fixed value. This set point is chosen to provide an acceptable risk of both long-term and acute oxygen toxicity, while minimizing the decompression requirements for the planned dive profile. The gas mixture is controlled by the diver in manually controlled closed circuit rebreathers. The diver can manually control the mixture by adding diluent gas or oxygen. Adding diluent can prevent the loop gas mixture becoming too oxygen rich, and adding oxygen is done to increase oxygen concentration. In fully automatic closed-circuit systems, an electronically controlled solenoid valve injects oxygen into the loop when"}, {"text": "the control system detects that the partial pressure of oxygen in the loop has fallen below the required level. Electronically controlled CCRs can be switched to manual control in the event of some control system failures. Addition of gas to compensate for compression during descent is usually done by an automatic diluent valve. Standard diving dress rebreathers. In 1912 the German firm Dr\u00e4gerwerk of L\u00fcbeck introduced a version of standard diving dress using a gas supply from an oxygen rebreather and no surface supply. The system used a copper diving helmet and standard heavy diving suit with a back-mounted set of cylinders and scrubber. The breathing gas was circulated by using an injector system in the loop powered by the added gas. This was developed further with the \"Modell 1915 \"Bubikopf\"\" helmet and the DM20 oxygen rebreather system for depths up to 20 m, and the DM40 mixed gas rebreather which used an oxygen cylinder and an air cylinder for the gas supply, producing a nitrox mixture, for depths up to 40 m. The US Navy developed a variant of the Mark V system for heliox diving. These were successfully used during the rescue of the crew and salvage of"}, {"text": "the USS Squalus in 1939. The US Navy Mark V Mod 1 heliox mixed gas helmet is based on the standard Mark V Helmet, with a scrubber canister mounted on the back of the helmet and an inlet gas injection system which recirculates the breathing gas through the scrubber to remove carbon dioxide and thereby conserve helium. The helium helmet uses the same breastplate as a standard Mark V except that the locking mechanism is relocated to the front, there is no spitcock, there is an additional electrical connection for heated underwear, and on later versions a two or three-stage exhaust valve was fitted to reduce the risk of flooding the scrubber. The gas supply at the diver was controlled by two valves. The \"Hoke valve\" controlled flow through the injector to the \"aspirator\" which circulated gas from the helmet through the scrubber, and the main control valve used for bailout to open circuit, flushing the helmet, and for extra gas when working hard or descending. Flow rate of the injector nozzle was nominally 0.5 cubic foot per minute at 100 psi above ambient pressure, which would blow 11 times the volume of the injected gas through the scrubber. Both"}, {"text": "these systems were semi-closed and did not monitor partial pressures of oxygen. They both used an injector system to recirculate the breathing gas and did not increase work of breathing. Rebreathers using an absorbent that releases oxygen. There have been a few rebreather designs (e.g. the Oxylite) which had an absorbent canister filled with potassium superoxide, which gives off oxygen as it absorbs carbon dioxide: 4KO2 + 2CO2 = 2K2CO3 + 3O2; it had a very small oxygen cylinder to fill the loop at the start of the dive. This system is dangerous because of the explosively hot reaction that happens if water gets on the potassium superoxide. The Russian IDA71 military and naval rebreather was designed to be run in this mode or as an ordinary rebreather. Tests on the IDA71 at the United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit in Panama City, Florida showed that the IDA71 could give significantly longer dive time with superoxide in one of the canisters than without. This technology may be applied to both oxygen and mixed gas rebreathers, and can be used for diving and other applications. Rebreathers which use liquid oxygen. A liquid oxygen supply can be used for oxygen or mixed"}, {"text": "gas rebreathers. If used underwater, the liquid-oxygen container must be well insulated against heat transfer from the water. Industrial sets of this type may not be suitable for diving, and diving sets of this type may not be suitable for use out of water due to conflicting heat transfer requirements. The set's liquid oxygen tank must be filled immediately before use. Cryogenic rebreather. A cryogenic rebreather removes the carbon dioxide by freezing it out in a \"snow box\" by the low temperature produced as liquid oxygen evaporates to replace the oxygen used. A cryogenic rebreather prototype called the S-1000 was built by Sub-Marine Systems Corporation. It had a duration of 6 hours and a maximum dive depth of . Its ppO2 could be set to anything from without electronics, by controlling the temperature of the liquid oxygen, thus controlling the equilibrium pressure of oxygen gas above the liquid. The diluent could be either nitrogen or helium depending on the depth of the dive. The partial pressure of oxygen was controlled by temperature, which was controlled by controlling the pressure at which liquid nitrogen was allowed to boil, which was controlled by an adjustable pressure relief valve. No control valves other"}, {"text": "than the nitrogen pressure relief valve were required. Low temperature was also used to freeze out up to 230 grams of carbon dioxide per hour from the loop, corresponding to an oxygen consumption of 2 litres per minute as carbon dioxide will freeze out of the gaseous state at -43.3 \u00b0C or below. If oxygen was consumed faster due to a high workload, a regular scrubber was needed. No electronics were needed as everything followed the setting of the nitrogen release pressure from the cooling unit, and the refrigeration by evaporation of liquid nitrogen maintained a steady temperature until the liquid nitrogen was exhausted. The loop gas flow was passed through a counterflow heat exchanger, which re-heated the gas returning to the diver by chilling the gas headed for the snow box (the cryogenic scrubber). The first prototype, the S-600G, was completed and shallow-water tested in October 1967. The S1000 was announced in 1969, but the systems were never marketed. Cryogenic rebreathers were widely used in Soviet oceanography in the period 1980 to 1990. Components and subsystems. User respiratory interface. The diver breathes from the rebreather circuit through a bite-grip mouthpiece or an oro-nasal mask which may be part of"}, {"text": "a full-face mask or diving helmet. The mouthpiece is connected to the rest of the rebreather by flexible breathing hoses. The mouthpiece of a diving rebreather will usually include a shutoff valve, and may incorporate a dive/surface valve or a bailout valve or both. On loop-configured rebreathers, the mouthpiece is usually the place where the non-return valves for the loop are fitted. Dive/surface valve. The dive/surface valve (DSV) is a valve on the mouthpiece which can switch between the loop and ambient surroundings. It is used to close the loop at the surface to allow the diver to breathe atmospheric air, and may also be used underwater to isolate the loop so that it will not flood if the mouthpiece is taken out of the mouth. Bailout valve. A dive/surface valve which can be switched to close the loop and simultaneously open a connection to an open circuit demand valve is known as a bailout valve (BOV), as its function is to switch over to open circuit bailout without having to remove the mouthpiece. An important safety device when carbon dioxide poisoning occurs. Mouthpiece retaining strap. A mouthpiece retaining strap (MRS) is an item of safety equipment which is a"}, {"text": "mandatory design feature for rebreathers sold in the EU and UK, following European rebreather standard EN14143:2013. Mouthpiece retaining straps have been shown in navy experience over several years to be effective at protecting the airway in an unconscious rebreather diver as an alternative to a full-face mask. The arrangement is required to be adjustable or self adjusting, to hold the mouthpiece firmly and comfortably in the user's mouth, and to maintain a seal. The MRS also reduces stress on the jaw during the dive. Breathing hoses. Flexible corrugated synthetic rubber hoses are used to connect the mouthpiece to the rest of the breathing circuit, as these allow free movement of the diver's head. These hoses are corrugated to allow greater flexibility while retaining a high resistance to collapse. The hoses are designed to provide low resistance to flow of the breathing gas. A single breathing hose is used for pendulum (push-pull) configuration, and two hoses for a one-way loop configuration. Hose weights may be used to reduce excessive buoyancy. Counterlungs. The counterlung is a part of the loop which is designed to change in volume by the same amount as the user's tidal volume when breathing. This lets the loop"}, {"text": "expand and contract when the user breathes, letting the total volume of gas in the lungs and the loop remain constant throughout the breathing cycle. The volume of the counterlung should allow for the maximum likely breath volume of a user, but does not generally need to match the vital capacity of all possible users. Underwater, the position of the counterlung \u2013 on the chest, over the shoulders, or on the back \u2013 has an effect on the hydrostatic work of breathing. This is due to the pressure difference between the counterlung and the diver's lung caused by the vertical distance between the two. Recreational, technical and many professional divers will spend most of their time underwater swimming face down and trimmed horizontally. Counterlungs should function well with low work of breathing in this position, and with the diver upright. The design of the counterlungs can also affect the swimming diver's streamlining due to location and shape of the counterlungs, if they are not in a casing. A rebreather which uses rubber counterlungs which are not in an enclosed casing should be sheltered from sunlight when not in use, to prevent the rubber from perishing due to ultraviolet light. Concentric"}, {"text": "bellows counterlungs. Most passive addition semi-closed diving rebreathers control the gas mixture by removing a fixed volumetric proportion of the exhaled gas, and replacing it with fresh feed gas from a demand valve, which is triggered by low volume of the counterlung. This is done by using concentric bellows counterlungs \u2013 the counterlung is configured as a bellows with a rigid top and bottom, and has a flexible corrugated membrane forming the side walls. There is a second, smaller bellows inside, also connected to the rigid top and bottom surfaces of the counterlung, so that as the rigid surfaces move towards and away from each other, the volumes of the inner and outer bellows change in the same proportion. The exhaled gas expands the counterlungs, and some of it flows into the inner bellows. On inhalation, the diver only breathes from the outer counterlung \u2013 return flow from the inner bellows is blocked by a non-return valve. The inner bellows also connects to another non-return valve opening to the outside environment, and thus the gas from the inner bellows is dumped from the circuit in a fixed proportion of the volume of the inhaled breath. If the counterlung volume is"}, {"text": "reduced sufficiently for the rigid cover to activate the feed gas demand valve, gas will be added until the diver finishes that inhalation. Carbon dioxide scrubber. The exhaled gases are directed through the chemical scrubber, a canister full of a suitable carbon dioxide absorbent such as a form of soda lime, which removes the carbon dioxide from the gas mixture and leaves the oxygen and other gases available for re-breathing. Some of the absorbent chemicals are produced in granular format for diving applications, such as Atrasorb Dive, Sofnolime, Dragersorb, or Sodasorb. Other systems use a prepackaged Reactive Plastic Curtain (RPC) based cartridge: The term Reactive Plastic Curtain was originally used to describe Micropore's absorbent curtains for emergency submarine use by the US Navy, and more recently RPC has been used to refer to their Reactive Plastic Cartridges, which are claimed to provide better and more reliable performance than the same volume of granular absorbent material. The carbon dioxide passing through the scrubber absorbent is removed when it reacts with the absorbent in the canister; this chemical reaction is exothermic. Most of this reaction occurs along a \"front\" which is a region across the flow of gas through the soda-lime in"}, {"text": "the canister. This front moves through the scrubber canister, from the gas input end to the gas output end, as the reaction consumes the active ingredients. This front would be a zone with a thickness depending on the grain size, reactivity, and gas flow velocity because the carbon dioxide in the gas going through the canister needs time to reach the surface of a grain of absorbent, and then time to penetrate to the interior of each grain of absorbent as the outside of the grain becomes exhausted. Eventually gas with remaining carbon dioxide will reach the far end of the canister and \"breakthrough\" will occur. After this the carbon dioxide content of the scrubbed gas will tend to rise as the effectiveness of the scrubber falls until it becomes noticeable to the user, then unbreathable. In rebreather diving, the typical effective endurance of the scrubber will be half an hour to several hours of breathing, depending on the grain size distribution and composition of the absorbent, the ambient temperature, the size of the canister, the dwell time of the gas in the absorbent material, and the production of carbon dioxide by the diver. Scrubber design and size. Scrubber design"}, {"text": "and size is a compromise between bulk, cost of consumables, and work of breathing. Bulk affects the size of the unit and the amount of ballast weight needed, which affect the logistics of the dive. Work of breathing can be safety critical at greater depths, where it can become a significant part of the available aerobic work capacity of the diver, and can be overwhelming when it exceeds the diver's limit. Single or multiple scrubbers. The usual arrangement is a single scrubber, but configurations with two scrubbers have been used, such as the IDA71, which has the scrubbers mounted in parallel (for some applications one of them may be filled with a superoxide type absorbent, which generates oxygen to replace the carbon dioxide) and the KISS Sidewinder, which has the scrubbers in series, with a single back mounted counterlung between the scrubbers so that transverse buoyancy shifts do not occur during the breathing cycle. Axial or radial flow. The scrubber gas flow path may be axial, where the gas flows in at one end and out at the other, or radial, where the gas flows from the centre of the scrubber to the periphery (usually) or vice versa. The flow"}, {"text": "path should be of consistent length to minimise early breakthrough of some parts of the scrubber, which constrains radial designs to circular cylinders of variable length to diameter ratio, and axial scrubbers to approximately constant sectional shape along the flow (length) axis. Grain size and size distribution. The distribution of grain sizes of the sorb affects the porosity of the packed canister. a wider distribution of grain size gives a low porosity. Porosity ranges from about 32% for uniformly sized (well sorted) approximately spherical grains down to less than 12% for a poorly sorted grain sizes with a large standard deviation, where the smaller granules occupy much of the space between the larger granules. A low porosity requires higher flow velocity for the same volume flow rate in the same scrubber canister. High flow rate produces high frictional resistance and low residence time (dwell time). The high resistance causes high work of breathing, and the low residence time makes breakthrough of carbon dioxide from the far side of the sorb occur sooner, i.e; shorter canister duration. Effect of temperature on scrubber endurance. The scrubber absorbent (sorb) reaction rate is reduced at lower temperatures due to lower kinetic energy of gas"}, {"text": "molecules reducing the mean time before contact with the reactive material (Arrhenius equation). The sorb reaction releases heat, and cold water surroundings absorb heat through the canister walls, so the reaction front moves from the inlet end to outlet end, heating the sorb, and the heat is lost through the walls, which are around the sides in axial flow canisters. Carbon dioxide gets further through the colder parts of the sorb before it is absorbed, so tends to break through along the walls first. Breakthrough occurs in practice at about 50% of the theoretical canister endurance in 1.7\u00b0C water. This effect can be reduced by insulating the canister walls where they are in contact with absorbent material Gas venting \u2013 Overpressure valve and diffuser. During ascent the gas in the breathing circuit will expand, and must have some way of escape before the pressure difference causes injury to the diver or damage to the loop. The simplest way to do this is for the diver to allow excess gas to escape around the mouthpiece or through the nose, but a simple overpressure valve is reliable and can be adjusted to control the permitted overpressure. The overpressure valve is typically mounted"}, {"text": "on the counterlung and in military diving rebreathers it may be fitted with a diffuser, which helps to conceal the diver's presence by masking the release of bubbles, by breaking them up to sizes which are less easily detected. A diffuser also reduces bubble noise. Loop drainage. Many rebreathers have \"water traps\" in the counterlungs or scrubber casing, to stop large volumes of water from entering the scrubber media if the diver removes the mouthpiece underwater without closing the valve, or if the diver's lips get slack and let water leak in. Some rebreathers have manual pumps to remove water from the water traps, and a few of the passive addition SCRs automatically pump water out along with the gas during the exhaust stroke of the bellows counterlung. Others use internal pressure to expel water through the manually overridden dump valve when it is in a low position. Gas sources. A rebreather must have a source of oxygen to replenish that which is consumed by the diver. Depending on the rebreather design variant, the oxygen source will either be pure oxygen or a breathing gas mixture, which is almost always stored in a gas cylinder. In a few cases oxygen"}, {"text": "is supplied as liquid oxygen or from a chemical reaction. Diluent gas. Pure oxygen is not considered to be safe for recreational diving deeper than 6 meters, so closed circuit rebreathers for deeper use also have a cylinder of diluent gas. This diluent cylinder may be filled with compressed air or another diving gas mix such as nitrox, trimix, or heliox. The diluent reduces the percentage of oxygen breathed and increases the maximum operating depth of the rebreather. The diluent is not normally an oxygen-free gas, such as pure nitrogen or helium, and is breathable so it may be used in an emergency either to flush the loop with breathable gas of a known composition or as a bailout gas. Diluent gas is commonly referred to as diluent, dilutant, or just \"dil\" by divers. Diluent gas composition also affects gas density, and thereby the work of breathing at depth. Gas addition valves. Gas must be added to the breathing loop if the volume gets too small or if it is necessary to change the gas composition. Automatic diluent valve (ADV). This has a similar function to an open circuit demand valve., and in many cases uses the mechanism from a"}, {"text": "commonly available open circuit demand valve. It adds gas to the circuit if the volume in the circuit is too low. The mechanism is either operated by a dedicated diaphragm like in a scuba second stage, or may be operated by the top of a bellows type counterlung reaching the bottom of its travel. Manual addition. Closed circuit rebreathers usually allow the diver to add gas manually. In oxygen rebreathers this is just oxygen, but mixed gas rebreathers usually have a separate manual addition valve for oxygen and diluent, as either might be required to correct the composition of the , either as the standard operating method for manually controlled CCRs, or as a backup system on electronically controlled CCRs. The manual diluent addition is sometimes by a purge button on the ADV. Constant mass flow. Constant mass flow gas addition is used on active addition semi-closed rebreathers, where it is the normal method of addition at constant depth, and in many closed circuit rebreathers, where it is the primary method of oxygen addition, at a rate less than metabolically required by the diver at rest, and the rest is made up by the control system through a solenoid valve,"}, {"text": "or manually by the diver. Constant mass flow is achieved by sonic flow through an orifice. The flow of a compressible fluid through an orifice is limited to the flow at sonic velocity in the orifice. This can be controlled by the upstream pressure and the orifice size and shape, but once the flow reached the speed of sound in the orifice, any further reduction of downstream pressure has no influence on the flow rate. This requires a gas source at a fixed pressure, and it only works at depths which have a low enough ambient pressure to provide sonic flow in the orifice. Regulators which have their control components isolated from the ambient pressure are used to supply gas at a pressure independent of the depth. Passive addition. In passive addition semi-closed rebreathers, gas is usually added by a demand type valve actuated by the bellows counterlung when the bellows is empty. This is the same actuation condition as the automatic diluent valve of any rebreather, but the actual trigger mechanism is slightly different. A passive addition rebreather of this type does not need a separate ADV as the passive addition valve already serves this function, though for engineering"}, {"text": "redundancy two such demand valves may be fitted, which operate simultaneously. Electronically controlled (solenoid valves). Electronically controlled closed circuit mixed gas rebreathers may have part of the oxygen feed provided by a constant mass flow orifice, but the fine control of partial pressure is done by solenoid operated valves actuated by the control circuits. Timed opening of the solenoid valve will be triggered when the oxygen partial pressure in the loop mix drops below the lower set-point. If the constant mass flow orifice is compromised and does not deliver the correct flow, the control circuit will compensate by firing the solenoid valve more often. Off-board gas. On some technical diving rebreathers it is possible to connect an alternative gas supply into the rebreather, usually using a wet quick-connect system. This is usually a feature of bailout rebreathers and other side-mounted rebreathers, where the rebreather unit is intentionally kept as compact as possible, and the gas supply may be slung on the other side of the diver for convenience and balance. This facility also allows all of the gas carried by a diver to be potentially supplied via a rebreather. Bailout gas. Bailout gas and bailout procedure are closely linked. The"}, {"text": "procedure must be appropriate for the gas supply configuration. Initial bailout to open circuit is often the first step, even when a bailout rebreather is carried, as it is simple and robust, and some time is needed to get the bailout rebreather ready for use. Bailout gas supply must be sufficient for safe return to the surface from any point in the planned dive, including any required decompression, so it is not unusual for two bailout cylinders to be carried, and the diluent cylinder to be used as the first bailout to get to a depth where the other gas can be used. On a deep dive, or a long penetration, open circuit bailout can easily be heavier and more bulky than the rebreather, and for some dives a bailout rebreather is a more practical option. Control of the breathing gas mix. The fundamental requirements for the control of the gas mixture in the breathing circuit for any rebreather application are that the carbon dioxide is removed, and kept at a tolerable level, and that the partial pressure of oxygen is kept within safe limits. For rebreathers which are used at normobaric or hypobaric pressures, this only requires that there"}, {"text": "is sufficient oxygen, which is easily achieved in an oxygen rebreather. Hyperbaric applications, as in diving, also require that the maximum partial pressure of oxygen is limited, to avoid oxygen toxicity, which is technically a more complex process, and may require dilution of the oxygen with metabolically inert gas. If not enough oxygen is added, the concentration of oxygen in the loop may be too low to support life. In humans, the urge to breathe is normally caused by a build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood, rather than lack of oxygen. Hypoxia can cause blackout with little or no warning, followed by death. The method used for controlling the range of oxygen partial pressure in the breathing loop depends on the type of rebreather. *the type of gas addition system and its setting, combined with the gas mixture in use, which control the rate of oxygen added. *work rate, and therefore the oxygen consumption rate, which controls the rate of oxygen depletion, and therefore the resulting oxygen fraction. *ambient pressure, as partial pressure varies in proportion to ambient pressure and oxygen fraction. The volume in the loop is usually controlled by a pressure or volume triggered automatic diluent valve,"}, {"text": "and an overpressure relief valve. The automatic diluent valve works on the same principle as a demand valve to add diluent when the pressure in the loop is reduced below ambient pressure, such as during descent or if gas is lost from the loop. The set may also have a manual addition valve, sometimes called a bypass. In some early oxygen rebreathers the user had to manually open and close the valve to the oxygen cylinder to refill the counterlung each time the volume got low. Instrumentation and displays. Instrumentation may vary from the minimal depth, time and remaining gas pressure necessary for a closed circuit oxygen rebreather or semi-closed nitrox rebreather to redundant electronic controllers with multiple oxygen sensors, redundant integrated decompression computers, carbon dioxide monitoring sensors and a head-up display of warning and alarm lights with a sound and vibration alarm. Alarms for malfunctions. Alarms may be provided for a few malfunctions. The alarms are electronically controlled and may rely on input from a sensor and processing by the control circuitry. These may include: Alarm displays: If a rebreather alarm goes off there is a high probability that the gas mixture is deviating from the set mixture. There"}, {"text": "is a high risk that the gas in the rebreather loop will soon be unsuitable to support consciousness. A good general response is to add diluent gas to the loop as this is known to be breathable. This will also reduce carbon dioxide concentration if that is high. Work of breathing. Work of breathing is the effort required to breathe. Part of the work of breathing is due to inherent physiological factors, part is due to the mechanics of the external breathing apparatus, and part is due to the characteristics of the breathing gas. A high work of breathing may result in carbon dioxide buildup in the diver, and reduces the diver's ability to produce useful physical effort. In extreme cases work of breathing may exceed the aerobic work capacity of the diver, with fatal consequences. Work of breathing of a rebreather has two main components: Resistive work of breathing is due to the flow restriction of the gas passages causing resistance to flow of the breathing gas, and exists in all applications where there is no externally powered ventilation. Hydrostatic work of breathing is only applicable to diving applications, and is due to difference in pressure between the lungs"}, {"text": "of the diver and the counterlungs of the rebreather. This pressure difference is generally due to a difference in hydrostatic pressure caused by a difference in depth between lung and counterlung, but can be modified by ballasting the moving side of a bellows counterlung. Resistive work of breathing is the sum of all the restrictions to flow due to bends, corrugations, changes of flow direction, valve cracking pressures, flow through scrubber media, etc., and the resistance to flow of the gas, due to inertia and viscosity, which are influenced by density, which is a function of molecular weight and pressure. Rebreather design can limit the mechanical aspects of flow resistance, particularly by the design of the scrubber, counterlungs and breathing hoses. Diving rebreathers are influenced by the variations of work of breathing due to gas mixture choice and depth. Helium content reduces work of breathing, and increased depth increases work of breathing. Work of breathing can also be increased by excessive wetness of the scrubber media, usually a consequence of a leak in the breathing loop, or by using a grain size of absorbent that is too small. The semi-closed rebreather systems developed by Dr\u00e4gerwerk in the early 20th century"}, {"text": "as a scuba gas supply for Standard diving dress, using oxygen or nitrox, and the US Navy Mark V Heliox helmet developed in the 1930s for deep diving, circulated the breathing gas through the helmet and scrubber by using an injector system where the added gas entrained the loop gas and produced a stream of scrubbed gas past the diver inside the helmet, which eliminated external dead space and resistive work of breathing, but was not suitable for high breathing rates. Safety. There are safety issues specific to rebreather equipment, and these tend to be more severe in diving rebreathers. Methods of addressing these issues can be categorised as engineering and operational approaches. Development of engineering solutions to these issues is ongoing and has been relatively rapid, but depends on the affordable availability of suitable technology, and some of the engineering problems, such as reliability of oxygen partial pressure measurement, have been relatively intractable. Other problems, such as scrubber breakthrough monitoring and automated control of gas mixture have advanced considerably in the 21st century, but remain relatively expensive. Work of breathing is another issue that has room for improvement, and is a severe limitation on acceptable maximum depth of operation,"}, {"text": "as the circulation of gas through the scrubber is almost always powered by the lungs of the diver. Fault tolerant design can help with making failures survivable. Hazards. Some of the hazards are due to the way the equipment works, while others are related to the environment in which the equipment is used. Hypoxia. Hypoxia can occur in any rebreather which contains enough inert gas to allow breathing without triggering automatic gas addition. In an oxygen rebreather this can occur if the loop is not sufficiently purged at the start of use. Purging should be done while breathing off the unit so that the inert gas from the user's lungs is also removed from the system. Hyperoxia. A dangerously high partial pressure of oxygen can occur in the breathing loop for several reasons: Carbon dioxide buildup. Carbon dioxide buildup will occur if the scrubber medium is absent, badly packed, inadequate or exhausted. The normal human body is fairly sensitive to carbon dioxide partial pressure, and a buildup will be noticed by the user. However, there is not often much that can be done to rectify the problem except changing to another breathing gas supply until the scrubber can be repacked."}, {"text": "Continued use of a rebreather with an ineffective scrubber is not possible for very long, as the levels will become toxic and the user will experience extreme respiratory distress, followed by loss of consciousness and death. The rate at which these problems develop depends on the volume of the circuit and the metabolic rate of the user. Excessive work of breathing. Carbon dioxide buildup can also occur when a combination of exertion and work of breathing exceeds the capacity of the user. If this occurs where the user cannot reduce exertion sufficiently, it may be impossible to correct. In this case it is not the scrubber that fails to remove carbon dioxide, but the inability of the diver to circulate gas efficiently through the scrubber against the frictional resistance of the circuit causing the problem. This is more likely to occur with diving rebreathers at depths where the density of the breathing gas is severely elevated, or when water in the scrubber obstructs gas flow. Fire hazards of high concentration of oxygen. High partial pressures of oxygen greatly increase fire hazard, and many materials which are self-extinguishing in atmospheric air will burn continuously in a high oxygen concentration. This is"}, {"text": "more of a risk for terrestrial applications such as rescue and firefighting than for diving, where the ignition risk is relatively low. Caustic cocktail. Loop flooding that reaches the scrubber can cause a \"caustic cocktail\" when the alkaline components of carbon dioxide absorbent materials are mixed with the water. This mixture is caustic and can cause chemical burns to the mucosa and skin. The mixture is generally a liquid or watery slurry with a chalky and bitter taste, which should prompt the diver to switch to an alternative source of breathing gas and immediately rinse their mouth out well with water. Some modern diving rebreather absorbents are designed not to produce \"caustic cocktail\" if they get wet. Failure modes. Diving rebreathers are susceptible to some failure modes which cannot occur in other breathing apparatus. Scrubber failure. The term \"breakthrough\" means the failure of the scrubber to continue removing sufficient carbon dioxide from the gas circulating in the loop. This will inevitably happen if the scrubber is used too long, but can happen prematurely in some circumstances. There are several ways that the scrubber may fail or become less efficient: Flooding of the loop. Flooding of the breathing loop can occur"}, {"text": "due to a leak at a low point in the loop where internal gas pressure is less than the external water pressure. One of the more common ways this can happen is if the mouthpiece is dislodged or removed from the diver's mouth without first closing the dive/surface valve or switching to bailout. This can happen due to accidental impact or through momentary inattention. Depending on the layout of the loop and the attitude of the rebreather in the water, the amount of water ingress can vary, as can the distance it travels into the air passages of the breathing loop. In some models of rebreather a moderate amount of water will be trapped at a low point in a counterlung or the scrubber housing, and prevented from reaching the absorbent in the scrubber. Some rebreathers have a system to expel water trapped in this way, either automatically through the vent valve, such as in the Halcyon RB80 and the Interspiro DCSC, or manually by using a small pump. Gas leakage. There are several places on a rebreather where gas leakage can cause problems. Leakage can occur from the high and intermediate pressure components, and from the loop, at pressure"}, {"text": "slightly above ambient. The effects on system integrity depend on severity of the leak. If only small volumes of gas are lost the leak may be tolerable for the rest of the dive, but a leak may become more severe, depending on the cause, and may in some cases deteriorate catastrophically. Oxygen monitoring failure. Oxygen monitoring failure can lead to incorrect partial pressure of oxygen in the breathing gas. The consequences can include hypoxia, hyperoxia, and incorrect decompression information, all three of which are potentially life-threatening. Scrubber monitoring. The methods available for monitoring the condition of the scrubber and predicting and identifying imminent breakthrough include: Fault tolerant design. Fault tolerance is the property that enables a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of some of its components. If its operating quality decreases at all, the decrease is proportional to the severity of the failure, as compared to a naively designed system, in which even a small failure can cause total breakdown. Fault tolerance is particularly important in high availability or safety-critical systems. The ability to maintain functionality when portions of a system break down is referred to as graceful degradation. The basic closed circuit oxygen"}, {"text": "rebreather is a very simple and mechanically reliable device, but it has severe operational limitations due to oxygen toxicity. The approaches to safely extending the depth range necessitate a variable breathing gas mixture. Semi-closed rebreathers tend to be inefficient for decompression, and not entirely predictable for gas composition in comparison with a precisely controlled closed circuit rebreather. Monitoring the gas composition in the breathing loop can only be done by electrical sensors, bringing the underwater reliability of the electronic sensing system into the safety critical component category. There are no formal statistics on underwater electronics failure rates, but it is likely that human error is more frequent than the error rate of electronic dive computers, which are the basic component of rebreather control electronics, which process information from multiple sources and have an algorithm for controlling the oxygen injection solenoid. The sealed dive computer package has been around for long enough for the better quality models to have become reliable and robust in design and construction. An electronically controlled rebreather is a complex system. The control unit receives input from several sensors, evaluates the data, calculates the appropriate next action or actions, updates the system status and displays, and performs"}, {"text": "the actions, in some cases using real-time feedback to adapt the control signal. The inputs include signals from one or more of pressure, oxygen and temperature sensors, a clock, and possibly helium and carbon dioxide sensors. There is also a battery power source, and a user interface in the form of a visual display, user input interface in the form of button switches, and possibly audio and vibratory alarms. In a minimal eCCR the system is very vulnerable. A single critical fault can necessitate manual procedures for fault recovery or the need to bail out to an alternative breathing gas supply. Some faults may have fatal consequences if not noticed and managed very quickly. Critical failures include power supply, non-redundant oxygen sensor, solenoid valves or control unit. The purely mechanical components are relatively robust and reliable and tend to degrade non-catastrophically, and are bulky and heavy, so the electronic sensors and control systems have been the components where improved fault tolerance has generally been sought. Oxygen cell failures have been a particular problem, with predictably serious consequences, so the use of multiple redundancy in oxygen partial pressure monitoring has been an important area of development for improving reliability. A problem"}, {"text": "in this regard is the cost and relatively short lifespan of oxygen sensors, along with their relatively unpredictable time to failure, and sensitivity to the environment. To automatically detect and identify oxygen sensor malfunction, either the sensors must be calibrated with a known gas, which is very inconvenient at most times during a dive, but is possible as an occasional test when a fault is suspected, or several cells can be compared and the assumption made that cells with near identical output are functioning correctly. This voting logic requires a minimum of three cells, and reliability increases with number. To combine cell redundancy with monitoring circuit, control circuit and display redundancy, the cell signals should all be available to all monitoring and control circuits in normal conditions. This can be done by sharing signals at the analog or digital stage \u2013 the cell output voltage can be supplied to the input of all monitoring units, or the voltages of some cells can be supplied to each monitor, and the processed digital signals shared. The sharing of digital signals may allow easier isolation of defective components if short circuits occur. The minimum number of cells in this architecture is two per"}, {"text": "monitoring unit, with two monitoring units for redundancy, which is more than the minimum three for basic voting logic capability. The three aspects of a fault tolerant rebreather are hardware redundancy, robust software and a fault detection system. The software is complex and comprises several modules with their own tasks, such as oxygen partial pressure measurement, ambient pressure measurement, Oxygen injection control, decompression status calculation and the user interface of status and information display and user inputs. It is possible to separate the user interface hardware from the control and monitoring unit, in a way that allows the control system to continue to operate if the relatively vulnerable user interface is compromised. Characteristics that would improve safety include: Manufacturing and operation standards. Diving rebreathers must comply with to be legally manufactured of marketed in the European Union. European Standard EN 14143 specifies performance requirements intended to ensure safe operation of a diving rebreather. Maximum depths are specified at 6m for oxygen rebreathers, 40m for nitrox rebreathers and 100m for rebreathers using helium based breathing gases. Water temperature range is from 4\u00b0C to 34\u00b0C unless the manufacturer specifies a wider range. Diving rebreathers fall under the European Personal Protective Equipment Directive,"}, {"text": "which requires certification of product quality assurance and tested product performance by a neutral accredited third party. This is a costly and time consuming process, which can inhibit innovation, but is also recognised as an important influence on product safety and manufacturer liability limitation. Operation. Rebreathers are more complex to use than open circuit scuba, and have more potential points of failure, so acceptably safe use requires a greater level of skill, attention and situational awareness, which is usually derived from understanding the systems, diligent maintenance and overlearning the practical skills of operation and fault recovery. Fault tolerant design can make a rebreather less likely to fail in a way that immediately endangers the user, and reduces the task loading on the diver which in turn may lower the risk of operator error. Technological innovations. Rebreather technology has advanced considerably, often driven by the growing market in recreational diving equipment, particularly in underwater cave exploration. Innovations include: Active and passive oxygen sensor validation. Accurate and reliable oxygen partial pressure measurement is one of the most problematic factors in rebreather diving safety. Control systems using this data have developed to the extent that they are robust and reliable, and the use"}, {"text": "of an independent backup improves the reliability to about as good as for any other component. The weakest point is the sensors, which are prone to several modes of failure, some of which are relatively insidious as the cell may pass a normobaric calibration and fail when the partial pressure is near the high end of the acceptable working range, which is also the range in which constant partial pressure diving has the maximum benefit. When it has been possible to infer the cause, the leading cause of rebreather fatalities is hypoxia, at approximately 17%, with hyperoxia assumed in an additional 4% of cases. If these trends extend into the range of indeterminate cases, it is possible that inappropriate oxygen content is involved in 30% of rebreather fatalities. The standard method for improving reliability of oxygen monitoring has been multiple redundancy \u2013 the use of 3 or more sensors \u2013 and using the multiple data inputs with a voting logic system to try to identify failure of a sensor in time to make a controlled and safe termination of the dive. Voting logic normally assumes that if one sensor produces a reading significantly differing from two or more others when"}, {"text": "exposed to the same environment, the outlier is faulty, and the input of the others is assumed accurate. Unfortunately this is not always the case, and there have been cases where the outlier sensor was most correct. It has been shown that the reliability of this system is lower than originally expected due to a lack of sufficient statistical independence of the three sensors, and that outcomes are not symmetrical \u2013 the effects of faulty low or high partial pressure readings are also depth dependent. If a sensor gives relatively static output with little response to variations in depth and temperature, and changes in gas composition due to use, gas addition, incomplete mixing or loop turbulence, it is likely that the sensor may not be responding correctly, and when two sensors follow a similar pattern of response this is a warning that both may be defective. Algorithms that track sensor output against expected output taking known changes into account can indicate reliability of the sensors. This method of monitoring sensors is known as passive sensor validation (PSV), can be used to improve reliability of sensor integrity assessment, and can be used in the control system to make more reliable decisions"}, {"text": "on which sensors are most likely to be giving trustworthy output in comparison with voting logic based only on calibration values for the sensors. PSV is an improvement on simple voting logic but is still susceptible to errors related to statistical independence of components. Early work on design of an automatic sensor validation system, in which the rebreather control system would periodically inject gas of known composition onto the oxygen sensors during the dive and use the output to determine the viability of the sensor response with greater precision and accuracy than a human diver, was started in 2002, and further developed to be used on the Poseidon/Cis-Lunar MK-VI rebreather. This \"Active Sensor Validation\" (ASV) system has been refined over thousands of hours of field test diving in varied conditions The ASV system has become more sophisticated than the manual implementation in the Cis-Lunar MK-5P. It involves more than comparing the measured PO2 value from the sensor with the calculated PO2 of the diluent at the current depth. In the implementation in the Poseidon rebreathers the computer automatically injects either diluent or oxygen directly onto a single primary oxygen sensor every five minutes during a dive. The algorithm takes into"}, {"text": "account current depth, FO2 of the injected gas, ambient temperature, duration of gas injection, and calibration values for the sensor for that dive to predict how the sensor should respond over the next few seconds after each gas injection, and compares that with the measured results to produce a confidence level for correct sensor performance. This type of sensor validation test can identify several modes of failure by the ways the measured values deviate from expected values with variations of calculated partial pressure of the test gas, and is capable of detecting failures due to incorrect temperature readings, incorrect input of the FO2 of the diluent condensation on the oxygen sensor, a defective oxygen sensor, validation gas supply failure and other reasons that would not be detected by voting logic. Hyperoxic linearity test. The oxygen sensors for most rebreathers are calibrated at the surface before the dive using air or 100% oxygen at normal atmospheric pressure. These are reliable calibration points but the range of operational partial pressures may extend beyond these calibration points, and if the sensors are calibrated for a linear response between these conditions and the response is extrapolated, for set points above 1 bar, which is"}, {"text": "standard practice, the control system must operate outside of the range for which response is known to be linear. One of the most common modes of failure is for a cell to become current-limited as it ages. The internal impedance changes as the anode is consumed by the reaction which produces the output current, and the response becomes non-linear at higher oxygen partial pressures. The signal may indicate a lower partial pressure and does not increase proportionately as oxygen is added, leading to a loop oxygen partial pressure that may increase to dangerous levels without warning. A way of validating the sensors at high partial pressures is to expose the sensor to higher PO2 than the upper set point by exposing it to pure oxygen at a depth of 6 m, for a PO2 of 1.6 bar during the dive, or at 1.6 bar or more in a calibration pressure pot. Both these methods are cumbersome and the in-water method may cause spiking of the PO2 during descent. A variation of the ASV system using oxygen, called a hyperoxic linearity test (HLT), uses oxygen as the flushing gas at 6 m, which can check that the sensor is linear to"}, {"text": "1.6 bar PO2, and if it fails, the set point can be automatically reduced to within the linear range established during calibration. A single sensor with PSV and ASV has been shown to be more reliable than three sensors with conventional voting logic. The effectiveness of cell validation algorithms is expected to improve with the acquisition of more field data gathered by the rebreather control systems. Carbon dioxide monitoring. Hypercapnia has been identified as one of the most prevalent factors in rebreather diving fatalities. This is generally a consequence of scrubber failure to remove carbon dioxide as fast as it is produced, which may be caused by any one or a combination of spent, wet, or inadequately packed, absorbent material, incorrectly designed or assembled canisters, mismatch of absorbent and canister design, or absorbent used beyond its operational range. Higher carbon dioxide partial pressure in the loop leads to higher levels of carbon dioxide in the blood and tissue, which can have a range of symptoms including respiratory distress, increased susceptibility to CNS oxygen toxicity, disorientation, and loss of consciousness. Most rebreather designs have relied on very conservative time-based limits for absorbent duration based on experimental testing, using cold conditions and"}, {"text": "high workloads and high depth pressures. The usually unnecessarily high conservatism encourages divers to stretch the absorbent duration, which works well enough until it doesn't, often without warning, which can have serious consequences. A more sophisticated method is to base absorbent duration limits on metabolic oxygen consumption, as a proxy for metabolic carbon dioxide production, which is reasonably stable for most people most of the time, and can compensate fairly well for variations in exertion and base metabolism, but does not compensate reliably for depth and pressure effects on absorbent function. A more direct and empirical approach is to take advantage of the production of heat and rise in temperature of the active zone of the absorbent in the scrubber. More carbon dioxide is absorbed by the first zone of relatively unused absorbent that it reaches as the breathing gas passes through the scrubber, and this relatively active zone progresses through the canister as the zone first reached by the gas is exhausted, and more reaction occurs further along. This reaction front is at a higher temperature than the spent absorbent, and the absorbent not yet exposed to high carbon dioxide levels, and the front progresses along the scrubber until"}, {"text": "part of it reaches the end of the absorbent, and unscrubbed gas breaks through to the other side of the loop, after which there is a fairly constant and irreversible increase in inspired carbon dioxide. Some rebreather manufacturers have developed linear temperature probes which identify the position of the reactive front, allowing the user to estimate the remaining duration of the canister. None of these methods can detect canister bypass and they have little ability to identify completely spent absorbent, channeling, badly packed, or inappropriate absorbent material, but this can be done by a direct measurement of carbon dioxide partial pressure in the inhalation side of the loop. Research and development of carbon dioxide sensors goes back at least as far as the early 1990s when Teledyne Analytical Instruments and Cis-Lunar Development Laboratories worked on a sensor for the Cis-Lunar MK-III rebreather, which was accurate in laboratory conditions but in the field susceptible to high humidity and condensation causing unreliable readings, which was a recurring problem with real-time carbon dioxide measurement. High pressures also caused problems for depth compensation. In 2009 VR Technologies released a commercial CO2 sensor using hydrophobic membranes to keep the sensors dry without excessively reducing gas"}, {"text": "flow to the sensors. Since then other manufacturers have introduced their products to the market but they have not gained widespread use. They are relatively expensive, give unreliable readings in some circumstances, can only detect failure of the scrubber, and do not predict remaining duration. A combination of temperature measurement and post scrubber CO2 measurement can give both prediction and failure warning, for increased cost and complexity. Placement of the sensor in the loop can affect sensitivity to actual CO2 content of inspired gas. Measuring gas in the mouthpiece has problems due to dead space, and mounting in the inhalation hose near the mouthpiece makes the sensor sensitive to small leaks in the inhalation check valve, while also able to detect high CO2 due to major check valve leaks which would cause a big increase in dead space, which would not be detected if the sensor is further upstream in the loop. Furthermore, increased levels of CO2 in inspired gas is only one cause of hypercapnia. It is also affected by work of breathing, diver fitness, respiratory ventilation patterns, and other behavioural, physiological, and mechanical factors. A better option would be to measure both inhaled and exhaled CO2 levels, and"}, {"text": "this would require sensors that are fast and reliable in wet conditions, and reasonably inexpensive Automated pre-dive checklists. Following the strong endorsement by Rebreather Forum 3 of the use of written checklists to improve safety, Cis-Lunar Development Laboratories programmed an electronic pre-dive checklist into their MK-5P rebreather operating system, as a way to prevent the user from neglecting to carry out the recommended checks before use. This was considered successful and implemented on later generations in the Poseidon MK-VI and SE7EN rebreathers, and developed to include robust internal diagnostics for the core electronic components and software, and automatic calibration of the oxygen sensor cells at normobaric pressures. Failure to complete the full checklist results in a range of alarms if the user attempts to dive with the unit. While not entirely foolproof \u2013 Oxygen cells are not calibrated at hyperbaric working pressures \u2013 a number of safety critical errors will be picked up and the diver made aware of them. The software also logs the steps and data from the pre-dive check and this has been valuable for accident analysis. The pre-dive checks also take less time and require no paper or user logging effort. This system has been shown"}, {"text": "to reduce risk and has been adopted by several manufacturers. Head-up displays. The user interface of the rebreather control system is where information is exchanged between the diver and the electronic control system, and is an area with several possibilities for errors, both of user input and data interpretation, some of which could have serious or fatal consequences. The intrinsically higher risk of mechanical failure due to high complexity can be compensated by engineering redundancy, both of the control system and bailout gas supply, and appropriate training. The design of the human\u2013machine interface (HMI) can be improved to reduce the risk of misunderstanding and error, and training can focus on correct interpretation of the information and appropriate response. The HMI usually has two main components, displays and alarms, and many of the alarms are associated with specific visual information. A challenge of designing effective alarms is to ensure that the diver is not distracted by irrelevant information and that they are not triggered too easily, which habituates the diver to paying less attention, and while possibly fulfilling legal requirements regarding warnings and alarms, may make the equipment functionally less safe to use. One strategy to avoid this problem is to"}, {"text": "target different senses \u2013 auditory, visual and tactile \u2013 sometimes based on a vibratory output to the mouthpiece. An effective display ensures that the user gets the information they need when they need it, and the information they want when they want it, in a form that is immediately recognised and unambiguously understood. When too much information is presented at a time of stress, the user may be confused or unable to distinguish the useful information in time to use it effectively. At other times more detailed information may be useful or necessary to make a correct decision. Multiple displays, or multiple views on the same display can help with this. A trend in rebreather displays that is predicted to become more widespread, is the use of advanced head-up displays, which can provide a wider range of information by using an array of coloured lights or more complex graphical or alphanumeric displays that remain peripherally visible to the diver at all times, and only require eye movement to become fully readable. Closed circuit bailout. A major logistical problem for long and deep rebreather dives is the volume of bailout equipment that must be carried to allow a safe return to"}, {"text": "the surface from any point of the dive after irrecoverable failure of the primary system. The open circuit option can become extremely bulky and awkward to manage, and while more compact and efficient, the rebreather option has its own set of logistic challenges. One of the main design challenges in developing a closed circuit bailout system for rebreathers is to maintain the bailout set in a condition ready for use at all depths. This implies breathable gas for the depth, though not necessarily optimised, as the mix can be brought to set point quite rabidly after bailout, and a gas volume that does not vary excessively, so that buoyancy control is not unduly complicated. The bulk of the system must be manageable, and the bailout set mouthpiece must be easily accessible, but secure. Since bailout rebreathers are most likely to be used on dives with large decompression obligations, the switch to bailout must be accommodated by the decompression management system. If real-time monitoring of oxygen partial pressure is included in decompression computation, it must be possible to transfer this facility between units, without compromising their independence. Task-loading of the diver in managing the two loops must not be excessive, as"}, {"text": "the diver is recognised as the least reliable aspect of the operation, and may be under significant stress when bailout becomes necessary. Data logging. Data logged from rebreather dives is useful for accident analysis, testing and development of rebreathers, and for diver educational purposes. Dive profile logging by integrated decompression computers is also of value for research into effectiveness of decompression schedules. Aggregation of such data can provide insights into diving patterns across the population of users and help in analysing risk. The control systems of electronic rebreathers have continued to increase in processing and storage capacity, and in parallel, their capacity for capturing data at increased granularity and precision has increased. In 1994 the Cis-Lunar Mk-IV data logging system recorded data at several hundred points per hour of dive time, and by 1997 the Cis-Lunar Mk-5P was logging over a thousand points per hour. By 2007 the Poseidon MK-VI Discovery was logging between 15,000 and 25,000 points per hour, and in 2016 the Poseidon SE7EN recorded more than double that quantity, in alignment with the recommendations of Rebreather Forum 3, which states: The forum recommends that all rebreathers incorporate data-logging systems that record functional parameters relevant to the particular"}, {"text": "unit and dive data and that allow download of these data. Diagnostic reconstruction of dives with as many relevant parameters as possible is the goal of this initiative. An ideal goal would be to incorporate redundancy in data-logging systems and, as much as practical, to standardize the data to be collected Some of the logged data is specific to the rebreather model, and is not appropriate for general analysis, but some data is useful for external analysis of user population and diving practices which could improve understanding of behaviour and safety analysis."}, {"text": "Oberbank AG is an Austrian regional bank that is headquartered in Linz. It is part of the \"3-Banken-Gruppe\" together with BKS Bank AG and Bank f\u00fcr Tirol und Vorarlberg AG (BTV). History. The bank developed in the course of the 17th century from the trading business of the long-established Linz ship master family Scheibenpogen. Therefore, the bank has been in existence since about 1650. In the 19th century it went to the Eidam (son-in-law) of the former mayor of Linz, Johann Michael Scheibenpogen (II), Josef Planck, and was called J. M. Scheibenpogens Eidam. Josef Planck's 1844 descendants, Planck von Planckburg, transformed the private bank into a public limited company in 1869, the \"Bank f\u00fcr Ober\u00f6sterreich und Salzburg\". In the 1930s the three regional banks \"Bank f\u00fcr Ober\u00f6sterreich und Salzburg\" (now Oberbank), \"Bank f\u00fcr K\u00e4rnten AG\" (now \"BKS Bank AG\") and \"Bank f\u00fcr Tirol und Vorarlberg Aktiengesellschaft\" (BTV) were taken over by \"Creditanstalt\" (CA) in Vienna. In 1933, CA acquired a majority stake in Oberbank by issuing new shares. In 1952, one third each of CA's shares were transferred to the three banks Oberbank, \"Bank f\u00fcr K\u00e4rnten und Steiermark\" and \"Bank f\u00fcr Tirol und Vorarlberg\". Due to their common history and"}, {"text": "similar corporate cultures, the originally capital-based interdependence of Oberbank, BKS and BTV has developed into a close and particularly friendly cooperation that has been expressed since 1997 in a joint appearance as the \"3-Banken-Gruppe\". The IPO of Oberbank, BKS and BTV on 1 July 1986 was the most important step towards securing independence. A large number of shareholders were a prerequisite for the banks to be able to permanently detach themselves from CA's influence and pursue an independent strategy. Shareholder structure. Current shareholder structure by voting rights as of 31 December 2016: Key figures and reports. Even during the 2008 financial crisis and the Great Recession in 2009, Oberbank was less affected than other institutions and did not have to make use of state aid during this period. In 2018, the Bank achieved its ninth record result in a row. Basic data (as of December 31, 2018, compared to 2017) For the year 2019, the Bank expects \"credit growth and investment income to probably weaken\" and the credit risk to \"probably move towards normalization\". Oberbank International. The freedom of establishment for banks granted in the 1970s allowed the Oberbank to extend its catchment area outside its original region of Upper"}, {"text": "Austria/Salzburg. Since 1985, the Oberbank has had its own branches in Upper Austria, Salzburg, Lower Austria, Vienna, Burgenland and Bad Aussee in the Styrian Salzkammergut region. The Oberbank has also been active in Bavaria since 1990, in the Czech Republic since 2004 and in Hungary since 2007. In 2009, the bank entered the Slovakian market, and in 2015 the first Hessian branch was opened in Darmstadt and Erfurt in Thuringia. Additional branches were to be opened in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg in 2015. Awards. In 2007, the Oberbank was awarded the title \"best institution\" in the Format Bank Test. In 2009, 2010, 2014 and 2016, the Oberbank was awarded the Recommender Award of the \"Finanz-Marketing Verbandes \u00d6sterreich\" (FMV\u00d6). The awards show that the Oberbank was particularly often recommended by its own customers. In 2011, the Oberbank was awarded the three-year basic certificate \"berufundfamilie\" audit, which was extended for a further three years in September 2014. This audit is awarded to companies that offer measures to improve the work-life balance. On 6 February 2013, the Oberbank was the only bank in Upper Austria to be awarded the BGF seal of approval 2013-2015. This seal of approval is awarded to companies that have implemented workplace"}, {"text": "health promotion in accordance with the criteria of the Austrian network \"Workplace Health Promotion\". The award of this seal of approval primarily honored the initiatives of the \"Health Share\" health project. In 2016 the Oberbank was awarded the BGF seal of approval for the second time in a row. Critique. At the end of 2008, the Oberbank was criticised for having converted Swiss franc loans (on the basis of an agreement with customers) into euro loans during the 2008 financial crisis, which led to losses for individual borrowers. Following a warning from the \"Verein f\u00fcr Konsumenteninformation\" (VKI), the bank changed its course of action and offered borrowers to switch back to foreign currency loans. This course of action was also endorsed by consumer protection."}, {"text": "Montrose is a rural locality in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Montrose had a population of 49 people. Geography. The Kogan Condamine Road forms the north-east boundary of the locality. The land use above ground is predominantly grazing on native vegetation. Below ground, coal seam gas is extracted through a number of mining leases. History. The locality takes its name from the parish and the pastoral run name, which pastoralist St George Richard Gore named on 5 May 1866 after the town of Montrose in Forfarshire, Scotland. Malara Provisional School and Montrose Provisional School both opened circa 1911 as half-time provisional schools (meaning they shared a single teacher between them). In 1919, both schools closed due to low student numbers. Montrose Provisional School was on the northern side of Millbank Road (approx ). Between January and March 2023, a number of bushfires burnt thousands of hectares of land, impacting the communities of Tara, Fairyland, Myall Park, and Montrose. Demographics. In the , Montrose had a population of 65 people. In the , Montrose had a population of 49 people. Education. There are no schools in Montrose. The nearest government primary schools are Kogan State School in"}, {"text": "neighbouring Kogan to the east and Tara Shire State College in neighbouring Tara to the south-west. The nearest government secondary schools are Tara Shire State College and Chinchilla State High School in Chinchilla to the north. There are also non-government schools in Chinchilla."}, {"text": "The Geikie Slide is a submarine landslide on the seabed of the North Atlantic Ocean to the northwest of Scotland. The slide occurs in a region known as the Hebridean Slope, the continental slope where the seabed drops from the continental shelf surrounding Britain (a depth of \"c.\" 200 m) into the deep ocean (a depth of \"c.\"1800 m). Since 2014 an area of has been designated as a Nature Conservation Marine Protected Area under the name Geikie Slide and Hebridean Slope MPA. The Geikie Slide is named after the Scottish geologist, Sir Archibald Geikie. The ecology of the Hebridean Slope region alters with the descent into deeper, with the sands and gravels of the continental shelf giving way to mud at lower depths. The bottom of the slope provides a habitat for creatures such as mud shrimp and deep sea crab, which build burrows in the mud. Sea urchin, sea spider, and deep sea worms are also found here, and the area is a breeding ground for fish such as blue ling."}, {"text": "Montrose, Queensland may refer:"}, {"text": "Achaler is a village in Maharashtra, India. It is located in Lohara Taluka in Osmanabad district. The village resides in the Marathwada region, and falls under the supervision of the Aurangabad division. Located 73 km towards south from the district headquarters Osmanabad, the village is also 34 km from Lohara and 468 km from the state capital Mumbai. Demographics. The main language spoken here is Marathi. According to the 2011 Census, the total population of Achaler village is 5935 and number of houses are 1272. The population of female citizens is 50% and the rate of female literacy is 29%. Nearby villages. Achaler is surrounded by \u00c5land taluka towards east, Lohara taluka towards north, Akkalkot taluka towards south, Tuljapur taluka towards west. Nearby cities. The cities near to Achaler are Umarga, Tuljapur, Nilanga, Solapur. Postal details. The postal head office for Achaler is Naldurg. The pin code of Achaler is 413602. Politics. The National Congress Party (NCP), Shiv Sena, SHS and INC are the major political parties in Achaler. Education. The colleges near Achaler are: The schools in Achaler are:"}, {"text": "Terawan Agus Putranto (born 5 August 1964) is an Indonesian physician who served as the Minister of Health of Indonesia between 23 October 2019 and 23 December 2020. He graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of Gajah Mada University and then joined the Indonesian Army as a military physician. Afterwards he studied Radiology in Airlangga University and obtained his doctoral degree in Hasanuddin University at 2013. He is a radiologist. He is the fourth Health Minister of Indonesia to have come from the military and the first since , who was in office between 1978 and 1988. As Suwardjono and the two earlier officers were 2-star generals, Terawan, a 3-star general, is the highest-ranked military officer to have ever held this ministerial office. Minister of Health of Indonesia. Indonesian President Joko Widodo appointed Terawan as Health Minister on 23 October 2019, having previously promoted him to the rank of Lieutenant General. National Healthcare Insurance. Upon his appointment, Terawan promised to resolve a deficit in Indonesia's single-payer government healthcare program, BPJS Kesehatan; however, he was criticized when the government increased the premium for healthcare coverage. Terawan later said he had no solution for the program. COVID-19 pandemic. During the COVID-19 pandemic,"}, {"text": "Terawan was involved in the government's successful effort to evacuate 188 Indonesians trapped on the World Dream cruise ship. He was criticized for quarantining Indonesians returning from Wuhan too close to residential areas, despite assurance from Indonesian government that the returning Indonesians were not infected. After a mandatory 14-days period of quarantine, all Indonesians quarantined were declared infection-free. Terawan was criticized for stating that flu is more dangerous than COVID-19 because flu has a higher mortality rate. However, his initial response to the spread of COVID-19, such as the initial recommendation to not wear a mask, is quite aligned with other public health officials around the world including Anthony Fauci of the United States' NIH and general directions from the World Health Organization. Terawan is also under fire for his \"anti-science\" and \"arrogant\" attitude in leading the COVID-19 crisis in Indonesia. He has the reputation to be bad in responding critics and input from the public. One of the cases is when he challenged a study done by Harvard University. Marc Lipsitch, epidemiologist from Harvard University, and three of his colleagues conducted research to determine locations around the world that could have undetected cases of the virus imported from abroad."}, {"text": "Terawan comments on the study, \"In my opinion, the suspicion is too far-fetched. Let Harvard to come here. The door is open for them to see. There is nothing we keep secret.\" On 4 October 2020, a coalition of civil societies groups which consists of academics and social organizations calls for Terawan resignation for his alleged incompetence of COVID-19 handling. The group started a petition urging the president to fire the minister. A controversial interview done by Najwa Shihab attracted national attention to the whereabouts of Minister Terawan during pandemic. The empty chair interview was the first to be performed in Indonesia. Even though there are reports about the interview, Shihab deemed her action as still a form of journalism. On 22 December 2020, it was announced that Terawan was being replaced as Health Minister by Budi Gunadi Sadikin. Controversy. Prior to his appointment as minister, Terawan was known for his \u201cbrain-cleaning\u201d treatment or intra-arterial cerebral flushing, a combination of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and heparin injection for stroke patients. He claimed his method was effective as a treatment for stroke patients; however, since the first instance of this procedure being done was before any scientific study supporting the procedure"}, {"text": "being published, The Court of Medical Honour and Ethic (MKEK) of Indonesian Medical Association (IDI) deemed the practice unethical and issued a recommendation to suspend him for a year over a violation of three articles of the Indonesian Doctors Ethics Code. In October 2019, Terawan was named as one of the candidates to be the next Minister of Health. IDI then wrote to Jokowi, suggesting that he should not be appointed as minister. However, Jokowi said that Terawan had met all criteria required to be a minister of health, and referred to his previous experience in managing budgets and human resources, including during his service as the Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital (RSPAD) director. On 25 March 2022, the 31st General Assembly of IDI confirmed the MKEK recommendation and stripped Terawan of his membership. Without it, he will not be able to renew his medical license, which effectively bars him from practicing medicine in Indonesia."}, {"text": "Rita Schober (n\u00e9e Tomaschek; 13 June 1918 \u2013 26 December 2012) was a German scholar of Romance studies and literature. Early life and education. Rita Tomaschek was born and grew up in Rumburg (as Rumburk was then known), a small manufacturing town near the northern tip of Bohemia, in what was at that time part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The town was overwhelmingly ethnically and linguistically German. (It became predominantly Czechoslovak after 1945.) Her father was a clerical worker. Her mother worked in garment manufacturing. Between 1928 and 1936 Rita Tomaschek attended the in Rumburg, before moving on to study at the German University in Prague between 1938 and 1940, and then again during 1944/45. As a child her longstanding ambition was to become a school teacher, but after she moved to Prague she modified this goal, setting her sights instead on a career in the universities sector. The focus of her undergraduate university career was on Romance studies and Classical Philology. According to one source she was obliged to combine study with paid employment since otherwise there were no family funds available to finance her university education. It was presumably also to the pressures arising from the war her"}, {"text": "student career was not unbroken. Career. The needs of the military and the slaughter of war created a desperate shortage of teachers: between October 1940 and 1943, and again from December 1944 till December 1945, she worked as an assistant Latin teacher at a secondary school (\"Gymnasium\") in Warnsdorf, near her parents' home. One of the children whom she taught was Peter H. Feist (1928 \u2013 2015) who later became a distinguished East German art historian. By the summer of 1945 Rita Hetzer, now aged 27, was a widow. She had married Hans Hetzer, another art historian, in 1940, but he had gone missing in 1943 and was presumed to have been killed while taking part at the Battle of Stalingrad. In March of that year she had received her doctorate from Prague University. The discipline was Linguistics and her dissertation concerned the suffix \"-age\" in the French language. The work was supervised by who surprised and delighted her early in 1945 by offering her an academic job, working for him. The opportunity to embark on a university career at a time like this represented a dream come true. Unfortunately, however, died in Prague a few months later. In any"}, {"text": "case, the post\u2013war ethnic cleansing made it impossible for ethnic Germans to stay in newly liberated Czechoslovakia. Like tens of thousands of others, Rita Hetzer emigrated. With her mother, she settled in Halle in 1946, where she took a post as a research assistant with the Romance studies department, which she now helped to re-establish at the university. Halle had ended the war administered as part of the Soviet occupation zone (to be relaunched in October 1949 as the Soviet sponsored German Democratic Republic (\"East Germany\")). In 1947 her responsibilities expanded to include a teaching position in Old French and Old Proven\u00e7al. She later explained that had made a conscious decision, when forced to flee to Germany, to settle in the Soviet occupation zone rather than in one of the three \"western\" zones administered by the British, the Americans and the French, because she anticipated a more rapid Denazification process under the Soviet administrators. During the chaotic closing chapter of the war she had indeed joined the Communist Party in Prague, shortly before leaving the country. During 1946 she had been one of tens of thousands of early joiners of the new Socialist Unity Party (\"Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands\" / SED),"}, {"text": "created under contentious circumstances during April of that year. Between 1949 and 1989 the SED would be the ruling party in a new kind of German one party dictatorship, operated according to the Leninist precepts developed in the Soviet Union during the 1920s and 1930s. Schober would later recall that between 1946 and 1948 she was employed as a research assistant in a university department without its own head. That changed in 1948 with the arrival of Victor Klemperer, a noted scholar of Romance languages, who took on the leadership of the Romance Studies Institute at the University of Halle. Under Klemperer's leadership she also became a dean of studies in 1949 and began work on her Habilitation project which concerned the popular nineteenth-century French novelist George Sand. During 1951/52, she obtained an important government advisory role (\"Hauptreferentin\") on languages teaching to the Department for Higher and Technical Education (\"Staatssekretariat f\u00fcr Hochschulwesen\"). During 1951/1952 Schober transferred with her mentor from Halle to the Humboldt University of Berlin where she took a professorship and a teaching post. Klemperer was by now well past the conventional retirement age, and it was evident that Rita Schober was being prepared to take over from"}, {"text": "him as head of the university Institute for Romance studies. Meanwhile, her habilitation of George Sand was deferred and then abandoned. She had found no complete collection of the author's work and certainly, in her words, no \"scholarly\" complete collection (\"...keine wissenschaftliche Ausgabe \"). She had married Robert Schober in 1950 and the birth of Hans-Robert Schober (1951\u20132012) diverted her energies. At the professional level, by the time the move from Halle to Berlin had been competed she had been introduced to Fran\u00e7ois Zola, Emile Zola's son, who at that point was still alive, through the mediation of the energetic \"Zola specialist\", Henri Mitterand. When Rita Schober finally completed her habilitation, her subject would be not George Sand but Emile Zola. Another reason that she had no time to complete her habilitation on George Sand was the offer she received in 1952 from the Potsdam-based publishing firm of R\u00fctten & Loenning to take charge of a major translation exercise involving Emile Zola's twenty novel Rougon-Macquart cycle. Although a literary giant in his native France and well-studied by readers and scholars in the English-speaking world, Zola had till this point been little known in Germany during the first half of the"}, {"text": "twentieth century, and the R\u00fctten & Loenning, most of it completely newly translated, was the first post-war German language set of the works. In East Germany the government had unwittingly inherited some of the literary tendencies of the Hitler years, and Zola's work was condemned in some official circles as \"Gossenliteratur\" (\"Gutter literature\") which should not be permitted to fall into the hands of the people for fear of poisoning their minds. Nevertheless, the massive project was permitted to progress, and between 1952 and the later 1976 (when the Rougon-Macquart translation project was completed), teaching and promoting Emile Zola's writings became the centre-piece of Rita Schober's academic life. In 1974 - unusually for an East German publishing venture - the newly translated series was even sold to West Germany where, as in the east, Zola had hitherto been neglected in academic circles, and where, by this stage, Romance studies in general had become a mainstream discipline to an extent that would not be matched in East Germany till after1989. Rita Schober finally received her Habilitation in 1954 for a piece of work entitled \"Emile Zolas Theorie des naturalistischen Romans und das Problem des Realismus\" (\"Emile Zola's Theory of the Naturalistic"}, {"text": "Novel and the Problem of Realism\"). Her habilitation was naturally supervised by Victor Klemperer. In political terms, a twentieth century highly political novelist naturally represented a more risky topic than an eighteenth century popular novelist, but in keeping with the Marxist approach which was mainstream in East Germany and to which, as a committed communist, she adhered, she was able to demonstrate without too much difficulty Zola's hostility to the \"Haute-bourgeois society\" which provided the context for Zola's socially critical novels. In 1959, Schober finally took over from her friend and boss Viktor Klemperer as director of the Institute for Romance Stundies at the Humboldt University of Berlin, a post she would retain till her retirement in 1978. During this period she also served, between 1969 and 1975 as dean of the faculty of social sciences at the Humboldt. In she was elected to full membership of the (East) German Academy of Sciences and Humanities (\"Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin\"). As she built her career during the early years of the German Democratic Republic, Rita Schober was acutely aware of her own skills deficit in respect of the French languagem which could only be addressed by forging links with"}, {"text": "mother-tongue French speakers. Due to the political division of post-war Europe, her first visit to France took place only in May 1953. She was only ever permitted one \"private exchange\", to France, which took place in 1954/55. There were, however, one or two French mother-tongue speakers in East Germany, even during those early years, who could be employed to teach the language. She was, however, able to travel to several international conferences in the company of Victor Klemperer during the 1950s, with respect to countries that were allied to East Germany, and in this respect she acquired an international profile in academic circles. She was evidently regarded by the East German authorities as politically reliable, and her leadership role in the Rougon-Macquart cycle also necessitated international contacts with specialist literary academics in France. In 1974 she was appointed by her government to membership of the UNESCO executive council. In 1975 she became chair of the \"National Academy for Literature\" (\"Nationalkomitees f\u00fcr Literaturwissenschaft\") at the Academy of Sciences and Humanities and served between 1980 and 1990 as a member of the presidium of the (East German) national PEN Centre. She retired from her fulltime university role in 1978 but entered into"}, {"text": "a contract with the university whereby she continued with her teaching and research work till 1989, also retaining a high-level role with regard to academic and personnel policy at the university's Institute for Romance studies. By this time, with political tensions between East and West Germany becoming less acute in the aftermath of Chancellor Brandt's bridge-building policy, \"Red Rita\" was also increasingly present as a participant at international academic conferences on Romance Studies in western venues. Although sources tend in the first instance to concentrate on Rita Schober's contribution to the study of Zola, she was in fact deeply knowledgeable about a wide range of French authors from different period, notably Nicolas Boileau, Louis Aragon and Michel Houellebecq. She was also well respected for her work on theories of literature, especially structuralism."}, {"text": "Montrose is a rural locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Montrose had \"no people or a very low population\". Geography. The locality is bounded to the south by the Cunningham Highway, which enters the locality from the south-east (Cunningham / Rodgers Creek) and exits to the south-west (Greymare). The South Western railway line runs to the north and loosely parallel with the highway, entering the locality from the east (Cunningham) and exiting to the west (Greymare). The locality was historically served by the now-abandoned Montrose railway station (). The land use is grazing on native vegetation. History. The locality takes its name from the railway station, which, in turn, came from a pastoral run, named by pastoralist St George Richard Gore after the town of Montrose in Forfarshire, Scotland. Demographics. In the , Montrose had \"no people or a very low population\". In the , Montrose had \"no people or a very low population\". Education. There are no schools in Montrose. The nearest government primary school is Wheatvale State School in Wheatvale to the east. The nearest government secondary school is Warwick State High School in Warwick to the east."}, {"text": "Murli is a village in Maharashtra, India. It is located in Umarga Taluka in Osmanabad district. The village resides in the Marathwada region, and falls under the supervision of the Aurangabad division. Located 79 km towards east from the district headquarters Osmanabad, the village is also 12 km from Umarga and 481 km from the state capital Mumbai. Demographics. The main language spoken here is Marathi. According to the 2011 Census, the total population of Murli village is 1289 and number of houses are 291. The population of female citizens is 48% and the rate of female literacy is 30%. Muslims make up majority of the religious population in Murli village. Nearby villages. Murli is surrounded by \u00c5land taluka towards south, Lohara taluka towards north, Nilanga taluka towards south, Basavakalyan taluka towards east. Nearby cities. The cities near to Murli are Umarga, Tuljapur, Nilanga, Solapur. Postal details. The postal head office for Murli is Murum. The pin code of Murli is 413605. Politics. The National Congress Party (NCP), Shiv Sena, SHS and INC are the major political parties in Murli. Education. The colleges near Murli are: The schools in Murli are:"}, {"text": "RFDS: Royal Flying Doctor Service is an Australian drama television series which centres on the lives of workers for the Royal Flying Doctor Service. Commissioned by the Seven Network and produced by Endemol Shine Australia, it began airing on 11 August 2021. The second season commenced screening on 15 August 2023, and on 18 August 2024, the series was renewed for a third season and filming began in South Australia. Synopsis. \"RFDS\" centres around the lives of workers for the Royal Flying Doctor Service in Australia. Production. Production on \"RFDS\" commenced in 2020. The series is written by Ian Meadows and produced by Imogen Banks for Endemol Shine, executive produced by Mark and Carl Fennessy for Endemol Shine Australia and Julie McGauran for Seven. The series was due to begin production in Broken Hill in March 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic the series was temporarily suspended. Production resumed in August 2020 along with announcement of more cast members including Emma Hamilton, Ash Ricardo, Kate Mulvany, Rodney Afif, Jack Scott and Sofia Nolan, with newcomers Thomas Weatherall and Ash Hodgkinson. The first promotional trailer for the series was released in July 2021. In June 2022 it was reported that"}, {"text": "the series had been renewed for a second season, which was broadcast in 2023. In October 2023, it was announced that the series would be renewed for a third season, which commenced production in August 2024. Filming started in South Australia, in Adelaide Studios as well as on location in the Flinders Ranges town of Quorn, the Port Augusta RFDS Base and regional surrounds, which will double for Broken Hill, as the real Broken Hill airport and RFDS base were being upgraded. Broadcast. Season 1 of \"RFDS\" began airing on 11 August 2021. It was renewed for a second season in June 2022, which commenced screening on 15 August 2023. Home media. It was announced by Via Vision Entertainment in June 2024 that they would be releasing the \"RFDS\" Season one & two on DVD in one collection."}, {"text": "Karl Konrad Wilhelm Alexander Graf von der Groeben-Ponarien (31 August 1918 in K\u00f6nigsberg6 July 2005 in Baden-Baden) was a German entrepreneur. Early life. His family came from East Prussia. In World War II, he was linked to the anti-Hitler resistance of the 20 July plot. Career. After the war, he acquired a distributor's license from the Coca-Cola Company. Through the Freudenberg Foundation, with which he was closely associated, he met the initiators of the later Amadeu Antonio Foundation. In 1991, Graf laid down DM250,000 to establish the Amadeu Antonio Foundation to oppose far-right-wing parties, racism and anti-Semitism. It was named for Amadeu Antonio, an Angolan \"Vertragsarbeiter\" (contract worker) who was the first victim of racially-motivated violence after German reunification."}, {"text": "Take Over the Moon is the second extended play by the Chinese boy band WayV. It was released on October 29, 2019, by Label V and SM Entertainment, with Dreamus as the South Korean distributor and Owhat as the distributor for China. Consisting of six songs that fall mostly on R&B and hip-hop genres with influence from trap and electropop, the album features participation from songwriters and production teams, such as Moonshine, Adrian Mckinnon, Yoo Young-jin, LDN Noise, and others. Members Hendery and Yangyang also participated in writing lyrics for the first time. Upon its release, the album marked the group's debut on \"Billboard\" Heatseekers Albums and Gaon Album Chart. To promote the album, the group released a digital single of an English version of \"Love Talk\" on November 5, 2019, which immediately earned number three position on \"Billboard\" Digital Song Sales. They also did their first performance in South Korea by performing the lead single \"Moonwalk\" on several television music programs and went on a promotional tour to three countries in Asia. The special version of the album titled Take Over the Moon - Sequel was released physically on March 13, 2020, by SM and Dreamus. It features two"}, {"text": "additional tracks, the English version of \"Love Talk\" and a monologue track. The album earned the top three position on Gaon Album Chart. Background and release. \"Take Over The Moon\". After releasing their first extended play \"Take Off\", WayV released a symbol image and a schedule for their second album \"Take Over the Moon\" on October 22, 2019. Mysterious and dream-like teaser photos of each member were released each day throughout their social media accounts leading up to the release of the album and its lead single \"Moonwalk\". The album was released digitally and physically on October 29 by Label V and SM Entertainment with Owhat as the distributor for China and Dreamus for South Korea. An English version of the track \"Love Talk\" and its music video were released as a digital single a week later on November 5. \"Take Over The Moon - Sequel\". On March 20, WayV released a video teaser for the special version of the album titled \"Take Over the Moon - Sequel\". Composed of six songs from the original tracklist, the album also contains two additional tracks, the English version of \"Love Talk\" and a narration track \"WayV.oice #1\". The album is only available"}, {"text": "in physical form and was released by SM Entertainment and Dreamus on March 30, 2020. Composition. \"Take Over The Moon\". \"Take Over the Moon\" is opened by the lead single \u201cMoonwalk\u201d which is stylistically a sonic adventure soundtrack for the accompanying music video, beginning with a soft melody, then turning into a propulsive electropop song that layers harmonizing ad-libs beneath impactful raps. Brassy horns, atmospheric synths, and trap beats drive much of the tune, but a hard-rock-infused instrumental bridge arrives before the sweeping finale. The second song \u201cYeah Yeah Yeah\u201d is an energetic song that harmonizes the trap source with R&B code, and the bass distortion creates grandeur, expressing WayV's passion for a stage. The song is followed by \u201cLove Talk\u201d that features the group singing and rapping seductively over a melody with old-school R&B vibes as it flits over sleek, tinny percussion, which evokes trap and Latin pop elements. The fourth track \u201cKing of Hearts\u201d saw first participation in lyrical writing by members Hendery and Yangyang in the group's discography. It is a mid-tempo song based on R&B hip-hop that has a soft yet sorrowful mood, performed by members Winwin, Lucas, Hendery, and Yangyang. The song is followed by"}, {"text": "\u201cFace to Face\u201d, an outstanding ballad song performed by members Kun, Ten, and Xiaojun, led by a piano melody. The album is then closed by \u201cWe go nanana\", a funky and cheerful teen pop song that also features lyrics by Hendery and Yangyang. \"Take Over The Moon - Sequel\". Following the release of the special version of the album on March 30, 2020, two tracks were added to the original 6-track release. The first track is an English version of \"Love Talk\" with lyrics written by Adrian Mckinnon and Ebenezer Fabiyi. The second track is \"WayV.oice #1\", a narration track of the members reading their gratitude message for fans accompanied by music by minGtion. Singles and promotion. Singles. Released on October 29, 2019, the music video of the lead single \u201cMoonwalk\u201d takes WayV on an interstellar journey. The group's performance lives up to the song's title, and the music video sees WayV's members moonwalking their way through high-intensity choreography as they travel to their final destination. The song debuted and peaked at number twenty-three on \"Billboard\" World Digital Song Sales. An English version of \u201cLove Talk\u201d was released digitally on November 5. The song is the group's first English single,"}, {"text": "meant to show the love from WayV towards their international fans. The single was released alongside a music video that has the seven members of WayV charismatically staring down the camera as they perform the smooth tune. It debuted at number three on \"Billboard\" World Digital Song Sales, while it earned number two on QQ Music Weekly Digital Sales and certified with a Double Gold for surpassing sales of 500,000 yuan. Live performances. WayV had their first comeback stage for the album \"Take Over the Moon\" during MBC Music's \"Show Champion\" on October 30 where they performed \u201cMoonwalk\u201d, marking their first performance in Korea. It was followed by a performance on SBS MTV's \"The Show\" on November 5. The group then went on a promotional tour titled \"Section#1_We Are Your Vision\" to five cities in three countries, Wuhan, Shenzhen, China, Seoul, and Bangkok, spanning over five days between November 23 to December 28, 2019. They performed \u201cMoonwalk\u201d, \u201cLove Talk\u201d, \u201cFace to Face\u201d, and \u201cKing of Hearts\u201d from \"Take Over the Moon\", and also songs from their first EP \"Take Off\". Commercial performance. Upon its release, \"Take Over the Moon\" claimed its number one iTunes position in 16 regions. The album"}, {"text": "also became WayV's debut on \"Billboard\" Heatseekers Albums and Gaon Album Chart by ranking at number twenty-four and five, respectively. It eventually ranked at number twelve on Gaon Monthly Album Chart with sales over 31,000 copies. Only released physically in March 2020, the special version of the album \"Take Over the Moon \u2013 Sequel\" ranked at number three on Gaon Album Chart and sold more than 24,000 copies in its first month."}, {"text": "The Old Caoling Tunnel () is a cycleway tunnel in Gongliao District, New Taipei, Taiwan. History. The tunnel was originally constructed as a single-track railway tunnel of Yilan line which was inaugurated in February 1924. It was then later on converted into a cycleway when the new railway tunnel was constructed in parallel with the old one. The new tunnel was opened in 1986 and the old tunnel was abandoned. Years later, the tunnel was turned into a bikeway by Northeast Coast and Yilan National Scenic Area Administration. The tunnel was then reopened on 10 August 2009. Architecture. The cycleway path inside the tunnel was designed in a style of a track. The tunnel was originally lit with oil lamps and now is lit with fluorescent strip lights and a few low energy bulbs in replica lanterns 2020. The entrance features some artworks. The tunnel stretches for a length of 2.167 km. Transportation. The tunnel is accessible by bus from Fulong Station of Taiwan Railways."}, {"text": "Mariano Puigdollers Oliver (1896\u20131984) was a Spanish academic, politician and civil servant. Between 1920 and 1966 he held various jurisprudence chairs in numerous Spanish universities, mostly in Valencia (1924-1936) and in Madrid (1940-1966); he is known among key representatives of Spanish Natural law of the 1940s and 1950s. Initially a conservative monarchist, in the mid-1930s he joined Carlism and briefly served as its regional Valencian jefe. Since the late 1930s he identified with the Franco regime. During early and mid-Francoism he was employed at key posts at Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos Ecclesi\u00e1sticos department within the Ministry of Justice, at Consejo Superior de Protecci\u00f3n de Menores and at Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas. Between 1943 and 1965 he served in the Francoist Cortes. He is considered one of key officials implementing post-civil-war purges among the academics. Family and youth. Mariano was descendant to an old Catalan family; the Puigdollers were of noble origins and got very much branched throughout the centuries. Some of his distant ancestors and relatives distinguished themselves locally as writers, lawyers or astronomers. His paternal grandfather Mariano Puigdollers, the native of Vich, was a craftsman and member of the local petty bourgeoisie. He married a local girl, Mar\u00eda"}, {"text": "Vinader; she was the daughter of , a conservative Cortes deputy during the late Isabelline period and the minister of justice in the Estella-based Carlist government during the Third Carlist War. Their son and Mariano's father, Mariano Puigdollers Vinader (died 1928), moved from Catalonia to Madrid, where he initially worked in a jewelry studio and specialized in diamonds; it is not clear whether he was its owner. At unspecified time he married Remedios Oliver Ceniceros, originating from La Mancha but partially Catalan herself; nothing closer is known about her family. In 1903 Mariano Puigdollers Vinader and his brother Luciano purchased a defunct watermill in Segovia; they re-launched it in 1907 and operated afterwards. After death of her husband Remedios Oliver sold the business. The couple had numerous children; Mariano was the oldest son. They lived in the Madrid district of Buenavista, raised in a very pious ambience marked by Catholic zeal and multiple religious engagements of Puigdollers Vinader. It is not clear where Puigdollers Oliver received his early education. Then he joined the Madrid Instituto General y T\u00e9cnico de San Isidro and obtained baccalaureate with excellent marks in 1911. At unspecified time though probably in the early 1910s Puigdollers enrolled"}, {"text": "at Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales at Universidad Central in Madrid; he graduated in 1916. Initially he intended to join Cuerpo de Letrados del Consejo de Estado, an elite group of lawyers working for a governmental consultative body; however, as recruitment was adjourned, he opted for doctoral research in law. In 1919 he got his PhD laurels thanks to a thesis on Christian German philosophy of law. The same year Puigdollers applied for a post at Universidad de Murcia, but eventually he switched to Galicia and having defeated 33 counter-candidates in 1920 he assumed the chair of Elementos de Derecho Natural at the faculty of law of Universidad de Santiago. In 1922 Puigdollers married Mar\u00eda Isabel del Rio y P\u00e9rez-Caballero (died 1982); she was daughter to Jos\u00e9 del R\u00edo y Paternina, an engineer and head of Negociado de Montes department in Direcci\u00f3n General de Agricultura, Industria y Comercio, itself the section of . The couple had no children; until outbreak of the Civil War they lived mostly in Valencia, afterwards in Madrid. Among more distant Puigdollers\u2019 relatives the one which gained nationwide notoriety was his paternal cousin, Josep Dencas Puigdollers, an Estat Catal\u00e0 politician, Cortes deputy during the Republic"}, {"text": "days and member of the Catalan self-government in 1932-1934. The younger brother of Mariano, Luciano, also an activist, was killed by Republican militiamen when trying to flee to Andorra in 1938. Academic career. When assuming Elementos de Derecho Natural in Santiago in 1920 Puigdollers took over an auxiliary post and according to his later account, as a hardline Catholic he was constantly harassed by academics of Instituci\u00f3n Libre de Ense\u00f1anza. In 1922 he was listed at position 488 at the ; the same year he took over the same chair in Seville. In 1924 he moved to Valencia, still chairing Elementos de Derecho Natural. Initially he was among the youngest catedr\u00e1ticos, in constant pursuit of permanent employment. Over time his position grew; apart from supervising secondary education in the late 1920s he was also taking part in internal assignment procedures. He was also appointed to internal bodies investigating disciplinary cases. The one which gained particular attention was a 1929 investigation related to a secondary school professor, charged with antipatriotic and antireligious propaganda. Puigdollers was nominated juez instructor; he found the defendant guilty and recommended most severe measures, which indeed led to the person in question being fired. According to some"}, {"text": "historians, in the early 1930s Puigdollers started to count among \u201cprofesores m\u00e1s brillantes\u201d of law in Valencia; on the other hand, he published relatively few works and trailed behind many of his Valencian academic peers. In 1931 he was listed at position 331 in the national academic ranking. According to his own account, the new Republican authorities targeted him for ideological purges. Puigdollers was reportedly blacklisted by Fernando de los R\u00edos, minister of high education and the liberal militant pundit; it was the right-wing electoral victory of 1933 which prevented Puigdollers\u2019 dismissal. He continued at his Valencian post until outbreak of the Civil War; in 1935 he was listed at position 263 in the academic ranking. The years of 1936-1939 mark the pause in Puigdollers\u2019 academic career; at one point he was fired by the Valencian University, but got reinstated once the Nationalists took over the city and formally was employed there until 1940. However, since 1939 he was already related to Universidad de Madrid, e.g. when sitting in the jury assessing PhD thesis of Josemar\u00eda Escriva. His initial 1940 bid for the chair of philosophy of law in Madrid failed, but during another recruitment later the same year he"}, {"text": "was successful; his spell at the chair of filosof\u00eda de derecho would last 25 years. Between 1947 and 1951 he headed an internal committee enforcing discipline at the faculties of law and letters; he directed purges aimed at staff deemed non-compliant with the Francoist regime. He kept climbing the official academic ranking and in 1954 entered its secci\u00f3n primera; in 1958 he was ranked at position 19. In the late 1950s and early 1960s he was among the most distinguished academics of the capital, not infrequently delivering lectures at inauguration of academic courses at the University. In the mid-1960s and with 46 years of teaching he counted among the longest serving law professors, in escalaf\u00f3n ranked as nr 1; he retired in 1966. Thought and works. Already during his doctoral research Puigdollers focused on philosophy of law, the discipline he pursued for the rest of his life; in his choice he was inspired mostly by Fernando P\u00e9rez Bueno. Initially Puigdollers was particularly impressed by a Thomist , to whom he dedicated the doctoral dissertation and whose thought contributed to Puigdoller's own view on law, ethics and society. In the 1920s he turned towards the heritage of Luis Vives, presented in"}, {"text": "terms of \u201cmost pure\u201d Spanish and Catholic orthodoxy. Works of Antonio Rosmini and Luigi Taparelli directed Puigdollers towards Christian social thought, while his concept of natural law was worked out thanks to influence of contemporary iusnaturalists from the older generation, Mendiz\u00e1bal Mart\u00edn, and . Puigdollers is considered a representative of \u201cfilosof\u00eda jur\u00eddica neotimista\u201d, a firm neo-Thomist and even \u201cbest Spanish expert on St. Thomas\u201d. Within broader perspective he is usually categorized as neo-Scholastic Natural Law thinker; some name him an example of \u201ciusnaturalismo neoscol\u00e1stico\u201d vs. \u201ciusnaturalismo neokantiano\u201d, \u201ciusnaturalismo de los valores\u201d and \u201ciusnaturalismo renovador\u201d, other prefer to count him among \u201cfilosof\u00eda tomista y neotomista\u201d vs. \u201cfilosof\u00eda neokantina\u201d and \u201cfilosof\u00eda de los valores\u201d. In more specific typologies Puigdollers is deemed to be a member of Catholic/scholastic school vs. Falangist/ortegian school, the two competing for domination in Spanish philosophy of law of the 1940s. General accounts present him among key scholars of \u201cpensamiento reaccionario y conservador\u201d or thinkers within \u201cuna corriente precisamente tradicional, \u2026 habitualmente conservadora y hasta reaccionaria en lo pol\u00edtico\u201d. Some historians claim that he endorsed Fascist thought as related to this of St. Thomas, others maintain that he defended Christian philosophy against 20th-century theories. His understanding of human rights"}, {"text": "was reportedly derived from Christian theology and opposed to heritage of the French Revolution. All scholars agree that Puigdollers contributed to supremacy of iusnaturalismo in the Spanish philosophy of law of early and mid-Francoism; some refer to \u201cescuela de Mariano Puigdollers\u201d, which in the 1940s and 1950s inspired Agust\u00edn de Asis Garrote or Traditionalist thinkers like Francisco El\u00edas de Tejada and . However, Puigdollers\u2019 own thought is not counted as part of Traditionalism; if named \u201ctraditionalist\u201d it is rather because of his political engagements and not because of his theoretical vision. His key work is the in-depth study \"La filosof\u00eda espa\u00f1ola de Luis Vives\" (1940); other major works are philosophy of law course-books \"Programa para un curso de Elementos de Derecho Natural\" (1920) and \"Lecciones de Filosof\u00eda del Derecho\" (1947) and his PhD dissertation, \"La filosof\u00eda del Derecho de Victor Catherein\" (1920). A theoretical study, \"La justicia. Estudio filos\u00f3fico-jur\u00eddico\", remained unedited. Other Puigdollers\u2019 writings are booklets with his earlier lectures, articles in specialized periodicals or prologues to juridical works. Conservative monarchist. Puigdollers\u2019 great-grandfather was a Carlist minister and his own father was as Carlist as well, though possibly he later adhered to the breakaway Integrist branch; however, there is no"}, {"text": "evidence of Puigdollers\u2019 Carlist engagements during his youth. He was rather noted as involved in lay Catholic organizations; the first one was Los Luises, where he delivered lectures and where he grew to Junta Directiva of the Madrid branch in 1918. The same year he entered ACNdP and in 1919 was active among Los Terciarios Franciscanos. At the turn of the decade and like many ACNdP militants he turned towards social issues and was attracted to an emerging grouping of likewise minded Christian activists. During his Galician spell Puigdollers was supporting emergence of related syndicates, named Acci\u00f3n Social Popular; during his Andalusian spell in the early 1920s he joined the newly established and was member of its comisi\u00f3n organizadora in Seville; he also presided over its Secci\u00f3n de Estudios Pol\u00edtico-Sociales and tried to animate Catholic syndicalism. Upon the advent of Primo de Rivera's dictatorship PSP dissolved itself and readily contributed to institutionalization of the regime. Also Puigdollers personally welcomed the dictatorship as \u201cawakening of the Spanish conscience and joint communitarian effort of the nation\u201d. There is no confirmation of his membership in Primo's structures like Uni\u00f3n Patri\u00f3tica or , yet it is clear that at his university position he enthusiastically"}, {"text": "promoted \u201cpatriarchal society of the primoriverrista dictatorship\u201d and was noted as one of the most conservative professors at the already right-wing-dominated University. In 1928 Puigdollers got engaged in peculiar arbitration labor structures of the regime and was appointed member of the local Comit\u00e9 Paritario; the same year he was nominated consejal to the city ayuntamiento. Growing to secretary of the Valencian ACNdP branch, he kept publishing booklets and delivering lectures at Catholic organizations like Centro Escolar y Mercantil, Asociaci\u00f3n de Amigos de Luis Vives or Acci\u00f3n Cat\u00f3lica. Following the fall of Primo Puigdollers engaged in the emerging Valencian branch of , a broad Alfonsist conservative party which disintegrated shortly upon advent of the Spanish Republic. Though he viewed the new regime as national disaster, Puigdollers did not join any of the mushrooming new political parties. Instead, in the early 1930s he neared a monarchist circle related to the review \"Acci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola\" and from its pages sniped against the Republic; his last contribution identified is from 1935. He continued as conservative Catholic pundit delivering lectures, e.g. at Legi\u00f3n Cat\u00f3lica Espa\u00f1ola Acci\u00f3n Cat\u00f3lica or Asociaci\u00f3n Universitaria Cat\u00f3lica de Derecho. One more thread of his public activity was teaching at private Catholic education"}, {"text": "establishments; apart from Centro Escolar y Mercantil they included Escuela de Formacion Social de Valencia, founded by the Valencian branch of AC, and in Instituto Social Obrero of Valencia; since 1934 he was its director. Continuously viewed as member of the \u201cmost conservative\u201d sector in Valencia University during the so-called bienio negro he protested university nominations considered subversive. Carlist. Despite his family Carlist antecedents Puigdollers is not known for any legitimist engagements prior to 1936. It is not clear when exactly and why he approached Comuni\u00f3n Tradicionalista, though some press notes suggest that his commitment to the cause lasted at least since the mid-1930s. During the 1936 electoral campaign to the Cortes he stood in Valencia province as a Traditionalist candidate within a broad right-wing alliance. Some 125,000 votes gathered were not enough to ensure triumph, but Puigdollers continued his political bid. In March 1936 the Carlist leader Manuel Fal Conde nominated him the regional party \"jefe\", a fairly important position given relatively important role of Valencia in the nationwide Carlist network. None of the sources consulted provides details of the nomination and clarifies what mechanism elevated a well-known, but previously unrelated academic to the post of regional leader. Puigdollers"}, {"text": "assumed an active stance and was soon noted speaking at public Carlist rallies. In late spring of 1936 Puigdollers was among key civilians engaged in anti-Republican conspiracy in the Valencian region; as one of 3 members of Comit\u00e9 de Alzamiento he held talks with the military from UME when arranging preparations for the rising. His exact whereabouts during the July Coup are unknown, except that he remained in Valencia; following the loyalist triumph Puigdollers went into hiding, in unclear circumstances managed to leave the Republican zone and in early September 1936 he was already in the Nationalist headquarters in Burgos. He was integrated within the wartime Carlist national executive, Junta Suprema Militar, and within Secci\u00f3n de Asuntos Generales he assumed jefatura of the newly created Delegaci\u00f3n General de Ense\u00f1anza. Nothing is known of Puigdollers\u2019 activity at this post. Instead, in early 1937 he was recorded among Carlist heavyweights discussing potential merger with Falange Espa\u00f1ola; in February in the Portuguese Insua he was undecided, but during later talks with Falangist leaders he seemed favorably disposed towards some sort of alliance. Puigdollers was among the Carlists who complied with terms of the unification, imposed by Franco on both the Falangists and the"}, {"text": "Carlists. In late April 1937 he was nominated to , one of 6 departments in the Francoist quasi-government, ; within the commission he headed the sub-section of primary education. Within the body, largely busy with purges among the teaching staff, Puigdollers was one of the hardliners. However, Puigdollers demonstrated some unease about Carlist marginalization within the new Francoist structures. In October 1937 he did not appear \u2013 though he was supposed to attend \u2013 at an official academic rally in Burgos, intended to demonstrate unity of the Falangist and Carlist youth. Moreover, he was also suspected of instigating the Carlist participants and hence being co-responsible for cries \u201c\u00a1muera Franco, traidor!\u201d, heard at the assembly. In response, the FET secretary fined Puigdollers, suspended his party membership and deposed him from all functions, including the state ones; Puigdollers was also barred from re-assuming any official post until October 1939. Francoist: \"Asuntos Ecclesi\u00e1sticos\". Despite Puigdollers\u2019 ban on holding official posts, in early 1938 his fellow Carlist conde Rodezno, the minister of justice in the first Francoist government, appointed Puigdollers the head of Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos Eclesi\u00e1sticos; the department was responsible for relations with the Catholic Church. Since March 1938 he talked to"}, {"text": "Vatican on derogation of Republican divorce regulations and marriages concluded by the divorcees. Another thread of his activity was channeling state funds for reconstruction of churches and convents destroyed in what used to be the Republican zone. Corresponding with the primate and local hierarchs, Puigdollers arranged massive administrative assistance for the Church, including concessions, tax exemptions, registration of various organizations or financial assistance to families of the religious killed by the Republicans. He also encouraged depuration in religious ranks, especially with regard to priests harboring nationalist Basque or Catalan ideas. Puigdollers\u2019 relations with the hierarchy were excellent. A member of executive bodies of various lay Catholic organizations, in 1938 he entered Consejo Nacional of ACNdP and attended its congress in Budapest; in 1940 he was nominated by cardinal Goma to Consejo Superior de Acci\u00f3n Cat\u00f3lica. Some scholars present him as a man of the Church who infiltrated official administration and tried to counter religiously lukewarm Falangist designs. In 1943 as director of Asuntos Ecclesi\u00e1sticos and unofficial Carlist representative Puigdollers spoke to the US ambassador Hayes; during the conversation he tried to dissociate the Francoist system from Nazism and kept underling its Catholic profile. In historiography his efforts are considered successful,"}, {"text": "though he is not listed among key architects of the alliance between the Francoist state and the hierarchy. Puigdollers kept channeling funds for reconstruction of religious buildings until the early 1950s. At that time he was also engaged in thorny concordat negotiations with Vatican; it is not clear what position he took. Once the document was signed, in the mid-1950s he was busy with its application; in public lectures he hailed the agreement as expression of perfect understanding between the Francoist state and the Holy See. He was hardly missing on most high-profile religious events of the time, opening institutions and exhibitions, attending conferences and commemorative events or taking part in Semana Santa; he usually represented the minister of justice. He was within the Spanish contingent present during the funeral of Pius XII in 1958 and this of John XXIII in 1963. However, it is unclear what position he took towards deteriorating relations between the state and the Church, as in the early 1960s the latter started to distance itself from the regime; nothing is known of his opinion about the first draft of the law on religious liberty, promoted by Fernando Castiella and Manuel Fraga in 1964. His public"}, {"text": "statements, like the 1964 lecture opening the academic course in Madrid, were perfectly aligned with the official policy; Puigdollers defended the so-called \u201cderecho de presentaci\u00f3n\u201d and spoke against revision of the concordat. He ceased as director general de Asuntos Eclesi\u00e1sticos in 1965, after 27 years in office. Francoist: in CSIC. In 1938 Puigdollers was re-admitted to official education structures; some scholars claim he kept working in Comisi\u00f3n de Cultura y Ense\u00f1anza, the body which was dissolved following formation of the first regular Francoist government. Others focus rather on Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, a newly created board supposed to co-ordinate scientific research and subordinated to the newly created Ministry of Education; since 1940 he headed a CSIC section focused on philosophy, theology, juridical and economic sciences. Most authors agree, however, that once in 1939 he had successfully passed the formal purge procedure himself, Puigdollers started to co-ordinate the process of purging universities of unaligned professors. Within a triumvirate formed jointly with Eugenio Vegas Latapi\u00e9 and Enrique Su\u00f1er Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez he reportedly controlled access to academic posts in the period of the late 1930s and the early 1940; some scholars speak about \u201cterror intellectual\u201d they inflicted upon the academic world. In historiography"}, {"text": "there are slightly different opinions on Puigdollers\u2019 role in CSIC of the 1940s and 1950s. In most works the stress is on his role in repressive measures against academics considered not sufficiently committed to the regime and on implementation of the Francoist orthodoxy. Some scholars, however, prefer rather to note his stand in confronting the Falangist influence. They claim that CSIC was \u201cprincipal cover for Opus Dei's assault on higher education\u201d, a vehicle of imposing Catholic doctrine within the Spanish academic structures. Within this perspective, Puigdollers along scholars like , , , Francisco El\u00edas de Tejada and Joaqu\u00edn Ruiz-Gimenez served as a bulwark against the Falangist, Ortega-oriented current in philosophy of law. Puigdollers was also involved in controversy which seems to be of personal origin. According to some authors, by means of his presence in CSIC Puigdollers controlled access to professorships in the philosophy of law until the 1960s. However, other historians claim that in the mid-1950s he was gradually losing ground in the scientific board. As a scholar of traditionalist leaning he was increasingly at odds with a group of officials representing the Opus Dei clique, dominating in CSIC. They were reportedly bent on getting Don Juan Carlos declared"}, {"text": "as the future Spanish king and determined not to allow control of the body by another monarchist grouping. Perturbed by proliferation of books of \u201cun-spoilt Traditionalist thought\u201d and resolute to counter Carlist cultural policy, in 1957 they allegedly blocked Puigdollers\u2019 access to presidency of the Consejo. In the late 1950s the opusdeistas, led by Laureano L\u00f3pez Rod\u00f3, prevented also Puigdollers\u2019 rise to president of Insituto de Estudios Jur\u00eddicos, where he was promoted by the Carlists. According to some scholars, his failure to land the job was detrimental to Traditionalist offensive in media, culture and science; they \u201cperdieron las armas para hacer en estos cinco a\u00f1os una docena de catedr\u00e1ticos, que el carlismo necesita\u201d. Francoist: penitentiary system official. In mid-1938 Puigdollers was appointed to Consejo Superior de Protecci\u00f3n de Menores, a body controlled by the Ministry of Justice and entrusted with management of redemption program for juvenile offenders. Initially nominated its vice-president, in 1941 he was already referred to as president of the body. It is not clear how long he headed the Consejo, as in the early 1950s he was again noted as its vice-president. In addition, since 1941 Puigdollers served as president of Tribunal de Apelaci\u00f3n de Menores and"}, {"text": "as member of , one more Ministry of Justice dependent body bent on preventing female crime; it dealt chiefly with prostitution, though was also engaged in ideology-driven repressive measures. Last but not least, since the early 1940s Puigdollers was also director and professor of \u00c9tica y Derecho Natural at Escuela de Estudios Penitenciarios in Madrid. Like in case of education, also as prominent official within the Francoist penitentiary system Puigdollers is viewed as an ACNdP man, who together with conde Rodezno, and worked on particular state and Church synergy. During early Francoism they were the men who \u201clegislaron todo lo relative a la organizaci\u00f3n de prisiones y adem\u00e1s escribieron sobre ello\u201d. It is not clear how long Puigdollers served in Tribunal de Apelaci\u00f3n and the women's Patronato; last press notes on his engagement come from the early 1940s. It is not the case of Consejo Superior de Protecci\u00f3n de Menores; in 1948 Puigdollers has already received corporate homages for 10 years of his engagement in juvenile redemption system. He kept serving as vice-president throughout the 1950s and entered Junta Nacional contra el Analfabetismo. Puigdollers believed that juvenile crime was not the product of social or economic conditions, but resulted mostly"}, {"text": "from deficiencies in family life; hence, his focus was on enhancing traditional values in the Spanish society. His views on dynamics of juvenile crime are not clear; during a closed session in 1960 he expressed concern about growing crime among the youth, principally car theft, vandalism and sex-related offences; however, in a widely publicized statement of 1961 he declared that in principle, there was no such thing as juvenile crime in Spain. Upon achieving the regular retirement age in 1965 Puigdollers resigned from his scholarship at Escuela de Estudios Penitenciarios, but his duties at Patronato continued. The same year he was again appointed its acting president and performed this role until 1968, when he was nominated the honorary president. However, he retained some influence within the organization, as at the turn of the 1960s and 1970s he was still recorded as engaged in some of its activities. Like 30 years earlies, his focus was on co-operation with the Church and role of religious re-education institutions, like the ones ran by the Jesuits. Francoist: \"procurador\" and afterwards. Because of his official assignments Puigdollers exercised tangible influence in various areas of public life during early and mid-Francoism. His positions first in Comisi\u00f3n"}, {"text": "de Cultura y Ense\u00f1anza and then in Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas were related to education and science; his role in Asuntos Eclesi\u00e1sticos department rendered him an important man in relations between the state and the Church; his presence in Consejo Superior de Protecci\u00f3n de Menores and other similar boards allowed him to shape penitentiary and redemption system. However, when implementing and shaping the Francoist order he was an administrator and a propagandist rather than a key decision-maker; he has never hold major posts and one scholar named him a \u201csecond-row politician\u201d. Upon the 1943 emergence of the Francoist quasi-parliament, Cortes Espa\u00f1olas, Franco included Puigdollers in the pool of his personal nominees. He kept re-appointing Puigdollers every time the new chamber was assembled, which translated into 8 successive nominations in 1943, 1946, 1949, 1952, 1955, 1958, 1961 and 1964. The last term expired in 1967, yet upon reaching the regular retirement age Puigdollers decided to vacate most positions and in 1965 resigned also his Cortes ticket; he turned out to be one of the longest serving members of the Francoist parliament, with 32 successive years in the chamber. However, little is known of his labors. They were usually related to"}, {"text": "juridical system, e.g. in 1943 he was noted working on draft of a law on \u201cjurisdicci\u00f3n contencioso-administrativa\u201d, in 1957 on legislative projects related to criminal law, in 1958 on governmental amendments to civil code and in 1963 on setting up Tribunal de Orden Publico. Puigdollers enjoyed limited personal access to Franco and a few times was officially reported as admitted by the dictator, e.g. in 1943, 1963 or 1966. Apart from various corporate homages he received throughout his service, Puigdollers was also awarded numerous state honors. In 1942 he received Commander with Plaque of Orden de Isabel La Cat\u00f3lica, in 1946 he got Gran Cruz de la Orden del M\u00e9rito Civ\u00edl, and in 1963 he was honored with Gran Cruz de la Orden de San Raimundo de Pe\u00f1afort, apart from minor medals and titles like a Medal of Merit from Diputaci\u00f3n de Barcelona. When retired he held honorary membership or presidency in various bodies or gatherings, e.g. in 1972 he presided over Jornadas Hisp\u00e1nicas de Derecho Natural. After the Civil War he distanced himself from independent Carlist politics and was not noted as engaged in party structures, though in private he cultivated the Traditionalist link; in the late 1950s he"}, {"text": "joined Ediciones Montejurra, a newly set Seville-based Carlist publishing house, and at least until the 1960s along with Manuel Senante, Francisco El\u00edas de Tejada, Rafael Gambra and Agust\u00edn de As\u00eds Garrote was in its Consejo Asesor. From Traditionalist positions he protested the constitution draft of 1977; as one of 61 academics he called to reject the draft in the referendum. There is no information on his public activity after the date."}, {"text": "The International Rail Makers Association (IRMA) was a cartel for the export of rail profiles that existed (with longer interruptions) between 1883 and the Second World War. History. Among cartel specialists, IRMA is known as the oldest larger international cartel, as the \"grandmother of them all\". From the beginning, it was a quota cartel. The domestic markets were usually reserved. Because of disappointment, the association broke up in 1886. It was revived again in 1904, but not renewed in 1907. In 1912, it was re-established but the First World War ended its operations. In the inter-war period the rail cartel was re-established as the \"European Rail Makers Association\" (ERMA). This name change was due to the reluctance of the American producers to join officially because of fear of antitrust entanglements. The seat of IRMA was (since at least 1926): London (11, Ironmonger Lane). IRMA became defunct due to Second World War and the subsequently aggravated US antitrust. Members and their shares. For 1883, the IRMA members and their shares were as follows: Soon after this scheme was revised to: In 1904, the following distribution was agreed on: In 1912, the scheme was changed to: For 1927, the larger members of"}, {"text": "ERMA and their shares were as follows: Smaller members were: Poland, Austria, Hungary, Italy and some independent business groups."}, {"text": "Toyun Ranch (also as Tuoyun Ranch; ) is a ranch located along China\u2013Kyrgyzstan border in Wuqia County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, it is operated and managed by the 3rd Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. Its geographical coordinates are 74\u00b050 \u0301 \u0301- 67\u00b010 \u0301, north latitude 39\u00b045 \u0301 - 40\u00b040\u00b4, the altitude 2,147-4,391 meters. Its headquarters is located at Kizilmoynok (), 60 km from Kashgar and 115 km from the Turugart Port. Turugart - Kashi Highway passes through the field. Tuoyun Ranch has a land area of 522 square kilometers, including 20 hectares of arable land and 440 square kilometers of natural grassland. As of 2017, the total population is 1,007, with the ethnic minorities of 898 population accounting for 89.2% of the total. There are 3 animal husbandry companies, a school, a health center and a community service center. Tuoyun Ranch is mainly engaged in raising sheep, its industrial structure is single. It belongs to alpine mountainous areas with poor natural conditions, bad weather and frequent natural disasters. Because of that, the development of its economy is slow. History. The predecessor of Toyun Ranch was formed by the merger of the four army sheep farms of Toyun"}, {"text": "(), Moji (), Ying'er ()and Aying (), and the ranch of the 13th Division Of the National Army () in January 1951. It was transferred to the Production Management Office of the South Xinjiang Military Region () in March 1953, and named the 3rd Ranch of the Production Management Office (). The Production and Management Office was incorporated into the 1st Agriculture Construction Division in April 1955, it was named the 3rd Ranch of the 1st Agriculture Construction Division (). In January 1959, the ranch was merged to Qianjin General Farm (), named the 3rd Ranch of Qianjin General Farm (). In September 1962, the 1st Agriculture Construction Division took back the direct leadership and restored the name of the 3rd Ranch of the 1st Agriculture Construction Division (). In September 1962, the 2nd Ranch of the 1st Agriculture Construction Division in Yecheng was transferred to the 3rd Agriculture Construction Division, the 3rd Ranch was replenished as the 2nd Tongyun Ranch of the 1st Agriculture Construction Division (). With the abolition of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in 1975, the 2nd Toyun Ranch was transferred to Kizilsu Prefecture and named the Ranch of Kizilsu Prefecture (), and it was"}, {"text": "renamed Ranch of Wuqia County () in January 1977. In May 1982, it was transferred to the leadership of Kizilsu Prefecture Bureau of Farms and Land Reclamation, and renamed to the 2nd Toyun Ranch of Kizilsu Prefecture (). In April 1982, the 3rd Agriculture Construction Division was restored, and in April 1984, the 2nd Toyun Ranch was transferred to the 3rd Division, it was renamed Toyun Ranch of the 3rd Division (). In 2006, Toyun Ranch was combined to the Jiashi General Farm by trusteeship, with the Jiashi General Farm as the center, two CPC party committees, two sets of leading bodies and two agencies' leadership and management systems. In February 2010, Toyun Ranch was restored as a separate unit of the 3rd Division of the XPCC. Health care. Toyun Ranch has a health center, 3 company clinics with A total of 12 hospital beds and 16 medical staff. In 2017, outpatient treatment was more than 1,264 people, outpatient visited 4,260 people. A health profile for people with hypertension, diabetes and infectious diseases was established, and 226 married women of childbearing age were surveyed free of charge in the year. Education. The ranch has a school for primary and secondary"}, {"text": "education, and a kindergarten. As of 2017, there were 7 full-time teachers with 46 students of secondary education, 19 full-time teachers with 123 students of primary education. The admission rate of baby children reached 100%, and the enrollment rate of primary and secondary school-age children were all 100%."}, {"text": "Noida Media Club (NMC) is a social organization of journalists from Noida and across Delhi-NCR in India. Pankaj Parashar was elected President in 2018. The organization's motto \u0938\u0902\u0917\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0927\u094d\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0926\u0927\u094d\u0935\u0902 is taken from the Rigveda. The meaning of the motto is \"We all go together, speak together, let our minds be one\". Social Contribution. The objective of the organization is to protect the social, economic and professional rights of journalists. The institution is making efforts to strengthen the professional skills of journalists working in Noida and Delhi-NCR and want to play an active role in making Noida a better city. \"Free Speech Magazine\". The \"Free Speech Magazine\" is the bilingual (Hindi and English) mouthpiece of NMC. A half early publication of the organization and contains articles from various fraternities such as journalists, peace makers, businessmen, civil servants, politicians and social workers. The first edition of the magazine was released by Harivansh Narayan Singh, the Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha on 2 October 2019 on the occasion 150th birthday anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. Free Speech Award. NMC established the Free Speech Award to recognise journalists whom the organisation considers are contributing outstanding efforts in journalism. Awarded annually, the award has two categories"}, {"text": "- journalists and photo journalists - with Gold, Silver and Bronze given in each. Journalist's Memorial. NMC has constructed a national memorial dedicated to journalists who lost their lives in line of duty during the COVID-19 pandemic. The foundation stone of the memorial was laid on January 2, 2022. Names of 497 such journalists, including those from print, digital and video, inscribed on memorial pillars at the site located in Sector 72 of Noida. The memorial has been inaugurated on October 2, 2023 on occasion of Gandhi Jayanti. The names of journalists like Rohit Sardana, Shesh Narayan Singh and Rajkumar Keswani, who has frequently written on the Bhopal gas tragedy, have been engraved on the memorial. The memorial was jointly inaugurated by senior journalists Vinod Agnihotri, Vishnu Tripathi and Dr.Arunvir Singh, Chief Executive Officer of Yamuna Expressway Industrial Development Authority. On this occasion, journalists from across the country including Bharatiya Kisan Union spokesperson Rakesh Tikait, former Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav, Rashtriya Lok Dal President Jayant Chaudhary, Bharatiya Janata Party Western Uttar Pradesh President Satendra Shishodia and Union Minister Bhanu Pratap Singh Verma were present."}, {"text": "Calico River Rapids is a themed river rapids ride located at Knott's Berry Farm in Buena Park, California. The ride originally opened in 1988 as Bigfoot Rapids and was originally constructed by Intamin. For the 2019 season, the ride was refurbished with a western theme to match the well-themed Ghost Town section of the park. The renovated ride opened on May 16, 2019. Overview. Calico River Rapids provides a new back story of Ghost Town and takes place during the early days of Knott's Ghost Town. Moreover, the ride's backstory provides the introduction of two new characters in the fictional town of Ghost Town, Potts and Colter. Both of these characters served as the focal background story of Ghost Town and are played as actual characters during Knott's summer Ghost Town Alive season. Calico River Rapids provides guests an experience of setting the Calico River which Potts and Colter explored leading to the discover of the Calico River Territory. History. The ride originally opened on May 26, 1988 as Bigfoot Rapids and was originally constructed by Intamin. The ride was formerly in an area called \"Wild Water Wilderness\" but was never theoretically part of the well themed Ghost Town. Bigfoot"}, {"text": "Rapids featured trees throughout its surrounding area but minimal theming. Along the ride was formerly known as Bigfoot Rapids, the ride was never themed or featured any Bigfoot appearance. As there was little to no theming about bigfoot, it served to be major criticism of the attraction. The ride's age and Knott's Berry Farm commitment to returning to its theme park roots were major factors which led to the retheming of the former Bigfoot attraction. Towards the end of the 2018 season, Knott's Vice President of entertainment, Ken Parks, encouraged the park to close down the ride for extensive refurbishment and rethemed and reopened it as Calico River Rapids for the 2019 season. Knott's Berry Farm along with the efforts of Garner Holt Productions and Chrestensen Design revamped the attraction as a whole new themed experience with roughly 20 new animatronic figures as part of the extensive refurbishment, including a proper appearance of Bigfoot. The ride reopened as Calico River Rapids on May 17, 2019 to large crowds. Since the ride's reopening, Calico River Rapids has been well received by park visitors in part due to its much improved theming from its previous incarnation (Bigfoot Rapids) and has become one"}, {"text": "of the park's best family rides."}, {"text": "Lai Pui Kei (; born 30 December 2001) is a former Hong Kong professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. Club career. On 5 July 2019, Lai signed his first professional contract, agreeing to a deal with Hong Kong Premier League club Happy Valley. In September 2021, Lai joined HK U23. On 23 August 2023, Lai joined Rangers."}, {"text": "Jordan Farr (born October 5, 1994) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper for Major League Soccer club D.C. United. Career. College and amateur. Farr played college soccer at Corban University between 2013 and 2017, which included a redshirted 2014 season. He made 80 appearances for the Warriors during his time at Corban. While at college, Farr played in the USL PDL with both Charlotte Eagles and Portland Timbers U23. Professional. On February 2, 2018, Farr signed for United Soccer League side Indy Eleven. Prior to the 2021 USL Championship Playoffs, San Antonio FC acquired Farr on an emergency loan following an injury to goalkeeper Matt Cardone. Following the 2021 season, it was announced that Farr's contract option was declined by Indy Eleven. On January 26, 2022, Farr signed with San Antonio FC. On May 12, 2022, Farr was named USL Championship player of the month for April 2022 due to a league high 18 saves and 4 shutouts throughout the month. On November 8, 2022, after a season in which San Antonio FC won its first USL championship and in which he scored 15 clean sheets, Farr was named 2022 USL Championship Goalkeeper of the"}, {"text": "Year. Farr signed with the Tampa Bay Rowdies on January 22, 2024. Farr and the Rowdies advanced to the Eastern Conference Semifinals, losing to Charleston Battery 2\u20131. On November 20, 2024, it was announced that Farr would sign with Major League Soccer's D.C. United on a two-year deal. Honors. San Antonio FC Individual Personal. In February 2023, Farr appeared in a commercial for Old Trapper Beef Jerky."}, {"text": "In rational homotopy theory, the Halperin conjecture concerns the Serre spectral sequence of certain fibrations. It is named after the Canadian mathematician Stephen Halperin. Statement. Suppose that formula_1 is a fibration of simply connected spaces such that formula_2 is rationally elliptic and formula_3 (i.e., formula_2 has non-zero Euler characteristic), then the Serre spectral sequence associated to the fibration collapses at the formula_5 page. Status. As of 2019, Halperin's conjecture is still open. Gregory Lupton has reformulated the conjecture in terms of formality relations."}, {"text": "\"Best on Earth\" (stylized in all caps) is a song by American rapper Russ featuring rapper Bia. It was released as the fourth single from Russ's fourteenth studio album \"Shake the Snow Globe\" (2020) on October 17, 2019. The song was produced by Boi-1da and Jahaan Sweet, and samples \"Some Cut\" The Lil Jon produced single by American hip hop group Trillville. Music video. A music video was released on November 5, 2019. In it, Russ and Bia are at a party with many women twerking and draped in lingerie. \"Russ also covers the basement floor in dollar bills, as he sits down to take in the scene and enjoy some hookah.\" Reception. On October 18, 2019, Rihanna took to Instagram to post a video of the song with the captions, \"thank you @bia and @russ for my new fav song #BestOnEarth\". The two rappers both received a cosign from Rihanna, which they expressed appreciation for. On September 29, 2020, Bia's verse from the record received a nomination for the BET Hip Hop Awards in the \u201cSweet 16: Best Featured Verse\u201d category. Russ received his first music industry award for the single at the 2021 BMI R&B/Hip-Hop Awards. Chart performance."}, {"text": "\"Best on Earth\" debuted at number 100 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, on the week of December 21, 2019. The song became Russ' third and Bia's first to appear on the chart. After climbing the chart for three months, the song reached its peak at number 46 on the week of March 28, 2020. On May 13, 2020, the single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and streaming units of over a million units in the United States. On April 16, 2025, the single was certified 3\u00d7 Multi-Platinum."}, {"text": "Wieambilla is a rural locality in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. This locality and its surroundings are extensively used for coal seam gas harvesting. In the , Wieambilla had a population of 78 people. Geography. The Condamine State Forest is in the west of the locality, extending into neighbouring Condamine to the west. History. The locality takes its name from the name of a parish, which in turn was named after a pastoral run operated by Charles George Temple Chauvel in the 1850s, which may have been named after the Wieambilla Creek. Wieambilla Sawmills Provisional School opened in 1915 and closed circa 1926. Shootings. Police constables Matthew Arnold and Rachel McCrow, and a neighbour, Alan Dare, were murdered on 12 December 2022 at a rural property in Wieambilla. The perpetrators, brothers Gareth and Nathaniel Train, and Gareth's wife, Stacey Train, were later shot and killed by Queensland police. Gareth was a known conspiracy theorist who alleged the Port Arthur massacre was a false flag operation and that Princess Diana was killed in a 'blood sacrifice'. Nathaniel was a former school principal. Demographics. In the , Wieambilla had a population of 93 people. In the , Wieambilla had a population"}, {"text": "of 78 people. Education. There are no schools in Wieambilla. The nearest government primary schools are: The nearest government secondary schools are Tara Shire State College in Tara to the south and Chinchilla State High School in Chinchilla to the north-east."}, {"text": "The Chukotka Mountains () or Chukotka Upland (), is a mountainous area in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Far Eastern Federal District, Russia. The ridges of this system are largely barren and desolate. About half of their area is above the Arctic Circle. The climate is one of the harshest in the Russian Federation, with minimum absolute temperatures reaching -73\u00b0\u0421. Traditionally Chukchi people lived only in few intermontane areas, such as the Amguema valley that cuts across the vast mountain zone. Geography. The Chukotka Mountains are one of the two main mountain regions of Chukotka. They rise west and east of the isthmus area of the Chukchi Peninsula, in the central Chukotka region, bounded by the Anadyr Highlands in the southwest. They are composed of mountains of middle height displaying alpine relief, as well as low mountains. They stretch in roughly WNW/ESE direction for , between the head of Chaun Bay and the Bering Sea shore. The ranges of the northern area consist of sandstone and shale with granite intrusions, while those of the southern part are made up of volcanic rocks. The highest peak is Mount Iskhodnaya (\u0418\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f) in the Chantal Range. which is high \u2014 or according to other"}, {"text": "sources. Hydrography. Among the rivers that have their source in the mountains, the following deserve mention: the Amguema River with its tributaries Ekityki and Chantalveergyn, the Palyavaam, Pegtymel and Tanyurer of the Chukchi Sea side, as well as the Kanchalan and the Belaya River tributaries Bolshoi Pykarvaam and Bolshaya Osinovaya of the Pacific Ocean side. The largest lakes in the mountain area are Ekityki, Ervynaygytgyn, Yanranaygytgyn, Ioni, Pychgynmygytgyn, Medvezhye, Achchyon and Koolen. There are 47 small glaciers in the ranges of the highlands, with a total area of . Subranges. The system of the Chukotka Mountains comprises a number of subranges, including the following: Climate. The climate of the Chukotka Mountains area is severe, with short cool summers and very cold 8-month long winters where blizzards are common owing to the influence of both the Arctic Ocean and the Aleutian Low. The valley areas have a continental climate while the mountain ranges are under the influence of an oceanic climate, which is felt more in the lower altitude mountains and less in the medium-high ones. Flora and fauna. The lower slopes of the mountains have tundra vegetation, often marshy in the intermontane basins, while the higher altitudes are Arctic desert."}, {"text": "Rivers are abundant in fish."}, {"text": "The 2020 Newcastle Knights season was the 33rd in the club's history. Coached by Adam O'Brien and captained by Mitchell Pearce, they competed in the NRL's 2020 Telstra Premiership. On 23 March, the NRL announced that the season would be suspended after round 2, until further notice due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The NRL returned on 28 May with a new draw, the Knights' round 3 game coming on 31 May against the Penrith Panthers. The Knights finished the regular season in 7th place (out of 16), thus reaching the finals but were knocked out after losing to the South Sydney Rabbitohs in week 1. Jerseys and sponsors. In 2020, the Knights' jerseys were made by O'Neills and their major sponsor was nib Health Funds. Fixtures. NRL Nines. Squad: 1. Kurt Gidley 2. Jirah Momoisea 3. Hymel Hunt 4. Brodie Jones 5. Gehamat Shibasaki 6. Aidan Guerra (c) 7. Starford To'a 8. Jacob Saifiti 9. Pasami Saulo 10. Kurt Mann (c) 11. Tyronne Roberts-Davis 12. Mason Lino 13. Sione Mata'utia 14. Mitchell Barnett 15. Bayden Searle 16. Tex Hoy 17. Simi Sasagi 18. Matt Soper-Lawler Statistics. 30 players used. \"Source:\" Representative honours. The following players appeared in a representative match"}, {"text": "or were named in a representative squad in 2020. Indigenous All Stars M\u0101ori All Stars New South Wales extended 64-man squad New South Wales Queensland"}, {"text": "The Fuji Harbour () is a fishing port in Shimen District, New Taipei, Taiwan. History. The port used to be a small unknown fishing port in the region. In 1995, the Fuji Fish Outlet Center was established by Jinshan Fishermen's Association within the area. After the local government established the Fuji Seafood Market, the port became well known to the public. Architecture. The port have 3.5-meter deep wharf and 1.9 hectares berth and 3.0-meter deep wharf and 0.95 hectares berth. The port also features a fish market. Transportation. The port is accessible by bus from Tamsui Station of Taipei Metro."}, {"text": "Clifford is a rural locality in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Clifford had a population of 29 people. Geography. The southern boundary of the locality loosely follows the Great Dividing Range with the locality being with the North East Coast drainage basin, specifically within the catchment of the Fitzroy River. The Emu State Forest is in the south of the locality. Apart from this protected area, the land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation with a small amount of crop growing. Demographics. In the , Clifford had a population of 22 people. In the , Clifford had a population of 29 people. Education. There are no schools in Clifford. The nearest government primary schools are Grosmont State School in Grosmont to the north-east and Yuleba State School in Yuleba to the south. However, students in the centre of the locality would be too distant to attend these schools. The nearest government secondary school is Wallumbilla State School (to Year 10) in Wallumbilla to the south, but this school would be too distant for students in most parts of the locality. Also, there is no school offering education to Year 12 nearby. The alternatives are distance"}, {"text": "education and boarding school."}, {"text": "Tai is a given name. People with the name include:"}, {"text": "PAOK Football Club (, \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u0391\u03b8\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u038c\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \"Panthessalon\u00edkios Athlitik\u00f3s \u00d3milos Konstantinopolit\u00f3n\", \"Pan-Thessalonian Athletic Club of Constantinopolitans\"), commonly known as PAOK Thessaloniki or PAOK, is a professional football club based in Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece. Established on 20 April 1926 by Greek refugees who fled to Thessaloniki from Constantinople in the wake of the Greco-Turkish War (1919\u20131922), they play their home games at Toumba Stadium, with a capacity of 29,000 seats. Player records. Top goalscorers. League top goalscorers: (\"Inter-Cities Fairs Cup\") PAOK \u2013 Wiener SC 2\u20131, 15 September 1965. (\"UEFA Cup Winners' Cup\") Rapid Wien \u2013 PAOK 0\u20130, 13 September 1972. (\"Home\") PAOK \u2013 Lamia 7\u20130, 16 February 2025. (\"Away\") A.E. Kifisia \u2013 PAOK 0\u20136, 21 December 2023. (\"Home\") PAOK \u2013 Atlantis Thessaloniki 11\u20130, 18 October 1959. (\"Away\") Lamia \u2013 PAOK 1\u20139, 20 February 1985. (\"Away\") Locomotive Tbilisi \u2013 PAOK 0\u20137, UEFA Cup, 16 September 1999. \"(Domestic record)\" (\"Home\") PAOK \u2013 Lokomotiva Zagreb 6\u20130, UEFA Europa League, 23 July 2015. 27 wins from 34 games (during the 1972\u201373 Alpha Ethniki). 26 wins from 30 games (during the 2018\u201319 Super League Greece). (\"Inter-Cities Fairs Cup\") Wiener SC \u2013 PAOK 6\u20130, 28 September 1965. (\"UEFA Cup\") Barcelona \u2013 PAOK 6\u20131, 1 October 1975."}, {"text": "Point system (3\u20132\u20131): 92 (in 34 matches in 1972\u201373 Alpha Ethniki). Point system (2\u20131\u20130): 49 (in 30 matches in 1975\u201376 Alpha Ethniki) and 52 (in 34 matches in 1976\u201377 Alpha Ethniki). Point system (3\u20131\u20130): 82 (in 30 matches in 2018\u201319 Superleague Greece). Point system (3\u20132\u20131): 57 (in 30 matches in 1963\u201364 Alpha Ethniki). Point system (2\u20131\u20130): 27 (in 30 matches in 1985\u201386 Alpha Ethniki). Point system (3\u20131\u20130): 35 (in 30 matches in 2007\u201308 Superleague Greece)."}, {"text": "Arifin Tasrif (born in Jakarta 19 June 1953) is an Indonesian executive who is the Minister for Energy & Mineral Resources until reshuffle on 19 August 2024 in Joko Widodo's Onward Indonesia Cabinet. Early life and education. Tasrif attended primary and secondary schools in Jakarta. He first (1959) entered the Saint Fransikus (Francis of Assisi) primary school in Central Jakarta run by the Yayasan St. Fransiskus (Francis of Assisi Foundation) in Indonesia. Later (1965\u20131968) he attended the nearby Kanisius middle school before entering senior high school in Medan, North Sumatra in the Yayasan Pendidikan Harapan (Hope for Education Foundation). Tasrif studied chemical engineering at the Bandung Institute of Technology, graduating in 1977. He is of Minangkabau descent. Business career. Tasrif was the business director of the construction and engineering firm between 1995 and 2001, before becoming president director of the fertilizer company Petrokimia Gresik between 2001 and 2010. He then moved to the state-owned . He led the firm until 2015. Political career. Ambassadorship. On 13 March 2017, Tasrif was appointed Indonesia's Ambassador to Japan and Micronesia by Joko Widodo. Tasrif had previously worked in Japan for two years starting in 1986 as an engineer. During this period, he was"}, {"text": "involved in the negotiations for a $20bn contract for a natural gas block with Japanese firm Inpex. Cabinet minister. On 23 October 2019, he was appointed Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources. On 4 February 2022, Tasrif was temporarily replaced by Bahlil Lahadalia as \"ad interim\" minister due to a COVID-19 infection."}, {"text": "Waikola is a rural locality in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Waikola had a population of 26 people. Geography. The Great Dividing Range loosely forms the southern boundary of the locality, with the locality within the North-East Coast drainage basin, specifically within the catchment of the Fitzroy River which flows into the Coral Sea. The Roma-Taroom Road runs through from west (Durham Downs) to east (Eurombah / Clifford). The Woodduck State Forest is in the south of the locality. Apart from this protected area, the land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation with some crop growing. Demographics. In the , Waikola had a population of 25 people. In the , Waikola had a population of 26 people. Education. There are no schools in Waikola. The nearest government school is Wallumbilla State School (Kindergarten to Year 10) in Wallumbilla to the south. However, students living in the north of Waikola would be too distant for a daily commute. Also there is no school nearby providing education to Year 12. The alternatives are distance education and boarding school."}, {"text": "Ivan Frederiksen is a Danish curler and curling coach. He came third in the . Personal life. His son Johnny is also a curler."}, {"text": "Zeng Rongsheng (; 16 August 1924 \u2013 22 October 2019) was a Chinese geophysicist and earthquake researcher who helped establish the geophysics programs at the China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Peking University, and the University of Science and Technology of China. He investigated the crustal structures of many locations in China and their relations to earthquakes. Considered a founder of solid earth geophysics in the country, he was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980. Life and career. Zeng was born on 16 August 1924 in Fuqing, Fujian, Republic of China, with his ancestral home in Pingtan County. After graduating from Xiamen University in July 1946, he was hired by the university as a teaching assistant. In September 1947, Zeng joined the Institute of Physics of the National Peiping Academy in Beiping (now Beijing) as an assistant researcher. He joined the Institute of Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1950 as an assistant professor and later associate professor. In 1978, he became a research professor at the Institute of Geophysics of the China Earthquake Administration, where he worked until his retirement in 2018. He was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences"}, {"text": "(CAS) in 1980. Zeng died in Beijing on 22 October 2019, aged 95. Contributions. In the 1950s and 1960s, Zeng assisted academician Fu Chengyi with establishing geophysics programs at the China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Peking University, and the University of Science and Technology of China. His first graduate student, , also became an academician of the CAS. Zeng conducted a low-frequency seismic wave experiment in the Qaidam Basin in 1958. The project later won the National Science Congress Award in 1978. He examined the crustal structures of many locations in China and investigated sources of seismic waves. He studied the geodynamics of the extensional basins in North China and their connection to the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. In the 1990s, Zeng organized the first Sino-American joint project to investigate the crust and upper mantle of the Tibetan Plateau and the collision process of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate. He was conferred the State Science and Technology Progress Award (Third Class) in 1997. Zeng published \"Introduction to Solid Earth Geophysics\" () in 1984, the first systematic book on the subject in China. A monumental work with more than 660,000 Chinese characters, it has been widely used in education and"}, {"text": "research. He is generally considered a founder of solid earth geophysics in China."}, {"text": "Cadarga is a rural locality in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Cadarga had a population of 28 people. Cadarga's postcode is 4413. Geography. The locality is loosely bounded to the south by the Great Dividing Range with the locality being within the North East Coast drainage basin within the catchment of the Burnett River. Cadarga Creek rises in the south-west of the locality and then flows west and then north through the locality, exiting to the north (Hawkwood). There are two sections of Allies Creek State Forest in the south-west and east of the locality, extending into neighbouring Boondooma. Apart from these protected areas, the land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation with some production forestry. Demographics. In the , Cadarga had a population of 16 people. In the , Cadarga had a population of 28 people. Education. There are no schools in Cadarga. The nearest government primary school is Monogoribly State School in neighbouring Monogorilby to the north-east, almost adjacent to the boundary with Cadarga. There are no secondary schools nearby; the alternatives are distance education and boarding school."}, {"text": "The First Djumhana Cabinet () was the second cabinet established by the State of Pasundan. It was composed of nine ministers and one official. Its term of office ran from 10 to 31 January 1949. Background. After the resignation of the Adil Cabinet on 19 December 1948, the prime minister of Netherlands, Willem Drees, held a visitation to Indonesia. The visitation was meant to discuss the formation of a federal interim government of Indonesia. The plan was to hold a conference in Jakarta in January 1949, on which the newly formed cabinet, led by Adil Puradiredja, would attend. The plan failed, as the Dutch failed to pressure the Parliament of Pasundan to reelect Adil. In response to the failure of the plan, the commander of the Dutch forces in Indonesia Simon Spoor, and the High Commissioner of the Crown in the State of Pasundan R.W. van Diffelen went to Wiranatakusumah, the \"Wali Negara\" (head of state) of Pasundan. They pressured Wiranatakusumah to immediately appoint a new cabinet formateur so that a new government is formed quickly. Finally, on 28 December 1948, Wiranatakusumah appointed Djumhana Wiriaatmadja, a non-party member of the parliament, as the cabinet formateur. In forming the cabinet, Djumhana"}, {"text": "presented the programs of his cabinet: Based on his program, Djumhana was able to obtain majority parliamentary backing for his cabinet. The Indonesian fraction approved the program but rejected to be given the position in the cabinet. Initial composition. Initially, Djumhana proposed a cabinet that includes pro-Indonesian politicians: It turned out that three ministers: Raden Mas Sewaka, Ukar Bratakusumah, and Maria Ulfah Santoso, rejected their position. Djumhana then reshuffled his proposal, and formed a new cabinet. Aftermath. After the formation of the new cabinet, Djumhana headed to Jakarta to attend the conference. It turned out his program was rejected by the Dutch for being pro-Indonesian and the Dutch pressured Djumhana to change his program. Djumhana rejected the request, but he was willing to participate in the talks on Bangka Island with the Indonesian government that was arrested, along with four other members of the federal state. Due to his rejection, Louis Beel, the High Commissioner of the Dutch East Indies, wrote to Wiranatakusumah and demanded to him that if the Djumhana cabinet programs were not promptly dropped, the State of Pasundan would be scrapped in favor of a strictly military government. To further emphasize his action, Louis Beel sent Major"}, {"text": "General Engels and R.W. van Diffelen to meet the \"Wali Negara\". Both stated that if the demands were not fulfilled, then the Dutch military would arrest a number of the leading members of the Pasundan government. The Dutch presented to him a black list of to be arrested politicians, including his son. Wiranatakusumah threatened to resign from his position if the arrest occurred. To avoid further disobedience by Wiranatakusumah, the Dutch began the arrest on 14 January 1949. The arrested politicians were different from the list. The arrest occurred while Wiranatakusumah was on a working trip around Pasundan, and Djumhana was in Bangka Island. The end of the cabinet. Soon after the arrest, the Parliament of Pasundan withdrew its support to the cabinet and four ministers from the cabinet resigned. Djumhana tried in vain for a week to rearrange his cabinet, and on 28 January 1949, his cabinet officially resigned."}, {"text": "Chances Plain is a rural locality in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Chances Plain had a population of 158 people. Geography. The Chinchilla\u2013Wondai Road runs along the northern boundary, and the Warrego Highway forms the south-western boundary. Demographics. In the , Chances Plain had a population of 151 people. In the , Chances Plain had a population of 158 people. Education. There are no schools in Chances Plain. The nearest government primary schools are Chinchilla State School in neighbouring Chinchilla to the west and Brigalow State School in neighbouring Brigalow to the south. The nearest government secondary school is Chinchilla State High School in Chinchilla. There are also non-government schools in Chinchilla."}, {"text": "The Centenario Open is a tournament for professional female tennis players played on outdoor clay courts. The event is classified as a $60,000 ITF Women's Circuit tournament and has been held in Asunci\u00f3n, Paraugay, since 2019."}, {"text": "Rubin James Wilson (born 8 October 2001) is an English footballer who plays for Western League Premier Division side Helston Athletic, as a forward. Career. Wilson made his first team debut on his 18th birthday, 8 October 2019, coming on as a sub in an EFL Trophy match between Plymouth Argyle and Swindon Town. He replaced Antoni Sarcevic in the 78th minute. Wilson had been set to start the 2020\u201321 season with Plymouth Parkway in the Western League Premier Division. However, FA regulations prevent a professional from playing below step four of the National League System, and so he joined Dorchester on three-month loan. Wilson was released by the Pilgrims at the end of the 2020\u201321 season."}, {"text": "The 2019 Centenario Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the first edition of the tournament which was part of the 2019 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. It took place in Asunci\u00f3n, Paraguay between 28 October and 3 November 2019. Singles main-draw entrants. Other entrants. The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:"}, {"text": "The Mazda MX-30 is a subcompact crossover SUV produced by Mazda and sold as a battery electric (BEV), plug-in hybrid (PHEV) or mild hybrid (MHEV) variant. Based on the CX-30, it was unveiled at the 2019 Tokyo Motor Show. Production of the vehicle, which is Mazda's first mass-produced electric car, began at their Ujina factory on 19 May 2020. Mazda was one of the first automakers to produce a Wankel rotary piston engine and built them longer than anyone else. A rotary engine was last installed in the Mazda RX-8 until it was reintroduced in the Mazda MX-30 in October 2023. The engine works as a generator and increases the range in support of the electric motor. Overview. The MX-30 features clamshell doors, referred to as \"freestyle doors\" by Mazda and previously seen on their rotary-engined RX-8 sports car. It uses MacPherson strut front suspension and torsion beam rear suspension. The MX-30 is powered by an electric motor supported by a 35.5 kWh battery with a power output of and torque, offering a range of . Up to 80% charge can be achieved within 30 to 40 minutes via 40 kW DC charging. With a 6.6 kW AC (1 phase,"}, {"text": "230V, 29A) charging unit, the MX-30 is claimed to get fully recharged within 4.5 hours. The plug-in hybrid variant was presented on 14 January 2023. Its drivetrain operates in series, featuring a rotary engine that acts as a range extender to recharge the batteries, but not to power the vehicle's wheels directly. The Wankel engine is a naturally aspirated single-rotor unit with a chamber volume of 830 cc, petrol direct injection, exhaust gas recirculation, a three-way catalyst and a particulate filter. Its rated power output is . In Japan, Australia and New Zealand, a gasoline-powered all-wheel-drive mild hybrid version is also available. This version is powered by Mazda's 2.0 L \"e-Skyactiv-G\" four-cylinder engine. Markets. Asia. Indonesia. The MX-30 EV was launched in Indonesia on 11 November 2024, in a sole variant. Japan. The MX-30 went on sale in Japan in 8 October 2020, in a sole grade with four combination packages available. At launch, a 100th Anniversary Special Commemorative Vehicle special edition variant was available, to commemorate the 100th anniversary since the founding as its predecessor Toyo Cork Kogyo Company, Limited in 1920. The e-Skyactiv-G M Hybrid powertrain was marketed first, as it was easy option for many consumers and"}, {"text": "battery electric vehicles were not high selling compared to hybrid electric vehicles. In January 2021, the MX-30 EV was released in Japan with three trim levels available at launch: EV, EV Basic Set, and EV Highest Set. In November 2023, the MX-30 with the e-Skyactiv-R powertrain was introduced in Japan as the Rotary Plug-in Hybrid, with a special edition Edition R variant available. Malaysia. The MX-30 EV was launched in Malaysia in 29 June 2022, with deliveries began in January 2023, with two trim levels: Mid and High. Singapore. The MX-30 EV was launched at the Singapore Motor Show on 16 January 2023, in a sole variant. Europe. The MX-30 was introduced for the Europe region in the third quarter of 2020. Two powertrain options were available: e-Skyactiv (BEV) and e-Skyactiv-R (PHEV). North America. The MX-30 EV went on sale in USA in August 2021 with sales limited to the state of California, as a sole variant, a Premium Plus package option was available. In July 2023, the MX-30 was discontinued in the USA due to slow sales of less than 600 units and Mazda USA focusing on introducing newer hybrid cars. The MX-30 EV went on sale in Canada"}, {"text": "in February 2022, with two trim levels: GS and GT. It was discontinued there at the end of the 2024 model year. Oceania. Australia. The MX-30 went on sale in Australia in April 2021, with three trim levels available at launch: Evolve, Touring, and Astina. Two powertrain options are available: e-Skyactiv-G M Hybrid (G20e) and the battery electric e-Skyactiv (E35), the latter powertrain comes exclusively in the Astina trim that shortly went on sale in August 2021. New Zealand. The MX-30 was launched in New Zealand in May 2021 in a sole variant, the e-Skyactiv BEV in the Takami trim. In October 2021, the e-Skyactiv-G M Hybrid powertrain in the Limited trim followed. Safety. The Mazda MX-30 received a 5-star rating by the Euro NCAP in 2020. It was also the first car to achieve a maximum rating under the new Euro NCAP criteria. Awards and reviews. The MX-30 made the 10 Best List of the 2020-2021 Car of the Year Japan Awards. It also won the 2020 Red Dot Design Award in the Electric Vehicle category. Nonprofit consumer organisation Consumer Reports stated, \"With such a small battery, the EPA-estimated range is a scant 100 miles. That would have been"}, {"text": "competitive a decade ago, but it's not in today's EV market.\" CR called it a \"strange little car\" and found the vehicle noisy but applauded fit and finish and said it was \"a fun little handler.\""}, {"text": "Aleksander Ferdinand Oinas (28 December 1887 \u2013 3 March 1942) was an Estonian politician; he was a long-serving member of the Estonian Parliament (Riigikogu) and served three times as a government minister. was an Estonian politician; he was a long-serving member of the Estonian Parliament (Riigikogu) and served three times as a government minister. Born in Tartu to T\u00f5nis and Marie Oinas (\"n\u00e9e\" Litter), he was the eldest of five siblings. His sister Emma Elisabet (nicknamed \"Elo\") would marry writer and literary critic Friedebert Tuglas. In 1907, he enrolled at Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, studying economics, and graduating in 1915. Oinas was a member of the Estonian Provincial Assembly, serving from 26 November 1918 and replacing . He sat on the Estonian Constituent Assembly as a member of the Estonian Social Democratic Workers' Party (ESDTP), but did not sit in the first session of the Estonian Parliament (Riigikogu) which followed it. He was elected to the second session in 1923, but resigned on 26 March 1926 and was replaced by Voldemar Krabi. Oinas then sat in each of the four sessions of the Riigikogu which followed (in the National Council during the last) before the dissolution of"}, {"text": "that institution in 1940 following the Soviet annexation of Estonia. Oinas was Minister of the Interior between 9 May 1919 and 18 November 1919, Auditor General in 1919 and again from 1921 until 1926, Minister of Finance and Minister of Trade and Industry from 4 December 1928 to 9 July 1929, and finally Minister of Transport from 12 February 1931 to 19 February 1932. After the Soviet occupation of Estonia, Oinas, together with many other prominent Estonians, was deported to Siberia. He died on 3 March 1942 in Usollag in Perm Oblast (then called Molotov Oblast) in the Soviet Union. He was sentenced to death, but died before the execution. His wife was the journalist and politician Alma Ostra-Oinas; she survived him and died in 1960."}, {"text": "Lulu Wang or Wang Lulu may refer to:"}, {"text": "Aled Gravelle is a Welsh rugby union player. He started his career playing at flanker before converting to Hooker. He was tall for a hooker, standing 6\u20192\u201d and weighed 110kgs. He was known for his defensive organising. He played for Llanelli RFC before moving up to play for Scarlets, making 67 appearances before being released in 2007."}, {"text": "Ch\u00e2teau de la Faigne was a castle in Pays de la Loire, France. History. An English force, led by Thomas de Grandison was defeated beneath the walls of the castle on 4 December 1370, by a French force led by Bertrand du Guesclin and Jean IV de Mauquenchy, during the Hundred Years' War. Among the French casualties was the marshal, Arnoul d'Audrehem, who was mortally wounded. The English force was almost wiped out. Grandison, Philip Courtenay and Hugh Despenser, were captured."}, {"text": "Aleksei Palm (10 February 1887 \u2013 12 February 1942), also known as Ado Palm was an Estonian educator and politician. Palm was born on 10 February 1887 in Velise in Wiek County. In 1917, he was elected to sit on the Estonian Provincial Assembly, the national diet of the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia in the Russian Empire. He served for the duration of the session, which ended in 1919, but did not sit on the Estonian Constituent Assembly or the Estonian Parliament which followed. Palm died on 12 February 1942 aged 55 in Nizhny Baskunchak in the Astrakhan Oblast of the Soviet Union."}, {"text": "Pikes Creek is a rural locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Pikes Creek had a population of 19 people. Geography. The locality is bounded to the north-east by Lighthouse Gully and to the south-east by Pike Creek. The terrain is hilly with elevations of above sea level. The Stanthorpe \u2013 Texas Road runs through from north-east (Pikedale) to south-west (Glenlyon). The land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation with a small amount of crop growing. History. The locality was named after a pastoral run, transferred to Captain John Pike in 1852 along with Terica. Land in Pikes Creek was open for selection on 17 April 1877; were available in Pike's Creek and in Pike's Creek North. Pike Creek State School opened on 21 May 1973 and closed on 10 December 1976. Demographics. In the , Pikes Creek had a population of 26 people. In the , Pikes Creek had a population of 19 people. Education. There are no schools in Pikes Creek. The nearest government primary schools are Greenlands State School in Greenlands to the north-east and Texas State School in Texas to the south-west. The nearest government secondary schools are Texas State School"}, {"text": "(to Year 10) and Stanthorpe State High School (to Year 12) in Stanthorpe to the east."}, {"text": "Orchestra Wellington is New Zealand's oldest professional regional orchestra, based in the capital city of Wellington. It hosts an annual subscription series of concerts in the Michael Fowler Centre, performing varied repertoire from the Classical, Romantic and contemporary periods. The orchestra commissions and performs works by New Zealand composers, with John Psathas the current composer-in-residence. It also performs large choral works with the Orpheus Choir of Wellington, and regularly accompanies Wellington stage performances by the Royal New Zealand Ballet, New Zealand Opera, and Wellington Opera. History. Wellington has had a long orchestral tradition before the establishment of its current principal orchestra. In 1928, a previous Wellington orchestra, the Wellington Symphony Orchestra, was formed with hopes of becoming a national orchestra. With Leon de Mauny conducting, it put on its first concert in the Wellington Town Hall later that year in the presence of the Governor General. The concert was recorded and broadcast on the newly formed 2YA radio station, to good reviews. By 1940, losses from dwindling audiences and subscriptions partly due to the advent of World War II had threatened the orchestra with closure, and it ceased performing in 1941. The establishment of the National Orchestra in 1946, combined"}, {"text": "with a lack of players, made its revival untenable. In 1948, New Zealand violinist Alex Lindsay founded a new orchestra as the Alex Lindsay String Orchestra, establishing it as an incorporated society, the Wellington Regional Orchestra Foundation, in 1950. It was renamed the Lindsay String Orchestra of Wellington in 1967, and re-established with assistance from the Arts Council of New Zealand in 1973 as the Wellington Regional Orchestra. In 1991 the orchestra was renamed Wellington Sinfonia, and in 2005 renamed again to Vector Wellington Orchestra. In 2012 the orchestra dropped the naming sponsorship from electricity company Vector and rebranded to its current name, Orchestra Wellington."}, {"text": "The People's Party FNB (), until 2022 known as the People's Action No to More Road Tolls (, FNB), is a political party in Norway. The single-issue party's stance is that road construction should be entirely funded through ordinary taxes and road tolls should be abolished. The party was founded in 2014 in Stavanger as a reaction to the plans to erect a toll ring in Stavanger/Sandnes. Starting as a people's action, it was reformed as a party and ran in the 2015 municipal elections, winning three municipal councilors. It was initially led by Frode Myrhol. At its first party convention, in 2020, a dispute around the leadership role led to the party opting to have two joint party leaders, Frode Myrhol and Cecilie Lyngby. For the 2019 election, the party ran for eleven municipal and five county elections, winning seats in all locations, 51 in municipal and 17 in county councils. The highest results were achieved with 22.1 percent in Alver, 16.7 percent in Bergen, and as low as 1.5 percent in Vestfold og Telemark. Support for the party plummeted during the 2021 parliamentary election, with the party only receiving 3,435 votes or 0.1 percent of the popular vote,"}, {"text": "placing the party as Norway's 18th largest. The party changed its name from People's Action No to More Road Tolls to People's Party FNB in February 2022. Results. Election results in the 2019 municipal elections: Results from the 2019 county elections:"}, {"text": "The 2020 Diamond League was the eleventh season of the annual series of outdoor track and field meetings, organised by World Athletics. The competition marked the first major revision to the top level athletics series since its foundation in 2010. The number of Diamond Discipline events was reduced from 32 to 24, and the dual-meet final format was due to be replaced by a single final, which would have expanded the number of meetings to 15. A second Chinese meeting was added to the calendar. The reduction of events was aimed at allowing a standardised 90-minute television format for the series. Each meeting will host 11 or 12 Diamond Discipline events and some of these events will not be broadcast. Events losing Diamond Discipline status will feature on the World Athletics Continental Tour, which will replace the IAAF World Challenge as the second tier of track and field meetings. Compared with the previous year, the Birmingham meeting moved venues to Gateshead due to stadium renovations, while the Prefontaine Classic was due to return to Eugene, Oregon following completion of its renovation. The Doha Diamond League will also return to the Qatar Sports Club, the home of the Qatari Diamond League"}, {"text": "between 2010 and 2018. The Golden Gala was originally due be held at the San Paolo Stadium in Naples instead of Rome, due to the renovation of the Olympic Stadium. Initial plans for the 2020 season were to remove the Stockholm Bauhaus Athletics from the series and condense the calendar into a much shorter time-frame, but these plans were abandoned after a five-year title sponsorship deal with Chinese conglomerate Wanda Group. Due to then ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the format was changed. The series will no longer be a structured series of events leading up to a final and athletes will not earn Diamond League points. Schedule. The following nine meetings are scheduled to be included in the 2020 season (note: schedule was revised due to the pandemic and meetings in London, Eugene, Paris, Rabat, Gateshead and Shanghai were cancelled): () = Event was modified to no-spectator multi-place interactive event."}, {"text": "This is a roster of the bus fleet of Metrobus, the fixed-route bus service run by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority in Washington, D.C. The Metrobus fleet is the sixth-largest bus fleet in the United States. It provides more than 130 million passenger trips per year in Washington, D.C., Maryland, and Virginia. As of 2020, the current Metrobus fleet consists of 1,571 buses of varying fuel types including diesel, compressed natural gas, diesel-electric hybrid, and battery-electric. The buses in the fleet are assigned to one of eight bus divisions located throughout the area, with a ninth division currently under construction. Retired fleet. These buses were served by WMATA at one point but were replaced by newer and more efficient buses after serving at least 8 years. Some buses were preserved and some were acquired by museums, while the rest of the fleets were scrapped. Metrobus (Washington, D.C.)"}, {"text": "Mohammad Amin Beglari (; 12 August 1918 \u2013 11 February 1979) was the commander of the Imperial Guard of Mohammed Reza Shah a few months before the collapse of the regime. He was of Kurdish origin, a deputy commander and loyal to Mohammed Reza Shah. He was assassinated shortly after General Abdolali Badrei in 1979. \"A third high officer, Gen. Mohammed Amin Beglari, deputy commander of the Imperial Guards, was found dead in his home here today with three bullet wounds in his body.\" Some other sources claim that he committed suicide when revolutionary guards stopped his car ."}, {"text": "Simos Stogiannou Ioannidis () was a Slavophone Greek revolutionary of the Macedonian Struggle known as well by the nom de guerre Armenskiotis. Biography. Ioannidis was born in the 1880s in Armenskon of Florina, then Ottoman Empire (now Alona, Greece). He started his armed actions by joining the armed group of Kottas as his adjutant and participating in the Ilinden\u2013Preobrazhenie Uprising. He later joined the group of Pavlos Melas, assisting him and other chieftains like Efthymios Kaoudis and Georgios Tsontos who did not know the region well, acting in the region of Pelister. He set up his own armed group in 1906 cooperating with Pavlos Rakovitis, acting in the region of Florina. He participated as a volunteer in both Balkan Wars, and notably in the battle which led to the extermination of Vasil Chekalarov. In 1957, the village of Motesnica in Florina was renamed to Simos Ioannidis in his honour."}, {"text": "The 2011 Kansas City mayoral election was held February 22 and March 22, 2011 to elect the mayor of Kansas City, Missouri. It saw the election of Sly James, who unseated incumbent mayor Mark Funkhouser (who was eliminated in the primary)."}, {"text": "Anastasiya Kunitskaya (; born 22 January 1989) is a Belarusian women's football defender. She plays in the Turkish Women's First Football League for Horozkent Spor with jersey number 22. Club career. Kunitskaya played in her country for Bobruichanka Bobruisk between 2010 and 2015, capping in 96 matches in the Women's Premier League and scoring one goal. In that period, she appeared in 23 matches of the Women's Cup netting two goals, in two matches of the Women's Super Cup and played three games in the Women's Championship. In 2016 and 2017, she was with FC Energetik-BGU Minsk, where she scored one goal in 30 league matches. She took part in six games of the Women's Cup, in one match of the Women's Super Cup and three matches of the Women's Championships. She then returned to her home club in the 2018 league season. She scored one goal in 32 league matches, and played in five Women's Cup matches. In the beginning of October 2019, she moved to Turkey to join the Istanbul-based top-level Turkish First League club Ata\u015fehir Belediyespor. She left the team after capping in three matches. For the 2021\u201322 Turkish Super League season, she signed with Hatayspor. In"}, {"text": "the beginning of the 2022\u201323 Turkish Super League season, she signed with the Istanbul-based club Kire\u00e7burnu Spor. Mid January 2023 in the half of the season, she transferred to the newly-starting second-level Turkish First League club Horozkent Spor in Denizli. International career. As a member of the Belarus women's national football team, Kunitskaya took part at three qualification matches of the UEFA Women's Euro 2017, and in one match of the UEFA Women's Euro 2021 qualification round."}, {"text": "Jacobus Van Der Spiegel (February 5, 1668 \u2013 1708), also known as Jacobus Vander Spiegel, was an early American silversmith, active in New York City. Van Der Spiegel was born in New York City, where he married Ann Saunders on 21 September 21, 1692, and with whom he had three children. He served in the Union Army along the Albany frontier. He was appointed in 1698 as Constable in New York City, freeman on February 24, 1701, and served as a Deacon of the Reformed Dutch Church at various times from 1703 until his death. His work is collected in the Brooklyn Museum, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Winterthur Museum, and Yale University Art Gallery."}, {"text": "Derek Chang or Chang Hsuan-jui (, born 17 December 1992) is a Taiwanese actor. He is known for his role as Du Zhe-ming in the hit TV series \"Prince of Wolf\" (2016). In 2018, He was also nominated for the Best Leading Actor in a TV Series at the 53rd Golden Bell Awards for his performance in \"My Dear Boy\". Early life. Derek was born on 17 December 1992 in Taipei, Taiwan. In 2015, Derek donated 45% of his liver to his father who had liver cancer. After the operation, he lived on a light diet and exercised frequently until his body recovered. Career. 2016\u20132017: Beginnings as new actor. In 2016, Derek rose to national and regional prominence overnight for his role as Zhe Ming (\"Little Wolf\") in the hit TV series \"Prince of Wolf\". \"Prince of Wolf\" enjoyed unprecedented success in East and Southeast Asian countries. He was called as \"National Little Brother\" or \"National Boyfriend\". In the same year, Chang appeared in highly rated TV series \"Stay with Me\" which stars with Joe Chen, Wang Kai in the play as Joe Chen's younger brother. In May 2017, Derek played the leading role in \"My Dear Boy\" with Ruby"}, {"text": "Lin. For his performance, he was nominated at 53rd Golden Bell Awards for Best Leading Actor in a TV Series. 2019\u20132026 present: Rising popularity. In 2019, Chang he participated in the mainland Mango TV program \"Meeting Mr. Right\" and officially interacted with Selina Jen In 2019, Chang starred in the family drama \"Yong-Jiu Grocery Store\", based on comic by Yan Guangmin. The drama was a success and achieved a cult following. It has a score of 8.5 points on Douban"}, {"text": "Personal Best are an English punk band from Bristol. Founded by songwriter Robin Gatt in 2013, they have had several lineup changes in the time since. They have currently released two full-length albums; \"Arnos Vale\" (2015) and \"What You At\" (2019). History. Personal Best was founded by Robin Gatt as a vehicle for their songwriting in Bristol in 2013. The original lineup included Tom Hussey (also of the band Attack! Vipers!) on bass and Lou Hanman (also of the band Caves) on drums. This trio recorded the debut EP released on Specialist Subject Records in 2014. On 30 March 2015, they released their debut album \"Arnos Vale\", recorded with producer and engineer Gethin Pearson in mid-Wales. In 2016, Lou Hanman and Tom Hussey left and were replaced by Jason Cavalier on drums and Tom Baker on bass. Portsmouth based musician El Morgan joined as a second guitarist, rounding out a new four-piece lineup. On 29 April 2016, they released a single on the German label Yo-Yo Records. In summer of 2018, Personal Best recorded their second album at Morgan's recording studio Southsea Sound. On 14 June 2019 the album, \"What You At\", was released by Dovetown Records in the UK"}, {"text": "and Sheer Luck Records in the US."}, {"text": "Tick () is a common term used in Germany's right-wing extremist environment to degrade and insult those who think differently, especially leftists and Punks. It has been used since at least 1992 by neo-Nazi skinhead groups, first often as \"left-wing tick\" (), which became commonly shortened to simply \"tick\" by 1998. According to today's right-wing extremist ideology so-called ticks are seen as the main concept of the enemy and are regarded as \"un-Germans ideologically and culturally\". The degradation of humans to ticks, i.e. parasites, ties in with the animal metaphors used in the language of Nazi Germany. The terms \"pests\" and \"Jewish parasites\" were widespread in National Socialism. Today these pest metaphors are also widely used in right-wing extremist music and can also be seen as indirect incitement for killing. Violence committed by right-wing extremists was often described as \"tick slapping\". In the punk or rapscene the term is used as an antonym and sometimes as a self-designation. The punk bands \"Se Sichelzecken\" and \"ESA-Zecken\" made the swearword part of their names. In recent years the term tick has been made popular and has been used as a self-designation in the musical genre of tick rap. Some followers of the"}, {"text": "football club FC St. Pauli, especially in the ultra scene, also say \"Wir sind Zecken\" (we are ticks) in fan chants. In the aftermath of the Sea-Watch 3 affair and its intrusion into the port of Lampedusa the Italian Minister of the Interior, Matteo Salvini, insulted the German captain Carola Rackete as a \"German tick\" at a party celebration of the Lega in Barzago in July 2019."}, {"text": "William Worby Beaumont (c. 1848 \u2013 14 April 1929) was an early automotive engineer and inventor. He was born in Chorlton in Lancashire in about 1848, the son of the agricultural engineer William Henry Beaumont (1827-1907) and his wife Ellen \"n\u00e9e\" Worby (1826-1906). On leaving school in 1864 he was an apprentice at the Reading Ironworks Co. before joining the Ipswich works of Ransomes and Sims in 1867 as an Improver under his grandfather, Mr. William Worby, the notable pioneer of agricultural self-movers. Here after five years he was promoted to Assistant to Robert Mallet. He left Ransomes to take up an appointment with Vaughan Pendred as joint-editor of \"The Engineer\" newspaper where he remained for about ten years. During his tenure he revealed himself as a dedicated enthusiast for the motor car, which was hardly surprising considering the engineering background of his grandfather, William Worby. In 1895 he attended an exhibition organized by the British Motor Syndicate of a Daimler motor car at The Crystal Palace in London. From 1896 Beaumont was in private practice as a Consulting Automobile and Mechanical Engineer and later was Technical Adviser to the Metropolitan Police for 12 years from 1905 in addition to"}, {"text": "acting as Honorary Consulting Engineer to the Royal Automobile Club (RAC), of which he was a founding Member in 1897. The first Conditions of Fitness for Taxis specifically written for motor cabs were written under the guidance of Beaumont for the Metropolitan Police, he having been recommended to the Public Carriage Office by Lord Montagu of Beaulieu. Introduced in May 1906, the Conditions of Fitness set out the requirements for vehicles that were to be used as licensed Hackney carriage taxi cabs in London. Beaumont's listing in the \"Motoring Annual and Motorist's Year Book\" for 1904 described him as: 'BEAUMONT, W. Worby, M.I.C.E., M.I.M.E., &c., &c., Outer Temple, 222, Strand, London, W.C. Car: None at present. Hobbies: Cycling, orographic geology, and physical and mechanical experiment. Supports motoring for the improvement in the conduct of traffic of all kinds on roads; the development of a great national industry, and the recovery of the premiership of the United Kingdom, in the construction of mechanically-propelled vehicles. Is a practical engineer. Has carried out extensive experiments in steam condensation, and in connection with steam, oil and gas-engines. In 1898 was President of the Society of Engineers. Is the author of \"Motor Vehicles and Motors.\""}, {"text": "Is Hon. Consulting Engineer to the A.C.G.R. & I., and has been a judge of motor vehicles at all the important exhibitions and trials from 1896 to the present time'. In 1898 Beaumont was President of the Society of Engineers and was a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and the Institution of Electrical Engineers in addition to many other learned bodies. Beaumont was a member of the Cycle Engineers' Institute and an original Member of Council of the Institution of Automobile Engineers, taking an active role in the Institution for the rest of his life. In 1906 he became a Consulting engineer to Rolls-Royce. His \"Motor Vehicles and Motors: Their Design, Construction and Working by Steam, Oil and Electricity\" in two volumes was printed by Archibald Constable & Co. London, comprising Volume 1, 1900 and Volume 2, 1906. \"Industrial Electric Vehicles and Trucks\" was published by Griffin in 1920. From 1926 his Offices and those of Mr L. N. Burt were located at 20 Essex Street, Strand, London. Beaumont's first wife was Ellen Anna Maria Beaumont (1850-c1880) with whom he had three children. His second wife was Mary Elizabeth Weldon (1851\u20131925) whom he"}, {"text": "married in 1885 in Lambeth. They had one daughter. He married his third wife Vida Mary Augusta Constance Moylan (1871-1962) in 1925, the youngest sister of the prolific novelist Josephine Fitzgerald Clarke and the pioneer female dentist Hannah Moylan. In his later years he lived in West Kensington in London where a neighbour was the author H. Rider Haggard. William Worby Beaumont died at 46 St George's Road in Westminster in London in April 1929 aged 80 years."}, {"text": "The Seed was a controversial drug rehabilitation program in the United States that operated between 1970 and 2001. Aimed at youths, the program was modeled after adult treatment programs, with its techniques having been compared to those of the cult Synanon. In a 1974 U.S Senate report, its techniques were also compared to the North Korean brainwashing technique used on Prisoners of War during the Korean War. At its height in the 1970s The Seed had locations in Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Dade County, and St. Petersburg. The organisation widely marketed itself as \"spectacularly successful\", \"teaching love\", and received wide press coverage. There was also a location in Cleveland, Ohio. Art Barker and his entourage would travel back and forth a couple times a month. Following the release of the Senate report, along with criticisms from experts about the techniques and high suicide rate of the attendees, The Seed began to decline over the next two decades. By 2001, only the original Fort Lauderdale location remained, and the founder, Arthur Barker, retired and dissolved the organisation. Several other similar drug rehabilitation programs were founded in its image after The Seed's decline, most notably Straight, Incorporated."}, {"text": "Stuart Town Gaol in Alice Springs (formerly Stuart), Northern Territory, Australia, located on 9 Parson Street, was constructed in 1907, when Alice Springs had a European population of approximately 30 people, and held its first prisoner in 1909. It is one of the earliest permanent buildings constructed in the town and the first government building. The gaol follows a simple design and was built, using local materials, by stonemason Jack Williams. History. Before the construction of this gaol, from 1863 to 1910, when the Northern Territory was under South Australian administration, prisoners were taken to Port Augusta, where they were tried and gaoled. The prisoners, the majority of whom were Aboriginal, were forced to walk in chains, the distance. The harshness of this treatment of the prisoners seems to have been of little or no concern to the authorities; rather, the time taken in waiting and then walking the prisoners in chains was considered cumbersome and a serious drain on limited manpower. The new gaol consisted of a very small prison cell, used for white prisoners (who had the 'luxury' of sleeping on wooden benches) and a large cell which was used for Aboriginal prisoners; it also had an uncovered"}, {"text": "exercise yard at the rear. In the larger cell there are iron rings are cemented into the floor (12 for males and 4 for females); supposedly for restraining difficult prisoners. The first Keeper of the Gaol, John Dow, recalled in 1929: For many of the Aboriginal prisoners, their time in the gaol was their first contact with Europeans. Most were arrested for stealing cattle, rations and other goods, and gaol records show a direct correlation between periods of drought and spikes in these supposed crimes. The first inmates of the gaol included an Aboriginal man and a woman from the Arltunga goldfields who were charged with \"larceny of a dwelling\" and an Aboriginal man from Alice Springs charged with common assault. People facing longer sentences were still taken to Port Augusta. Initially the Gaol was run by Robert Stott, a policeman, who was essentially the administrative head of the town and given the title of \"keeper of the gaol\"; he held this position from 1911 to 1928. In accordance with the custom of the day this meant that Stott's wife, Agnes Stott, became (with the help of servants, young Aboriginal girls of mixed descent) the \"prison cook\" and prepared all"}, {"text": "of the prisoner meals. With limited availability of food, especially through periods of drought, the food consisted primarily of goat meat and cabbages as both were plentiful; Kelham (2011) states that \"cabbages were one of the few vegetables which could survive the frosts of winter and the heat of summer\". For this reason, as the Stott's lived next to the gaol and kept a large cabbage patch between the two buildings. The Stuart Town Gaol was used until 1938, by which time it was overcrowded, and, a more important consideration at the time, its position now in the very centre of the town was no longer thought appropriate. This was as it kept prisoners too close to the townspeople. It was replaced by Her Majesty's Gaol and Labour Prison, Alice Springs which opened in November 1938. In the 1970s the building was threatened with demolition but was saved by the National Trust of Australia, with a campaign led by Doreen Braitling. In 1985, the former gaol was listed on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate. In 1994, it was listed on the Northern Territory Heritage Register."}, {"text": "Jharkhali is a village and a gram panchayat within the jurisdiction of the Basanti police station in the Basanti CD block in the Canning subdivision of the South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Geography. Area overview. Canning subdivision has a very low level of urbanization. Only 12.37% of the population lives in the urban areas and 87.63% lives in the rural areas. There are 8 census towns in Canning I CD block and only 2 in the rest of the subdivision. The entire district is situated in the Ganges Delta with numerous islands in the southern part of the region. The area (shown in the map alongside) borders on the Sundarbans National Park and a major portion of it is a part of the Sundarbans settlements. It is a flat low-lying area in the South Bidyadhari plains. The Matla River is prominent and there are many streams and water channels locally known as \"khals\". A comparatively recent country-wide development is the guarding of the coastal areas with a special coastal force. Location. Jharkhali is located at . Jharkhali Coastal police station is marked in Google maps. The place is shown as Lot No. 126. In"}, {"text": "the map of the Basanti CD block on page 773 in the \"District Census Handbook\" for the South 24 Parganas the place is shown as close to Herobhanga Reserve Forest. Civic administration. Police station. Jharkhali Coastal police station was inaugurated on 30 October 2014. It covers an area of 52 km2. It has jurisdiction over parts of the Basanti CD block. The coastal police stations were formed with the objective of effective policing of the remote areas of the Sundarbans. The police has regular river patrols. Transport. A stretch of a local road links Jharkhali to the State Highway 3 (locally popular as the Basanti Highway). Education. Herobhanga Vidyasagar Vidyamandir is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1959. The school has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has a library with 800 books and a play ground. Tridibnagar Janakalyan Junior High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 2011. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. Healthcare. There is a primary health centre at Herobhanga-Jharkhali (PO Jharkhali Bazar) (with 6 beds)."}, {"text": "Praeciputhrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "\"Fantas\u00edas\" () is a song recorded by Puerto Rican singers Rauw Alejandro and Farruko. It was written by Alejandro, Farruko, Eric Duars, Franklin J. Martinez, Ricardo Lloyd Johnson, and Windel Edwards, while the production was handled by Urbani Mota and Luis J. Romero. The song was released for digital download and streaming as a single by Duars Music Distribution and Sony Music Latin on August 29, 2019. A Spanish language melodic reggaeton and dancehall song, it is about the singers living out all of their \"fantasies\" with the girl they are crushing on. The track received positive reviews from music critics, who noted Alejandro's charisma and the song's \"eminent success\". It was nominated for Best Collab at the 2020 Heat Latin Music Awards. \"Fantas\u00edas\" was commercially successful, reaching number one in Uruguay, as well as the top five in several other countries such as Argentina, Mexico, and Spain. The song has received several certifications, including Latin 19\u00d7 platinum in the United States. An accompanying music video, released simultaneously with the song, was filmed in Miami and directed by Gustavo \"Gus\" Camacho. To promote the song, Alejandro and Farruko performed it at the 2020 Premios Tu M\u00fasica Urbano. A remix of"}, {"text": "\"Fantas\u00edas\" with Puerto Rican rapper Anuel AA and Dominican singer Natti Natasha, featuring Farruko and Puerto Rican singer Lunay was released on March 5, 2020. The remix received positive reviews from music critics and was nominated for Best Latin Remix at the 2020 Latin Music Official Italian Awards. It experienced commercial success in Spanish-language markets, reaching number one in Peru, and the top 10 in several other countries, including Colombia and Venezuela. It was certified platinum+gold in Mexico and platinum in Spain. The accompanying music video for \"Fantas\u00edas (Remix)\", released simultaneously with the song, was filmed in Miami and directed by Camacho. It depicts the singers \"having a great time together at a beach party\". Background and release. In 2018, Rauw Alejandro composed \"Fantas\u00edas\", inspired by the 2010 reggae song, \"Hold You\" by Gyptian. In early 2019, he presented the song to Farruko, who \"loved\" it. Farruko had previously invited Alejandro as a guest to his shows and Alejandro considered working again with him \"very valuable\". On August 6, 2019, Alejandro announced the song's title as \"Fantas\u00edas\" and confirmed that it was a collaboration with Farruko. Almost two weeks later, he shared snippets of the track on Twitter. During an"}, {"text": "interview with \"Primera Hora\", he explained about the song: On August 28, 2019, Alejandro announced that \"Fantas\u00edas\" would be released the following day. It was released for digital download and streaming as a single by Duars Music Distribution and Sony Music Latin on the specified date. An unplugged version of the song was released on November 5, 2019. Music and lyrics. Musically, \"Fantas\u00edas\" is a Spanish language melodic reggaeton and dancehall song, written by Alejandro, Farruko, Eric Duars, Franklin J. Martinez, Ricardo Lloyd Johnson, and Windel Edwards. Its production was handled by Urbani Mota and Luis J. Romero, and the track runs for a total of 3 minutes and 19 seconds. Lyrically, \"Fantas\u00edas\" which translates to \"Fantasies\" in English, is about Alejandro \"living out all of his fantasies with the girl he's crushing on\". He explained to \"Primera Hora\": \"It talks about this girl that you know you like and you see her on the scene. [...] Everyone has been through that, they enter the party and see that person who catches their attention, they are single and looking for something.\" The lyrics include, \"C\u00f3mo le puedo hacer, pa' convencerte / A solas quiero tenerte / Qu\u00e9 t\u00fa har\u00e1s si"}, {"text": "te digo, mil fantas\u00edas contigo\" (How can I do it, to convince you / I only want to have you / What will you do if I tell you, a thousand fantasies with you). Critical reception. \"Fantas\u00edas\" has been met with positive reviews from music critics. In 2022, Ernesto Lechner from \"Rolling Stone\" ranked the track as Alejandro's 22nd-best song, saying it proved \"that he had as much charisma \u2014 if not more \u2014 as any high-profile reggaetonero\", while it \"was one of the first collaborations where up-and-coming Rauw glittered under the spotlight\". An author of \"El Vocero\" highlighted \"the eminent success\" that the song brought to the career of Alejandro. \"Primera Hora\"s Rosa Escribano Carrasquillo labeled the song \"a topic to connect\", and Los 40 staff named it a \"Summer Song\". Accolades. \"Fantas\u00edas\" was nominated for Best Song New Generation at the 2020 Premios Tu M\u00fasica Urbano, but lost to \"Otro Trago\" by Sech and Darell. The song was also nominated for Best Collab at the 2020 Heat Latin Music Awards. It was acknowledged as an award-winning song at the 2021 ASCAP Latin Awards and the 2022 BMI Latin Awards. Commercial performance. \"Fantas\u00edas\" became Alejandro's breakthrough song. The song"}, {"text": "debuted at number 37 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Songs chart on September 21, 2019, becoming Alejandro's fifth entry and Farruko's 34th. On December 28, 2019, the track reached its peak of number 12, giving Alejandro his first top-20 hit on the chart. The song also peaked at number nine on both the Latin Airplay and Latin Rhythm Airplay charts, number three on the Latin Digital Song Sales, and number two on the Tropical Airplay. The song was certified 19\u00d7 platinum (Latin) by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for track-equivalent sales of over 1,140,000 units in the United States. Additionally, the unplugged version was certified Latin platinum by the RIAA, for track-equivalent sales of over 60,000 units in the region. Besides the United States, \"Fantas\u00edas\" achieved success in multiple European countries. In Spain's official weekly chart, the song debuted at number 58 on September 15, 2019. It subsequently peaked at number four on the chart issue dated November 3, 2019, becoming Alejandro's first top five hit in the country and Farruko's second. The track was later certified triple platinum by the Productores de M\u00fasica de Espa\u00f1a (PROMUSICAE), for track-equivalent sales of over 120,000 units in the country."}, {"text": "It was also certified gold by the Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana (FIMI), for track-equivalent sales of over 25,000 units in the latter. In Latin America, \"Fantas\u00edas\" experienced a significant commercial success. It reached number one in Uruguay, and peaked in the top 10 of Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Latin America, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, and Peru. In Chile, Guatemala, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela, it reached the top 20. The song was certified diamond+2\u00d7 platinum by the Asociaci\u00f3n Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas (AMPROFON), for track-equivalent sales of over 420,000 units in Mexico. Promotion. Music video. An accompanying music video was released simultaneously with the song. The visual was filmed in Miami, produced by the Mastermind Company, and directed by Gustavo \"Gus\" Camacho. During his interview with \"Primera Hora\", Alejandro explained: \"It's tropical, with the chinchorreos. The concept of the video is on an island and a lot of partying, a lot of Jamaican vibes, a lot of movement, a lot of dancing.\" Live performances. Alejandro and Farruko performed \"Fantas\u00edas\" at the 2nd Premios Tu M\u00fasica Urbano on March 5, 2020. The song was also included on the set lists for Alejandro's"}, {"text": "the Fantas\u00edas Tour, the Rauw Alejandro World Tour, and the Vice Versa Tour, as well as Farruko's the Gangalee Tour. Remix. On February 17, 2020, Alejandro teased the recording of a remix of \"Fantas\u00edas\", asking his followers to guess who he has collaborated with on it. On March 5, 2020, he released the remix version with Puerto Rican rapper Anuel AA and Dominican singer Natti Natasha, featuring Farruko and Puerto Rican singer Lunay. Anuel AA, Natasha, Lunay, Urba, and Rome joined the original version's lyricists to write the remix version. The version runs for a total of 4 minutes and 27 seconds. Critical reception. Upon release, \"Fantas\u00edas (Remix)\" was met with widely positive reviews from music critics. In her review for \"Billboard\", Jessica Roiz described the remix as \"fiery\" and noted that \"each artist brings their individual flow to the track\", highlighting Natasha's \"fierce vocals\" and Alejandro's \"impeccable dance moves\". Also from \"Billboard\", Griselda Flores labeled it \"[a] star-studded collab\". Bolivar Feijoo of \"Wow La Revista\" named it \"a unique collaboration\", while Los 40 staff described it as \"great\". Accolades. PopSugar ranked \"Fantas\u00edas (Remix)\" among the \"35 Latin Songs Perfect For Dancing en la Sala\". The remix was nominated for"}, {"text": "Best Latin Remix at the 2020 Latin Music Official Italian Awards, but lost to Alejandro's own \"Tattoo Remix\" with Camilo. \"Fantas\u00edas (Remix)\" was also nominated for Best Urban Song at the 2020 Latino Music Awards. Additionally, it was voted by \"Billboard\" readers to be the favorite Latin remix of 2020. Commercial performance. \"Fantas\u00edas (Remix)\" debuted at number 17 on Spain's official weekly chart on the chart issue dated March 15, 2020. The following week, it reached its peak of number 16. The remix was later certified platinum by the Productores de M\u00fasica de Espa\u00f1a (PROMUSICAE), for track-equivalent sales of over 40,000 units in the country. In Latin America, \"Fantas\u00edas (Remix)\" experienced commercial success. It reached number one in Peru, and peaked in the top 10 of Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Latin America, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Venezuela. In Argentina and Bolivia, it reached the top 15. The song was certified platinum+gold by the Asociaci\u00f3n Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas (AMPROFON), for track-equivalent sales of over 90,000 units in Mexico. Music video. An accompanying music video was released simultaneously with the song. The visual was produced by Mastermind Company, directed by Gustavo \"Gus\" Camacho,"}, {"text": "and filmed in Miami. It depicts Alejandro, Anuel AA, Natasha, Farruko, and Lunay singing and \"having a great time together at a beach party\". \"Billboard\"s Jessica Roiz described the video as \"festive\" and \"tropical\", while Bolivar Feijoo of \"Wow La Revista\" called it \"happy\", \"tropical\" and \"colorful\". Live performances. Natasha performed a medley of \"Despacio\", \"Fantas\u00edas (Remix)\", and \"DJ No Pare (Remix)\" on Christmas Day of 2021. Credits and personnel. Credits adapted from Spotify."}, {"text": "Praepodothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Ra\u00fal Alejandro Ocasio Ruiz (born January 10, 1993), known professionally as Rauw Alejandro, is a Puerto Rican singer. His accolades include two Latin Grammy Awards, two \"Billboard\" Latin Music Awards and an IHeartRadio Music Awards. Life and career. 1993\u20132013: Early life. Ra\u00fal Alejandro Ocasio Ruiz was born on January 10, 1993, in San Juan, Puerto Rico and was raised in Can\u00f3vanas and Carolina. His father, guitarist Ra\u00fal Ocasio, His son Pedro Ocasio Ruiz and his mother, backing vocalist Mar\u00eda Nelly Ruiz, introduced him to some of his musical influences like Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, and Rihanna. Raul's father was born and raised in Brooklyn, NY and later moved to Puerto Rico. Additionally, Rauw has mentioned a personal connection to his Italian heritage, as his great-grandfather was from Palermo, Sicily. For many years, Alejandro and his father lived in the mainland United States, mainly Miami and New York City, where he got inspiration from the R&B and dancehall genres. Alejandro and fellow Puerto Rican rapper Anuel AA are childhood friends; they both went to the same school and had classes together. As a child, Alejandro competed in school talent shows because he has a passion for dancing. After graduating high school,"}, {"text": "he enrolled at University of Puerto Rico. From the age of six, until he was twenty, he played soccer, but later quit because he \"could not perform as he expected to\" after suffering an injury. He moved to Orlando, Florida, intending to be scouted to play in the Premier Development League (PDL), but ultimately was unsuccessful. 2014\u20132019: Career beginnings and hit singles. After quitting soccer, he was left in a light depression, so, to improve his mood, he decided to switch to a music career and begin publishing songs through SoundCloud in 2014. In November 2016, he released his debut mixtape titled \"Punto de Equilibrio\". In January 2017, he signed a music deal with Duars Entertainment. In 2018, he was chosen by Sony Music Latin to be part of \"Los Pr\u00f3ximos\", a musical project in which the label sought to enlist new musical talents. The musical project helped him gain fame, and, as a result, other noteworthy artists began to hear his music. Alejandro was then featured in multiple collaborations, including Kevin Rold\u00e1n and Khea's \"Pa' Tu Casa\" and \"Luz Apag\u00e1\" with Ozuna, Lunay and Lyanno, that year. In December 2017, he released his first single as lead artist, titled"}, {"text": "\"Toda\", with Alex Rose. It peaked at #29 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Songs charts in November 2018. A subsequent remix of \"Toda\", featuring Argentine artist Cazzu and fellow Puerto Ricans Lenny Tav\u00e1rez and Lyanno, was released in May 2018. The remix proved successful, with the music video having over 1 billion views on YouTube as of November 2020. In January 2019, he released his single \"Que le d\u00e9\" with Nicky Jam. In December 2019, his song \"Fantas\u00edas\", with Farruko, peaked at the #12 spot on the US Hot Latin Songs chart; he also recorded a hugely popular remix (and accompanying music video) to the single, featuring additional verses by Anuel AA, Lunay, and Dominican singer Natti Natasha. \"Fantas\u00edas\", at the time, charted at the highest position of any of his songs on the US charts, along with the song \"Tattoo\". Both songs stayed for around 20 weeks on the charts, eventually winning the Latin Grammy Award for Best Urban Fusion/Performance in 2021. The remix video for \"Fantas\u00edas\" has received over 425 million views on YouTube. 2020\u20132021: \"Afrodis\u00edaco\" and \"Vice Versa\". On September 4, 2020, Alejandro was featured on the remix and in the music video to the Lyanno song"}, {"text": "\"En Tu Cuerpo\", the two once again collaborating with Lenny Tav\u00e1rez, and also featuring new Argentine singer Mar\u00eda Becerra, just 20 years old at the time (in 2020). The music video has over 386 million views on YouTube. Later that year, his debut album, \"Afrodis\u00edaco\", was released, preceded by the release of three singles and music videos: \"Enchule\", the \"Eleg\u00ed\" remix, and \"Reloj\" (with Anuel AA). On May 20, 2021, he released \"Todo de Ti\", which peaked at the number 2 spot on Spotify's Top Songs Global chart. On June 25, 2021, he released his sophomore album, \"Vice Versa\", through Sony Music Latin. \"Afrodis\u00edaco\" earned him a nomination for Best M\u00fasica Urbana Album at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards. In July 2021, Alejandro was featured on the Jennifer Lopez song \"Cambia el paso\" (\"change the beat\") and appeared in its accompanying music video, shot in Miami. 2022\u2013present: \"Saturno\", \"Playa Saturno\" and \"Cosa Nuestra\". In April 2022, Alejandro featured on Colombian artist Shakira's single \"Te Felicito\" and in its accompanying music video. The song proved to be among his most successful, reaching the #1 position (or within the top-five) across Latin America and Spain (#2), as well as charting in some"}, {"text": "non-Spanish speaking countries, including Brazil (#10), Croatia, France, Portugal, Switzerland and Ukraine. The single would also reach #3 in Russia. \"Te Felicito\" reached #1 on the \"Billboard\" US Latin Airplay, Latin Pop Airplay and Latin Rhythm Airplay charts, and #10 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Songs chart. The single's official music video has received over 606 million views on YouTube. On November 15, 2024, Rauw Alejandro released his album titled \"Cosa Nuestra\" through Sony Music Entertainment. The album features 18 tracks and has a total runtime of 1 hour and 7 minutes. It includes collaboration with artists such as Laura Pausini, Romeo Santos, and Bad Bunny, blending elements such as salsa, reggaeton and other genres. As for the releasement of the album, he went for a mafia concept for this specific album. The release marked Alejandro\u2019s first album of 2024, following the earlier release of the single \u201cPasaporte\u201d which was also included as part of the Cosa Nuestra album as track #14. During his Cosa Nuestra Tour stop in Brooklyn, New York, \"Rolling Stone\" called him \"the greatest showman in Latin music\" and compared his concerts to a Broadway production. Artistry. Alejandro's music styles include such genres as reggaet\u00f3n, Latin"}, {"text": "R&B, urbano, \"trapet\u00f3n\" (Latin trap), rhythmic pop and ballads. \"Billboard\" commented that this versatility has helped \"set him apart from a growing class of pop-leaning \"reggaetoneros\"\". He has cited Chris Brown, Michael Jackson, Ricky Martin, Daddy Yankee, Elvis Presley, Bruno Mars and Ciara as a few of his musical inspirations. In addition, Alejandro has also noted Rihanna as one of his dream collaborations. Personal life. By the end of 2019, Alejandro was in a relationship with Spanish singer Rosalia, which he made public in September 2021. They announced their engagement in March 2023, but called it off in July 2023."}, {"text": "Preeriella is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "The Japanese Letter-Writing Era was a key point in the later parts of Tokugawa Japan. It included writing letters that described personal emotions. These were usually written in vivid detail. Descriptions. Within the letters of this period, descriptions of feelings and emotions were key. Emotions presented included: loneliness, sadness, disappointment, astonishment, joy and much more. Sometimes letters written in the period expressed thoughts on current social events. This provided much information towards many during the time. What Brought the Letter-Writing Period. From about the middle of the Tokugawa period, more of the commoner's children were being taught to read and write. Japan started to change from this point of time, and fewer people were becoming illiterate. This brought higher chances of people writing things such as letters. More people were starting to travel far away from home. These were to carry out certain duties. Because of this letters became a more key source of communication. Another thing that brought the letter-writing period, was the establishment of the Hikyaku Postal Service. This service first opened in the Kant\u014d area in 1729 and grew more as time neared the end of the 18th century. This growth was most likely what caused an"}, {"text": "increase in letters as a form of communication. Key Letter-Writers. Key letter-writers during this period include people such as Yoshida Shoin. He had a collection of 245 letters. Some were very long and this interest began when he was about 21 in 1850. He got this interest from when he travelled beyond the boundary of his feudal domain to Kyushu. Kyushu was renowned in Japan for being a great place of Chinese and Western studies. Yoshida Shoin was put to execution on October 27, 1859, so he wrote farewell letters to family and friends of his. Yoshida Shoin's contributions to the letter-writing era were what brought the era to its peak."}, {"text": "Priesneria is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Priesneriana is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "The Anadyr Highlands () are a mountainous area in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Far Eastern Federal District, Russia. Geography. The Anadyr Highlands are one of the two main mountain regions of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. They rise southwest of the Chukotka Mountains, in the western Chukotka region. Medium height mountain ranges stretch in roughly WNW/ESE direction west of a large plateau and in a SW/NE direction in the south. The highlands rise between the Chaun Lowlands in the north, the Anadyr Lowlands in the southeast, the Kolyma Mountains in the southwest and the Kolyma Lowlands, where the Kolyma River flows, in the west. Among the rivers that have their source in the mountains, the main ones are the Anadyr River flowing off the highland limits to the southeast as the Belaya, the Bolshoy Anyuy and the Maly Anyuy \u2014flowing westwards on both sides of the Anyuy Range. The Enmyvaam flows southwards out of Lake Elgygytgyn, later joining the Belaya, while the Chaun River flows northwards from the northwestern edge of the crater of the lake. Anadyr Plateau. The main feature of the highlands is the Anadyr Plateau, which forms most of the eastern part. The Anadyr Plateau is roughly long and"}, {"text": "about wide. It is located in the latitude of the Arctic Circle and limited by the Pekulney Range to the east. The average height of the plateau surface is between and . Lake Elgygytgyn, an impact crater lake is located in a roughly central position. The plateau is largely covered with tundra and shrubs. Subranges. Besides the Anadyr Plateau, the system of the Anadyr Highlands comprises a number of subranges, including the following:"}, {"text": "Century Cruises (Chinese: \u4e16\u7eaa\u6e38\u8f6e), also known as New Century Cruises, is a river cruise line headquartered in Chongqing, China. It provides multi-day cruises on the Yangtze river. Destinations. Century Cruises offers cruises on the Yangtze river. It offers daily cruises between Chongqing and Yichang. The downstream cruise (Chongqing\u2013Yichang) takes three nights while the upstream cruise (Yichang\u2013Chongqing) takes four nights. The cruise line occasionally offers cruises between Shanghai and Wuhan, and between Chongqing and Shanghai. Cruises from Chongqing to Shanghai and vice versa takes 14 nights."}, {"text": "Priesneriella is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Lakemba on 19 September 1964. It was triggered by the death of Stan Wyatt (). Results. <includeonly> Stan Wyatt () died.</includeonly>"}, {"text": "Priesnerothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Pristothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Prohaplothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Proleeuwenia was a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae. Fossils are only found in Baltic amber, (Judge Fritsch (Goldap) collection)."}, {"text": "Propealiothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Propesolomonthrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Prosantothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Protolispothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "The Headies 2019 was the thirteenth edition of The Headies. It was held on October 19, 2019, at the Eko Convention Centre in Victoria Island, Lagos. Themed \"Power of a Dream\", the ceremony was hosted by rapper Reminisce and actress Nancy Isime. After shortlisting thousands of entries submitted between January 2018 and June 2019, the organizers of the ceremony announced the nominees on 1 October 2019. Burna Boy set a record for the most nominations in one night with 10 nominations. Teni followed with 6 and Wizkid with 5. The ceremony featured performances from a number of artists, including Styl-Plus, Sunny Neji, Duncan Mighty, Teni and Victor AD. Teni won the most awards with 4. Rema won the Next Rated award, beating Fireboy DML, Joeboy, Lyta, Victor AD and Zlatan."}, {"text": "Psalidothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae, first described by Hermann Priesner in 1932. Species. Species listed in ITIS: Sixteen species are native to Australia."}, {"text": "Pselaphothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Psenothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Psephenothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Pseudocryptothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Pseudoeurhynchothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Pseudophilothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Pueblothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "On 23 October 2019, the bodies of 39 people \u2014 31 men and eight women, all Vietnamese nationals \u2014 were found in the trailer of an articulated refrigerator lorry in Grays, Essex, United Kingdom. The trailer had been shipped from the port of Zeebrugge, Belgium, to Purfleet, Essex, UK, and the lorry cab and its driver are believed to have originated from Northern Ireland. Investigations involving the national authorities of the UK, Belgium, Ireland and Vietnam have been led by Essex Police. Eleven people were convicted of crimes related to the incident in the UK and a further 19 were jailed in Belgium. Lorry. The lorry cab, a Scania R620, was registered in Bulgaria in 2017 in the name of a company owned by an Irish citizen, but had not returned there since, according to the Bulgarian foreign ministry. The refrigerated trailer was leased on 15 October from a rental company in County Monaghan, Republic of Ireland. Refrigerated trailers can be kept airtight and frozen to preserve perishables, which could lead to an occupant dying of suffocation or hypothermia should they become trapped inside. The lorry cab and the trailer arrived separately in Purfleet, Essex, from where they travelled together"}, {"text": "the short distance to Grays. Police believe that the cab was driven from Northern Ireland on 19 October. It then travelled through the Republic of Ireland to Dublin, and from there by sea to Holyhead in Wales, from where it was driven to Purfleet. The trailer was loaded onto the freight ferry \"Clementine\" in Zeebrugge in Belgium. GPS data showed it had previously travelled to Dunkirk and Lille in France and Bruges in Belgium. It arrived in Purfleet, a town with a port on the Thames, at around 00:30 on 23 October and was picked up with the cab there about half-an-hour later. The Zeebrugge port chairman said it was \"highly unlikely\" the migrants entered the trailer there, and that breaking the seal, loading 39 people and resealing the trailer without being noticed would be \"virtually impossible\". Incident. On 23 October 2019, shortly after 01:40 BST, staff of the East of England Ambulance Service responding to a 999 call made by the driver, Maurice Robinson, who found 39 bodies in a refrigerated articulated lorry. The lorry was in Eastern Avenue at the Waterglade Industrial Park in Grays, Essex. The ambulance service informed Essex Police, who arrived shortly afterwards. Soon after"}, {"text": "the police arrived, Eastern Avenue was closed and not fully re-opened until 25 October. The lorry driver was a 25-year-old man from Portadown, County Armagh, Northern Ireland. He was arrested at the scene on suspicion of murder. Fatalities. The ambulance service said that all 39 people were dead before it arrived, and attempts at resuscitation could not be made. The deceased\u2014 31 males and eight females \u2014 included 10 teenagers; the two youngest were 15-year-old boys. They are believed to have been either victims of human trafficking (for example, as forced labourers), migrants who paid smugglers to move them to the United Kingdom, or both. Smugglers often force migrants to work off the cost of the trip in slave-like conditions. There have been a number of incidents in which migrants to Europe died or were injured as a result of dangerous transportation methods. It is often compared to the 2000 Dover incident which 58 Chinese nationals died in similar circumstances. On 23 November, it was reported that one of the teenagers later found dead had gone missing from an asylum centre in the Netherlands. On 11 February 2020, Essex Police said that post-mortems gave a combination of hypoxia and hyperthermia"}, {"text": "as the provisional causes of death. Identification. Initially the Deputy Chief Constable of Essex Police released a statement, \"All are believed to be Chinese nationals\". The Chinese embassy in London sent officials to assist with identification. On 2 November, police clarified they were all Vietnamese. The family of a 26-year-old Vietnamese woman made public her last text message to her parents which she sent as she was dying; her family said they paid around \u00a330,000 to smuggle their daughter from Vietnam to the UK. On 3 November, Vietnamese officials provided DNA samples from people in Ngh\u1ec7 An Province and essential documents to help identify the deceased. By 7 November, all of the deceased had been formally identified. Names, ages and hometowns were released on 8 November; 20 were from Ngh\u1ec7 An Province, 10 from H\u00e0 T\u0129nh, four from H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, three from Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh and two from Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean-Hu\u1ebf. Investigation. A murder investigation was launched on the morning of the day of the discovery. The investigation was the \"largest mass fatality victim identification\" investigation in the history of Essex Police. The National Crime Agency suggested that organised crime might be involved. The investigation was led by Detective Chief Inspector Daniel"}, {"text": "Stoten, a Senior Investigating Officer within the Kent and Essex Serious Crime Directorate. The lorry and bodies were moved from the scene to a secure location in Tilbury Docks, another nearby port on the Thames, to continue the investigation. Police later moved the bodies to a mortuary at Broomfield Hospital in Chelmsford for post-mortems to be carried out. Taoiseach Leo Varadkar spoke in D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann and said that Irish authorities would investigate any involvement regarding their country. In the evening of 23 October, the Belgian prosecutor's office announced that they would also investigate the lorry's transit through their country. The police suspect that an Irish people-smuggling ring which has been under investigation for around a year might be involved. On 24 October, the \"Evening Standard\" speculated that the trailer had travelled from the Netherlands before its departure from Belgium. British police had also searched two properties in Northern Ireland. Belgian officials said the people were trapped in the trailer for at least 10 hours. Arrests and charges. 2019. On 25 October, police arrested a man and a woman from Warrington, Cheshire, on suspicion of manslaughter and conspiracy to traffic people, and another man at Stansted Airport regarding the same offences."}, {"text": "On 27 October, it was announced that these three had been released on bail. After extended questioning, on 26 October Essex Police charged the driver they had arrested with 39 counts of manslaughter, conspiracy to traffic people, conspiracy to assist unlawful immigration and money laundering. He appeared at Chelmsford Magistrates' Court on 28 October, when the Crown Prosecution Service alleged that he was part of a \"global ring\" of people smugglers. He was remanded in custody, to appear at the Central Criminal Court on 25 November. On 26 October, the Irish police said they had detained a man in his 20s at Dublin Port who was of interest to Essex Police as part of its investigation into the lorry deaths. He was charged with unrelated offences. A Belgian public prosecutor said that this was the lorry driver they had been searching for, who had been seen on CCTV ten times at Zeebrugge while dropping off the refrigerated trailer. Two days later, the prosecutor said that the lorry driver pretended that the trailer was filled with cookies and biscuits. On 29 October, Essex Police announced that two brothers from Armagh, Northern Ireland, one of whom owned the haulage company operating the"}, {"text": "lorry cab detained at Grays, were wanted on suspicion of manslaughter and human trafficking offences related to the incident. On 20 April 2020, one of the brothers, a 40-year-old man, was arrested by Garda\u00ed in the Republic of Ireland on a European Arrest Warrant and charged with 39 counts of manslaughter and immigration offences. On 1 November, a man from Northern Ireland was re-arrested in the holding cells of the Criminal Courts of Justice in Dublin following the execution of a European Arrest Warrant issued in the UK. He was charged with 41 offences, including 39 of manslaughter, and extradition proceedings began in the Irish High Court. In February 2020, the man was given leave to appeal the extradition judgment. On 4 November, Vietnamese police arrested eight suspects in the central province of Ngh\u1ec7 An in connection with the smuggling ring. In February 2020 five men and two women were charged in Vietnam with \"organising or broking others to flee abroad or stay abroad illegally\". 2020. On 29 January 2020, a man from Essex, who was the subject of a European Arrest Warrant, was detained in Frankfurt. He was returned to the UK where he was charged with 39 counts"}, {"text": "of manslaughter and conspiracy to assist unlawful immigration. On 9 February 2020, a man was arrested in Northern Ireland on suspicion of manslaughter and facilitating unlawful immigration, and was released on bail. On 4 March 2020, a man from Essex was charged with an immigration offence related to the deaths. The offence allegedly occurred between May 2018 and October 2019. On 16 March 2020, a man from Birmingham was charged with an immigration offence related to the incident. The man is accused of \"conspiring to smuggle non-EU nationals into the UK, contrary to immigration law, between 1 May 2018 and 24 October 2019.\" On 17 April 2020, a 42-year-old man from Tottenham was charged with an immigration offence related to the deaths. He was accused of \"conspiracy to facilitate the commission of a breach of UK immigration law by a non-EU person\". On 20 April 2020 a 40-year-old man was arrested in the Republic of Ireland in connection with the deaths. He faced 39 charges of manslaughter as well as immigration offences. On 29 April 2020 he appeared before the High Court via videolink, during which he was described as the \"ringleader\" of a criminal gang. His solicitor applied for"}, {"text": "bail and the prosecution opposed it. Bail was refused on 30 April. On 26 May 2020, French and Belgian police announced the arrest of 26 people suspected of human trafficking in relation to the Essex lorry deaths. Authorities said a series of simultaneous early morning raids had taken place in both countries on 25 May 2020. The police operation was organised with a cross-border team organised by Eurojust that included Belgium, France, the UK and Ireland. Thirteen people were arrested in France. On 15 December 2020, a Vietnamese man who was believed to have been involved in transporting 10 of the 39 migrants from a safehouse in Anderlecht was arrested in Redditch by National Crime Agency officers on a European Arrest Warrant issued by a Belgian judge. 2021. On 17 March 2021, Caolan Gormley, a 23-year-old haulier from Caledon, County Tyrone was charged with conspiracy to assist illegal immigration in connection with the deaths. On 14 April 2021, Gormley pleaded not guilty, with a trial date set for November 2023. On 30 November 2023 he was convicted and jailed for seven years. In June 2021, Italian authorities and the National Crime Agency arrested a 27-year-old Romanian man near Milan in"}, {"text": "connection with the deaths, charging him with conspiracy to assist unlawful immigration and encouraging or assisting the commission of an offence. On 17 June 2021, a Vietnamese man who is being sought by Belgian authorities for extradition in connection with the deaths was arrested at a supermarket petrol station in Middlesbrough. A National Crime Agency spokesman said that the individual was \"suspected by the Belgian authorities of having played a key role in placing at least 10 migrants inside that lorry.\" 2022. in July 2022, Essex Police released an image of a man who is wanted in connection with the deaths. 48 year old Romanian national Marius Mihai Draghici is believed to be part of the conspiracy to smuggle the migrants into the UK. He was detained in Bucharest in August. Court appearances. On 25 November 2019, Maurice Robinson pleaded guilty in the Central Criminal Court to conspiring with others to assist illegal immigration and acquiring criminal property. He was remanded in custody until 13 December when he appeared in court, via a video link from Belmarsh Prison in London where he was being held until his trial. On 8 April 2020, he pleaded guilty to the manslaughter of the"}, {"text": "39 victims. A second man, from County Armagh, also appeared at the Central Criminal Court on 13 December and pleaded not guilty to conspiracy to commit human trafficking offences between 1 May 2018 and 24 October 2019, by arranging or facilitating the travel of other people with a view to exploitation. He also denied conspiring to assist unlawful immigration over the same period, but did not enter any plea regarding 39 charges of manslaughter with which he was charged. Extradition hearings. On 15 May 2020, Ronan Hughes, the man accused of being a ringleader, attended the High Court in Ireland by video link from Cloverhill Prison in Dublin. Counsel for the defence argued that many of the alleged offences occurred outside the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom and that the extradition warrant was unclear about whether the United Kingdom was asserting that the alleged offences occurred in UK jurisdiction or were extraterritorial. Counsel for the Minister for Justice, Ronan Kennedy SC disagreed, calling the claim of extraterritoriality a red herring and that the court should not engage in a \"fanciful debate\" as to whether other states had jurisdiction to try these offences. The counsel for the state pointed out that"}, {"text": "the 39 people died after the trailer had entered the UK and that it was nonsensical to suggest their deaths had occurred anywhere other than the UK. The fact that many locations were mentioned in the warrant did not mean that the offences were extraterritorial and the accused was in the UK and had acted to further an act of conspiracy that underpinned the charges of manslaughter. Judge Burns remanded the accused until 12 June 2020, when Ireland's High Court ordered his extradition to the UK. On 28 August 2020, Ronan Hughes, from County Armagh, pleaded guilty to the manslaughter of 39 people found in the trailer. Alexandru-Ovidiu Hanga, of Tilbury, and Gazmir Nuzi, of Tottenham, also pleaded guilty to assisting unlawful immigration in June and September 2020 respectively. In January 2021, an extradition hearing was held at Westminster Magistrates' Court for a Vietnamese man, said to be aged 18, who appeared via videolink from HM Prison Wandsworth accused of transporting 10 of the 39 from a safehouse in Anderlecht. In March 2021, the man appeared in court again accused by Belgian authorities of being a member of a criminal organisation, being involved in human trafficking and using forged documents."}, {"text": "He was described as an organiser for the people-trafficking organisation, arranging accommodation and transit for money. On 8 April 2021, his extradition was approved. Old Bailey hearings. On 21 December 2020, verdicts were returned on Romanian ringleader Gheorghe Nica of Basildon and lorry driver Eamonn Harrison from County Down. Both were found guilty of manslaughter and conspiracy to transport and assist illegal migrants. In addition, Valentin Calota from Birmingham and Christopher Kennedy, from County Armagh, were found guilty of immigration offences. Sentencing hearings for all eight guilty men are expected in January 2021. Prosecutors are considering charges against a further three people. In February 2023, Marius Mihai Draghici declined to enter pleas when charged with 39 counts of manslaughter and conspiracy to assist unlawful immigration. He is in custody pending his scheduled trial in November. Sentencing. In the UK. On 11 January 2021, Gazmir Nuzi was sentenced to 10 months imprisonment after admitting a limited role in the smuggling ring, with the prosecution accepting that he was not part of the organised crime group. He was immediately released having already served his sentence in custody. On 22 January 2021, the culprits were jailed for the incident. Four people received a"}, {"text": "custodial sentence of at least 13 years. The two main offenders, Ronan Hughes and Gheorghe Nica, were given 20 years (for 39 counts of manslaughter and conspiring to bring people into the country unlawfully) and 27 years (for manslaughter and people-smuggling), respectively. Two lorry drivers who were also involved in the incident were also jailed. Eamonn Harrison, who delivered the trailer to Zeebrugge, was sentenced to 18 years. Maurice Robinson, who collected the trailer from Purfleet and discovered the dead bodies, was sentenced to 13 years and 4 months. Three other men were sentenced for conspiring to facilitate unlawful immigration: lorry driver Christopher Kennedy was sentenced to seven years, pickup driver Valentin Calota was sentenced to four and a half years and Alexandru-Ovidiu Hanga was sentenced to three years. On 21 March 2022, Dragos-Stefan Damian was jailed for three years and ten months after being found guilty of conspiracy to assist unlawful immigration. On 11 July 2023, Marius Draghici was jailed for 12 years and 7 months. On 30 November 2023, Caolan Gormley was jailed for seven years for conspiracy to assist unlawful immigration after he was found to have 'close dealings' with the traffickers. In Belgium. In January 2022,"}, {"text": "19 people were convicted in Belgium of being part of a people smuggling ring connected to the deaths, including the ringleader Vo Van Hong who was sentenced to 15 years in prison. All of the others convicted were Vietnamese or Belgians of Vietnamese origin and were accused of buying supplies for the migrants, transporting them in taxis or acting as look-outs at safe houses. Media bias. Seventy-seven reports by \"The Guardian\" and \"The Times\" were studied by Yang (2021). The text corpus were found to have \"manipulated emotions to emphasize that China, whether in 2000 or 2019, was a backward and underdeveloped country where citizens tried all means to escape to Britain. However, when British journalists found that the victims were Vietnamese instead of Chinese, they shifted attention to the pitiful Vietnamese families of the victims and tended to arouse readers\u2019 sympathy\". The Associated Press ran an article that remarked \"Weeks prior to the discovery in England of the bodies of 39 people believed to be from China, Beijing was holding lavish National Day celebrations congratulating itself on its rise from an impoverished Asian giant to the world\u2019s second largest economy.\" CNN reporter Aimee Lewis wrote a similar piece. CNN"}, {"text": "reporter David Culver asked a similar question to China's Foreign Ministry and got rebuffed by spokesperson Hua Chunying. When the victims were found to be Vietnamese, CNN was criticised by Chinese state media and netizens. Reactions. United Kingdom. Political. UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson said in a tweet that he was \"appalled\" at the incident, giving his thoughts to the victims and their families, adding that the Home Office was working alongside Essex Police on the case. Priti Patel, the Home Secretary, said that she was \"shocked and saddened by this utterly tragic incident\", and that Immigration Enforcement were working with the Essex Police. Ant\u00f3nio Guterres, the United Nations secretary-general, tweeted that those responsible \"must be swiftly brought to justice\". Diane Abbott, Shadow Home Secretary, said greater international co-operation was needed to prevent similar events happening again. Extra UK immigration officers are to be deployed at the Belgian border port of Zeebrugge and more Border Force staff will operate at Purfleet as a result of the incident. Campaigners against human trafficking organised a vigil to take place outside the Home Office on 24 October in solidarity with the casualties. Following the incident, the Chief Executive of the charity group Joint"}, {"text": "Council for the Welfare of Immigrants said that the British government needs to open safe routes and make quick decisions regarding asylum seekers to prevent such attempts, sentiments echoed by the Refugee and Migrant Rights Director of Amnesty International UK. Other refugee groups have expressed concern that the border confusion surrounding Brexit will give more opportunities for groups to commit similar crimes. Postponement of television show. Channel 4 postponed a television series called \"Smuggled\" that was due to air on 28 October, in which British citizens try to smuggle themselves from mainland Europe to the UK. The first part was broadcast on 4 November after re-editing in the light of the 39 deaths, despite the Home Office describing the timing as \"both insensitive and irresponsible\". Channel 4 defended its decision as meeting its public service obligations, arguing that revelation of the ease with which people could be smuggled into Britain had become a \"matter of urgent public interest\". Vietnam. Political. After reports that Vietnamese citizens might be among the deceased, Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Ph\u00fac, Vietnamese Prime Minister, ordered the country's Public Security Ministry and the authorities of its two central provinces of H\u00e0 T\u0129nh and Ngh\u1ec7 An, where a number of"}, {"text": "missing citizens come from, to launch a probe into the case. He also urged his country's Foreign Ministry to direct the Vietnamese embassy in UK to closely monitor the situation, co-ordinate with the British authorities to verify the identities of the victims and take protective measures in case it was confirmed Vietnamese were among them. After confirmation that they were all from Vietnam, the Vietnamese government strongly condemned human trafficking and called on all countries to combat such activities to prevent a recurrence of the incident. Families of casualties. Families of those who died told reporters that they had been told that neither the British nor Vietnamese governments were willing to cover the cost of repatriating the bodies back to their homes. The deputy chair of the Can L\u1ed9c District, had reportedly been told by officials that the Vietnamese government offered to only pay the costs of bringing the bodies \"home from the airport\" and would pay in advance on behalf of the families only if the families would later pay them back. A father of one of the deceased said he was given two options: having the ashes returned for 41,100,000 Vietnam dong (\u00a31,470) or receiving the body for"}, {"text": "66,240,000 Vietnam dong (\u00a32,209). An international fundraiser through GoFundMe raised money to help cover the potential additional debts that the families might incur bringing home the deceased. Additionally, money was donated by Vingroup, and other Vietnamese associations across Europe. By the end of November, all bodies had been repatriated to Vietnam. Families were worried they could still be left in debt, despite over \u00a384,000 having been raised to help them. Popular media. In October 2021, the BBC broadcast the hour-long documentary \"Hunting the Essex Lorry Killers\"."}, {"text": "Pygmaeothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Pygothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Pyknothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Ramakrishnaiella is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Retiothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Rhaptothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Rhinoceps is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Rhopalothripoides is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "\"Hearteater\" (stylized in all caps) is a song by American rapper and singer XXXTentacion, released as the second single from his fourth (second posthumous) studio album \"Bad Vibes Forever\". Background. On March 18, 2018, two days after the release of his second studio album \"?\", XXXTentacion asked his fans to get a Miami charity's Instagram page to 30,000 followers. In return, he promised to release a song that did not make the album's final tracklist. He released the song via SoundCloud on March 20. Artwork. The original SoundCloud cover art featured a picture of XXXTentacion stage diving at a concert held on March 18, 2018. The cover art of the single consists of XXXTentacion's former girlfriend Geneva Ayala, who accused him of domestic abuse in 2016, with a bloody mouth holding a heart. Release and promotion. XXXTentacion was murdered in June 2018. During an August 2019 interview, his manager Solomon Sobande revealed that the song would be included on XXXTentacion's fourth studio album \"Bad Vibes Forever\". The song was released as the second single from the album on October 22. Music video. The music video was teased a few days prior to the release, and featured a black and white"}, {"text": "snippet of XXXTentacion's former girlfriend, Geneva Ayala, who accused him of domestic abuse in 2016, and also appears on the single's cover. The teaser begins with a voice memo dated April 2018 (two months before XXXTentacion's death) of XXXTentacion explaining why he wanted her in the video, saying: The music video was released on October 25, 2019, and features Ayala in a forest cannibalistically shredding the flesh of another person, presumably XXXTentacion. Ayala is then shown naked drenched in blood, before walking away as the video ends."}, {"text": "Governor Temple may refer to:"}, {"text": "Rosingothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Miss Universe Bangladesh is a national beauty pageant that selects Bangladesh's representative in the Miss Universe pageant, one of the Big Four international beauty pageants. Reigning Miss Universe Bangladesh is Aniqa Alam, she has been appointed as Miss Universe Bangladesh 2024. History. Miss Universe Bangladesh was officially launched on September 7, 2019. The competition's crown was unveiled on October 15, 2019. Shirin Akter Shila became the first winner of Miss Universe Bangladesh in 2019. The second edition saw Tangia Zaman Methila crowned as the winner. However, due to travel restrictions, Methila was unable to represent Bangladesh at Miss Universe 2020, forcing her to withdraw from the competition.. \"On occasion, when the winner does not qualify (due to age) for either contest, a runner-up is sent.\""}, {"text": "The year 1913 in radio involved some significant events."}, {"text": "Mingoola is a rural locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It is on the Queensland border with New South Wales. In the , Mingoola had a population of 14 people. Geography. Mingoola is located on the border of Queensland and New South Wales with the adjacent locality over the border also being called Mingoola. The Dumaresq River forms part of the border and forms the south-eastern boundary of the locality. The Severn River enters the locality from the north-east (Sundown) and becomes a tributary of the Dumaresq River at the border. The elevation ranges from . The land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation, except for the lower-lying land around the Severn and Dumaresq Rivers which is used for crop growing. History. The locality probably takes its name from a pastoral run called Mangoola or Moongoola mentioned in the memoirs of Oscar De Satge. Land in Mingoola was open for selection on 17 April 1877; were available. Demographics. In the , Mingoola had a population of 18 people. In the , Mingoola had a population of 14 people. Education. The nearest government primary and secondary school to Year 10 is Texas P-10 State School in Texas to"}, {"text": "the west. There is no nearby secondary school to Year 12; options are distance education and boarding school."}, {"text": "Vapor etching refers to a process used in the fabrication of Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Sacrificial layers are isotropically etched using gaseous acids such as Hydrogen fluoride and Xenon difluoride to release the free standing components of the device. Economic advantages and novel technological possibilities result from micron to nano scale size reductions. (MEMS to NEMS) The small dimensions make the use of isotropic wet etch processes traditionally used in micro fabrication suffer from stiction, the permanent adherence of the free standing structure to the underlying substrate due to the scaling of surface effects occurring during the drying of the acid. Vapor etching overcomes stiction because no liquids are used during the etch process. Commonly, hydrogen fluoride and xenon difluorides are used to etch silicon dioxide and silicon sacrificial layers respectively. HF vapor etching. The wet etching of SiO2 in buffered hydrogen fluoride solutions is a common and well understood process in micro fabrication. In 1966, Holmes and Snell found that SiO2 can be etched in hydrogen fluoride vapor. Initially the interest in this finding was low, because wet etch processes have higher etch rates and did not require sophisticated equipment. During the advent of MEMS technology"}, {"text": "and the consecutive reduction of size however, stiction started to have a significant impact on the production yields. Therefore HF vapor etching became an interesting commercial fabrication technology. Water or an alcohol catalysts are required, because anhydrous HF does not etch SiO2. Etch chemistry. The etch chemistry depends on the catalyst used. Etch reaction with water catalyst. If water is used, the H2O is adsorbed at the SiO2 surface and forms silanol groups can never form.SiO2 + 2 H2O \u2192 Si(OH)4 The HF reacts with the silanol groups and forms SiF4 and H2O according to the following reaction.Si(OH)4 + 4 HF \u2192 SiF4 + 4 H2OThe etch process commonly takes place at reduced pressures, to promote the desorption of the reaction products. Water is formed during the etch reaction. The efficient H2O removal is critical to prevent the formation of a liquid layer. Etch reaction with alcohol catalyst. Alternatively, different alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol or IPA can be used to initiate the reaction. An example for this reaction, using methanol (CH3OH) is given below. Firstly the HF and the methanol are absorbed to the surface.CH3OH (g) \u2194 CH3OH (ads) HF (g) \u2194 HF (ads)<chem>HF2-</chem> is formed by an"}, {"text": "ionization reaction of the absorbed HF and absorbed CH3OH<chem>2 HF (ads) + CH3OH (ads)-> HF2- (ads) + CH3OH2+ (ads)</chem>The ionized HF then reacts with the SiO2 according to the following reaction.<chem>SiO2(s) + 2 HF2- (ads) + 2 CH3OH2+ (ads) -> SiF4 (ads) + 2 H2O (ads) + 2 CH3OH</chem>Finally the reaction products are removed from the surface by desorption. XeF2 vapor etching. Xenon difluoride, bromine trifluoride, chlorine trifluoride and fluorine can be used for gaseous silicon etching. Xenon difluoride is most commonly used to etch silicon in academia and industry, because it has a high selectivity towards other semiconductor materials, allows high process control and is easy to use at room temperature. Etch systems. The synthesis of XeF2 is an endothermic process which results in a white powder which sublimes at low pressures. (P < 4 Torr) The low vapor pressure allowed early researchers and engineers to use it in comparatively simple set ups. Modern vapour etch tools are more sophisticated and are characterized by the way the gas is feed into the etch chamber. In pulsed systems the etchant is expanded, feed into the reaction chamber and remains there until it has been consumed by the reaction. Then the"}, {"text": "chamber is evacuated and this process is repeated for multiple cycles. In contrast to that, a carrier gas flows through a bubbler to continuously supply xenon difluoride into the etch chamber in continuous flow systems. Etch chemistry. The general etch reaction is summarized by the following equation.2 XeF2 + Si \u2192 SiF4 + 2 XeThe detailed etch kinetic is more complex reaction consisting of four steps. After the etchant has been mass transported to the silicon surface, the xenon difluoride is absorbed on the silicon surface.2 XeF2 (gas) + Si (s) \u2192 2 XeF2 (abs) + Si (s)The XeF2 disassociates into absorbed fluorine and gaseous Xe.2 XeF2 (abs) + Si (s) \u2192 2 Xe (g) + 2 F (abs) + Si (s)The fluorine bonds with the surface silicon to form silicon tetra fluoride.2 Xe (g) + 2 F (abs) + Si (s) \u2192 2 Xe (g) + SiF4 (ads)The reaction product is desorpted from the silicon surface.2 Xe (g) + SiF4 (ads) \u2192 \" Xe (g) + SiF4 (g)The reaction products are mass transferred from the surface to the etch chamber, and ejected from there by a vacuum pump."}, {"text": "Sch\u00f8nbergsgade is a street in the Frederiksberg district of Copenhagen, Denmark. It runs from Gammel Kongevej in the south to Vodroffs Tv\u00e6rgade in the north. No. 15, a four-storey apartment building from 1857 designed by Harald Conrad Stilling, is listed on the Danish registry of protected buildings and places. History. In circa 1803, court inspector Hans Henrik Sch\u00f8nberg (1785\u20131845) bought a large piece of land at the site. In 1845, Sch\u00f8nberg's heirs sold it to a consortium consisting of the architect Harald Conrad Stilling and three partners. In 1852, the so-called Demarcation Line was moved from Falkoner All\u00e9 to the Lakes, paving the way for redevelopment of the area. The streets Sch\u00f8nbergsgade, Scnouwsgade (from 1882: Vodroffs Tv\u00e6rgade) and Danmarksgade was subsequently established. Sch\u00f8nberg married Dorthea Cathrine Kirkerup (1779\u20131857), the widow of naval officer Christian Falbe, in 1807. The area around Sch\u00f8nbergsgade and Peter Andersen's iron foundry at Svanholm developed into a small working-class neighbourhood in the years after 1857. A small kiosk building at the corner with Gammel Kongevej disappeared when the street was widened in the 1930s and all the buildings on its east side were demolished when the neighbouring street Danmarksgade disappeared in 1970. Notable buildings. The four-storey"}, {"text": "apartment building at No. 15 is from 1857 and was designed by Harald Conrad Stilling. The building was listed on the Danish registry of protected buildings and places in 1977. The building at No. 7.9 is from 1857 and was either designed by Vilhelm Klein (1835\u20131913) or Henrik Sibbern (1826\u20131901). Gammel Kongevejsg\u00e5rden (Gammel Kongevej 74D-76 og Sch\u00f8nbergsgade 2\u20134), a Functionalist housing estate, was built in 1938-39 og to designs by Frits Schlegel and Magnus L. Stephensen."}, {"text": "Springdale is a rural locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Springdale had a population of 28 people. Geography. The terrain varies from above sea level with the following named peaks (from north to south): Apart from the area around the historic arsenic mines, the land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation. History. The Queensland Government operated the State Arsenic Mine (also called the Jibbinbar Mine) () from 1919 to 1924. The motivation for establishing the mine was to obtain arsenic was to poison prickly pear which was a highly invasive plant species in Queensland at that time. However, the prickly pear was eventually biologically controlled by the introduction of the Cactoblastis cactorum moth, removing the need for large supplies of arsenic, so the mine closed. Jibbenbah State School opened on 22 June 1922 for the use of mining families and local farming families. It closed on 27 January 1925. It was located at about north-west of the entrance to the mine entrance on Arsenic Mine Road. Demographics. In the , Springdale had a population of 25 people. In the , Springdale had a population of 28 people. Education. There are no schools in Springdale."}, {"text": "The nearest government primary schools are Greenlands State School in Greenlands to the north-east and Texas State School in Texas to the west. The nearest government secondary schools are Texas State School (to Year 10) and Stanthorpe State High School (to Year 12) in Stanthorpe to the north-east."}, {"text": "Governor Robinson may refer to:"}, {"text": "This is an unofficial list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites around the world by the religion they are associated with. While some sites have had their religious affiliation changed at various points throughout history, this list categorizes sites by their most recent affiliation. Also, not all of the following sites are functioning as places of worship. UNESCO does not endorse classification by religion, which would be inconsistent with the universal value of these sites as \"world heritage\"."}, {"text": "Intergovernmental immunity is a legal doctrine in federations that defines the extent to which laws of a federal government and its subnational units can bind one another."}, {"text": "Banpas railway station is a railway station of Sahibganj loop line under Howrah railway division of Eastern Railway zone. It is situated at Belari, Banpas in Purba Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal."}, {"text": "Mingoola may refer to:"}, {"text": "The Chantal Range () is a range of mountains in far North-eastern Russia. Administratively the range is part of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug of the Russian Federation. The area of the range is desolate and uninhabited. Geography. The Chantal Range is located in the central area of the Chukotka Mountains, part of the East Siberian System of ranges. This mountain chain runs in a roughly WSW/ENE direction for about 100 km. It is limited to the west by the bank of the Chantalveergyn River, beyond which rises the Ekiatap Range; to the north it borders with the Palyavaam range, and to the south with the Ekityk Range. The highest point of the range is Iskhodnaya peak, reaching \u2014or according to other sources. This summit is also the highest point of the Chukotka Mountains."}, {"text": "The Geraldine League was a short-lived Irish alliance established in 1539 by Manus O'Donnell and Conn O'Neill. History. The league was founded with the goal of restoring Gerald FitzGerald to the earldom of Kildare. The movement ultimately grew to encompass the goal of expelling the English from Ireland, and in the fall of 1539 the League invaded and looted The Pale. After sacking the towns of Ardee and Navan, the League withdrew from Pale and were caught by surprise by the forces of Lord Deputy Leonard Gray, who ultimately routed them at the Battle of Belahoe. The League gradually dissolved over the course of the next few years with the arrival of a new Lord Deputy, Anthony St. Leger, who was able to restore order to English-controlled Ireland."}, {"text": "Nundubbermere is a rural locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Nundubbermere had a population of 102 people. Geography. The land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation with a small amount of crop growing. History. The locality takes its name from an early pastoral run in the Stanthorpe area. Land in Nundubbermere was open for selection on 17 April 1877; were available. On 15 June 1917, the Queensland Government approved the establishment of a state school at Nundubbermere. In October 1917 the government reserved of Crown land for the school. It is unclear if the school ever opened. Demographics. In the , Nundubbermere had a population of 98 people. In the , Nundubbermere had a population of 102 people. Education. There are no schools in Nudubbermere. The nearest government primary schools are: The nearest government secondary school is Stanthorpe State High School in Stanthorpe to the north-east."}, {"text": "Sacothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "The Bitlis uprising was a Kurdish uprising in the Ottoman Empire in early 1914. It was supported by the Russian Empire. It was fought concurrently with an unrelated Kurdish uprising in Barzan in the Mosul Vilayet, which was also supported by Russia. Later Kurdish nationalist historiography portrayed the uprising as part of a Kurdish nationalist struggle, but its actual causes laid in opposition to conscription and taxation. The uprising began in early March, with a skirmish between Kurdish fighters and Ottoman gendarmes, where the latter was forced to retreat. The Kurds subsequently laid siege to the city of Bitlis, and captured the city on 2 April. Ottoman forces were then dispatched from Mu\u015f and Van and suppressed the uprising. After the defeat of the uprising on 4 April, one of the rebel leaders, Mulla Selim, successfully sought asylum in Russia."}, {"text": "Sagenothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Sakimurella is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Salothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Sartrithrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Saurothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Sundown is a rural locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It is on the Queensland border with New South Wales. In the , Sundown had \"no people or a very low population\". Demographics. In the , Sundown had \"no people or a very low population\". In the , Sundown had \"no people or a very low population\"."}, {"text": "Scelothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Schazothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Schedothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "The Battle of Belyov () was fought in 1437 near Belyov (Belev) between the troops of the Grand Duchy of Moscow under the command of Dmitry Shemyaka and Tatars led by Ulugh Muhammad. The consensus is that the battle was a Tatar victory. Background. By 1437 Khan Ulugh Muhammad lost the struggle for power in the Golden Horde. He was forced to flee and appeared with the small army near the town Belyov, which is in the upper reaches of the Oka River. Initially Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily II, who was indebted to Ulugh Muhammad for the throne of the Grand Duchy, received fugitive Khan rather well and allowed him to nomadize in the vicinity of Belyov. There is evidence that Vasily II and Ulugh Muhammad concluded some kind of treaty, vowing not to commit hostile actions against each other. However, after the position of Ulugh Muhammad strengthened, he began plundering raids: \"he ravaged foreign lands, like an eagle, flying far from his nest in search of food\". This caused concern among people in the inner circles of Moscow Principality and they put pressure on Vasily II, so he decided to expel Ulugh Muhammad from Belyov. It is interesting"}, {"text": "to note that at that time the Grand Duke of Lithuania was formally suzerain of Belyov, like other Upper Oka Principalities, but they also retained their ties with Moscow. 1437 campaign. Vasily II sent to Belyov an army under the command of his cousins Dmitry Shemyaka and Dmitry Krasny (they were also his rivals in the struggle for the throne of the Grand Duchy), and \"many other princes\". Russian sources estimate the army sent to Belyov as very numerous. On the way the army robbed local people (according to the Grand Duke's chronicle), not only in order to feed themselves, but also sent the loot home. Going to spend the winter near Belyov, Ulugh Muhammad built near the town a kind of fortification (\"ostrog\") \u2013 wicker walls were covered with snow and watered. After the water froze, a strong \"ice fortress\" was formed. The fortification was well located: from the West and South the approaches were protected by a deep ravine, along which the Belyovka River flowed, and from the East there was the steep bank of the Oka River. The gentle approach was only from the North, and at the narrowest point the passage was no more than 100"}, {"text": "m (300 ft) wide. Battle. On 4 December Russian forces attacked the Tatars and drove them into the ice fortress, but were defeated trying to take it at once. Princes Pyotr Kuzminsky and Semyon Volynets, who broke into the fortification on the heels of the retreating Tatars, were killed. According to the Russian chronicle, the losses of the Tatars were also heavy, some unnamed Ulug Mohammed's son-in-law was even killed there. Instead of preparing for a coordinated assault, the Russian commanders entered into negotiations and lost their vigilance. In some chronicles, the main blame is assigned to Grigory Protasyev, voivode of Mtsensk, who allegedly sided with Ulug Mohammed and \"made a treason\". Protasyev reported that the Grand Duke wished to conclude peace and did not order \"to fight with the Tsar\". During the negotiations on the morning of 5 December, Ulu-Mohammed refused to pay him any tribute and promised not to attack the Russian principalities, and offered his son as a hostage. In return, Ulu-Mohammad asked only to be allowed to remain near Belyov until spring. However, voivodes Vasily Sobakin and Andrei Goltyaev, who conducted the negotiations, rejected this proposal. Then Ulug Mohammed, who found himself in a desperate situation,"}, {"text": "personally led the attack on the Russian army. Taking advantage of the \"great mist\" the Tatars made the turning movement and attacked from the rear of the unprepared Russian troops. There was panic and total flight, and thus Ulug Mohammed won a complete victory. Gumilev (2024), however, interpreted it as a Tatar defeat. Aftermath. After the defeat at Belyov, Vasily II together with Dmitry Shemyaka and Dmitry Krasny signed a treaty with Boris Aleksandrovich, Grand Prince of Tver, envisaging, in particular, mutual aid in case of invasion of \"Tsar\" (Khan) or other Tatars. In return, Vasily and his cousins promised not to accept the city Tver and Kashin from the Tatars. Ulug Mohammed after the victory at Belyov captured the desolate city of Kazan, strengthened there and founded the Khanate of Kazan, and soon began raids on Russia."}, {"text": "Schlechtendalia was a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae. Fossils are only found in Baltic amber, (Konigsberg collection)."}, {"text": "Schwarzithrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Scopaeothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Vladimir Petkov (; born 26 January 1971) is a Bulgarian chess grandmaster. Biography. Until 2003 Vladimir Petkov did not achieve significant successes on the international chess tournaments (possessed on October 1, 2003 his chess rating - 2343). Then in just two years he was promoted to the forefront of Bulgarian chess players. During this period Vladimir Petkov achieved a number of successes, including won in Aschach an der Donau (2004), Veliko Tarnovo (2005) and Zadar (2005), finished 4th in Bulgarian Chess Championship (Pleven, 2005). Also he finished 2nd in Ortigueira (2005), shared 2nd place in Mar\u00edn (2005), shared 3rd place in La Pobla de Lillet (2005) and triumphed in Ferrol (2005). In 2006 Vladimir Petkov shared 2nd place in Ferrol. He also shared 1st place in Athens. In 2010, Vladimir Petkov won international chess tournament in Cesenatico. In 2014 he took the 1st place in Gabicce Mare and in Martigny. Vladimir Petkov played for Bulgaria in the Chess Olympiad: Vladimir Petkov played for Bulgaria in the European Team Chess Championship: He was awarded the FIDE International Master (IM) title in 2004 and the FIDE Grandmaster (GM) title in 2007."}, {"text": "Sedulothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Senegathrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Senithrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae, found in Western Australia, and first described by Laurence Mound and Kambiz Minaei in 2006. The genus contains just one species, \"Senithrips psomus.\" \"Senithrips psomus\" is a fungus feeding thrips, whose holotype was collected on Barrow Island, Western Australia in \"Triodia angusta\" grassland."}, {"text": "Sinuothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Smicrothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Socothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Solomonthrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Sophikothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Sophiothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Sphingothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Spilothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Old Talgai is a rural locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Old Talgai had a population of 28 people. Geography. The Condamine River forms the eastern boundary of the locality, entering from the south-east (Pratten / Bony Mountain) and exiting to the north-east (Ellangowan / Victoria Hill). Watts Hill is in the south-west of the locality (), rising to . The Leyburn Cunningham Road enters the locality from the west (Leyburn) and exits to the south-east (Pratten). The land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation with some crop growing. Demographics. In the , Old Talgai had a population of 26 people. In the , Old Talgai had a population of 28 people. Education. There are no schools in Old Talgai. The nearest government primary schools are Leyburn State School in neighbouring Leyburn to the west, Back Plains State School in Back Plains to the north, and Wheatvale State School in Wheatvale to the south-east. The nearest government secondary schols are Allora State School (to Year 10) in Allora to the east and Clifton State High School in Clifton to the north-east. There are also Catholic primary schools in Allora and Clifton."}, {"text": "Sporothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Stannardiana is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Stannardothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Mustafa G\u00fczelg\u00f6z (1921 \u2013 18 February 2005) was a Turkish librarian. He established and operated a travelling library which circulated among 36 villages in the \u00dcrg\u00fcp district, becoming known as the \"Librarian with the Donkey\" (). By the time of his retirement, he had also established 12 permanent libraries, as well as innovated cultural activities such as sewing and carpentry courses, folk dances, choir and musical concerts, cinema screenings, photography works, sports organisations and a village newspaper. Early years. Mustafa G\u00fczelg\u00f6z was born in a village of the \u00dcrg\u00fcp district of Nev\u015fehir province of Central Anatolia in 1921. He sought work in Istanbul and was conscripted into the army in 1940, serving three and half years in the military during World War II. He returned to his hometown in 1944 and was initially unemployed. Then while playing in a football match, he attracted the attention of the district governor () who appointed the 23-year-old as a caretaker at the Tahsin A\u011fa Library in \u00dcrg\u00fcp, a post that had become vacant due to the retirement of an official. Librarian career. G\u00fczelg\u00f6z envisaged his position as being that of a librarian rather than a caretaker of the defunct library. He recovered books"}, {"text": "from moist and dusty stores, and wrote letters asking for book donations. Despite his success in establishing a library, it attracted little attention so he decided that \"If the people do not come to the library, the library has to go to them\" and created a traveling library to take books directly to readers. This mobile library serviced people in many villages of \u00dcrg\u00fcp, with the book stock carried in wooden crates on the back of a donkey. The two crates, labeled Kitap \u0130are Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Crate of Books on Loan), could carry 180 to 200 books. An official request for the two assistants and a budget for donkey fodder was accepted by the governor on condition that he would service at least five villages with the library. The formal library building in \u00dcrg\u00fcp was only open on weekdays; at weekends G\u00fczelg\u00f6z went out to the villages with his traveling library. He continued with his work despite being mocked and nicknamed \"Mustafa the Librarian with the Donkey\". Books were loaned out for two weeks then returned for another book when G\u00fczelg\u00f6z next visited the same village. He ran the library with three donkeys, three mules and two horses, and serviced a"}, {"text": "total of 36 villages. After a while he realised that the only readers were , partly because his visit was announced in the village cafes which were men-only zones. To attract women's attention , G\u00fczelg\u00f6z asked two world-leading sewing machine manufacturers for a donation in exchange for advertising their brands then installed one Singer and nine Zenith sewing machines in the library building. He offered books on sewing, embroidery, fashion, cooking, and childcare to female villagers, who came to the library to use the machines. His efforts began to see results as villagers developed a habit of reading and their book choices improved. In one village, people even started to read classic books by Honor\u00e9 de Balzac. Social activities. G\u00fczelg\u00f6z also pioneered many cultural innovations in the region. He organised sewing and carpentry courses in the library building and, for people who were illiterate, he gave literacy courses in the Halkevi community centre. He also initiated folk dances, choirs and concerts, cinema screenings, photography works, sports organisations and a village newspaper. In 1963 the daily newspaper \"Ulus\" reported on the billboard newspaper initiated by G\u00fczelg\u00f6z in one village. Awards and honours. In 1963, the American Peace Corps Volunteers Association honoured"}, {"text": "G\u00fczelg\u00f6z with the \"Service to Humanity Award\", which was bestowed on him by U.S. President John F. Kennedy. The Peace Corps donated a 1960-make Willy's Jeep for use in the traveling library. The same year, G\u00fczelg\u00f6z received the service award of \"The Lane Bryant Internat\u0131onal Volunteer Citation\" from the U.S. In 1967, the United States Ambassador to Turkey Parker T. Hart met G\u00fczelg\u00f6z during his visit to \u00dcrg\u00fcp, and donated a pickup truck to the library. G\u00fczelg\u00f6z's life story was fictionalised in a book titled \"E\u015fekli K\u00fct\u00fcphaneci\" (The Donkey Librarian) by Fakir Baykurt. In 2012, a statue of G\u00fczelg\u00f6z, created by Eray Okkan, was erected in front of the Faculty of Education, Science and Letters building on the Marmara campus of Maltepe University in Istanbul. Later years. G\u00fczelg\u00f6z was forced to retire in 1972 at the age of 50 after a governmental investigation which accused him of carrying out activities unrelated to his job and neglecting his official work. He left 12 libraries and a collection of around 15,000 books. During a visit to a library in Istanbul, he met the government inspector who had prepared the negative investigation report on him. The inspector told him that \"he was forced"}, {"text": "under pressure to do so\". G\u00fczelg\u00f6z died from heart failure on 18 February 2005 in the Nev\u015fehir State Hospital, where he had been treated."}, {"text": "Stegothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Stenocephalothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Stephanothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Stictothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "The Head is a rural locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It borders New South Wales. In the , The Head had a population of 12 people. Geography. The locality is loosely bounded by the Great Dividing Range to the north-east, east, and south-east. The south-east boundary is also the state border between Queensland and New South Wales. The terrain is mountainous, ranging from above sea level. The Condamine River rises in the north-east of the locality () and flows through the locality exiting to the south-west (The Falls). This may be the origin of the name \"The Head\". Wilsons Peak is a neighbourhood within the locality (). The mountain from which it takes its name is close to the boundary between The Head and Carneys Creek () and is in height. Part of the north-east of the locality is within the Main Range National Park. Apart from this protected area, the land use is a mixture of grazing on native vegetation and crop growing. History. The neighbourhood of Wilsons Peak is named after the mountain peak of the same name, which in turn was named by Captain Patrick Logan, commandant of the Moreton Bay penal colony, probably"}, {"text": "after Captain Wilson, the Director of Public Works in New South Wales. The peak's Indigenous name is Jirramun. Wilson's Peak State School opened on 23 August 1909 and closed on 1944. It was located at 1966 Condamine River Road (). The site is now used as short-term holiday accommodation. Demographics. In the , The Head had a population of 7 people. In the , The Head had a population of 12 people. Education. There are no schools in The Head. The nearest government primary and secondary school (to Year 10) is Killarney State School in Killarney to the south-west. The nearest government secondary schools (to Year 12) are Warwick State High School in Warwick to the north-west and Boonah State High School in Boonah to the north-east."}, {"text": "Stomothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "The year 1914 in radio involved some significant events."}, {"text": "Strassenia is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Strepterothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Streptothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Sucinothrips was a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Resky Fandi Witriawan (born 6 September 1999) is an Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Liga 1 club PSM Makassar. International career. On 31 May 2017, Resky made his debut against Brazil U20 as a substitute in the 2017 Toulon Tournament in France. And Resky is one of the players that strengthen Indonesia U19 in 2018 AFC U-19 Championship. Honours. Club. Dewa United International. Indonesia U-19"}, {"text": "Sumatrothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Sunaitiothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species Sunaitiothrips fuscus."}, {"text": "Suocerathrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Symphyothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Synergothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Talitha is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Oksana Viktorovna Pushkina (; born 10 May 1963) is a Russian journalist, producer, human rights activist, public and political figure. Leading international expert on women's entrepreneurship, diversity and inclusion and sustainable development, member of European Union Parliamentary Assembly. She was a member of the State Duma of the Russian Federation between 2016 and 2021. She was previously a children's rights activist from Moscow Oblast, and author, host and presenter of the shows ', ' between 1997 and 2014. She is also an author of more than 25 bestseller books on topics of women's personal development and entrepreneurship. Biography. Oksana Viktorovna Pushkina was born on 10 May 1963 in Petrozavodsk. Her mother, Svetlana Andreevna, was a television journalist and her father, Viktor Vasilyevich Pushkin, was a coach of the Russian national athletics team. Journalism. In 1979, she obtained a diploma in rhythmic gymnastics and finished in 1980 a school of general education and music. In 1985 she graduated from the Faculty of Journalism of Leningrad State University. She then worked from 1985 to 1991 at the youth editorial board of Leningrad TV-5. In 1990\u20131992, she produced the monthly programs \"Lady Luck\" (\u00ab\u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0436\u0430 \u0423\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430\u00bb) and \"Man of Results\" (\"\u0427\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\"). In 1993,"}, {"text": "she left for an internship in San Francisco, where she worked as a correspondent and coordinator at ABC. After studying television management and marketing, she returned to Russia in 1997. In September 1997, she presented, in a special edition of the program \"Outlook\" (\"\u0412\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\"), her first broadcast after her return to Russia, \"The Return of Irina Rodnina\" (\"\u0412\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0418\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439\") . In December 1997, she was the author of the television project \"Oksana Pushkina's Women's Stories\" (\"\u0416\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u044b \u041f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439\"), presented on the ORT channel (currently Channel One Russia). In September 1999, Oksana Pushkina left the channel. A month later, she joined the broadcaster NTV, where she presented \"Oksana Pushkina's Female View\" (\"\u0416\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u044b \u041f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439\"). ORT launched at the same time the program \"Tatiana Pushkina's Women's Stories\", whose presenter resembled her. Oksana Pushkina presented her weekly program from 27 October 1999 to 1 February 2013. In 2006, she participated in the Channel One show \"Stars on the Ice\" with Alexei Yagudin. In February 2013, she left NTV and returned to Channel One where she hosted the show \"I am Filing for Divorce\" (\"\u042f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\") The show was put on air on weekdays from March to August 2013,"}, {"text": "then was cancelled for unexplained reasons. In 2016, Oksana Pushkina returned to NTV where she hosted the program \"Mirror for Heroes\" (\"\u0417\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\") She described her return to air on the main event of 8 March. This show lasted from 8 March to 7 July 2016. Oksana is an author of 25 bestseller books on topics of women's personal development, professional career advancements and entrepreneurship. Defender of Children's rights. On 18 June 2015, Oksana Pushkina was appointed by the Moscow Oblast Duma, on the proposal of the governor, Andrey Vorobyov, as the delegate for the children's rights of the Moscow Oblast. In these roles, she helped to create accommodation for children raised in orphanages, and proposed the creation of crisis center welcoming mothers in emergency conditions and for the child victims of domestic violence. She is also on the board of 'League of the Dream', an organization working to support people with cerebral palsy, autism, Down Syndrome, visual and hearing impairments and other disabilities. Member of the Duma. Pushkina left her job on 29 September 2016 after she was elected to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. She was a candidate in the 2016"}, {"text": "Russian parliamentary elections on the list United Russia in the district of Odintsovo (Moscow Oblast) and was elected as a member of Parliament. She was vice-chair of the Committee on the Family, Women and Children. Oksana Pushkina was the only parliamentarian who publicly sided with the journalists Farida Rustamova, Ekaterina Kotrikadze, Anastasia Karimova and Darya Schuk, who accused Leonid Slutsky, a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the Duma, of sexual harassment. She expressed her regret about the legal vacuum on harassment that existed in Russian legislation. and stated \"This problem is a reality in our country. It must be regulated by legislation and I will do everything in my power in this regard\". Oksana Pushkina has more generally condemned publicly the professional inequalities between women and men in Russia. and defended a bill to fight discrimination against women which has not been included in the agenda of parliament. She was also the author of a draft law on childbirth under X, and another on the obligation for parents to care for children who are HIV-positive, justified by denials of attention in traditionalist families. She has also been the author and supporter of the bills on federal alimony"}, {"text": "fund, on female entrepreneurship and gender equality. Advocacy and membership in international organizations. Oksana Pushkina is a member of the board of the SPID Foundation, which aims to prevent and combat AIDS. She is also a member of European Union Parliamentary Assembly where she is representing Russia on the Committee on Culture, Science, Education and Media and Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination. Oksana is a leadership champion of 'Women Entrepreneurs Finance Initiatives', part of G20 initiative on fostering women's empowerment globally."}, {"text": "Tamilthrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Tarassothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Tarassothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Terthrothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Locus Ludi is a five-year 2017-2022 research project on play and games in Graeco-Roman Antiquity sponsored and financed by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. The project is headed by Professor of Classical Studies V\u00e9ronique Dasen, University of Fribourg, Switzerland. Project Summary. The goal of project is to study the historical and anthropological dimension of games and toys in Antiquity. A team of researchers has been put in place in order to search all available primary sources such as literature, archaeological, and iconographic material relating to games and toys in antiquity. It is the first time this field is researched by a multidisciplinary team in Europe. The project is based at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, in the faculty of Art and Archaeology in Classical Antiquity. Conferences and expositions are organised with the cooperation of European museums, such as Swiss Museum of Games at La Tour-de-Peilz, Switzerland, and Gallo-Roman Museum of Lyon-Fourvi\u00e8re, France. The way people play evolves over time and this project intends to provide a point of reference by reconstructing this history in Ancient Greece, from the birth of the city-state, c. 800 BCE, to the Roman conquest in"}, {"text": "146 BCE, and in the Ancient Roman world from the Republican age, c. 500 BCE, to the end of the Western Roman Empire, c. 500 CE."}, {"text": "Tetracanthothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Tetradothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Tetragonothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Teuchothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Thaumatothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Thilakothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Thlibothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Thorybothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Tiarothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "R. Helen Farr is a British maritime archaeologist and prehistorian who specialises in prehistoric submerged landscapes and early seafaring. Farr is a certified (HSE) commercial diver. She is lecturer in the Marine and Maritime Institute in the Department of Archaeology at the Southampton University. Farr was elected as a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London on 17 October 2019. Early life and education. Prior to attending university, Farr was a water sports instructor, where she developed an interest in maritime related work and completed her professional certifications in diving. She is an HSE commercial diver Farr attended Cambridge University where she studied Archeology and Anthropology and received a BA. She furthered her studies at the Centre for Maritime Archaeology at Southampton University where she obtained an MA in Maritime Archaeology. She completed her PhD at Cambridge University. She was appointed to a post-doctoral position at Cambridge and was awarded a fellowship with the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. During this time period, Farr became interested in prehistoric submerged landscapes. Career. Farr's research centres on the growth of early seafaring and the maritime industry in connection with prehistoric island colonisation. In 2009, she was awarded a three-year Leverhulme fellowship"}, {"text": "at Southampton University to study prehistoric submerged landscapes of the Solent, the strait between the Isle of Wight and the mainland of England. She was appointed to a lectureship at the Southampton Marine and Maritime Institute at the University of Southampton. Farr was a member of the Black Sea Maritime Archaeology Project (MAP) team, sponsored by the Southampton's Centre for Maritime Archaeology. The purpose of the five-year project (2014-2019), was to survey submerged ancient landscapes in the Black Sea. The international team of scientists uncovered and analysed more than sixty shipwrecks, including possibly the world's oldest intact shipwreck () found in Bulgarian waters at a depth of more than . The ship, most likely ancient Greek in origin, was discovered with its mast, rudders and rowing benches in place. In 2017, Farr was awarded a European Research Council Horizon grant (2018-2022), \"Australasian Colonization Research: Origins of Seafaring to Sahul\", for a multidisciplinary study on the earliest evidence of seafaring and the colonisation of Australasia. Farr's current research focuses on the continental shelf off northwest Australia."}, {"text": "Tolmetothrips is a genus of Thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Masubuchi (written: or ) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}, {"text": "Silverwood is a rural locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Silverwood had a population of 58 people. Geography. Mount Silverwood is in the west of the locality () rising to above sea level. Connolly Dam is a reservoir in the centre of the locality (). Originally known as Silverwood Dam, it was renamed Connolly Dam after Dan Connolly, who was Mayor of Warwick in 1910 and again from 1924 to 1932. The dam impounds Rosenthal Creek, a tributary of the Condamine River. The Southern railway line enters the locality from the north (Morgan Park) and meanders south through the locality, passing through the Cherry Gully tunnel, before exiting to the south (Dalveen). The locality is served by Silverwood railway station (). The land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation, apart from a small amount of crop growing along Rosenthal Creek. History. A railway camp was established to build the Big Tunnel (now known as the Cherry Gully Tunnel) on the Southern railway line. Big Tunnel Camp School opened on 4 August 1879 as a private school for children of railway workers before a teacher was supplied by the Department of Public Instruction in 1879."}, {"text": "Approximately 60 children attended the school. It closed in 1880. Rosenthal Middle Provisional School opened circa 1879. In 1887, it was renamed Silverwood Provisional School. On 1 January 1909, it became Silverwood State School. It closed in 1914. Demographics. In the , Silverwood had a population of 38 people. In the , Silverwood had a population of 58 people. Heritage listings. Silverwood has a number of heritage sites, including: Education. There are no schools in Silverwood. The nearest government primary schools are: The nearest government secondary school is Warwick State High School in Warwick to the north. There are also non-government schools in Warwick."}, {"text": "Trachythrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Tragothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Treherniella is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Again the Three Just Men is a 1928 British thriller novel by Edgar Wallace, sometimes known simply as Again the Three. It is the last of six novels in the Four Just Men series, featuring a gang of vigilantes committed to fighting crime whatever the methods. Film adaptation. The story provided loose inspiration for the 1966 film \"Circus of Fear\"."}, {"text": "Triadothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "James Graeffe (7 July 1921 \u2013 1994) was a Belgian speed skater. He competed in three events at the 1936 Winter Olympics. He is the son of bobsledder Paul Graeffe who also competed at the 1936 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Trichinothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Tropothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Truncatothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Trybomia is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Trypanothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Tumidothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "The Glen is a rural locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , The Glen had a population of 32 people. Geography. The New England Highway enters the locality from the north (Rosenthal Heights) and forms part of the northern boundary of the locality before going south through the locality, exiting to the south (Dalveen). Braeside Quarry is in the south of the locality immediately east of the highway. Apart from the quarry, the land use in the locality is grazing on native vegetation with a small amount of crop growing. Demographics. In the , The Glen had a population of 31 people. In the , The Glen had a population of 32 people. Education. There are no schools in The Glen. The nearest government primary schools are: The nearest government secondary school is Warwick State High School, also in Warwick. There are also a number of non-government schools in Warwick."}, {"text": "The year 1915 in radio involved some significant events."}, {"text": "Turmathrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Joel Owen Latibeaudiere (born 6 January 2000) is a professional footballer who plays as a defender for club Coventry City. Born in England, he plays for the Jamaica national team. Club career. Manchester City. Latibeaudiere joined Manchester City at the age of thirteen but did not make a senior appearance at the club. He captained City's under-18s to the Premier League North title, and was part of the side that reached the FA Youth Cup final. He went on loan to FC Twente for the 2019\u201320 Eredivisie season, where he made five appearances and scored once. Swansea City. In October 2020, Latibeaudiere joined Swansea City on a three-year contract. He scored his first goal for the club in an EFL Cup tie against Reading on 10 August 2021. Coventry City. In July 2023, Latibeaudiere became Sky Blues manager Mark Robins fifth signing of the close season. International career. England. Born in England, Latibeaudiere is of Jamaican descent. He was a member of the side that finished runners up to Spain at the 2017 UEFA European Under-17 Championship and missed a penalty in the final. In October 2017 he was included in the squad for the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup"}, {"text": "and played the full game in the final as England defeated Spain to lift the trophy. Jamaica. Latibeaudiere was called up to the Jamaica national team in May 2022. He made his unofficial debut in a 6\u20130 friendly defeat to Catalonia on 25 May. In June 2023, Latibeaudiere was named to Jamaica's squad for the 2023 CONCACAF Gold Cup. He made his official debut for Jamaica in the tournament opener against the USA. Honours. England U17"}, {"text": "Tylothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Old\u0159ich Han\u010d (22 March 1915 \u2013 2 December 1989) was a Czech speed skater. He competed in three events at the 1936 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Urothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Veerabahuthrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Vicinothrips is a monotypic genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "The Hamawand rebellion was a Kurdish uprising by the Hamawand tribe in the Mosul Vilayet which began in 1908, in opposition to the Young Turks revolution and in support of the Ottoman sultan. Background. The state of rebellion was ended in July 1910 when they reached an agreement with local wali of Baghdad, Nadim Pasha, wherein they nominally recognized Ottoman authority. According to David McDowall, the rebellion continued in April 1911 upon Nadim's return to Constantinople, and the Hamawand were reportedly still in rebellion when World War I began, but this is not mentioned in G\u00f6khan \u00c7etinsaya's account, which simply relates that \"the Hamawand terror in the region lasted about two years and was suppressed only by considerable force.\""}, {"text": "Vuilletia is a monotypic genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae. The sole species is Vuilletia houardi, known from West Africa (Mali, Gambia, and Burkina Faso)."}, {"text": "Walkerthrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Warithrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Williamsiella is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Xaniothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae, which was first described by Laurence Mound in 1971. The type species is \"Xaniothrips xantes\". Members of this genus are found only in Australia, (in all mainland states and territories with the exception of Victoria) in semi-arid zones, where they are kleptoparasites on Acacias. That is, they attack and steal the homes (galls) in \"Acacias\" created by other thrips species and continue to parasitise the acacia. Adults use their abdomens to do this."}, {"text": "Xeroleptothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Xiphidothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Xyelethrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Palgrave is a rural locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Palgrave had a population of 35 people. Geography. The Herries Range forms the south-western boundary of the locality. Sandy Creek rises on the slopes of the range and then flows northward through the locality exiting to the north-east (the locality of Leslie Dam) where it is impounded by Leslie Dam to create Lake Leslie. The Durakai State Forest is in the west of the locality. Apart from that protected area, the land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation with some crop growing. History. The locality takes its name from the parish name, which in turn is thought to be named after an officer of the Aberdeen Company operating several pastoral runs in the area or after a senior public servant. Rookwood Provisional School opened circa 1888. On 1 January 1909, it became Rookwood State School. It closed circa 1929. The school presumably takes its name from the adjacent Rookwood (also written as Rook Wood) pastoral station. It was located on a site in a bend of Sandy Creek (approx ). This location is now the place where Sandy Creek flows into Lake Leslie, created"}, {"text": "by the Leslie Dam which did not exist during the school's lifetime. In October 2023, a light kit-built aircraft crashed in Palgrave, killing the pilot, and starting a grass fire. Demographics. In the , Palgrave had a population of 17 people. In the , Palgrave had a population of 35 people. Education. There are no schools in Palgrave. The nearest government primary schools are: The nearest government secondary schools are:"}, {"text": "Xylaplothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Thomas Paul White (30 April 1915 \u2013 27 September 1993) was a Canadian speed skater. He competed in four events at the 1936 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Xyloplothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Yarnkothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Zactinothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Zaliothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Zelotothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Jarom\u00edr Turnovsk\u00fd (born 30 August 1912, date of death unknown) was a Czech speed skater. He competed in three events at the 1936 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Zemiathrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Zeuglothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Zeugmatothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Zuluiella is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae."}, {"text": "Rodgers Creek is a rural locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Rodgers Creek had a population of 15 people. Geography. The Cunningham Highway forms a short part of the locality's north-western boundary, entering from the north (Cunningham) and exiting to the north-west (Greymare / Montrose). The South Western railway line touches along the north-western boundary of the locality; there are no railway stations serving the locality. The watercourse Rodger Creek rises in the south of the locality and flows north through the locality, exiting to the north (Cunningham). The land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation with some crop growing around Rodger Creek. History. The origin of the name is unclear. One story is that it is named after stockman James \"Cocky\" Rogers; another is that it is named after a boundary rider called Rodgers. Demographics. In the , Rodgers Creek had a population of 7 people. In the , Rodgers Creek had a population of 15 people. Education. There are no schools in Rodgers Creek. The nearest government primary schools are Wheatvale State School in neighbouring Wheatvale to the north-east and Warwick West State School in Warwick to the east. The nearest government"}, {"text": "secondary school is Warwick State High School, also in Warwick. There are also non-government schools in Warwick."}, {"text": "Bidarahalli Yadupati Acharya (popularly known as Yadavarya or Yadavaryaru) (also known as Yadavacharya) (c. 1580 - c. 1630) was an Indian Hindu scholar in the Dvaita Ved\u0101nta tradition. He is the follower of Uttaradi Math and the disciple of Vedesa Tirtha. Life. According to hagiographies, Yadupati was born in Kannada-speaking Deshastha Brahmin family in 1580 in a village called Yekkundi which is located in Saundatti taluk of Belgaum district. His father name is Yadappayya. His cousin Bidarahalli Srinivasa Tirtha, who is also his disciple was also a Tikakara who composed many works. Works. There have been many works accredited to Yadavarya, most of which are glosses, polemical tracts and commentaries. His gloss on \"Tattva Sankhyana\" of Madhva runs to 300 granthas. He also made a commentary on \"Tattvoddyota\" of Madhva. His \"Nyayasudha Tippani\", a commentary on \"Nyayasudha\" of Jayatirtha is the most important of his works. This commentary is distinctly anterior to that of Raghavendra Tirtha and also perhaps to that of Vidyadhisha Tirtha. He tried to overthrow the objection raised by a critic Appayya Dikshita alleging misrepresentations of the M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101ka view in \"Anuvyakhyana\" of Madhva. Yadupati made two commentaries on the Bhagavata, a work on \"Bhagvata Tatparya Nirnaya\" of"}, {"text": "Madhva and a work on Bhagavata Purana. His also made a commentary of \"Yamakabharata\". There are three minor works ascribed to him one is a commentary on \"Sadachara Smruti\" of Madhva and other are praise-poems Vishnu Stotra, Karavalambana Stotra, Daridra Hara Stotra, and Vedavyasa-gadya."}, {"text": "Heinz Sames (10 July 1911 \u2013 29 January 1943) was a German speed skater. He competed in four events at the 1936 Winter Olympics. He was killed in action during World War II in the Battle of Stalingrad."}, {"text": "Gustav Slanec (20 May 1913 \u2013 18 June 1974) was an Austrian speed skater. He competed at the 1936 Winter Olympics and the 1948 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Ferdinand Preindl (25 February 1912 \u2013 9 December 1998) was an Austrian speed skater. He competed at the 1936 Winter Olympics and the 1948 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Rosenthal Heights is a mixed-use locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Rosenthal Heights had a population of 2,664 people. Geography. The locality is on the south-western outskirts of the town of Warwick. The Cunningham Highway enters the locality from the north-east (Warwick) and exits to the north-west (Allan). The South Western railway line enters the location from the north-east (Warwick) to the south of the highway, forms part of the locality's north-eastern boundary, before exiting to the north-west (Allan); no railway stations serve the locality. The New England Highway enters the location from the north-east (Warwick), runs south-west through the locality, forming part of the locality's south-western boundary before exiting to the south-west (Leslie Dam / The Glen). The elevation ranges from above sea level with one named peak, Pine Rock in the west of the locality () at . The land nearest Warwick is mostly suburban housing with rural residential housing beyond that. Those parts of the locality most distant from Warwick are used for farming, predominantly grazing on native vegetation with some crop growing. History. The locality takes its name from the parish, which in turn derived its name from a pastoral run"}, {"text": "name used by wool grower Frederick John Bracker in the early 1840s, from the German \"rosen\" meaning \"roses\" and \"thal\" meaning \"valley\" or \"glen\". In 1877, of land was resumed from the Rosenthal pastoral run to establish smaller farms. The land was offered for selection on 19 April 1877. Inverleigh State School opened on 6 October 1921. It was officially opened on Saturday 15 October 1921 by George Barnes, the Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Warwick. The school closed on 21 July 1942. It was on a site at 508 Lyndhurst Lane (north-east corner of Inverleigh Road, ). Rosenthal Lower Provisional School opened circa 1879. In 1889, it was renamed Rosenthal Provisional School It closed in 1892. It reopened in 1908 as Rosenthal Provisional School and become Rosenthal State School on 1 January 1909. It closed in 1942. It was at 37 Smelter Road (). Demographics. In the , Rosenthal Heights had a population of 2,259 people. In the , Rosenthal Heights had a population of 2,664 people. Education. There are no schools in Rosenthal Heights. The nearest government primary school is Warwick West State School in neighbouring Warwick to the north-east. The nearest government secondary school is"}, {"text": "Warwick State High School, also in Warwick. There are also private schools in Warwick."}, {"text": "Representative Rodgers may refer to:"}, {"text": "Marcel Hork\u00fd (born 18 October 1973) is a retired Slovak football midfielder."}, {"text": "Willi Sandner (8 March 1911 \u2013 June 1984) was a German speed skater. He competed in four events at the 1936 Winter Olympics. Sandner was a six time national champion and set a dozen national records."}, {"text": "Ram Probesh Mondal was an Indian teacher and politician belonging to All India Trinamool Congress. He was elected as a member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly from Manikchak in 1996. He died on 23 June 2018."}, {"text": "Morgan Park is a rural locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Morgan Park had a population of 98 people. Geography. The locality is immediately south of the town of Warwick. It is bounded to the north by Bracker Road and Warwick - Killarney Road, to the north-east by Warwick - Killarney Road, to the east by Bentley Road, to the south-east by Pierce Road, to the south partially by Morgan Park Road, and to the south-west, west, and north-west by the South Western railway line. The Morgan Park Conservation Park is in the south of the locality. It protectes an ecosystem of Eucalyptus moluccana and Eucalyptus microcarpa open forest and two migratory bird species, the rainbow bee-eater (\"Merops ornatus\") and the rufous fantail (\"Rhipidura rufifrons\"). The centre and west of the locality is occupied by the identically named Morgan Park, a reserve for sports and recreation (). The north of the locality includes a waste disposal landfill and an industrial area.The remainder of the locality is predominantly used for grazing on native vegetation. History. The locality takes its name from the now-abandoned Morgan Park railway station () on the South Western railway line, which was"}, {"text": "named after James Morgan, a politician and newspaper owner. Demographics. In the , Morgan Park had a population of 86 people. In the , Morgan Park had a population of 98 people. Education. There are no school in Morgan Park. The nearest government primary schools are Warwick East State School and Warwick West State School, both in neighbouring Warwick to the north, and Murray's Bridge State School in Murrays Bridge to the south-east. The nearest government secondary school is Warwick State High School, also in Warwick. Amenities. The park Morgan Park off Old Stanthorpe Road is operated by the Southern Downs Regional Council and has a number of recreational facilities, including: Morgan Park Conservation Park is used for birdwatching with many species of birds to be seen. Facilities. Warwick Waste Facility is a landfill on Old Stanthorpe Road. It is operated by the Southern Downs Regional Council."}, {"text": "was a Korean speed skater. He competed in four events at the 1936 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Jozef Pavl\u00edk (born 12 July 1973) is a retired Slovak football midfielder. Biography. Jozef Pavl\u00edk was born on 12 July 1973 in Pova\u017esk\u00e1 Bystrica. Pavl\u00edk used to play for Kremser SC. After the end of his playing career, he became a manager. He last served as the assistant to Mikul\u00e1\u0161 Radv\u00e1nyi and Jan Kamen\u00edk at Pohronie. Honours. Managerial. Chittagong Abahani"}, {"text": "The 2019 OEC Taipei WTA Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 12th edition of the tournament and part of the 2019 WTA 125K series, offering a total of $125,000 in prize money. It took place at the Taipei Arena in Taipei, Taiwan, on 11\u201317 November 2019. Singles main draw entrants. Other entrants. The following player received wildcards into the singles main draw: The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: Doubles entrants. Other entrants. The following pair received a wildcard into the doubles main draw:"}, {"text": "Robert Stott (13 July 1858 \u2013 21 April 1928) was a constable and later police commissioner in the Northern Territory of Australia. Early life. Robert Stott was born in the blacksmith's croft at Nigg in Kincardineshire, Scotland, the son of James Stott, a fishery overseer and his wife Catherine. Not much is known of his early life but it is believed that he was well educated and, before migrating to Australia, served in the Lancashire constabulary. Stott migrated, with three friends, to Australia in 1882. Career. On arrival in the colony of South Australia in 1882, Stott joined the South Australian Police Force as a foot constable. transferring to the Northern Territory Police Force in 1883. In the Northern Territory Police Force Stott first became a mounted constable, 3rd class, who often went on long patrols. For a decade he was posted at Burrundie, Roper River, with some time spent at the Victoria River. As a mounted constable Stott travelled widely, by either horse or camel, and completed regular six-to-eight week patrols of the region as well as additional special missions to investigate serious incidents. In these patrols, he was often assisted by Aboriginal trackers or native police. From 1908"}, {"text": "Stott was a mounted constable, 1st class, at Borroloola, until in 1911 he was transferred to Alice Springs (then called Stuart) as the sergeant in charge. Upon arrival Stott and his family moved into the stone police house nearby the Stuart Town Gaol, and his roles included being the keeper of the gaol, mining warden, administrator of the affairs of the Lands Department, and being a stock inspector. Significantly, he took on the responsibilities of Sub-Protector of Aborigines; a role previously exercised by the telegraph stationmasters at the Alice Springs Telegraph Station. The stationmaster of the day, John McKay, was happy to relinquish the role that had caused him a lot of pain. As sub-protector Stott enforced the rule that \"half-caste\" children be given their fathers', often well-known, surnames. It was said that Stott took a paternal interest in these children. In 1913\u201314, was instrumental in setting up the school and hostel for \"half-caste\" Aboriginal children known as The Bungalow. Stott was reportedly firm, yet humane, in his role, and he was praised for respecting Aboriginal customs and beliefs. He also, in a rare move for the times, learned to speak Arrernte, the local language. According to Dick Kimber, Stott"}, {"text": "was respected wherever he went and \"ruled with only a riding crop and the force of his remarkable character\". In December 1917 major charges were laid against Stott for wrongdoing by a former police officer that served under him, Mounted Constable CE Kelly who had arrived to work under Stott on 20 March 1917 and gave up his post on 1 August 1917. Kelly made a series of allegations against Stott, including that he was a bully, that he misused government resources and accepted bribes. It was also alleged that he ill-treated Aboriginal people and people at The Bungalow and that his policies about The Bungalow in general were wrong. Judge David Bevan was sent down from Darwin to conduct the hearing about these allegations and interviewed many of the residents of the district and these witnesses included Ida Standley and Carl Strehlow. It was ultimately found that: In 1924 Victorian governor, the Earl of Stradbroke, visited Alice Springs and, addressing local children, he asked if they could name their king and they responded \"Sergeant Stott\". By the late 1920s Stott had become a legendary figure and was known for careering around in one of the earliest motor cars in"}, {"text": "the region, and known to enjoy a good whiskey. In 1927 he rose to the position of Commissioner of Central Australian Police, when the Territory was divided in two with the central region forming Central Australia (territory). Later life and death. The arrival of John Cawood, who was appointed in the new position of Government Resident of Central Australia, in 1926 brought an end to Stott's position in the town and, no longer having the responsibilities he once did, he retired to Adelaide, South Australia, in April 1928. Stott was killed on 5 May 1929 when he was hit by the Glenelg train at a level crossing in Wayville. He was reportedly deaf and did not hear the train whistle, and was unused to trains as there were none in Alice Springs at the time. His Aboriginal domestic servant, Maggie Plenty, said that the family were planning to move to Perth. Many, including Stuart Traynor, believe that, if Stott had not retired, the 1928 Coniston Massacre would not have happened as, with his experience, he would have taken a more cautious and restrained approach than the inexperienced George Murray. Personal life. On 27 November 1899 Stott married English-born Mary Duggan,"}, {"text": "who died giving birth to their first child on 11 February 1901. Their daughter, Lily Duggan, died a few weeks later on 3 March. Stott married again on the 21 April 1902 to Agnes Heaslop, and they went on to have six children: Malcolm, Cameron, Robert (known by his second name Cameron), Agnes, Malvern and Mavis. Further reading. A biography of Stott, by Dick Kimber, appears in the Australian Dictionary of Biography."}, {"text": "Nd\u00e8ye Fatou Kane (born 23 November 1986 in Dakar) is a Senegalese novelist and feminist. Biography. She is the granddaughter of Senegalese writer Cheikh Hamidou Kane. She studied transport and international logistics. In 2014, she released her first novel, \"Le Malheur de vivre\", prefaced by her grandfather. It is a narrative of a Senegalese's life between France and Senegal, between urban lifestyle and Pulaar culture, and a tragic love story. In 2016, she participated in a short story collection titled \"Franklin l'insoumis\" and dedicated to musician Franklin Boukaka. It is made of fourteen short stories written by fourteen different authors. In 2018, Kane released her essay \"Vous avez dit f\u00e9ministe ?\" (\"You said 'feminist'?\") in which she analysed the feminist movements across Africa. She also writes on social networks about African women, inspired by her fellow citizens Awa Thiam and Mariama B\u00e2. In 2018, she was awarded the Under-35 Youth Prize of the Francophone countries."}, {"text": "New Karshi is a town in Karu Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria, founded in the 1980s by Muhammadu Bako II. It is a semi-autonomous local government created out of Karu LGA as Karshi Development area with the administrative secretariat in Uke. Karshi has a local government chairman as its administrative head and a seat in the Nasarawa State House of Assembly. Emir of Karshi Emirate, Alhaji (Dr) Muhammadu Sani Bako III, a first class chief is the traditional head of New Karshi. It has a population of about 30,000 people. The predominant tribes are Gwandara, Gbagyi, Gade, Bassa and Hausa. New Karshi is 30 kilometers or about 50 minutes drive to Abuja city center on a traffic free period and 25 kilometers or 35 minutes drive to Keffi. It is bounded by Nasarawa Local Government to the South, Keffi Local Government to the East, the city of Abuja to the West. Geography. Climate. New Karshi has almost same climate with Abuja, and under K\u00f6ppen climate classification features a tropical wet and dry climate. It experiences three weather conditions annually. This includes a warm, humid rainy season and a blistering dry season. In between the two, there is a"}, {"text": "brief interlude of harmattan occasioned by the northeast trade wind, with the main feature of dust haze and dryness. The rainy season begins from April and ends in October, when daytime temperatures reach 28 \u00b0C (82.4 \u00b0F) to 30 \u00b0C (86.0 \u00b0F) and nighttime lows hover around 22 \u00b0C (71.6 \u00b0F) to 23 \u00b0C (73.4 \u00b0F). In the dry season, daytime temperatures can soar as high as 40 \u00b0C (104.0 \u00b0F) and nighttime temperatures can dip to 12 \u00b0C (53.6 \u00b0F). Even the chilliest nights can be followed by daytime temperatures well above 30 \u00b0C (86.0 \u00b0F). The high altitudes and undulating terrain of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) act as a moderating influence on the weather of the territory. The city's inland location causes the diurnal temperature variation to be much larger than coastal cities with similar climates such as Lagos. Rainfall in the FCT reflects the territory's location on the windward side of the Jos Plateau and the zone of rising air masses with the city receiving frequent rainfall during the rainy season from April to October every year. History. New Karshi in Nasarawa State was founded by Alhaji (Dr) Muhammadu Bako II and approved as a resettlement"}, {"text": "town for the inhabitants of Karshi Abuja in the Nigeria federal capital in 1980 by the former civilian Governor of Plateau State, chief Solomon Daushep Lar. The native inhabitants of Karshi in Abuja were ordered to vacate their native land as a result of the movement of Nigeria capital from Lagos to Abuja to solve the problem of over crowding and heavy traffic jam around the seat of power then in Dodan Barrackas, in the city of Lagos. The military government of general Murtala Mohammed in 1976 promulgated Decree No.6 creating Abuja as new Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria. The Decree ceded ownership of Abuja land to federal government declaring it a neutral territory where no individuals, or ethnic groups who had inhabited the area for centuries could claim ownership of the land. The decree ordered immediate vacation of the territory of those that had been living there. Consequently, the Decree created funds for relocation and settlement of the natives in places of their choice outside the area mapped for the federal capital territory, preferably their home states. However, the movement of Nigeria seat of power was delayed because of the assassination of General Murtala Mohammed in a military coup"}, {"text": "just months after he commenced work for the relocation of the federal capital territory from Lagos to Abuja. His second-in-command General Olusegun Obasanjo took over power and commenced the implementation of the master plan for the new capital part of which was resettlement and compensation of the natives of the land. But General Obasanjo could not complete the process of transfer of seat of power from Lagos to Abuja before handing over power to democratically elected President Shehu Shagari in 1989. On 12 December 1991 seat of power was finally moved from Lagos to Abuja by General Ibrahim Babangida. But resettlement of the original inhabitants outside the new capital city had not been executed as planned because politicians altered the original plan of total relocation of the inhabitants from the new capital city before the transfer of seat of power to Abuja for political benefits. While Decree No.6 declared Abuja no man's city and ordered comprehensive evacuation and resettlement of the inhabitants, President Shehu Shagari of National Party of Nigeria, NPN deviated from the original plan of total evacuation of the natives and made it optional for inhabitants to either go to their respective states of origin or remain in"}, {"text": "the federal capital territory and that they will be treated equally with other neighboring states. This was done by President Shagari for political advantage over opposition political parties notably Nigerians People's Party, NPP that was then in control of Plateau State. It is important to note that Nigeria Federal Capital Territory, Abuja was created out of Niger, Kwara and Plateau States. To have its own citizens back in its territory and to weaken President Shagari influence, Governor Solomon Daushep Lar - the first democratically elected Governor of Plateau State who was very popular and influential sent a delegation to Karshi to persuade the people to move to the area that was to become New Karshi so that they could own their land because the federal capital is by the Decree which established it remained \u2018no man\u2019s land\u2019, that is every land belongs to the federal government of Nigeria, which Karshi was among. The delegation from Plateau State made an offer to the people of Karshi that if they opted for relocation to the proposed New Karshi under plateau state, their chieftaincy title would be elevated from District Head to a full graded traditional ruler having powers over its domain. Interestingly,"}, {"text": "officials from federal capital territory working under the directive of government of Shehu Shagari also offered to upgrade the chieftaincy title of Old Karshi if they choose to remain within the federal capital territory. This was viewed as a counter campaign strategy of NPN against NPP and an attempt to divide the people. A faction of the people of Karshi accepted the offer of Plateau State government to resettle in New Karshi and had their chieftaincy title elevated to a higher rank. The resettlement process was started by chief of Karshi, Alhaji Manman Aura with the help of Alhaji Danladi Yakubu then deputy governor of Plateau state and director of resettlement, Alhaji Usman Sabo Ago. Karshi chief Alhaji Manman Aura proposed a place called \u201cLagga\u201d \u2018Runbun Nama\u2019 for resettlement. It was a place blessed with a lot of wild animals and frequently visited by hunters. It is situated between Kurafe and Bakin Kogi. But the resettlement process ran into challenges because a member of Plateau State House of Assembly representing Karshi people, Alhaji Muhammadu Bako II who moved the motion for the resettlement rejected Lagga Runbun Nama as a resettlement because he was not consulted. Other reasons he gave for"}, {"text": "the rejection were that Lagga Runbun Nama was waterlogged or Fadama area which would make it difficult for people to build houses and that the place was home to evil spirits such as jinns, witches, wizard, wild animals among others. As a result of this Dr Muhammadu Bako II quickly rushed home with colonel Madugu representing Plateau state government and founded the present New Karshi now in Nasarawa State. Alhaji Dr Muhammadu Bako II became the founder and the first Emir of New Karshi. The chief of Karshi refused to leave because he was not in support of the movement to New Karshi. Some of the people who supported Emir Bako II in the transition from old Karshi in FCT to New Karshi in Nasarawa State were Alhaji Suleiman Madaki (Mallam Sabo), Alhaji Musa Sarkin Noma Majidadi and Mallam Musa Manman (Akwala) Wambai of Karshi. Social Amenities. Health facility. The main health care center in Karshi town is Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Primary Health Care clinic built in 2013 to take care of health needs of the community especially women and children with wards designated for them. Pregnant women attend antenatal classes there. Cases that cannot be handled at the"}, {"text": "MDGs clinic are often referred to Uke general hospital about 7 kilometers or 10 minutes drive from Karshi. The Uke general hospital has a number of doctors and medical and laboratory equipment common in most general hospitals in Nigeria. The hospital is stocked with Petroleum Trust Development Funds (PTDF) funded drugs that make treatment cheap and affordable. Another reference hospital to the MDGs clinic is Federal Medical Center, Keffi which is 26 kilometers or about forty minutes drive. Old Karshi general hospital in Abuja is 10 kilometers or 7 minutes drive from New Karshi. Education. Karshi has a number of schools both public and private. There are two public schools which are Karshi Primary school and Karshi Government Secondary School. In 2017 the state government built a new block of four class rooms and two offices with standard teaching facilities and office equipment for the primary school to enhance learning. In 2018 two blocks of six class rooms and offices were built in the secondary school under Universal Basic Education Commission direct intervention scheme- a federal government of Nigeria programme to build and upgrade structures in school across the federation. The secondary school has a well-equipped information and communication technology"}, {"text": "(ICT) laboratory with 40 units of computers, a projector, high speed broadband connection (LAN and WAN) which is 24 hours solar powered built by Nigeria Communications Commission, NCC. Economy. Karshi has a relatively diverse economy with 60% in agriculture, 30% commercial activities in trading of grains and other household products and 10% from white-collar jobs contributing to the economy. Agriculture. Agriculture is the pillar of Karshi economy contributing sixty percent. It has a vast fertile soil with good and predictable climatic conditions suitable for cultivation of various grains and other staples such as yam and cassava. There is a community of farmers both small and large scale farmers engaging in farming activities making fresh foods especially vegetables available all year round. Almost every household has a farm growing what they eat. The commonly cultivated crops are maize, beans, rice, soybeans, melons, millet, sorghum, groundnut, yam, and cassava. During harvest, prices of food items are low but a bit higher in off peak season. There is booming aquaculture and livestock farms in Karshi with well built fish ponds and poultry farms producing fish and eggs in large scale commercial quantities supplying to Abuja and other places. Several thousands of fresh eggs"}, {"text": "are lifted daily."}, {"text": "J\u0101nis Valent\u012bns Andriksons (17 March 1912 \u2013 22 September 1967) was a Latvian speed skater. He competed in three events at the 1936 Winter Olympics. After World War II, he moved to West Germany and then to Canada, where from 1948 he worked in gold and copper mining. He died in Quebec in 1967."}, {"text": "Passchendaele is a rural locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Passchendaele had a population of 42 people. The undeveloped town of Messines is located within the locality (). Passchendaele's postcode is 4380. History. The locality takes its name from the former Passchendaele railway station on the Amiens railway line which served the soldier settlement fruit growing areas. It was named by the Queensland Railways Department in 1920, after the famous battleground in World War I. Similarly, the town of Messines took its name from the Messines railway station on the Amiens line in the soldier settlement area. It was named after the village of Messines in West Flanders, about 15 kilometres south of Ypres, where Australian troops fought in the 1917 Battle of Messines. Demographics. In the , Passchendaele had a population of 30 people. In the , Passchendaele had a population of 42 people. Education. There are no schools in Passchendaele. The nearest government primary schools are Pozieres State School in neighbouring Pozieres to the east and Amiens State School in neighbouring Amiens to the south. The nearest government secondary school is Stanthorpe State High School in Stanthorpe to the south-east."}, {"text": "Gundeboina Rammurthy Yadav (26 October 1947 \u2013 11 October 2019) was an Indian politician belonging to Bharat Rashtra Samithi. He was elected a member of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly from Chalakurthi in 1994. He died on 11 October 2019."}, {"text": "Elman Nasirov () \u2014 Azerbaijani political scientist, political commentator, deputy of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan, Director of the Institute for Political Studies at the Academy of Public Administration of Azerbaijan. Biography. In 1989-1994 he received higher education at the History faculty of Baku State University (BSU) and graduated from the university with a diploma of distinction. In 1995-2000, the dissertation of the department of new and modern history of the countries of Europe and America, BSU. In parallel, 1995\u20132003, he worked at the Department of New and Contemporary History of the Countries of Europe and America at the Belarusian State University, where in 2001 he defended his dissertation on the topic \u201cAzerbaijan-American Relations: 1991-1997\u201d and received a doctorate in history. In 2011, he defended his doctoral dissertation on the theme \"The United States and the problems of international terrorism\" and received a doctorate in political sciences. In 2012, he received the academic title of professor at the Department of International Relations and Foreign Policy of the Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In 2004, he joined the editorial board of the scientific and practical journal \"Public Administration: Fundamentals and Practice\" and in 2012"}, {"text": "became the executive secretary of this journal. In 2012, he joined the editorial board of the scientific and analytical journal \"Geopolitics\" of the Republic of Romania. Since 2007, an expert of the Expert Council of Political and Historical Sciences of the Higher Attestation Commission under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In the period 2008-2013, he held the position of Deputy Director of the Geostrategic Research Center of the Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Since September 18, 2013, Director of the Institute for Political Studies of the Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan."}, {"text": "Ghost, also known as Ghost B.C., is a Swedish rock band. They have released 6 albums and 4 extended plays (EPs), gathering 85 songs, mostly written by frontman Tobias Forge under the credit of \"A Ghoul Writer\". This article gathers in the table below all the songs released by Ghost since their debut album \"Opus Eponymous\" (2010), in alphabetical order, and gives the song's writer(s), the first release album or EP, the album producer and the release year. It does not include live titles such as \"Ceremony and Devotion\" (2017)."}, {"text": "Momodou Sabally is a Gambian politician. He was the Gambian Secretary General and head of the Civil Service from 10 June 2013 till July 2014. He later became Director General of the Gambia Radio and Television Services (GRTS) until his arrest on November 8, 2016. Education. Sabally graduated with a degree in mathematics from the University of The Gambia February 1999. Momodou Sabally pursued a career that combined public service, economics, and communication. He started working in the public sector, gaining experience in financial management and economic planning. His roles at the Central Bank of The Gambia and the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs gave him insights into the workings of the government. Sabally also became known for his writings and public speeches, which enhanced his public profile. His growing influence and visibility in public affairs eventually led him to enter the political arena. He was appointed Secretary General and Head of the Civil Service, as well as Minister of Presidential Affairs under President Yahya Jammeh, solidifying his role as a prominent politician in The Gambia. Political Profile. Momodou Sabally is a Gambian politician known for his controversial and strategic maneuvers in the political arena. Leveraging the influence of"}, {"text": "impressionable youths and gullible individuals, Sabally canvasses votes to secure influential positions. Despite once branding a particular political rival as the most uneducated, corrupt, and hypocritical figure, he later seeks to mend ties with this adversary to gain a coveted role. To achieve his goals, Sabally frequently quotes Quranic verses and makes religious utterances, aiming to deceive the public and create an image of piety and legitimacy. This religious rhetoric is part of his calculated effort to appear trustworthy and reformed in the eyes of his former rival, thus enhancing his chances of being offered a position. Sabally's political journey highlights the complex and often contradictory nature of his methods, where former enmities are set aside for personal gain and religious manipulation becomes a tool for advancing his ambitions. Personal life. He is a widower. He has a son name Muhammed Sabally."}, {"text": "Sahura Mallick was an Indian politician belonging to the Indian National Congress. He was elected as a member of Orissa Legislative Assembly in 1974, 1980, and 1995. He died on 16 August 2019 at the age of 85."}, {"text": "Anant Prasad Singh was an Indian politician belonging to Indian National Congress. He was elected as a member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from Mirganj in 1969 and 1972. He died on 27 January 2019 at the age of 92."}, {"text": "Wiyarra is a rural locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Wiyarra had a population of 20 people. Geography. Wiyarra is on the Darling Downs. The terrain varies from above sea level. The land use is predominantly crop growing with some grazing on native vegetation. History. The locality takes its name from a former railway station, an Aboriginal word for a local lagoon with black swans. The Killarney railway line was a branch railway of the Southern railway line, connecting Warwick to Killarney via Wiyarra . It operated from 1884 to 1964. Wiyarra railway station was at , now within the present-day locality of Danderoo to the north-east. Demographics. In the , Wiyarra had a population of 19 people. In the , Wiyarra had a population of 20 people. Education. There are no schools in Wiyarra. The nearest government primary schools are Yangan State School in Yangan to the north, Killarney State School in Killarney to the south-east, and Murray's Bridge State School in Murrays Bridge to the south-west. The nearest government secondary schools are Killarney State School (to Year 10) in Killarney and Warwick State High School (to Year 12) in Warwick to the north-west."}, {"text": "There are also non-government schools in Warwick."}, {"text": "Hans Peter Schlickewei (born 1947) is a German mathematician, specializing in number theory and, in particular, the theory of transcendental numbers. Schlickewei received his doctorate in 1975 at the University of Freiburg under the supervision of Theodor Schneider. Schlickewei is a professor at the University of Marburg. He proved in 1976 the \"p\"-adic generalization of the subspace theorem of Wolfgang M. Schmidt. Schlickewei's theorem implies the Thue-Siegel-Roth theorem, whose \"p\"-adic analogue was already proved in 1958 by David Ridout. In 1998, Schlickewei was an invited speaker with talk \"The Subspace Theorem and Applications\" at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Berlin."}, {"text": "The year 1917 in radio involved some significant events."}, {"text": "Kate\u0159ina \u010ced\u00edkov\u00e1 (born 14 December 1981) is a Czech chess player who holds the FIDE title of Woman International Master (WIM, 2004). She is a two-time winner of the Czech Women's Chess Championship (2003, 2009). Biography. In 1994, \u010ced\u00edkov\u00e1 won the bronze medal in the Czech Youth Chess Championships in U14 age group. In the years 1997\u20132001 she represented her country several times at the World and European Youth Chess Championships in various age categories. \u010ced\u00edkov\u00e1 four times won individual medals in Czech Women's Chess Championships: two gold (2003, 2009) and two bronze (2001, 2002). Also she won two bronze medals at the Czech Women's Rapid Chess Championships: in 2001 and 2006. She played for Czech Republic in the Women's Chess Olympiads: \u010ced\u00edkov\u00e1 played for Czech Republic in the European Women's Team Chess Championships: In 2004, she was awarded the FIDE Woman International Master (WIM) title. Since 2010, she has rarely participated in chess tournaments."}, {"text": "Mount Sturt is a rural locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Mount Sturt had \"no people or a very low population\". Geography. Mount Sturt is a mountain in the centre of the locality () rising to above sea level. The land use is a mixture of grazing on native vegetation and crop growing. History. The locality takes its name from a railway station, which is named for the mountain, which in turn was named in June 1827 by explorer Allan Cunningham after the explorer Charles Sturt. The Killarney railway line opened from Warwick to Emu Vale on 2 June 1884 which included the Mount Sturt railway station. The line closed on 1 May 1964. Despite the name, the Mount Sturt railway station was not within the present-day locality of Mount Sturt but with the present-day locality of Yangan. Demographics. In the , Mount Sturt had a population of 18 people. In the , Mount Sturt had \"no people or a very low population\". Education. There are no schools in Mount Sturt. The nearest government primary schools are Yangan State School in neighbouring Yangan to the south and Freestone State School in neighbouring Freestone to the"}, {"text": "north-west. The nearest government secondary school is Warwick State High School in Warwick to the southwest."}, {"text": "Peter Jakubech (born 22 June 1971) is a retired Slovak football goalkeeper."}, {"text": "Silva Tipple New Lake (March 18, 1898 \u2014 April 30, 1983) was an American classics professor, archaeologist, and scholar of the New Testament. She was awarded Guggenheim Fellowships in 1929 and 1930, for work on Greek, Syriac and Armenian manuscripts. Early life and education. Silva Tipple was born in 1898, in New Haven, Connecticut, daughter of Bertrand M. Tipple and Jane Downs Tipple. She was raised in Italy, while her father was an ordained minister and a professor, founder of the Methodist International College in Rome. Her uncle Ezra Squier Tipple was also an academic, founder of Drew Theological Seminary. Silva Tipple attended Wellesley College before she married, then the University of Vermont, where she finished an undergraduate degree in 1924. She completed doctoral studies at Brown University in 1936. Career. Silva Tipple began her academic career as an instructor at her alma mater, the University of Vermont. She was also briefly the head of the classics department at Miss McClintock's School in Boston. In 1929 and 1930, Silva Tipple New received Guggenheim Fellowships for research on the Greek, Syriac and Armenian manuscripts of the New Testament. In 1929 she joined an archaeological dig at Serabit, with further explorations at"}, {"text": "Samaria (1932 and 1934), and Van, Turkey (1938-1940). Later in life, she was a member of the religion faculty at Occidental College, and served as President of the Pacific Coast Section of the National Association of Biblical Instructors. In the 1950s, she was the only woman on an international committee to compile a critical edition of the Greek New Testament. She lectured in the Pasadena area, and led students on summer tours of Europe and the Middle East in the 1950s. In the 1960s she taught an adult Bible class at St. James Episcopal Church in South Pasadena, California. In 1974 she was professor emerita at Occidental, and still active at her church. Publications. Publications by Silva Tipple New Lake included a new translation of the New Testament in 1928, \"The Caesarean Text of the Gospel of Mark\" (a 1929 article written with Kirsopp Lake and Robert P. Blake), \"Six Collations of New Testament Manuscripts\" (1932, edited with Kirsopp Lake), and \"An Introduction to the New Testament\" (1937, also with Kirsopp Lake), as well as many more technical reports. She was a founding editor of the textual criticism series \"Studies and Documents\", and co-editor of \"Quantulacumque\" (1937), a collection of"}, {"text": "essays. Personal life. Silva Tipple married twice. Her first husband was writer Robert Warrington New; they married in 1918 and had three children together, Robert Jr., Silva Katherine, and Bertrand, before they divorced in 1932. Her second husband was her English-born mentor Kirsopp \"Kay\" Lake, whom she married in 1932. They had one son together, John A. Kirsopp Lake. She was widowed when Kirsopp Lake died in 1946. Her eldest son, Robert W. New Jr., was fatally stabbed in 1948. Silva Tipple New Lake died in South Pasadena, California on April 30, 1983. Her letters are with her second husband's, at Dumbarton Oaks Research Library. Some of her early papers are with her first husband's, in the Clarence Herbert New and Robert Warrington New Papers at Wake Forest University. Her step-granddaughter Anne Lake Prescott is a professor in the English, Medieval & Renaissance Studies department at Barnard College."}, {"text": "My Ninety Nine Brides (German: Meine 99 Br\u00e4ute) is a 1958 West German romantic comedy film directed by Alfred Vohrer and starring Claus Wilcke, Horst Frank and Wera Frydtberg. It was shot at the Tempelhof Studios in Berlin. The film's sets were designed by the art director Karl Weber. Synopsis. In Munich a womaniser who has had dalliances with ninety nine different girls eventually meets the hundredth and falls genuinely in love with her."}, {"text": "The 2020 UCI America Tour was the sixteenth season of the UCI America Tour. The season began on October 23, 2019 with the Vuelta a Guatemala and ended on November 1, 2020. The points leader, based on the cumulative results of previous races, wears the UCI America Tour cycling jersey. Throughout the season, points are awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races and the final general classification standings of each of the stages races and one-day events. The quality and complexity of a race also determines how many points are awarded to the top finishers, the higher the UCI rating of a race, the more points are awarded. The UCI ratings from highest to lowest are as follows:"}, {"text": "The Romaine-1 Generating Station () is a 270 MW hydroelectric generating station on the Romaine River in the C\u00f4te-Nord region of the province of Quebec, Canada. It is owned and operated by Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec. Location. The dam is on the Romaine River in the municipality of Havre-Saint-Pierre in the Minganie Regional County Municipality, Quebec. It is from the mouth of the river. The site is open to visitors, who can visit three floors of the generating station and walk on the dam. Description. The Romaine-1 Dam (\"Barrage de la Romaine-1\") is high and has a holding capacity of . It is zoned rockfill, with a waterproofing screen. The foundation is treated rock. The reservoir covers . Peak surface elevation is . Drawdown from peak to minimum water levels is just . A short canal carries water from just west of the dam to the generating station's water intake. The plant does not have a feed gallery or a surge chamber. It has two Francis-type turbine generator units. The generating station has capacity of 270 MW. The utilization factor is 0.59. Annual average production is 1.4 TW. With its small reservoir, Romaine-1 gives off low and variable greenhouse gas emissions, and in"}, {"text": "this is similar to a run-of-the-river station. The Romaine complex as a whole is one of the most efficient in Quebec in terms of CO2 equivalent emissions per TWh. History. The dams and generating station are part of a huge hydroelectric complex with four dams on the Romaine River. The overall Romaine project was formally launched by Quebec premier Jean Charest in May 2009. A road was built to provide access to the four dams. The Murailles camp at from the start of the road was built to house up to 2,408 workers on the Romaine 2 and Romaine 1 projects. The project was completed in 42 months, 7 months ahead of schedule. On 25 November 2015 Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec announced that the generating station had been commissioned with a group of turbine generators producing 135 MW of power. A second group of generators was planned to start up later that year. Romaine-1 is the second power station commissioned on the Romaine River. The first was the 640 MW Romaine-2. In September 2017 Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec had said it had no plans for more dams due to the present surplus of electricity. During the inauguration of Romaine-3 in October 2017, Quebec premier Philippe Couillard"}, {"text": "confirmed that no more major projects were planned. Controversies. The company had to negotiate several agreements with the local Innu communities, paying more than CDN$200 million over a 60-year period to compensate for the effects of the dams, roads and electric transmission lines. There were a number of controversies. In March 2012 Quebec Route 138 was blocked at Maliotenam by the Innu, who were demanding compensation for the power lines on their territory. In June 2015 Route 138 was blocked at Pessamit and Maliotenam, and the access road to the construction site was blocked, by construction workers demanding that more local workers be hired. In July 2015 the road to the site was blocked by the Innu of Natashquan who felt that Hydro-Quebec did not respect the agreement signed in 2008. In March 2016 a court rejected the demand by Innu families of Uashat mak Mani-utenam to stop the project. In November 2016 there was controversy over the waste of wood cut in the reservoirs."}, {"text": "The 2019 Shenzhen Longhua Open was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the third (men) and fourth (women) editions of the tournament which was part of the 2019 ATP Challenger Tour and the 2019 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. It took place in Shenzhen, China between 28 October and 10 November 2019. Men's singles main-draw entrants. Other entrants. The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: The following player received entry into the singles main draw using a protected ranking: The following player received entry into the singles main draw as an alternate: The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: The following players received entry as lucky losers: Women's singles main-draw entrants. Other entrants. The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: The following player received a special exempt into the singles main draw: The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:"}, {"text": "Chhota Molla Khali is a village and a gram panchayat within the jurisdiction of the Gosaba police station in the Gosaba CD block in the Canning subdivision of the South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Geography. Area overview. Canning subdivision has a very low level of urbanization. Only 12.37% of the population lives in the urban areas and 87.63% lives in the rural areas. There are 8 census towns in Canning I CD block and only 2 in the rest of the subdivision. The entire district is situated in the Ganges Delta with numerous islands in the southern part of the region. The area (shown in the map alongside) borders on the Sundarbans National Park and a major portion of it is a part of the Sundarbans settlements. It is a flat low-lying area in the South Bidyadhari plains. The Matla River is prominent and there are many streams and water channels locally known as \"khals\". A comparatively recent country-wide development is the guarding of the coastal areas with a special coastal force. Location. Chhota Molla Khali is located at . Demographics. According to the 2011 Census of India, Chhota Molla Khali had a total"}, {"text": "population of 10,537, of which 5,301 (50%) were males and 5,236 (50%) were females. There were 1,215 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate persons in Chhota Molla Khali was 7,232 (77.58% of the population over 6 years). Civic administration. Police station. Sundaban Coastal police station was inaugurated on 19 February 2005. It covers an area of 2,852 km2. It has jurisdiction over parts of the Gosaba CD block. The coastal police stations were formed with the objective of effective policing of the remote areas of the Sundarbans. The police has regular river patrols. See also - Hemnagar - for similar police station in North 24 Parganas district Education. Taranagar Jogendranath High School at PO Nathpara is located near Chhota Molla Khali. Healthcare. There is a primary health centre at Chhota Molla Khali, with 10 beds."}, {"text": "Amada Mar\u00eda Peralta Cabrera (born 14 June 1994) is a Paraguayan footballer who plays as a forward for Olimpia and the Paraguay women's national team. International career. Peralta was part of the Paraguayan squad at the 2018 Copa Am\u00e9rica Femenina. International goals. \"Scores and results list Paraguay's goal tally first\""}, {"text": "Nothing Is Impossible is the first album of praise and worship for children from the Planetshakers Church. Planetshakers through their social networks announced the release of their first children's album on November 19, 2013. \"Nothing Is Impossible\" was released by Planetshakers Ministries International, Crossroad and Integrity Music. Artwork. Paul Orton, Cover Designer, Creative Artist and Children's Pastor of Planetshakers Church in Melbourne, shared the Planetshakers Kids album artwork on his social media. The final cover of the album is a photo of a boy standing on top of the ice looking up at the clear sky next to a purple flag. Orton also shared the artwork from the album Nothing Is Impossible on his blog. Critical reception. Marc Daniel Rivera, awarding the album gave it a 4.6 stars rating from Kristiya Know, says, \"Overall, this record, with its songs, scripture readings plus prayers, gives the children a unique opportunity to worship God while impressing in their hearts the hunger for worship and for more of Jesus in spite of their age.\" A staff editor at Amazon.com gave the album a relatively positive review, writing, \"The music from \"Planetshakers Kids\" provides Christ-centered, positive and uplifting music for the whole family. It"}, {"text": "is music any Christian kid would want to give their friends, because it is just as cool as what they might hear on the radio or TV.\" Awards and accolades. In the 2014, the album \"Nothing Is Impossible\" was nominated for a Dove Award in the category: \"Children's Music Album of the Year\" at the 45th Annual GMA Dove Awards. Personnel. Vocals Kids Choir Vocalists Prayers Prayers & Bible Readings A&R Artist development Mixing Mastering Programming Guitars and Keyboards Artwork (cover design) Production Coordinator Kids Choir Vocal Producer Kids Choir Recording Engineers Vocal producer Producers Executive producers"}, {"text": "Elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor, sold under the brand names Trikafta and Kaftrio, is a fixed-dose combination medication used to treat cystic fibrosis. Elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor is composed of a combination of ivacaftor, a chloride channel opener, and elexacaftor and tezacaftor, CFTR modulators. It is approved for use in the United States for people aged two years and older who have cystic fibrosis with a F508del mutation or other mutations in the CFTR gene. It is also approved for use in Canada, the European Union, and Australia. Medical uses. The combination is indicated for the treatment of people aged two years and older who have cystic fibrosis with a F508del mutation or other mutations in the CFTR gene. Side effects. The most common side effects affecting more than 5% of patients are headache, upper respiratory tract infection, abdominal pain, diarrhea, rash, alanine aminotransferase increase, nasal congestion, blood creatine phosphokinase increase, aspartate aminotransferase increase, rhinorrhea, rhinitis, influenza, sinusitis, and blood bilirubin increase. Interactions. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers is not recommended. Dosage must be adjusted with moderate or strong CYP3A inhibitors. Other drugs with the potential for interaction include warfarin, digoxin, statins, glyburide, nateglinide, and repaglinide. Pharmacology. Cystic fibrosis and CFTR. Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive"}, {"text": "genetic disorder of the CFTR protein which reduces chloride and sodium ion transport through the cell membrane, causing thicker than normal mucus secretions. The CFTR protein is found in epithelial cells of the lung, liver, pancreas, digestive tract, and reproductive tracts. CFTR has a role in the production of mucus, sweat, and digestive fluids. The thickened mucus can lead to inflammation, respiratory infections, and clogged ducts. Mechanism of action. Elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor is a tridrug treatment in which the medications work together to increase the transport of chloride and sodium ions and correct fluid shifts that are dysregulated in cystic fibrosis. Its effectiveness is dependent on the type of CF mutations the patient has. CFTR channel potentiator. Ivacaftor is a selective small-molecule potentiator of the CFTR protein that increases the protein's ability to open chloride channels. Its effectiveness is highly dependent on the amount of CFTR protein at the cell surface and the responsiveness of the mutant CFTR protein. Ivacaftor's primary target is to treat class III CFTR gating mutations like G551D as well as other less common mutations. In the crystalline figure is shown ivacaftor, displayed as a gray ball and stick model on the bottom-right, bound to CFTR docked in"}, {"text": "a cleft formed by transmembrane helices at the protein-lipid interface. CFTR correctors. Elexacaftor and tezacaftor act as CFTR correctors to repair F508del processing by binding to the CFTR protein to increase the availability of CFTR protein on the cell surface. They work by modulating the position of the CFTR protein into the right position on the cell surface. Elexacaftor binds at a different site than tezacaftor. The combination of increased CFTR protein in the correct position on the cell surface with ivacaftor's potentiation of chloride channel opening results in increased transport of chloride and thinned mucus secretions. Pharmacokinetics. Elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 /5. This medication should be taken with a high fat meal to improve absorption through the gut. It is excreted as metabolites or unchanged mainly through feces and to a smaller extent urine. The mean effective half-life of elexacaftor, tezacaftor, and ivacaftor is 27.4 hours, 25.1 hours, and 15 hours, respectively. History. A phase III trial published in 2019 showed people treated with elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor improved in FEV1 at four weeks with sustained improvement at 24 weeks. Rate of pulmonary exacerbation was 63% lower and sweat chloride concentration was 41.8 mmol/L lower. Society and culture. Legal status."}, {"text": "United States. The combination was approved for use in the United States in 2019, for people twelve years and older with cystic fibrosis who have at least one F508del mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, which is estimated to represent 90% of the cystic fibrosis population. In December 2020, after an additional clinical trial was completed, and FDA approval was expanded for 177 other cystic fibrosis mutations. FDA approval for children aged 6\u201311 was added in January 2021, after a third clinical trial was completed. In 2023, approval was extended to children 2\u20135. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted the application priority review, in addition to fast track, breakthrough therapy, and orphan drug designations. The drug's manufacturer Vertex Pharmaceuticals will receive a rare pediatric disease priority review voucher for having developed this therapy. Australia. In March 2021, health regulators in Australia approved the combination for people aged 12 years and older with at least one copy of the F508del mutation. At the end of April 2022, it was placed on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, thus reducing the cost from tens of thousands of dollars a month, to tens of dollars a month. Canada. In"}, {"text": "June 2020, Health Canada approved the combination for people aged 12 years and older. In September 2021, the provinces Alberta and Saskatchewan announced they will join Ontario in funding the medication. They will determine coverage on a case-by-case basis using criteria that have not yet been announced. European Union. In June 2020, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommended approval of the combination for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. It was approved for medical use in the European Union in August 2020. Norway. In April 2022, approved the combination for treatment of cystic fibrosis. New Zealand. In February 2022, Pharmac recommended, with medium priority, funding for people aged 12 years and over. In December 2022, Pharmac announced it had reached a provisional agreement with Vertex funding Trikafta starting on 1 April 2023 for patients aged six or above. Economics. United States. The list price of a year's treatment in the US is (formerly ). However, a 2020 report by Institute for Clinical and Economic Review found that the price has made the treatment not cost effective and that \"an appropriate health-benefit price would range from $67,900\u2013$85,500 per year\". Australia. Following the"}, {"text": "listing of the combination on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme in 2022, the cost for people aged twelve years of age or older with cystic fibrosis who have at least one F508del mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene is $30.00 per month, or $7.30 for concession card holders. Germany. The initial list price in Germany for one year of therapy in 2020 was 295,000\u20ac, and in 2024 it was lowered to 207,000\u20ac. Vertex return on sales has been 36%. Ireland. In March 2023, Ireland's Health Service Executive approved funding for the provision of Kaftrio to people aged six and over with cystic fibrosis. Spain. In November 2021, the Spanish government approved the reimbursement of the combination for people aged 12 years and older with at least one copy of the F508del mutation. Controversy. In addition to Trikafta's high list price, Vertex has actively worked to prevent LMICs from accessing this drug combination. This has led to groups of patients in three countries, namely India, Ukraine and South Africa, to initiate legal and regulatory actions to compel their governments to allow for the importation or local production of low-cost generic versions of Trikafta through compulsory licensing. In 2022, the"}, {"text": "estimated cost of manufacturing a year's supply of Trikafta was US$5,700. Research. CFTR mutations that are responsive to elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor were determined by an in-vitro study of Fischer Rat Thyroid (FRT) cells that expressed mutant CFTR. Elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor showed effectiveness with mutations where the CFTR protein was being successfully delivered to the cell surface."}, {"text": "Miomir Kecmanovi\u0107 was the defending champion but chose not to defend his title. Zhang Zhizhen won the title after defeating Li Zhe 6\u20133, 4\u20136, 6\u20131 in the final. Seeds. All seeds receive a bye into the second round."}, {"text": "The PTT Archive (formerly \"Historical Archive and Library PTT\") is the archive of the former Swiss Postal, Telegraph and Telephone Services (PTT). In 1997 PTT was split into two companies: Swiss Post) and Swisscom. The PTT Archive is operated on their behalf by the Swiss Foundation for the History of the Post and Telecommunications. Under Swiss archival law, Swiss Post and Swisscom, as successors of PTT, are bound to preserve the archive and make it accessible to the public. The PTT Archive is situated in K\u00f6niz near Bern and is classified as an object of national interest in the Swiss Inventory of Cultural Assets. History and Mandate. On April 30, 1893 the Directorate General of Posts in Bern issued an \u201cInstruktion betreffend die Ordnung des Archivs, die Anlage und F\u00fchrung der Centralbibliothek und die Besorgung der Registratur der Expeditionskanzlei der Oberpostdirektion\u201c [Instruction concerning the organization of the archive, the creation and the management of a central library and the provision of the filing cabinet of the Directorate General of Posts]. This is the earliest known historical source that is concerned with the creation of an archive and a library for the then still autonomous directorate General of Posts. This first"}, {"text": "archive and the library evolved into PTT's central information office, called \u201eBibliothek \u2013 Information \u2013 Dokumentation\u201c [Library \u2013 Information \u2013 Documentation] (BID), which employed up to 30 employees. In its present form and with its current mandate, the PTT Archive came into existence only after liberalization. On December 31, 1997 Swiss Post and Swisscom transferred their corporate archives and the PTT library to the Swiss Foundation for the History of the Post and Telecommunications. The two founding companies agreed to store holdings for both companies at the same location. The \u201cHistorische Archive und Bibliothek PTT\u201d [Historical Archive and Library PTT] was originally at Viktoriastrasse 21 in Bern. In 2013 the archive moved to its current premises at S\u00e4gestrasse 77 in K\u00f6niz. The PTT Archive is subject to the \"Bundesgesetz \u00fcber die Archivierung\" [Federal Law of Archiving] (BGA) and is the property of the Swiss Confederation. As such, holdings are kept confidential: 30 years for fact files and 50 years for personal files. Requests to inspect files that fall under the terms of protection can be directed to the PTT Archive. In 1998, the Swiss Federal Archives and the Swiss Foundation for the History of the Post and Telecommunications agreed that"}, {"text": "the foundationto manage PTT's corporate archive, to develop the holdings appropriately and to make them available to the public. This means that the archived documents can neither be transferred nor removed without the explicit consent of the federal archives. Since 2018 the Historical Archive and Library PTT has been known as the PTT Archive. Holdings. The archive's main holdings are PTT documents from 1848 to 1997, which are subject to the Federal Archive Law (\"Bundesgesetz \u00fcber die Archivierung\"). The holdings are from all over Switzerland, from Geneva to St. Gallen so are in German, French and Italian. Documents from institutions which preceded the federal postal service can also be found in the archive. The holdings include documents relating the organization and the management of the Directorate General of Posts, the District Postal Services as well as individual post offices. There are also documents about various postbus routes, transport and correspondence statistics, records about the development of the telephone and telegraph networks in Switzerland, the introduction of NATEL (Nationales Autotelefon), the internet and telefax, documents about PTT's research and development department, and employee records. There are also many documents pertaining to specific technical or organizational subjects, which were put together by"}, {"text": "the BID department. The archive also holds several hundred linear meters of grey literature, from workplace regulations and forms to telephone books. The PTT Archive holds the only complete collection of Swiss telephone books, dating back to the very first edition, issued in 1880. The PTT's former academic library with a focus on the history of postal services and telecommunication is also part of the holdings. It includes publications pertaining to the UPU (Universal Postal Union) and the ITU (International Telecommunication Union). Both international organizations were founded in Bern. The PTT Archive's oral history project includes video material. Services. The archive's primary responsibility is to secure public access to the holdings and to index them in an online database. The documents can be studied in the archive's study room. Every year visitors are given a tour through the depot, allowing visitors to get an impression of PTT's work. The archive has an important intermediary function with the constant extension of its oral history project. With the interviews of former employees, the PTT Archive can establish a reference with today's Swiss Post Ltd. and Swisscom Ltd. Since 2014, the PTT Archive has conducted up to 14 interviews annually. The PTT Archive"}, {"text": "is regularly involved in university courses and organizes Wikipedia workshops on various historical aspects of the PTT. The archive has hosted intergenerational workshops for apprentices of Swiss Post Ltd. on multiple occasions. Apprentices engage with historical sources and discuss their current work routine with former PTT employees."}, {"text": "Hsieh Cheng-peng and Christopher Rungkat were the defending champions but chose to defend their title with different partners. Hsieh partnered Yang Tsung-hua and successfully defended his title. Rungkat partnered Andr\u00e9 G\u00f6ransson but lost in the first round to Sadio Doumbia and Fabien Reboul. Hsieh and Yang won the title after defeating Mikhail Elgin and Ramkumar Ramanathan 6\u20132, 7\u20135 in the final."}, {"text": "The Frederick Douglass Book Center served as a bookshop and meeting place for the minorities of New York City. The center contained literature that specialized in African, Afro-American, and Caribbean history and culture. The center remained in Harlem until it was torn down in 1968. Founder. The Frederick Douglass Book Center was founded by Richard B. Moore in 1942. Richard B. Moore was a Caribbean activist and businessman who stood for socialism and black nationalism. The Frederick Douglass Center was launched with help from friend and second wife Lodie Biggs. Biggs later went on to become the sales representative of the Center. Background. Richard B Moore opened the Frederick Douglass Book Center in 1942 on West 125th Street in Harlem, New York. Moore originally attempted to follow the example of George Young, the man who created the first Afro-American book shop in Harlem. The initial stock of the center was part of Mr. Moore's own private collection. Most of the books that were located in the center, however, were not for sale. In fact, the Frederick Douglass Book Center was not considered a \"store at all\". The Center grew into a meeting place of Caribbean activists around the state. These"}, {"text": "activists shared progressive or socialist political views. They also supported the advancement of the Caribbean economy and independence. These activists included Dr. C. A. Petioni of Trinidad; historian J. A. Rodgers, A. M. Wendell Malliet, W. A. Domingo, and Miss Vivienne Packer of Jamaica; Reginald Pierrepointe, Bishop Reginald G. Barrow and Lionel M. Yard of Barbados; Atty. Hope R. Stevens of Nevis; Dr Gerald A. Spencer of St. Lucia; Arthur E. King of Guyana; and Hodge Kirnon of Montserrat. The end of the Center. The center was taken down by the state of New York in 1968 for the construction of the Adam Clayton Powell Jr. State Office Building."}, {"text": "\"Come into My Life\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Joyce Sims, released in 1987 by Sleeping Bag Records as the second single from the singer's debut album, \"Come into My Life\" (1987). Written by Sims and produced by Jamaican-born hip hop and electronic-music artist, DJ, remixer and producer Kurtis Mantronik, it was her most successful song and a sizeable hit in Europe. It peaked at number seven on the UK Singles Chart and number ten on the US \"Billboard\" R&B singles chart. Elsewhere in Europe, the song charted at number four in West Germany, number seven in the Netherlands and Switzerland, and number nine in Belgium. In both 1995 and 2004, \"Come into My Life\" was re-released with new remixes. German magazine \"Spex\" included the song in their \"The Best Singles of the Century\" list in 1999. Critical reception. Andy Kellman from AllMusic wrote retrospectively that \"Come into My Life\" is \"easily the best surrogate, low-budget Loose Ends song recorded\". The American magazine \"Billboard\" noted that the singer \"weaves seductive passages that spin their magic\" on the track. The reviewer added, \"Sims grasps dance dynamics and club appeal better than most and consistently creates ear-fetching grooves.\" James Hamilton from"}, {"text": "\"Music Week\"'s \"RM\" Dance Update described it as a \"sweetly warbled early Eighties style soul swayer\". \"NME\" wrote, \"The real trance dance of the insidious \"Come into My Life\" carries a beautiful tune.\""}, {"text": "Subhash Chopra (born 23 October 1947) is an Indian politician from Delhi. He thrice served as member of Delhi Legislative Assembly who represented Kalkaji Assembly constituency. He has served as the President of Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee."}, {"text": "The 2019 Charlottesville Men's Pro Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the eleventh edition of the tournament which was part of the 2019 ATP Challenger Tour, taking place in Charlottesville, United States from October 28 to November 3, 2019. Singles main-draw entrants. Other entrants. The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: The following players received entry into the singles main draw as alternates: The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: The following player received entry as a lucky loser:"}, {"text": "Sir Francis Mark Farmer (7 October 1866 \u2013 24 December 1922) was a dental surgeon and lecturer on dental surgery and pathology at the London Hospital. He made contributions on facial restoration after gunshot wounds. Early life. He was born at Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland, in 1866. His family later moved to Chelsea where in 1881 he was in an apprenticeship with a dentist. He qualified in 1894 after studying at the National Dental Hospital and at Middlesex Hospital. He was Dental Surgeon to St. Edward's School, Totteridge, and to St. Hilda's Home for Waifs and Strays. Career. His work on facial reconstruction in the Boer War was recognised in 1902 by the Secretary for War with a silver service. He had an office at 17, Great Marlborough Street and later at 53, Wimpole Street, London. In 1911 he was a founder member of the London Dental School. The Dental School of the London Hospital Medical College opened in 1911 to provide specialised treatment to patients and training and research opportunities. Surgeon Dentists had been appointed by the Hospital from 1857, and a Dental Department established. He worked at Queen Alexandra Military Hospital, Millbank, which was a major hospital for"}, {"text": "jaw injuries. He was appointed consulting dental surgeon to the London Hospital in 1899 and to the Queen's Facial Hospital, Sidcup. At the Queen's Hospital, Sidcup, he worked alongside Sir Harold Gillies. He was knighted in the 1916 Birthday Honours for his services in World War I. He served from 1917 in the Royal Army Medical Corps as a temporary Honorary Major. In 1900 he donated his dental collection to the London Hospital. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine, the British Dental Association and the British Society for the Study of Orthodontics. Personal life. He lived at St. Winifred's, 39 Belgrade Road, Hampton, where his father Michael had moved in 1888. In 1909, at Paddington, he married Gwendoline Mary Winstanley, who died on 1 October 1914. They had two children, Margaret Jessie (b 1910) and Edmund (b 1911). In 1922, he married his second wife, Kate Mayor Thomas (1874-1957) in West Derby. Later that same year, he died suddenly of a heart attack at Hampton. On 28 December there was a solemn requiem at Brompton Oratory, where he had once been a choir boy, followed by burial at Hampton Cemetery. Queen Alexandra sent a wreath inscribed"}, {"text": "\"For my dear Sir Francis Farmer, with deepest regret and sorrow.\" Princess Victoria sent a spray of flowers from Sandringham. His widow, Dame Kate Mayor Farmer, died at St Winifred's, Hampton, on 8 December 1957. Legacy. In 1924 a memorial mural tablet was unveiled at the London Hospital Medical College and an endowment scholarship set up in his memory. At the unveiling Mr Asquith said that in the particular branch of surgery to which Sir Francis was devoted he was certainly not surpassed by any of his contemporaries. FRANCIS FARMERThis tablet is put upin the place where much of his life workwas doneto keep alive the memory ofa brilliant surgeondevoted to his profession and his patientsnever sparing himselfwhere he could serve othersmost loyal of colleaguesmost unselfish of friends"}, {"text": "Jay Morley (July 14, 1890 \u2013 November 9, 1976), was an American actor, active in silent films. Career. Morley began his acting career in a traveling vaudeville act and performed in dramas with stock theater companies for five years. He had success in silent films, but retired at the beginning of the sound era to serve as sheriff of Malibu. He returned to films and television in the early 1950s."}, {"text": "The Monthly Offering was an anti-slavery periodical published between July 1840 and December 1841 from Boston, Massachusetts. Pages were approximately 11x15 inches. The original intent of the publication was to provide poems, music, and information on abolitionist and anti-slavery topics to readers. Another hallmark of the periodical was its commitment to remaining inexpensive; it \"could be afforded so low that every one might procure it, who had a desire to become acquainted with the nature and influence of slavery, and the means employed for its removal.\" \"The Monthly Offering\" was one of many American anti-slavery publications including \"The Liberator, Freedom's Journal,\" and \"Facts For The People.\" Author and contributors. \"The Monthly Offering\" is credited to John A Collins (1810-1879), an abolitionist born in Manchester, Vermont. Collins attended Middlebury College, joined the Andover Theological Seminary, and eventually left both to work in the anti-slavery movement. From 1840-1842, Collins served as the General Agent and Vice President of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society (MASS, founded 1835), a Boston branch of the American Anti-Slavery Society. Collins also edited a newspaper called \"Monthly Garland\". \"The Monthly Offering\" also featured writings from other authors, including Maria Weston Chapman. Present. \"The Monthly Offering\" now exists in book"}, {"text": "compilations. It has been republished for historical preservation purposes under the title \"The Monthly Offering 1841.\" There is a physical copy located in the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia. It is also available on Google Books."}, {"text": "Tommy Paul was the defending champion but chose not to defend his title. Vasek Pospisil won the title after defeating Brayden Schnur 7\u20136(7\u20132), 3\u20136, 6\u20132 in the final. Seeds. All seeds receive a bye into the second round."}, {"text": "The list of shipwrecks in January 1859 includes ships sunk, foundered, grounded, or otherwise lost during January 1859."}, {"text": "Harri Heli\u00f6vaara and Henri Laaksonen were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title. Mitchell Krueger and Bla\u017e Rola won the title after defeating Sekou Bangoura and Bla\u017e Kav\u010di\u010d 6\u20134, 6\u20131 in the final."}, {"text": "The Hazeltine 1500 was a popular smart terminal introduced by Hazeltine Corporation in April 1977 at a price of . Using a microprocessor and semiconductor random access memory, it implemented the basic features of the earlier Hazeltine 2000 in a much smaller and less expensive system, less than half the price. It came to market just as the microcomputer revolution was taking off, and the 1500 was very popular among early hobbyist users. Two modified versions were introduced in June 1977, the Hazeltine 1510 and Hazeltine 1520. The 1510 added a simple batch mode system that allowed the user to type in values without them being sent to the host system. When the key was pressed, all the \"foreground\" data that had been typed in was sent all at once. The 1520 was a 1510 with an added printer port that could support serial or parallel computer printers. The final entry to the 1500 series was the Hazeltine 1552 introduced in August 1979 at . It added a VT52 emulation mode, separate cursor keys, and graphics characters. Basic features. The 1500 used an Intel 8080A processor with 2 kB of ROM for the basic operations, and 2 kB of RAM"}, {"text": "as the character buffer (4 kB in the 1510/1520). Characters were drawn using a 7 column by 10 row pattern within a larger 9 by 11 cell. The display showed 80 columns by 24 rows, a widespread standard at that time. The 12\" CRT used P4 \"white\" phosphor. Like earlier models in the Hazeltine line, the 1500 supported both an RS-232 interface, with speeds from 110 up to 19,200 bit/s, as well as a 20 mA current loop, used by teletype systems and still common due to the widespread use of Teletype Model 33 as \"ad hoc\" terminals. 19,200 bit/s was relatively fast for the era, most terminals of similar vintage topped out at 9,600. Commands. The command set for Hazeltine terminals was fairly simple, consisting mostly of line editing and cursor positioning commands. The tilde, was used as the escape character, or as they referred to it, the \"lead-in code\". The 1510/1520 also allowed to be used as the lead-in. Simple one-letter commands following the lead-in included for cursor-to-home (upper left corner of the screen), for up-cursor, (vertical tab) for down-cursor, (backspace) for cursor-left and for cursor-right, and (form separator) for clear screen. cleared to the end of the"}, {"text": "line, to the end of the screen. deleted the line and moved any data below it up while inserted a line and pushed lines down. The cursor could be positioned anywhere on the screen using and following that with two ASCII characters for the X and Y locations. The ASCII could be offset by any multiple of 32, so for instance, one could move to Y location (row) 10 by sending , ASCII code 10, or by sending , ASCII code 42, 32+10. The advantage of adding 32 to the value is that it shifts it into the printable character range, which is more likely to work on all serial links. The same was true for the X address, but because the locations were 0 to 79, rather than 0 to 23 for Y, shifting higher addresses in this manner might put them out of the printable range again. They suggested transmitting 0 through 30 using codes 96 through 126. would return the current cursor location as two characters separated by a carriage return. Sending caused the terminal to send a single character in return, encoding the terminal status in the lower 6 bits. Bits 0, 1 and 7 were"}, {"text": "not used and always zero. Bit 2 returned whether it was half duplex while 3 was full duplex. Bit 4 was 1 if there was a parity error on the last transmission. 5 and 6 encoded the end-of-line character being used, 00 was , 01 was , 10 for , and 11 for none. One unique feature of the Hazeltine systems was the difference between normal-intensity \"background\" characters and higher-intensity \"foreground\" characters. The system was normally in background mode and any data sent to it was displayed normally. Sending the \"foreground follows\" instruction, (unit separator), all following data was displayed in foreground mode. Sending background follows, (end-of-medium) returned to background mode. Sending cleared to the end of the screen like , but filled it with foreground spaces. was similar to clear screen, but removed only the foreground. Sending locked the keyboard, while unlocked it again. Batch and block commands. The 1510 and 1520 included modifications of the foreground/background system that allowed them to operate in \"format mode\", what would be known as block mode in IBM parlance. In this case, data in foreground style was also referred to as \"unprotected\" while that in the background was \"protected\". As with the"}, {"text": "base model 1510, one could clear out only the foreground data, or all data, normally defaulting to only clearing the unprotected foreground. Format mode is entered with a . When the terminal is put into format mode and the user types data into the terminal, the data is not sent to the host, it is simply stored in a second 2 kB buffer. When the user presses the key, all data in the foreground is sent to the host in a single stream. The host could also trigger the send operation by sending to the terminal. The system could be set to send different bits of data; sending to the terminal sent back only the line the cursor was in, would instead send everything on the screen from the home position to the cursor. Similar to format mode is batch mode, which differed only in that it sent data whenever the input for one field was complete. When the user pressed return or tab to advance, the data for the preceding field was automatically sent and the cursor advanced to the next foreground field. Batch mode was entered using . While in format mode, the character was used to move"}, {"text": "from field-to-field, skipping over any text that was in background style to the next unused field or foreground style. It also added a back-tab to move backwards through the fields, sending . The user could also trigger whether new data would be accepted by pressing the key. When this was on, the terminal only accepted input from the keyboard, ignoring data from the host. This mode ended when the user pressed again, or . The status character changed on the 1510/1520 to return more information. Bit 0 now indicated if the print buffer was empty, and 1 whether or not the printer was in online mode (echoing everything from the host). Bits 2 and 3 now encoded the format mode, 00 was off, 01 was batch, 10 for page, and 11 for line. Printer commands. The 1520 included a printer buffer able to hold one screen of data, added a selection of commands to control it, and a key to turn it on and off manually. The terminal could be set to send all data to the screen, the printer, or both \u2014 turned on the printer and sent data from the host to the screen and printer, sent it"}, {"text": "to the printer only, and turned off the printer and sent data to the screen (the default mode). Pressing the key, or sending from the host, would dump the current screen to the printer. In popular culture. The 1500 model famously appears on the cover of Kraftwerk's 1981 album \"Computer World.\" The 1500 model also appeared in the videos for Stereolab songs Miss Modular and Fluorescences."}, {"text": "Otalampi is a village in Vihti municipality at the intersection of the Finnish national road 25 and the Vihti Road (\"Vihdintie\"). The population is about one thousand. Next to the village is a small lake called Otalampi, where the village got its name. In 2008, the Otalampi House (\"Otalampi-talo\") was completed in the village. The building houses a comprehensive school, a kindergarten and a maternity clinic at the same time. Also, the S-Market grocery store is located near the Otalampi House along the Vihti Road."}, {"text": "George Mauleverer Gowan (6 February 1818 \u2013 15 July 1890) was an English first-class cricketer and British Army officer. Personal life. The son of George Cowan, he was born in February 1818 at Madras in British India. He was educated in England, first at Charterhouse School from 1829\u201332, before attending Harrow School from June 1832\u20131836. He married Anne Stratton in 1849 and lived at Leamington Spa. Gowan died at Marylebone in July 1890. Career. Army career. He purchased a commission in the 97th Regiment of Foot as an ensign in February 1837. Gowan purchased the rank of lieutenant in May 1839, before purchasing the rank of captain in April 1845. Cricket career. Gowan made his debut in first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Cambridge University at Lord's in 1849, before making a second first-class appearance seventeen years later in 1862 for the Gentlemen of the North against the Gentlemen of the South at Nottingham. Playing as a wicket-keeper, Gowan scored 21 runs in his two matches, as well as taking two catches and making a single stumping."}, {"text": "Jose Dolores Fuentes is a meteorologist at Pennsylvania State University. His research focuses on surface-atmosphere interactions that control the transport of energy and trace gases in the lower atmosphere. In particular, he has gained media attention for his research into the relationship between air pollution and bees. Education. Dolores Fuentes earned his PhD at the University of Guelph in 1992. He also attended Millersville University of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1984. Career and Honors. Before he became a professor of meteorology at Penn State, Dolores Fuentes was a professor of environmental sciences at the University of Virginia. At Penn State, he collaborates with well-known climate scientist Michael E. Mann by co-advising students and working on a research project in the Florida Everglades. He has worked on projects all over the world, including a remote field stations in northern Alaska. He was previously the co-investigator of the Beltsville Center for Climate System Observation, a collaboration between Howard University and NASA which supported summer researchers and atmospheric science. Dolores Fuentes is also the atmospheric sciences editor for Eos, the magazine of the American Geophysical Union, and a member of the advisory committee for the National Science Foundation's geoscience branch."}, {"text": "Rog\u00e9rio Dutra Silva was the defending champion but chose not to defend his title. James Duckworth won the title after defeating Yasutaka Uchiyama 7\u20136(7\u20132), 6\u20134 in the final. Seeds. All seeds receive a bye into the second round."}]